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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haakon_II_of_Norway
|
Haakon II
|
["1 Biography","2 Historic context","3 References","4 Other sources"]
|
King of Norway
Haakon HerdebreiKing of NorwayReign1157 – 7 July 1162PredecessorInge I and Eystein IISuccessorMagnus VBorn1147Died7 July 1162RomsdalenNamesHaakon SigurdssonHouseGilleFatherSigurd II of NorwayMotherThora
Haakon Sigurdsson (1147 – 7 July 1162), also known as Haakon Herdebrei meaning Haakon Broadshoulder, was King of Norway (being Haakon II) from 1157 until 1162 during the civil war era in Norway.
Biography
His nickname, Herdebrei, means broad-shouldered, which he was called because of his big size for the age, and unusual broad shoulders. An illegitimate son of Sigurd Munn, in 1157 he was named heir of his uncle Eystein II, who had been co-ruler of Norway together with his brothers Inge the Hunchback and Sigurd Munn. Inge had become the sole ruler of Norway after the death of Eystein and Sigurd Munn.
The former supporters of Sigurd Munn and Eystein II united behind Haakon, renewing the fight against Inge under the leadership of Sigurd Håvardsson of Hedmark. On 3 February 1161, King Inge I was defeated and killed while leading his men into battle against Haakon II near Oslo, after many of his men, led by his vassal Godred II Olafsson, defected to Haakon's side.
On 7 July 1162 King Haakon II was killed in the Battle of Sekken not far from the market town Veøya in Romsdalen. After Inge's fall, his supporters had rallied behind the lendmann Erling Skakke and his son, Magnus Erlingsson. Haakon II was succeeded as king of Norway by King Magnus V.
Historic context
The civil war era in Norway extended over a 110-year period. It started with the death of King Sigurd I of Norway in 1130 and ended with the death of Duke Skule Baardsson in 1240. During this period there were several interlocked conflicts of varying scale and intensity. The background for these conflicts were the unclear Norwegian succession laws, social conditions and the struggle between Church and King. There were then two main parties, firstly known by varying names or no names at all, but finally condensed into parties of Bagler and Birkebeiner. The rallying point regularly was a royal son, who was set up as the head figure of the party in question, to oppose the rule of king from the contesting party.
References
^ Håkon 2 Sigurdsson Herdebrei – utdypning (Store norske leksikon)
^ Magnus Erlingson's Saga (Heimskringla)
Other sources
Krag, Claus Norges historie fram til 1319 (Oslo, 2000)
Haakon HerdebreiHouse of HardradaCadet branch of the Fairhair dynastyBorn: 1147 Died: July 7 1162
Regnal titles
Preceded byInge I &Eystein II
King of Norway 1157–1162with Inge I (1157–1161)Magnus V (1161–1162)
Succeeded byMagnus V
vteMonarchs of NorwayI. Independent NorwayForeign and non-royal rulers in italics, disputed monarchs in brackets872–1387
Harald I Fairhair
Eric I Bloodaxe
Haakon I the Good
Harald II Greycloak
Harald Bluetooth d & Haakon Sigurdsson r
Olaf I Tryggvason
Sweyn Forkbeard de & Eiríkr Hákonarson r & Sweyn Haakonsson r
Olaf II the Saint
Cnut de & Haakon Ericsson r & Sweyn Knutsson r (Ælfgifu r)
Magnus I the Good d
Harald III Hardrada
Magnus II Haraldsson
Olaf III Kyrre
Haakon Magnusson
Magnus III Barefoot
Olav Magnusson
Eystein I Magnusson
Sigurd I the Crusader
Harald IV Gille
Magnus IV the Blind
Sigurd II Munn
Inge I Haraldsson
Eystein II Haraldsson
(Magnus Haraldsson)
Haakon II Broadshoulder
Magnus V Erlingsson
Sverre Sigurdsson
Haakon III Sverresson
(Guttorm Sigurdsson)
Inge II Bårdsson
Haakon IV Haakonsson
(Haakon the Young)
Magnus VI the Law-mender
Eric II Magnusson
Haakon V Magnusson
Magnus VII Ericsson s
Haakon VI Magnusson s
Olaf IV Haakonsson d
Kalmar Union
1387–1523
Margaret ds
Eric III ds
Christopher ds
Charles I s
Christian I ds
John ds
Christian II ds
Denmark–Norway
1524–1814
Frederick I d
Christian III d
Frederick II d
Christian IV d
Frederick III d
Christian V d
Frederick IV d
Christian VI d
Frederick V d
Christian VII d
Frederick VI d
II. Independent Norway
Only 1814
Christian Frederick
Union with Sweden
1814–1905
Charles II s
Charles III John s
Oscar I s
Charles IV s
Oscar II s
III. Independent Norway
Since 1905
Haakon VII
Olav V
Harald V
r Regent
d Also Danish monarch
e Also English monarch
s Also Swedish monarch
|
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An illegitimate son of Sigurd Munn, in 1157 he was named heir of his uncle Eystein II, who had been co-ruler of Norway together with his brothers Inge the Hunchback and Sigurd Munn. Inge had become the sole ruler of Norway after the death of Eystein and Sigurd Munn.The former supporters of Sigurd Munn and Eystein II united behind Haakon, renewing the fight against Inge under the leadership of Sigurd Håvardsson of Hedmark. On 3 February 1161, King Inge I was defeated and killed while leading his men into battle against Haakon II near Oslo, after many of his men, led by his vassal Godred II Olafsson, defected to Haakon's side.On 7 July 1162 King Haakon II was killed in the Battle of Sekken not far from the market town Veøya in Romsdalen. After Inge's fall, his supporters had rallied behind the lendmann Erling Skakke and his son, Magnus Erlingsson. Haakon II was succeeded as king of Norway by King Magnus V.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haakon_Herdebreis_saga-Tittelfrise-G._Munthe.jpg"},{"link_name":"civil war era in Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_war_era_in_Norway"},{"link_name":"Sigurd I of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigurd_I_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Skule Baardsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skule_Baardsson"},{"link_name":"succession laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_succession"},{"link_name":"Bagler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagler"},{"link_name":"Birkebeiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkebeiner"}],"text":"The civil war era in Norway extended over a 110-year period. It started with the death of King Sigurd I of Norway in 1130 and ended with the death of Duke Skule Baardsson in 1240. During this period there were several interlocked conflicts of varying scale and intensity. The background for these conflicts were the unclear Norwegian succession laws, social conditions and the struggle between Church and King. There were then two main parties, firstly known by varying names or no names at all, but finally condensed into parties of Bagler and Birkebeiner. The rallying point regularly was a royal son, who was set up as the head figure of the party in question, to oppose the rule of king from the contesting party.","title":"Historic context"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Krag, Claus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claus_Krag"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Monarchs of","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_monarchs"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"I. Independent Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)"},{"link_name":"Harald I Fairhair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Fairhair"},{"link_name":"Eric I Bloodaxe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Bloodaxe"},{"link_name":"Haakon I the Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haakon_the_Good"},{"link_name":"Harald II Greycloak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Greycloak"},{"link_name":"Harald Bluetooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Bluetooth"},{"link_name":"Haakon Sigurdsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haakon_Sigurdsson"},{"link_name":"Olaf I Tryggvason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_Tryggvason"},{"link_name":"Sweyn Forkbeard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard"},{"link_name":"Eiríkr Hákonarson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eir%C3%ADkr_H%C3%A1konarson"},{"link_name":"Sweyn Haakonsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweyn_Haakonsson"},{"link_name":"Olaf II the Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Cnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnut"},{"link_name":"Haakon Ericsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haakon_Ericsson"},{"link_name":"Sweyn Knutsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svein_Knutsson"},{"link_name":"Ælfgifu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Northampton"},{"link_name":"Magnus I the Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_the_Good"},{"link_name":"Harald III Hardrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Hardrada"},{"link_name":"Magnus II Haraldsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_II_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Olaf III Kyrre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_III_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Haakon Magnusson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haakon_Magnusson_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Magnus III Barefoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Barefoot"},{"link_name":"Olav Magnusson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olav_Magnusson_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Eystein I Magnusson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eystein_I_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Sigurd I the Crusader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigurd_the_Crusader"},{"link_name":"Harald IV Gille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Gille"},{"link_name":"Magnus IV the Blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Sigurdsson"},{"link_name":"Sigurd II Munn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigurd_II"},{"link_name":"Inge I Haraldsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inge_Haraldsson"},{"link_name":"Eystein II Haraldsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eystein_II_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Magnus Haraldsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Haraldsson_(son_of_Harald_Gille)"},{"link_name":"Haakon II Broadshoulder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Magnus V Erlingsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_V_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Sverre Sigurdsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverre_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Haakon III Sverresson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haakon_III_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Guttorm Sigurdsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guttorm_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Inge II Bårdsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inge_B%C3%A5rdsson"},{"link_name":"Haakon IV Haakonsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haakon_IV"},{"link_name":"Haakon the Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haakon_the_Young"},{"link_name":"Magnus VI the Law-mender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_VI"},{"link_name":"Eric II Magnusson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_II_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Haakon V Magnusson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haakon_V"},{"link_name":"Magnus VII Ericsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Eriksson"},{"link_name":"Haakon VI Magnusson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haakon_VI"},{"link_name":"Olaf IV Haakonsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Kalmar Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmar_Union"},{"link_name":"Margaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_I_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Eric III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_of_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Knutsson"},{"link_name":"Christian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_I_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_King_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Christian II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_II_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Denmark–Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway"},{"link_name":"Frederick I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Christian III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_III_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Frederick II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Christian IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_IV_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Frederick III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Christian V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_V_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Frederick IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_IV_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Christian VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_VI_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Frederick V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_V_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Christian VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_VII_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Frederick VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_VI_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"II. Independent Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(1814)"},{"link_name":"Christian Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_VIII_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Union with Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway"},{"link_name":"Charles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_XIII"},{"link_name":"Charles III John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_XIV_John"},{"link_name":"Oscar I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_I_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Charles IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_XV"},{"link_name":"Oscar II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_II"},{"link_name":"III. Independent Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Haakon VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haakon_VII"},{"link_name":"Olav V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olav_V"},{"link_name":"Harald V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_V"},{"link_name":"Danish monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Danish_monarchs"},{"link_name":"English monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs"},{"link_name":"Swedish monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Swedish_monarchs"}],"text":"Krag, Claus Norges historie fram til 1319 (Oslo, 2000)vteMonarchs of NorwayI. Independent NorwayForeign and non-royal rulers in italics, disputed monarchs in brackets872–1387\nHarald I Fairhair\nEric I Bloodaxe\nHaakon I the Good\nHarald II Greycloak\nHarald Bluetooth d & Haakon Sigurdsson r\nOlaf I Tryggvason\nSweyn Forkbeard de & Eiríkr Hákonarson r & Sweyn Haakonsson r\nOlaf II the Saint\nCnut de & Haakon Ericsson r & Sweyn Knutsson r (Ælfgifu r)\nMagnus I the Good d\nHarald III Hardrada\nMagnus II Haraldsson\nOlaf III Kyrre\nHaakon Magnusson\nMagnus III Barefoot\nOlav Magnusson\nEystein I Magnusson\nSigurd I the Crusader\nHarald IV Gille\nMagnus IV the Blind\nSigurd II Munn\nInge I Haraldsson\nEystein II Haraldsson\n(Magnus Haraldsson)\nHaakon II Broadshoulder\nMagnus V Erlingsson\nSverre Sigurdsson\nHaakon III Sverresson\n(Guttorm Sigurdsson)\nInge II Bårdsson\nHaakon IV Haakonsson\n(Haakon the Young)\nMagnus VI the Law-mender\nEric II Magnusson\nHaakon V Magnusson\nMagnus VII Ericsson s\nHaakon VI Magnusson s\nOlaf IV Haakonsson d\nKalmar Union\n1387–1523\nMargaret ds\nEric III ds\nChristopher ds\nCharles I s\nChristian I ds\nJohn ds\nChristian II ds\n\nDenmark–Norway\n1524–1814\nFrederick I d\nChristian III d\nFrederick II d\nChristian IV d\nFrederick III d\nChristian V d\nFrederick IV d\nChristian VI d\nFrederick V d\nChristian VII d\nFrederick VI d\n\nII. Independent Norway\nOnly 1814\nChristian Frederick\n\nUnion with Sweden\n1814–1905\nCharles II s\nCharles III John s\nOscar I s\nCharles IV s\nOscar II s\n\nIII. Independent Norway\nSince 1905\nHaakon VII\nOlav V\nHarald V\n\n\nr Regent\nd Also Danish monarch\ne Also English monarch\ns Also Swedish monarch","title":"Other sources"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Haakon_Herdebreis_saga-Tittelfrise-G._Munthe.jpg/250px-Haakon_Herdebreis_saga-Tittelfrise-G._Munthe.jpg"}]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/H%C3%A5kon_2_Sigurdsson_Herdebrei/utdypning","external_links_name":"Håkon 2 Sigurdsson Herdebrei – utdypning (Store norske leksikon)"},{"Link":"http://mcllibrary.org/Heimskringla/erlingson.html","external_links_name":"Magnus Erlingson's Saga (Heimskringla)"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Gra%C5%A1o
|
Petar Grašo
|
["1 Life and career","1.1 Early life and festivals","1.2 2019-present: Standalone singles and performances","2 Personal life","3 Discography","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Croatian pop singer and songwriter (born 1976)
Petar GrašoBorn (1976-03-19) 19 March 1976 (age 48)Split, SR Croatia, YugoslaviaOccupationSingerYears active1995–presentSpouse
Hana Huljić (m. 2022)PartnerDanijela Martinović (1997–2021)Children1RelativesTonči Huljić (father-in-law)Websitehttps://petargraso.com/
Petar Grašo (born 19 March 1976) is a Croatian pop singer and songwriter. In the course of his career, he has released three studio albums. In 2011, he worked on the album Ka Hashish together with Tonči Huljić & Madre Badessa Band.
He attained popularity in Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Slovenia, and North Macedonia. As of 2022,he is married to Croatian musician Hana Huljić, with whom he has one daughter. He has received numerous recognitions and awards for his music work including a Zlatni Studio Award.
Life and career
Early life and festivals
Born in Split to basketball player Zoran Grašo, he rose to prominence when Oliver Dragojević performed one of his first songs "Boginja" on the Dora contest in 1995. Since then, he has collaborated greatly with Dragojević, and has also worked with Doris Dragović, Danijela Martinović, Tonči Huljić, Goran Bregović, and Lepa Brena.
In 1996, he won the Zadarfest music festival in Zadar with his song "Trebam nekoga", which promulgated him to wide fame. He placed second in Dora 1997, Croatia's qualifying competition for Eurovision Song Contest 1997. Today, he is one of the most popular male pop singers in Croatia, and is also well known in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Slovenia, and North Macedonia.
Grašo co-wrote the lyrics to the song "Metak sa posvetom" with Antonija Šola for Lepa Brena's 2011 album Začarani krug, and composed the music himself.
His songs "Volim i postojim" (1997) and "Ko nam brani?" (1999) are credited with helping the public cope with the COVID-19 pandemic.
2019-present: Standalone singles and performances
At the end of 2017, Petar Grašo recorded the song "Ako te pitaju" written by the Huljić duo. A music video for the song produced by Pilot Studio and directed by Vojan Koceić was released on 11 December 2017. Speaking about it, Grašo revealed that he wanted to create a picture of a warm love story and capture the final lyrics "We only need to know how to love each other". The song was very successful on the Croatian Singles Chart, remaining at the top spot for several weeks, with which it cemented his status as one of the most famous Ex-Yu singers. The song further received the award for Public Hit of the Year Award - Cesarica in the awards ceremony in 2019.
On 10 November 2019, Grašo performed a medley together with singer Nina Badrić and Ante Gelo Band at the Zlatni Studio 2019 Awards. The medley consisted of the songs "Rekao si", "Trebam nekoga", "Čarobno jutro" and "Ako te pitaju". On 27 December 2020, he participated at the talk show 5.com s Danielom on Hrvatska Radiotelevizija where he performed the song "Trebam nekoga" together with Ante Gelo Band. On 26 June 2023, Grašo released "Nemoj" together with Croatian singer Nina Badrić. A music video for the song, showing the duo playing each other's love interests premiered the same day. The song had premiered through a live performance by the duo the day before at the Melodije Jadrana. On 30 October 2023, he performed on guitar at a restaurant together with singer Jelena Rozga; they sang the songs "Pisi mi" and "Oprosti mi pape". On 21 April, Grašo's guest appearance on Macedonian talk show Eden na Eden was broadcast on Kanal 5. A brief teaser had been released on YouTube 3 days prior in which the singer briefly discussed his hiatus from music in the period between 2006 and 2011.
Personal life
In February 2022, he married Hana Huljić.
Discography
Main article: Petar Grašo discography
Solo
Mjesec iznad oblaka (1997)
Utorak (1999)
Šporke riči (2003)
With Tonči Huljić & Madre Badessa Band
Ka hashish (2011)
References
^ Mileusnić, Jelena (4 April 2021). "Nije bio prvi prekid, ali je bio konačni: Grašo je ljubio Danijelu 24 godine, a sve je zanimalo zašto se nisu vjenčali" . Story.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.
^ a b c d e "Petar Grašo" (in Croatian). Croatia Records. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
^ a b "Petar Grašo: Sa Brenom sam baš rizikovao" . Novosti (in Serbian). 26 November 2011. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
^ "Sudamja 2020: Grašo na praznom Peristilu u čast svetog Dujma i Dana grada Splita" (in Croatian). Split.hr. 5 May 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
^ "'Hrvatska pjeva' na Jutarnji.hr Video: Pogledajte Ekskluzivni Koncert: Ante Gelo ft. Petar Grašo" . Jutarnji.hr (in Croatian). 20 April 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
^ Rajković, Petar (15 March 2020). "Petar Grašo zbog koronavirusa promijenio riječi svoje pjesme - i poslao poruku svima" . 24sata.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 10 April 2024.
^ Marović, Tihana (3 April 2019). "Poznati restoran i pizzerija promijenili gazdu, više nisu vlasništvo splitske obitelji Grašo: Otkrivamo tko preuzima kultni objekt s najljepšim pogledom u gradu i kakvi su mu planovi" . Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). Retrieved 10 April 2024.
^ Petar Grašo - Ako te pitaju (official video) (in Croatian). Petar Grašo. 11 December 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2024 – via YouTube.
^ "'Ako te pitaju' Petar Grašo". Jutarnji.hr (in Croatian). 7 November 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
^ "Video: Croatian music hit of the year awards held". Croatia Week. 30 January 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
^ Nina Badrić i Petar Grašo - Medley ("Rekao si", "Trebam nekoga", "Čarobno jutro", "Ako te pitaju") . Ante Gelo Band. 10 November 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2024 – via YouTube.
^ Trebam Nekoga - Petar Grašo (5.com s Danielom, HRT). 5.com s Danielom. Hrvatska Radiotelevizija. 27 December 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
^ Petar Grašo i Nina Badrić - Nemoj (official music video) . Petar Grašo. 26 June 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2024 – via YouTube.
^ "Petar Grašo i Nina Badrić oduševili publiku novim duetom 'Nemoj'" . Večernji.hr (in Croatian). 26 June 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
^ Jovanović, Filip (30 October 2023). "Petar Grašo svira, Jelena Rozga peva: Goran Bogdan se ne odvaja od pevačice, ona mu se naslonila na rame, a u pozadini se čuje plač bebe (Video)" . Blic (in Serbian). Retrieved 10 April 2024.
^ "Видео | Петар Грашо: Се изморив од пеење, им реков на луѓето дека нема да дојдат до мене" . Sloboden pechat (in Macedonian). 20 April 2024. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
^ "Petar Grašo and Hana Huljić are married - www.diglogs.com/Slovenia". 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
External links
Official website
vteOperacija TrijumfSeason29 September 2008 — 5 January 2009Presenters
Milan Kalinić
Dragan Marinković
Ana Mihajlovski
Nikolina Pišek
Judges
Tonči Huljić
Marina Tucaković
Winner
Adnan Babajić
Finalists
Vukašin Brajić
Nina Petković
Male contestants
Adnan Babajić
Vukašin Brajić
Igor Cukrov
Đorđe Gogov
Nikola Paunović
Nikola Sarić
Female contestants
Sonja Bakić
Ana Bebić
Mirjana Kostić
Milica Majstorović
Nina Petković
Guest stars
Anastacia
Atomsko sklonište
Sergej Ćetković
Colonia
Deen
Divlje jagode
Karolina Gočeva
Petar Grašo
Gru
Željko Joksimović
Junior Jack
Kaliopi
Goran Karan
Laka
Let 3
Magazin
Bojan Marović
Danijela Martinović
Kemal Monteno
Negative
Ajs Nigrutin
Boris Novković
Marina Perazić
Aleksandra Radović
Aki Rahimovski
Elena Risteska
Sakis Rouvas
Jelena Rozga
Željko Samardžić
Marija Šerifović
Severina
Jelena Tomašević
Dado Topić
Sky Wikluh
YU grupa
Zana
Related links
OT Band
Croatia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009
Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Eurovision Song Contest 2010
Endemol
Melody Music
Fame Academy
Universal Music
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"studio albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"}],"text":"Petar Grašo (born 19 March 1976) is a Croatian pop singer and songwriter. In the course of his career, he has released three studio albums. In 2011, he worked on the album Ka Hashish together with Tonči Huljić & Madre Badessa Band.He attained popularity in Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Slovenia, and North Macedonia. As of 2022,he is married to Croatian musician Hana Huljić, with whom he has one daughter. He has received numerous recognitions and awards for his music work including a Zlatni Studio Award.","title":"Petar Grašo"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split,_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Oliver Dragojević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Dragojevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Dora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HRT_Dora"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crorec-2"},{"link_name":"Doris Dragović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Dragovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Danijela Martinović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danijela_Martinovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Tonči Huljić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ton%C4%8Di_Hulji%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Goran Bregović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goran_Bregovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Lepa Brena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepa_Brena"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crorec-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-novosti-3"},{"link_name":"Zadarfest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadarfest"},{"link_name":"Zadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crorec-2"},{"link_name":"Dora 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1997"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1997"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crorec-2"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crorec-2"},{"link_name":"Antonija Šola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonija_%C5%A0ola"},{"link_name":"Začarani krug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Za%C4%8Darani_krug"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-novosti-3"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Early life and festivals","text":"Born in Split to basketball player Zoran Grašo, he rose to prominence when Oliver Dragojević performed one of his first songs \"Boginja\" on the Dora contest in 1995.[2] Since then, he has collaborated greatly with Dragojević, and has also worked with Doris Dragović, Danijela Martinović, Tonči Huljić, Goran Bregović, and Lepa Brena.[2][3]In 1996, he won the Zadarfest music festival in Zadar with his song \"Trebam nekoga\", which promulgated him to wide fame.[2] He placed second in Dora 1997, Croatia's qualifying competition for Eurovision Song Contest 1997.[2] Today, he is one of the most popular male pop singers in Croatia, and is also well known in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Slovenia, and North Macedonia.[2]Grašo co-wrote the lyrics to the song \"Metak sa posvetom\" with Antonija Šola for Lepa Brena's 2011 album Začarani krug, and composed the music himself.[3]His songs \"Volim i postojim\" (1997) and \"Ko nam brani?\" (1999) are credited with helping the public cope with the COVID-19 pandemic.[4][5][6][7]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Nina Badrić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Badri%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Hrvatska Radiotelevizija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrvatska_Radiotelevizija"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Nina Badrić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Badri%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"talk show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_show"},{"link_name":"Kanal 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal_5_(North_Macedonia)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"2019-present: Standalone singles and performances","text":"At the end of 2017, Petar Grašo recorded the song \"Ako te pitaju\" written by the Huljić duo. A music video for the song produced by Pilot Studio and directed by Vojan Koceić was released on 11 December 2017.[8] Speaking about it, Grašo revealed that he wanted to create a picture of a warm love story and capture the final lyrics \"We only need to know how to love each other\".[9] The song was very successful on the Croatian Singles Chart, remaining at the top spot for several weeks, with which it cemented his status as one of the most famous Ex-Yu singers. The song further received the award for Public Hit of the Year Award - Cesarica in the awards ceremony in 2019.[10]On 10 November 2019, Grašo performed a medley together with singer Nina Badrić and Ante Gelo Band at the Zlatni Studio 2019 Awards. The medley consisted of the songs \"Rekao si\", \"Trebam nekoga\", \"Čarobno jutro\" and \"Ako te pitaju\".[11] On 27 December 2020, he participated at the talk show 5.com s Danielom on Hrvatska Radiotelevizija where he performed the song \"Trebam nekoga\" together with Ante Gelo Band.[12] On 26 June 2023, Grašo released \"Nemoj\" together with Croatian singer Nina Badrić. A music video for the song, showing the duo playing each other's love interests premiered the same day.[13] The song had premiered through a live performance by the duo the day before at the Melodije Jadrana.[14] On 30 October 2023, he performed on guitar at a restaurant together with singer Jelena Rozga; they sang the songs \"Pisi mi\" and \"Oprosti mi pape\".[15] On 21 April, Grašo's guest appearance on Macedonian talk show Eden na Eden was broadcast on Kanal 5. A brief teaser had been released on YouTube 3 days prior in which the singer briefly discussed his hiatus from music in the period between 2006 and 2011.[16]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"In February 2022, he married Hana Huljić.[17]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"SoloMjesec iznad oblaka (1997)\nUtorak (1999)\nŠporke riči (2003)With Tonči Huljić & Madre Badessa BandKa hashish (2011)","title":"Discography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Mileusnić, Jelena (4 April 2021). \"Nije bio prvi prekid, ali je bio konačni: Grašo je ljubio Danijelu 24 godine, a sve je zanimalo zašto se nisu vjenčali\" [It Was Not Their First Breakup, But It Was Their Last: Grašo Was in Love with Danijela for 24 Years, and Everyone Wondered Why They Did Not Marry]. Story.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 11 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://story.hr/Celebrity/a180276/Prekid-Danijele-Martinovic-i-Petra-Grase.html","url_text":"\"Nije bio prvi prekid, ali je bio konačni: Grašo je ljubio Danijelu 24 godine, a sve je zanimalo zašto se nisu vjenčali\""}]},{"reference":"\"Petar Grašo\" (in Croatian). Croatia Records. Retrieved 31 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://shop.crorec.hr/crorec.hr/izvodjac.php?OBJECT_ID=101022","url_text":"\"Petar Grašo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_Records","url_text":"Croatia Records"}]},{"reference":"\"Petar Grašo: Sa Brenom sam baš rizikovao\" [Petar Grašo: I Risked Quite a Lot with Brena]. Novosti (in Serbian). 26 November 2011. Retrieved 31 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.novosti.rs/vesti/spektakl.147.html:355167-Petar-Graso-Sa-Brenom-sam-bas-rizikovao","url_text":"\"Petar Grašo: Sa Brenom sam baš rizikovao\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sudamja 2020: Grašo na praznom Peristilu u čast svetog Dujma i Dana grada Splita\" [Sudamja 2020: Grašo at the Empty Peristil in Honor of Saint Dujma and the day of Split] (in Croatian). Split.hr. 5 May 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.split.hr/clanak/sudamja-2020-graso-na-praznom-peristilu-u-cast-svetog-dujma-i-dana-grada-splita","url_text":"\"Sudamja 2020: Grašo na praznom Peristilu u čast svetog Dujma i Dana grada Splita\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Hrvatska pjeva' na Jutarnji.hr Video: Pogledajte Ekskluzivni Koncert: Ante Gelo ft. Petar Grašo\" [Çroatia Sings' on Jutarnji.hr Video: Look at Exclusive Concert: Ante Gelo ft. Petar Grašo]. Jutarnji.hr (in Croatian). 20 April 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jutarnji.hr/spektakli/domace-zvijezde/video-pogledajte-ekskluzivni-koncert-ante-gelo-ft-petar-graso-jutarnji-vam-donosi-jedinstveni-glazbeni-online-projekt/10227082/","url_text":"\"'Hrvatska pjeva' na Jutarnji.hr Video: Pogledajte Ekskluzivni Koncert: Ante Gelo ft. Petar Grašo\""}]},{"reference":"Rajković, Petar (15 March 2020). \"Petar Grašo zbog koronavirusa promijenio riječi svoje pjesme - i poslao poruku svima\" [Petar Grašo Due to Coronavirus Changed the Words to His Song - And Sent a Message to Everyone]. 24sata.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 10 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://miss7.24sata.hr/stars/petar-graso-zbog-koronavirusa-promijenio-rijeci-svoje-pjesme-i-poslao-poruku-svima-30115","url_text":"\"Petar Grašo zbog koronavirusa promijenio riječi svoje pjesme - i poslao poruku svima\""}]},{"reference":"Marović, Tihana (3 April 2019). \"Poznati restoran i pizzerija promijenili gazdu, više nisu vlasništvo splitske obitelji Grašo: Otkrivamo tko preuzima kultni objekt s najljepšim pogledom u gradu i kakvi su mu planovi\" [Famous Restaurand and Pizzeria Changed Their Boss, They Are Not the Ownership of the Split Grašo Family: We Reveal Who Is Taking Over the Cult Object with the Best Look in Town and What Their Plans Are]. Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). Retrieved 10 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://slobodnadalmacija.hr/split/poznati-restoran-i-pizzerija-promijenili-gazdu-vise-nisu-vlasnistvo-splitske-obitelji-graso-otkrivamo-tko-preuzima-kultni-objekt-s-najljepsim-pogledom-u-gradu-i-kakvi-su-mu-planovi-596993","url_text":"\"Poznati restoran i pizzerija promijenili gazdu, više nisu vlasništvo splitske obitelji Grašo: Otkrivamo tko preuzima kultni objekt s najljepšim pogledom u gradu i kakvi su mu planovi\""}]},{"reference":"Petar Grašo - Ako te pitaju (official video) (in Croatian). Petar Grašo. 11 December 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2024 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j4ppyoZNt_Y&ab_channel=PETARGRA%C5%A0O%28official%29","url_text":"Petar Grašo - Ako te pitaju (official video)"}]},{"reference":"\"'Ako te pitaju' Petar Grašo\". Jutarnji.hr (in Croatian). 7 November 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jutarnji.hr/naslovnica/ako-te-pitaju-petar-graso-8145161","url_text":"\"'Ako te pitaju' Petar Grašo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Video: Croatian music hit of the year awards held\". Croatia Week. 30 January 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.croatiaweek.com/video-croatian-music-hit-of-the-year-awards-held/","url_text":"\"Video: Croatian music hit of the year awards held\""}]},{"reference":"Nina Badrić i Petar Grašo - Medley (\"Rekao si\", \"Trebam nekoga\", \"Čarobno jutro\", \"Ako te pitaju\") [Nina Badrić and Petar Grašo - Medley (\"Rekao si\", \"Trebam nekoga\", \"Čarobno jutro\", \"Ako te pitaju\")]. Ante Gelo Band. 10 November 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2024 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.youtube.com/watch?si=3533hItiM2sFMriR&v=XK9YqRsrHrk","url_text":"Nina Badrić i Petar Grašo - Medley (\"Rekao si\", \"Trebam nekoga\", \"Čarobno jutro\", \"Ako te pitaju\")"}]},{"reference":"Trebam Nekoga - Petar Grašo (5.com s Danielom, HRT). 5.com s Danielom. Hrvatska Radiotelevizija. 27 December 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pJtPuDHFUS8&ab_channel=AnteGelo","url_text":"Trebam Nekoga - Petar Grašo (5.com s Danielom, HRT)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrvatska_Radiotelevizija","url_text":"Hrvatska Radiotelevizija"}]},{"reference":"Petar Grašo i Nina Badrić - Nemoj (official music video) [Petar Grašo and Nina Badrić - Nemoj (official music video)]. Petar Grašo. 26 June 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2024 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g8L7QUEcv0o&pp=ygUdUGV0YXIgZ3Jhc28gbmluYSBiYWRyaWMgbmVtb2o%3D","url_text":"Petar Grašo i Nina Badrić - Nemoj (official music video)"}]},{"reference":"\"Petar Grašo i Nina Badrić oduševili publiku novim duetom 'Nemoj'\" [Petar Grašo and Nina Badrić Amazed the Audience with the New Duet 'Nemoj']. Večernji.hr (in Croatian). 26 June 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vecernji.hr/showbiz/petar-graso-i-nina-badric-odusevili-publiku-novim-duetom-nemoj-1690521","url_text":"\"Petar Grašo i Nina Badrić oduševili publiku novim duetom 'Nemoj'\""}]},{"reference":"Jovanović, Filip (30 October 2023). \"Petar Grašo svira, Jelena Rozga peva: Goran Bogdan se ne odvaja od pevačice, ona mu se naslonila na rame, a u pozadini se čuje plač bebe (Video)\" [Petar Grašo Is Playing, Jelena Rozga Is Singing: Goran Bogdan Does not Separate from the Singer, She Leans on His Shoulder, and in the background a child weeping can be heard]. Blic (in Serbian). Retrieved 10 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blic.rs/zabava/jelena-rozga-se-naslonila-na-rame-gorana-bogdana-petar-graso-peva/c5p63sx","url_text":"\"Petar Grašo svira, Jelena Rozga peva: Goran Bogdan se ne odvaja od pevačice, ona mu se naslonila na rame, a u pozadini se čuje plač bebe (Video)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Видео | Петар Грашо: Се изморив од пеење, им реков на луѓето дека нема да дојдат до мене\" [Video | Petar Grašo: I got tired of singing, I told people that they won't come to me]. Sloboden pechat (in Macedonian). 20 April 2024. Retrieved 21 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slobodenpecat.mk/video-petar-grasho-se-izmoriv-od-peenje-im-rekov-na-lugjeto-deka-nema-da-dojdt-do-mene/","url_text":"\"Видео | Петар Грашо: Се изморив од пеење, им реков на луѓето дека нема да дојдат до мене\""}]},{"reference":"\"Petar Grašo and Hana Huljić are married - www.diglogs.com/Slovenia\". 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.diglogs.com/slovenia/petar-graso-and-hana-huljic-are-married/","url_text":"\"Petar Grašo and Hana Huljić are married - www.diglogs.com/Slovenia\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_van_Praag
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Henri van Praag
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["1 Childhood and education","2 Post-war career","3 Intermezzo Uruguay (1953-1954)","4 In the center of society (1954-1973)","5 Professor (1973-1988)","6 Bibliography","7 References"]
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Henri van PraagBornNaphthali ben Levi van Praag12 September 1916 (1916-09-12)Amsterdam, NetherlandsDied3 November 1988 (1988-11-04) (aged 72)HilversumNationalityDutchOccupation(s)Educator, philosopher
Naphthali ben Levi (Henri) van Praag (September 12, 1916 in Amsterdam – November 3, 1988 in Hilversum) was a Jewish-Dutch writer, teacher, and religious historian, and became known also for his publications in the field of parapsychology.
Childhood and education
Van Praag was the son of Esther Van Praag and diamond cutter Louis (Levi) van Praag. The family was Jewish but not religious. The family moved to Antwerp, where Van Praag attended elementary and high school.
In 1931 the family Van Praag was again registered in Amsterdam, and Henri attended the five-year course at the municipal training college (diploma 1936), where he met Leny van Huystee, whom he married in 1947. In 1938 he received his certificate of competency as headmaster, and in 1939 a teaching certificate in French. At this time his interest in mysticism led him to read Chinese sage Li, a Jewish mystic whose name he never mentioned, the theologian J. Eykman (1892-1945) and the philosopher-physicist-educator Dr Philip Kohnstamm (1875-1951). He also had a practice as a psychologist and psychotherapist.
Van Praag spent World War II in hiding, in Amsterdam and other places. Many of his relatives were deported to concentration camps, where more than seventy relatives were murdered. Leny maintained contact with him during this period.
Post-war career
After the war, Van Praag wanted to work for peace, and "turned to people across all boundaries of religion, or national cultures. He exchanged as any other information from Judaism to Buddhism, of Taoism to gnosticism, from theology to science.
After obtaining the deed Dutch Language and Literature for secondary education (1946), he began an eagerness for several university studies: general philosophy of science, physics and pedagogy (Kohnstamm), logic (Evert Willem Beth), mathematics (L.E.J. Brouwer), biology (Heimans), sociology (Mennicken), economics (Mermans), general linguistics (Marcel Cohen), history (Jacques Presser), Judaica (Joseph B. Soloveitchik), psychology (Otto Selz) and phenomenology of religion and cultural anthropology (Gerard van der Leeuw).
Meanwhile, he was heavily involved with the Jews returning from the camps, especially in children. He conducted research for the Institute for the Tropics. His first, not in book form, study number, time and space, (1949) deals with the psychological foundations of mathematics and physics. His first book, The Meaning of Education (1950), was devoted to education and ends with a passionate creed. He did bachelor's degree in 1950, Master's degree in 1951. Under the pseudonym Bernard Raimond, he published a novel in the style of mystical Meyrink, is waiting for you (1953), a document that attests to his deep interest in and knowledge of China, the Jewish mysticism and reincarnation.
Shortly after the war in 1946 Van Praag was director of teaching HBS (Aid Study). Hammelburg related to the pedagogic Social Work community, working at the Dutch Institute for Psychological Research in Hilversum. In 1949 he took part in the tenth congress of philosophy in Paris. In 1951, Van Praag pedagogical consultant at the Institute of his teacher Kohnstamm, the General Social Consulting.
At an international conference in 1952 the World Organization for Mutual Understanding and Co-operation (WOMUC) set up and Henri became chairman. Van Praag included Otto Frank, Anne Frank's father, Zvi Werblowsky and Karl Thieme. One of the initiatives that emerged from the conference was the plan for a three-part series Das Lebendige Gottes Wort, an anthology with commentary from Jewish and Christian writings on revelation, prayer and promise. Many scholars, including Martin Buber, had agreed to cooperate, Thieme and Van Praag would lead. The plan was not implemented in this form by the sudden death of Thieme and the departure of Van Praag to Montevideo.
Intermezzo Uruguay (1953-1954)
Intermezzo Uruguay (1953-1954) in early 1950, the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin to anti-Semitism. Van Praag in 1953 went to Uruguay to investigate whether this country a new home for Jewish children could be. He was visiting Montevideo in psychology, pedagogy and philosophy, while he also had a practice as a psychologist-therapist. All his life he would also like therapist (counselor) for fellows remain available, people who were on something or had a question, could always go to him for an interview or an opinion. He then listened to the other, conducted an interview and ended with this advice.
He also studied Chinese language and culture in Montevideo with Professor Li Yu-Ying (Li Shizeng), former Rector of the Imperial University of Peking. With Stalin's death and the arrival of Nikita Khrushchev in 1953 compared the situation for Jews in Russia to improve, so the mission had formed the reason for the trip to South America was halted.
In the center of society (1954-1973)
In the center of society was founded in 1954 with his brother Henry I. (Dorus) van Praag and I.J. Sloos, and was aimed at improving the dialogue between Jews and Christians. With Jacob Soetendorp he worked on the series Phoenix Bible Paperbacks. Soetendorp translated large parts of the Old Testament again from Hebrew into Dutch, inspired by the new German translation of Martin Buber and Franz Rosenzweig. Van Praag had to finalize the 18 parts of Hebrew Bible, J. Goudoever of the final editing of the 12 parts of the New Testament. Van Praag also wrote the entire series of some forty articles and introductory and linking between texts and other items were the result of numerous conversations between Protestant and Catholic Christians, Jews and - to a lesser extent - Muslims.
Van Praag was also active in many areas. He was appointed in 1957 as a teacher at the local training college in 4 hours per week in pedagogy and in the same year was appointed professor at the LOI (Pelman Institute). In 1958 he became director of the center for pedagogic Psychology in Amsterdam, in 1964 he was consultant and from 1966 senior lecturer of Teleac (a relationship that until 1977 would last), (main) editor for various publishers and magazines including Studium Generale, Effective Business Management and Intermediate. He was a valued partner of leading people in the scientific, religious, political and philosophical territory.
Professor (1973-1988)
From 1973 to 1978 he was professor of sociology (religious schools) at the Wageningen Agricultural University. In 1974 we started with the establishment of the International Academy of Manternach (Luxembourg), with the first academic year of 1976. This academy was on March 15, 1979, as International University Lugano (Switzerland) continued and Van Praag was Chancellor and taught, among other methods, psychology and parapsychology. He was also rector of the Academy of Religion Vergleichende Geschichte in Duisburg (Germany), where he also taught religious studies.
In 1975 he founded the magazine Prana (magazine for spirituality and the periphery of science, publishing Ankh-Hermes) on. Prof. Van Praag had a good relationship with the publisher Paul Kluwer and was a consultant to the publisher.
In 1978 he succeeded Professor W.H.C. Tenhaeff as professor of parapsychology at the University of Utrecht, a position he held until 1986 would continue to play. Van Praag highlights in this field, that psychology should be seen as a border area of what is called parapsychology, as Einstein defined as a straight line curve with a degree of curvature = 0.
His wife Leny van Praag - Van Huystee deceased in 1981.
Bibliography
Number, time and space, Mathematisch Centrum, 1949
The Meaning of Education, De Erven F. Bohn, 1950
Abraham Philip Kohnstamm, a man of God, Ten Have, 1952
Montessori for adults, World Window, 1952
The Amsterdam Conversation on Israel, The Voice of Israel, 1952
The message of Israel, World Window, 1952
Conversation between East and West, World Window, 1952
It is waiting for you, Van Stockum, 1953
Pro Justitia, The Cycle, 1954
Introduction to social sciences, Van Stockum, 1957
Commemorative Book for Prof.. Dr. Ph. A. Kohnstamm, Wolters, 1957
Psychology in theory and practice, De Haan Ph. 7, 1958
The world of animal unlocked De Haan Ph. 28, 1959
Mirror of Chinese civilization, Ph. De Haan. 26, 1960
Pedagogy in theory and practice, De Haan Ph. 29, 1960
In search of the unknown, Ph. De Haan. 33, 1960
Mau-mau - Cats in art and literature, Ph. De Haan. 51, 1961
À la découverte de l'algèbre, Marabout, Gerard, 1962
Wisdom and beauty of India, Ph. De Haan. 1975, 1962
Ethnographic encyclopedia, De Haan, 1962
The art of parenting, Ph. De Haan. 29, 1963
Compendium of psychology, Noordhoff, 1963 (re: Self-knowledge, mastic Press, 2005)
Psychological encyclopedia, De Haan, 1964
Textbook of psychology, Noordhoff, 1964
The vocation of the youth in becoming a Europe, NJG, 1964
The Jewish origins of Christianity, Moussault, 1964
The phenomenon of Israel, Moussault, 1965
Henrietta Szold, Noordhoff, 1965
Logic, Teleac, 1966
Sagesse de la Chine, Marabout, Gerard, 1966
Israel and the Arabs - Open letter A.P., 1967
The miracle of Persia, De Haan, 1967
Psychology in theory and practice, De Haan, 1967 (= 5 ° pressure release from 1958)
The art of parenting, De Haan, 1967
Psychological encyclopedia, De Haan, 1967
Humor, the secret weapon of democracy, AP, 1967
Formal education in middle school, Wolters-Noordhoff, 1968
Measuring and comparing Teleac / De Haan, 1968
Agreement in the Middle East?, A.P., 1968
The argument Solimon, V.T.B.V.D.B.D.B., 1968
Living philosophy Teleac / Slaterus University Press, 1969
Semitism, Zionism, De Haan, 1969
Introduction to Psychology, Wolters-Noordhoff, 1970
Dialogue of generations, De Haan, 1970
Information and energy, De Haan, 1970
Appeal to women, Ankh-Hermes, 1971
The eight gates of salvation, Bantam, 1972
Everything flows - Panta Rhei Teleac, 1972
Key to the philosophy, Agon Elsevier, 1972
Key to the philosophy (questions and assignments), Agon Elsevier, 1972
Acupuncture, Ankh-Hermes, 1972
Reincarnation, Remote Book, 1972
Whether printed ... Van Gorcum, 1972
Key words of the Bible - Our Father, Book Center, 1972
Diary of Moses Flinker, (1942-1943) Bantam, 1973
Inventaire de la parapsychology, France-Empire, 1973
From chair to chair, Samsom, 1973
Key to the I-Ching, Ankh-Hermes, 1974
Anything goes, Tele Book, 1974
Wisdom from East and West, Ankh-Hermes, 1974
Para Psychological library (10 parts):
1. Introduction to parapsychology Bantam, 1975
2. Telepathy and telekinesis Bantam, 1975
3. Psychic awareness Meulenhoff, 1975
4. Paranormal physicality Bantam, 1975
5. Paranormal identity Bantam, 1975
6. Paranormal events Bantam, 1975
7. Parapsychology and occultism Bantam, 1975
8. Parapsychology and religion Bantam, 1975
9. Parapsychology and evolution Bantam, 1975
10. Parapsychology and transformation Bantam, 1975
Everything else (4 parts):
1. A new heaven and a new earth Bantam, 1976
2. A world of one thousand artists Bantam, 1976
3. Thinking like playing Bantam, 1977
4. Magic in the service of mysticism Bantam, 1978
Dialogue of generations, Tele Book, 1976
Blueprint for a New World Book Center, 1976
Karl Marx, a prophet of our time, Ankh-Hermes, 1976
The four faces of Jerusalem, Bantam, 1976
Signs of humanity, Ankh-Hermes, 1976
The language of dreams - exploration and explanation, Bantam, 1977
Mirror of our times, Tele Book, 1978
Order and organization, Pandata, 1985
It is waiting for you (Second edition), Ankh-Hermes, 1986
Damit who blueht Erde - Das Phaenomen Israel, Scriba, 1986
The eight paths of mysticism (2 º pressure of the eight gates of salvation from 1972), Bantam, 1986
The language of dreams (reprint of 1977), Ankh-Hermes, 1986
Change, Pandata, 1986
Mystical wisdom and universal knowledge, Ankh-Hermes, 1986
Tao Te Ching, Ankh-Hermes, 1986
Artificial intelligence, Pandata, 1988
Translations, introductions, contributions
East and West seek God, The Cycle, 1955 (translation of C. Mayhew, Men Seeking God 1955)
The Middle East, Ph. De Haan. 18, 1959
In search of the unknown, Ph. De Haan. 33, 1960
Africa Alive, Ph. De Haan. 41, 1960
Encyclopedia of the Universe, De Haan, 1960
Everything you need to know, De Haan, 1961
À la découverte de l'algèbre, Marabout, Gerard, 1962
Ethnographic encyclopedia, De Haan, 1962
Le dossier Afrique, Marabout, Gerard, 1962
Phoenix Bible Pockets, (parts 1-30) De Haan, 1962-1965
Man and company tomorrow, Samsom, 1963
Man in society, technology and culture, Ph. De Haan. 27, 1964
How do we conquer the future?, Contact, 1964
Chronicle of St. Jansoog, Moussault, 1964
The Jewish origins of Christianity, Moussault, 1964
Henrietta Szold, Noordhoff, 1965
Encyclopedia for Young People (parts 1–10), De Haan, 1965-1967
From Buddha to Sartre (the Netherlands edited and introduced by Van Praag), Moussault, 1965
Social psychology, Wolters-Noordhoff, 1967
The world of tomorrow (with Whitlau WAC), Worker Press, 1968
Jewish press in the Netherlands and Germany, St. A. Frank, 1969
Studies on the Jewish background of the OT, Van Gorcum, 1969
Resonance of Anne Frank, Contact, 1970
A tribute to Anne Frank, Doubleday, 1970
Im Department für Schule, Kirche und State, Quelle & Meyer, 1970
In-service training, VUGA, 1970
Handbook for Managers (parts 1 and 2), Kluwer, 1970-1978
Gay dialogicus, Samsom, 1971
Views on ... Luitingh, 1972
Future Research (parts 1–3), Kluwer, 1972-1975
Whether printed ... Van Gorcum, 1972
Printing and communications, N.D.B., 1974
Perspektief '74, Intermediate, 1974
Liber amicorum - Arend Hauer, NCA, 1974
Bibeb - Interviews 1973 / 1977, Van Gennep, 1977
Hypnosis in practice, Ankh-Hermes, 1977
The bank in the world of tomorrow, NMB, 1978
Animal testing in modern society, Ankh-Hermes, 1978
My Judaism (Houwaart Dick (ed.) with contributions from Van Praag), Voorhoeve, 1980
A tribute to Anne Frank, Shogakukan, 1981
In 2000, Prisma, 1982
Experiments on humans, Ankh-Hermes, 1982
Shalom (Kruijf the TC and H. van der Sandt (eds.)), St. B. Folkertsma, 1983
Closer to Anne, Leopold, 1985
Man without Borders, BRT 1986
About the Unseen - presented to Henry van Praag, Ankh-Hermes, 1986
Psychic healing, Ankh-Hermes, 1988
References
^ Avraham Soetendorp, "Henry van Praag: a great counselor and seer", Het Parool 11 April 1988.
"I was King Solomon. Lo and behold, the next day a delegation from Ethiopia." Interview with Bibeb in the Netherlands Fri 12/01/1973
"Parapsychology and religion." Interview with Rex Brico in Elsevier Magazine 13/05/1978
"Prof.. Drs Henri van Praag:" I am an optimist culture, the last and only "" Interview with P. van der Eijk in the weekly Time 05/26/1978
"Drs. H. van Praag: an extraordinary man", obituary by Harm van den Berg, In: NRC Handelsblad 03.11.1988
"Henri van Praag: a major advisor and visionary," by Avraham Soetendorp obituary, in: Het Parool 04.11.1988
"Professor Henry (Abba) van Praag: Take it easy, do not hurry, you have the infinity for you." Surya memories of green, in: Prana No. 56, Summer 1989, pp. 63–73 Ankh-Hermes, Deventer
"Henri van Praag: the man behind Prana" by Hein van Dongen, in: Prana No. 100, April 1997, pp. 87–91 Ankh-Hermes, Deventer
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Israel
Belgium
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
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The family was Jewish but not religious. The family moved to Antwerp, where Van Praag attended elementary and high school.In 1931 the family Van Praag was again registered in Amsterdam, and Henri attended the five-year course at the municipal training college (diploma 1936), where he met Leny van Huystee, whom he married in 1947. In 1938 he received his certificate of competency as headmaster, and in 1939 a teaching certificate in French. At this time his interest in mysticism led him to read Chinese sage Li, a Jewish mystic whose name he never mentioned, the theologian J. Eykman (1892-1945) and the philosopher-physicist-educator Dr Philip Kohnstamm (1875-1951). He also had a practice as a psychologist and psychotherapist.Van Praag spent World War II in hiding, in Amsterdam and other places. Many of his relatives were deported to concentration camps, where more than seventy relatives were murdered. Leny maintained contact with him during this period.","title":"Childhood and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"secondary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_education"},{"link_name":"Evert Willem Beth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evert_Willem_Beth"},{"link_name":"L.E.J. Brouwer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L.E.J._Brouwer"},{"link_name":"Marcel Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Cohen"},{"link_name":"Jacques Presser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Presser"},{"link_name":"Judaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaica"},{"link_name":"Joseph B. Soloveitchik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_B._Soloveitchik"},{"link_name":"Otto Selz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Selz"},{"link_name":"Gerard van der Leeuw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_van_der_Leeuw"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Jewish mysticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_mysticism"},{"link_name":"reincarnation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reincarnation"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Otto Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Frank"},{"link_name":"Anne Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Frank"},{"link_name":"Zvi Werblowsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.J._Zwi_Werblowsky"},{"link_name":"anthology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology"},{"link_name":"Martin Buber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"}],"text":"After the war, Van Praag wanted to work for peace, and \"turned [...] to people across all boundaries of religion, or national cultures. He exchanged as any other information from Judaism to Buddhism, of Taoism to gnosticism, from theology to science.[1]After obtaining the deed Dutch Language and Literature for secondary education (1946), he began an eagerness for several university studies: general philosophy of science, physics and pedagogy (Kohnstamm), logic (Evert Willem Beth), mathematics (L.E.J. Brouwer), biology (Heimans), sociology (Mennicken), economics (Mermans), general linguistics (Marcel Cohen), history (Jacques Presser), Judaica (Joseph B. Soloveitchik), psychology (Otto Selz) and phenomenology of religion and cultural anthropology (Gerard van der Leeuw). \nMeanwhile, he was heavily involved with the Jews returning from the camps, especially in children. He conducted research for the Institute for the Tropics. His first, not in book form, study number, time and space, (1949) deals with the psychological foundations of mathematics and physics. His first book, The Meaning of Education (1950), was devoted to education and ends with a passionate creed. He did bachelor's degree in 1950, Master's degree in 1951. Under the pseudonym Bernard Raimond, he published a novel in the style of mystical Meyrink, is waiting for you (1953), a document that attests to his deep interest in and knowledge of China, the Jewish mysticism and reincarnation.Shortly after the war in 1946 Van Praag was director of teaching HBS (Aid Study). Hammelburg related to the pedagogic Social Work community, working at the Dutch Institute for Psychological Research in Hilversum. In 1949 he took part in the tenth congress of philosophy in Paris. In 1951, Van Praag pedagogical consultant at the Institute of his teacher Kohnstamm, the General Social Consulting.At an international conference in 1952 the World Organization for Mutual Understanding and Co-operation (WOMUC) set up and Henri became chairman. Van Praag included Otto Frank, Anne Frank's father, Zvi Werblowsky and Karl Thieme. One of the initiatives that emerged from the conference was the plan for a three-part series Das Lebendige Gottes Wort, an anthology with commentary from Jewish and Christian writings on revelation, prayer and promise. Many scholars, including Martin Buber, had agreed to cooperate, Thieme and Van Praag would lead. The plan was not implemented in this form by the sudden death of Thieme and the departure of Van Praag to Montevideo.","title":"Post-war career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"anti-Semitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Semitism"},{"link_name":"pedagogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedagogy"},{"link_name":"Chinese language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Li Shizeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Shizeng"},{"link_name":"Nikita Khrushchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"}],"text":"Intermezzo Uruguay (1953-1954) in early 1950, the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin to anti-Semitism. Van Praag in 1953 went to Uruguay to investigate whether this country a new home for Jewish children could be. He was visiting Montevideo in psychology, pedagogy and philosophy, while he also had a practice as a psychologist-therapist. All his life he would also like therapist (counselor) for fellows remain available, people who were on something or had a question, could always go to him for an interview or an opinion. He then listened to the other, conducted an interview and ended with this advice.He also studied Chinese language and culture in Montevideo with Professor Li Yu-Ying (Li Shizeng), former Rector of the Imperial University of Peking. With Stalin's death and the arrival of Nikita Khrushchev in 1953 compared the situation for Jews in Russia to improve, so the mission had formed the reason for the trip to South America was halted.","title":"Intermezzo Uruguay (1953-1954)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Testament"},{"link_name":"Franz Rosenzweig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Rosenzweig"},{"link_name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"Teleac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleac_(broadcaster)"}],"text":"In the center of society was founded in 1954 with his brother Henry I. (Dorus) van Praag and I.J. Sloos, and was aimed at improving the dialogue between Jews and Christians. With Jacob Soetendorp he worked on the series Phoenix Bible Paperbacks. Soetendorp translated large parts of the Old Testament again from Hebrew into Dutch, inspired by the new German translation of Martin Buber and Franz Rosenzweig. Van Praag had to finalize the 18 parts of Hebrew Bible, J. Goudoever of the final editing of the 12 parts of the New Testament. Van Praag also wrote the entire series of some forty articles and introductory and linking between texts and other items were the result of numerous conversations between Protestant and Catholic Christians, Jews and - to a lesser extent - Muslims.Van Praag was also active in many areas. He was appointed in 1957 as a teacher at the local training college in 4 hours per week in pedagogy and in the same year was appointed professor at the LOI (Pelman Institute). In 1958 he became director of the center for pedagogic Psychology in Amsterdam, in 1964 he was consultant and from 1966 senior lecturer of Teleac (a relationship that until 1977 would last), (main) editor for various publishers and magazines including Studium Generale, Effective Business Management and Intermediate. He was a valued partner of leading people in the scientific, religious, political and philosophical territory.","title":"In the center of society (1954-1973)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Duisburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duisburg"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"religious studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_studies"},{"link_name":"spirituality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirituality"},{"link_name":"Einstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein"}],"text":"From 1973 to 1978 he was professor of sociology (religious schools) at the Wageningen Agricultural University. In 1974 we started with the establishment of the International Academy of Manternach (Luxembourg), with the first academic year of 1976. This academy was on March 15, 1979, as International University Lugano (Switzerland) continued and Van Praag was Chancellor and taught, among other methods, psychology and parapsychology. He was also rector of the Academy of Religion Vergleichende Geschichte in Duisburg (Germany), where he also taught religious studies.In 1975 he founded the magazine Prana (magazine for spirituality and the periphery of science, publishing Ankh-Hermes) on. Prof. Van Praag had a good relationship with the publisher Paul Kluwer and was a consultant to the publisher.In 1978 he succeeded Professor W.H.C. Tenhaeff as professor of parapsychology at the University of Utrecht, a position he held until 1986 would continue to play. Van Praag highlights in this field, that psychology should be seen as a border area of what is called parapsychology, as Einstein defined as a straight line curve with a degree of curvature = 0.His wife Leny van Praag - Van Huystee deceased in 1981.","title":"Professor (1973-1988)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Number, time and space, Mathematisch Centrum, 1949\nThe Meaning of Education, De Erven F. Bohn, 1950\nAbraham Philip Kohnstamm, a man of God, Ten Have, 1952\nMontessori for adults, World Window, 1952\nThe Amsterdam Conversation on Israel, The Voice of Israel, 1952\nThe message of Israel, World Window, 1952\nConversation between East and West, World Window, 1952\nIt is waiting for you, Van Stockum, 1953\nPro Justitia, The Cycle, 1954\nIntroduction to social sciences, Van Stockum, 1957\nCommemorative Book for Prof.. Dr. Ph. A. Kohnstamm, Wolters, 1957\nPsychology in theory and practice, De Haan Ph. 7, 1958\nThe world of animal unlocked De Haan Ph. 28, 1959\nMirror of Chinese civilization, Ph. De Haan. 26, 1960\nPedagogy in theory and practice, De Haan Ph. 29, 1960\nIn search of the unknown, Ph. De Haan. 33, 1960\nMau-mau - Cats in art and literature, Ph. De Haan. 51, 1961\nÀ la découverte de l'algèbre, Marabout, Gerard, 1962\nWisdom and beauty of India, Ph. De Haan. 1975, 1962\nEthnographic encyclopedia, De Haan, 1962\nThe art of parenting, Ph. De Haan. 29, 1963\nCompendium of psychology, Noordhoff, 1963 (re: Self-knowledge, mastic Press, 2005)\nPsychological encyclopedia, De Haan, 1964\nTextbook of psychology, Noordhoff, 1964\nThe vocation of the youth in becoming a Europe, NJG, 1964\nThe Jewish origins of Christianity, Moussault, 1964\nThe phenomenon of Israel, Moussault, 1965\nHenrietta Szold, Noordhoff, 1965\nLogic, Teleac, 1966\nSagesse de la Chine, Marabout, Gerard, 1966\nIsrael and the Arabs - Open letter A.P., 1967\nThe miracle of Persia, De Haan, 1967\nPsychology in theory and practice, De Haan, 1967 (= 5 ° pressure release from 1958)\nThe art of parenting, De Haan, 1967\nPsychological encyclopedia, De Haan, 1967\nHumor, the secret weapon of democracy, AP, 1967\nFormal education in middle school, Wolters-Noordhoff, 1968\nMeasuring and comparing Teleac / De Haan, 1968\nAgreement in the Middle East?, A.P., 1968\nThe argument Solimon, V.T.B.V.D.B.D.B., 1968\nLiving philosophy Teleac / Slaterus University Press, 1969\nSemitism, Zionism, De Haan, 1969\nIntroduction to Psychology, Wolters-Noordhoff, 1970\nDialogue of generations, De Haan, 1970\nInformation and energy, De Haan, 1970\nAppeal to women, Ankh-Hermes, 1971\nThe eight gates of salvation, Bantam, 1972\nEverything flows - Panta Rhei Teleac, 1972\nKey to the philosophy, Agon Elsevier, 1972\nKey to the philosophy (questions and assignments), Agon Elsevier, 1972\nAcupuncture, Ankh-Hermes, 1972\nReincarnation, Remote Book, 1972\nWhether printed ... Van Gorcum, 1972\nKey words of the Bible - Our Father, Book Center, 1972\nDiary of Moses Flinker, (1942-1943) Bantam, 1973\nInventaire de la parapsychology, France-Empire, 1973\nFrom chair to chair, Samsom, 1973\nKey to the I-Ching, Ankh-Hermes, 1974\nAnything goes, Tele Book, 1974\nWisdom from East and West, Ankh-Hermes, 1974\nPara Psychological library (10 parts):\n1. Introduction to parapsychology Bantam, 1975\n2. Telepathy and telekinesis Bantam, 1975\n3. Psychic awareness Meulenhoff, 1975\n4. Paranormal physicality Bantam, 1975\n5. Paranormal identity Bantam, 1975\n6. Paranormal events Bantam, 1975\n7. Parapsychology and occultism Bantam, 1975\n8. Parapsychology and religion Bantam, 1975\n9. Parapsychology and evolution Bantam, 1975\n10. Parapsychology and transformation Bantam, 1975\nEverything else (4 parts):\n1. A new heaven and a new earth Bantam, 1976\n2. A world of one thousand artists Bantam, 1976\n3. Thinking like playing Bantam, 1977\n4. Magic in the service of mysticism Bantam, 1978\nDialogue of generations, Tele Book, 1976\nBlueprint for a New World Book Center, 1976\nKarl Marx, a prophet of our time, Ankh-Hermes, 1976\nThe four faces of Jerusalem, Bantam, 1976\nSigns of humanity, Ankh-Hermes, 1976\nThe language of dreams - exploration and explanation, Bantam, 1977\nMirror of our times, Tele Book, 1978\nOrder and organization, Pandata, 1985\nIt is waiting for you (Second edition), Ankh-Hermes, 1986\nDamit who blueht Erde - Das Phaenomen Israel, Scriba, 1986\nThe eight paths of mysticism (2 º pressure of the eight gates of salvation from 1972), Bantam, 1986\nThe language of dreams (reprint of 1977), Ankh-Hermes, 1986\nChange, Pandata, 1986\nMystical wisdom and universal knowledge, Ankh-Hermes, 1986\nTao Te Ching, Ankh-Hermes, 1986\nArtificial intelligence, Pandata, 1988\nTranslations, introductions, contributions\nEast and West seek God, The Cycle, 1955 (translation of C. Mayhew, Men Seeking God 1955)\nThe Middle East, Ph. De Haan. 18, 1959\nIn search of the unknown, Ph. De Haan. 33, 1960\nAfrica Alive, Ph. De Haan. 41, 1960\nEncyclopedia of the Universe, De Haan, 1960\nEverything you need to know, De Haan, 1961\nÀ la découverte de l'algèbre, Marabout, Gerard, 1962\nEthnographic encyclopedia, De Haan, 1962\nLe dossier Afrique, Marabout, Gerard, 1962\nPhoenix Bible Pockets, (parts 1-30) De Haan, 1962-1965\nMan and company tomorrow, Samsom, 1963\nMan in society, technology and culture, Ph. De Haan. 27, 1964\nHow do we conquer the future?, Contact, 1964\nChronicle of St. Jansoog, Moussault, 1964\nThe Jewish origins of Christianity, Moussault, 1964\nHenrietta Szold, Noordhoff, 1965\nEncyclopedia for Young People (parts 1–10), De Haan, 1965-1967\nFrom Buddha to Sartre (the Netherlands edited and introduced by Van Praag), Moussault, 1965\nSocial psychology, Wolters-Noordhoff, 1967\nThe world of tomorrow (with Whitlau WAC), Worker Press, 1968\nJewish press in the Netherlands and Germany, St. A. Frank, 1969\nStudies on the Jewish background of the OT, Van Gorcum, 1969\nResonance of Anne Frank, Contact, 1970\nA tribute to Anne Frank, Doubleday, 1970\nIm Department für Schule, Kirche und State, Quelle & Meyer, 1970\nIn-service training, VUGA, 1970\nHandbook for Managers (parts 1 and 2), Kluwer, 1970-1978\nGay dialogicus, Samsom, 1971\nViews on ... Luitingh, 1972\nFuture Research (parts 1–3), Kluwer, 1972-1975\nWhether printed ... Van Gorcum, 1972\nPrinting and communications, N.D.B., 1974\nPerspektief '74, Intermediate, 1974\nLiber amicorum - Arend Hauer, NCA, 1974\nBibeb - Interviews 1973 / 1977, Van Gennep, 1977\nHypnosis in practice, Ankh-Hermes, 1977\nThe bank in the world of tomorrow, NMB, 1978\nAnimal testing in modern society, Ankh-Hermes, 1978\nMy Judaism (Houwaart Dick (ed.) with contributions from Van Praag), Voorhoeve, 1980\nA tribute to Anne Frank, Shogakukan, 1981\nIn 2000, Prisma, 1982\nExperiments on humans, Ankh-Hermes, 1982\nShalom (Kruijf the TC and H. van der Sandt (eds.)), St. B. Folkertsma, 1983\nCloser to Anne, Leopold, 1985\nMan without Borders, BRT 1986\nAbout the Unseen - presented to Henry van Praag, Ankh-Hermes, 1986\nPsychic healing, Ankh-Hermes, 1988","title":"Bibliography"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampung_Madras
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Kampung Madras
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["1 Location","2 Temples","3 Mosques","4 See also","5 References"]
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Ethnic enclave in North Sumatra, IndonesiaKampung MadrasEthnic enclaveOther transcription(s) • Tamilமதராஸ் கிராமம் Matarās kirāmamResidents of Kampung Madras, MedanCountryIndonesiaProvinceNorth SumatraCityMedan
Main articles: Indian Indonesians and Tamil Indonesians
Kampung Madras (Madras Village), formerly known as Kampung Keling (Tamil: காலிங் கிராமம்), is the Little India of Medan, Indonesia, and one of the city's significant ethnic enclaves. Kampung Madras encompasses an area of approximately 10 hectares, and hosts a large Indian (mostly Tamils). Now a now part of the Medan Polonia district, Kampung Madras is home to many sporting goods resellers, sari stores, and other shophouses.
In the mid-nineteenth century, the colonial Dutch began importing Indian labor to work on Sumatran plantations and to construct roads, trenches, and dykes; today, Sumatra is home to as many as 60,000 people of Indian descent, many of whom reside in Medan.
This area was originally called Patisah (Tamil: பெடிசாஹ்), and the name became a district in Medan called Petisah. The enclave's name changed to Kampung Madras to reflect the native land of the people of Indian descent who reside there. However, many people still refer to the place as Kampung Keling, a more derogatory term that may be offensive to some of its residents and others.
Every year, Kampung Madras becomes a meeting point for Hindu and/or Tamil festivals such as Thaipusam, Thai Pongal, and Deepavali.
Location
Kampung Madras is made of a ten acre landscape beginning the edge of Sungai Soekamoelia off Jalan Palang Merah, precisely the corner of Bank Sumut Medan, eclipsing towards Jalan Diponegoro to the East encircling all the way to Jalan Jendral Sudirman Sekolah Immanuel (Formerly Known as Queen Beatrice School) towards Sungai Babura, covering all the areas towards Jalan Cik di Tiro leading to Titi Berlian on the North rounding up all the way to the Chettiar Kovil in Jalan Kebun Bunga.
Shri Mariamman, an historic temples, stand as an icon of Kampung Madras is located along Jalan Zainul Arifin, as well as other Hindu temples the Kaliamman Temple and the Thedayuthabani Chettiar Temple on Jalan Kebun Bunga.
Kampung Madras is not only home to many Hindu religious shrines, but there are historical mosques as well, to mention; there are 4 mosques, Masjid Agung, Masjid Gaudiah, Masjid South India and Masjid Al-Madras (Cik di Tiro). 5 Historical churches, namely GPIB opposite the governor's office, the Methodist Church at Jalan Hang Tua, GKPS church at Jln. Cik di Tiro, GKI at Jalan Zainul Arifin as well as Gereja Baptis at Jalan Diponegoro, all are located within Kampung Madras, we can see here too a Punjabi Gurudwaar, as well as a Buddhist shrine, Temple of Gunung Timor at Jalan Hang Tuah that makes Kampung Madras a complete visit for all religious sites.
There is also Khalsa Indian school, later changed to be Khalsa National School, that has a long history of producing the most English speakers of the resident of Medan and beyond, precisely located next to the Gurduwara in Kampung Madras.
Temples
Several Hindu temples are located in Kampung Madras:
Sri Mariamman Temple
Thandayuthapani Temple
Sri Kaliamman Temple
Maha Muniswarar Temple
Mosques
Two mosques serve the enclave: Jami Mosque, built in 1887, and Ghaudiyah Mosque. Both mosques were built by early South Indian Muslims in Medan.
See also
Pasar Baru, another Little India in Jakarta, Indonesia
References
^ "Pallavi Aiyar on Indonesia's Medan city and its deep-rooted Indian connections - The Hindu".
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Little India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_India_(location)"},{"link_name":"Medan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medan"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Indonesian"},{"link_name":"Medan Polonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medan_Polonia"},{"link_name":"the colonial Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"Thaipusam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaipusam"},{"link_name":"Thai Pongal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Pongal"},{"link_name":"Deepavali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepavali"}],"text":"Kampung Madras (Madras Village), formerly known as Kampung Keling (Tamil: காலிங் கிராமம்), is the Little India of Medan, Indonesia, and one of the city's significant ethnic enclaves. Kampung Madras encompasses an area of approximately 10 hectares, and hosts a large Indian (mostly Tamils). Now a now part of the Medan Polonia district, Kampung Madras is home to many sporting goods resellers, sari stores, and other shophouses.In the mid-nineteenth century, the colonial Dutch began importing Indian labor to work on Sumatran plantations and to construct roads, trenches, and dykes; today, Sumatra is home to as many as 60,000 people of Indian descent, many of whom reside in Medan.[1]This area was originally called Patisah (Tamil: பெடிசாஹ்), and the name became a district in Medan called Petisah. The enclave's name changed to Kampung Madras to reflect the native land of the people of Indian descent who reside there. However, many people still refer to the place as Kampung Keling, a more derogatory term that may be offensive to some of its residents and others.Every year, Kampung Madras becomes a meeting point for Hindu and/or Tamil festivals such as Thaipusam, Thai Pongal, and Deepavali.","title":"Kampung Madras"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Kampung Madras is made of a ten acre landscape beginning the edge of Sungai Soekamoelia off Jalan Palang Merah, precisely the corner of Bank Sumut Medan, eclipsing towards Jalan Diponegoro to the East encircling all the way to Jalan Jendral Sudirman Sekolah Immanuel (Formerly Known as Queen Beatrice School) towards Sungai Babura, covering all the areas towards Jalan Cik di Tiro leading to Titi Berlian on the North rounding up all the way to the Chettiar Kovil in Jalan Kebun Bunga.Shri Mariamman, an historic temples, stand as an icon of Kampung Madras is located along Jalan Zainul Arifin, as well as other Hindu temples the Kaliamman Temple and the Thedayuthabani Chettiar Temple on Jalan Kebun Bunga.Kampung Madras is not only home to many Hindu religious shrines, but there are historical mosques as well, to mention; there are 4 mosques, Masjid Agung, Masjid Gaudiah, Masjid South India and Masjid Al-Madras (Cik di Tiro). 5 Historical churches, namely GPIB opposite the governor's office, the Methodist Church at Jalan Hang Tua, GKPS church at Jln. Cik di Tiro, GKI at Jalan Zainul Arifin as well as Gereja Baptis at Jalan Diponegoro, all are located within Kampung Madras, we can see here too a Punjabi Gurudwaar, as well as a Buddhist shrine, Temple of Gunung Timor at Jalan Hang Tuah that makes Kampung Madras a complete visit for all religious sites.There is also Khalsa Indian school, later changed to be Khalsa National School, that has a long history of producing the most English speakers of the resident of Medan and beyond, precisely located next to the Gurduwara in Kampung Madras.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sri Mariamman Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Mariamman_Temple,_Medan"}],"text":"Several Hindu temples are located in Kampung Madras:Sri Mariamman Temple\nThandayuthapani Temple\nSri Kaliamman Temple\nMaha Muniswarar Temple","title":"Temples"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Two mosques serve the enclave: Jami Mosque, built in 1887, and Ghaudiyah Mosque. Both mosques were built by early South Indian Muslims in Medan.","title":"Mosques"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Pasar Baru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasar_Baru"},{"title":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Pallavi Aiyar on Indonesia's Medan city and its deep-rooted Indian connections - The Hindu\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/pallavi-aiyar-on-indonesias-medan-city-and-its-deeprooted-indian-connections/article8227604.ece","url_text":"\"Pallavi Aiyar on Indonesia's Medan city and its deep-rooted Indian connections - The Hindu\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/pallavi-aiyar-on-indonesias-medan-city-and-its-deeprooted-indian-connections/article8227604.ece","external_links_name":"\"Pallavi Aiyar on Indonesia's Medan city and its deep-rooted Indian connections - The Hindu\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_73
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Pan Am Flight 73
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["1 Hijacking at Karachi","1.1 Demand for pilot","1.2 Rescue assault","2 Passengers","2.1 Nationalities","2.2 Cockpit crew","3 Aftermath","3.1 Trial and sentencing","4 Libyan involvement and legal action","5 Reward and reported killing of accused","6 Aircraft","7 In popular culture","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References","11 Bibliography","12 Further reading","13 External links"]
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Coordinates: 24°54′24″N 67°09′39″E / 24.90667°N 67.16083°E / 24.90667; 67.160831986 airliner hijacking
Pan Am Flight 73A Pan Am Boeing 747, similar to the aircraft involved in the hijackingHijackingDateSeptember 5, 1986SummaryHijackingSiteJinnah International Airport, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan 24°54′24″N 67°09′39″E / 24.90667°N 67.16083°E / 24.90667; 67.16083AircraftAircraft typeBoeing 747-121Aircraft nameClipper Empress of the SeasOperatorPan American World AirwaysRegistrationN656PAFlight originChhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International AirportMumbai, IndiaStopoverJinnah International AirportKarachi, PakistanLast stopoverFrankfurt am Main AirportFrankfurt, West GermanyDestinationJohn F. Kennedy Int'l AirportNew York City, United StatesOccupants379Passengers360Crew19Fatalities21Injuries120Survivors358
Pan Am Flight 73 was a Pan American World Airways flight from Bombay, India, to New York, United States, with scheduled stops in Karachi, Pakistan, and Frankfurt, West Germany.
On September 5, 1986, the Boeing 747-121 serving the flight was hijacked while on the ground at Karachi by four armed Palestinian terrorists of the Abu Nidal Organization. The aircraft, with 360 passengers on board, had just arrived from Bombay. A grand jury later concluded that the militants were planning to use the hijacked airliner to pick up Palestinian prisoners in both Cyprus and Israel.
More than twenty passengers were killed during the hijacking, including nationals from India, the United States, Pakistan, and Mexico. All the hijackers were arrested and sentenced to death in Pakistan. However, the sentences were later commuted to life in prison. Neerja Bhanot, head attendant on the flight, was shot dead and posthumously received the fourth highest civil award, the Tamgha-e-Pakistan from Pakistan as well as India's highest peacetime award for bravery, the Ashok Chakra Award, for her efforts to save passengers' lives.
Hijacking at Karachi
Pan Am Flight 73 originated in Mumbai and stopped at the Karachi airport for a scheduled stopover at 4:30 a.m. It was carrying 394 passengers and 9 infants, an American flight crew and 13 Indian flight attendants. A total of 109 passengers disembarked at Karachi. The first busload of fresh passengers from Karachi had barely reached the aircraft standing on the tarmac when the hijacking began to unfold.
Two hijackers dressed in the sky-blue uniforms of the Pakistan Airport Security Force drove up to the aircraft in a van fitted with a siren and flashing lights. They rushed up the ramp, firing shots into the air. Another two hijackers joined the first two men, one of them dressed in Pakistani shalwar kameez and carrying a briefcase full of grenades. There was also gunfire outside the aircraft reported around this time, which killed two Kuwait Airlines staff members working on an aircraft nearby. The hijackers fired shots at the feet of a flight attendant forcing him to close the door. Another flight attendant, Neerja Bhanot, was out of sight of the hijackers and relayed the hijack code to the cockpit crew, who subsequently exited the aircraft through the overhead emergency hatch, via the Inertial Reel Escape Device.
After about 40 minutes from the landing of Flight 73, the airliner came under the control of the hijackers. The exit of the pilots immobilised the aircraft.
The four hijackers were dressed as Karachi airport security guards and were armed with assault rifles, pistols, grenades, and plastic explosive belts. The hijackers drove a van that had been modified to look like an airport security vehicle through a security checkpoint up to one of the boarding stairways to Pan Am Flight 73.
The four hijackers were later identified as Zayd Hassan Abd al-Latif Safarini (Safarini, alias "Mustafa"), Jamal Saeed Abdul Rahim (alias "Fahad"), Muhammad Abdullah Khalil Hussain ar-Rahayyal ("Khalil"), and Muhammad Ahmed Al-Munawar (alias "Mansoor"). Pakistani authorities also identified another accomplice Wadoud Muhammad Hafiz al-Turki ("Hafiz") and arrested him a week later.
Demand for pilot
Within a short time after seizing control of the aircraft, the lead hijacker Safarini realized that the cockpit crew had escaped and therefore he would be forced to negotiate with officials. First and business class passengers were ordered to go towards the back of the plane. At the same time, passengers at the back of the plane were ordered forward. Since the aircraft was nearly full, passengers sat down in the aisles, galleys and door exits.
At approximately 10:00, Safarini went through the plane and arrived at the seat of Rajesh Kumar, a 29-year-old Kenya-born Indian resident of Huntington Beach, California, who had recently been naturalized as an American citizen. Safarini ordered Kumar to come to the front of the aircraft, to kneel at the front doorway of the aircraft, and to face the front of the aircraft with his hands behind his head. Safarini negotiated with officials, in particular Viraf Daroga, the head of Pan Am's Pakistan operation, stating that if the crew was not sent on the plane within 30 minutes, then Kumar would be shot.
Shortly thereafter, Safarini became impatient with the officials and grabbed Kumar and shot him in the head in front of witnesses both on and off the aircraft. Safarini heaved Kumar out of the door onto the ramp below. Pakistani personnel on the ramp reported that Kumar was still breathing when he was placed in an ambulance, but he was pronounced dead on the way to the hospital in Karachi.
Safarini joined the hijackers and ordered flight attendants Bhanot, Sunshine Vesuwala, and Madhvi Bahuguna to begin collecting passports. They complied with this request. During the collection of the passports, believing passengers with American passports would be singled out by the hijackers, the flight attendants proceeded to hide some of the American passports under seats, and dumped the rest down a rubbish chute.
After the passports had been collected, Bhanot came onto the intercom and asked for Michael John Thexton, a British citizen, to come to the front of the plane. Thexton was returning home to England after visiting Pakistan for a personal pilgrimage to Broad Peak, where his brother, a keen mountaineer, had died of altitude sickness in 1983, and boarded the flight in Karachi to disembark at the Frankfurt stop and connect to another Pan Am flight for London. He went through the curtain into the front of the plane where he came face to face with Safarini, who was holding Thexton's passport. He asked Thexton if he was a soldier and if he had a gun, Thexton replied "No". He ordered Thexton onto his knees. Safarini told the officials that if anyone came near the plane that he would go on to kill another passenger.
Viraf Daroga told Safarini that there was a crew member on board who was able to use the cockpit radio and asked him to negotiate through radio. Safarini went back to Thexton and asked him whether he would like a drink of water, to which Thexton replied "Yes." Safarini also asked Thexton if he was married, and claimed he did not like all this violence and killing and said that the Americans and Israelis had taken over his country and left him unable to lead a proper life. One of the hijackers ordered Thexton to return to his seat.
Thexton had the opportunity to ask his hijacker about this experience forty years later, and ask why he had not been shot. The hijacker explained that when Thexton had told him that his brother had died and he didn't want to leave his mother childless that the hijacker had sympathy for him and let him go.
The hijack stalemate continued on into the night. During the stalemate, Dick Melhart was positioned by the door and was able to unlock it when the firing started. About 21:00 the auxiliary power unit shut down, all lighting turned off, and emergency lights came on. Passengers at the front were ordered toward the back, while passengers at the back were ordered forward. Since the aisles were already full of passengers, those passengers standing just sat down.
With the plane out of power and sitting in near darkness, a hijacker at the L1 door said a prayer and then aimed to shoot at the explosive belt worn by another hijacker near the door. The intent was to cause an explosion massive enough to kill all passengers and crew on board, as well as themselves, but this failed. Immediately the hijackers began shooting their weapons into the cabin at passengers and threw grenades.
Ultimately it was the bullets that created the most damage since each bullet would bounce off aircraft cabin surfaces and create crippling shrapnel. An air hostess at the L3 door opened the door; although the slide did not deploy, several passengers and crew jumped down the fifteen feet or 6m/20 ft. to the ramp.
Dick Melhart was able to unlatch the door at R3 which was the exit over the wing, passengers jumped out from this exit. A grounds staff trapped on board during the ordeal was responsible for opening the R4 door, which was the only door armed to deploy the emergency slide. Ultimately this slide allowed for more passengers to evacuate safely and without injuries. Bhanot and the other crew members bravely escorted as many passengers as they could first and then evacuated themselves afterwards.
Rescue assault
The Pakistani unit responsible for taking the plane was the Special Service Group (SSG) which was led by Brig. Tariq Mehmood. The SSG Commandos closed in on the aircraft after the power unit went out but did not begin storming the plane until they heard shots fired from within the plane. By the time the commandos reached the plane, many passengers had already begun escaping.
There are some inconsistencies regarding the Pakistani Army's reported response to the generator dying. This confusion was later attributed to a rush by officials to take credit for a successful assault on the hijackers followed by a walking-back of statements once the death toll of the tragedy became clear.
Passengers
The 365 total passengers plus crew on Pan Am 73 were citizens of 14 different countries. Citizens of India represented roughly 27% of the people on board the flight, and 24% of those killed. Citizens of three countries — India, Italy, and the United Kingdom — together represented the bulk (71%) of those killed.
Nationalities
Nationality
Passengers
Crew
Total
Victims
Australia
4
0
4
2
Belgium
2
0
2
0
Canada
30
0
30
0
Denmark
8
0
8
2
France
4
1
5
0
Germany
81
3
84
0
India
91
13
104
12
Ireland
5
0
5
4
Italy
27
0
27
13
Mexico
8
0
8
2
Pakistan
44
0
44
3
Sweden
2
0
2
0
United Kingdom
15
4
19
11
United States
44
2
46
2
Total
365
23
388
51
Cockpit crew
Captain William Allen "Bill" Kianka (born June 1, 1934), Age 52, He served in the U.S. Navy from 1952 to 1954 and fought in one tour in the Korean War, and was serving with Pan Am as a Captain since 1954.
First Officer Conway Tehan Dodge Sr. (born May 30, 1933), Age 53, He served in the U.S. Marine Corps from 1951 to 1955 and fought in two tours in the Korean War, and was serving with Pan Am as a First Officer since 1955.
Flight Engineer John Joseph Ridgway (born September 25, 1940), Age 45, He was serving with Pan Am as a Flight Engineer since 1962.
Aftermath
Trial and sentencing
On July 6, 1988, the five Palestinian men were convicted in Pakistan for their roles in the hijacking and murders and sentenced to death: Zayd Hassan Abd al-Latif Safarini, Wadoud Muhammad Hafiz al-Turki, Jamal Saeed Abdul Rahim, Muhammad Abdullah Khalil Hussain ar-Rahayyal, and Muhammad Ahmed al-Munawar. The sentences were later commuted to life in prison.
According to a CNN report, Safarini was handed over to the FBI from a prison in Pakistan in September 2001. He was taken to the United States where on May 13, 2005, he was sentenced to a 160-year prison term. At the plea proceeding, Safarini admitted that he and his fellow hijackers committed the offences as members of the Abu Nidal Organization, also called the ANO, a designated terrorist organization.
The other four prisoners were deported by Pakistani authorities to PA in Israel in 2008.
Libyan involvement and legal action
Libya has been accused of sponsoring the hijacking, as well as carrying out the bombings of Pan Am Flight 103 in 1988 and UTA Flight 772 in 1989.
In August 2003, Libya accepted responsibility for "the actions of its officials" for the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103, but was silent on the question of the Pan Am Flight 73 hijacking. Libya offered US$2.7 billion in compensation to the families of the 270 victims of Pan Am Flight 103 and, in January 2004, agreed to pay $170 million to the families of the 170 victims of UTA Flight 772. The seven American UTA victims' families refused the offer and instead filed a claim for $2.2 billion against Libya. From 2004 to 2006 the US and the UK jointly opened up relations with Libya, leading to the removal of sanctions imposed and of Libya's inclusion on the list of countries that sponsor terrorism.
In June 2004, a volunteer group of families and victims from the incident, Families from Pan Am Flight 73, was formed to work toward a memorial for those killed in the incident, to seek the truth behind this terrorist attack, and to hold those responsible for it accountable. On April 5, 2006, the law firm of Crowell & Moring LLP, representing the surviving passengers, estates and family members of the hijacking victims, announced it was filing a civil suit in U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia seeking $10 billion in compensatory damages, plus unspecified punitive damages, from Libya, Muammar al-Gaddafi and the five convicted hijackers. The lawsuit alleged Libya provided the Abu Nidal Organization with material support and also ordered the attack as part of a Libyan-sponsored terrorist campaign against American, European and Israeli interests.
British media that was critical of normalisation of relations between Gaddafi and the West reported in March 2004 (days after Prime Minister Tony Blair visited Tripoli) that Libya was behind the hijacking.
As of September 2015 about $700 million of funds that Libya gave the US to settle claims related to Libyan sponsored terrorism has not been distributed to families of victims who were Indian passport holders.
Reward and reported killing of accused
Zayd Hassan Abd al-Latif Safarini was extradited to the U.S. by the Government of Pakistan. He is serving his 160-year sentence at the Federal Correctional Complex in Terre Haute, Indiana.
The other four prisoners were deported by Pakistani authorities to PA in Israel in 2008. On December 3, 2009, the FBI, in coordination with the State Department, announced a $5M reward for information that leads to the capture of each of the four remaining hijackers of Pan Am 73.
One of the four, Jamal Saeed Abdul Rahim, was allegedly killed in a drone strike in Pakistan on January 9, 2010. His death was never confirmed and he remains on the FBI's Most Wanted Terrorists list and the State Department's Rewards for Justice list.
In hopes of generating new leads for the alleged hijackers the FBI released new age-progressed images on January 11, 2018. The case is still under investigation by the Washington Field Office of the Bureau.
Aircraft
The aircraft was a four-engined Boeing 747-121 delivered to Pan Am on June 18, 1971, with registration N656PA ( November 656 Papa Alpha in phonetic alphabet) and named Clipper Live Yankee by the airline. It was later renamed and at the time of the incident was named Clipper Empress of the Seas. After the incident the aircraft was renamed Clipper New Horizons. Pan Am sold the aircraft to Evergreen International in 1988 and then leased it back. The aircraft was returned by Pan Am to Evergreen in April 1991. Evergreen scrapped the aircraft the next month.
In popular culture
The film Neerja was released on February 19, 2016 depicting the hijacking and the actions of all the flight attendants on the aircraft. Neerja Bhanot was the Senior Flight Purser and the youngest recipient of the highest Indian bravery award, Ashoka Chakra. She also received the United States Special Courage award and the Pakistani Nishan-e-Pakistan.
A documentary about the hijacking, called Hijacked: Flight 73, was released in 2023. (IMDb).
See also
Pakistan portalUnited States portal1980s portalAviation portal
1986 Bombing of Libya
List of Pan American World Airways accidents and incidents
Notes
^ The Inertial Reel Escape Device consists of five metal cables attached to the roof of the cockpit. Up to five crew can reach the roof through an emergency hatch and slide down to the ground retarded by the cables.
^ According to an India Today report, Neerja Bhanot, the head purser of the flight, alerted the cockpit crew. But other accounts indicate that she had a gun pointed to her head at that time.
^ The Pan Am executives supported the decision of the flight crew abandoning the plane. Martin Shugrue, the Chief Operating Officer, stated, "In a situation like this, one of our immediate prime objectives (is to) immobilize the aircraft, turn the aircraft into a building."
References
^ "Jordanian Hijacker Sentenced in D.C. for 1986 Hijacking of Pan Am Flight 73 as Victims from Around the World Recount Horrors" (Press release). Washington, DC: Federal Bureau of Investigation. May 14, 2004. Retrieved November 9, 2017.
^ "Pan Am Flight-73 alleged hijacker 'killed' in drone attack in Pakistan". Asian Tribune.
^ "United States of America v. Wadoud Muhammad et al Indictment" (PDF). justice.gov. United States Department of Justice. June 11, 2001. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
^ "24 yrs after Pan Am hijack, Neerja Bhanot killer falls to drone". The Times of India. January 17, 2010. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011.
^ a b c d Dilip Bobb, M. Rahman, Zahid Hussain, and Ramindar Singh. Pan Am hijack in Karachi: Pakistan security forces handling of situation raises questions, India Today, 1986-09-30.
^ A video demonstrating the Cockpit Escape Reels on a Boeing 747-300, You Tube video.
^ a b c d e Ghosh, Flight 73: The Inner Story 2018, Chap. 2.
^ a b c d Mohan, Megha (March 31, 2016). "Inside a hijack: The unheard stories of the Pan Am 73 crew". BBC News.
^ "Jordanian hijacker sentenced to 160 years in prison for deadly 1986 hijacking of Pan Am Flight 73 as victims from around the world recount horrors". Federal Bureau of Investigation, US Department of Justice. May 13, 2004. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016.
^ United States of America vs. Zaid Hassan Abd Latif Safarini: Rule 11 Proffer of Facts, US Department of Justice, November 12, 2003.
^ Leonnig, Carol D. (May 13, 2004). "A Day of Horror in 1986 Is Relived". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
^ Mohan, Megha (March 31, 2016). "Inside a hijack: The unheard stories of the Pan Am 73 crew". BBC News. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
^ a b Thexton, Mike (2006). What happened to the hippy man (1st ed.). Great Britain: Lanista Partners Ltd. pp. 48–50. ISBN 0-9553185-0-5.
^ "Pan Am flight 73 hostage learns from hijacker why life was spared". BBC News. May 2, 2023.
^ Deborah Linton (April 2023). "I survived the world's most infamous plane hijack – years later, the terrorist told me why". UK.
^ Markham, James M.; Times, Special To the New York (September 8, 1986). "Jet Survivors Say Army Didn't Help". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
^ Shilpa Baburaj (February 18, 2016). "'I saw Neerja being shot in the head' | Bengaluru News". The Times of India. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
^ Aftab, Mohammed (September 6, 1986). "At least 17 die in hijack in Pakistan" (PDF). Manchester Herald. p. 1. Retrieved March 18, 2023.
^ Tempest, Rone (September 10, 1986). "Confusion Amid Pan Am Hijacking : Pakistani Rescue Effort: Case of Too Many Leaders". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 18, 2023.
^ a b c d "Act of Terror: Seeking Information Leading to Those Responsible: Pan Am Flight 73 Hijacking". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
^ a b "Suspect in 1986 hijacking brought to U.S. for trial". CNN. October 1, 2001.
^ a b c d "Neerja Bhanot killing: FBI releases age-progressed images of 4 wanted hijack suspects". Economic Times.
^ a b "FBI releases age-processed pictures of four 1986 Pan Am hijacking suspects". Geo News. January 19, 2018.
^ a b Arieff, Irwin (August 16, 2003). "Libya takes blame for Lockerbie bombing". Independent Online.
^ Smith, Craig S. (January 10, 2004). "Libya Will Pay $170 Million In Bombing of French Airliner". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
^ "Victims of September 1986 Hijacking of Pan Am 73 File US$10 Billion... -- WASHINGTON, April 5 /PR Newswire UK/ --". prnewswire.co.uk. CROWELL & MORING LLP. April 5, 2006. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
^ Revealed: Gaddafi's air massacre plot, The Times, 2004-03-28
^ "1986 Pan Am survivors pin hopes on Modi". The Times of India. September 29, 2015.
^ U.S. airstrike reportedly kills terrorist, Los Angeles Times, 2010-01-16
^ "FBI most wanted terrorist : JAMAL SAEED ABDUL RAHIM". Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).
^ "Rewards for Justice - Wanted for Terrorism - Jamal Saeed Abdul Rahim". Retrieved September 10, 2020.
^ "New Images Released in 1986 Hijacking Case". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
^ "FAA Registry (N656PA)". Federal Aviation Administration.
^ "Evergreen International Airlines N483EV (Boeing 747 - MSN 20351) (Ex N656PA ) | Airfleets aviation". www.airfleets.net. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
Bibliography
Ghosh, Tarak (2018), Flight 73: The Inner Story, Munich: BookRix GmbH & Co. KG, ISBN 9783743848634
Further reading
Deborah Linton (April 17, 2023). "'I survived the world's most infamous plane hijack – years later, the terrorist told me why'". The Telegraph.
Stettler, Jeremaiah. "25 years later, experiencing Pan Am hijacking still haunts Utahn." The Salt Lake Tribune. August 7, 2014.
"New Security Measures for Pan Am Airlines Archived 2020-01-30 at the Wayback Machine." ABC News. December 6, 1986. Getty Images Clip #450000364
External links
Hijacking of Pan AM Flight 73: Significant Events, The United States Attorney's Office, US Department of Justice, 25 February 2016.
U.S. Department of Justice Attorney's Office For the District of Columbia Information on court proceedings of Pan Am Flight 73
"UNITED STATES ARRESTS KNOWN HIGHJACKER FROM PAN AMERICAN WORLD AIRWAYS FLIGHT 73" ( Archived 2015-10-10 at the Wayback Machine). U.S. Department of Justice. Monday October 1, 2001.
U.S. Department of Justice May 13, 2004, press release on the Pan Am Flight 73 criminal case
Crowell & Moring Pan Am Flight 73 civil suit Archived October 15, 2007, at the Wayback Machine against Libya, Gaddafi and the five hijackers
Naqvi, Jawed. "This Karachi nightmare and that." Dawn. July 1, 2014.
For the book by Mike Thexton about his experience on Pan Am Flight 73, 'What happened to the Hippy Man?', see the book's web page
Photos of the airliner at airliners.net
"Karachi hijack ends in bloodshed." bbc.co.uk.
Pan Am Flight 73 September 1986 Karachi ABC News Nightline, September 6, 1986. YouTube video. uploaded December 26, 2017.
Macneil, Robert, & Lehrer, Lim. "Flight 073: What Happened? What Next?" The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour. September 5, 1986
Inside a hijack: The unheard stories of the Pan Am 73 crew
Jet Survivors Say Army Didn't Help
vteAviation accidents and incidents in 1986 (1986)
Jan 18 Aerovías Caravelle crashJan 28 VASP Flight 210Feb 16 China Airlines Flight 2265Mar 31 Mexicana de Aviación Flight 940Apr 2 TWA Flight 840Apr 5 Ljósufjöll air crashApr 17 Hindawi affairMay 3 Air Lanka Flight 512May 3 China Airlines Flight 334May 19 1986 Brazilian UFO incidentJun 18 Grand Canyon National Park collisionJul 2 Aeroflot Flight 2306Aug 3 LIAT Flight 319Aug 16 Sudan Airways Fokker F-27 shootdownAug 31 Aeroméxico Flight 498Sep 5 Pan Am Flight 73Oct 5 Corporate Air Services HPF821Oct 19 Mozambican Tupolev Tu-134 crashOct 20 Aeroflot Flight 6502Oct 26 Thai Airways International Flight 620Nov 6 British Int'l Helicopters Chinook crashNov 17 Japan Air Lines Cargo Flight 1628Dec 12 Aeroflot Flight 892Dec 25 Iraqi Airways Flight 163
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pan American World Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways"},{"link_name":"Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Boeing 747-121","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747#747-100"},{"link_name":"Palestinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)"},{"link_name":"Abu Nidal Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Nidal_Organization"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asiantribune.com-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Neerja Bhanot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neerja_Bhanot"},{"link_name":"Tamgha-e-Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamgha-e-Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Ashok Chakra Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashok_Chakra_Award"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"1986 airliner hijackingPan Am Flight 73 was a Pan American World Airways flight from Bombay, India, to New York, United States, with scheduled stops in Karachi, Pakistan, and Frankfurt, West Germany.On September 5, 1986, the Boeing 747-121 serving the flight was hijacked while on the ground at Karachi by four armed Palestinian terrorists of the Abu Nidal Organization. The aircraft, with 360 passengers on board, had just arrived from Bombay.[2] A grand jury later concluded that the militants were planning to use the hijacked airliner to pick up Palestinian prisoners in both Cyprus and Israel.[3]More than twenty passengers were killed during the hijacking, including nationals from India, the United States, Pakistan, and Mexico. All the hijackers were arrested and sentenced to death in Pakistan. However, the sentences were later commuted to life in prison. Neerja Bhanot, head attendant on the flight, was shot dead and posthumously received the fourth highest civil award, the Tamgha-e-Pakistan from Pakistan as well as India's highest peacetime award for bravery, the Ashok Chakra Award, for her efforts to save passengers' lives.[4]","title":"Pan Am Flight 73"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karachi airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinnah_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndiaToday-5"},{"link_name":"shalwar kameez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalwar_kameez"},{"link_name":"Neerja Bhanot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neerja_Bhanot"},{"link_name":"emergency hatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_exit#Aircraft"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndiaToday-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crew-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhosh,_Flight_73:_The_Inner_Story2018Chap. 2-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBI-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhosh,_Flight_73:_The_Inner_Story2018Chap. 2-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhosh,_Flight_73:_The_Inner_Story2018Chap. 2-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Pan Am Flight 73 originated in Mumbai and stopped at the Karachi airport for a scheduled stopover at 4:30 a.m. It was carrying 394 passengers and 9 infants, an American flight crew and 13 Indian flight attendants. A total of 109 passengers disembarked at Karachi. The first busload of fresh passengers from Karachi had barely reached the aircraft standing on the tarmac when the hijacking began to unfold.[5]Two hijackers dressed in the sky-blue uniforms of the Pakistan Airport Security Force drove up to the aircraft in a van fitted with a siren and flashing lights. They rushed up the ramp, firing shots into the air. Another two hijackers joined the first two men, one of them dressed in Pakistani shalwar kameez and carrying a briefcase full of grenades. There was also gunfire outside the aircraft reported around this time, which killed two Kuwait Airlines staff members working on an aircraft nearby. The hijackers fired shots at the feet of a flight attendant forcing him to close the door. Another flight attendant, Neerja Bhanot, was out of sight of the hijackers and relayed the hijack code to the cockpit crew, who subsequently exited the aircraft through the overhead emergency hatch, via the Inertial Reel Escape Device.[a][b]\nAfter about 40 minutes from the landing of Flight 73, the airliner came under the control of the hijackers. The exit of the pilots immobilised the aircraft.[c][5][8][7][9]The four hijackers were dressed as Karachi airport security guards and were armed with assault rifles, pistols, grenades, and plastic explosive belts. The hijackers drove a van that had been modified to look like an airport security vehicle through a security checkpoint up to one of the boarding stairways to Pan Am Flight 73.[7]The four hijackers were later identified as Zayd Hassan Abd al-Latif Safarini (Safarini, alias \"Mustafa\"), Jamal Saeed Abdul Rahim (alias \"Fahad\"), Muhammad Abdullah Khalil Hussain ar-Rahayyal (\"Khalil\"), and Muhammad Ahmed Al-Munawar (alias \"Mansoor\"). Pakistani authorities also identified another accomplice Wadoud Muhammad Hafiz al-Turki (\"Hafiz\") and arrested him a week later.[7][10]","title":"Hijacking at Karachi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kenya-born Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indians_in_Kenya"},{"link_name":"Huntington Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntington_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"naturalized as an American citizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_American"},{"link_name":"Pakistani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani"},{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"American passports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_passport"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-16"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"Broad Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Peak"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-16"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crew-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crew-9"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indiatimes-20"}],"sub_title":"Demand for pilot","text":"Within a short time after seizing control of the aircraft, the lead hijacker Safarini realized that the cockpit crew had escaped and therefore he would be forced to negotiate with officials. First and business class passengers were ordered to go towards the back of the plane. At the same time, passengers at the back of the plane were ordered forward. Since the aircraft was nearly full, passengers sat down in the aisles, galleys and door exits.At approximately 10:00, Safarini went through the plane and arrived at the seat of Rajesh Kumar, a 29-year-old Kenya-born Indian resident of Huntington Beach, California, who had recently been naturalized as an American citizen. Safarini ordered Kumar to come to the front of the aircraft, to kneel at the front doorway of the aircraft, and to face the front of the aircraft with his hands behind his head. Safarini negotiated with officials, in particular Viraf Daroga, the head of Pan Am's Pakistan operation, stating that if the crew was not sent on the plane within 30 minutes, then Kumar would be shot.Shortly thereafter, Safarini became impatient with the officials and grabbed Kumar and shot him in the head in front of witnesses both on and off the aircraft. Safarini heaved Kumar out of the door onto the ramp below. Pakistani personnel on the ramp reported that Kumar was still breathing when he was placed in an ambulance, but he was pronounced dead on the way to the hospital in Karachi.[citation needed]Safarini joined the hijackers and ordered flight attendants Bhanot, Sunshine Vesuwala,[11] and Madhvi Bahuguna[12] to begin collecting passports. They complied with this request. During the collection of the passports, believing passengers with American passports would be singled out by the hijackers, the flight attendants proceeded to hide some of the American passports under seats, and dumped the rest down a rubbish chute.[13][non-primary source needed]After the passports had been collected, Bhanot came onto the intercom and asked for Michael John Thexton, a British citizen, to come to the front of the plane. Thexton was returning home to England after visiting Pakistan for a personal pilgrimage to Broad Peak, where his brother, a keen mountaineer, had died of altitude sickness in 1983, and boarded the flight in Karachi to disembark at the Frankfurt stop and connect to another Pan Am flight for London.[14] He went through the curtain into the front of the plane where he came face to face with Safarini, who was holding Thexton's passport. He asked Thexton if he was a soldier and if he had a gun, Thexton replied \"No\". He ordered Thexton onto his knees. Safarini told the officials that if anyone came near the plane that he would go on to kill another passenger.[13]Viraf Daroga told Safarini that there was a crew member on board who was able to use the cockpit radio and asked him to negotiate through radio. Safarini went back to Thexton and asked him whether he would like a drink of water, to which Thexton replied \"Yes.\" Safarini also asked Thexton if he was married, and claimed he did not like all this violence and killing and said that the Americans and Israelis had taken over his country and left him unable to lead a proper life.[citation needed] One of the hijackers ordered Thexton to return to his seat.[citation needed]Thexton had the opportunity to ask his hijacker about this experience forty years later, and ask why he had not been shot. The hijacker explained that when Thexton had told him that his brother had died and he didn't want to leave his mother childless that the hijacker had sympathy for him and let him go.[15]The hijack stalemate continued on into the night. During the stalemate, Dick Melhart was positioned by the door and was able to unlock it when the firing started.[16] About 21:00 the auxiliary power unit shut down, all lighting turned off, and emergency lights came on. Passengers at the front were ordered toward the back, while passengers at the back were ordered forward. Since the aisles were already full of passengers, those passengers standing just sat down.[citation needed]With the plane out of power and sitting in near darkness, a hijacker at the L1 door said a prayer and then aimed to shoot at the explosive belt worn by another hijacker near the door. The intent was to cause an explosion massive enough to kill all passengers and crew on board, as well as themselves, but this failed. Immediately the hijackers began shooting their weapons into the cabin at passengers and threw grenades.[8]Ultimately it was the bullets that created the most damage since each bullet would bounce off aircraft cabin surfaces and create crippling shrapnel. An air hostess at the L3 door opened the door; although the slide did not deploy, several passengers and crew jumped down the fifteen feet or 6m/20 ft.[8] to the ramp.Dick Melhart was able to unlatch the door at R3 which was the exit over the wing, passengers jumped out from this exit. A grounds staff trapped on board during the ordeal was responsible for opening the R4 door, which was the only door armed to deploy the emergency slide. Ultimately this slide allowed for more passengers to evacuate safely and without injuries. Bhanot and the other crew members bravely escorted as many passengers as they could first and then evacuated themselves afterwards.[17]","title":"Hijacking at Karachi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Special Service Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Service_Group"},{"link_name":"Tariq Mehmood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariq_Mehmood"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Rescue assault","text":"The Pakistani unit responsible for taking the plane was the Special Service Group (SSG) which was led by Brig. Tariq Mehmood. The SSG Commandos closed in on the aircraft after the power unit went out but did not begin storming the plane until they heard shots fired from within the plane. By the time the commandos reached the plane, many passengers had already begun escaping.[18]There are some inconsistencies regarding the Pakistani Army's reported response to the generator dying. This confusion was later attributed to a rush by officials to take credit for a successful assault on the hijackers followed by a walking-back of statements once the death toll of the tragedy became clear.[19]","title":"Hijacking at Karachi"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The 365 total passengers plus crew on Pan Am 73 were citizens of 14 different countries. Citizens of India represented roughly 27% of the people on board the flight, and 24% of those killed. Citizens of three countries — India, Italy, and the United Kingdom — together represented the bulk (71%) of those killed.","title":"Passengers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Nationalities","text":"[citation needed]","title":"Passengers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Navy"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"U.S. Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"}],"sub_title":"Cockpit crew","text":"Captain William Allen \"Bill\" Kianka (born June 1, 1934), Age 52, He served in the U.S. Navy from 1952 to 1954 and fought in one tour in the Korean War, and was serving with Pan Am as a Captain since 1954.\nFirst Officer Conway Tehan Dodge Sr. (born May 30, 1933), Age 53, He served in the U.S. Marine Corps from 1951 to 1955 and fought in two tours in the Korean War, and was serving with Pan Am as a First Officer since 1955.\nFlight Engineer John Joseph Ridgway (born September 25, 1940), Age 45, He was serving with Pan Am as a Flight Engineer since 1962.","title":"Passengers"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StateDept-23"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StateDept-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ET1-25"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StateDept-23"},{"link_name":"Abu Nidal Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Nidal_Organization"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ET1-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geo_News-26"}],"sub_title":"Trial and sentencing","text":"On July 6, 1988, the five Palestinian men were convicted in Pakistan for their roles in the hijacking and murders and sentenced to death: Zayd Hassan Abd al-Latif Safarini, Wadoud Muhammad Hafiz al-Turki, Jamal Saeed Abdul Rahim, Muhammad Abdullah Khalil Hussain ar-Rahayyal, and Muhammad Ahmed al-Munawar.[20] The sentences were later commuted to life in prison.According to a CNN report, Safarini was handed over to the FBI from a prison in Pakistan in September 2001.[20][21][22] He was taken to the United States where on May 13, 2005, he was sentenced to a 160-year prison term.[20] At the plea proceeding, Safarini admitted that he and his fellow hijackers committed the offences as members of the Abu Nidal Organization, also called the ANO, a designated terrorist organization.The other four prisoners were deported by Pakistani authorities to PA in Israel in 2008.[22][23]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"Pan Am Flight 103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103"},{"link_name":"UTA Flight 772","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTA_Flight_772"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iol-27"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iol-27"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"$10 billion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USD"},{"link_name":"Muammar al-Gaddafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Libya has been accused of sponsoring the hijacking, as well as carrying out the bombings of Pan Am Flight 103 in 1988 and UTA Flight 772 in 1989.In August 2003, Libya accepted responsibility for \"the actions of its officials\" for the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103, but was silent on the question of the Pan Am Flight 73 hijacking.[24] Libya offered US$2.7 billion in compensation to the families of the 270 victims of Pan Am Flight 103 and,[24] in January 2004, agreed to pay $170 million to the families of the 170 victims of UTA Flight 772.[25] The seven American UTA victims' families refused the offer and instead filed a claim for $2.2 billion against Libya. From 2004 to 2006 the US and the UK jointly opened up relations with Libya, leading to the removal of sanctions imposed and of Libya's inclusion on the list of countries that sponsor terrorism.In June 2004, a volunteer group of families and victims from the incident, Families from Pan Am Flight 73, was formed to work toward a memorial for those killed in the incident, to seek the truth behind this terrorist attack, and to hold those responsible for it accountable. On April 5, 2006, the law firm of Crowell & Moring LLP, representing the surviving passengers, estates and family members of the hijacking victims, announced it was filing a civil suit in U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia seeking $10 billion in compensatory damages, plus unspecified punitive damages, from Libya, Muammar al-Gaddafi and the five convicted hijackers. The lawsuit alleged Libya provided the Abu Nidal Organization with material support and also ordered the attack as part of a Libyan-sponsored terrorist campaign against American, European and Israeli interests.[26]British media that was critical of normalisation of relations between Gaddafi and the West reported in March 2004 (days after Prime Minister Tony Blair visited Tripoli) that Libya was behind the hijacking.[27]As of September 2015 about $700 million of funds that Libya gave the US to settle claims related to Libyan sponsored terrorism has not been distributed to families of victims who were Indian passport holders.[28]","title":"Libyan involvement and legal action"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ET1-25"},{"link_name":"Federal Correctional Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Correctional_Institution,_Terre_Haute"},{"link_name":"Terre Haute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre_Haute,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ET1-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geo_News-26"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StateDept-23"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"age-progressed images","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fbi.gov/news/stories/new-images-released-in-1986-hijacking-case"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"Zayd Hassan Abd al-Latif Safarini was extradited to the U.S. by the Government of Pakistan.[21][22] He is serving his 160-year sentence at the Federal Correctional Complex in Terre Haute, Indiana.The other four prisoners were deported by Pakistani authorities to PA in Israel in 2008.[22][23] On December 3, 2009, the FBI, in coordination with the State Department, announced a $5M reward for information that leads to the capture of each of the four remaining hijackers of Pan Am 73.[20]One of the four, Jamal Saeed Abdul Rahim, was allegedly killed in a drone strike in Pakistan on January 9, 2010.[29] His death was never confirmed and he remains on the FBI's Most Wanted Terrorists list and the State Department's Rewards for Justice list.[30][31]In hopes of generating new leads for the alleged hijackers the FBI released new age-progressed images on January 11, 2018. The case is still under investigation by the Washington Field Office of the Bureau.[32]","title":"Reward and reported killing of accused"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boeing 747-121","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_747#747-100"},{"link_name":"Pan Am","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways"},{"link_name":"registration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_registration"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"The aircraft was a four-engined Boeing 747-121 delivered to Pan Am on June 18, 1971, with registration N656PA[33] ( November 656 Papa Alpha in phonetic alphabet) and named Clipper Live Yankee by the airline. It was later renamed and at the time of the incident was named Clipper Empress of the Seas. After the incident the aircraft was renamed Clipper New Horizons. Pan Am sold the aircraft to Evergreen International in 1988 and then leased it back. The aircraft was returned by Pan Am to Evergreen in April 1991. Evergreen scrapped the aircraft the next month.[34]","title":"Aircraft"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neerja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neerja"},{"link_name":"Neerja Bhanot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neerja_Bhanot"},{"link_name":"Purser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purser"},{"link_name":"Ashoka Chakra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoka_Chakra_(military_decoration)"},{"link_name":"Nishan-e-Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishan-e-Pakistan"},{"link_name":"IMDb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/title/tt27721398/reference/"}],"text":"The film Neerja was released on February 19, 2016 depicting the hijacking and the actions of all the flight attendants on the aircraft. Neerja Bhanot was the Senior Flight Purser and the youngest recipient of the highest Indian bravery award, Ashoka Chakra. She also received the United States Special Courage award and the Pakistani Nishan-e-Pakistan.A documentary about the hijacking, called Hijacked: Flight 73, was released in 2023. (IMDb).","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"emergency hatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_exit#Aircraft"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndiaToday-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Neerja Bhanot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neerja_Bhanot"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndiaToday-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhosh,_Flight_73:_The_Inner_Story2018Chap. 2-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crew-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhosh,_Flight_73:_The_Inner_Story2018Chap. 2-8"}],"text":"^ The Inertial Reel Escape Device consists of five metal cables attached to the roof of the cockpit. Up to five crew can reach the roof through an emergency hatch and slide down to the ground retarded by the cables.[5][6]\n\n^ According to an India Today report, Neerja Bhanot, the head purser of the flight, alerted the cockpit crew.[5] But other accounts indicate that she had a gun pointed to her head at that time.[7][8]\n\n^ The Pan Am executives supported the decision of the flight crew abandoning the plane. Martin Shugrue, the Chief Operating Officer, stated, \"In a situation like this, one of our immediate prime objectives (is to) immobilize the aircraft, turn the aircraft into a building.\"[7]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flight 73: The Inner Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=FvRFDwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9783743848634","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783743848634"}],"text":"Ghosh, Tarak (2018), Flight 73: The Inner Story, Munich: BookRix GmbH & Co. KG, ISBN 9783743848634","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"'I survived the world's most infamous plane hijack – years later, the terrorist told me why'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/04/17/my-call-terrorist-who-held-me-at-gunpoint-pan-am-73/"},{"link_name":"25 years later, experiencing Pan Am hijacking still haunts Utahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sltrib.com/sltrib/politics/52420857-90/majid-hijacking-pan-flight.html.csp"},{"link_name":"The Salt Lake Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Salt_Lake_Tribune"},{"link_name":"New Security Measures for Pan Am Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gettyimages.com/detail/video/crew-members-inspect-every-row-of-aircraft-prior-to-news-footage/450000364"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200130033430/https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/video/crew-members-inspect-every-row-of-aircraft-prior-to-news-footage/450000364"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"ABC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News"},{"link_name":"Getty Images","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getty_Images"}],"text":"Deborah Linton (April 17, 2023). \"'I survived the world's most infamous plane hijack – years later, the terrorist told me why'\". The Telegraph.\nStettler, Jeremaiah. \"25 years later, experiencing Pan Am hijacking still haunts Utahn.\" The Salt Lake Tribune. August 7, 2014.\n\"New Security Measures for Pan Am Airlines Archived 2020-01-30 at the Wayback Machine.\" ABC News. December 6, 1986. Getty Images Clip #450000364","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Pakistan portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Pakistan"},{"title":"United States portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rubik%27s_cube_v3.svg"},{"title":"1980s portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:1980s"},{"title":"Aviation portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Aviation"},{"title":"1986 Bombing of Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Bombing_of_Libya"},{"title":"List of Pan American World Airways accidents and incidents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pan_American_World_Airways_accidents_and_incidents"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Jordanian Hijacker Sentenced in D.C. for 1986 Hijacking of Pan Am Flight 73 as Victims from Around the World Recount Horrors\" (Press release). Washington, DC: Federal Bureau of Investigation. May 14, 2004. Retrieved November 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/news/pressrel/press-releases/jordanian-hijacker-sentenced-to-160-years-in-prison-for-deadly-1986-hijacking","url_text":"\"Jordanian Hijacker Sentenced in D.C. for 1986 Hijacking of Pan Am Flight 73 as Victims from Around the World Recount Horrors\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation","url_text":"Federal Bureau of Investigation"}]},{"reference":"\"Pan Am Flight-73 alleged hijacker 'killed' in drone attack in Pakistan\". Asian Tribune.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asiantribune.com/news/2010/01/16/pan-am-flight-73-alleged-hijacker-%E2%80%98killed%E2%80%99-drone-attack-pakistan","url_text":"\"Pan Am Flight-73 alleged hijacker 'killed' in drone attack in Pakistan\""}]},{"reference":"\"United States of America v. Wadoud Muhammad et al Indictment\" (PDF). justice.gov. United States Department of Justice. June 11, 2001. Retrieved April 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/sites/default/files/usao-dc/legacy/2013/08/07/pan_am_73_supersed.pdf","url_text":"\"United States of America v. Wadoud Muhammad et al Indictment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice","url_text":"United States Department of Justice"}]},{"reference":"\"24 yrs after Pan Am hijack, Neerja Bhanot killer falls to drone\". The Times of India. January 17, 2010. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110811025707/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-17/us/28149516_1_hijackers-cabin-crew-pakistani-commandos","url_text":"\"24 yrs after Pan Am hijack, Neerja Bhanot killer falls to drone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-17/us/28149516_1_hijackers-cabin-crew-pakistani-commandos","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mohan, Megha (March 31, 2016). \"Inside a hijack: The unheard stories of the Pan Am 73 crew\". BBC News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35800683","url_text":"\"Inside a hijack: The unheard stories of the Pan Am 73 crew\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jordanian hijacker sentenced to 160 years in prison for deadly 1986 hijacking of Pan Am Flight 73 as victims from around the world recount horrors\". Federal Bureau of Investigation, US Department of Justice. May 13, 2004. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161226203531/https://www2.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel04/051304hijacker.htm","url_text":"\"Jordanian hijacker sentenced to 160 years in prison for deadly 1986 hijacking of Pan Am Flight 73 as victims from around the world recount horrors\""},{"url":"https://www.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel04/051304hijacker.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Leonnig, Carol D. (May 13, 2004). \"A Day of Horror in 1986 Is Relived\". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2004/05/13/a-day-of-horror-in-1986-is-relived/a33fe136-831b-43f2-93c7-46f20786373d/","url_text":"\"A Day of Horror in 1986 Is Relived\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"}]},{"reference":"Mohan, Megha (March 31, 2016). \"Inside a hijack: The unheard stories of the Pan Am 73 crew\". BBC News. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35800683","url_text":"\"Inside a hijack: The unheard stories of the Pan Am 73 crew\""}]},{"reference":"Thexton, Mike (2006). What happened to the hippy man (1st ed.). Great Britain: Lanista Partners Ltd. pp. 48–50. ISBN 0-9553185-0-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DBfkPAAACAAJ","url_text":"What happened to the hippy man"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9553185-0-5","url_text":"0-9553185-0-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Pan Am flight 73 hostage learns from hijacker why life was spared\". BBC News. May 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-65430030","url_text":"\"Pan Am flight 73 hostage learns from hijacker why life was spared\""}]},{"reference":"Deborah Linton (April 2023). \"I survived the world's most infamous plane hijack – years later, the terrorist told me why\". UK.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/04/17/my-call-terrorist-who-held-me-at-gunpoint-pan-am-73/","url_text":"\"I survived the world's most infamous plane hijack – years later, the terrorist told me why\""}]},{"reference":"Markham, James M.; Times, Special To the New York (September 8, 1986). \"Jet Survivors Say Army Didn't Help\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/08/world/jet-survivors-say-army-didn-t-help.html","url_text":"\"Jet Survivors Say Army Didn't Help\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Shilpa Baburaj (February 18, 2016). \"'I saw Neerja being shot in the head' | Bengaluru News\". The Times of India. Retrieved December 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/I-saw-Neerja-being-shot-in-the-head/articleshow/51034521.cms","url_text":"\"'I saw Neerja being shot in the head' | Bengaluru News\""}]},{"reference":"Aftab, Mohammed (September 6, 1986). \"At least 17 die in hijack in Pakistan\" (PDF). Manchester Herald. p. 1. Retrieved March 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.manchesterhistory.org/News/Manchester%20Evening%20Hearld_1986-09-06.pdf","url_text":"\"At least 17 die in hijack in Pakistan\""}]},{"reference":"Tempest, Rone (September 10, 1986). \"Confusion Amid Pan Am Hijacking : Pakistani Rescue Effort: Case of Too Many Leaders\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-09-10-mn-13211-story.html","url_text":"\"Confusion Amid Pan Am Hijacking : Pakistani Rescue Effort: Case of Too Many Leaders\""}]},{"reference":"\"Act of Terror: Seeking Information Leading to Those Responsible: Pan Am Flight 73 Hijacking\". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved June 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rewardsforjustice.net/english/pan_am_73.html","url_text":"\"Act of Terror: Seeking Information Leading to Those Responsible: Pan Am Flight 73 Hijacking\""}]},{"reference":"\"Suspect in 1986 hijacking brought to U.S. for trial\". CNN. October 1, 2001.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.edition.cnn.com/2001/US/10/01/inv.panam.hijacking.suspect/","url_text":"\"Suspect in 1986 hijacking brought to U.S. for trial\""}]},{"reference":"\"Neerja Bhanot killing: FBI releases age-progressed images of 4 wanted hijack suspects\". Economic Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/neerja-bhanot-killing-fbi-releases-age-progressed-images-of-4-wanted-hijack-suspects/articleshow/62574596.cms","url_text":"\"Neerja Bhanot killing: FBI releases age-progressed images of 4 wanted hijack suspects\""}]},{"reference":"\"FBI releases age-processed pictures of four 1986 Pan Am hijacking suspects\". Geo News. January 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geo.tv/latest/177622-fbi-releases-age-processed-pictures-of-four-1988-pan-am-hijacking-suspects","url_text":"\"FBI releases age-processed pictures of four 1986 Pan Am hijacking suspects\""}]},{"reference":"Arieff, Irwin (August 16, 2003). \"Libya takes blame for Lockerbie bombing\". Independent Online.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iol.co.za/news/world/libya-takes-blame-for-lockerbie-bombing-1.111103","url_text":"\"Libya takes blame for Lockerbie bombing\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Craig S. (January 10, 2004). \"Libya Will Pay $170 Million In Bombing of French Airliner\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/10/world/libya-will-pay-170-million-in-bombing-of-french-airliner.html","url_text":"\"Libya Will Pay $170 Million In Bombing of French Airliner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Victims of September 1986 Hijacking of Pan Am 73 File US$10 Billion... -- WASHINGTON, April 5 /PR Newswire UK/ --\". prnewswire.co.uk. CROWELL & MORING LLP. April 5, 2006. Retrieved November 13, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/victims-of-september-1986-hijacking-of-pan-am-73-file-us10-billion-suit-against-libya-156222575.html","url_text":"\"Victims of September 1986 Hijacking of Pan Am 73 File US$10 Billion... -- WASHINGTON, April 5 /PR Newswire UK/ --\""}]},{"reference":"\"1986 Pan Am survivors pin hopes on Modi\". The Times of India. September 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/1986-Pan-Am-survivors-pin-hopes-on-Modi/articleshow/49150259.cms","url_text":"\"1986 Pan Am survivors pin hopes on Modi\""}]},{"reference":"\"FBI most wanted terrorist : JAMAL SAEED ABDUL RAHIM\". Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fbi.gov/wanted/wanted_terrorists/jamal-saeed-abdul-rahim","url_text":"\"FBI most wanted terrorist : JAMAL SAEED ABDUL RAHIM\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation","url_text":"Federal Bureau of Investigation"}]},{"reference":"\"Rewards for Justice - Wanted for Terrorism - Jamal Saeed Abdul Rahim\". Retrieved September 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://rewardsforjustice.net/english/jamal_rahim.html","url_text":"\"Rewards for Justice - Wanted for Terrorism - Jamal Saeed Abdul Rahim\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Images Released in 1986 Hijacking Case\". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved January 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/new-images-released-in-1986-hijacking-case","url_text":"\"New Images Released in 1986 Hijacking Case\""}]},{"reference":"\"FAA Registry (N656PA)\". Federal Aviation Administration.","urls":[{"url":"https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N656PA","url_text":"\"FAA Registry (N656PA)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Evergreen International Airlines N483EV (Boeing 747 - MSN 20351) (Ex N656PA ) | Airfleets aviation\". www.airfleets.net. Retrieved September 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.airfleets.net/ficheapp/plane-b747-20351.htm","url_text":"\"Evergreen International Airlines N483EV (Boeing 747 - MSN 20351) (Ex N656PA ) | Airfleets aviation\""}]},{"reference":"Ghosh, Tarak (2018), Flight 73: The Inner Story, Munich: BookRix GmbH & Co. KG, ISBN 9783743848634","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FvRFDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Flight 73: The Inner Story"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783743848634","url_text":"9783743848634"}]},{"reference":"Deborah Linton (April 17, 2023). \"'I survived the world's most infamous plane hijack – years later, the terrorist told me why'\". The Telegraph.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/04/17/my-call-terrorist-who-held-me-at-gunpoint-pan-am-73/","url_text":"\"'I survived the world's most infamous plane hijack – years later, the terrorist told me why'\""}]}]
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Wadoud Muhammad et al Indictment\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110811025707/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-17/us/28149516_1_hijackers-cabin-crew-pakistani-commandos","external_links_name":"\"24 yrs after Pan Am hijack, Neerja Bhanot killer falls to drone\""},{"Link":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-17/us/28149516_1_hijackers-cabin-crew-pakistani-commandos","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/pan-am-hijack-in-karachi-pakistan-security-forces-handling-of-situation-raises-questions/1/348853.html","external_links_name":"Pan Am hijack in Karachi: Pakistan security forces handling of situation raises questions"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2y5lNVbBeiU","external_links_name":"A video demonstrating the Cockpit Escape Reels on a Boeing 747-300"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35800683","external_links_name":"\"Inside a hijack: The unheard stories of the Pan Am 73 crew\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161226203531/https://www2.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel04/051304hijacker.htm","external_links_name":"\"Jordanian hijacker sentenced to 160 years in prison for deadly 1986 hijacking of Pan Am Flight 73 as victims from around the world recount horrors\""},{"Link":"https://www.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel04/051304hijacker.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/file/761996/download","external_links_name":"United States of America vs. Zaid Hassan Abd Latif Safarini: Rule 11 Proffer of Facts"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2004/05/13/a-day-of-horror-in-1986-is-relived/a33fe136-831b-43f2-93c7-46f20786373d/","external_links_name":"\"A Day of Horror in 1986 Is Relived\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","external_links_name":"0190-8286"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35800683","external_links_name":"\"Inside a hijack: The unheard stories of the Pan Am 73 crew\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DBfkPAAACAAJ","external_links_name":"What happened to the hippy man"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-65430030","external_links_name":"\"Pan Am flight 73 hostage learns from hijacker why life was spared\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/04/17/my-call-terrorist-who-held-me-at-gunpoint-pan-am-73/","external_links_name":"\"I survived the world's most infamous plane hijack – years later, the terrorist told me why\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/08/world/jet-survivors-say-army-didn-t-help.html","external_links_name":"\"Jet Survivors Say Army Didn't Help\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/I-saw-Neerja-being-shot-in-the-head/articleshow/51034521.cms","external_links_name":"\"'I saw Neerja being shot in the head' | Bengaluru News\""},{"Link":"http://www.manchesterhistory.org/News/Manchester%20Evening%20Hearld_1986-09-06.pdf","external_links_name":"\"At least 17 die in hijack in Pakistan\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-09-10-mn-13211-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Confusion Amid Pan Am Hijacking : Pakistani Rescue Effort: Case of Too Many Leaders\""},{"Link":"https://www.rewardsforjustice.net/english/pan_am_73.html","external_links_name":"\"Act of Terror: Seeking Information Leading to Those Responsible: Pan Am Flight 73 Hijacking\""},{"Link":"http://www.edition.cnn.com/2001/US/10/01/inv.panam.hijacking.suspect/","external_links_name":"\"Suspect in 1986 hijacking brought to U.S. for trial\""},{"Link":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/neerja-bhanot-killing-fbi-releases-age-progressed-images-of-4-wanted-hijack-suspects/articleshow/62574596.cms","external_links_name":"\"Neerja Bhanot killing: FBI releases age-progressed images of 4 wanted hijack suspects\""},{"Link":"https://www.geo.tv/latest/177622-fbi-releases-age-processed-pictures-of-four-1988-pan-am-hijacking-suspects","external_links_name":"\"FBI releases age-processed pictures of four 1986 Pan Am hijacking suspects\""},{"Link":"http://www.iol.co.za/news/world/libya-takes-blame-for-lockerbie-bombing-1.111103","external_links_name":"\"Libya takes blame for Lockerbie bombing\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/10/world/libya-will-pay-170-million-in-bombing-of-french-airliner.html","external_links_name":"\"Libya Will Pay $170 Million In Bombing of French Airliner\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"http://www.prnewswire.co.uk/news-releases/victims-of-september-1986-hijacking-of-pan-am-73-file-us10-billion-suit-against-libya-156222575.html","external_links_name":"\"Victims of September 1986 Hijacking of Pan Am 73 File US$10 Billion... -- WASHINGTON, April 5 /PR Newswire UK/ --\""},{"Link":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article1052614.ece","external_links_name":"Revealed: Gaddafi's air massacre plot"},{"Link":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/1986-Pan-Am-survivors-pin-hopes-on-Modi/articleshow/49150259.cms","external_links_name":"\"1986 Pan Am survivors pin hopes on Modi\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100119182720/http://www.latimes.com/news/nation-and-world/la-fg-pakistan-terrorist16-2010jan16,0,672698.story","external_links_name":"U.S. airstrike reportedly kills terrorist"},{"Link":"https://www.fbi.gov/wanted/wanted_terrorists/jamal-saeed-abdul-rahim","external_links_name":"\"FBI most wanted terrorist : JAMAL SAEED ABDUL RAHIM\""},{"Link":"https://rewardsforjustice.net/english/jamal_rahim.html","external_links_name":"\"Rewards for Justice - Wanted for Terrorism - Jamal Saeed Abdul Rahim\""},{"Link":"https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/new-images-released-in-1986-hijacking-case","external_links_name":"\"New Images Released in 1986 Hijacking Case\""},{"Link":"https://registry.faa.gov/AircraftInquiry/Search/NNumberResult?nNumberTxt=N656PA","external_links_name":"\"FAA Registry (N656PA)\""},{"Link":"https://www.airfleets.net/ficheapp/plane-b747-20351.htm","external_links_name":"\"Evergreen International Airlines N483EV (Boeing 747 - MSN 20351) (Ex N656PA ) | Airfleets aviation\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FvRFDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Flight 73: The Inner Story"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/04/17/my-call-terrorist-who-held-me-at-gunpoint-pan-am-73/","external_links_name":"\"'I survived the world's most infamous plane hijack – years later, the terrorist told me why'\""},{"Link":"http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/politics/52420857-90/majid-hijacking-pan-flight.html.csp","external_links_name":"25 years later, experiencing Pan Am hijacking still haunts Utahn"},{"Link":"http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/video/crew-members-inspect-every-row-of-aircraft-prior-to-news-footage/450000364","external_links_name":"New Security Measures for Pan Am Airlines"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200130033430/https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/video/crew-members-inspect-every-row-of-aircraft-prior-to-news-footage/450000364","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.justice.gov/usao-dc/victim-witness-assistance/hijacking-pan-am-flight-73/significant-events","external_links_name":"Hijacking of Pan AM Flight 73: Significant Events"},{"Link":"https://www.usdoj.gov/usao/dc/Victim_Witness_Assistance/Pan_Am_73.html","external_links_name":"U.S. Department of Justice Attorney's Office For the District of Columbia"},{"Link":"https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2001/October/508ag.htm","external_links_name":"UNITED STATES ARRESTS KNOWN HIGHJACKER FROM PAN AMERICAN WORLD AIRWAYS FLIGHT 73"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151010081336/http://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2001/October/508ag.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161226203531/https://www2.fbi.gov/dojpressrel/pressrel04/051304hijacker.htm","external_links_name":"U.S. Department of Justice May 13, 2004, press release"},{"Link":"http://www.crowell.com/PracticeAreas/Page.aspx?id=60&cid=312","external_links_name":"civil suit"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071015172303/http://www.crowell.com/PracticeAreas/Page.aspx?id=60&cid=312","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.dawn.com/news/1116156/this-karachi-nightmare-and-that","external_links_name":"This Karachi nightmare and that"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170420115018/http://www.hippyman.com/","external_links_name":"the book's web page"},{"Link":"http://www.airliners.net/search/photo.search?regsearch=N656PA","external_links_name":"Photos of the airliner at airliners.net"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/5/newsid_4576000/4576765.stm","external_links_name":"Karachi hijack ends in bloodshed"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iEIAG1uL8f0","external_links_name":"Pan Am Flight 73 September 1986 Karachi ABC News Nightline"},{"Link":"http://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_507-tx3513vs9n","external_links_name":"Flight 073: What Happened? What Next?"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35800683","external_links_name":"Inside a hijack: The unheard stories of the Pan Am 73 crew"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/08/world/jet-survivors-say-army-didn-t-help.html","external_links_name":"Jet Survivors Say Army Didn't Help"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007551395305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh94006506","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_H._Justman
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Robert H. Justman
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["1 Career","2 Death","3 References","3.1 Notes","4 External links"]
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American television producer (1926–2008)
Robert H. JustmanBornRobert Harris JustmanJuly 13, 1926New York CityDiedMay 28, 2008 (aged 81)Los AngelesNationalityAmericanOccupationTelevision producerSpouseJacqueline JustmanChildrenJennifer, Jonathan, and William
Robert Harris "Bob" Justman (July 13, 1926 – May 28, 2008) was an American television producer, director, and production manager. He worked on many American TV series including Lassie, The Life of Riley, Adventures of Superman, The Outer Limits, Star Trek, Mission: Impossible, Search, and Then Came Bronson.
Career
Born to a Jewish family in New York City, Justman was one of the pioneers behind Star Trek, working both as an associate and supervising producer on Star Trek: The Original Series and Star Trek: The Next Generation. He was also the assistant director of the first two Star Trek episodes: "The Cage" and "Where No Man Has Gone Before." During Star Trek: The Original Series, he served as Gene Roddenberry's right-hand man, who managed the show along with John D. F. Black, Herbert F. Solow, D.C. Fontana, and Gene L. Coon. Justman was reportedly the first to call Gene Roddenberry "The Great Bird of the Galaxy," drawn from a throwaway line from the original series episode "The Man Trap".
Justman served as associate producer of Star Trek during its first two seasons, and was promoted to co-producer at the start of the third before resigning, partly due to exhaustion, and partly due to his displeasure with the decline in quality of the series, as well as what he considered its poor treatment by Paramount, the new owner of the studio. Paramount radically reduced the production budget during its third season.
Justman's motion picture credits as an assistant director included The Big Combo (1955), Kiss Me Deadly (1955), The Big Knife (1955), Attack (1956), and Mutiny on the Bounty (1962).
Justman also appeared in front of the camera once as an actor, playing the "Elder of Luminos" in "A Feasibility Study", a 1964 episode of The Outer Limits. His name also became the name of a shuttlecraft in Star Trek: The Next Generation.
Along with Herbert F. Solow, Justman wrote the book Inside Star Trek: The Real Story, published by Pocket Books in 1996. According to Publishers Weekly, "As told by Solow, Star Trek's co-producer , and Justman, the executive in charge of production , this is arguably the definitive history of the TV show...With plenty of behind-the-scenes material that will be of interest to Trek fans, this book puts a good deal of emphasis on the show's business side, elucidating production difficulties, cost overruns, and the seemingly constant debate with NBC over the show's future." (Publishers Weekly inadvertently gave Solow's title to Justman and vice versa.)
Death
Justman died on May 28, 2008, in Los Angeles from the complications of severe Parkinson's disease.
References
TrekMovie.com: TOS & TNG Producer Robert Justman Has Passed Away
Robert H. Justman, a creative force on 2 'Star Trek' TV series LA Times, June 1, 2008
Notes
^ Robert H. Justman at IMDb.
^ "My Jewish Trek" Jewish Journal Sheldon Teitelbaum. March 18, 2015
^ "A creative force on two 'Star Trek' TV series" Los Angeles Times Claire Noland. June 01, 2008
^ Simply Syndicated's Starbase 66, Episode 38, Interview with Herb Solow
^ Herbert Solow and Robert H. Justman Inside Star Trek: The Real Story, Pocket Books 1996. pp.407-409
^ "'Star Trek' producer Justman dead at 81". United Press International. 2008-06-01. Archived from the original on 2008-06-05. Retrieved 2008-06-01.
External links
Robert H. Justman at Memory Alpha
Robert H. Justman at IMDb
Robert H. Justman Interview
BBC Star trek interviews: Robert Justman
Robert Justman at The Interviews: An Oral History of Television
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
Germany
United States
Netherlands
Other
SNAC
IdRef
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borth_railway_station
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Borth railway station
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["1 History","2 Facilities","3 In popular culture","4 Services","5 References","6 External links"]
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Coordinates: 52°29′28″N 4°03′00″W / 52.491°N 4.050°W / 52.491; -4.050Railway station in Ceredigion, Wales
BorthGeneral informationLocationBorth, CeredigionWalesCoordinates52°29′28″N 4°03′00″W / 52.491°N 4.050°W / 52.491; -4.050Grid referenceSN609900Managed byTransport for WalesPlatforms1Other informationStation codeBRHClassificationDfT category F2HistoryOpened1 July 1863Original companyAberystwith and Welsh Coast RailwayPre-groupingCambrian RailwaysPost-groupingGreat Western RailwayPassengers2018/19 61,4462019/20 55,6342020/21 8,4442021/22 32,7642022/23 44,902
Listed Building – Grade IIDesignated8 December 1997 (amended 8 December 1997)Reference no.19150
NotesPassenger statistics from the Office of Rail and Road
Borth railway station is a railway station on the Cambrian Line in mid-Wales, serving the village of Borth near Aberystwyth.
History
Borth station in 1962
The station was opened by the Aberystwith and Welsh Coast Railway on 1 July 1863 when it opened the section of line between Machynlleth and Borth.
It originally had two platforms with a goods yard to the north, but is now an unmanned halt.
The station was host to a GWR camp coach from 1934 to 1939. A camping coach was also positioned here by the Western Region from 1952 to 1962. In 1963 the administration of camping coaches at the station was taken over by the London Midland, there was a coach here from 1963 to 1968 and two coaches from 1969 to 1971.
The original station building still remains and is Grade II listed and in private / commercial use apart from one room, which provides a waiting room for passengers. The station was adopted under the Arriva Trains Wales Station Adoption Scheme and has won a number of community awards.
Volunteers started in January 2011 to convert an unused part of the waiting room and the long-closed booking office into a museum; this was completed in July 2011. The museum now houses various collections, including Village History, Railway & Industrial Heritage, Natural History and Environmental displays.
Facilities
Train running information is provided by the standard combination of digital CIS displays, timetable poster boards and customer help point installed at most TfW-managed stations. Step-free access is available from the entrance and car park to the platform.
In popular culture
The museum and station play a key role in series 1, episode 4 ("The Girl in the Water") of Y Gwyll (Hinterland in English), transmitted on S4C in 2013 and BBC One Wales in January 2014.
Services
Trains call at least every two hours in each direction (Mon-Sat), rising to hourly at certain times of day (morning & afternoon peak periods and into the evening). They run to Aberystwyth westbound and either Machynlleth, Shrewsbury or Birmingham International eastbound. A similar frequency operates on Sundays, but starting later in the day.
Preceding station
National Rail
Following station
Dovey JunctionTransport for WalesBirmingham International-AberystwythBow Street
References
^ "Borth Station". Historic Wales. Cadw. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
^ Quick, Michael (2022) . Railway passenger stations in Great Britain: a chronology (PDF). version 5.04. Railway & Canal Historical Society. p. 92. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2022.
^ Awdry, Christopher (1990). Encyclopaedia of British Railway Companies. Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. pp. 13–14. ISBN 1-8526-0049-7. OCLC 19514063. CN 8983.
^ "Borth station on OS Six-inch map Cardiganshire III.NW (includes: Y Borth.)". National Library of Scotland. 1887. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
^ "Borth (BRH) station". National Rail Enquiries. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
^ McRae, Andrew (1997). British Railway Camping Coach Holidays: The 1930s & British Railways (London Midland Region). Vol. Scenes from the Past: 30 (Part One). Foxline. p. 31. ISBN 1-870119-48-7.
^ Fenton, Mike (1999). Camp Coach Holidays on the G.W.R. Wild Swan. p. 35. ISBN 1-874103-53-4.
^ McRae, Andrew (1998). British Railways Camping Coach Holidays: A Tour of Britain in the 1950s and 1960s. Vol. Scenes from the Past: 30 (Part Two). Foxline. pp. 112–117. ISBN 1-870119-53-3.
^ Johnston, Howard (10 August 2011). "Regional News". Rail. Peterborough. p. 24.
^ "Welcome to Borth Station Museum". Borth Station Museum. Borth Station Museum. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
^ "Borth station facilities". National Rail. Rail Delivery Group. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
^ "Hinterland: Series 1, Episode 4 Review". Dead Good. Penguin Random House. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
^ Table 76 National Rail timetable, May 2016
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Borth railway station.
Train times and station information for Borth railway station from National Rail
Borth Station Museum
This Wales railway station-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_station"},{"link_name":"Cambrian Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian_Line"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Borth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borth"},{"link_name":"Aberystwyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberystwyth"}],"text":"Railway station in Ceredigion, WalesBorth railway station is a railway station on the Cambrian Line in mid-Wales, serving the village of Borth near Aberystwyth.","title":"Borth railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Borth_railway_station_1856343_da59ba8e.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aberystwith and Welsh Coast Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberystwith_and_Welsh_Coast_Railway"},{"link_name":"Machynlleth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machynlleth_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quick-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"unmanned halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_halt"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"GWR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Western_Railway"},{"link_name":"camp coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camping_coach"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Western Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Region_of_British_Railways"},{"link_name":"London Midland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Midland_Region_of_British_Railways"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Grade II listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_II_listed"},{"link_name":"Arriva Trains Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriva_Trains_Wales"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Borth station in 1962The station was opened by the Aberystwith and Welsh Coast Railway on 1 July 1863 when it opened the section of line between Machynlleth and Borth.[2][3]It originally had two platforms with a goods yard to the north,[4] but is now an unmanned halt.[5]The station was host to a GWR camp coach from 1934 to 1939.[6][7] A camping coach was also positioned here by the Western Region from 1952 to 1962. In 1963 the administration of camping coaches at the station was taken over by the London Midland, there was a coach here from 1963 to 1968 and two coaches from 1969 to 1971.[8]The original station building still remains and is Grade II listed and in private / commercial use apart from one room, which provides a waiting room for passengers. The station was adopted under the Arriva Trains Wales Station Adoption Scheme and has won a number of community awards.Volunteers started in January 2011 to convert an unused part of the waiting room and the long-closed booking office into a museum; this was completed in July 2011.[9] The museum now houses various collections, including Village History, Railway & Industrial Heritage, Natural History and Environmental displays.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Train running information is provided by the standard combination of digital CIS displays, timetable poster boards and customer help point installed at most TfW-managed stations. Step-free access is available from the entrance and car park to the platform.[11]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Y Gwyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Gwyll"},{"link_name":"S4C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S4C"},{"link_name":"BBC One Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One_Wales"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The museum and station play a key role in series 1, episode 4 (\"The Girl in the Water\") of Y Gwyll (Hinterland in English), transmitted on S4C in 2013 and BBC One Wales in January 2014.[12]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aberystwyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberystwyth_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Machynlleth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machynlleth_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Birmingham International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_International_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Trains call at least every two hours in each direction (Mon-Sat), rising to hourly at certain times of day (morning & afternoon peak periods and into the evening). They run to Aberystwyth westbound and either Machynlleth, Shrewsbury or Birmingham International eastbound. A similar frequency operates on Sundays, but starting later in the day.[13]","title":"Services"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Borth Station\". Historic Wales. Cadw. Retrieved 7 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=19150","url_text":"\"Borth Station\""}]},{"reference":"Quick, Michael (2022) [2001]. Railway passenger stations in Great Britain: a chronology (PDF). version 5.04. Railway & Canal Historical Society. p. 92. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221125151738/https://rchs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Railway-Passenger-Stations.pdf","url_text":"Railway passenger stations in Great Britain: a chronology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_%26_Canal_Historical_Society","url_text":"Railway & Canal Historical Society"},{"url":"https://rchs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Railway-Passenger-Stations.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Awdry, Christopher (1990). Encyclopaedia of British Railway Companies. Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. pp. 13–14. ISBN 1-8526-0049-7. OCLC 19514063. CN 8983.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Awdry","url_text":"Awdry, Christopher"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-8526-0049-7","url_text":"1-8526-0049-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19514063","url_text":"19514063"}]},{"reference":"\"Borth station on OS Six-inch map Cardiganshire III.NW (includes: Y Borth.)\". National Library of Scotland. 1887. Retrieved 7 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://maps.nls.uk/view/101607646#zoom=6&lat=2816&lon=6739&layers=BT","url_text":"\"Borth station on OS Six-inch map Cardiganshire III.NW (includes: Y Borth.)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Borth (BRH) station\". National Rail Enquiries. Retrieved 7 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations/BRH/details.html","url_text":"\"Borth (BRH) station\""}]},{"reference":"McRae, Andrew (1997). British Railway Camping Coach Holidays: The 1930s & British Railways (London Midland Region). Vol. Scenes from the Past: 30 (Part One). Foxline. p. 31. ISBN 1-870119-48-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-870119-48-7","url_text":"1-870119-48-7"}]},{"reference":"Fenton, Mike (1999). Camp Coach Holidays on the G.W.R. Wild Swan. p. 35. ISBN 1-874103-53-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874103-53-4","url_text":"1-874103-53-4"}]},{"reference":"McRae, Andrew (1998). British Railways Camping Coach Holidays: A Tour of Britain in the 1950s and 1960s. Vol. Scenes from the Past: 30 (Part Two). Foxline. pp. 112–117. ISBN 1-870119-53-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-870119-53-3","url_text":"1-870119-53-3"}]},{"reference":"Johnston, Howard (10 August 2011). \"Regional News\". Rail. Peterborough. p. 24.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to Borth Station Museum\". Borth Station Museum. Borth Station Museum. Retrieved 7 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.borthstationmuseum.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Welcome to Borth Station Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Borth station facilities\". National Rail. Rail Delivery Group. Retrieved 7 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations/BRH/details.html","url_text":"\"Borth station facilities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_Delivery_Group","url_text":"Rail Delivery Group"}]},{"reference":"\"Hinterland: Series 1, Episode 4 Review\". Dead Good. Penguin Random House. Retrieved 7 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deadgoodbooks.co.uk/hinterland-series-1-episode-4-review/","url_text":"\"Hinterland: Series 1, Episode 4 Review\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Miskew
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Emma Miskew
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["1 Career","1.1 Bantam and junior (2003–2010)","1.2 Early women's (2010–2012)","1.3 Scotties champions and world bronze medallists (2012–2013)","1.4 Scotties repeat champions and world silver medallists (2013–14)","1.5 Joanne Courtney joins the team (2014–2017)","1.6 Olympic run (2017–2018)","1.7 Post Olympics (2018–2020)","1.8 Sarah Wilkes joins the team (2020–2022)","1.9 Tracy Fleury joins as skip (2022–present)","2 Personal life","3 Teams","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
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Canadian curler
Emma MiskewCurlerBornEmma Kathryn Miskew (1989-02-14) February 14, 1989 (age 35)Ottawa, OntarioTeamCurling clubOttawa CC Ottawa, ONSkipRachel HomanThirdTracy FleurySecondEmma MiskewLeadSarah WilkesAlternateRachelle BrownMixed doublespartnerRyan FryCurling career Member Association OntarioHearts appearances11 (2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024)World Championshipappearances4 (2013, 2014, 2017, 2024)Olympicappearances1 (2018)Top CTRS ranking1st (2012–13, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2018–19, 2023–24)Grand Slam victories15 (2012 Masters, 2013 Masters, 2015 Masters, 2015 National, 2015 Canadian Open, 2017 Champions Cup, 2018 Champions Cup, 2018 Tour Challenge, 2018 National, 2019 Canadian Open, 2021 Champions Cup, 2022 Tour Challenge, 2023 Champions Cup, 2023 Masters, 2024 Canadian Open)
Medal record
Women's Curling
Representing Canada
World Curling Championships
2017 Beijing
2024 Sydney
2014 Saint John
2013 Riga
World Junior Curling Championships
2010 Flims
Scotties Tournament of Hearts
2014 Montreal
2015 Moose Jaw
Representing Ontario
Canadian Olympic Curling Trials
2017 Ottawa
2013 Winnipeg
Scotties Tournament of Hearts
2013 Kingston
2017 St. Catharines
2024 Calgary
2019 Sydney
2020 Moose Jaw
2021 Calgary
Canadian Mixed Doubles Trials
2016 Saskatoon
Canada Winter Games
2007 Whitehorse
Emma Kathryn Miskew (born February 14, 1989) is a Canadian curler. She is a two-time World and four-time Canadian champion curler as a member of the Rachel Homan rink. She was Homan's longtime third until 2022 when she moved to second, when Tracy Fleury was added to the team. In addition to their World and Canadian championships, the Homan team represented Canada at the 2018 Winter Olympics.
Career
Bantam and junior (2003–2010)
Miskew began curling at the age of five, playing in the Little Rock program at the Rideau Curling Club in Ottawa. After playing against each other as children, Miskew's father called Homan's father to put a team together when they were about 12 years old. Miskew has played with Homan ever since.
With Miskew playing third, the Homan team began her dominance in the sport when she was bantam aged, winning four straight provincial bantam championships from 2003 to 2006. She and Homan had won four championships while no other curler had won even twice. Their bantam rink qualified for the 2007 Canada Winter Games in Whitehorse, Yukon, where Team Ontario won to a gold medal.
Miskew's first two years at the junior level were somewhat disappointing, as her top-rated team failed to win a provincial championship. In 2007, her team lost the provincial final to Hollie Nicol's rink. In 2008, her team lost in the final to Danielle Inglis. However, these losses were allayed by a provincial junior championship in 2009, earning her team a berth at the 2009 Canadian Junior Curling Championships. At the Canadian Juniors, team Ontario was 10–2 after the round robin, giving her rink a bye to the final. However, she lost to the defending champion Kaitlyn Lawes rink from Manitoba in the final. The Homan rink won the 2010 provincial championship and went on to represent Ontario at the 2010 Canadian Junior Curling Championships. At the 2010 Canadian Junior Curling Championships, Miskew, with Rachel Homan, Laura Crocker, and Lynn Kreviazuk, won the Junior National Title in dramatic fashion by completing the event with an undefeated record of 13 wins and 0 losses – only the fourth women's team to do so. The team represented Canada at the 2010 World Junior Curling Championships in Flims, Switzerland. The team dominated the tournament, losing just their final round robin game. However, the team came up short in the final, losing to Sweden's Anna Hasselborg team.
Miskew's top accomplishments on the tour while still being so young included winning two straight Southwestern Ontario Women's Charity Cashspiels. In 2007, she defeated then-World Champion Jennifer Jones, and in 2008 she beat the Chinese national team, skipped by Wang Bingyu. Her team earned $11,000 for each win. In 2009, she won the AMJ Campbell Shorty Jenkins Classic, winning $5,500 for her team. Later that year, her team participated in the Canadian Olympic Curling Pre-Trials, where her team finished with a record of three wins and three losses, and therefore did not qualify for the "Roar of the Rings", Canada's Olympic Trials.
In 2009, her rink was named the World Curling Tour's "rookie team of the year."
Aside from the Homan team, Miskew also won the 2008 Junior provincial mixed title with Christian Tolusso.
Early women's (2010–2012)
The Homan rink qualified and won the 2011 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts. At the 2011 Scotties Tournament of Hearts, Homan skipped the Ontario team to a 4th-place finish. They finished the round robin in 3rd place, and lost in the bronze medal game to Nova Scotia's Heather Smith-Dacey after previously beating her in the 3 vs. 4 game. A semi-final loss to Saskatchewan's Amber Holland eliminated her from the finals.
In April 2011, the Homan team made it to their first Grand Slam final, when she lost to Jennifer Jones in the final of the 2011 Players' Championship. Later that year they would play in her first Canada Cup where her team finished with a 2–4 record.
Miskew once again qualified for the provincial Scotties Tournament of Hearts in 2012. Her team went undefeated throughout the round robin. However, the team would be bested in the final by Tracy Horgan's rink from Sudbury. Rachel Homan, her skip, missed a draw to the button to clinch the victory on her final rock. Instead, she gave up three and lost.
Scotties champions and world bronze medallists (2012–2013)
The 2012–13 curling season was Miskew's most successful to date on the World Curling Tour. In her first Grand Slam event of the season, the 2012 Curlers Corner Autumn Gold Curling Classic, her team lost to Sherry Middaugh in the final. In the second Grand Slam event of the season, the 2012 Manitoba Lotteries Women's Curling Classic, the Homan rink once again lost in the final, this time to Stefanie Lawton. The team lost in the semi-final of the third Slam, the 2012 Colonial Square Ladies Classic but followed it up with their first ever Grand Slam victory at the 2012 Masters of Curling where she beat Chelsea Carey in the final. Outside of the Grand Slams, Miskew and her team won the 2nd Royal LePage OVCA Women's Fall Classic. Later in the season, they qualified for her second Scotties Tournament of Hearts by going undefeated at the 2013 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts. The Homan rink tore through the competition representing Ontario at the 2013 Scotties Tournament of Hearts in Kingston, Ontario. The team lost just one game, to Manitoba's Jennifer Jones. This gave the rink a 10–1 record, 2nd behind Manitoba who went undefeated. However, in their first playoff game against Jones, the Homan rink made amends by defeating Jones 8–5. This put the Homan team in the final, where they faced Jones once again, and this time would beat them again, by a score of 9–6. With the win, the Homan rink becomes the first Ottawa-based team to win the Canadian women's curling championship. The win earned Miskew and her team the right to represent Canada at the 2013 World Women's Curling Championship in Riga, Latvia. At the World championships, the Homan rink led Canada to an 8–3 round robin finish, which put them in third place. In the playoffs, they beat the United States (skipped by Erika Brown) in the 3 vs. 4 game, but they then lost to Scotland (skipped by Eve Muirhead in the semi-final, after Homan missed her last shot of the game, jamming a double takeout. After the loss, Homan would go on to beat the Americans once again, this time in the bronze medal game. The Homan rink wrapped up the season by losing in the quarter-final of the 2013 Players' Championship.
Scotties repeat champions and world silver medallists (2013–14)
The defending Canadian champion Homan rink had a less successful start to their season in 2013–14. The team failed to win World Curling Tour event until winning the 2013 Masters, where she beat Muirhead in the final. Up until this point, Muirhead's rink had Homan's number, having also defeated her team in the semi-finals of the 2013 Curlers Corner Autumn Gold Curling Classic. Having made the playoffs in every Grand Slam event in 2012–13, the team failed to make the playoffs at the 2013 Colonial Square Ladies Classic.
Homan's success over the last couple of seasons qualified her team for an automatic entry at the 2013 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials. At the Trials, the team sneaked into the playoffs with a 4–3 round robin record, which was good enough for second place. However, in the semi-final of the event, the team would be defeated by Sherry Middaugh, ending the team's 2014 Olympic hopes.
As defending Scotties champions from 2013, the Homan rink earned the right to represent Team Canada at the 2014 Scotties Tournament of Hearts in Montreal. The event was notable for the absence of the Jennifer Jones rink who was competing at the Olympics. Nevertheless, the Homan team went through the entire tournament without a single loss, defeating Alberta's Val Sweeting in the final.
The Homan rinks 2014 Scotties win earned her team a berth at the 2014 World Women's Curling Championship in Saint John, New Brunswick. The team had a better event than the previous worlds, as they only lost one round robin game to finish first place heading into the playoffs. The team defeated Switzerland's Binia Feltscher in the 1 vs. 2 Page playoff game, but were unable to beat them again when they faced each other in the final match. Miskew and the rest of her Canadian team thus had to settle for a silver medal.
The Homan rink ended the season with a loss in the final of the 2014 Players' Championship against the Olympic gold medalist Jennifer Jones. The match marked the last game for second Alison Kreviazuk on the team, as she moved to Sweden to be with her boyfriend Fredrik Lindberg who played for Niklas Edin. Kreviazuk had played for Homan since they were bantam aged. Kreviazuk was replaced by Joanne Courtney from Edmonton.
Joanne Courtney joins the team (2014–2017)
The Homan rink found less success in the 2014–15 curling season after adding new second Joanne Courtney to the team. The team did not win any Slam events, losing in the finals of the 2014 Curlers Corner Autumn Gold Curling Classic (against Jennifer Jones) and the 2014 Canadian Open of Curling (against Eve Muirhead). The team also lost in the final of the 2014 Canada Cup of Curling against Valerie Sweeting. As defending champions, the team represented Team Canada at the 2015 Scotties Tournament of Hearts. The team nearly missed the playoffs but won their last round-robin game against Tracy Horgan to finish the round robin in 4th place with a 7–4 record. In the playoffs they would lose to Saskatchewan's Stefanie Lawton in the 3 vs. 4 game, but rebounded in the bronze medal game in a re-match against the Lawton rink, beating them 7–5. That season, the team would win one World Curling Tour event, the Pomeroy Inn & Suites Prairie Showdown held in March. That season, the team also won the inaugural 2016 Women's All-Star Curling Skins Game, taking home $52,000.
The team found much more success in the 2015–16 curling season, but were still wrought with some disappointment. They began the season with a win in the Stu Sells Oakville Tankard, followed by a loss in the first Slam, the 2015 GSOC Tour Challenge against Switzerland's Silvana Tirinzoni. The team then went on to win six Tour events in a row, the Stockholm Ladies Cup, the Curlers Corner Autumn Gold Curling Classic (no longer a Slam), the 2015 Masters of Curling, the 2015 National, the 2015 Canada Cup of Curling and the 2015 Canadian Open of Curling, amassing a huge lead in both the World Curling Tour Order of Merit and Money standings in the process. After this impressive run, the team's success seemed to dry-up. They were upset in the finals of the 2016 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts against their club mates, the Jenn Hanna team, meaning the World #1 ranked Homan team would not be able to play in the national championships that year. The team was invited to play in the 2016 Elite 10 men's Grand Slam event, making history in the process. The team would only win one game in the event though, beating Charley Thomas' team. The team ended the season losing against Jennifer Jones in the final of the 2016 Humpty's Champions Cup. The Homan rink's success over the course of the season meant the team would end the season ranked number one in the world in both the Women's money list and order of merit standings.
The 2016–17 curling season was one of Miskew's best season to date. Her team began the season winning their first event, the 2016 AMJ Campbell Shorty Jenkins Classic. They followed this up by winning the 2016 Canad Inns Women's Classic the following month. A week later, the team lost in the final of the 2016 Masters of Curling against the Allison Flaxey rink. A month later, they lost in the final of the 2016 Canada Cup of Curling. In playdown play, the rink struggled in the round robin of the 2017 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts, losing two games, and finishing second behind Jacqueline Harrison. However, they won both their playoff matches, including defeating Harrison in the final, qualifying the team to represent Ontario at that year's Scotties. Team Homan defeated Manitoba's Michelle Englot to win the 2017 Scotties, her third Scotties title in four years. She won in an extra end in what many considered to be one of the most exciting Scotties finals ever. Both teams went 10–1 in the round robin, with Homan's lone loss coming at Englot's expense. Englot beat Homan once again in the 1 vs. 2 game, forcing Homan to beat Northern Ontario (Krista McCarville) in the seminal to force the re-match against Englot. At the 2017 world championship in Beijing Homan's rink became only the third in tournament history to go unbeaten in round-robin play, joining fellow Canadian Colleen Jones from 2003 and Sweden's Anette Norberg from 2005. She ended up going unbeaten right to the end, the only team to do so to date, winning the gold medal by beating Anna Sidorova (for the 3rd consecutive time with wins in the round robin, 1–2 playoff game, and final) 8–3 for the gold medal, her first world title and completing her medal set at worlds. The Homan rink finished the season by winning the 2017 Humpty's Champions Cup.
Olympic run (2017–2018)
Miskew began the 2017-18 curling season by winning the 2017 Prestige Hotels & Resorts Curling Classic and then the Curlers Corner Autumn Gold Curling Classic the following week. Miskew and her team won the 2017 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials in her hometown of Ottawa, defeating previously unbeaten Chelsea Carey. The Homan rink had lost just one game in the tournament, against Carey in the round robin. After her Trials win, the Homan rink began to struggle. The team would then go on to play at the 2018 Winter Olympics where they started disastrously. Losing to the team from Denmark meant that Canada was 0-3 for the first time ever at an Olympics. The game against Denmark was marked with controversy when Denmark burned a rock as it was coming to a rest. Rather than letting the rock be adjusted Miskew's skip Homan removed the stone. Joan McCusker commentating for CBC at the Olympics said of Homan's move that "I think that was a rash move to take it off. They should have left it in play. It doesn't look good on you." Homan and team would win their next three to stay in the fight for the medals but would lose their next two, with their fifth loss against Eve Muirhead officially eliminating them from medal contention. This made Homan's team the first Canadian Olympic curlers to not play for or win a medal. They won the final event of the year, the 2018 Humpty's Champions Cup.
Post Olympics (2018–2020)
Team Homan's 2018-19 curling season began by winning the first leg of the Curling World Cup, defeating Sweden's Anna Hasselborg in the final. Hasselborg got the best of Homan the following month, beating her in the final of the 2018 Masters. Homan then went on to win the next grand slam event, the 2018 Tour Challenge, defeating Tracy Fleury in the final. The Homan rink struggled at the 2018 Canada Cup, going 5–2 in the round robin, and losing in the semifinal to Jennifer Jones. The team rebounded a week later to win the 2018 National, beating Kerri Einarson in the final. The next month, Miskew won her third Grand Slam of the season, the 2019 Meridian Canadian Open, defeating Silvana Tirinzoni in the final. Homan and her rink played in the 2019 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts, having missed the previous year's event due to the Olympics and having won the 2017 Scotties). At the event, the team lost just one game en route to their fourth provincial title. However, controversy brewed due to an incident of bullying aimed at Miskew's skip Homan. A "number of curlers" at the event voted for her to win the tournament's sportsmanship award to protest the fact that the team had two members (Homan and Courtney) living in Alberta (teams are only allowed one "import" player from out of province, however, Homan maintains a residence in Ontario and is exempted from requirements as she is a full-time student at the University of Alberta). At the 2019 Scotties Tournament of Hearts her team finished the round robin at 5-2 as third seed. The team qualified for the final beating Northern Ontario's Krista McCarville and Saskatchewan's Robyn Silvernagle but eventually finished as runner up, losing the final to Alberta's Chelsea Carey in an extra end despite leading 5–1 in the fourth end. At the 2019 Players' Championship, the team struggled and ended up missing the playoffs after posting a 2-3 round robin record and losing the tie-breaker to Satsuki Fujisawa. They finished off the season with a semi-final finish at the 2019 Champions Cup.
In their first event of the 2019–20 season, Team Homan had a semi-final finish at the 2019 AMJ Campbell Shorty Jenkins Classic. They then followed it up by winning the 2019 Colonial Square Ladies Classic. The team would appear in another final in mid-October at the 2019 Canad Inns Women's Classic where they lost to Elena Stern. They missed the playoffs at all four Slams of the season as both the Players' Championship and the Champions Cup were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Team Homan would win the first spot in the 2021 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials by defeating Tracy Fleury in the final of the 2019 Canada Cup. The team went undefeated at the 2020 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts, defeating Hollie Duncan in the final. At the 2020 Scotties Tournament of Hearts they would win their second straight silver medal, losing the final this year to Manitoba's Kerri Einarson.
Sarah Wilkes joins the team (2020–2022)
Team Homan announced on March 12, 2020 that the team was parting ways with longtime lead Lisa Weagle. On March 17, 2020, the team announced they would be adding Sarah Wilkes as their new second, with Joanne Courtney moving to lead.
The 2021 Ontario provincial playdowns were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario. As the 2020 provincial champions, Homan's team was chosen to represent Ontario at the 2021 Scotties Tournament of Hearts in Calgary. Up to that point, they had only played in one tour game the entire season in the Okotoks Ladies Classic in November, before that event was cancelled due to a province-wide shutdown in Alberta. At the Scotties, they had a successful round robin, with a 7–1 record, including a win against defending champion Kerri Einarson. They entered the championship pool as the first seed, where they won three games and lost one to Manitoba's Jennifer Jones. Because of their earlier win against Einarson, Homan's team received a bye to the final. There, they lost 9–7 to Einarson after Homan missed a freeze in the last end, resulting in Einarson not needing to throw her last rock. A month later, Miskew was back in the Calgary bubble to compete with Ryan Fry at the 2021 Canadian Mixed Doubles Curling Championship. The pair qualified for the playoffs with a 5–1 record before losing to Shannon Birchard and Catlin Schneider in the round of 12, eliminating them from contention. Miskew returned to the bubble a third time in April 2021 with Team Homan to play in the two only Grand Slam events of the abbreviated season. Up until the day the event started, Miskew was supposed to skip the team as Homan had just given birth to her second child three weeks earlier. However, Homan returned in time for the event, leaving the team's original lineup intact. At the first Slam, the 2021 Champions Cup, the team defeated Silvana Tirinzoni to claim their eleventh slam title. A week later, they played in the 2021 Players' Championship, where they lost in the final to Team Einarson in a re-match of the Scotties final.
Team Homan made it to the quarterfinals of their first slam of the year, the 2021 Masters, where they were beaten by Alina Kovaleva. Two weeks later, they played in the 2021 National, where they were eliminated in the quarters again, this time by Anna Hasselborg. Next for Team Homan was the 2021 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials where they attempted to qualify for the Olympics again. The team, however, did not have a successful week, finishing with a 2–6 record. Team Homan's record over the season was not good enough to give them an automatic qualifying spot at the 2022 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts, forcing them to play in an open qualifier. The team did qualify at the Open Qualifier, but the Ontario Scotties were postponed due to new COVID-19 regulations put into place by the province, shutting down sports event. With the postponement of the Ontario Scotties, CurlON announced that they would be selecting Team Hollie Duncan over Team Homan to represent Ontario if Homan was selected to represent Canada in the mixed doubles event at the 2022 Olympics (as the Trials had been cancelled). However, if Homan wasn't selected, then CurlON would select Team Homan to play in the Scotties instead. This plan of action was considered confusion and disappointing to the teams involved. Homan would end up being selected to represent Canada at the Olympics, giving Team Duncan the right to represent Ontario at the 2022 Scotties. However, the rest of Team Homan qualified for the Scotties as Team Wild Card #3. For the Tournament of Hearts, Miskew, Sarah Wilkes and Joanne Courtney added Allison Flaxey to their lineup. At the championship, Miskew led the team to a 4–4 round robin record, not advancing to the playoff round. Team Homan had to wait until April 2022 to play in the postponed Ontario Hearts, which they ended up winning, beating Carly Howard in the final. The team wrapped up their season with the two final slams, making it to the semifinals at the 2022 Players' Championship where they lost to Anna Hasselborg, and the quarters of the 2022 Champions Cup, where they lost to Kerri Einarson. In March 2022, after Joanne Courtney announced she would be stepping back from competitive curling, it was announced that Tracy Fleury would be joining the team for the 2022–23 season. With the addition of Fleury on the back-end, Miskew moved to playing front-end for the first time in her career.
Tracy Fleury joins as skip (2022–present)
In August 2022, it was announced that Tracy Fleury would be skipping Team Homan, with Rachel Homan continuing to throw last rocks on the team. With the addition of Fleury, Miskew was moved to the second position for the first time since joining forces with Homan as a teenager. The new lineup made their debut at the 2022 Saville Shoot-Out, making it to the final before losing to Jennifer Jones and her new team. Later on in the month, Team Homan played in the inaugural PointsBet Invitational tournament organized by Curling Canada. The team made it to the quarterfinals, where they lost to Team Scheidegger, which was skipped by Kristie Moore in a draw-to-the button to break a 6–6 tie. The next month in October, the team played in the first Slam of the season, the 2022 National. There, the team made it to the quarterfinals before losing out to another new-look team skipped by Kaitlyn Lawes. Later that month, the team played in the next Slam, the 2022 Tour Challenge. The team won the event, defeating Kerri Einarson 8–4 in the final, winning the Homan rinks twelfth Slam title, and the first for their new team. In November, the team won their second Tour event of the season at the Red Deer Curling Classic, defeating Casey Scheidegger in the final. In December, the team played in their third Slam of the season, the 2022 Masters. The team made it to the final against Team Einarson again, but this time Einarson had the best of them, beating Team Homan 6–5 in an extra end. In January, the team played in the 2023 Canadian Open, making it as far as the quarterfinals this time before matching up against Einarson. Team Homan couldn't get past Einarson again, and were eliminated after a 7–2 decision. Later in the month, the team won the 2023 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts, Miskew's seventh career provincial championship. They defeated Hollie Duncan in the final. The team represented Ontario at the 2023 Scotties Tournament of Hearts, going 6–2 in pool play. This put the team into the Championship round, where they were eliminated after a loss to Nova Scotia, skipped by Christina Black. In April, Team Homan played in the 2023 Players' Championship, missing the playoffs, but rebounded to win the 2023 Champions Cup to cap off the season. The team beat their rivals in the Kerri Einarson rink in the final, coming back from a 4–0 deficit to win the championship 6–5, giving the team their thirteenth Grand Slam title. Homan took over as skip at the event, as it was announced she was pregnant.
At the beginning of the 2023–24 season, it was announced that Homan would take over as skip of the team, with Fleury taking on regular third duties. The team also brought in former World Men's Champion and Olympic silver medallist Don Bartlett as their coach. The team began the season without Homan, who had just given birth to her third child. With Heather Nedohin in her place, the team went on to win the 2023 Saville Shootout. Homan returned to her team for the 2023 PointsBet Invitational, where they made it to the final, beating Kerri Einarson there 9–7 to claim the title, and $50,000 in the process. Three weeks later, Team Homan played in their first Slam of the season, the 2023 Tour Challenge. There, the team went 2–2, being eliminated from playoff contention due to a poor tournament draw to the button shootout score. The team made it to the final in the next Slam, the 2023 National. There, they went undefeated until they faced the equally undefeated Gim Eun-ji Korean rink in that game, which they lost 7–6. A week later, the team played in the Red Deer Curling Classic again, winning their second straight title after easily defeating the Selena Sturmay rink in the final, 8–1. The team continued their success in December, winning the 2023 Masters, their fourteenth Slam title and first of the season. They defeated Silvana Tirinzoni of Switzerland in the final, 8–4. A month later, the team won their second slam title in a row and fifteenth overall when the rink downed Tirinzoni again in the final of the 2024 Canadian Open. The team won 5–4, stealing the game in an extra end, after trailing 4–2 after the seventh end.
New qualifying rules for the Scotties Tournament of Hearts allowed Team Homan a pre-qualifying spot at the 2024 Scotties Tournament of Hearts without having to play in the 2024 playdowns. At the Hearts, the team went undefeated, winning all eleven of their games, including the final, where they beat Jennifer Jones, another pre-qualifier team, 5–4. It was Jones' last Hearts, as she decided to retire prior to the event. The win was Miskew's fourth career Hearts title.
With the Scotties win, the team went on to represent Canada at the 2024 World Women's Curling Championship. At the Worlds, the team had an unmatched 11–1 round robin record which included ending Switzerland and Silvana Tirinzoni's 42 game winning streak at the Women's Worlds, which dated back to the 2021 Worlds. Their only defeat came against South Korea (skipped by Gim Eun-ji) in the last draw, a meaningless game for the team, as they had clinched first place and a bye to the semifinals. Team Canada faced-off against the Koreans again in the semifinals, and this time beat them, 9–7. This put them into the final, where they faced off against the four-time defending World Champion Tirinzoni team. Heading into the ninth end of the game, the team was down 5–4 to the Swiss, but Homan made a split of a rock in the 12-foot on her last to score three, giving her team a 7–5 lead. Switzerland conceded the game in the 10th after deciding they didn't have a shot to tie the game, giving Miskew her second World Championship title.
Team Homan ended the 2023–24 season at the 2024 Players' Championship. The rink went undefeated in the tournament until the semifinal, where they lost to the same Tirinzoni rink they had beaten in the World Championship final. Team Homan would finish the season with an "unprecedented" 67–7 win-loss record.
Personal life
Miskew was born in Ottawa, went to Brookfield High School, and graduated with an industrial design degree from Carleton University in 2012. She currently runs her own industrial and graphic design company. She is married to Kensy Jones.
Teams
Season
Skip
Third
Second
Lead
Notes
Tour earnings (rank) (CAD)
Coach
2002–03
Rachel Homan
Emma Miskew
Alison Kreviazuk
Nikki Johnston
n/a
2003–04
Rachel Homan
Emma Miskew
Alison Kreviazuk
Nikki Johnston
n/a
2004–05
Rachel Homan
Emma Miskew
Alison Kreviazuk
Nikki Johnston
$800 (101st)
2005–06
Rachel Homan
Emma Miskew
Lynn Kreviazuk
Jamie Sinclair
Team qualified for the 2007 Canada Games
DNP
2006–07
Rachel Homan
Emma Miskew
Alison Kreviazuk
Nikki Johnston
For the Canada Games team, see previous season
$2,250 (71st)
Earle Morris
2007–08
Rachel Homan
Emma Miskew
Alison Kreviazuk
Lynn Kreviazuk
$11,000 (18th)
2008–09
Rachel Homan
Emma Miskew
Alison Kreviazuk
Lynn Kreviazuk
$31,200 (8th)
Earle Morris
2009–10
Rachel Homan
Emma Miskew
Alison Kreviazuk
Lynn Kreviazuk
Laura Crocker for A. Kreviazuk in junior events
$5,500 (32nd)
Earle Morris
2010–11
Rachel Homan
Emma Miskew
Alison Kreviazuk
Lisa Weagle
Alternate Sherry Middaugh for Scotties
$27,300 (8th)
Andrea Ronnebeck
2011–12
Rachel Homan
Emma Miskew
Alison Kreviazuk
Lisa Weagle
$8,800 (26th)
Andrea Ronnebeck
2012–13
Rachel Homan
Emma Miskew
Alison Kreviazuk
Lisa Weagle
Alternate Stephanie LeDrew for Scotties and Worlds
$60,800 (1st)
Earle Morris
2013–14
Rachel Homan
Emma Miskew
Alison Kreviazuk
Lisa Weagle
Alternate Heather Smith for Olympic Trials Alternate Stephanie LeDrew for Scotties and Worlds
$51,900 (4th)
Earle Morris
2014–15
Rachel Homan
Emma Miskew
Joanne Courtney
Lisa Weagle
Alternate Cheryl Kreviazuk for Scotties
$91,608 (1st)
Richard Hart
2015–16
Rachel Homan
Emma Miskew
Joanne Courtney
Lisa Weagle
$183,754 (1st)
Marcel Rocque Richard Hart
2016–17
Rachel Homan
Emma Miskew
Joanne Courtney
Lisa Weagle
Alternate Cheryl Kreviazuk for Scotties and Worlds Sarah Wilkes in for Courtney at 2017 Humpty's Champions Cup
$132,500 (1st)
Adam Kingsbury
2017–18
Rachel Homan
Emma Miskew
Joanne Courtney
Lisa Weagle
Alternate Cheryl Kreviazuk for Olympic Trials Alternate Cheryl Bernard for Olympics
$43,500 (13th)
Adam Kingsbury
2018–19
Rachel Homan
Emma Miskew
Joanne Courtney
Lisa Weagle
Alternate Cheryl Kreviazuk for Scotties Substitute Laura Walker at the 2019 Players' Championship Jolene Campbell in for Courtney at the 2019 Champions Cup
$181,848 (1st)
Marcel Rocque
2019–20
Rachel Homan
Emma Miskew
Joanne Courtney
Lisa Weagle
Alternate Cheryl Kreviazuk for Scotties
$35,300 (13th)
Marcel Rocque
2020–21
Rachel Homan
Emma Miskew
Sarah Wilkes
Joanne Courtney
Alternate Danielle Inglis for Scotties Alternate Laura Walker at Grand Slams
$50,000 (NR)
Randy Ferbey
2021–22
Rachel Homan
Emma Miskew
Sarah Wilkes
Joanne Courtney
Substitute Allison Flaxey at second, Wilkes at third, Miskew at skip for the Scotties
$50,633 (9th)
Marcel Rocque
2022–23
Rachel Homan (Fourth)
Tracy Fleury (Skip)
Emma Miskew
Sarah Wilkes
Alternate Kira Brunton for Scotties Alternate Rachelle Brown at Slams
$123000 (3rd)
Ryan Fry
2023–24
Rachel Homan
Tracy Fleury
Emma Miskew
Sarah Wilkes
Alternate Rachelle Brown for Scotties and Worlds
$203,000 (1st)
Don Bartlett
Notes
^ Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there was no official money ranking for this season. Team Homan won $25,000 at the Champions Cup and $25,000 at the Players' Championship, the only two tour events they played in.
^ a b c Following the 2020–21 season, tour money rankings were no longer published. Ranking displayed is the end of season World Curling Federation team ranking.
References
^ a b "Canada's Homan wins gold at women's world curling championships". CBC Sports. The Canadian Press. March 26, 2017. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
^ Wyman, Ted (February 13, 2018). "Lifelong friends Rachel Homan and Emma Miskew live Olympic curling dream together – National Post". National Post. Retrieved February 11, 2019.
^ "Grey Power Players' Championship". Archived from the original on 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2012-03-23.
^ "Canada completes perfect round robin at curling worlds". TSN. The Canadian Press. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
^ Brazeau, Jonathan (March 27, 2017). "8 Ends: Homan simply dominant in historic run to world title". Sportsnet. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
^ a b "Uh Oh and 3: Canada winless in women's Olympic curling". CBC News. February 16, 2018. Archived from the original on February 19, 2018. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
^ Kristen Gelineau (February 16, 2018). "'Burned rock' foul causes rare stir at Olympic curling". The Washington Post.
^ Donna Spencer (February 20, 2018). "Rachel Homan's rink eliminated from medal hunt after loss to Great Britain". Archived from the original on February 21, 2018. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
^ "Homan seeks apology after "disappointing incident" at provincials - TSN.ca". TSN. The Canadian Press. 5 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
^ John Korobanik, Curling Canada (24 February 2019). "CAREY, ALBERTA OVERCOME BIG DEFICIT TO WIN 2019 SCOTTIES TOURNAMENT OF HEARTS". Curling Canada. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
^ "GSOC cancels remaining events of 2019–20 season". Grand Slam of Curling. March 13, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
^ "Rachel Homan curling team announces parting of ways with star lead Lisa Weagle". CBC Sports. The Canadian Press. March 12, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
^ Horne, Ryan (March 17, 2020). "Wilkes joins Team Homan as new second". TSN. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
^ Heroux, Devin (December 21, 2020). "Ontario, Manitoba cancel playdowns for Scotties, Brier". CBC Sports. Retrieved December 30, 2020.
^ "Okotoks bonspiel cancelled due to new restrictions in Alberta". TSN. November 13, 2020. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
^ "2021 Scotties Tournament of Hearts: Teams: Ontario (Homan)". Curling Canada. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
^ Spencer, Donna (February 28, 2021). "Kerri Einarson wins back-to-back Scotties titles". CBC Sports. The Canadian Press. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
^ "We're down to eight!". Curling Canada. March 23, 2021. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
^ Jonathan Brazeau (March 30, 2021). "24 teams in 24 days — Day 10: Team Homan". Grand Slam of Curling. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
^ Jonathan Brazeau (April 15, 2021). "Homan returns for Champions Cup opener just weeks after giving birth". Grand Slam of Curling. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
^ Devin Heroux (April 19, 2021). "Less than a month after giving birth to daughter, Rachel Homan wins Slam title 1". CBC Sports. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
^ Jonathan Brazeau (April 25, 2021). "Einarson tops Homan to defend Players' Championship women's title". Grand Slam of Curling. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
^ Gregory Strong (November 21, 2021). "Defending champ Homan loses again at Canadian Curling trials". Global News. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
^ "Tiebreaker logjam". Curling Canada. November 26, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
^ a b c d "Team Rachel Homan". CurlingZone. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
^ "Canadian men's and women's curling championships to revert to 16-team format". Toronto Star. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
^ @CurlON_ (January 3, 2022). "In response to the announcement made by the Government of Ontario earlier today, we have had to make a very difficult decision regarding the 2022 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^ "Long wait continues for Team Rachel Homan with new wrinkle after Ontario decision". CBC Sports. January 8, 2022. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
^ "Rachel Homan's selection for Beijing Olympics clears path for Team Hollie Duncan to represent Ontario at Scotties". The Globe and Mail. January 14, 2022. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
^ "A helping hand!". Curling Canada. February 3, 2022. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
^ "Team Homan adds Fleury, throwing order to be determined". TSN. March 25, 2022. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
^ "Fleury to call the game, Homan to throw fourth stones in new lineup". TSN. August 15, 2022. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
^ "Jones edges Homan to capture Saville Shoot-Out, first win with new team". TSN. September 11, 2022. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
^ "Homan eliminated at PointsBet Invitational after losing draw to the button". TSN. September 23, 2022. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
^ Jonathan Brazeau (October 8, 2022). "Kaitlyn Lawes, Kerri Einarson advance to GSOC's Boost National semifinals". Sportsnet. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
^ Jonathan Brazeau (October 23, 2022). "Homan tops Einarson in Tour Challenge final to win 12th Grand Slam title". Sportsnet. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
^ "Dunstone enters winner's circle at Red Deer Classic; Homan wins again". TSN. November 21, 2022. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
^ Jonathan Brazeau (December 11, 2022). "Einarson edges Homan in extra end to win WFG Masters women's title". Sportsnet. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
^ Jonathan Brazeau (January 14, 2023). "Einarson eliminates Homan in Co-op Canadian Open women's quarterfinals". Sportsnet. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
^ "HIGH ACHIEVERS WEEKEND WRAP: Rachel Homan wins record-extending seventh Ontario Scotties curling title". Ottawa Sports Pages. January 30, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
^ Donna Spencer (February 25, 2023). "Nova Scotia's Black steals into final four at Canadian women's curling championship". CTV Calgary. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
^ "Homan completes comeback to capture KIOTI Tractor Champions Cup women's title". Sportsnet. May 7, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2023.
^ "Homan to take over full skip duties; team adds Bartlett as coach". TSN. August 27, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
^ Ryan Horne (September 11, 2023). "Around Curling: With fill-in skips, Homan defeats Jones to win Saville Shootout". TSN. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
^ Canadian Press (October 1, 2023). "Homan tops Einarson to claim PointsBet Invitational title". Toronto Star. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
^ Jonathan Brazeau (October 20, 2023). "Einarson earns win, playoff spot over Homan at HearingLife Tour Challenge". Grand Slam of Curling. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
^ Jonathan Brazeau (November 12, 2023). "Gim wins first career Grand Slam women's title at KIOTI National". Sportsnet. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
^ Sean McIntosh (November 20, 2023). "Homan, Koe win at Red Deer Curling Classic". Red Deer Advocate. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
^ "Homan captures 14th Grand Slam of Curling title with Masters win over Tirinzoni". CBC Sports. December 17, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
^ "Homan steals Canadian Open in extra end to capture 15th Grand Slam". TSN. January 21, 2024. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
^ "Early Scotties qualifiers!". Curling Canada. July 4, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
^ "Homan beats Jones for 4th Scotties title as retiring legend falls short of history". CBC. February 25, 2024. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
^ "Homan Ends Swiss Curling Streak". Sports Illustrated. The Curling News. March 20, 2024. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
^ "Canada's Homan finishes first in round-robin, moves into world semis". TSN. March 22, 2024. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
^ "Canada's Homan to battle Switzerland for gold at women's world championship". TSN. March 23, 2024. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
^ "Canada's Homan captures gold at women's world championship with win over Switzerland". TSN. March 24, 2024. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
^ "Wrana, Tirinzoni to face off again for Princess Auto Players' Championship women's title". Sportsnet. April 14, 2024. Retrieved April 17, 2024.
^ "Emma Miskew Design". Retrieved February 16, 2019.
^ 2019 Continental Cup Media Guide: Emma Miskew
^ Wyman, Ted (January 15, 2019). "ON THE ROCKS: Homan foursome on an unbelievable roll a year after Olympic curling disappointment". Winnipeg Sun. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
^ "Emma Miskew Past Teams". Curlingzone. Retrieved August 21, 2019.
^ "Jeux d'hiver du Canada 2007". 21 July 2011. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-27. Retrieved 2019-08-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-27. Retrieved 2019-08-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-27. Retrieved 2019-08-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Andrea Ronnebeck - Team Homan". 19 March 2012. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
^ "Team Canada - Curling Canada – 2015 Scotties Tournament of Hearts". Curling.ca. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
^ Granger, Grant. "Team Homan captures Home Hardware Canada Cup women's title". curling.ca. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
^ "Teams ~ 2016 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts". 22 January 2016. Archived from the original on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
^ "Moskowy to skip Team Carruthers at Champions Cup". www.TheGrandSlamOfCurling.com. Archived from the original on August 21, 2019. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
^ "Cheryl Kreviazuk joining Ontario's Team Homan as fifth for Scotties - Sportsnet.ca". www.sportsnet.ca. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
^ "Walker to sub on Team Homan at Players' Championship". Archived from the original on 2019-04-12. Retrieved 2019-08-21.
^ "Rocque in play: Homan fills vacancy by turning to coach from team's past - Winnipeg Free Press". Archived from the original on 2018-09-12. Retrieved 2019-08-21.
^ a b "2021 Scotties Tournament of Hearts: Teams". Curling Canada. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
^ Todd Saelhof (April 15, 2021). "Homan in the hack of Calgary curling bubble three weeks after giving birth". Calgary Sun. Retrieved June 8, 2021.
^ "2021 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials Media Guide" (PDF). Curling Canada. Retrieved June 19, 2022.
^ "Team Homan announces exciting changes and unveils season schedule". Team Homan. August 27, 2023. Retrieved August 27, 2023.
External links
Emma Miskew at World Curling
Emma Miskew at Olympedia
Emma Miskew at the Canadian Olympic Committee
|
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She was Homan's longtime third until 2022 when she moved to second, when Tracy Fleury was added to the team.[1] In addition to their World and Canadian championships, the Homan team represented Canada at the 2018 Winter Olympics.","title":"Emma Miskew"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rideau Curling Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rideau_Curling_Club"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"provincial bantam championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U18_Ontario_Curling_Championships"},{"link_name":"2007 Canada Winter Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Canada_Winter_Games"},{"link_name":"Whitehorse, Yukon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehorse,_Yukon"},{"link_name":"to a gold medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curling_at_the_2007_Canada_Games"},{"link_name":"Hollie Nicol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollie_Nicol"},{"link_name":"Danielle Inglis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Inglis"},{"link_name":"2009 Canadian Junior Curling Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Canadian_Junior_Curling_Championships"},{"link_name":"Kaitlyn Lawes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaitlyn_Lawes"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"2010 Canadian Junior Curling Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Canadian_Junior_Curling_Championships"},{"link_name":"Rachel Homan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Homan"},{"link_name":"Laura Crocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Walker_(curler)"},{"link_name":"Lynn Kreviazuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Kreviazuk"},{"link_name":"2010 World Junior Curling Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_World_Junior_Curling_Championships"},{"link_name":"Flims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flims"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Anna Hasselborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Hasselborg"},{"link_name":"Southwestern Ontario Women's Charity Cashspiels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southwestern_Ontario_Women%27s_Charity_Cashspiel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Jones_(curler)"},{"link_name":"Wang Bingyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Bingyu"},{"link_name":"AMJ Campbell Shorty Jenkins Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMJ_Campbell_Shorty_Jenkins_Classic"},{"link_name":"Canadian Olympic Curling Pre-Trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Olympic_Curling_Trials"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Bantam and junior (2003–2010)","text":"Miskew began curling at the age of five, playing in the Little Rock program at the Rideau Curling Club in Ottawa. After playing against each other as children, Miskew's father called Homan's father to put a team together when they were about 12 years old. Miskew has played with Homan ever since.[2]With Miskew playing third, the Homan team began her dominance in the sport when she was bantam aged, winning four straight provincial bantam championships from 2003 to 2006. She and Homan had won four championships while no other curler had won even twice. Their bantam rink qualified for the 2007 Canada Winter Games in Whitehorse, Yukon, where Team Ontario won to a gold medal.Miskew's first two years at the junior level were somewhat disappointing, as her top-rated team failed to win a provincial championship. In 2007, her team lost the provincial final to Hollie Nicol's rink. In 2008, her team lost in the final to Danielle Inglis. However, these losses were allayed by a provincial junior championship in 2009, earning her team a berth at the 2009 Canadian Junior Curling Championships. At the Canadian Juniors, team Ontario was 10–2 after the round robin, giving her rink a bye to the final. However, she lost to the defending champion Kaitlyn Lawes rink from Manitoba in the final. The Homan rink won the 2010 provincial championship and went on to represent Ontario at the 2010 Canadian Junior Curling Championships. At the 2010 Canadian Junior Curling Championships, Miskew, with Rachel Homan, Laura Crocker, and Lynn Kreviazuk, won the Junior National Title in dramatic fashion by completing the event with an undefeated record of 13 wins and 0 losses – only the fourth women's team to do so. The team represented Canada at the 2010 World Junior Curling Championships in Flims, Switzerland. The team dominated the tournament, losing just their final round robin game. However, the team came up short in the final, losing to Sweden's Anna Hasselborg team.Miskew's top accomplishments on the tour while still being so young included winning two straight Southwestern Ontario Women's Charity Cashspiels. In 2007, she defeated then-World Champion Jennifer Jones, and in 2008 she beat the Chinese national team, skipped by Wang Bingyu. Her team earned $11,000 for each win. In 2009, she won the AMJ Campbell Shorty Jenkins Classic, winning $5,500 for her team. Later that year, her team participated in the Canadian Olympic Curling Pre-Trials, where her team finished with a record of three wins and three losses, and therefore did not qualify for the \"Roar of the Rings\", Canada's Olympic Trials.In 2009, her rink was named the World Curling Tour's \"rookie team of the year.\"[3]Aside from the Homan team, Miskew also won the 2008 Junior provincial mixed title with Christian Tolusso.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Ontario_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts"},{"link_name":"2011 Scotties Tournament of Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts"},{"link_name":"Heather Smith-Dacey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Smith-Dacey"},{"link_name":"Amber Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_Holland"},{"link_name":"Grand Slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_(curling)"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Jones_(curler)"},{"link_name":"2011 Players' Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Players%27_Championship"},{"link_name":"Canada Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Cup_(curling)"},{"link_name":"in 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Ontario_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts"},{"link_name":"Tracy Horgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Horgan"}],"sub_title":"Early women's (2010–2012)","text":"The Homan rink qualified and won the 2011 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts. At the 2011 Scotties Tournament of Hearts, Homan skipped the Ontario team to a 4th-place finish. They finished the round robin in 3rd place, and lost in the bronze medal game to Nova Scotia's Heather Smith-Dacey after previously beating her in the 3 vs. 4 game. A semi-final loss to Saskatchewan's Amber Holland eliminated her from the finals.In April 2011, the Homan team made it to their first Grand Slam final, when she lost to Jennifer Jones in the final of the 2011 Players' Championship. Later that year they would play in her first Canada Cup where her team finished with a 2–4 record.Miskew once again qualified for the provincial Scotties Tournament of Hearts in 2012. Her team went undefeated throughout the round robin. However, the team would be bested in the final by Tracy Horgan's rink from Sudbury. Rachel Homan, her skip, missed a draw to the button to clinch the victory on her final rock. Instead, she gave up three and lost.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2012 Curlers Corner Autumn Gold Curling Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Curlers_Corner_Autumn_Gold_Curling_Classic"},{"link_name":"Sherry Middaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherry_Middaugh"},{"link_name":"2012 Manitoba Lotteries Women's Curling Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Manitoba_Lotteries_Women%27s_Curling_Classic"},{"link_name":"Stefanie Lawton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefanie_Lawton"},{"link_name":"2012 Colonial Square Ladies Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Colonial_Square_Ladies_Classic"},{"link_name":"2012 Masters of Curling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_The_Masters_Grand_Slam_of_Curling"},{"link_name":"Chelsea Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Carey"},{"link_name":"Royal LePage OVCA Women's Fall Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_LePage_OVCA_Women%27s_Fall_Classic"},{"link_name":"2013 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Ontario_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts"},{"link_name":"2013 Scotties Tournament of Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts"},{"link_name":"Kingston, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Jones_(curler)"},{"link_name":"2013 World Women's Curling Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_World_Women%27s_Curling_Championship"},{"link_name":"Riga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Erika Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erika_Brown_(curler)"},{"link_name":"Eve Muirhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Muirhead"},{"link_name":"2013 Players' Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Players%27_Championship"}],"sub_title":"Scotties champions and world bronze medallists (2012–2013)","text":"The 2012–13 curling season was Miskew's most successful to date on the World Curling Tour. In her first Grand Slam event of the season, the 2012 Curlers Corner Autumn Gold Curling Classic, her team lost to Sherry Middaugh in the final. In the second Grand Slam event of the season, the 2012 Manitoba Lotteries Women's Curling Classic, the Homan rink once again lost in the final, this time to Stefanie Lawton. The team lost in the semi-final of the third Slam, the 2012 Colonial Square Ladies Classic but followed it up with their first ever Grand Slam victory at the 2012 Masters of Curling where she beat Chelsea Carey in the final. Outside of the Grand Slams, Miskew and her team won the 2nd Royal LePage OVCA Women's Fall Classic. Later in the season, they qualified for her second Scotties Tournament of Hearts by going undefeated at the 2013 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts. The Homan rink tore through the competition representing Ontario at the 2013 Scotties Tournament of Hearts in Kingston, Ontario. The team lost just one game, to Manitoba's Jennifer Jones. This gave the rink a 10–1 record, 2nd behind Manitoba who went undefeated. However, in their first playoff game against Jones, the Homan rink made amends by defeating Jones 8–5. This put the Homan team in the final, where they faced Jones once again, and this time would beat them again, by a score of 9–6. With the win, the Homan rink becomes the first Ottawa-based team to win the Canadian women's curling championship. The win earned Miskew and her team the right to represent Canada at the 2013 World Women's Curling Championship in Riga, Latvia. At the World championships, the Homan rink led Canada to an 8–3 round robin finish, which put them in third place. In the playoffs, they beat the United States (skipped by Erika Brown) in the 3 vs. 4 game, but they then lost to Scotland (skipped by Eve Muirhead in the semi-final, after Homan missed her last shot of the game, jamming a double takeout. After the loss, Homan would go on to beat the Americans once again, this time in the bronze medal game. The Homan rink wrapped up the season by losing in the quarter-final of the 2013 Players' Championship.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2013 Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_The_Masters_Grand_Slam_of_Curling"},{"link_name":"2013 Curlers Corner Autumn Gold Curling Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Curlers_Corner_Autumn_Gold_Curling_Classic"},{"link_name":"2013 Colonial Square Ladies Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Colonial_Square_Ladies_Classic"},{"link_name":"2013 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Canadian_Olympic_Curling_Trials"},{"link_name":"Sherry Middaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherry_Middaugh"},{"link_name":"2014 Scotties Tournament of Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Jones_(curler)"},{"link_name":"Val Sweeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Sweeting"},{"link_name":"2014 World Women's Curling Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_World_Women%27s_Curling_Championship"},{"link_name":"Saint John, New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Binia Feltscher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binia_Feltscher"},{"link_name":"Page playoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_playoff"},{"link_name":"2014 Players' Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Players%27_Championship"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Jones_(curler)"},{"link_name":"Alison Kreviazuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Kreviazuk"},{"link_name":"Fredrik Lindberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredrik_Lindberg"},{"link_name":"Niklas Edin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niklas_Edin"},{"link_name":"Joanne Courtney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanne_Courtney"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton"}],"sub_title":"Scotties repeat champions and world silver medallists (2013–14)","text":"The defending Canadian champion Homan rink had a less successful start to their season in 2013–14. The team failed to win World Curling Tour event until winning the 2013 Masters, where she beat Muirhead in the final. Up until this point, Muirhead's rink had Homan's number, having also defeated her team in the semi-finals of the 2013 Curlers Corner Autumn Gold Curling Classic. Having made the playoffs in every Grand Slam event in 2012–13, the team failed to make the playoffs at the 2013 Colonial Square Ladies Classic.Homan's success over the last couple of seasons qualified her team for an automatic entry at the 2013 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials. At the Trials, the team sneaked into the playoffs with a 4–3 round robin record, which was good enough for second place. However, in the semi-final of the event, the team would be defeated by Sherry Middaugh, ending the team's 2014 Olympic hopes.As defending Scotties champions from 2013, the Homan rink earned the right to represent Team Canada at the 2014 Scotties Tournament of Hearts in Montreal. The event was notable for the absence of the Jennifer Jones rink who was competing at the Olympics. Nevertheless, the Homan team went through the entire tournament without a single loss, defeating Alberta's Val Sweeting in the final.The Homan rinks 2014 Scotties win earned her team a berth at the 2014 World Women's Curling Championship in Saint John, New Brunswick. The team had a better event than the previous worlds, as they only lost one round robin game to finish first place heading into the playoffs. The team defeated Switzerland's Binia Feltscher in the 1 vs. 2 Page playoff game, but were unable to beat them again when they faced each other in the final match. Miskew and the rest of her Canadian team thus had to settle for a silver medal.The Homan rink ended the season with a loss in the final of the 2014 Players' Championship against the Olympic gold medalist Jennifer Jones. The match marked the last game for second Alison Kreviazuk on the team, as she moved to Sweden to be with her boyfriend Fredrik Lindberg who played for Niklas Edin. Kreviazuk had played for Homan since they were bantam aged. Kreviazuk was replaced by Joanne Courtney from Edmonton.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2014–15 curling season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_curling_season"},{"link_name":"2014 Curlers Corner Autumn Gold Curling Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Curlers_Corner_Autumn_Gold_Curling_Classic"},{"link_name":"2014 Canadian Open of Curling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Canadian_Open_of_Curling"},{"link_name":"2014 Canada Cup of Curling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Canada_Cup_of_Curling"},{"link_name":"Valerie Sweeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Sweeting"},{"link_name":"2015 Scotties Tournament of Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts"},{"link_name":"Tracy Horgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Fleury"},{"link_name":"Stefanie Lawton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefanie_Lawton"},{"link_name":"Pomeroy Inn & Suites Prairie Showdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeroy_Inn_%26_Suites_Prairie_Showdown"},{"link_name":"2016 Women's All-Star Curling Skins Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Pinty%27s_All-Star_Curling_Skins_Game"},{"link_name":"2015–16 curling season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_curling_season"},{"link_name":"Stu Sells Oakville Tankard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stu_Sells_Oakville_Tankard"},{"link_name":"2015 GSOC Tour Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_GSOC_Tour_Challenge"},{"link_name":"Silvana Tirinzoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvana_Tirinzoni"},{"link_name":"Stockholm Ladies Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_Ladies_Cup"},{"link_name":"Curlers Corner Autumn Gold Curling Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curlers_Corner_Autumn_Gold_Curling_Classic"},{"link_name":"2015 Masters of Curling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Masters_of_Curling"},{"link_name":"2015 National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_The_National"},{"link_name":"2015 Canada Cup of Curling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Canada_Cup_of_Curling"},{"link_name":"2015 Canadian Open of Curling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Canadian_Open_of_Curling"},{"link_name":"2016 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Ontario_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts"},{"link_name":"Jenn Hanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenn_Hanna"},{"link_name":"2016 Elite 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Elite_10"},{"link_name":"Charley Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charley_Thomas"},{"link_name":"2016 Humpty's Champions Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Humpty%27s_Champions_Cup"},{"link_name":"2016–17 curling season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_curling_season"},{"link_name":"AMJ Campbell Shorty Jenkins Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMJ_Campbell_Shorty_Jenkins_Classic"},{"link_name":"2016 Canad Inns Women's Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Canad_Inns_Women%27s_Classic"},{"link_name":"2016 Masters of Curling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Masters_of_Curling"},{"link_name":"Allison Flaxey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Flaxey"},{"link_name":"2016 Canada Cup of Curling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Canada_Cup_of_Curling"},{"link_name":"2017 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Ontario_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Michelle Englot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Englot"},{"link_name":"2017 Scotties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts"},{"link_name":"Krista McCarville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krista_McCarville"},{"link_name":"2017 world championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_World_Women%27s_Curling_Championship"},{"link_name":"Colleen Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleen_Jones"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Ford_World_Women%27s_Curling_Championship"},{"link_name":"Anette Norberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anette_Norberg"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_World_Women%27s_Curling_Championship"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Anna Sidorova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Sidorova"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbc2017-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SN2017-5"},{"link_name":"2017 Humpty's Champions Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Humpty%27s_Champions_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Joanne Courtney joins the team (2014–2017)","text":"The Homan rink found less success in the 2014–15 curling season after adding new second Joanne Courtney to the team. The team did not win any Slam events, losing in the finals of the 2014 Curlers Corner Autumn Gold Curling Classic (against Jennifer Jones) and the 2014 Canadian Open of Curling (against Eve Muirhead). The team also lost in the final of the 2014 Canada Cup of Curling against Valerie Sweeting. As defending champions, the team represented Team Canada at the 2015 Scotties Tournament of Hearts. The team nearly missed the playoffs but won their last round-robin game against Tracy Horgan to finish the round robin in 4th place with a 7–4 record. In the playoffs they would lose to Saskatchewan's Stefanie Lawton in the 3 vs. 4 game, but rebounded in the bronze medal game in a re-match against the Lawton rink, beating them 7–5. That season, the team would win one World Curling Tour event, the Pomeroy Inn & Suites Prairie Showdown held in March. That season, the team also won the inaugural 2016 Women's All-Star Curling Skins Game, taking home $52,000.The team found much more success in the 2015–16 curling season, but were still wrought with some disappointment. They began the season with a win in the Stu Sells Oakville Tankard, followed by a loss in the first Slam, the 2015 GSOC Tour Challenge against Switzerland's Silvana Tirinzoni. The team then went on to win six Tour events in a row, the Stockholm Ladies Cup, the Curlers Corner Autumn Gold Curling Classic (no longer a Slam), the 2015 Masters of Curling, the 2015 National, the 2015 Canada Cup of Curling and the 2015 Canadian Open of Curling, amassing a huge lead in both the World Curling Tour Order of Merit and Money standings in the process. After this impressive run, the team's success seemed to dry-up. They were upset in the finals of the 2016 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts against their club mates, the Jenn Hanna team, meaning the World #1 ranked Homan team would not be able to play in the national championships that year. The team was invited to play in the 2016 Elite 10 men's Grand Slam event, making history in the process. The team would only win one game in the event though, beating Charley Thomas' team. The team ended the season losing against Jennifer Jones in the final of the 2016 Humpty's Champions Cup. The Homan rink's success over the course of the season meant the team would end the season ranked number one in the world in both the Women's money list and order of merit standings.The 2016–17 curling season was one of Miskew's best season to date. Her team began the season winning their first event, the 2016 AMJ Campbell Shorty Jenkins Classic. They followed this up by winning the 2016 Canad Inns Women's Classic the following month. A week later, the team lost in the final of the 2016 Masters of Curling against the Allison Flaxey rink. A month later, they lost in the final of the 2016 Canada Cup of Curling. In playdown play, the rink struggled in the round robin of the 2017 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts, losing two games, and finishing second behind Jacqueline Harrison. However, they won both their playoff matches, including defeating Harrison in the final, qualifying the team to represent Ontario at that year's Scotties. Team Homan defeated Manitoba's Michelle Englot to win the 2017 Scotties, her third Scotties title in four years. She won in an extra end in what many considered to be one of the most exciting Scotties finals ever. Both teams went 10–1 in the round robin, with Homan's lone loss coming at Englot's expense. Englot beat Homan once again in the 1 vs. 2 game, forcing Homan to beat Northern Ontario (Krista McCarville) in the seminal to force the re-match against Englot. At the 2017 world championship in Beijing Homan's rink became only the third in tournament history to go unbeaten in round-robin play, joining fellow Canadian Colleen Jones from 2003 and Sweden's Anette Norberg from 2005.[4] She ended up going unbeaten right to the end, the only team to do so to date, winning the gold medal by beating Anna Sidorova (for the 3rd consecutive time with wins in the round robin, 1–2 playoff game, and final) 8–3 for the gold medal, her first world title and completing her medal set at worlds.[1][5] The Homan rink finished the season by winning the 2017 Humpty's Champions Cup.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2017-18 curling season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017-18_curling_season"},{"link_name":"Prestige Hotels & Resorts Curling Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestige_Hotels_%26_Resorts_Curling_Classic"},{"link_name":"Curlers Corner Autumn Gold Curling Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curlers_Corner_Autumn_Gold_Curling_Classic"},{"link_name":"2017 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Canadian_Olympic_Curling_Trials"},{"link_name":"Chelsea Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Carey"},{"link_name":"2018 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oand3-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Joan McCusker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_McCusker"},{"link_name":"CBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oand3-6"},{"link_name":"Eve Muirhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Muirhead"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2018 Humpty's Champions Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Humpty%27s_Champions_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Olympic run (2017–2018)","text":"Miskew began the 2017-18 curling season by winning the 2017 Prestige Hotels & Resorts Curling Classic and then the Curlers Corner Autumn Gold Curling Classic the following week. Miskew and her team won the 2017 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials in her hometown of Ottawa, defeating previously unbeaten Chelsea Carey. The Homan rink had lost just one game in the tournament, against Carey in the round robin. After her Trials win, the Homan rink began to struggle. The team would then go on to play at the 2018 Winter Olympics where they started disastrously. Losing to the team from Denmark meant that Canada was 0-3 for the first time ever at an Olympics.[6] The game against Denmark was marked with controversy when Denmark burned a rock as it was coming to a rest. Rather than letting the rock be adjusted Miskew's skip Homan removed the stone.[7] Joan McCusker commentating for CBC at the Olympics said of Homan's move that \"I think that was a rash move to take it off. They should have left it in play. It doesn't look good on you.\"[6] Homan and team would win their next three to stay in the fight for the medals but would lose their next two, with their fifth loss against Eve Muirhead officially eliminating them from medal contention. This made Homan's team the first Canadian Olympic curlers to not play for or win a medal.[8] They won the final event of the year, the 2018 Humpty's Champions Cup.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2018-19 curling season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018-19_curling_season"},{"link_name":"Curling World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_Curling_World_Cup_%E2%80%93_First_Leg"},{"link_name":"Anna Hasselborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Hasselborg"},{"link_name":"2018 Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Masters_(curling)"},{"link_name":"2018 Tour Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Tour_Challenge"},{"link_name":"Tracy Fleury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Fleury"},{"link_name":"2018 Canada Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Canada_Cup"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Jones_(curler)"},{"link_name":"2018 National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_National"},{"link_name":"Kerri Einarson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerri_Einarson"},{"link_name":"2019 Meridian Canadian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Meridian_Canadian_Open"},{"link_name":"Silvana Tirinzoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvana_Tirinzoni"},{"link_name":"2019 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Ontario_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Krista McCarville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krista_McCarville"},{"link_name":"Robyn Silvernagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robyn_Silvernagle"},{"link_name":"Chelsea Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Carey"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"2019 Players' Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Players%27_Championship"},{"link_name":"Satsuki Fujisawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satsuki_Fujisawa"},{"link_name":"2019 Champions Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Champions_Cup"},{"link_name":"2019–20 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_curling_season"},{"link_name":"2019 AMJ Campbell Shorty Jenkins Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_AMJ_Campbell_Shorty_Jenkins_Classic"},{"link_name":"2019 Colonial Square Ladies Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Colonial_Square_Ladies_Classic"},{"link_name":"2019 Canad Inns Women's Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Canad_Inns_Women%27s_Classic"},{"link_name":"Elena Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Stern"},{"link_name":"Players' Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Players%27_Championship"},{"link_name":"Champions Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champions_Cup_(curling)"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"2021 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_Olympic_Curling_Trials"},{"link_name":"Tracy Fleury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Fleury"},{"link_name":"2019 Canada Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Canada_Cup"},{"link_name":"2020 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Ontario_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts"},{"link_name":"Hollie Duncan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollie_Duncan"},{"link_name":"2020 Scotties Tournament of Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Kerri Einarson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerri_Einarson"}],"sub_title":"Post Olympics (2018–2020)","text":"Team Homan's 2018-19 curling season began by winning the first leg of the Curling World Cup, defeating Sweden's Anna Hasselborg in the final. Hasselborg got the best of Homan the following month, beating her in the final of the 2018 Masters. Homan then went on to win the next grand slam event, the 2018 Tour Challenge, defeating Tracy Fleury in the final. The Homan rink struggled at the 2018 Canada Cup, going 5–2 in the round robin, and losing in the semifinal to Jennifer Jones. The team rebounded a week later to win the 2018 National, beating Kerri Einarson in the final. The next month, Miskew won her third Grand Slam of the season, the 2019 Meridian Canadian Open, defeating Silvana Tirinzoni in the final. Homan and her rink played in the 2019 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts, having missed the previous year's event due to the Olympics and having won the 2017 Scotties). At the event, the team lost just one game en route to their fourth provincial title. However, controversy brewed due to an incident of bullying aimed at Miskew's skip Homan. A \"number of curlers\" at the event voted for her to win the tournament's sportsmanship award to protest the fact that the team had two members (Homan and Courtney) living in Alberta (teams are only allowed one \"import\" player from out of province, however, Homan maintains a residence in Ontario and is exempted from requirements as she is a full-time student at the University of Alberta).[9] At the 2019 Scotties Tournament of Hearts her team finished the round robin at 5-2 as third seed. The team qualified for the final beating Northern Ontario's Krista McCarville and Saskatchewan's Robyn Silvernagle but eventually finished as runner up, losing the final to Alberta's Chelsea Carey in an extra end despite leading 5–1 in the fourth end.[10] At the 2019 Players' Championship, the team struggled and ended up missing the playoffs after posting a 2-3 round robin record and losing the tie-breaker to Satsuki Fujisawa. They finished off the season with a semi-final finish at the 2019 Champions Cup.In their first event of the 2019–20 season, Team Homan had a semi-final finish at the 2019 AMJ Campbell Shorty Jenkins Classic. They then followed it up by winning the 2019 Colonial Square Ladies Classic. The team would appear in another final in mid-October at the 2019 Canad Inns Women's Classic where they lost to Elena Stern. They missed the playoffs at all four Slams of the season as both the Players' Championship and the Champions Cup were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[11] Team Homan would win the first spot in the 2021 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials by defeating Tracy Fleury in the final of the 2019 Canada Cup. The team went undefeated at the 2020 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts, defeating Hollie Duncan in the final. At the 2020 Scotties Tournament of Hearts they would win their second straight silver medal, losing the final this year to Manitoba's Kerri Einarson.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lisa Weagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Weagle"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sarah Wilkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Wilkes"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Ontario provincial playdowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ontario"},{"link_name":"2021 Scotties Tournament of Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts"},{"link_name":"Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"freeze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_curling#Freeze"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Ryan Fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Fry"},{"link_name":"2021 Canadian Mixed Doubles Curling Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_Mixed_Doubles_Curling_Championship"},{"link_name":"Shannon Birchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Birchard"},{"link_name":"Catlin Schneider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catlin_Schneider"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"2021 Champions Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Champions_Cup_(curling)"},{"link_name":"Silvana Tirinzoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvana_Tirinzoni"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"2021 Players' Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Players%27_Championship"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"2021 Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Masters_(curling)"},{"link_name":"Alina Kovaleva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alina_Kovaleva"},{"link_name":"2021 National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_National"},{"link_name":"Anna Hasselborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Hasselborg"},{"link_name":"2021 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_Olympic_Curling_Trials"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Season22-25"},{"link_name":"2022 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Ontario_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Season22-25"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"CurlON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CurlON"},{"link_name":"Hollie Duncan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollie_Duncan"},{"link_name":"mixed doubles event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curling_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Mixed_doubles_tournament"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Sarah Wilkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Wilkes"},{"link_name":"Joanne Courtney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanne_Courtney"},{"link_name":"Allison Flaxey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Flaxey"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Ontario Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Ontario_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts"},{"link_name":"Carly Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carly_Howard"},{"link_name":"2022 Players' Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Players%27_Championship"},{"link_name":"Anna Hasselborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Hasselborg"},{"link_name":"2022 Champions Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Champions_Cup_(curling)"},{"link_name":"Kerri Einarson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerri_Einarson"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Season22-25"},{"link_name":"Joanne Courtney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanne_Courtney"},{"link_name":"Tracy Fleury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Fleury"},{"link_name":"2022–23 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_curling_season"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Sarah Wilkes joins the team (2020–2022)","text":"Team Homan announced on March 12, 2020 that the team was parting ways with longtime lead Lisa Weagle.[12] On March 17, 2020, the team announced they would be adding Sarah Wilkes as their new second, with Joanne Courtney moving to lead.[13]The 2021 Ontario provincial playdowns were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario. As the 2020 provincial champions, Homan's team was chosen to represent Ontario at the 2021 Scotties Tournament of Hearts in Calgary.[14] Up to that point, they had only played in one tour game the entire season in the Okotoks Ladies Classic in November, before that event was cancelled due to a province-wide shutdown in Alberta.[15] At the Scotties, they had a successful round robin, with a 7–1 record, including a win against defending champion Kerri Einarson. They entered the championship pool as the first seed, where they won three games and lost one to Manitoba's Jennifer Jones.[16] Because of their earlier win against Einarson, Homan's team received a bye to the final. There, they lost 9–7 to Einarson after Homan missed a freeze in the last end, resulting in Einarson not needing to throw her last rock.[17] A month later, Miskew was back in the Calgary bubble to compete with Ryan Fry at the 2021 Canadian Mixed Doubles Curling Championship. The pair qualified for the playoffs with a 5–1 record before losing to Shannon Birchard and Catlin Schneider in the round of 12, eliminating them from contention.[18] Miskew returned to the bubble a third time in April 2021 with Team Homan to play in the two only Grand Slam events of the abbreviated season. Up until the day the event started, Miskew was supposed to skip the team as Homan had just given birth to her second child three weeks earlier.[19] However, Homan returned in time for the event, leaving the team's original lineup intact.[20] At the first Slam, the 2021 Champions Cup, the team defeated Silvana Tirinzoni to claim their eleventh slam title.[21] A week later, they played in the 2021 Players' Championship, where they lost in the final to Team Einarson in a re-match of the Scotties final.[22]Team Homan made it to the quarterfinals of their first slam of the year, the 2021 Masters, where they were beaten by Alina Kovaleva. Two weeks later, they played in the 2021 National, where they were eliminated in the quarters again, this time by Anna Hasselborg. Next for Team Homan was the 2021 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials where they attempted to qualify for the Olympics again. The team, however, did not have a successful week, finishing with a 2–6 record.[23][24][25] Team Homan's record over the season was not good enough to give them an automatic qualifying spot at the 2022 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts, forcing them to play in an open qualifier.[26] The team did qualify at the Open Qualifier,[25] but the Ontario Scotties were postponed due to new COVID-19 regulations put into place by the province, shutting down sports event.[27] With the postponement of the Ontario Scotties, CurlON announced that they would be selecting Team Hollie Duncan over Team Homan to represent Ontario if Homan was selected to represent Canada in the mixed doubles event at the 2022 Olympics (as the Trials had been cancelled). However, if Homan wasn't selected, then CurlON would select Team Homan to play in the Scotties instead. This plan of action was considered confusion and disappointing to the teams involved.[28] Homan would end up being selected to represent Canada at the Olympics, giving Team Duncan the right to represent Ontario at the 2022 Scotties. However, the rest of Team Homan qualified for the Scotties as Team Wild Card #3.[29] For the Tournament of Hearts, Miskew, Sarah Wilkes and Joanne Courtney added Allison Flaxey to their lineup. At the championship, Miskew led the team to a 4–4 round robin record, not advancing to the playoff round.[30] Team Homan had to wait until April 2022 to play in the postponed Ontario Hearts, which they ended up winning, beating Carly Howard in the final. The team wrapped up their season with the two final slams, making it to the semifinals at the 2022 Players' Championship where they lost to Anna Hasselborg, and the quarters of the 2022 Champions Cup, where they lost to Kerri Einarson.[25] In March 2022, after Joanne Courtney announced she would be stepping back from competitive curling, it was announced that Tracy Fleury would be joining the team for the 2022–23 season. With the addition of Fleury on the back-end, Miskew moved to playing front-end for the first time in her career.[31]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tracy Fleury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Fleury"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"2022 Saville Shoot-Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Saville_Shoot-Out"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Jones_(curler)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"inaugural PointsBet Invitational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_PointsBet_Invitational"},{"link_name":"Curling Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curling_Canada"},{"link_name":"Kristie Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristie_Moore"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"2022 National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_National"},{"link_name":"Kaitlyn Lawes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaitlyn_Lawes"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"2022 Tour Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Tour_Challenge"},{"link_name":"Kerri Einarson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerri_Einarson"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Red Deer Curling Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Deer_Curling_Classic"},{"link_name":"Casey Scheidegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Scheidegger"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"2022 Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Masters_(curling)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"2023 Canadian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Canadian_Open_(curling)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"2023 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Ontario_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts"},{"link_name":"Hollie Duncan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollie_Duncan"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"2023 Scotties Tournament of Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts"},{"link_name":"Christina Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Black"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"2023 Players' Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Players%27_Championship"},{"link_name":"2023 Champions Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Champions_Cup_(curling)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"2023–24 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_curling_season"},{"link_name":"Don Bartlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Bartlett"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Heather Nedohin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Nedohin"},{"link_name":"2023 Saville Shootout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Saville_Shootout"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"2023 PointsBet Invitational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_PointsBet_Invitational"},{"link_name":"Kerri Einarson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerri_Einarson"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"2023 Tour Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Tour_Challenge"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"2023 National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_National"},{"link_name":"Gim Eun-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gim_Eun-ji"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Red Deer Curling Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Deer_Curling_Classic"},{"link_name":"Selena Sturmay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selena_Sturmay"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"2023 Masters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Masters_(curling)"},{"link_name":"Silvana Tirinzoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvana_Tirinzoni"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"2024 Canadian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Canadian_Open_(curling)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"2024 Scotties Tournament of Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pre-Qualified_Teams-51"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Jones_(curler)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"2024 World Women's Curling Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_World_Women%27s_Curling_Championship"},{"link_name":"2021 Worlds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_World_Women%27s_Curling_Championship"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"2024 Players' Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Players%27_Championship"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Tracy Fleury joins as skip (2022–present)","text":"In August 2022, it was announced that Tracy Fleury would be skipping Team Homan, with Rachel Homan continuing to throw last rocks on the team. With the addition of Fleury, Miskew was moved to the second position for the first time since joining forces with Homan as a teenager.[32] The new lineup made their debut at the 2022 Saville Shoot-Out, making it to the final before losing to Jennifer Jones and her new team.[33] Later on in the month, Team Homan played in the inaugural PointsBet Invitational tournament organized by Curling Canada. The team made it to the quarterfinals, where they lost to Team Scheidegger, which was skipped by Kristie Moore in a draw-to-the button to break a 6–6 tie.[34] The next month in October, the team played in the first Slam of the season, the 2022 National. There, the team made it to the quarterfinals before losing out to another new-look team skipped by Kaitlyn Lawes.[35] Later that month, the team played in the next Slam, the 2022 Tour Challenge. The team won the event, defeating Kerri Einarson 8–4 in the final, winning the Homan rinks twelfth Slam title, and the first for their new team.[36] In November, the team won their second Tour event of the season at the Red Deer Curling Classic, defeating Casey Scheidegger in the final.[37] In December, the team played in their third Slam of the season, the 2022 Masters. The team made it to the final against Team Einarson again, but this time Einarson had the best of them, beating Team Homan 6–5 in an extra end.[38] In January, the team played in the 2023 Canadian Open, making it as far as the quarterfinals this time before matching up against Einarson. Team Homan couldn't get past Einarson again, and were eliminated after a 7–2 decision.[39] Later in the month, the team won the 2023 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts, Miskew's seventh career provincial championship. They defeated Hollie Duncan in the final.[40] The team represented Ontario at the 2023 Scotties Tournament of Hearts, going 6–2 in pool play. This put the team into the Championship round, where they were eliminated after a loss to Nova Scotia, skipped by Christina Black.[41] In April, Team Homan played in the 2023 Players' Championship, missing the playoffs, but rebounded to win the 2023 Champions Cup to cap off the season. The team beat their rivals in the Kerri Einarson rink in the final, coming back from a 4–0 deficit to win the championship 6–5, giving the team their thirteenth Grand Slam title. Homan took over as skip at the event, as it was announced she was pregnant.[42]At the beginning of the 2023–24 season, it was announced that Homan would take over as skip of the team, with Fleury taking on regular third duties. The team also brought in former World Men's Champion and Olympic silver medallist Don Bartlett as their coach.[43] The team began the season without Homan, who had just given birth to her third child. With Heather Nedohin in her place, the team went on to win the 2023 Saville Shootout.[44] Homan returned to her team for the 2023 PointsBet Invitational, where they made it to the final, beating Kerri Einarson there 9–7 to claim the title, and $50,000 in the process.[45] Three weeks later, Team Homan played in their first Slam of the season, the 2023 Tour Challenge. There, the team went 2–2, being eliminated from playoff contention due to a poor tournament draw to the button shootout score.[46] The team made it to the final in the next Slam, the 2023 National. There, they went undefeated until they faced the equally undefeated Gim Eun-ji Korean rink in that game, which they lost 7–6.[47] A week later, the team played in the Red Deer Curling Classic again, winning their second straight title after easily defeating the Selena Sturmay rink in the final, 8–1.[48] The team continued their success in December, winning the 2023 Masters, their fourteenth Slam title and first of the season. They defeated Silvana Tirinzoni of Switzerland in the final, 8–4.[49] A month later, the team won their second slam title in a row and fifteenth overall when the rink downed Tirinzoni again in the final of the 2024 Canadian Open. The team won 5–4, stealing the game in an extra end, after trailing 4–2 after the seventh end.[50]New qualifying rules for the Scotties Tournament of Hearts allowed Team Homan a pre-qualifying spot at the 2024 Scotties Tournament of Hearts without having to play in the 2024 playdowns.[51] At the Hearts, the team went undefeated, winning all eleven of their games, including the final, where they beat Jennifer Jones, another pre-qualifier team, 5–4. It was Jones' last Hearts, as she decided to retire prior to the event. The win was Miskew's fourth career Hearts title.[52]With the Scotties win, the team went on to represent Canada at the 2024 World Women's Curling Championship. At the Worlds, the team had an unmatched 11–1 round robin record which included ending Switzerland and Silvana Tirinzoni's 42 game winning streak at the Women's Worlds, which dated back to the 2021 Worlds.[53] Their only defeat came against South Korea (skipped by Gim Eun-ji) in the last draw, a meaningless game for the team, as they had clinched first place and a bye to the semifinals.[54] Team Canada faced-off against the Koreans again in the semifinals, and this time beat them, 9–7.[55] This put them into the final, where they faced off against the four-time defending World Champion Tirinzoni team. Heading into the ninth end of the game, the team was down 5–4 to the Swiss, but Homan made a split of a rock in the 12-foot on her last to score three, giving her team a 7–5 lead. Switzerland conceded the game in the 10th after deciding they didn't have a shot to tie the game, giving Miskew her second World Championship title.[56]Team Homan ended the 2023–24 season at the 2024 Players' Championship. The rink went undefeated in the tournament until the semifinal, where they lost to the same Tirinzoni rink they had beaten in the World Championship final. Team Homan would finish the season with an \"unprecedented\" 67–7 win-loss record.[57]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"Brookfield High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookfield_High_School_(Ottawa)"},{"link_name":"Carleton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carleton_University"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"text":"Miskew was born in Ottawa, went to Brookfield High School, and graduated with an industrial design degree from Carleton University in 2012. She currently runs her own industrial and graphic design company.[58] She is married to Kensy Jones.[59][60]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-76"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WCF_77-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WCF_77-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-WCF_77-2"},{"link_name":"World Curling Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Curling_Federation"}],"text":"^ Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there was no official money ranking for this season. Team Homan won $25,000 at the Champions Cup and $25,000 at the Players' Championship, the only two tour events they played in.\n\n^ a b c Following the 2020–21 season, tour money rankings were no longer published. Ranking displayed is the end of season World Curling Federation team ranking.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Canada's Homan wins gold at women's world curling championships\". CBC Sports. The Canadian Press. March 26, 2017. Retrieved March 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/winter/curling/rachel-homan-women-curling-worlds-final-gold-1.4041583","url_text":"\"Canada's Homan wins gold at women's world curling championships\""}]},{"reference":"Wyman, Ted (February 13, 2018). \"Lifelong friends Rachel Homan and Emma Miskew live Olympic curling dream together – National Post\". National Post. Retrieved February 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://nationalpost.com/sports/olympics/lifelong-friends-homan-and-miskew-living-olympic-dream-together","url_text":"\"Lifelong friends Rachel Homan and Emma Miskew live Olympic curling dream together – National Post\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grey Power Players' Championship\". Archived from the original on 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2012-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120323162007/http://www.worldcurlingtour.com/events.php?view=News&eventid=1915&id=7554","url_text":"\"Grey Power Players' Championship\""},{"url":"http://www.worldcurlingtour.com/events.php?view=News&eventid=1915&id=7554","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Canada completes perfect round robin at curling worlds\". TSN. The Canadian Press. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tsn.ca/canada-completes-perfect-round-robin-at-curling-worlds-1.703818","url_text":"\"Canada completes perfect round robin at curling worlds\""}]},{"reference":"Brazeau, Jonathan (March 27, 2017). \"8 Ends: Homan simply dominant in historic run to world title\". Sportsnet. Retrieved March 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sportsnet.ca/curling/8-ends-homan-simply-dominant-historic-run-world-title/","url_text":"\"8 Ends: Homan simply dominant in historic run to world title\""}]},{"reference":"\"Uh Oh and 3: Canada winless in women's Olympic curling\". CBC News. February 16, 2018. Archived from the original on February 19, 2018. Retrieved August 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180219084428/https://olympics.cbc.ca/news/article/and-canada-winless-women-olympic-curling.html","url_text":"\"Uh Oh and 3: Canada winless in women's Olympic curling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_News","url_text":"CBC News"},{"url":"https://olympics.cbc.ca/news/article/and-canada-winless-women-olympic-curling.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kristen Gelineau (February 16, 2018). \"'Burned rock' foul causes rare stir at Olympic curling\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/burned-rock-foul-causes-rare-stir-at-olympic-curling/2018/02/16/aad1961a-12fe-11e8-a68c-e9374188170e_story.html","url_text":"\"'Burned rock' foul causes rare stir at Olympic curling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Donna Spencer (February 20, 2018). \"Rachel Homan's rink eliminated from medal hunt after loss to Great Britain\". Archived from the original on February 21, 2018. Retrieved August 20, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180221084301/https://olympics.cbc.ca/news/article/rachel-homan-rink-eliminated-from-medal-hunt-after-loss-great-britain.html","url_text":"\"Rachel Homan's rink eliminated from medal hunt after loss to Great Britain\""},{"url":"https://olympics.cbc.ca/news/article/rachel-homan-rink-eliminated-from-medal-hunt-after-loss-great-britain.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Homan seeks apology after \"disappointing incident\" at provincials - TSN.ca\". TSN. The Canadian Press. 5 February 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tsn.ca/homan-seeks-apology-after-disappointing-incident-at-provincials-1.1252654","url_text":"\"Homan seeks apology after \"disappointing incident\" at provincials - TSN.ca\""}]},{"reference":"John Korobanik, Curling Canada (24 February 2019). \"CAREY, ALBERTA OVERCOME BIG DEFICIT TO WIN 2019 SCOTTIES TOURNAMENT OF HEARTS\". Curling Canada. Retrieved 14 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.curling.ca/2019scotties/2019/02/24/carey-alberta-overcome-big-deficit-to-win-2019-scotties-tournament-of-hearts/","url_text":"\"CAREY, ALBERTA OVERCOME BIG DEFICIT TO WIN 2019 SCOTTIES TOURNAMENT OF HEARTS\""}]},{"reference":"\"GSOC cancels remaining events of 2019–20 season\". Grand Slam of Curling. March 13, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://thegrandslamofcurling.com/gsoc-cancels-remaining-events-of-2019-20-season/","url_text":"\"GSOC cancels remaining events of 2019–20 season\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rachel Homan curling team announces parting of ways with star lead Lisa Weagle\". CBC Sports. The Canadian Press. March 12, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/winter/curling/team-homan-curling-splits-with-lisa-weagle-1.5496184","url_text":"\"Rachel Homan curling team announces parting of ways with star lead Lisa Weagle\""}]},{"reference":"Horne, Ryan (March 17, 2020). \"Wilkes joins Team Homan as new second\". TSN. Retrieved March 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tsn.ca/sarah-wilkes-joins-team-homan-as-new-second-1.1458166","url_text":"\"Wilkes joins Team Homan as new second\""}]},{"reference":"Heroux, Devin (December 21, 2020). \"Ontario, Manitoba cancel playdowns for Scotties, Brier\". CBC Sports. Retrieved December 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/winter/curling/ontario-picks-homan-epping-for-curling-championships-after-playdowns-cancelled-1.5849975","url_text":"\"Ontario, Manitoba cancel playdowns for Scotties, Brier\""}]},{"reference":"\"Okotoks bonspiel cancelled due to new restrictions in Alberta\". TSN. November 13, 2020. Retrieved March 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tsn.ca/okotoks-bonspiel-cancelled-due-to-new-restrictions-in-alberta-1.1551556","url_text":"\"Okotoks bonspiel cancelled due to new restrictions in Alberta\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Scotties Tournament of Hearts: Teams: Ontario (Homan)\". Curling Canada. Retrieved March 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.curling.ca/scoreboard/#!/competitions/6777/teams/29231","url_text":"\"2021 Scotties Tournament of Hearts: Teams: Ontario (Homan)\""}]},{"reference":"Spencer, Donna (February 28, 2021). \"Kerri Einarson wins back-to-back Scotties titles\". CBC Sports. The Canadian Press. Retrieved March 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/winter/curling/scotties-roundup-calgary-feb28-1.5931258","url_text":"\"Kerri Einarson wins back-to-back Scotties titles\""}]},{"reference":"\"We're down to eight!\". Curling Canada. March 23, 2021. Retrieved June 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.curling.ca/blog/2021/03/23/were-down-to-eight-2/","url_text":"\"We're down to eight!\""}]},{"reference":"Jonathan Brazeau (March 30, 2021). \"24 teams in 24 days — Day 10: Team Homan\". Grand Slam of Curling. Retrieved June 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://thegrandslamofcurling.com/24-teams-in-24-days-day-10-team-homan/","url_text":"\"24 teams in 24 days — Day 10: Team Homan\""}]},{"reference":"Jonathan Brazeau (April 15, 2021). \"Homan returns for Champions Cup opener just weeks after giving birth\". Grand Slam of Curling. Retrieved June 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://thegrandslamofcurling.com/homan-returns-for-champions-cup-opener-just-weeks-after-giving-birth/","url_text":"\"Homan returns for Champions Cup opener just weeks after giving birth\""}]},{"reference":"Devin Heroux (April 19, 2021). \"Less than a month after giving birth to daughter, Rachel Homan wins Slam title 1\". CBC Sports. Retrieved June 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/winter/curling/curling-rachel-homan-gsoc-final-1.599398","url_text":"\"Less than a month after giving birth to daughter, Rachel Homan wins Slam title 1\""}]},{"reference":"Jonathan Brazeau (April 25, 2021). \"Einarson tops Homan to defend Players' Championship women's title\". Grand Slam of Curling. Retrieved June 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://thegrandslamofcurling.com/einarson-tops-homan-to-defend-players-championship-womens-title/","url_text":"\"Einarson tops Homan to defend Players' Championship women's title\""}]},{"reference":"Gregory Strong (November 21, 2021). \"Defending champ Homan loses again at Canadian Curling trials\". Global News. Retrieved June 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://globalnews.ca/news/8391042/homan-canadian-curling-trials/","url_text":"\"Defending champ Homan loses again at Canadian Curling trials\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tiebreaker logjam\". Curling Canada. November 26, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.curling.ca/blog/2021/11/26/tiebreaker-logjam/","url_text":"\"Tiebreaker logjam\""}]},{"reference":"\"Team Rachel Homan\". CurlingZone. Retrieved June 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.curlingzone.com/team.php?teamid=153480&profileid=30248","url_text":"\"Team Rachel Homan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian men's and women's curling championships to revert to 16-team format\". Toronto Star. Retrieved June 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/sports/curling/2021/12/03/canadian-mens-and-womens-curling-championships-to-revert-to-16-team-format.html","url_text":"\"Canadian men's and women's curling championships to revert to 16-team format\""}]},{"reference":"@CurlON_ (January 3, 2022). \"In response to the announcement made by the Government of Ontario earlier today, we have had to make a very difficult decision regarding the 2022 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/CurlON_/status/1478113606709481474","url_text":"\"In response to the announcement made by the Government of Ontario earlier today, we have had to make a very difficult decision regarding the 2022 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Long wait continues for Team Rachel Homan with new wrinkle after Ontario decision\". CBC Sports. January 8, 2022. Retrieved June 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/winter/curling/team-rachel-homan-ontario-curling-association-1.6308819","url_text":"\"Long wait continues for Team Rachel Homan with new wrinkle after Ontario decision\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rachel Homan's selection for Beijing Olympics clears path for Team Hollie Duncan to represent Ontario at Scotties\". The Globe and Mail. January 14, 2022. Retrieved June 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/article-rachel-homans-selection-for-beijing-olympics-clears-path-for-team/","url_text":"\"Rachel Homan's selection for Beijing Olympics clears path for Team Hollie Duncan to represent Ontario at Scotties\""}]},{"reference":"\"A helping hand!\". Curling Canada. February 3, 2022. Retrieved June 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.curling.ca/blog/2022/02/03/a-helping-hand/","url_text":"\"A helping hand!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Team Homan adds Fleury, throwing order to be determined\". TSN. March 25, 2022. Retrieved June 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tsn.ca/team-rachel-homan-adds-tracy-fleury-for-2022-23-season-1.1776662","url_text":"\"Team Homan adds Fleury, throwing order to be determined\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fleury to call the game, Homan to throw fourth stones in new lineup\". TSN. August 15, 2022. Retrieved July 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tsn.ca/tracy-fleury-rachel-homan-new-throwing-order-1.1836846","url_text":"\"Fleury to call the game, Homan to throw fourth stones in new lineup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jones edges Homan to capture Saville Shoot-Out, first win with new team\". TSN. September 11, 2022. Retrieved July 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tsn.ca/jennifer-jones-rachel-homan-saville-shoot-out-curling-1.1847729","url_text":"\"Jones edges Homan to capture Saville Shoot-Out, first win with new team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Homan eliminated at PointsBet Invitational after losing draw to the button\". TSN. September 23, 2022. Retrieved July 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tsn.ca/rachel-homan-eliminated-pointsbet-invitational-curling-1.1852848","url_text":"\"Homan eliminated at PointsBet Invitational after losing draw to the button\""}]},{"reference":"Jonathan Brazeau (October 8, 2022). \"Kaitlyn Lawes, Kerri Einarson advance to GSOC's Boost National semifinals\". Sportsnet. Retrieved July 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportsnet.ca/curling/article/kaitlyn-lawes-kerri-einarson-advance-to-gsocs-boost-national-semifinals/","url_text":"\"Kaitlyn Lawes, Kerri Einarson advance to GSOC's Boost National semifinals\""}]},{"reference":"Jonathan Brazeau (October 23, 2022). \"Homan tops Einarson in Tour Challenge final to win 12th Grand Slam title\". Sportsnet. Retrieved July 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportsnet.ca/curling/article/homan-tops-einarson-in-tour-challenge-final-to-win-12th-grand-slam-title/","url_text":"\"Homan tops Einarson in Tour Challenge final to win 12th Grand Slam title\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dunstone enters winner's circle at Red Deer Classic; Homan wins again\". TSN. November 21, 2022. Retrieved July 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tsn.ca/curling/matt-dunstone-rachel-homan-red-deer-classic-curling-1.1881830","url_text":"\"Dunstone enters winner's circle at Red Deer Classic; Homan wins again\""}]},{"reference":"Jonathan Brazeau (December 11, 2022). \"Einarson edges Homan in extra end to win WFG Masters women's title\". Sportsnet. Retrieved July 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportsnet.ca/curling/article/einarson-edges-homan-in-extra-end-to-win-wfg-masters-womens-title/","url_text":"\"Einarson edges Homan in extra end to win WFG Masters women's title\""}]},{"reference":"Jonathan Brazeau (January 14, 2023). \"Einarson eliminates Homan in Co-op Canadian Open women's quarterfinals\". Sportsnet. Retrieved July 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportsnet.ca/curling/article/einarson-eliminates-homan-in-co-op-canadian-open-womens-quarterfinals/","url_text":"\"Einarson eliminates Homan in Co-op Canadian Open women's quarterfinals\""}]},{"reference":"\"HIGH ACHIEVERS WEEKEND WRAP: Rachel Homan wins record-extending seventh Ontario Scotties curling title\". Ottawa Sports Pages. January 30, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ottawasportspages.ca/2023/01/30/high-achievers-weekend-wrap-rachel-homan-wins-record-extending-seventh-ontario-scotties-curling-title/","url_text":"\"HIGH ACHIEVERS WEEKEND WRAP: Rachel Homan wins record-extending seventh Ontario Scotties curling title\""}]},{"reference":"Donna Spencer (February 25, 2023). \"Nova Scotia's Black steals into final four at Canadian women's curling championship\". CTV Calgary. Retrieved July 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://calgary.ctvnews.ca/nova-scotia-s-black-steals-into-final-four-at-canadian-women-s-curling-championship-1.6289154","url_text":"\"Nova Scotia's Black steals into final four at Canadian women's curling championship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Homan completes comeback to capture KIOTI Tractor Champions Cup women's title\". Sportsnet. May 7, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportsnet.ca/curling/article/homan-completes-comeback-to-capture-kioti-tractor-champions-cup-womens-title/","url_text":"\"Homan completes comeback to capture KIOTI Tractor Champions Cup women's title\""}]},{"reference":"\"Homan to take over full skip duties; team adds Bartlett as coach\". TSN. August 27, 2023. Retrieved April 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tsn.ca/curling/rachel-homan-to-takeover-full-skip-duties-team-adds-don-bartlett-as-coach-1.2000609","url_text":"\"Homan to take over full skip duties; team adds Bartlett as coach\""}]},{"reference":"Ryan Horne (September 11, 2023). \"Around Curling: With fill-in skips, Homan defeats Jones to win Saville Shootout\". TSN. Retrieved April 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tsn.ca/curling/with-fill-in-skips-team-rachel-homan-defeats-team-jennifer-jones-to-win-saville-shootout-1.2006098","url_text":"\"Around Curling: With fill-in skips, Homan defeats Jones to win Saville Shootout\""}]},{"reference":"Canadian Press (October 1, 2023). \"Homan tops Einarson to claim PointsBet Invitational title\". Toronto Star. Retrieved April 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/sports/curling/homan-tops-einarson-to-claim-pointsbet-invitational-title/article_79239c58-6127-5cd3-918b-05a8374a89df.html","url_text":"\"Homan tops Einarson to claim PointsBet Invitational title\""}]},{"reference":"Jonathan Brazeau (October 20, 2023). \"Einarson earns win, playoff spot over Homan at HearingLife Tour Challenge\". Grand Slam of Curling. Retrieved April 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://thegrandslamofcurling.com/einarson-earns-win-playoff-spot-over-homan-at-hearinglife-tour-challenge/","url_text":"\"Einarson earns win, playoff spot over Homan at HearingLife Tour Challenge\""}]},{"reference":"Jonathan Brazeau (November 12, 2023). \"Gim wins first career Grand Slam women's title at KIOTI National\". Sportsnet. Retrieved April 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportsnet.ca/curling/article/gim-wins-first-career-grand-slam-womens-title-at-kioti-national/","url_text":"\"Gim wins first career Grand Slam women's title at KIOTI National\""}]},{"reference":"Sean McIntosh (November 20, 2023). \"Homan, Koe win at Red Deer Curling Classic\". Red Deer Advocate. Retrieved April 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reddeeradvocate.com/local-news/homan-koe-win-at-red-deer-curling-classic-7110688","url_text":"\"Homan, Koe win at Red Deer Curling Classic\""}]},{"reference":"\"Homan captures 14th Grand Slam of Curling title with Masters win over Tirinzoni\". CBC Sports. December 17, 2023. 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Retrieved April 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tsn.ca/curling/canada-s-homan-to-battle-switzerland-for-gold-at-women-s-world-curling-championship-1.2094177","url_text":"\"Canada's Homan to battle Switzerland for gold at women's world championship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canada's Homan captures gold at women's world championship with win over Switzerland\". TSN. March 24, 2024. Retrieved April 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tsn.ca/curling/canada-s-rachel-homan-captures-gold-at-women-s-world-championship-with-win-over-switzerland-1.2094685","url_text":"\"Canada's Homan captures gold at women's world championship with win over Switzerland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wrana, Tirinzoni to face off again for Princess Auto Players' Championship women's title\". Sportsnet. April 14, 2024. Retrieved April 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportsnet.ca/curling/article/wrana-tirinzoni-to-face-off-again-for-princess-auto-players-championship-womens-title/","url_text":"\"Wrana, Tirinzoni to face off again for Princess Auto Players' Championship women's title\""}]},{"reference":"\"Emma Miskew Design\". Retrieved February 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://emmamiskewdesign.ca/","url_text":"\"Emma Miskew Design\""}]},{"reference":"Wyman, Ted (January 15, 2019). \"ON THE ROCKS: Homan foursome on an unbelievable roll a year after Olympic curling disappointment\". Winnipeg Sun. Retrieved December 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://winnipegsun.com/curling/on-the-rocks-homan-foursome-on-an-unbelievable-roll-a-year-after-olympic-curling-disappointment","url_text":"\"ON THE ROCKS: Homan foursome on an unbelievable roll a year after Olympic curling disappointment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Emma Miskew Past Teams\". Curlingzone. Retrieved August 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.curlingzone.com/player.php?playerid=10079&view=Teams#1","url_text":"\"Emma Miskew Past Teams\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeux d'hiver du Canada 2007\". 21 July 2011. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721031237/http://cwg2007.kimik-it.gl/Result/ShowPerson.aspx?Person_GUID=0abfad60-2a52-442f-baa2-b55d6d26fc25&SetLanguage=fr-CA","url_text":"\"Jeux d'hiver du Canada 2007\""},{"url":"http://cwg2007.kimik-it.gl/Result/ShowPerson.aspx?Person_GUID=0abfad60-2a52-442f-baa2-b55d6d26fc25&SetLanguage=fr-CA","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-27. Retrieved 2019-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170327170247/http://17962-presscdn-0-57.pagely.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Junior_Women_2009.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://17962-presscdn-0-57.pagely.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Junior_Women_2009.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-27. Retrieved 2019-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170327171308/http://17962-presscdn-0-57.pagely.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Junior_Women_2010.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://17962-presscdn-0-57.pagely.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Junior_Women_2010.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-27. Retrieved 2019-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170327171501/http://17962-presscdn-0-57.pagely.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/2011_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://17962-presscdn-0-57.pagely.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/2011_Scotties_Tournament_of_Hearts.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Andrea Ronnebeck - Team Homan\". 19 March 2012. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120319230807/http://www.teamhoman.com/coach/andrea-ronnebeck","url_text":"\"Andrea Ronnebeck - Team Homan\""},{"url":"http://www.teamhoman.com/coach/andrea-ronnebeck","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Team Canada - Curling Canada – 2015 Scotties Tournament of Hearts\". Curling.ca. Retrieved January 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.curling.ca/2015scotties-en/2015/01/18/team-canada/","url_text":"\"Team Canada - Curling Canada – 2015 Scotties Tournament of Hearts\""}]},{"reference":"Granger, Grant. \"Team Homan captures Home Hardware Canada Cup women's title\". curling.ca. Retrieved 11 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.curling.ca/blog/2015/12/06/team-homan-captures-home-hardware-canada-cup-womens-title/","url_text":"\"Team Homan captures Home Hardware Canada Cup women's title\""}]},{"reference":"\"Teams ~ 2016 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts\". 22 January 2016. Archived from the original on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160122050024/http://2016ontarioscotties.com/teams.html","url_text":"\"Teams ~ 2016 Ontario Scotties Tournament of Hearts\""},{"url":"http://2016ontarioscotties.com/teams.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Moskowy to skip Team Carruthers at Champions Cup\". www.TheGrandSlamOfCurling.com. Archived from the original on August 21, 2019. Retrieved January 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190821140348/http://www.thegrandslamofcurling.com/curling/champions-cup/moskowy-to-skip-team-carruthers-at-champions-cup/","url_text":"\"Moskowy to skip Team Carruthers at Champions Cup\""},{"url":"http://www.thegrandslamofcurling.com/curling/champions-cup/moskowy-to-skip-team-carruthers-at-champions-cup/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cheryl Kreviazuk joining Ontario's Team Homan as fifth for Scotties - Sportsnet.ca\". www.sportsnet.ca. Retrieved 11 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportsnet.ca/curling/cheryl-kreviazuk-joining-ontario-rachel-homan-alternate-scotties-tournament-of-hearts-2019/","url_text":"\"Cheryl Kreviazuk joining Ontario's Team Homan as fifth for Scotties - Sportsnet.ca\""}]},{"reference":"\"Walker to sub on Team Homan at Players' Championship\". Archived from the original on 2019-04-12. Retrieved 2019-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190412043526/http://www.thegrandslamofcurling.com/curling/playerschampionship/walker-to-sub-on-team-homan-at-players-championship/","url_text":"\"Walker to sub on Team Homan at Players' Championship\""},{"url":"http://www.thegrandslamofcurling.com/curling/playerschampionship/walker-to-sub-on-team-homan-at-players-championship/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rocque in play: Homan fills vacancy by turning to coach from team's past - Winnipeg Free Press\". Archived from the original on 2018-09-12. Retrieved 2019-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180912113638/https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/sports/curling/rocque-in-play-homan-fills-vacancy-by-turning-to-coach-from-teams-past-492954861.html","url_text":"\"Rocque in play: Homan fills vacancy by turning to coach from team's past - Winnipeg Free Press\""},{"url":"https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/sports/curling/rocque-in-play-homan-fills-vacancy-by-turning-to-coach-from-teams-past-492954861.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Scotties Tournament of Hearts: Teams\". Curling Canada. Retrieved February 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.curling.ca/2021scotties/teams/","url_text":"\"2021 Scotties Tournament of Hearts: Teams\""}]},{"reference":"Todd Saelhof (April 15, 2021). \"Homan in the hack of Calgary curling bubble three weeks after giving birth\". Calgary Sun. Retrieved June 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://calgarysun.com/sports/curling/homan-in-the-hack-of-calgary-curling-bubble-three-weeks-after-giving-birth","url_text":"\"Homan in the hack of Calgary curling bubble three weeks after giving birth\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials Media Guide\" (PDF). Curling Canada. Retrieved June 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.curling.ca/files/2021/11/2021-Tim-Hortons-Curling-Trials-media-guide-web5.pdf","url_text":"\"2021 Canadian Olympic Curling Trials Media Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Team Homan announces exciting changes and unveils season schedule\". Team Homan. August 27, 2023. Retrieved August 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://teamhoman.com/blog/2023-24-season-updates","url_text":"\"Team Homan announces exciting changes and unveils season schedule\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beduin
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Bedouin
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["1 Society","2 Traditions","2.1 Herding","2.2 Oral poetry","2.3 Raiding or ghazw","3 History","3.1 Early history","3.2 Ottoman period","3.3 In the 20th century","4 In different countries","4.1 Saudi Arabia","4.2 Syria","4.3 Palestine","4.4 Israel","4.5 Jordan","4.6 Maghreb","4.7 Egypt","5 Tribes and populations","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
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Nomadic Arab tribes
Ethnic group
Bedouinبَدْو (Arabic)badūThree Bedouin sheikhs, c. 1867-1876.Total population25,000,000Regions with significant populationsArabian Peninsula, Levant, North Africa Saudi Arabia2,000,000 Algeria2,000,000–6,000,000 Iraq1,500,000 Jordan1,300,000–4,000,000 Libya1,300,000 Egypt1,200,000 Morocco400,000-700,000 Sudan1,000,000 UAE800,000 Tunisia800,000–2,600,000 Syria700,000–2,600,000 Yemen500,000 Iran500,000 Kuwait300,000 Oman250,000 Israel220,000 Lebanon200,000 Mauritania70,000 Bahrain70,000 Qatar50,000 Palestine40,000 SADR30,000-40,000LanguagesMajority: Arabic (Bedouin dialects)Minority: Mehri, ḤarsusiReligionPredominantly Sunni IslamRelated ethnic groupsOther Arabs and Afro-Asiatic speakers Source for regions with significant population:
Bedouins in the Sinai Region, 1967
The Bedouin, Beduin, or Bedu (/ˈbɛduɪn/; Arabic: بَدْو, romanized: badū, singular بَدَوِي badawī) are pastorally nomadic Arab tribes who have historically inhabited the desert regions in the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, the Levant, and Mesopotamia (Iraq). The Bedouin originated in the Syrian Desert and Arabian Desert but spread across the rest of the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa after the spread of Islam. The English word bedouin comes from the Arabic badawī, which means "desert-dweller", and is traditionally contrasted with ḥāḍir, the term for sedentary people. Bedouin territory stretches from the vast deserts of North Africa to the rocky ones of the Middle East. They are sometimes traditionally divided into tribes, or clans (known in Arabic as ʿašāʾir; عَشَائِر or qabāʾil قبائل), and historically share a common culture of herding camels, sheep and goats. The vast majority of Bedouins adhere to Islam, although there are some fewer numbers of Christian Bedouins present in the Fertile Crescent.
Bedouins have been referred to by various names throughout history, including Arabaa by the Assyrians (ar-ba-ea) being a nisba of the noun Arab, a name still used for Bedouins today. They are referred to as the ʾAʿrāb (أعراب) in Arabic. While many Bedouins have abandoned their nomadic and tribal traditions for a modern urban lifestyle, others retain traditional Bedouin culture such as the traditional ʿašāʾir clan structure, traditional music, poetry, dances (such as saas), and many other cultural practices and concepts. Some urbanized Bedouins often organise cultural festivals, usually held several times a year, in which they gather with other Bedouins to partake in and learn about various Bedouin traditions—from poetry recitation and traditional sword dances to playing traditional instruments and even classes teaching traditional tent knitting. Traditions like camel riding and camping in the deserts are still popular leisure activities for urban Bedouins who live in close proximity to deserts or other wilderness areas.
Society
A widely quoted Bedouin apothegm is "I am against my brother, my brother and I are against my cousin, my cousin and I are against the stranger" sometimes quoted as "I and my brother are against my cousin, I and my cousin are against the stranger." This saying signifies a hierarchy of loyalties based on the proximity of some person to oneself, beginning with the self, and proceeding through the nuclear family as defined by male kinship, and then, in principle at least, to an entire genetic or linguistic group (which is perceived as akin to kinship in the Middle East and North Africa generally). Disputes are settled, interests are pursued, and justice and order are dispensed and maintained by means of this framework, organized according to an ethic of self-help and collective responsibility (Andersen 14). The individual family unit (known as a tent or "gio" bayt) typically consisted traditionally of three or four adults (a married couple plus siblings or parents) and any number of children.
The Bedouins' ethos comprises courage, hospitality, loyalty to family and pride of ancestry. Bedouin tribes were not controlled by a central power, like a government or empire, but rather were led by tribal chiefs. Some chiefs exercised their power from oases, where merchants would organise trade through the territory controlled by the tribe. The structure of Bedouin tribes were held together more so by shared feelings of common ancestry rather than a tribal chief atop the hierarchy.
When resources were plentiful, several tents would travel together as a goum. While these groups were sometimes linked by patriarchal lineage, others were just as likely linked by marriage alliances (new wives were especially likely to have close male relatives join them). Sometimes, the association was based on acquaintance and familiarity, or even no clearly defined relation except for simple shared membership within a tribe.A Bedouin girl in Nuweiba, Egypt (2015)The next scale of interaction within groups was the ibn ʿamm (cousin, or literally "son of paternal uncle") or descent group, commonly of three to five generations. These were often linked to goums, but where a goum would generally consist of people all with the same herd type, descent groups were frequently split up over several economic activities, thus allowing a degree of 'risk management'; should one group of members of a descent group suffer economically, the other members of the descent group would be able to support them. Whilst the phrase "descent group" suggests purely a lineage-based arrangement, in reality these groups were fluid and adapted their genealogies to take in new members.
The largest scale of tribal interactions is the tribe as a whole, led by a Sheikh (Arabic: شيخ šayḫ, literally, "old man"), though the title refers to leaders in varying contexts. The tribe often claims descent from one common ancestor—as mentioned above. The tribal level is the level that mediated between the Bedouin and the outside governments and organizations. Distinct structure of the Bedouin society leads to long-lasting rivalries between different clans.
Bedouin traditionally had strong honor codes, and traditional systems of justice dispensation in Bedouin society typically revolved around such codes. The bisha'a, or ordeal by fire, is a well-known Bedouin practice of lie detection. See also: Honor codes of the Bedouin, Bedouin systems of justice.
Traditions
A Bedouin warrior, pictured between 1898 and 1914
Herding
Weaving lengths of fabric for tent making using ground loom. Palestine, c. 1900
Livestock and herding, principally of goats, sheep and dromedary camels comprised the traditional livelihoods of Bedouins. These were used for meat, dairy products, and wool. Most of the staple foods that made up the Bedouins' diet were dairy products.
Camels, in particular, had numerous cultural and functional uses. Having been regarded as a "gift from God", they were the main food source and method of transportation for many Bedouins. In addition to their extraordinary milking potentials under harsh desert conditions, their meat was occasionally consumed by Bedouins. As a cultural tradition, camel races were organized during celebratory occasions, such as weddings or religious festivals.
Some Bedouin societies live in arid regions. In areas where rainfall is very unpredictable, a camp will be moved irregularly, depending on the availability of green pasture. Where winter rainfall is more predictable in regions further south, some Bedouin people plant grain along their migration routes. This proves a resource for the livestock throughout the winter. In regions such as western Africa, where there is more predictable rainfall, the Bedouin practice transhumance. They plant crops near permanent homes in the valleys where there is more rain and move their livestock to the highland pastures.
Oral poetry
Oral poetry is the most popular art form among Bedouins. Having a poet in one's tribe was highly regarded in society. In addition to serving as a form of art, poetry was used as a means of conveying information and social control. Bedouin poetry, also known as nabati poetry, is often recited in the vernacular dialect. In contrast, the more common forms of Arabic poetry are often in Modern Standard Arabic.
Raiding or ghazw
The well-regulated traditional habit of Bedouin tribes of raiding other tribes, caravans, or settlements is known in Arabic as ghazw.
History
Early history
Murder of Ma'sum Beg, the envoy of the Safavid Shah Tahmasp, by Bedouins in the Hejaz, 16th century
Historically, the Bedouin engaged in nomadic herding, agriculture and sometimes fishing in the Syrian steppe since 6000 BCE. By about 850 BCE, a complex network of settlements and camps was established. The earliest Arab tribes emerged from Bedouins.
By the time of the Roman Empire's establishment, the Bedouin national identity had been established and they were recognizable as a single people with often warring "families, clans, and tribes". A major source of income for this people was the taxation of caravans, and tributes collected from non-Bedouin settlements. They also earned income by transporting goods and people in caravans pulled by domesticated camels across the desert. Scarcity of water and of permanent pastoral land required them to move constantly.
The Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta reported that in 1326 on the route to Gaza, the Egyptian authorities had a customs post at Qatya on the north coast of Sinai. Here Bedouin were being used to guard the road and track down those trying to cross the border without permission.
The Early Medieval grammarians and scholars seeking to develop a system of standardizing the contemporary Classical Arabic for maximal intelligibility across the Arabophone areas, believed that the Bedouin spoke the purest, most conservative variety of the language. To solve irregularities of pronunciation, the Bedouin were asked to recite certain poems, whereafter consensus was relied on to decide the pronunciation and spelling of a given word.
Ottoman period
Arab Christian Bedouin woman from the settled town of Kerak, Jordan, who probably was the wife of a sheikh. Braids were predominantly worn by Arab Christian Bedouin women of the tribes of Jordan.
A plunder and massacre of the Hajj caravan by Bedouin tribesmen occurred in 1757, led by Qa'dan Al - Fayez of the Bani Sakhr tribe (Modern-day Jordan) in his vengeance against the Ottomans for failing to pay his tribe for their help protecting the pilgrims. An estimated 20,000 pilgrims were either killed in the raid or died of hunger or thirst as a result including relatives of the Sultan and Musa Pasha. Although Bedouin raids on Hajj caravans were fairly common, the 1757 raid represented the peak of such attacks which was also likely prompted by the major drought of 1756.
Under the Tanzimat reforms in 1858, a new Ottoman Land Law was issued, which offered legal grounds for the displacement of the Bedouin (Turkish: Bedeviler). As the Ottoman Empire gradually lost power, this law instituted an unprecedented land registration process that was also meant to boost the empire's tax base. Few Bedouin opted to register their lands with the Ottoman Tapu, due to lack of enforcement by the Ottomans, illiteracy, refusal to pay taxes and lack of relevance of written documentation of ownership to the Bedouin way of life at that time.
At the end of the 19th century, Sultan Abdülhamid II settled Muslim populations (Circassians) from the Balkan and Caucasus among areas predominantly populated by the nomads in the regions of modern Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Israel, and also created several permanent Bedouin settlements, although the majority of them did not remain. The settlement of non Arabs in the traditionally Bedouin areas was a big cause of discontent. This became even severe because every Arab tribe, including the settled ones, have ancestry as a Bedouin.
Ottoman authorities also initiated private acquisition of large plots of state land offered by the sultan to the absentee landowners (effendis). Numerous tenants were brought in order to cultivate the newly acquired lands. Often it came at the expense of the Bedouin lands.
Palestine Exploration Fund list of Bedouin tribes living West of the River Jordan in 1875.
In the late 19th century, many Bedouin began transition to a semi-nomadic lifestyle. One of the factors was the influence of the Ottoman empire authorities who started a forced sedentarization of the Bedouin living on its territory. The Ottoman authorities viewed the Bedouin as a threat to the state's control and worked hard on establishing law and order in the Negev. During the First World War, the Negev Bedouin initially fought with the Ottomans against the British. However, under the influence of British agent T. E. Lawrence, the Bedouins switched side and fought against the Ottomans. Hamad Pasha al-Sufi (died 1923), Sheikh of the Nijmat sub-tribe of the Tarabin, led a force of 1,500 men who joined the Ottoman raid on the Suez Canal.
In Orientalist historiography, the Negev Bedouin have been described as remaining largely unaffected by changes in the outside world until recently. Their society was often considered a "world without time". Recent scholars have challenged the notion of the Bedouin as 'fossilized,' or 'stagnant' reflections of an unchanging desert culture. Emanuel Marx has shown that Bedouin were engaged in a constantly dynamic reciprocal relation with urban centers. Bedouin scholar Michael Meeker explains that "the city was to be found in their midst."
At the time of World War I, a Qays Bedouin tribe from Harran, not far from Urfa, settled in Lüleburgaz in East Thrace under their last Sheikh Salih Abdullah. It is said that this tribe was originally from Tihamah.
In the 20th century
Bedouins in Syria in the 1950s
Ghazzu was still relevant to the Bedouin lifestyle in the early 20th century. After a 1925 stay with Sheikh Mithqal Al-Fayez of the Bani Sakher, William Seabrook wrote about his experience of a ghazzu from the Sardieh tribe on Mithqal's 500 Hejin racing camels. The ghazzu was intercepted by Mithqal when he was notified about the Sardieh tribe's intentions from a man from the Bani Hassan tribe, who rode continuously for over 30 hours to reach Mithqal before their plot matured. Mithqal, using the information, prepared a trap for them, which resulted in the imprisonment of one of the Sardieh warriors. William notes that although the warrior was a prisoner, he was nonchalant and was not treated aggressively, and that the ghazzu wasn't a war, but a game in which camels and goats were the prizes.
In the 1950s and 1960s, large numbers of Bedouin throughout Midwest Asia started to leave the traditional, nomadic life to settle in the cities of Midwest Asia, especially as hot ranges shrank and populations grew. For example, in Syria, the Bedouin way of life effectively ended during a severe drought from 1958 to 1961, which forced many Bedouin to abandon herding for standard jobs. Similarly, governmental policies in Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Iraq, Tunisia, oil-producing Arab states of the Persian Gulf and Libya, as well as a desire for improved standards of living, effectively led most Bedouin to become settled citizens of various nations, rather than stateless nomadic herders.
Governmental policies pressing the Bedouin have in some cases been executed in an attempt to provide service (schools, health care, law enforcement and so on—see Chatty 1986 for examples), but in others have been based on the desire to seize land traditionally roved and controlled by the Bedouin. In recent years, some Bedouin have adopted the pastime of raising and breeding white doves, while others have rejuvenated the traditional practice of falconry.
In different countries
Saudi Arabia
Bedouin man in Riyadh, 1964.
The Arabian Peninsula was one of the original homes of the Bedouin. From there, they started to spread out to surrounding deserts, forced out by the lack of water and food. According to tradition, Arabian Bedouin tribes are descendants of two groups: Qahtanis, also known as Yaman, who originate from the mountains of Southwestern Arabia, and claim descent from a semi-legendary ancestral figure, Qahtan (often linked to the biblical Joktan), and Adnanis, also known as Qays, who originate in North-Central Arabia and claimed descent from Adnan, a descendant of the Biblical Ishmael.A Bedouin family in Wahiba Sands, Oman.
A number of Bedouin tribes reside in Saudi Arabia. Among them are Anazzah, Juhaynah, Shammar, al-Murrah, Mahra, Dawasir, Harb, Ghamid, Mutayr, Subay', 'Utayba, Bani khalid, Qahtan, Rashaida, and Banu Yam. In Arabia and the adjacent deserts there are around 100 large tribes of 1,000 members or more. Some tribes number up to 20,000 and a few of the larger tribes may have up to 100,000 members. Inside Saudi Arabia the Bedouin remained the majority of the population during the first half of the 20th century. Saudi Arabia pursued a policy of sedentarization in the early 20th century, which was initially linked with the establishment of the Ikhwan. As a result of this policy and subsequent modernization, the number of bedouin that retain their nomadic lifestyle has decreased rapidly.
According to Ali Al-Naimi, the Bedouin, or Bedu, would travel in family and tribal groups, across the Arabian Peninsula in groups of fifty to a hundred. A clan was composed of a number of families, while a number of clans formed a tribe. Tribes would have areas reserved for their livestock called dirahs, which included wells for their exclusive use. They lived in black goat-hair tents called bayt al-shar, divided by cloth curtains into rug-floor areas for males, family and cooking. In Hofuf, they bartered their sheep, goats and camels, including milk and wool, for grain and other staples. Al-Naimi also quotes Paul Harrison's observation of the Bedouin, "There seems to be no limit at all to their endurance."
Syria
Syrian bedouin, 1893
The Syrian Desert was the original homeland of the Arab Bedouin tribes which have been mentioned as far back as the Neo-Assyrian era where they're referred to by Tiglath-Pileser III as being among the Syrians integrated into the Assyrian administrative system. Today there are over a million Bedouin living in Syria, making a living herding sheep and goats. The largest Bedouin clan in Syria is called Ruwallah who are part of the 'Anizzah' tribe. Another famous branch of the Anizzah tribe is the two distinct groups of Hasana and S'baa who largely arrived from the Arabian peninsula in the 18th century.
Herding among the Bedouin was common until the late 1950s, when it effectively ended during a severe drought from 1958 to 1961. Due to the drought, many Bedouin were forced to give up herding for standard jobs. Another factor was the formal annulling of the Bedouin tribes' legal status in Syrian law in 1958, along with attempts of the ruling Ba'ath Party regime to wipe out tribalism. Preferences for customary law ('urf) in contrast to state law (qanun) have been informally acknowledged and tolerated by the state in order to avoid having its authority tested in the tribal territories. In 1982 the al-Assad family turned to the Bedouin tribe leaders for assistance during the Muslim Brotherhood uprising against al-Assad government (see 1982 Hama massacre). The Bedouin sheikhs' decision to support Hafez al-Assad led to a change in attitude on the part of the government that permitted the Bedouin leadership to manage and transform critical state development efforts supporting their own status, customs and leadership.
As a result of the Syrian Civil War, some Bedouins became refugees and found shelter in Jordan, Turkey, Lebanon, and other states.
Palestine
Main article: Palestinian Bedouin
Bedouin tribes in the West Bank
Palestinian Bedouins were originally from the Negev Desert. In the course of the 1948 Palestine war, they fled or were displaced from their land. Other Bedouins were expelled from the Negev in 1953 and had relocated to the West Bank, which at the time belonged to Jordan. Today, there are 40,000 Bedouins in the whole of the West Bank, including 27,000 people under Israeli military control in Area C. Unlike Negev Bedouins, West Bank Bedouins are not Israeli citizens. Bedouin communities in the West bank have been targeted with forcible relocations to townships to accommodate the growth of illegal Israeli settlements on the outskirts of East Jerusalem. Bedouins also live in the Gaza strip, including 5,000 in Om al-Nasr. However, the number of nomadic Bedouins is shrinking and many are now settled.
Israel
See also: Israeli Bedouin
Bedouin encampment in the Negev Desert
Bedouin soldiers in the Israel Defense Forces
Prior to the 1948 Israeli Declaration of Independence, an estimated 65,000–90,000 Bedouins lived in the Negev desert. According to Encyclopedia Judaica, 15,000 Bedouin remained in the Negev after 1948; other sources put the number as low as 11,000. Another source states that in 1999 110,000 Bedouins lived in the Negev, 50,000 in the Galilee and 10,000 in the central region of Israel. All of the Bedouins residing in Israel were granted Israeli citizenship in 1954.
As of 2020, there are 210,000 Bedouins in Israel: 150,000 in the Negev, 50,000 in Galilee and the Jezreel Valley, and 10,000 in the central region of Israel.
Galilee Bedouins have been living in the northern part of Israel for four centuries. Today, they live in 28 settlements in the north. They also live in mixed villages with other non-Bedouin Arabs.
The Bedouin who remained in the Negev belonged to the Tiaha confederation as well as some smaller groups such as the 'Azazme and the Jahalin. After 1948, some Negev Bedouins were displaced. The Jahalin tribe, for instance, lived in the Tel Arad region of the Negev prior to the 1950s. In the early 1950s, the Jahalin were among the tribes that, according to Emanuel Marx, "moved or were removed by the military government". They ended up in the so-called E1 area East of Jerusalem.
Bedouin wedding procession in the Jerusalem section of the pike at the 1904 World's Fair.
About 1,600 Bedouin serve as volunteers in the Israel Defense Forces, many as trackers in the IDF's elite tracking units.
Famously, Bedouin shepherds were the first to discover the Dead Sea Scrolls, a collection of Jewish texts from antiquity, in the Judean caves of Qumran in 1946. Of great religious, cultural, historical and linguistic significance, 972 texts were found over the following decade, many of which were discovered by Bedouins. Successive Israeli administrations tried to demolish Bedouins villages in the Negev. Between 1967 and 1989, Israel built seven legal townships in the north-east of the Negev, with Tel as-Sabi or Tel Sheva the first. The largest, city of Rahat, has a population of over 58,700 (as of December 2013); as such it is the largest Bedouin settlement in the world. Another well-known township out of the seven of them that the Israeli government built, is Hura. According to the Israel Land Administration (2007), some 60 per cent of the Negev Bedouin live in urban areas. The rest live in so-called unrecognized villages, which are not officially recognized by the state due to general planning issues and other political reasons. They were built chaotically without taking into consideration local infrastructure. These communities are scattered all over the Northern Negev and often are situated in inappropriate places, such as military fire zones, natural reserves, landfills, etc.A Negev Bedouin man. On 29 September 2003, Israeli government adapted a new "Abu Basma Plan" (Resolution 881), according to which a new regional council was formed, unifying a number of unrecognized Bedouin settlements—Abu Basma Regional Council. This resolution also regarded the need to establish seven new Bedouin settlements in the Negev, literally meaning the official recognition of unrecognized settlements, providing them with a municipal status and consequently with all the basic services and infrastructure. The council was established by the Interior Ministry on 28 January 2004.
Israel is currently building or enlarging some 13 towns and cities in the Negev. According to the general planning, all of them will be fully equipped with the relevant infrastructure: schools, medical clinics, postal offices, etc. and they also will have electricity, running water and waste control. Several new industrial zones meant to fight unemployment are planned, some are already being constructed, like Idan HaNegev in the suburbs of Rahat. It will have a hospital and a new campus inside. The Bedouins of Israel receive free education and medical services from the state. They are allotted child cash benefits, which has contributed to the high birth rate among the Bedouin of 5% per year. But unemployment rate remains very high, and few obtain a high school degree (4%), and even fewer graduate from university (0.6%).
In September 2011, the Israeli government approved a five-year economic development plan called the Prawer plan. One of its implications is a relocation of some 30.000-40.000 Negev Bedouin from areas not recognized by the government to government-approved townships. In a 2012 resolution the European Parliament called for the withdrawal of the Prawer plan and respect for the rights of the Bedouin people. In September 2014, Yair Shamir, who heads the Israeli government's ministerial committee on Bedouin resettlement arrangements, stated that the government was examining ways to lower the birthrate of the Bedouin community in order to improve its standard of living. Shamir claimed that without intervention, the Bedouin population could exceed half a million by 2035.
In May 2015, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees have combined forces. Both organizations called on Israel to stop its plans to relocate Bedouin communities currently living in the West Bank to land outside of Jerusalem for better access to infrastructure, health, and education. Officials stated that a "forcible transfer" of over 7000 Bedouin people would "destroy their culture and livelihoods."
Jordan
A young Bedouin lighting a camp fire in Wadi Rum, Jordan
A significant percentage of Jordanian Christians are ethnically Bedouin, the picture shows a Bedouin Christian family from Madaba in 1904
Most of the Bedouin tribes migrated from the Arabian Peninsula to what is Jordan today between the 14th and 18th centuries. They are often referred to as a backbone of the Kingdom, since Bedouin clans traditionally support the monarchy.
Most of Jordan's Bedouin live in the vast wasteland that extends east from the Desert Highway. The eastern Bedouin are camel breeders and herders, while the western Bedouin herd sheep and goats. Some Bedouin in Jordan are semi-nomads, they adopt a nomadic existence during part of the year but return to their lands and homes in time to practice agriculture.
The largest nomadic groups of Jordan are the Bani Hasan (Mafraq, Zarqa, Jarash, Ajloun and parts of Amman) Bani Ṣakher (Amman and Madaba) Banū Laith (Petra), and Banū al-Ḥuwayṭāt (they reside in Wadi Rum). There are numerous lesser groups, such as the al-Sirḥān, Banū Khālid, Hawazim, ʿAṭiyyah, and Sharafāt. The Ruwālah (Rwala) tribe, which is not indigenous, passes through Jordan in its yearly wandering from Syria to Saudi Arabia. The region encompassing Wadi Musa and Petra is inhabited by the prominent Liyathnah tribe alongside the smaller Bedul community, believed to have Jewish or Nabataean ancestry.
The Jordanian government provides the Bedouin with different services such as education, housing and health clinics. However, some Bedouins give it up and prefer their traditional nomadic lifestyle.
In the recent years, there is a growing discontent of the Bedouin with the ruling monarch Abdullah II of Jordan. In August 2007, police clashed with some 200 Bedouins who were blocking the main highway between Amman and the port of Aqaba. Livestock herders were protesting the government's lack of support in the face of the steeply rising cost of animal feed and expressed resentment about government assistance to refugees.
Arab Spring events in 2011 led to demonstrations in Jordan, and Bedouins took part in them. But the Hashemites did not see a revolt similar to turbulence in other Arab states. The main reasons for that are the high respect to the monarch and contradictory interests of different groups of the Jordanian society. The King Abdullah II maintains his distance from the complaints by allowing blame to fall on government ministers, whom he replaces at will.
Maghreb
Bedouin near Merzouga, Morocco.
Commander and Amir of Mascara in Algeria, Banu Hilal.
A group of Bedouins with their tent in Libya, 1950s
The Arab migration to the Maghreb had been a centuries-long process that continuously occurred since the 7th century. The initial waves of migration from the 7th to the 10th centuries mostly involved sedentary Arabs who established communities in cities, towns and surrounding rural areas. However, the Arab migrations from the 11th to the 15th centuries involved a significant influx of a great amount of nomadic Bedouin tribes to the region.
In the 11th century, the Bedouin tribes of Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym, who originated from central and north Arabia respectively, living at the time in a desert between the Nile and the Red Sea, moved westward into the Maghreb areas and were joined by the Bedouin tribe of Ma'qil, which had its roots in South Arabia, as well as other Arab tribes.
The 11th century witnessed the most significant wave of Arab migration, surpassing all previous movements. This event unfolded when the Zirid dynasty of Ifriqiya proclaimed its independence from the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt. In retribution against the Zirids, the Fatimids dispatched large Bedouin Arab tribes, mainly the Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym, to defeat the Zirids and settle in the Maghreb. These tribes followed a nomadic lifestyle and were originally from the Hejaz and Najd. They were later joined by the Bedouin tribe of Ma'qil, which had its roots in South Arabia, as well as other Arab tribes.
According to Ibn Khaldun, they were accompanied by their wives, children and stock. They settled in the Maghreb after repeatedly fighting battles against the Berbers, such as the Battle of Haydaran. They heavily transformed the culture of the Maghreb into Arab culture, and spread nomadism in areas where agriculture was previously dominant. It played a major role in spreading Bedouin Arabic to rural areas such as the countryside and steppes, and as far as the southern areas near the Sahara. In addition, they destroyed the Berber Zirid state and most of its cities, sparing only the Mediterranean coastal strip at al-Mahdiyya, and deeply weakened the neighboring Hammadid dynasty and the Zenata. Their influx was a major factor in the linguistic, cultural, genetic and ethnic Arabization of the Maghreb. According to Ibn Khaldun, the lands ravaged by Banu Hilal invaders had become desertified and turned into completely arid desert. The journey of Banu Hilal is recounted in the Arabic oral poem of Sirat Bani Hilal.
To persuade the Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym to migrate to the Maghreb, the Fatimid caliph gave each tribesman a camel and money and helped them cross from the east to the west bank of the Nile river. The severe drought in Egypt at the time also persuaded these tribes to migrate to the Maghreb, which had a better economic situation at the time. The Fatimid caliph instructed them to rule the Maghreb instead of the Zirid emir Al-Mu'izz and told them "I have given you the Maghrib and the rule of al-Mu'izz ibn Balkīn as-Sanhājī the runaway slave. You will want for nothing." and told Al-Mu'izz "I have sent you horses and put brave men on them so that God might accomplish a matter already enacted".
Bedouin mothers carrying their children on their shoulders. Hand-coloured print of a late 19th century black-and-white photo taken by French photographer Félix Bonfils.
Berber armies were defeated in trying to protect the walls of Kairouan. The Zirids abandoned Kairouan to take refuge on the coast where they survived for a century. Ifriqiya, the Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym spread is on the high plains of Constantine where they gradually choked the Qal'a of Banu Hammad, as they had done Kairouan few decades ago. From there, they gradually gained the upper Algiers and Oran plains, some were taken to the Moulouya valley and in Doukkala plains by the Caliph of Marrakesh in the second half of the 12th century. Ibn Khaldun, a Muslim historian wrote: "Similar to an army of locusts, they destroy everything in their path." As Arab nomads spread, the territories of the local Berber tribes were moved and shrank. The Zenata were pushed to the west and the Kabyles were pushed to the north. The Berbers took refuge in the mountains whereas the plains were Arabized. The arrival of the Banu Hilal, followed by the Banu Sulaym in the 12th century, broke the balance between nomads and sedentary populations in favor of the nomads. For strategic reasons, the Almohads gave over the Atlantic plains of the western Maghreb to them.
Sources estimated that the total number of Arab nomads who migrated to the Maghreb only in the 11th century was at around 1 million Arabs.
The Ma'qilis also entered the Maghreb during this wave of Arabian tribal immigration in the 11th century. They later allied with the Banu Hilal and entered under their protection. They adapted to the climatic desert conditions of the Maghreb, discovering the same way of life as in the Arabian Peninsula. In the 13th century, they occupied southern Algeria and dominated the oases of Tuat and Gourara. For some authors, at this point, the Maqil group had already disintegrated into different populations in the Maghreb and had given rise to the Beni Hassan along with other related groups. The Beni Hassan expanded southwest and occupied Sanhaja lands in the 13th century after invading and defeating the Berber confederation. The Sanhaja has long had to pay tribute to the nomadic Bedouin Hassani invaders. This took place during the Char Bouba War in modern-day Western Sahara and Mauritania from 1644 to 1674, which after decades of confrontations ended up completely Arabizing the native Berber population, destroying their language and culture and giving rise to the contemporary Sahrawi people. Harry Norris noted "the Moorish Sahara is the western extremity of the Arab World. Western it certainly is, some districts further west than Ireland, yet in its way of life, its culture, its literature and in many of its social customs, it has much in common with the heart lands of the Arab East, in particular with the Hijaz and Najd and parts of the Yemen".
These Bedouin tribes emerged into several contemporary sub-tribes. The most well known Bedouin tribes in Algeria include Awlad Sidi Shaykh, Ouled Nail, Chaamba, Doui-Menia and Hamyan, who primarily live in the Algerian Desert.
The Maghrebi Bedouin dialects, often called Hilalian dialects, are used in the regions of Morocco Atlantic Coast, in regions of High Plains and Sahara in Algeria, in regions of Tunisian Sahel and in regions of Tripolitania. The Bedouin dialects has four major varieties:
Sulaym dialects, Libya and southern Tunisia;
Eastern Hilal dialects, central Tunisia and eastern Algeria;
Central Hilal dialects, south and central Algeria, especially in border areas of Sahara;
Western Hilal dialects, Atlantic plains of western Morocco
Maqil dialects, western Algeria and Morocco;
In Morocco, Bedouin Arabic dialects are spoken in plains and in recently founded cities such as Casablanca. Thus, the city Arabic dialect shares with the Bedouin dialects gal 'to say' (qala); they also represent the bulk of modern urban dialects (Koinés), such as those of Oran and Algiers.
Egypt
Bedouins making bread in Egypt.
Bedouins in Egypt mostly reside in the Sinai peninsula, Matruh, Red Sea governate, eastern parts of Sharqia governate, Suez, Ismailia and in the suburbs of the Egyptian capital of Cairo. The past few decades have been difficult for traditional Bedouin culture due to changing surroundings and the establishment of new resort towns on the Red Sea coast, such as Sharm el-Sheikh. Bedouins in Egypt are facing a number of challenges: the erosion of traditional values, unemployment, and various land issues. With urbanization and new education opportunities, Bedouins started to marry outside their tribe, a practice that once was completely inappropriate.
Bedouins living in the Sinai peninsula did not benefit much from employment in the initial construction boom due to low wages offered. Sudanese and Egyptian workers were brought there as construction labourers instead. When the tourist industry started to bloom, local Bedouins increasingly moved into new service positions such as cab drivers, tour guides, campgrounds or cafe managers. However, the competition is very high, and many Sinai Bedouins are unemployed. Since there are not enough employment opportunities, Tarabin Bedouins, as well as other Bedouin tribes living along the border between Egypt and Israel, are involved in inter-border smuggling of drugs and weapons, as well as infiltration of prostitutes and African labour workers.
In most countries in the Middle East, the Bedouin have no land rights, only users' privileges, and it is especially true for Egypt. Since the mid-1980s, the Bedouins who held desirable coastal property have lost control of much of their land as it was sold by the Egyptian government to hotel operators. The Egyptian government did not see the land as belonging to Bedouin tribes, but rather as state property.
In the summer of 1999, the latest dispossession of the land took place when the army bulldozed Bedouin-run tourist campgrounds north of Nuweiba as part of the final phase of hotel development in the sector, overseen by the Tourist Development Agency (TDA). The director of the Tourist Development Agency dismissed Bedouin rights to most of the land, saying that they had not lived on the coast prior to 1982. Their traditional semi-nomadic culture has left Bedouins vulnerable to such claims.
The Egyptian Revolution of 2011 brought more freedom to the Sinai Bedouin, but since it was deeply involved in drug smuggling into Gaza after a number of terror attacks on the Egypt-Israel border a new Egyptian government has started a military operation in Sinai in the summer-fall of 2012. The Egyptian army has demolished over 120 tunnels leading from Egypt to Gaza that were used as smuggling channels and gave profit to the Bedouin families on the Egyptian side, as well as the Palestinian clans on the other side of the border. Thus the army has delivered a threatening message to local Bedouin, compelling them to cooperate with state troops and officials. After negotiations, the military campaign ended up with a new agreement between the Bedouin and Egyptian authorities.
Tribes and populations
Map of the Bedouin tribes in 1908
There are a number of Bedouin tribes, but the total population is often difficult to determine, especially as many Bedouin have ceased to lead nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyles. Below is a partial list of Bedouin tribes and their historic place of origin.
Bedouin shepherd in Syrian Desert
Bedouins on horseback, 1950s
Bedouin camp in Saudi Arabia in the 1970s
Otaibah, located in Najd and Hijaz, found mainly in the Arabian Peninsula in Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates.
Harb, located in the Arabian Peninsula.
Beni Sakher, located in Jordan, Egypt, Syria, and Iraq. Families in the tribe such as the Al-Fayez, Al-Zaben, Al Hgeish, Al-Jboor, and the Al-Khreisheh represent the tribe in Jordan and wield significant political power in the country after the Hashemites. There are other families that are smaller in size including Al-Mteirat, Al-Hamed, Al-Badarin, and Al-Othman.
Banu Hilal, located in Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya. The tribe originated in Najd, but migrated in the 11th century to North Africa in what is famously known as Taghribat Bani Hilal.
Banu Sulaym, located in Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco and Syria.
'Anizzah, some of the clans of this tribe are Bedouins, they live in northern Saudi Arabia, western Iraq, the Gulf states, Syrian steppe and in Bekaa.
'Azazima, Negev desert and Egypt.
Beni Hamida, east of Dead Sea, Jordan.
Banu Yam centered in Najran Province, Saudi Arabia and Iraq and is divided into Bedouins and urban
Dulaim, a very large and powerful tribe in Al Anbar, Western Iraq.
al-Amad (alAmad, Al Amad, Al-Amad family) of al-Umdah clan ("The Mayors Tribe"), one of the smaller yet prominent tribes of the Arabian Peninsula. Mostly scattered across Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Palestine and United Arab Emirates. This tribe is also associated with Samaritan ancestry (Samaritans).
al-Abadi "Abadi clan" mostly based in Jordan. Very well respected across the country with influential positions in the Army and national services.
al-Duwasir, also known as al-Dousari located in central Saudi Arabia, especially Wadi Al-Dawasir, as well as Eastern Arabia in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Qatar.
Ghamid, large tribe from Al-Bahah Province, Saudi Arabia, mostly settled, but with a small Bedouin section known as Badiyat Ghamid.
al-Hadid, large Bedouin tribe found in Iraq, Syria and Jordan. Now mostly are settled in cities such as Haditha in Iraq, Homs & Hama in Syria, and Amman in Jordan.
al-Howeitat, one of the largest tribes in Jordan, northern Saudi Arabia, and eastern Egypt. The descends from Judham, an ancient north Arabian Qahtanite tribe.
Qahtan, one of the largest tribes in the Arabian Peninsula. The Bedouin portion of the tribe roamed an area extended from the South of Najd to the Southwest of Saudi Arabia.
Al-Dhafeer in Northeast Saudi Arabia, Southern Iraq, and Kuwait.
Mutayr in Central and Eastern Saudi Arabia.
Bani Khalid, some of its clans are Bedouins in Eastern Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Jordan, Egypt and Syria.
Al Murrah are one of the largest and powerful tribes of the Arabian Peninsula covering Southeastern Saudi Arabia, Qatar and United Arab Emirates. The tribe historically roamed the Empty Quarter desert.
Ajman of Eastern Saudi Arabia.
al-Mawasi, a group living on the central Gaza Strip coast.
Ma'qil, a Bedouin tribe of Yemeni origin, located in Morocco, Western Sahara, Mauritania, and west Algeria.
Muzziena tribe in Dahab and South Sinai (Egypt).
Shahran (al-Ariydhah), a very large tribe residing in the area between Bisha, Khamis Mushait and Abha. Al-Arydhah 'wide' is a famous name for Shahran because it has a very large area, in Saudi Arabia.
Shammar, a very large and influential tribe. The Bedouins of this tribe live in Iraq, northern Saudi Arabia, Syria and Jordan. Descended from the ancient tribe of Tayy from Najd.
Subay', Some of the clans of this tribe are bedouins and live in the far south of the Najd region.
Tarabin—one of the largest tribes in Egypt (Sinai) and Israel (Negev).
Tuba-Zangariyye, Israel near the Jordan river cliff in the Eastern Galilee.
Al Wahiba, a large tribe in Oman residing in the Sharqiya Sands, also known as the Wahiba Sands
Al Rashaida is originally a tribe from the Hejaz, but large portions of it have migrated to Eritrea and Eastern Sudan. Although bedouins from other tribes have migrated with them as well, the name has come to refer to all of them.
See also
Arab (etymology)
Ardah
Bedawi Arabic
Ghinnawa
Qedarites
Koheilan
Tribes of Arabia
Tribes of Yemen
Jaghbub
Bedoon, stateless people in some Middle Eastern countries
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Further reading
Asher, Michael (1997). The Last of the Bedu: In Search of the Myth. Penguin Books. ISBN 0140147500.
Bitar, Amer (2020). Bedouin Visual Leadership in the Middle East: The Power of Aesthetics and Practical Implications. Springer Nature. ISBN 9783030573973.
Brous, Devorah. "The 'Uprooting:' Education Void of Indigenous 'Location-Specific' Knowledge, Among Negev Bedouin Arabs in Southern Israel". International Perspectives on Indigenous Education. (Ben Gurion University 2004)
Chatty, D Mobile Pastoralists 1996. Broad introduction to the topic, specific focus on women's issues.
Chatty, Dawn. From Camel to Truck. The Bedouin in the Modern World. New York: Vantage Press. 1986
Cole, Donald P. "Where have the Bedouin gone?" Anthropological Quarterly. Washington: Spring 2003.Vol.76, Iss. 2; pg. 235
Falah, Ghazi. "Israeli State Policy Towards Bedouin Sedentarization in the Negev", Journal of Palestine Studies, 1989 Vol. XVIII, No. 2, pp. 71–91
Falah, Ghazi. "The Spatial Pattern of Bedouin Sedentarization in Israel", GeoJournal, 1985 Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 361–368.
Gardner, Andrew. "The Political Ecology of Bedouin Nomadism in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia". In Political Ecology Across Spaces, Scales and Social Groups, Lisa Gezon and Susan Paulson, eds. Rutgers: Rutgers University Press.
Gardner, Andrew. "The New Calculus of Bedouin Pastoral Nomadism in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia". Human Organization 62 (3): 267–276.
Gardner, Andrew and Timothy Finan. "Navigating Modernization: Bedouin Pastoralism and Climate Information in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia". MIT Electronic Journal of Middle East Studies 4 (Spring): 59–72.
Gardner, Ann. "At Home in South Sinai." Nomadic Peoples 2000.Vol.4, Iss. 2; pp. 48–67. Detailed account of Bedouin women.
Jarvis, Claude Scudamore. Yesterday and To-day in Sinai. Edinburgh/London: W. Blackwood & Sons, 1931; Three Deserts. London: John Murray, 1936; Desert and Delta. London: John Murray, 1938. Sympathetic accounts by a colonial administrator in Sinai.
Lancaster, William. The Rwala Bedouin Today 1981 (Second Edition 1997). Detailed examination of social structures.
S. Leder/B. Streck (ed.): Shifts and Drifts in Nomad-Sedentary Relations. Nomaden und Sesshafte 2 (Wiesbaden 2005)
Lithwick, Harvey. "An Urban Development Strategy for the Negev's Bedouin Community". Center for Bedouin Studies and Development and Negev Center for Regional Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, August 2000
Mohsen, Safia K. The quest for order among Awlad Ali of the Western Desert of Egypt.
Thesiger, Wilfred (1959). Arabian Sands. ISBN 0-14-009514-4 (Penguin paperback). British adventurer lives as and with the Bedu of the Empty Quarter for 5 years
External links
Bedouin travel guide from vacationsinegypt
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bedouins.
Wikisource has the text of The New Student's Reference Work article "Bedouins".
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Ababda
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Awlad Himayd
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Riyah
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Shihuh
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Al-Ansi
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İslâm Ansiklopedisi
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sinai_(997008872701105171.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sinai Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"/ˈbɛduɪn/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"pastorally nomadic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs"},{"link_name":"tribes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conrad1995-17"},{"link_name":"Arabian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dostal1967-18"},{"link_name":"Syrian Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Desert"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-academia.edu-19"},{"link_name":"Arabian Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Desert"},{"link_name":"Arab world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world"},{"link_name":"West Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Asia"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"spread of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_of_Islam"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"sedentary people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedentism"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pietruschka_2006-21"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PM-22"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PM-22"},{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Christian Bedouins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Christians"},{"link_name":"Fertile Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertile_Crescent"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loc.gov-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mariamhotel.com-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encyclopedia.com-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-26"},{"link_name":"Assyrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people"},{"link_name":"nisba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_nouns_and_adjectives#Nisba"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"traditional music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouin_music"},{"link_name":"urbanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanization"},{"link_name":"sword dances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_dance"},{"link_name":"camel riding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel_riding"}],"text":"Ethnic groupBedouins in the Sinai Region, 1967The Bedouin, Beduin, or Bedu (/ˈbɛduɪn/;[16] Arabic: بَدْو, romanized: badū, singular بَدَوِي badawī) are pastorally nomadic Arab tribes[17] who have historically inhabited the desert regions in the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, the Levant, and Mesopotamia (Iraq).[18] The Bedouin originated in the Syrian Desert[19] and Arabian Desert but spread across the rest of the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa after the spread of Islam.[20] The English word bedouin comes from the Arabic badawī, which means \"desert-dweller\", and is traditionally contrasted with ḥāḍir, the term for sedentary people.[21] Bedouin territory stretches from the vast deserts of North Africa to the rocky ones of the Middle East.[22][better source needed] They are sometimes traditionally divided into tribes, or clans (known in Arabic as ʿašāʾir; عَشَائِر or qabāʾil قبائل), and historically share a common culture of herding camels, sheep and goats.[22] The vast majority of Bedouins adhere to Islam, although there are some fewer numbers of Christian Bedouins present in the Fertile Crescent.[23][24][25][26]Bedouins have been referred to by various names throughout history, including Arabaa by the Assyrians (ar-ba-ea) being a nisba of the noun Arab, a name still used for Bedouins today. They are referred to as the ʾAʿrāb (أعراب) in Arabic. While many Bedouins have abandoned their nomadic and tribal traditions for a modern urban lifestyle, others retain traditional Bedouin culture such as the traditional ʿašāʾir clan structure, traditional music, poetry, dances (such as saas), and many other cultural practices and concepts. Some urbanized Bedouins often organise cultural festivals, usually held several times a year, in which they gather with other Bedouins to partake in and learn about various Bedouin traditions—from poetry recitation and traditional sword dances to playing traditional instruments and even classes teaching traditional tent knitting. Traditions like camel riding and camping in the deserts are still popular leisure activities for urban Bedouins who live in close proximity to deserts or other wilderness areas.","title":"Bedouin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"self","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self"},{"link_name":"nuclear family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_family"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_Bedouin_girl_in_Nuweiba_-_Egypt.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nuweiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuweiba"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sheikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"bisha'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisha%27a"},{"link_name":"lie detection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_detection"},{"link_name":"Honor codes of the Bedouin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor_codes_of_the_Bedouin"},{"link_name":"Bedouin systems of justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouin_systems_of_justice"}],"text":"A widely quoted Bedouin apothegm is \"I am against my brother, my brother and I are against my cousin, my cousin and I are against the stranger\"[27] sometimes quoted as \"I and my brother are against my cousin, I and my cousin are against the stranger.\"[28] This saying signifies a hierarchy of loyalties based on the proximity of some person to oneself, beginning with the self, and proceeding through the nuclear family as defined by male kinship, and then, in principle at least, to an entire genetic or linguistic group (which is perceived as akin to kinship in the Middle East and North Africa generally). Disputes are settled, interests are pursued, and justice and order are dispensed and maintained by means of this framework, organized according to an ethic of self-help and collective responsibility (Andersen 14). The individual family unit (known as a tent or \"gio\"[clarification needed] bayt) typically consisted traditionally of three or four adults (a married couple plus siblings or parents) and any number of children.[citation needed]The Bedouins' ethos comprises courage, hospitality, loyalty to family and pride of ancestry. Bedouin tribes were not controlled by a central power, like a government or empire, but rather were led by tribal chiefs. Some chiefs exercised their power from oases, where merchants would organise trade through the territory controlled by the tribe. The structure of Bedouin tribes were held together more so by shared feelings of common ancestry rather than a tribal chief atop the hierarchy.[29]When resources were plentiful, several tents would travel together as a goum. While these groups were sometimes linked by patriarchal lineage, others were just as likely linked by marriage alliances (new wives were especially likely to have close male relatives join them). Sometimes, the association was based on acquaintance and familiarity, or even no clearly defined relation except for simple shared membership within a tribe.[citation needed]A Bedouin girl in Nuweiba, Egypt (2015)The next scale of interaction within groups was the ibn ʿamm (cousin, or literally \"son of paternal uncle\") or descent group, commonly of three to five generations. These were often linked to goums, but where a goum would generally consist of people all with the same herd type, descent groups were frequently split up over several economic activities, thus allowing a degree of 'risk management'; should one group of members of a descent group suffer economically, the other members of the descent group would be able to support them. Whilst the phrase \"descent group\" suggests purely a lineage-based arrangement, in reality these groups were fluid and adapted their genealogies to take in new members.[citation needed]The largest scale of tribal interactions is the tribe as a whole, led by a Sheikh (Arabic: شيخ šayḫ, literally, \"old man\"), though the title refers to leaders in varying contexts. The tribe often claims descent from one common ancestor—as mentioned above. The tribal level is the level that mediated between the Bedouin and the outside governments and organizations. Distinct structure of the Bedouin society leads to long-lasting rivalries between different clans.[citation needed]Bedouin traditionally had strong honor codes, and traditional systems of justice dispensation in Bedouin society typically revolved around such codes. The bisha'a, or ordeal by fire, is a well-known Bedouin practice of lie detection. See also: Honor codes of the Bedouin, Bedouin systems of justice.","title":"Society"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bedouin_warrior.jpg"}],"text":"A Bedouin warrior, pictured between 1898 and 1914","title":"Traditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tent_making.jpg"},{"link_name":"Livestock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestock"},{"link_name":"herding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herding"},{"link_name":"sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep"},{"link_name":"dromedary camels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dromedary"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faorapid-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faorapid-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNESCO-camel-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"religious festivals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_festival"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"arid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arid"},{"link_name":"transhumance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumance"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-34"}],"sub_title":"Herding","text":"Weaving lengths of fabric for tent making using ground loom. Palestine, c. 1900Livestock and herding, principally of goats, sheep and dromedary camels comprised the traditional livelihoods of Bedouins. These were used for meat, dairy products, and wool.[30] Most of the staple foods that made up the Bedouins' diet were dairy products.[30]Camels, in particular, had numerous cultural and functional uses. Having been regarded as a \"gift from God\", they were the main food source and method of transportation for many Bedouins.[31] In addition to their extraordinary milking potentials under harsh desert conditions, their meat was occasionally consumed by Bedouins.[32] As a cultural tradition, camel races were organized during celebratory occasions, such as weddings or religious festivals.[33]Some Bedouin societies live in arid regions. In areas where rainfall is very unpredictable, a camp will be moved irregularly, depending on the availability of green pasture. Where winter rainfall is more predictable in regions further south, some Bedouin people plant grain along their migration routes. This proves a resource for the livestock throughout the winter. In regions such as western Africa, where there is more predictable rainfall, the Bedouin practice transhumance. They plant crops near permanent homes in the valleys where there is more rain and move their livestock to the highland pastures.[34]","title":"Traditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oral poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_poetry"},{"link_name":"social control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_control"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"nabati poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabati"},{"link_name":"vernacular dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"Arabic poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_poetry"},{"link_name":"Modern Standard Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic"}],"sub_title":"Oral poetry","text":"Oral poetry is the most popular art form among Bedouins. Having a poet in one's tribe was highly regarded in society. In addition to serving as a form of art, poetry was used as a means of conveying information and social control.[35] Bedouin poetry, also known as nabati poetry, is often recited in the vernacular dialect. In contrast, the more common forms of Arabic poetry are often in Modern Standard Arabic.","title":"Traditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"raiding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razzia_(military)#Etymology"},{"link_name":"ghazw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)#Ghazw_as_raid%E2%80%94razzia"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Raiding or ghazw","text":"The well-regulated traditional habit of Bedouin tribes of raiding other tribes, caravans, or settlements is known in Arabic as ghazw.[36]","title":"Traditions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sehname-i_Selim_Han_68a.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tahmasp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahmasp_I"},{"link_name":"Hejaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejaz"},{"link_name":"steppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-34"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Ibn Battuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta"},{"link_name":"Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_City"},{"link_name":"Qatya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katia,_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Sinai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Early Medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Medieval"},{"link_name":"standardizing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language"},{"link_name":"Classical Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Arabic"},{"link_name":"Arabophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabophone"},{"link_name":"most conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_(language)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holes12-40"}],"sub_title":"Early history","text":"Murder of Ma'sum Beg, the envoy of the Safavid Shah Tahmasp, by Bedouins in the Hejaz, 16th centuryHistorically, the Bedouin engaged in nomadic herding, agriculture and sometimes fishing in the Syrian steppe since 6000 BCE. By about 850 BCE, a complex network of settlements and camps was established. The earliest Arab tribes emerged from Bedouins.[34]By the time of the Roman Empire's establishment, the Bedouin national identity had been established and they were recognizable as a single people with often warring \"families, clans, and tribes\".[37] A major source of income for this people was the taxation of caravans, and tributes collected from non-Bedouin settlements. They also earned income by transporting goods and people in caravans pulled by domesticated camels across the desert.[38] Scarcity of water and of permanent pastoral land required them to move constantly.The Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta reported that in 1326 on the route to Gaza, the Egyptian authorities had a customs post at Qatya on the north coast of Sinai. Here Bedouin were being used to guard the road and track down those trying to cross the border without permission.[39]The Early Medieval grammarians and scholars seeking to develop a system of standardizing the contemporary Classical Arabic for maximal intelligibility across the Arabophone areas, believed that the Bedouin spoke the purest, most conservative variety of the language. To solve irregularities of pronunciation, the Bedouin were asked to recite certain poems, whereafter consensus was relied on to decide the pronunciation and spelling of a given word.[40]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bedouin_woman_(1898_-_1914).jpg"},{"link_name":"Arab Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Christian"},{"link_name":"Kerak, Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Karak"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loc.gov-23"},{"link_name":"plunder and massacre of the Hajj caravan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1757_Hajj_caravan_raid"},{"link_name":"Bani Sakhr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beni_Sakhr"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Tanzimat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Land Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzimat"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Tapu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapu_(Ottoman_history)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Abdülhamid II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BClhamid_II"},{"link_name":"Circassians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassians"},{"link_name":"Balkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan"},{"link_name":"Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frantzman-47"},{"link_name":"effendis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effendi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tribes_West.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ottoman empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_empire"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"sedentarization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedentarization"},{"link_name":"Negev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frantzman-47"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Ottomans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"T. E. Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._E._Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Tarabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarabin_bedouin"},{"link_name":"raid on the Suez Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_the_Suez_Canal"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Orientalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_studies"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurt-50"},{"link_name":"Emanuel Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Marx"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Qays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qays"},{"link_name":"Harran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harran"},{"link_name":"Urfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urfa"},{"link_name":"Lüleburgaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCleburgaz"},{"link_name":"East Thrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Thrace"},{"link_name":"Sheikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh"},{"link_name":"Tihamah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tihamah"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Ottoman period","text":"Arab Christian Bedouin woman from the settled town of Kerak, Jordan, who probably was the wife of a sheikh. Braids were predominantly worn by Arab Christian Bedouin women of the tribes of Jordan.[23]A plunder and massacre of the Hajj caravan by Bedouin tribesmen occurred in 1757, led by Qa'dan Al - Fayez of the Bani Sakhr tribe (Modern-day Jordan) in his vengeance against the Ottomans for failing to pay his tribe for their help protecting the pilgrims. An estimated 20,000 pilgrims were either killed in the raid or died of hunger or thirst as a result including relatives of the Sultan and Musa Pasha. Although Bedouin raids on Hajj caravans were fairly common, the 1757 raid represented the peak of such attacks which was also likely prompted by the major drought of 1756.[41][42][43][44][45]Under the Tanzimat reforms in 1858, a new Ottoman Land Law was issued, which offered legal grounds for the displacement of the Bedouin (Turkish: Bedeviler). As the Ottoman Empire gradually lost power, this law instituted an unprecedented land registration process that was also meant to boost the empire's tax base. Few Bedouin opted to register their lands with the Ottoman Tapu, due to lack of enforcement by the Ottomans, illiteracy, refusal to pay taxes and lack of relevance of written documentation of ownership to the Bedouin way of life at that time.[46]At the end of the 19th century, Sultan Abdülhamid II settled Muslim populations (Circassians) from the Balkan and Caucasus among areas predominantly populated by the nomads in the regions of modern Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Israel, and also created several permanent Bedouin settlements, although the majority of them did not remain. The settlement of non Arabs in the traditionally Bedouin areas was a big cause of discontent. This became even severe because every Arab tribe, including the settled ones, have ancestry as a Bedouin.[47]Ottoman authorities also initiated private acquisition of large plots of state land offered by the sultan to the absentee landowners (effendis). Numerous tenants were brought in order to cultivate the newly acquired lands. Often it came at the expense of the Bedouin lands.Palestine Exploration Fund list of Bedouin tribes living West of the River Jordan in 1875.In the late 19th century, many Bedouin began transition to a semi-nomadic lifestyle. One of the factors was the influence of the Ottoman empire authorities[48] who started a forced sedentarization of the Bedouin living on its territory. The Ottoman authorities viewed the Bedouin as a threat to the state's control and worked hard on establishing law and order in the Negev.[47] During the First World War, the Negev Bedouin initially fought with the Ottomans against the British. However, under the influence of British agent T. E. Lawrence, the Bedouins switched side and fought against the Ottomans. Hamad Pasha al-Sufi (died 1923), Sheikh of the Nijmat sub-tribe of the Tarabin, led a force of 1,500 men who joined the Ottoman raid on the Suez Canal.[49]In Orientalist historiography, the Negev Bedouin have been described as remaining largely unaffected by changes in the outside world until recently. Their society was often considered a \"world without time\".[50] Recent scholars have challenged the notion of the Bedouin as 'fossilized,' or 'stagnant' reflections of an unchanging desert culture. Emanuel Marx has shown that Bedouin were engaged in a constantly dynamic reciprocal relation with urban centers.[51] Bedouin scholar Michael Meeker explains that \"the city was to be found in their midst.\"[52]At the time of World War I, a Qays Bedouin tribe from Harran, not far from Urfa, settled in Lüleburgaz in East Thrace under their last Sheikh Salih Abdullah. It is said that this tribe was originally from Tihamah.[53]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bedoe%C3%AFnen_met_hun_schapen,_Bestanddeelnr_255-6075.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ghazzu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_(military)#Bedouin_ghazzu"},{"link_name":"Mithqal Al-Fayez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithqal_Al_Fayez"},{"link_name":"Bani Sakher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_Sakher"},{"link_name":"William Seabrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Seabrook"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Chatty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_Chatty"},{"link_name":"doves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dove"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"falconry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falconry"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"In the 20th century","text":"Bedouins in Syria in the 1950sGhazzu was still relevant to the Bedouin lifestyle in the early 20th century. After a 1925 stay with Sheikh Mithqal Al-Fayez of the Bani Sakher, William Seabrook wrote about his experience of a ghazzu from the Sardieh tribe on Mithqal's 500 Hejin racing camels. The ghazzu was intercepted by Mithqal when he was notified about the Sardieh tribe's intentions from a man from the Bani Hassan tribe, who rode continuously for over 30 hours to reach Mithqal before their plot matured. Mithqal, using the information, prepared a trap for them, which resulted in the imprisonment of one of the Sardieh warriors. William notes that although the warrior was a prisoner, he was nonchalant and was not treated aggressively, and that the ghazzu wasn't a war, but a game in which camels and goats were the prizes.[54]In the 1950s and 1960s, large numbers of Bedouin throughout Midwest Asia started to leave the traditional, nomadic life to settle in the cities of Midwest Asia, especially as hot ranges shrank and populations grew. For example, in Syria, the Bedouin way of life effectively ended during a severe drought from 1958 to 1961, which forced many Bedouin to abandon herding for standard jobs.[55][56] Similarly, governmental policies in Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Iraq, Tunisia, oil-producing Arab states of the Persian Gulf and Libya,[57][58] as well as a desire for improved standards of living, effectively led most Bedouin to become settled citizens of various nations, rather than stateless nomadic herders.Governmental policies pressing the Bedouin have in some cases been executed in an attempt to provide service (schools, health care, law enforcement and so on—see Chatty 1986 for examples), but in others have been based on the desire to seize land traditionally roved and controlled by the Bedouin. In recent years, some Bedouin have adopted the pastime of raising and breeding white doves,[59] while others have rejuvenated the traditional practice of falconry.[60][61]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In different countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bedouin_Riyadh,_Saudi_Arabia,_1964.jpg"},{"link_name":"Riyadh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyadh"},{"link_name":"Arabian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Qahtanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qahtanites"},{"link_name":"Yaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaman_(tribal_group)"},{"link_name":"Joktan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joktan"},{"link_name":"Adnanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adnani_Arabs"},{"link_name":"Qays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qays"},{"link_name":"Adnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adnan"},{"link_name":"Ishmael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishmael"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bedouin_family-Wahiba_Sands.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wahiba Sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahiba_Sands"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman"},{"link_name":"Anazzah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anazzah"},{"link_name":"Juhaynah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juhaynah"},{"link_name":"Shammar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shammar"},{"link_name":"al-Murrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Murrah"},{"link_name":"Mahra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehri_people"},{"link_name":"Dawasir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawasir"},{"link_name":"Harb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harb_tribe"},{"link_name":"Ghamid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghamid"},{"link_name":"Mutayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutayr"},{"link_name":"Subay'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subay%27"},{"link_name":"'Utayba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Utayba"},{"link_name":"Bani khalid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_khalid"},{"link_name":"Qahtan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qahtan_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Rashaida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashaida"},{"link_name":"Banu Yam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Yam"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ikhwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikhwan"},{"link_name":"Ali Al-Naimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Al-Naimi"},{"link_name":"Arabian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Hofuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofuf"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ali-63"}],"sub_title":"Saudi Arabia","text":"Bedouin man in Riyadh, 1964.The Arabian Peninsula was one of the original homes of the Bedouin. From there, they started to spread out to surrounding deserts, forced out by the lack of water and food. According to tradition, Arabian Bedouin tribes are descendants of two groups: Qahtanis, also known as Yaman, who originate from the mountains of Southwestern Arabia, and claim descent from a semi-legendary ancestral figure, Qahtan (often linked to the biblical Joktan), and Adnanis, also known as Qays, who originate in North-Central Arabia and claimed descent from Adnan, a descendant of the Biblical Ishmael.[62]A Bedouin family in Wahiba Sands, Oman.A number of Bedouin tribes reside in Saudi Arabia. Among them are Anazzah, Juhaynah, Shammar, al-Murrah, Mahra, Dawasir, Harb, Ghamid, Mutayr, Subay', 'Utayba, Bani khalid, Qahtan, Rashaida, and Banu Yam. In Arabia and the adjacent deserts there are around 100 large tribes of 1,000 members or more.[citation needed] Some tribes number up to 20,000 and a few of the larger tribes may have up to 100,000 members.[citation needed] Inside Saudi Arabia the Bedouin remained the majority of the population during the first half of the 20th century.[citation needed] Saudi Arabia pursued a policy of sedentarization in the early 20th century, which was initially linked with the establishment of the Ikhwan. As a result of this policy and subsequent modernization, the number of bedouin that retain their nomadic lifestyle has decreased rapidly.According to Ali Al-Naimi, the Bedouin, or Bedu, would travel in family and tribal groups, across the Arabian Peninsula in groups of fifty to a hundred. A clan was composed of a number of families, while a number of clans formed a tribe. Tribes would have areas reserved for their livestock called dirahs, which included wells for their exclusive use. They lived in black goat-hair tents called bayt al-shar, divided by cloth curtains into rug-floor areas for males, family and cooking. In Hofuf, they bartered their sheep, goats and camels, including milk and wool, for grain and other staples. Al-Naimi also quotes Paul Harrison's observation of the Bedouin, \"There seems to be no limit at all to their endurance.\"[63]","title":"In different countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syrian_Bedouin_Kahlil_Sarkees_with_family,1893_World%27s_Columbian_Exposition.jpg"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-academia.edu-19"},{"link_name":"Neo-Assyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian"},{"link_name":"Tiglath-Pileser III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Ruwallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwallah"},{"link_name":"'Anizzah'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anazzah"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Ba'ath Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"al-Assad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Assad"},{"link_name":"Muslim Brotherhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood"},{"link_name":"1982 Hama massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Hama_massacre"},{"link_name":"Hafez al-Assad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad"},{"link_name":"Syrian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"Syria","text":"Syrian bedouin, 1893The Syrian Desert was the original homeland of the Arab Bedouin tribes[19] which have been mentioned as far back as the Neo-Assyrian era where they're referred to by Tiglath-Pileser III as being among the Syrians integrated into the Assyrian administrative system.[64] Today there are over a million Bedouin living in Syria, making a living herding sheep and goats.[65] The largest Bedouin clan in Syria is called Ruwallah who are part of the 'Anizzah' tribe. Another famous branch of the Anizzah tribe is the two distinct groups of Hasana and S'baa who largely arrived from the Arabian peninsula in the 18th century.[66]Herding among the Bedouin was common until the late 1950s, when it effectively ended during a severe drought from 1958 to 1961. Due to the drought, many Bedouin were forced to give up herding for standard jobs.[67] [better source needed] Another factor was the formal annulling of the Bedouin tribes' legal status in Syrian law in 1958, along with attempts of the ruling Ba'ath Party regime to wipe out tribalism. Preferences for customary law ('urf) in contrast to state law (qanun) have been informally acknowledged and tolerated by the state in order to avoid having its authority tested in the tribal territories.[68] In 1982 the al-Assad family turned to the Bedouin tribe leaders for assistance during the Muslim Brotherhood uprising against al-Assad government (see 1982 Hama massacre). The Bedouin sheikhs' decision to support Hafez al-Assad led to a change in attitude on the part of the government that permitted the Bedouin leadership to manage and transform critical state development efforts supporting their own status, customs and leadership.As a result of the Syrian Civil War, some Bedouins became refugees and found shelter in Jordan,[69] Turkey, Lebanon, and other states.","title":"In different countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bedouin_tribes_West_bank.gif"},{"link_name":"Palestinian Bedouins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Bedouins"},{"link_name":"Negev Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev_Desert"},{"link_name":"1948 Palestine war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Palestine_war"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unoptbedouins-12"},{"link_name":"West Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minorityrights-palestine-70"},{"link_name":"Area C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_C_(West_Bank)"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minorityrights-palestine-70"},{"link_name":"Negev Bedouins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev_Bedouins"},{"link_name":"Israeli citizens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_citizenship_law"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minorityrights-palestine-70"},{"link_name":"Israeli settlements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_settlement"},{"link_name":"East Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minorityrights-palestine-70"},{"link_name":"Gaza strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_strip"},{"link_name":"Om al-Nasr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om_al-Nasr"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"sub_title":"Palestine","text":"Bedouin tribes in the West BankPalestinian Bedouins were originally from the Negev Desert. In the course of the 1948 Palestine war, they fled or were displaced from their land.[12] Other Bedouins were expelled from the Negev in 1953 and had relocated to the West Bank, which at the time belonged to Jordan.[70] Today, there are 40,000 Bedouins in the whole of the West Bank, including 27,000 people under Israeli military control in Area C.[70] Unlike Negev Bedouins, West Bank Bedouins are not Israeli citizens.[70] Bedouin communities in the West bank have been targeted with forcible relocations to townships to accommodate the growth of illegal Israeli settlements on the outskirts of East Jerusalem.[70] Bedouins also live in the Gaza strip, including 5,000 in Om al-Nasr.[71] However, the number of nomadic Bedouins is shrinking and many are now settled.[72]","title":"In different countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Israeli Bedouin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Bedouin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bedouin_squatter_compound.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Bedouin_Scouts_On_The_Track_(11).jpg"},{"link_name":"Israel Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"Israeli Declaration of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Negev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev"},{"link_name":"Encyclopedia Judaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Judaica"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bedouin_Demographics-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Galilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee"},{"link_name":"Jezreel Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezreel_Valley"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jvl2020-76"},{"link_name":"Galilee Bedouins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee_Bedouins"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Tiaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiyaha_bedouin"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"'Azazme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Azazme"},{"link_name":"Jahalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahalin_Bedouin"},{"link_name":"Negev Bedouins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev_Bedouins"},{"link_name":"Jahalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahalin_Bedouin"},{"link_name":"Tel Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Arad"},{"link_name":"Emanuel Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Marx"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"E1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E1_(Jerusalem)"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22Bedouin_Wedding_Procession%22_in_the_Jerusalem_section_of_the_Pike_at_the_1904_World%27s_Fair.jpg"},{"link_name":"1904 World's Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_World%27s_Fair"},{"link_name":"Israel Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Dead Sea Scrolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls"},{"link_name":"Judean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judean"},{"link_name":"caves of Qumran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qumran"},{"link_name":"Tel as-Sabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_as-Sabi"},{"link_name":"Rahat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahat"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Hura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hura"},{"link_name":"urban areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"unrecognized villages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrecognized_Bedouin_villages_in_Israel"},{"link_name":"natural reserves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_reserve"},{"link_name":"landfills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Badawit_naqib.jpg"},{"link_name":"Negev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev"},{"link_name":"government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Abu Basma Regional Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Basma_Regional_Council"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Interior Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Ministry_of_Interior"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Idan HaNegev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idan_HaNegev"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"economic development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_development"},{"link_name":"Prawer plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawer_Commission"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prawer-89"},{"link_name":"townships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Yair Shamir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yair_Shamir"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_the_Coordination_of_Humanitarian_Affairs"},{"link_name":"United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNRWA"},{"link_name":"West Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"}],"sub_title":"Israel","text":"See also: Israeli BedouinBedouin encampment in the Negev DesertBedouin soldiers in the Israel Defense ForcesPrior to the 1948 Israeli Declaration of Independence, an estimated 65,000–90,000 Bedouins lived in the Negev desert. According to Encyclopedia Judaica, 15,000 Bedouin remained in the Negev after 1948; other sources put the number as low as 11,000.[73] Another source states that in 1999 110,000 Bedouins lived in the Negev, 50,000 in the Galilee and 10,000 in the central region of Israel.[74] All of the Bedouins residing in Israel were granted Israeli citizenship in 1954.[75]As of 2020, there are 210,000 Bedouins in Israel: 150,000 in the Negev, 50,000 in Galilee and the Jezreel Valley, and 10,000 in the central region of Israel.[76]Galilee Bedouins have been living in the northern part of Israel for four centuries. Today, they live in 28 settlements in the north. They also live in mixed villages with other non-Bedouin Arabs.[77]The Bedouin who remained in the Negev belonged to the Tiaha confederation[78] as well as some smaller groups such as the 'Azazme and the Jahalin. After 1948, some Negev Bedouins were displaced. The Jahalin tribe, for instance, lived in the Tel Arad region of the Negev prior to the 1950s. In the early 1950s, the Jahalin were among the tribes that, according to Emanuel Marx, \"moved or were removed by the military government\".[79] They ended up in the so-called E1 area East of Jerusalem.Bedouin wedding procession in the Jerusalem section of the pike at the 1904 World's Fair.About 1,600 Bedouin serve as volunteers in the Israel Defense Forces, many as trackers in the IDF's elite tracking units.[80]Famously, Bedouin shepherds were the first to discover the Dead Sea Scrolls, a collection of Jewish texts from antiquity, in the Judean caves of Qumran in 1946. Of great religious, cultural, historical and linguistic significance, 972 texts were found over the following decade, many of which were discovered by Bedouins. Successive Israeli administrations tried to demolish Bedouins villages in the Negev. Between 1967 and 1989, Israel built seven legal townships in the north-east of the Negev, with Tel as-Sabi or Tel Sheva the first. The largest, city of Rahat, has a population of over 58,700 (as of December 2013);[81] as such it is the largest Bedouin settlement in the world. Another well-known township out of the seven of them that the Israeli government built, is Hura. According to the Israel Land Administration (2007), some 60 per cent of the Negev Bedouin live in urban areas.[82] The rest live in so-called unrecognized villages, which are not officially recognized by the state due to general planning issues and other political reasons. They were built chaotically without taking into consideration local infrastructure. These communities are scattered all over the Northern Negev and often are situated in inappropriate places, such as military fire zones, natural reserves, landfills, etc.A Negev Bedouin man.On 29 September 2003, Israeli government adapted a new \"Abu Basma Plan\" (Resolution 881), according to which a new regional council was formed, unifying a number of unrecognized Bedouin settlements—Abu Basma Regional Council.[83] This resolution also regarded the need to establish seven new Bedouin settlements in the Negev,[84] literally meaning the official recognition of unrecognized settlements, providing them with a municipal status and consequently with all the basic services and infrastructure. The council was established by the Interior Ministry on 28 January 2004.[85]Israel is currently building or enlarging some 13 towns and cities in the Negev. According to the general planning, all of them will be fully equipped with the relevant infrastructure: schools, medical clinics, postal offices, etc. and they also will have electricity, running water and waste control. Several new industrial zones meant to fight unemployment are planned, some are already being constructed, like Idan HaNegev in the suburbs of Rahat.[86] It will have a hospital and a new campus inside.[87] The Bedouins of Israel receive free education and medical services from the state. They are allotted child cash benefits, which has contributed to the high birth rate among the Bedouin [citation needed] of 5% per year.[88] But unemployment rate remains very high, and few obtain a high school degree (4%), and even fewer graduate from university (0.6%).[citation needed]In September 2011, the Israeli government approved a five-year economic development plan called the Prawer plan.[89] One of its implications is a relocation of some 30.000-40.000 Negev Bedouin from areas not recognized by the government to government-approved townships.[90][91] In a 2012 resolution the European Parliament called for the withdrawal of the Prawer plan and respect for the rights of the Bedouin people.[92] In September 2014, Yair Shamir, who heads the Israeli government's ministerial committee on Bedouin resettlement arrangements, stated that the government was examining ways to lower the birthrate of the Bedouin community in order to improve its standard of living. Shamir claimed that without intervention, the Bedouin population could exceed half a million by 2035.[93][94]In May 2015, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees have combined forces. Both organizations called on Israel to stop its plans to relocate Bedouin communities currently living in the West Bank to land outside of Jerusalem for better access to infrastructure, health, and education. Officials stated that a \"forcible transfer\" of over 7000 Bedouin people would \"destroy their culture and livelihoods.\"[95]","title":"In different countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bedouinnasserwadirum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wadi Rum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_Rum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jordanian_Bedouin_Christians_1904_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Madaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madaba"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNHCR-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Bani Ṣakher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_Sakher"},{"link_name":"Banū al-Ḥuwayṭāt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howeitat"},{"link_name":"Wadi Rum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_Rum"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Wadi Musa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_Musa"},{"link_name":"Bedul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedul"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"Nabataean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabataeans"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:42-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:322-104"},{"link_name":"Abdullah II of Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan"},{"link_name":"main highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_15_(Jordan)"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNHCR-97"},{"link_name":"Arab Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring"},{"link_name":"Hashemites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashemites"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"}],"sub_title":"Jordan","text":"A young Bedouin lighting a camp fire in Wadi Rum, JordanA significant percentage of Jordanian Christians are ethnically Bedouin, the picture shows a Bedouin Christian family from Madaba in 1904Most of the Bedouin tribes migrated from the Arabian Peninsula to what is Jordan today between the 14th and 18th centuries.[96] They are often referred to as a backbone of the Kingdom,[97][98] since Bedouin clans traditionally support the monarchy.[99]Most of Jordan's Bedouin live in the vast wasteland that extends east from the Desert Highway.[100] The eastern Bedouin are camel breeders and herders, while the western Bedouin herd sheep and goats. Some Bedouin in Jordan are semi-nomads, they adopt a nomadic existence during part of the year but return to their lands and homes in time to practice agriculture.The largest nomadic groups of Jordan are the Bani Hasan (Mafraq, Zarqa, Jarash, Ajloun and parts of Amman) Bani Ṣakher (Amman and Madaba) Banū Laith (Petra), and Banū al-Ḥuwayṭāt (they reside in Wadi Rum).[citation needed] There are numerous lesser groups, such as the al-Sirḥān, Banū Khālid, Hawazim, ʿAṭiyyah, and Sharafāt. The Ruwālah (Rwala) tribe, which is not indigenous, passes through Jordan in its yearly wandering from Syria to Saudi Arabia.[101] The region encompassing Wadi Musa and Petra is inhabited by the prominent Liyathnah tribe alongside the smaller Bedul community, believed to have Jewish or Nabataean ancestry.[102][103][104]The Jordanian government provides the Bedouin with different services such as education, housing and health clinics. However, some Bedouins give it up and prefer their traditional nomadic lifestyle.In the recent years, there is a growing discontent of the Bedouin with the ruling monarch Abdullah II of Jordan. In August 2007, police clashed with some 200 Bedouins who were blocking the main highway between Amman and the port of Aqaba. Livestock herders were protesting the government's lack of support in the face of the steeply rising cost of animal feed and expressed resentment about government assistance to refugees.[97]Arab Spring events in 2011 led to demonstrations in Jordan, and Bedouins took part in them. But the Hashemites did not see a revolt similar to turbulence in other Arab states. The main reasons for that are the high respect to the monarch and contradictory interests of different groups of the Jordanian society. The King Abdullah II maintains his distance from the complaints by allowing blame to fall on government ministers, whom he replaces at will.[105]","title":"In different countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Les_dunes_de_Merzouga_(Une_caravane_de_chameaux_).jpg"},{"link_name":"Merzouga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merzouga"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chief_of_Mascara.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mascara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascara,_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Banu Hilal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Hilal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bedouins_in_Libya.tif"},{"link_name":"tent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tent"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"Arab migration to the Maghreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_migration_to_the_Maghreb"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceC-106"},{"link_name":"Banu Hilal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Hilal"},{"link_name":"Banu Sulaym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Sulaym"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceC-106"},{"link_name":"Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile"},{"link_name":"Red Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea"},{"link_name":"Ma'qil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqil"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceC-106"},{"link_name":"Zirid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Fatimid Caliphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Banu Hilal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Hilal"},{"link_name":"Banu Sulaym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Sulaym"},{"link_name":"nomadic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad"},{"link_name":"Hejaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejaz"},{"link_name":"Najd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najd"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-107"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceC-106"},{"link_name":"Ma'qil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqil"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceC-106"},{"link_name":"Ibn Khaldun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun"},{"link_name":"Battle of Haydaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Haydaran"},{"link_name":"Arab culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_culture"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-107"},{"link_name":"Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-108"},{"link_name":"al-Mahdiyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdia"},{"link_name":"Hammadid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Zenata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenata"},{"link_name":"Arabization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabization"},{"link_name":"Maghreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghreb"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-107"},{"link_name":"desertified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desertification"},{"link_name":"Sirat Bani Hilal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirat_Bani_Hilal"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-107"},{"link_name":"Nile river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile"},{"link_name":"Al-Mu'izz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_ibn_Badis"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-109"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beduin_mothers_carrying_their_children_on_their_shoulders.jpg"},{"link_name":"Félix Bonfils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Bonfils"},{"link_name":"Berber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berbers"},{"link_name":"Kairouan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairouan"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-110"},{"link_name":"Zirids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirids"},{"link_name":"Kairouan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairouan"},{"link_name":"Ifriqiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifriqiya"},{"link_name":"Banu Hilal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Hilal"},{"link_name":"Banu Sulaym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Sulaym"},{"link_name":"Constantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Qal'a of Banu Hammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beni_Hammad_Fort"},{"link_name":"Kairouan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairouan"},{"link_name":"Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers"},{"link_name":"Oran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran"},{"link_name":"Moulouya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulouya"},{"link_name":"Doukkala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doukkala"},{"link_name":"Caliph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohads"},{"link_name":"Marrakesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakesh"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-110"},{"link_name":"Ibn Khaldun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-110"},{"link_name":"Zenata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenata"},{"link_name":"Kabyles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabyle_people"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"sedentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedentary_lifestyle"},{"link_name":"Almohads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-109"},{"link_name":"Ma'qilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqil"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pp77-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-114"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Tuat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuat"},{"link_name":"Beni Hassan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beni_%E1%B8%A4ass%C4%81n"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:05-115"},{"link_name":"Sanhaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhaja"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:05-115"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:05-115"},{"link_name":"Char Bouba War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Char_Bouba_war"},{"link_name":"Western Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara"},{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania"},{"link_name":"Sahrawi people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahrawis"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:222-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Awlad Sidi Shaykh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awlad_Sidi_Shaykh"},{"link_name":"Ouled Nail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouled_Na%C3%AFl"},{"link_name":"Chaamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaamba"},{"link_name":"Doui-Menia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doui-Menia"},{"link_name":"Hamyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamyan"},{"link_name":"Algerian Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_Desert"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Maghrebi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Maghreb"},{"link_name":"Hilalian dialects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilalian_dialects"},{"link_name":"High Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hautes_Plaines"},{"link_name":"Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_Desert"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Tunisian Sahel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel,_Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Tripolitania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripolitania"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tme-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barkat-122"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Casablanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca"},{"link_name":"Koinés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koin%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Oran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran"},{"link_name":"Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceC-106"}],"sub_title":"Maghreb","text":"Bedouin near Merzouga, Morocco.Commander and Amir of Mascara in Algeria, Banu Hilal.A group of Bedouins with their tent in Libya, 1950sThe Arab migration to the Maghreb had been a centuries-long process that continuously occurred since the 7th century. The initial waves of migration from the 7th to the 10th centuries mostly involved sedentary Arabs who established communities in cities, towns and surrounding rural areas. However, the Arab migrations from the 11th to the 15th centuries involved a significant influx of a great amount of nomadic Bedouin tribes to the region.[106]In the 11th century, the Bedouin tribes of Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym, who originated from central and north Arabia respectively,[106] living at the time in a desert between the Nile and the Red Sea, moved westward into the Maghreb areas and were joined by the Bedouin tribe of Ma'qil, which had its roots in South Arabia, as well as other Arab tribes.[106]The 11th century witnessed the most significant wave of Arab migration, surpassing all previous movements. This event unfolded when the Zirid dynasty of Ifriqiya proclaimed its independence from the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt. In retribution against the Zirids, the Fatimids dispatched large Bedouin Arab tribes, mainly the Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym, to defeat the Zirids and settle in the Maghreb. These tribes followed a nomadic lifestyle and were originally from the Hejaz and Najd.[107][106] They were later joined by the Bedouin tribe of Ma'qil, which had its roots in South Arabia, as well as other Arab tribes.[106]According to Ibn Khaldun, they were accompanied by their wives, children and stock. They settled in the Maghreb after repeatedly fighting battles against the Berbers, such as the Battle of Haydaran. They heavily transformed the culture of the Maghreb into Arab culture, and spread nomadism in areas where agriculture was previously dominant.[107] It played a major role in spreading Bedouin Arabic to rural areas such as the countryside and steppes, and as far as the southern areas near the Sahara.[108] In addition, they destroyed the Berber Zirid state and most of its cities, sparing only the Mediterranean coastal strip at al-Mahdiyya, and deeply weakened the neighboring Hammadid dynasty and the Zenata. Their influx was a major factor in the linguistic, cultural, genetic and ethnic Arabization of the Maghreb.[107] According to Ibn Khaldun, the lands ravaged by Banu Hilal invaders had become desertified and turned into completely arid desert. The journey of Banu Hilal is recounted in the Arabic oral poem of Sirat Bani Hilal.[107]To persuade the Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym to migrate to the Maghreb, the Fatimid caliph gave each tribesman a camel and money and helped them cross from the east to the west bank of the Nile river. The severe drought in Egypt at the time also persuaded these tribes to migrate to the Maghreb, which had a better economic situation at the time. The Fatimid caliph instructed them to rule the Maghreb instead of the Zirid emir Al-Mu'izz and told them \"I have given you the Maghrib and the rule of al-Mu'izz ibn Balkīn as-Sanhājī the runaway slave. You will want for nothing.\" and told Al-Mu'izz \"I have sent you horses and put brave men on them so that God might accomplish a matter already enacted\".[109]Bedouin mothers carrying their children on their shoulders. Hand-coloured print of a late 19th century black-and-white photo taken by French photographer Félix Bonfils.Berber armies were defeated in trying to protect the walls of Kairouan.[110] The Zirids abandoned Kairouan to take refuge on the coast where they survived for a century. Ifriqiya, the Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym spread is on the high plains of Constantine where they gradually choked the Qal'a of Banu Hammad, as they had done Kairouan few decades ago. From there, they gradually gained the upper Algiers and Oran plains, some were taken to the Moulouya valley and in Doukkala plains by the Caliph of Marrakesh in the second half of the 12th century.[110] Ibn Khaldun, a Muslim historian wrote: \"Similar to an army of locusts, they destroy everything in their path.\"[110] As Arab nomads spread, the territories of the local Berber tribes were moved and shrank. The Zenata were pushed to the west and the Kabyles were pushed to the north. The Berbers took refuge in the mountains whereas the plains were Arabized.[111] The arrival of the Banu Hilal, followed by the Banu Sulaym in the 12th century, broke the balance between nomads and sedentary populations in favor of the nomads. For strategic reasons, the Almohads gave over the Atlantic plains of the western Maghreb to them.[112]Sources estimated that the total number of Arab nomads who migrated to the Maghreb only in the 11th century was at around 1 million Arabs.[109]The Ma'qilis also entered the Maghreb during this wave of Arabian tribal immigration in the 11th century. They later allied with the Banu Hilal and entered under their protection.[113] They adapted to the climatic desert conditions of the Maghreb, discovering the same way of life as in the Arabian Peninsula.[114] In the 13th century, they occupied southern Algeria and dominated the oases of Tuat and Gourara. For some authors, at this point, the Maqil group had already disintegrated into different populations in the Maghreb and had given rise to the Beni Hassan along with other related groups.[115] The Beni Hassan expanded southwest and occupied Sanhaja lands in the 13th century after invading and defeating the Berber confederation.[115] The Sanhaja has long had to pay tribute to the nomadic Bedouin Hassani invaders.[115] This took place during the Char Bouba War in modern-day Western Sahara and Mauritania from 1644 to 1674, which after decades of confrontations ended up completely Arabizing the native Berber population, destroying their language and culture and giving rise to the contemporary Sahrawi people.[116][117][118] Harry Norris noted \"the Moorish Sahara is the western extremity of the Arab World. Western it certainly is, some districts further west than Ireland, yet in its way of life, its culture, its literature and in many of its social customs, it has much in common with the heart lands of the Arab East, in particular with the Hijaz and Najd and parts of the Yemen\".[119]These Bedouin tribes emerged into several contemporary sub-tribes. The most well known Bedouin tribes in Algeria include Awlad Sidi Shaykh, Ouled Nail, Chaamba, Doui-Menia and Hamyan, who primarily live in the Algerian Desert.[120]The Maghrebi Bedouin dialects, often called Hilalian dialects, are used in the regions of Morocco Atlantic Coast, in regions of High Plains and Sahara in Algeria, in regions of Tunisian Sahel and in regions of Tripolitania. The Bedouin dialects has four major varieties:[121][122]Sulaym dialects, Libya and southern Tunisia;\nEastern Hilal dialects, central Tunisia and eastern Algeria;\nCentral Hilal dialects, south and central Algeria, especially in border areas of Sahara;\nWestern Hilal dialects, Atlantic plains of western Morocco\nMaqil dialects, western Algeria and Morocco;In Morocco, Bedouin Arabic dialects are spoken in plains and in recently founded cities such as Casablanca. Thus, the city Arabic dialect shares with the Bedouin dialects gal 'to say' (qala); they also represent the bulk of modern urban dialects (Koinés), such as those of Oran and Algiers.[106]","title":"In different countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bedouins_making_bread.jpg"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Sinai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Matruh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrouh_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Red Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Sharqia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharqia_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Suez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez"},{"link_name":"Ismailia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismailia"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNE-123"},{"link_name":"Sharm el-Sheikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharm_el-Sheikh"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNE-123"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNE-123"},{"link_name":"African labour workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_immigration_from_Africa_to_Israel"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BenDavid-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Revolution of 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"}],"sub_title":"Egypt","text":"Bedouins making bread in Egypt.Bedouins in Egypt mostly reside in the Sinai peninsula, Matruh, Red Sea governate, eastern parts of Sharqia governate, Suez, Ismailia and in the suburbs of the Egyptian capital of Cairo.[123] The past few decades have been difficult for traditional Bedouin culture due to changing surroundings and the establishment of new resort towns on the Red Sea coast, such as Sharm el-Sheikh. Bedouins in Egypt are facing a number of challenges: the erosion of traditional values, unemployment, and various land issues. With urbanization and new education opportunities, Bedouins started to marry outside their tribe, a practice that once was completely inappropriate.[123]Bedouins living in the Sinai peninsula did not benefit much from employment in the initial construction boom due to low wages offered. Sudanese and Egyptian workers were brought there as construction labourers instead. When the tourist industry started to bloom, local Bedouins increasingly moved into new service positions such as cab drivers, tour guides, campgrounds or cafe managers. However, the competition is very high, and many Sinai Bedouins are unemployed. Since there are not enough employment opportunities, Tarabin Bedouins, as well as other Bedouin tribes living along the border between Egypt and Israel, are involved in inter-border smuggling of drugs and weapons,[123] as well as infiltration of prostitutes and African labour workers.In most countries in the Middle East, the Bedouin have no land rights, only users' privileges,[124] and it is especially true for Egypt. Since the mid-1980s, the Bedouins who held desirable coastal property have lost control of much of their land as it was sold by the Egyptian government to hotel operators. The Egyptian government did not see the land as belonging to Bedouin tribes, but rather as state property.In the summer of 1999, the latest dispossession of the land took place when the army bulldozed Bedouin-run tourist campgrounds north of Nuweiba as part of the final phase of hotel development in the sector, overseen by the Tourist Development Agency (TDA). The director of the Tourist Development Agency dismissed Bedouin rights to most of the land, saying that they had not lived on the coast prior to 1982. Their traditional semi-nomadic culture has left Bedouins vulnerable to such claims.[125]The Egyptian Revolution of 2011 brought more freedom to the Sinai Bedouin, but since it was deeply involved in drug smuggling into Gaza after a number of terror attacks on the Egypt-Israel border a new Egyptian government has started a military operation in Sinai in the summer-fall of 2012. The Egyptian army has demolished over 120 tunnels leading from Egypt to Gaza that were used as smuggling channels and gave profit to the Bedouin families on the Egyptian side, as well as the Palestinian clans on the other side of the border. Thus the army has delivered a threatening message to local Bedouin, compelling them to cooperate with state troops and officials. After negotiations, the military campaign ended up with a new agreement between the Bedouin and Egyptian authorities.[126]","title":"In different countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bedouin_map.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syrian_Bedouin_Shepherd.jpg"},{"link_name":"Syrian Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Desert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bedouins_on_Horseback.tif"},{"link_name":"horseback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseback"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bedouin_Camp_1_by_Tom_And_Linda_Anderson_3841041338.jpg"},{"link_name":"Otaibah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otaibah"},{"link_name":"Najd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najd"},{"link_name":"Hijaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejaz"},{"link_name":"Arabian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Harb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harb_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Arabian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Beni Sakher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beni_Sakhr"},{"link_name":"Al-Fayez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Fayez"},{"link_name":"Hashemites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashemites"},{"link_name":"Banu Hilal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Hilal"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"Najd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najd"},{"link_name":"Taghribat Bani Hilal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taghribat_Bani_Hilal"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-127"},{"link_name":"Banu Sulaym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Sulaym"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"'Anizzah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Anizzah"},{"link_name":"Syrian steppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_steppe"},{"link_name":"Bekaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekaa"},{"link_name":"Azazima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azazima"},{"link_name":"Negev desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev_desert"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Beni Hamida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_Hamida"},{"link_name":"Banu Yam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Yam"},{"link_name":"Najran Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najran_Province"},{"link_name":"Dulaim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulaim"},{"link_name":"Al Anbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Anbar"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Samaritans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritans"},{"link_name":"al-Duwasir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Duwasir"},{"link_name":"Wadi Al-Dawasir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_Al-Dawasir"},{"link_name":"Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Ghamid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghamid"},{"link_name":"Al-Bahah Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Bahah_Province"},{"link_name":"al-Hadid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hadid"},{"link_name":"Howeitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howeitat"},{"link_name":"Judham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banu_Judham"},{"link_name":"Qahtan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qahtan"},{"link_name":"Al-Dhafeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Dhafeer"},{"link_name":"Mutayr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutayr"},{"link_name":"Bani Khalid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bani_Khalid"},{"link_name":"Al Murrah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Murrah"},{"link_name":"Empty Quarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_Quarter"},{"link_name":"Ajman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajman_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"al-Mawasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mawasi"},{"link_name":"Gaza Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"Ma'qil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqil"},{"link_name":"Muzziena tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzziena_tribe"},{"link_name":"Dahab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahab"},{"link_name":"Shahran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahran"},{"link_name":"Shammar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shammar"},{"link_name":"Tayy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayy"},{"link_name":"Najd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najd"},{"link_name":"Subay'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subay%27"},{"link_name":"Tarabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarabin_bedouin"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Sinai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_peninsula"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Negev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev"},{"link_name":"Tuba-Zangariyye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba-Zangariyye"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Jordan river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_river"},{"link_name":"Galilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee"},{"link_name":"Al Wahiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al_Wahiba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sharqiya Sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharqiya_Sands"},{"link_name":"Al Rashaida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashaida_people"}],"text":"Map of the Bedouin tribes in 1908There are a number of Bedouin tribes, but the total population is often difficult to determine, especially as many Bedouin have ceased to lead nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyles. Below is a partial list of Bedouin tribes and their historic place of origin.Bedouin shepherd in Syrian DesertBedouins on horseback, 1950sBedouin camp in Saudi Arabia in the 1970sOtaibah, located in Najd and Hijaz, found mainly in the Arabian Peninsula in Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates.\nHarb, located in the Arabian Peninsula.\nBeni Sakher, located in Jordan, Egypt, Syria, and Iraq. Families in the tribe such as the Al-Fayez, Al-Zaben, Al Hgeish, Al-Jboor, and the Al-Khreisheh represent the tribe in Jordan and wield significant political power in the country after the Hashemites. There are other families that are smaller in size including Al-Mteirat, Al-Hamed, Al-Badarin, and Al-Othman.\nBanu Hilal, located in Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya. The tribe originated in Najd, but migrated in the 11th century to North Africa in what is famously known as Taghribat Bani Hilal.[127]\nBanu Sulaym, located in Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco and Syria.[127][128]\n'Anizzah, some of the clans of this tribe are Bedouins, they live in northern Saudi Arabia, western Iraq, the Gulf states, Syrian steppe and in Bekaa.\n'Azazima, Negev desert and Egypt.\nBeni Hamida, east of Dead Sea, Jordan.\nBanu Yam centered in Najran Province, Saudi Arabia and Iraq and is divided into Bedouins and urban\nDulaim, a very large and powerful tribe in Al Anbar, Western Iraq.\nal-Amad (alAmad, Al Amad, Al-Amad family) of al-Umdah clan (\"The Mayors Tribe\"), one of the smaller yet prominent tribes of the Arabian Peninsula. Mostly scattered across Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Palestine and United Arab Emirates. This tribe is also associated with Samaritan[129] ancestry (Samaritans).\nal-Abadi \"Abadi clan\" mostly based in Jordan. Very well respected across the country with influential positions in the Army and national services.\nal-Duwasir, also known as al-Dousari located in central Saudi Arabia, especially Wadi Al-Dawasir, as well as Eastern Arabia in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Qatar.\nGhamid, large tribe from Al-Bahah Province, Saudi Arabia, mostly settled, but with a small Bedouin section known as Badiyat Ghamid.\nal-Hadid, large Bedouin tribe found in Iraq, Syria and Jordan. Now mostly are settled in cities such as Haditha in Iraq, Homs & Hama in Syria, and Amman in Jordan.\nal-Howeitat, one of the largest tribes in Jordan, northern Saudi Arabia, and eastern Egypt. The descends from Judham, an ancient north Arabian Qahtanite tribe.\nQahtan, one of the largest tribes in the Arabian Peninsula. The Bedouin portion of the tribe roamed an area extended from the South of Najd to the Southwest of Saudi Arabia.\nAl-Dhafeer in Northeast Saudi Arabia, Southern Iraq, and Kuwait.\nMutayr in Central and Eastern Saudi Arabia.\nBani Khalid, some of its clans are Bedouins in Eastern Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Jordan, Egypt and Syria.\nAl Murrah are one of the largest and powerful tribes of the Arabian Peninsula covering Southeastern Saudi Arabia, Qatar and United Arab Emirates. The tribe historically roamed the Empty Quarter desert.\nAjman of Eastern Saudi Arabia.\nal-Mawasi, a group living on the central Gaza Strip coast.\nMa'qil, a Bedouin tribe of Yemeni origin, located in Morocco, Western Sahara, Mauritania, and west Algeria.\nMuzziena tribe in Dahab and South Sinai (Egypt).\nShahran (al-Ariydhah), a very large tribe residing in the area between Bisha, Khamis Mushait and Abha. Al-Arydhah 'wide' is a famous name for Shahran because it has a very large area, in Saudi Arabia.\nShammar, a very large and influential tribe. The Bedouins of this tribe live in Iraq, northern Saudi Arabia, Syria and Jordan. Descended from the ancient tribe of Tayy from Najd.\nSubay', Some of the clans of this tribe are bedouins and live in the far south of the Najd region.\nTarabin—one of the largest tribes in Egypt (Sinai) and Israel (Negev).\nTuba-Zangariyye, Israel near the Jordan river cliff in the Eastern Galilee.\nAl Wahiba, a large tribe in Oman residing in the Sharqiya Sands, also known as the Wahiba Sands\nAl Rashaida is originally a tribe from the Hejaz, but large portions of it have migrated to Eritrea and Eastern Sudan. Although bedouins from other tribes have migrated with them as well, the name has come to refer to all of them.","title":"Tribes and populations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asher, Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Asher_(explorer)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0140147500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140147500"},{"link_name":"Bedouin Visual Leadership in the Middle East: The Power of Aesthetics and Practical Implications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=X4oBEAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"Springer Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Nature"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9783030573973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030573973"},{"link_name":"\"The 'Uprooting:' Education Void of Indigenous 'Location-Specific' Knowledge, Among Negev Bedouin Arabs in Southern Israel\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070715192513/http://bustan.org/Intl%20Perspectives%20on%20Indigenous%20Ed%20-%20Brous.pdf"},{"link_name":"Chatty, D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_Chatty"},{"link_name":"Chatty, Dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_Chatty"},{"link_name":"Jarvis, Claude Scudamore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Scudamore_Jarvis"},{"link_name":"Lancaster, William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lancaster_(anthropologist)"},{"link_name":"Thesiger, Wilfred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Thesiger"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-14-009514-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-009514-4"},{"link_name":"Empty Quarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_Quarter"}],"text":"Asher, Michael (1997). The Last of the Bedu: In Search of the Myth. Penguin Books. ISBN 0140147500.\nBitar, Amer (2020). Bedouin Visual Leadership in the Middle East: The Power of Aesthetics and Practical Implications. Springer Nature. ISBN 9783030573973.\nBrous, Devorah. \"The 'Uprooting:' Education Void of Indigenous 'Location-Specific' Knowledge, Among Negev Bedouin Arabs in Southern Israel\". International Perspectives on Indigenous Education. (Ben Gurion University 2004)\nChatty, D Mobile Pastoralists 1996. Broad introduction to the topic, specific focus on women's issues.\nChatty, Dawn. From Camel to Truck. The Bedouin in the Modern World. New York: Vantage Press. 1986\nCole, Donald P. \"Where have the Bedouin gone?\" Anthropological Quarterly. Washington: Spring 2003.Vol.76, Iss. 2; pg. 235\nFalah, Ghazi. \"Israeli State Policy Towards Bedouin Sedentarization in the Negev\", Journal of Palestine Studies, 1989 Vol. XVIII, No. 2, pp. 71–91\nFalah, Ghazi. \"The Spatial Pattern of Bedouin Sedentarization in Israel\", GeoJournal, 1985 Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 361–368.\nGardner, Andrew. \"The Political Ecology of Bedouin Nomadism in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia\". In Political Ecology Across Spaces, Scales and Social Groups, Lisa Gezon and Susan Paulson, eds. Rutgers: Rutgers University Press.\nGardner, Andrew. \"The New Calculus of Bedouin Pastoral Nomadism in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia\". Human Organization 62 (3): 267–276.\nGardner, Andrew and Timothy Finan. \"Navigating Modernization: Bedouin Pastoralism and Climate Information in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia\". MIT Electronic Journal of Middle East Studies 4 (Spring): 59–72.\nGardner, Ann. \"At Home in South Sinai.\" Nomadic Peoples 2000.Vol.4, Iss. 2; pp. 48–67. Detailed account of Bedouin women.\nJarvis, Claude Scudamore. Yesterday and To-day in Sinai. Edinburgh/London: W. Blackwood & Sons, 1931; Three Deserts. London: John Murray, 1936; Desert and Delta. London: John Murray, 1938. Sympathetic accounts by a colonial administrator in Sinai.\nLancaster, William. The Rwala Bedouin Today 1981 (Second Edition 1997). Detailed examination of social structures.\nS. Leder/B. Streck (ed.): Shifts and Drifts in Nomad-Sedentary Relations. Nomaden und Sesshafte 2 (Wiesbaden 2005)\nLithwick, Harvey. \"An Urban Development Strategy for the Negev's Bedouin Community\". Center for Bedouin Studies and Development and Negev Center for Regional Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, August 2000\nMohsen, Safia K. The quest for order among Awlad Ali of the Western Desert of Egypt.\nThesiger, Wilfred (1959). Arabian Sands. ISBN 0-14-009514-4 (Penguin paperback). British adventurer lives as and with the Bedu of the Empty Quarter for 5 years","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Bedouins in the Sinai Region, 1967","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sinai_%28997008872701105171.jpg/220px-Sinai_%28997008872701105171.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Bedouin girl in Nuweiba, Egypt (2015)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/A_Bedouin_girl_in_Nuweiba_-_Egypt.jpg/220px-A_Bedouin_girl_in_Nuweiba_-_Egypt.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Bedouin warrior, pictured between 1898 and 1914","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bedouin_warrior.jpg/220px-Bedouin_warrior.jpg"},{"image_text":"Weaving lengths of fabric for tent making using ground loom. Palestine, c. 1900","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Tent_making.jpg/220px-Tent_making.jpg"},{"image_text":"Murder of Ma'sum Beg, the envoy of the Safavid Shah Tahmasp, by Bedouins in the Hejaz, 16th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sehname-i_Selim_Han_68a.jpg/220px-Sehname-i_Selim_Han_68a.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arab Christian Bedouin woman from the settled town of Kerak, Jordan, who probably was the wife of a sheikh. Braids were predominantly worn by Arab Christian Bedouin women of the tribes of Jordan.[23]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Bedouin_woman_%281898_-_1914%29.jpg/220px-Bedouin_woman_%281898_-_1914%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Palestine Exploration Fund list of Bedouin tribes living West of the River Jordan in 1875.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Tribes_West.jpg/220px-Tribes_West.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bedouins in Syria in the 1950s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bedoe%C3%AFnen_met_hun_schapen%2C_Bestanddeelnr_255-6075.jpg/220px-Bedoe%C3%AFnen_met_hun_schapen%2C_Bestanddeelnr_255-6075.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bedouin man in Riyadh, 1964.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bedouin_Riyadh%2C_Saudi_Arabia%2C_1964.jpg/170px-Bedouin_Riyadh%2C_Saudi_Arabia%2C_1964.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Bedouin family in Wahiba Sands, Oman.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bedouin_family-Wahiba_Sands.jpg/220px-Bedouin_family-Wahiba_Sands.jpg"},{"image_text":"Syrian bedouin, 1893","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Syrian_Bedouin_Kahlil_Sarkees_with_family%2C1893_World%27s_Columbian_Exposition.jpg/220px-Syrian_Bedouin_Kahlil_Sarkees_with_family%2C1893_World%27s_Columbian_Exposition.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bedouin tribes in the West Bank","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bedouin_tribes_West_bank.gif/220px-Bedouin_tribes_West_bank.gif"},{"image_text":"Bedouin encampment in the Negev Desert","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bedouin_squatter_compound.png/220px-Bedouin_squatter_compound.png"},{"image_text":"Bedouin soldiers in the Israel Defense Forces","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Bedouin_Scouts_On_The_Track_%2811%29.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Bedouin_Scouts_On_The_Track_%2811%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bedouin wedding procession in the Jerusalem section of the pike at the 1904 World's Fair.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%22Bedouin_Wedding_Procession%22_in_the_Jerusalem_section_of_the_Pike_at_the_1904_World%27s_Fair.jpg/220px-%22Bedouin_Wedding_Procession%22_in_the_Jerusalem_section_of_the_Pike_at_the_1904_World%27s_Fair.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Negev Bedouin man.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Badawit_naqib.jpg/220px-Badawit_naqib.jpg"},{"image_text":"A young Bedouin lighting a camp fire in Wadi Rum, Jordan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bedouinnasserwadirum.jpg/220px-Bedouinnasserwadirum.jpg"},{"image_text":"A significant percentage of Jordanian Christians are ethnically Bedouin, the picture shows a Bedouin Christian family from Madaba in 1904","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Jordanian_Bedouin_Christians_1904_2.jpg/220px-Jordanian_Bedouin_Christians_1904_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bedouin near Merzouga, Morocco.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Les_dunes_de_Merzouga_%28Une_caravane_de_chameaux_%29.jpg/220px-Les_dunes_de_Merzouga_%28Une_caravane_de_chameaux_%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Commander and Amir of Mascara in Algeria, Banu Hilal.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Chief_of_Mascara.jpg/220px-Chief_of_Mascara.jpg"},{"image_text":"A group of Bedouins with their tent in Libya, 1950s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bedouins_in_Libya.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Bedouins_in_Libya.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bedouin mothers carrying their children on their shoulders. Hand-coloured print of a late 19th century black-and-white photo taken by French photographer Félix Bonfils.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Beduin_mothers_carrying_their_children_on_their_shoulders.jpg/220px-Beduin_mothers_carrying_their_children_on_their_shoulders.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bedouins making bread in Egypt.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bedouins_making_bread.jpg/220px-Bedouins_making_bread.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of the Bedouin tribes in 1908","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bedouin_map.jpg/220px-Bedouin_map.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bedouin shepherd in Syrian Desert","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Syrian_Bedouin_Shepherd.jpg/220px-Syrian_Bedouin_Shepherd.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bedouins on horseback, 1950s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Bedouins_on_Horseback.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Bedouins_on_Horseback.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bedouin camp in Saudi Arabia in the 1970s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bedouin_Camp_1_by_Tom_And_Linda_Anderson_3841041338.jpg/220px-Bedouin_Camp_1_by_Tom_And_Linda_Anderson_3841041338.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Arab (etymology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_(etymology)"},{"title":"Ardah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardah"},{"title":"Bedawi Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedawi_Arabic"},{"title":"Ghinnawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghinnawa"},{"title":"Qedarites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qedarites"},{"title":"Koheilan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koheilan"},{"title":"Tribes of Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribes_of_Arabia"},{"title":"Tribes of Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribes_of_Yemen"},{"title":"Jaghbub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaghbub"},{"title":"Bedoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedoon"}]
|
[{"reference":"Suwaed, Muhammad (2015). Historical Dictionary of the Bedouins. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 10. ISBN 9781442254510. Retrieved 23 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=P8yhCgAAQBAJ&q=25+million","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of the Bedouins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442254510","url_text":"9781442254510"}]},{"reference":"\"Algeria | Flag, Capital, Population, Map, & Language | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 7 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Algeria","url_text":"\"Algeria | Flag, Capital, Population, Map, & Language | Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iraqi Census To Focus On Bedouin\". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 14 May 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rferl.org/a/Iraqi_Census_Takers_To_Focus_On_Bedouin/2041952.html","url_text":"\"Iraqi Census To Focus On Bedouin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet the Bedouins: Jordan's desert-dwelling nomads\". Topics. Archived from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 7 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221007173523/https://www.sbs.com.au/topics/voices/culture/article/2016/11/23/meet-bedouins-jordans-desert-dwelling-nomads","url_text":"\"Meet the Bedouins: Jordan's desert-dwelling nomads\""},{"url":"https://www.sbs.com.au/topics/voices/culture/article/2016/11/23/meet-bedouins-jordans-desert-dwelling-nomads","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Sahel Bedouin of Tunisia\". www.prayway.com. Retrieved 7 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prayway.com/unreached/peoplegroups1/54.html","url_text":"\"The Sahel Bedouin of Tunisia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tunisia | History, Map, Flag, Population, & Facts | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 7 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/place/Tunisia","url_text":"\"Tunisia | History, Map, Flag, Population, & Facts | Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"Chatty, Dawn (2013). \"Syria's Bedouin enter the fray: how tribes could keep Syria together\". Foreign Affairs.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/publications/syrias-bedouin-enter-the-fray-how-tribes-could-keep-syria-together","url_text":"\"Syria's Bedouin enter the fray: how tribes could keep Syria together\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bedouins in Oman\". www.canvascluboman.com. Retrieved 9 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canvascluboman.com/blog/bedouins-in-oman","url_text":"\"Bedouins in Oman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bedouins in the occupied Palestinian territory - UNDP report\". Question of Palestine. Retrieved 1 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-195392/","url_text":"\"Bedouins in the occupied Palestinian territory - UNDP report\""}]},{"reference":"Marzouq, Thamer Abdullah (2017). \"BLOWING OFF THE DUST: TOWARDS SALVAGING THE FORGOTTEN MEHRI TONGUE IN SAUDI ARABIA\". Annual Review of Education, Communication, and Language Sciences. 14: 106. Retrieved 13 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324761977","url_text":"\"BLOWING OFF THE DUST: TOWARDS SALVAGING THE FORGOTTEN MEHRI TONGUE IN SAUDI ARABIA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bedouins of the Empty Quarter\". Matt Reichel.","urls":[{"url":"https://mattreichel.com/work/bedouins-of-the-empty-quarter","url_text":"\"Bedouins of the Empty Quarter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bedouin\". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182226/https://www.lexico.com/definition/bedouin","url_text":"\"Bedouin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexico","url_text":"Lexico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"http://www.lexico.com/definition/Bedouin","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Conrad, Lawrence I.; Jabbur, Suhayl J., eds. (1995). The Bedouins and the Desert: Aspects of Nomadic Life in the Arab East. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791428528.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Conrad","url_text":"Conrad, Lawrence I."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York","url_text":"Albany, New York"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUNY_Press","url_text":"SUNY Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791428528","url_text":"9780791428528"}]},{"reference":"Dostal, Walter (1967). Die Beduinen in Südarabien. Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jallad, Ahmad (2020). \"Al-Jallad. A Manual of the Historical Grammar of Arabic\". Academia.edu.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/38100372","url_text":"\"Al-Jallad. A Manual of the Historical Grammar of Arabic\""}]},{"reference":"Hays, Pamela A.; Iwamasa, Gayle (2006). Culturally Responsive Cognitive-behavioral Therapy: Assessment, Practice, and Supervision. American Psychological Association. p. 147. ISBN 978-1-59147-360-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sBcpAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Culturally Responsive Cognitive-behavioral Therapy: Assessment, Practice, and Supervision"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59147-360-2","url_text":"978-1-59147-360-2"}]},{"reference":"Pietruschka, Ute (2006). \"Bedouin\". In McAuliffe, Jane Dammen (ed.). Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. Brill. doi:10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00046.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00046","url_text":"10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00046"}]},{"reference":"Malcolm, Peter; Losleben, Elizabeth (2004). Libya. Marshall Cavendish. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-7614-1702-6. 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The Nomadic alternative: Modes and models of interaction in the African-Asian deserts and steppes. Moulton. p. 59. ISBN 978-0202900537. Retrieved 23 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JRyqfpi5BKcC&q=My+brother+and+Ime+against+my+cousin,+and+my+cousin+and+Ime+against+the+stranger.%22&pg=PA59","url_text":"\"Ecology and politics of Middle Eastern politics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0202900537","url_text":"978-0202900537"}]},{"reference":"Naguib, Nefissa (2009). Women, Water and Memory: Recasting Lives in Palestine. Brill. p. 79. ISBN 978-9004167780. 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Retrieved 31 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/y0600m/y0600m06.htm","url_text":"\"Rapid lifestyle, diet and health changes among urban Bedouin Arabs of southern Israel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization","url_text":"Food and Agriculture Organization"}]},{"reference":"Breulmann, Marc; Böer, Benno; Wernery, Ulrich; Wernery, Renate; El Shaer, Hassan; Alhadrami, Ghaleb; Gallacher, David; Peacock, John; Chaudhary, Shaukat Ali; Brown, Gary & Norton, John. \"The Camel From Tradition to Modern Times\" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 31 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002240/224033e.pdf","url_text":"\"The Camel From Tradition to Modern Times\""}]},{"reference":"Chatty, Dawn (2009). Culture Summary: Bedouin. Human Relations Area Files.","urls":[{"url":"https://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/document?id=mj04-000","url_text":"Culture Summary: Bedouin"}]},{"reference":"Meisami, Julie Scott; Starkey, Paul (1998). Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature. Routledge. p. 147. ISBN 978-0415571135.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sx1bqgibKhQC&pg=PA147","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415571135","url_text":"978-0415571135"}]},{"reference":"Pearson, Patricia O'Connell; Holdren, John (May 2021). World History: Our Human Story. Versailles, Kentucky: Sheridan Kentucky. p. 255. ISBN 978-1-60153-123-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60153-123-0","url_text":"978-1-60153-123-0"}]},{"reference":"Beckerleg, Susan. \"Hidden History, Secret Present: The Origins and Status of African Palestinians\". London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"http://members.tripod.com/~yajaffar/african.html","url_text":"\"Hidden History, Secret Present: The Origins and Status of African Palestinians\""}]},{"reference":"Ibn Battuta (1929). Travels in Asia and Africa. 1325–1354. Delhi: Low Price Publications. p. 54. ISBN 81-7536-174-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Battuta","url_text":"Ibn Battuta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7536-174-3","url_text":"81-7536-174-3"}]},{"reference":"Holes, Clive (2004). Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions and Varieties (Revised ed.). Washington DC: Georgetown University Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-58901-022-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/modernarabicstru00cliv","url_text":"Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions and Varieties"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/modernarabicstru00cliv/page/n15","url_text":"12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58901-022-2","url_text":"978-1-58901-022-2"}]},{"reference":"Cohen, Amnon (1973). Palestine in the 18th century: Patterns of Government and Administration. Magnes Press. ISBN 9780196479033.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hwyDAAAAIAAJ&q=1757+bedouin","url_text":"Palestine in the 18th century: Patterns of Government and Administration"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780196479033","url_text":"9780196479033"}]},{"reference":"Abu-Rabia, Aref (2001). A Bedouin Century: Education and Development Among the Negev Tribes in the 20th Century. Berghahn Books. ISBN 9781571818324.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kEJKW1IaynwC&q=1757+famous+Hajj&pg=PA2","url_text":"A Bedouin Century: Education and Development Among the Negev Tribes in the 20th Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781571818324","url_text":"9781571818324"}]},{"reference":"Burns, Ross (2005). Damascus: A History. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-27105-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1_bQTrpf62cC&q=damascus","url_text":"Damascus: A History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-27105-3","url_text":"0-415-27105-3"}]},{"reference":"Al-Damurdashi, Ahmad D. (1991). Abd al-Wahhāb Bakr Muḥammad (ed.). Al-Damurdashi's Chronicle of Egypt, 1688–1755. BRILL. ISBN 9789004094086.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nnOHEYxc6PwC&q=Amir+al+hajj&pg=PA20","url_text":"Al-Damurdashi's Chronicle of Egypt, 1688–1755"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004094086","url_text":"9789004094086"}]},{"reference":"Joudah, Ahmad Hasan (1987). Revolt in Palestine in the Eighteenth Century: The Era of Shaykh Zahir Al-ʻUmar. Kingston Press. ISBN 9780940670112.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zQAdAAAAMAAJ&q=dayr+hanna","url_text":"Revolt in Palestine in the Eighteenth Century: The Era of Shaykh Zahir Al-ʻUmar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780940670112","url_text":"9780940670112"}]},{"reference":"Shafir, Gershon (1989). Land, Labor and the Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict 1882–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-52135-300-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52135-300-7","url_text":"978-0-52135-300-7"}]},{"reference":"Frantzman, Seth J.; Kark, Ruth (2011). \"Bedouin Settlement in Late Ottoman and British Mandatory Palestine: Influence on the Cultural and Environmental Landscape, 1870–1948\". New Middle Eastern Studies. 1 (1). British Society for Middle East Studies. doi:10.29311/nmes.v1i0.2600.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.29311%2Fnmes.v1i0.2600","url_text":"\"Bedouin Settlement in Late Ottoman and British Mandatory Palestine: Influence on the Cultural and Environmental Landscape, 1870–1948\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Society_for_Middle_East_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"British Society for Middle East Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.29311%2Fnmes.v1i0.2600","url_text":"10.29311/nmes.v1i0.2600"}]},{"reference":"Magness, Jodi (2003). The Archaeology of the Early Islamic Settlement in Palestine. Eisenbrauns. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-57506-070-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GYrPd2H1cjcC&q=bedouin+negev+sedentarization+ottoman&pg=PA82","url_text":"The Archaeology of the Early Islamic Settlement in Palestine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-070-5","url_text":"978-1-57506-070-5"}]},{"reference":"Hillelson, S. (October 1937). \"Notes on the Bedouin Tribes of Beersheba District\". Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 69 (4). Palestine Exploration Fund: 242–252. doi:10.1179/peq.1937.69.4.242.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Exploration_Fund","url_text":"Palestine Exploration Fund"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fpeq.1937.69.4.242","url_text":"10.1179/peq.1937.69.4.242"}]},{"reference":"Goering, Kurt (1979). \"Israel and the Bedouin of the Negev\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Debenham
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Gilbert Debenham
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["1 Background and reputation","2 Early career","3 Career under Edward IV","4 Treason","5 Family","6 References"]
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For others of this name, see Gilbert Debenham (disambiguation).
English knight
Sir Gilbert Debenham Jnr.Born1432Little Wenham, Suffolk, EnglandDied1500 (aged 67-68)NationalityEnglishOccupation(s)Knight, PoliticianKnown forLord Chancellor of Ireland
Sir Gilbert Debenham (junior) (1432–1500) was an English knight, politician and soldier who served briefly as Lord Chancellor of Ireland. Although, like his father before him, he had a notorious reputation for lawlessness, he flourished in the reign of King Edward IV, due in part to his loyalty to Edward during the great political crisis of the years 1469–71. Under Henry VII he was attainted for treason and spent his last years in prison. He figures prominently in the Paston Letters.
Background and reputation
Little Wenham, Church of St Lawrence
He was born at Little Wenham in Suffolk, son of Sir Gilbert Debenham senior (c.1404–1481) who was justice of the peace, High Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk for 1427, Member of Parliament and steward to the Mowbray Dukes of Norfolk. He was the fourth of four successive Gilbert Debenhams. He was the grandson of Gilbert Debenham, MP who died in 1417.
Historians in general have little good to say of either of the Debenhams, father or son. They have been called a "pair of thorough-going villains", with a reputation for "violent and thuggish behaviour", although the son's reputation was perhaps somewhat better than that of his father, who was accused of corrupting the town governments of Ipswich and Colchester for his own profit. Edward IV's biographer notes that there were many similar characters in fifteenth-century England, and that in return for their support the King was prepared to tolerate a degree of lawless conduct on their part. Only when the younger Gilbert crossed the line into overt treason did a later King, Henry VII, bring him down.
Early career
Like his father, the younger Gilbert was in the service of John Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk. He also obtained a royal office, the Clerk of the Market, in 1461. He sat in the House of Commons as MP for Ipswich 1455–56 and was knighted about 1461.
From 1465 onwards the Debenhams were in violent conflict with the Paston family over possession of Caldecott Hall, near Fritton in Suffolk. In September 1465 Gilbert junior tried to seize the manor but failed. He and John Paston junior both began raising private armies to fight the matter out, but the Duke of Norfolk, whom they both served, intervened and bound them to keep the peace.
In 1469 the Duke of Norfolk himself turned against the Pastons, and laid claim to Caister Castle (which the Pastons had inherited from Sir John Fastolf). Norfolk took the castle after a long siege in which at least one man died. Debenham fought on Norfolk's side, although he does not seem to have played a leading part in the siege. His relations with the Pastons improved somewhat in the next decade, and in 1477 John Paston married Gilbert's niece Margery Brewes.
Caister Castle
Career under Edward IV
During the brief Lancastrian restoration known as the Readeption of Henry VI, Gilbert remained loyal to Edward IV. He went with him into exile, and in March 1471, as Edward attempted to re-invade England, Gilbert was entrusted with the task of reporting whether it would be safe to land in Norfolk, and advised rightly that it would not be. After Edward's triumph he was made one of the King's carvers and a justice of the peace.
In 1473-4, partly in response to pleas from the Parliament of Ireland, Edward IV made one of his intermittent efforts to assert his authority over Ireland. Debenham was appointed Lord Chancellor and sent to Ireland to restore order, with a troop of four hundred men. Despite his strong personality and undoubted political skills, he was no more successful than most English statesmen of the time in the admittedly onerous task of governing Ireland. He had returned to England by 1476, when he is heard of in the Marshalsea prison, having presumably been imprisoned there for debt. He was soon released from prison. He played a prominent part in organizing Edward's funeral, and his career continued to flourish under Richard III.
Treason
After the downfall of the House of York in 1485, the new King Henry VII at first was prepared to use Debenham's services: he was pardoned for his adherence to Richard III in 1488, and sent to Ireland again as constable of Carrickfergus Castle in 1491; he also received the office of Keeper of the Royal mines in Ireland.
In February 1495 Sir William Stanley (who had won the Battle of Bosworth for the Tudor dynasty) was executed for supporting the claim to the throne of the pretender Perkin Warbeck, largely on the evidence of Sir Robert Clifford, who named Debenham as one of Stanley's co-conspirators. Debenham was condemned to death for treason. His life was spared but he remained in prison until 1499, when his sister Elizabeth Brewes, in return for paying a large fine, obtained a pardon for her brother and a promise that the attainder would be reversed. Gilbert died in 1500 but Elizabeth's son Robert later succeeded in having the attainder lifted.
Family
About 1469 he married Katherine Plumpton, widow of William, 6th Baron Zouche; she died about 1472 without issue. His sister Elizabeth married Sir Thomas Brewes, High Sheriff of Suffolk. In addition to their son Robert, who was his uncle Gilbert's heir, they had several daughters, of whom the best known is Margery, whose Valentines to her future husband John Paston appear to be the first surviving examples of Valentines in the English language.
References
^ Ball, F. Elrington The Judges in Ireland 1221–1921 John Murray London 1926 Vol. 1 p. 184
^ History of Parliament Online: DEBENHAM, Gilbert (d.1417), of Alburgh, Norf. and Great and Little Wenham, Suff., accessed November 2018.
^ Mercer, Malcolm The Medieval Gentry – Power, Leadership and Choice during the Wars of the Roses 2010 Continuum Publishing p.81
^ Ross, Charles Edward IV Eyre Methuen Ltd. 1974 p. 410
^ Ross p.411
^ Ball p.184
^ Davies, Norman The Paston Letters- a Selection in Modern Spelling Oxford University Press 1983 p.142
^ Davies p.233
^ Ross p.161
^ Otway-Ruthven, A.J. A History of Medieval Ireland Reissued Barnes and Noble 1993 p. 396
^ Ball p.184
^ Thornton, Tim Cheshire and the Tudor State Boydell and Brewer 2000 p. 177
^ Ball p.184
^ Strachey, John Rotuli Parliamentorium 1777 Vol. 6 p.549
^ Ball p.184
^ Davies pp.233–5
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Although, like his father before him, he had a notorious reputation for lawlessness, he flourished in the reign of King Edward IV, due in part to his loyalty to Edward during the great political crisis of the years 1469–71. Under Henry VII he was attainted for treason and spent his last years in prison. 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He was the fourth of four successive Gilbert Debenhams. He was the grandson of Gilbert Debenham, MP who died in 1417.[2]Historians in general have little good to say of either of the Debenhams, father or son. They have been called a \"pair of thorough-going villains\", with a reputation for \"violent and thuggish behaviour\",[3] although the son's reputation was perhaps somewhat better than that of his father, who was accused of corrupting the town governments of Ipswich and Colchester for his own profit.[4] Edward IV's biographer notes that there were many similar characters in fifteenth-century England, and that in return for their support the King was prepared to tolerate a degree of lawless conduct on their part.[5] Only when the younger Gilbert crossed the line into overt treason did a later King, Henry VII, bring him down.","title":"Background and reputation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mowbray,_4th_Duke_of_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England"},{"link_name":"Ipswich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Fritton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritton_(near_Great_Yarmouth)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Caister Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caister_Castle"},{"link_name":"John Fastolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fastolf"},{"link_name":"siege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege"},{"link_name":"John Paston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paston_(died_1504)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caister_Castle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Caister Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caister_Castle"}],"text":"Like his father, the younger Gilbert was in the service of John Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk. He also obtained a royal office, the Clerk of the Market, in 1461. He sat in the House of Commons as MP for Ipswich 1455–56 and was knighted about 1461.[6]From 1465 onwards the Debenhams were in violent conflict with the Paston family over possession of Caldecott Hall, near Fritton in Suffolk. In September 1465 Gilbert junior tried to seize the manor but failed. He and John Paston junior both began raising private armies to fight the matter out, but the Duke of Norfolk, whom they both served, intervened and bound them to keep the peace.[7]In 1469 the Duke of Norfolk himself turned against the Pastons, and laid claim to Caister Castle (which the Pastons had inherited from Sir John Fastolf). Norfolk took the castle after a long siege in which at least one man died. Debenham fought on Norfolk's side, although he does not seem to have played a leading part in the siege. His relations with the Pastons improved somewhat in the next decade, and in 1477 John Paston married Gilbert's niece Margery Brewes.[8]Caister Castle","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lancastrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"Readeption of Henry VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Readeption_of_Henry_VI"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"justice of the peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Marshalsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshalsea"},{"link_name":"debt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt"},{"link_name":"Richard III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_of_England"}],"text":"During the brief Lancastrian restoration known as the Readeption of Henry VI, Gilbert remained loyal to Edward IV. He went with him into exile, and in March 1471, as Edward attempted to re-invade England, Gilbert was entrusted with the task of reporting whether it would be safe to land in Norfolk, and advised rightly that it would not be.[9] After Edward's triumph he was made one of the King's carvers and a justice of the peace.In 1473-4, partly in response to pleas from the Parliament of Ireland, Edward IV made one of his intermittent efforts to assert his authority over Ireland. Debenham was appointed Lord Chancellor and sent to Ireland to restore order, with a troop of four hundred men.[10] Despite his strong personality and undoubted political skills, he was no more successful than most English statesmen of the time in the admittedly onerous task of governing Ireland. He had returned to England by 1476, when he is heard of in the Marshalsea prison, having presumably been imprisoned there for debt. He was soon released from prison. He played a prominent part in organizing Edward's funeral, and his career continued to flourish under Richard III.","title":"Career under Edward IV"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_York"},{"link_name":"pardoned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardoned"},{"link_name":"Carrickfergus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrickfergus"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining"},{"link_name":"William Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_(Battle_of_Bosworth)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bosworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth"},{"link_name":"Tudor dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_dynasty"},{"link_name":"pretender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretender"},{"link_name":"Perkin Warbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkin_Warbeck"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"pardon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardon"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"After the downfall of the House of York in 1485, the new King Henry VII at first was prepared to use Debenham's services: he was pardoned for his adherence to Richard III in 1488, and sent to Ireland again as constable of Carrickfergus Castle in 1491;[11] he also received the office of Keeper of the Royal mines in Ireland.In February 1495 Sir William Stanley (who had won the Battle of Bosworth for the Tudor dynasty) was executed for supporting the claim to the throne of the pretender Perkin Warbeck, largely on the evidence of Sir Robert Clifford, who named Debenham as one of Stanley's co-conspirators.[12] Debenham was condemned to death for treason. His life was spared but he remained in prison until 1499,[13] when his sister Elizabeth Brewes, in return for paying a large fine, obtained a pardon for her brother and a promise that the attainder would be reversed. Gilbert died in 1500 but Elizabeth's son Robert later succeeded in having the attainder lifted.[14]","title":"Treason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baron Zouche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Zouche"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"High Sheriff of Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Valentines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentines"},{"link_name":"John Paston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paston_(died_1504)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"About 1469 he married Katherine Plumpton, widow of William, 6th Baron Zouche;[15] she died about 1472 without issue. His sister Elizabeth married Sir Thomas Brewes, High Sheriff of Suffolk. In addition to their son Robert, who was his uncle Gilbert's heir, they had several daughters, of whom the best known is Margery, whose Valentines to her future husband John Paston appear to be the first surviving examples of Valentines in the English language.[16]","title":"Family"}]
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[{"image_text":"Little Wenham, Church of St Lawrence","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Little_Wenham_-_Church_of_St_Lawrence_%282%29.jpg/150px-Little_Wenham_-_Church_of_St_Lawrence_%282%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Caister Castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Caister_Castle.jpg/200px-Caister_Castle.jpg"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/member/debenham-gilbert-1417","external_links_name":"History of Parliament Online: DEBENHAM, Gilbert (d.1417), of Alburgh, Norf. and Great and Little Wenham, Suff."}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fearon
|
William Fearon
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
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Irish politician and academic (1892–1959)
For the Anglican priest, see William Fearon (priest).
William FearonSenatorIn office8 September 1943 – 27 December 1959ConstituencyDublin University
Personal detailsBorn(1892-10-14)14 October 1892Dublin, IrelandDied27 December 1959(1959-12-27) (aged 67)Dublin, IrelandPolitical partyIndependentEducationSt Andrew's College, DublinAlma materTrinity College DublinEmmanuel College, Cambridge
William Robert Fearon (14 October 1892 – 27 December 1959) was an Irish politician and academic. He was an independent member of Seanad Éireann from 1943 to 1959.
He was educated at St Andrew's College, Dublin and Trinity College Dublin. He received a BA in natural science in 1915, and then entered medical school, although it was several years before he took his medical degree. He was a Mackinnon research student of the Royal Society from 1919 to 1921, studying biochemistry at Emmanuel College, Cambridge.
He was first elected to the Seanad in 1943 for the Dublin University constituency. He was re-elected at the 1944, 1948, 1951, 1954 and 1957 elections. He died while still in office, and William J. E. Jessop won the subsequent by-election.
He was Professor of Biochemistry at Trinity College Dublin. In 1937, he wrote a play called Parnell of Avondale.
He died on 27 December 1959, aged 67, at Monkstown Hospital, Dublin; he never married.
References
^ a b c d e Byrne, Patricia M. "Fearon, William Robert". Dictionary of Irish Biography. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
^ a b "William Fearon". Oireachtas Members Database. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
^ "Obituary". British Medical Journal. 1 (5167): 205. 16 January 1960. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5167.205. PMC 1966336.
External links
"Fearon, William Robert" . Thom's Irish Who's Who . Dublin: Alexander Thom and Son Ltd. 1923. p. 77-78 – via Wikisource.
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CnaT: Clann na Talmhan
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Ind: Independent
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vte« 8th Seanad « Members of the 9th Seanad (1957–1961) » 10th Seanad »
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Pádraig Ó Siochfhradha (Ind)
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Elected or nominated later
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Fearon (priest)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fearon_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_people"},{"link_name":"independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Seanad Éireann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dib-1"},{"link_name":"St Andrew's College, Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_College,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Trinity College Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dib-1"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dib-1"},{"link_name":"Dublin University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_University_(constituency)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oireachtas_db-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oireachtas_db-2"},{"link_name":"William J. E. Jessop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._E._Jessop"},{"link_name":"by-election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By-election"},{"link_name":"Trinity College Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dib-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dib-1"}],"text":"For the Anglican priest, see William Fearon (priest).William Robert Fearon (14 October 1892 – 27 December 1959) was an Irish politician and academic. He was an independent member of Seanad Éireann from 1943 to 1959.[1]He was educated at St Andrew's College, Dublin and Trinity College Dublin. He received a BA in natural science in 1915, and then entered medical school, although it was several years before he took his medical degree.[1] He was a Mackinnon research student of the Royal Society from 1919 to 1921, studying biochemistry at Emmanuel College, Cambridge.[1]He was first elected to the Seanad in 1943 for the Dublin University constituency.[2] He was re-elected at the 1944, 1948, 1951, 1954 and 1957 elections.[2] He died while still in office, and William J. E. Jessop won the subsequent by-election.He was Professor of Biochemistry at Trinity College Dublin.[3] In 1937, he wrote a play called Parnell of Avondale.[1]He died on 27 December 1959, aged 67, at Monkstown Hospital, Dublin; he never married.[1]","title":"William Fearon"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gj%C3%B8vik_Station
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Gjøvik Station
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["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
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Coordinates: 60°47′50″N 10°41′39″E / 60.797154°N 10.694246°E / 60.797154; 10.694246Railway station in Gjøvik, Norway
GjøvikGeneral informationLocationGjøvikNorwayCoordinates60°47′50″N 10°41′39″E / 60.797154°N 10.694246°E / 60.797154; 10.694246Elevation129.2 m (424 ft)Owned byBane NOROperated byVy GjøvikbanenLine(s)Gjøvik LineDistance123.83 km (76.94 mi)Platforms1ConnectionsBus: InnlandstrafikkConstructionArchitectPaul Armin DueOther informationStation codeGJØHistoryOpened28 November 1902
Gjøvik Station (Norwegian: Gjøvik stasjon) is a railway station located in downtown Gjøvik in Oppland Norway. The station is the terminus of the Gjøvik Line. It is located 123.83 km from Oslo Central Station and at 129.2 meters above sea level. Gjøvik is served by regional trains by Vy Gjøvikbanen, a subsidiary of Vy.
History
Gjøvik railway sign
The station was opened 28 November 1902. The station building was designed by the railroad architect Paul Armin Due. It was built in a tiled brick. It was expanded in 1937 and 1952. The building was extended heritage protection by Riksantikvaren in 2002. The station building currently houses the tourist information center for Gjøvik.
References
^ "Gjøvik Jernbanestasjon". Kulturminnesøk. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
^ "Gjøvik stasjon". jernbane.origo.no. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gjøvik stasjon.
Entry Archived 2014-05-02 at the Wayback Machine at Jernbaneverket (in English)
Entry at the Norwegian Railway Club (in Norwegian)
Preceding station
Following station
Raufoss
Gjøvik Line
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Preceding station
Regional trains
Following station
Raufoss
RE30
Oslo S–Gjøvik
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This Norwegian railway station-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_station"},{"link_name":"Gjøvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gj%C3%B8vik"},{"link_name":"Oppland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppland"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"terminus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_station"},{"link_name":"Gjøvik Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gj%C3%B8vik_Line"},{"link_name":"Oslo Central Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_Central_Station"},{"link_name":"Vy Gjøvikbanen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vy_Gj%C3%B8vikbanen"},{"link_name":"Vy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Railway station in Gjøvik, NorwayGjøvik Station (Norwegian: Gjøvik stasjon) is a railway station located in downtown Gjøvik in Oppland Norway. The station is the terminus of the Gjøvik Line. It is located 123.83 km from Oslo Central Station and at 129.2 meters above sea level. Gjøvik is served by regional trains by Vy Gjøvikbanen, a subsidiary of Vy.[1]","title":"Gjøvik Station"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gj%C3%B8vik_stasjon_-_2012-09-30_at_15-03-38.jpg"},{"link_name":"Riksantikvaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riksantikvaren"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Gjøvik railway signThe station was opened 28 November 1902. The station building was designed by the railroad architect Paul Armin Due. It was built in a tiled brick. It was expanded in 1937 and 1952. The building was extended heritage protection by Riksantikvaren in 2002. The station building currently houses the tourist information center for Gjøvik. [2]","title":"History"}]
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[{"image_text":"Gjøvik railway sign","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Gj%C3%B8vik_stasjon_-_2012-09-30_at_15-03-38.jpg/220px-Gj%C3%B8vik_stasjon_-_2012-09-30_at_15-03-38.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Gjøvik Jernbanestasjon\". Kulturminnesøk. Retrieved December 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://kulturminnesok.no/minne/?queryString=https://data.kulturminne.no/askeladden/lokalitet/87649","url_text":"\"Gjøvik Jernbanestasjon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gjøvik stasjon\". jernbane.origo.no. Retrieved December 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://jernbane.origo.no/-/bulletin/show/602137_gjoevik-stasjon?ref=checkpoint","url_text":"\"Gjøvik stasjon\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gj%C3%B8vik_Station¶ms=60.797154_N_10.694246_E_region:NO-0233_scale:50000_type:railwaystation_source:GISWiki-en","external_links_name":"60°47′50″N 10°41′39″E / 60.797154°N 10.694246°E / 60.797154; 10.694246"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gj%C3%B8vik_Station¶ms=60.797154_N_10.694246_E_region:NO-0233_scale:50000_type:railwaystation_source:GISWiki-en","external_links_name":"60°47′50″N 10°41′39″E / 60.797154°N 10.694246°E / 60.797154; 10.694246"},{"Link":"https://kulturminnesok.no/minne/?queryString=https://data.kulturminne.no/askeladden/lokalitet/87649","external_links_name":"\"Gjøvik Jernbanestasjon\""},{"Link":"http://jernbane.origo.no/-/bulletin/show/602137_gjoevik-stasjon?ref=checkpoint","external_links_name":"\"Gjøvik stasjon\""},{"Link":"http://www.jernbaneverket.no/en/Railway/Search-for-stations/-G-/Gjovik/","external_links_name":"Entry"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140502032804/http://www.jernbaneverket.no/en/Railway/Search-for-stations/-G-/Gjovik/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://forsk.njk.no/stdb/index.php?mod=st&aut=&detaljert=1&baneID=221&Stnr=1617&sid=682","external_links_name":"Entry"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gj%C3%B8vik_Station&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaths_in_August_2019
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Deaths in August 2019
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[]
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List of notable deaths in a month
Contents
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← July
August
September →
The following is a list of notable deaths in August 2019.
Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:
Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference.
August 2019
1
Levan Aleksidze, 93, Georgian legal scholar.
Marilynn Alsdorf, 94, American art collector.
Munir Al Yafi, 44–45, Yemeni military commander (Southern Movement), missile attack.
Gordon Brand Jnr, 60, Scottish golfer, heart attack.
William Brown, 74, British academic, Master of Darwin College (2000–2012).
Puși Dinulescu, 76, Romanian playwright and film director, heart attack.
Jack Dolbin, 70, American football player (Denver Broncos).
Charles Fadley, 77, American physicist, cancer.
Ian Gibbons, 67, English keyboardist (The Kinks), bladder cancer.
Sadou Hayatou, 77, Cameroonian politician, Prime Minister (1991–1992).
Annemarie Huber-Hotz, 70, Swiss politician, Federal Chancellor (2000–2007) and President of the Swiss Red Cross (since 2011), heart attack.
Barry Hughart, 85, American author.
Minoru Kamata, 80, Japanese baseball player (Osaka/Hanshin Tigers, Kintetsu Buffaloes), lung cancer.
Margot Lovejoy, 88, American historian of art and technology, stroke.
Francis Luiggi, 87, French Olympic bobsledder (1968).
Martin Mayer, 91, American economist and writer (The Bankers), complications from Parkinson's disease.
Abdirahman Omar Osman, 53, Somali politician, Minister of Commerce and Industry (2015–2017) and Mayor of Mogadishu (since 2018), bombing.
Marjan Pečar, 78, Slovenian Olympic ski jumper.
D. A. Pennebaker, 94, American documentary filmmaker (Dont Look Back, Monterey Pop, Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars).
Günter Perleberg, 84, German sprint canoeist, Olympic champion (1960).
Barrington Pheloung, 65, Australian composer (Inspector Morse).
Maurice Pope, 93, British classical linguist.
Georgios Pozidis, 63, Greek Olympic wrestler (1980, 1984).
Milovan Minja Prelević, 49, Montenegrin football player (Budućnost, OFK Beograd) and manager (Hangzhou Wuyue Qiantang), heart attack.
Harley Race, 76, American Hall of Fame professional wrestler (AWA, CSW) and trainer (Harley Race's Wrestling Academy), lung cancer.
Anders P. Ravn, 71, Danish computer scientist.
Sarat Saikia, 71, Indian politician, Assam Legislative Assembly (2001–2016).
Ephraim M. Sparrow, 91, American fluid dynamicist.
Llew Summers, 72, New Zealand sculptor.
R. G. Tiedemann, 78, German historian.
Jesus Tuquib, 89, Filipino Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Cagayan de Oro (1988–2006).
Richard Vyškovský, 90, Czech architect.
Rodolfo Zapata, 87, Argentine singer.
Ludwig Zeller, 92, Chilean poet.
Zha Quanxing, 94, Chinese electrochemist.
2
Bill Anderson, 81, Scottish strongman.
Carl Bell, 71, American physician.
Gunder Bengtsson, 73, Swedish football manager (IFK Göteborg, Panathinaikos, Feyenoord).
David Bevington, 88, American literary scholar.
Roberto Bodegas, 86, Spanish film director and screenwriter (Spaniards in Paris).
Vahakn Dadrian, 93, Armenian-American sociologist and historian.
Jerome Dove, 65, American football player (San Diego Chargers).
Oluf Fuglerud, 94, Norwegian journalist and politician.
Gildo, 79, Brazilian footballer (Palmeiras, Flamengo, Paranaense).
Devadas Kanakala, 74, Indian actor (Chettu Kinda Pleader, Gang Leader, Pedababu).
Dawid Kostecki, 38, Polish professional boxer, suicide by hanging.
Max Marsille, 88, Belgian Olympic boxer (1952).
Ai Morinaga, 38, Japanese manga artist (My Heavenly Hockey Club, Maniattemasu, Your and My Secret).
Deepak Obhrai, 69, Tanzanian-born Canadian politician, MP (since 1997), liver cancer.
Stuart O'Connell, 84, New Zealand Catholic bishop, Bishop of Rarotonga (1996–2011).
Audrey Peters, 92, American actress (Love of Life).
Schoschana Rabinovici, 86, French-born Lithuanian-Israeli Holocaust survivor and writer.
Jocelyne Roy-Vienneau, 63, Canadian politician, Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick (since 2014), cancer.
Rob Storey, 83, New Zealand politician, MP (1984–1996), Minister of Transport (1990–1993).
Alexandra Strelchenko, 82, Russian folk singer, People's Artist of the RSFSR (1984).
Helen Young, 93, New Zealand broadcasting manager (RNZ Concert).
Japanese convicted murderers, executed by hanging.
Koichi Shoji, 64.
Yasunori Suzuki, 50.
3
Miklós Ambrus, 86, Hungarian water polo player, Olympic champion (1964).
Katreese Barnes, 56, American musician (Juicy), musical director (Saturday Night Live) and songwriter ("Dick in a Box"), Emmy Award winner (2007), breast cancer.
Henri Belolo, 82, French music producer (The Ritchie Family, Village People) and songwriter.
Jean-Claude Bouttier, 74, French boxer and actor (Les Uns et les Autres).
Cliff Branch, 71, American football player (Oakland Raiders).
Steven Gubser, 47, American physicist, climbing accident.
Basil Heatley, 85, British athlete, marathon world-record holder (1964) and Olympic silver medallist (1964).
Nikolai Kardashev, 87, Russian astrophysicist (SETI), developer of the Kardashev scale.
Sir Brian Lochore, 78, New Zealand Hall of Fame rugby union player and coach (national team, Wairarapa-Bush), bowel cancer.
Joe Longthorne, 64, English singer and impressionist (Live from...), throat cancer.
Damien Lovelock, 65, Australian musician (The Celibate Rifles), cancer.
Léon Mbou Yembi, 73, Gabonese politician, Deputy (2006–2011), complications from diabetes.
Vigilio Mich, 88, Italian Olympic cross-country skier (1956).
Anne E. Monius, 55, American religious scholar.
Kazuko Nakamura, 86, Chinese-born Japanese animator (Astro Boy).
L. Brooks Patterson, 80, American lawyer and politician, County Executive of Oakland County, Michigan (since 1992), pancreatic cancer.
Lewis Pérez, 74, Venezuelan politician, Secretary General of Acción Democrática (1998–2000) and Senator (1994–1999), heart attack.
Thomas Remengesau Sr., 89, Palauan politician, President (1988–1989) and Vice President (1985–1988).
John Philip Saklil, 59, Indonesian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Timika (since 2003).
Marcel Toader, 56, Romanian rugby union player (Steaua București, national team), heart attack.
Mike Troy, 78, American swimmer, Olympic champion (1960), world-record holder – 200m butterfly (1959–1960).
4
Thomas Baxter, 84, Australian rugby union player.
Anwara Begum, 70, Bangladeshi politician, MP (1986–1988).
Kanti Bhatt, 88, Indian Gujarati author and journalist.
Norden Tenzing Bhutia, 69, Nepalese musician, throat cancer.
Ernie Bowman, 84, American baseball player (San Francisco Giants).
Prudencio Cardona, 67, Colombian boxer, world flyweight champion (1982).
Jim Donlevy, 82, Canadian football coach (Alberta Golden Bears).
Hiroshi Enatsu, 96, Japanese theoretical physicist.
Andrea Fraunschiel, 64, Austrian politician, MP (2004-2005).
André Goosse, 93, Belgian linguist.
Thomas Gulotta, 75, American government official, County Executive of Nassau County, New York (1987–2001).
Richard Johnson, 81, Irish judge.
Ivo Lill, 66, Estonian glass artist.
Jim Morgan, 79, Canadian politician, MHA (1972–1989).
Ann Nelson, 61, American particle physicist, hiking accident.
Harald Nickel, 66, German footballer, cancer.
Nuon Chea, 93, Cambodian politician, Acting Prime Minister (1976) and chief ideologist of Khmer Rouge.
Larry Rakestraw, 77, American football player (Chicago Bears).
Stu Rosen, 80, American voice director and actor (Hulk Hogan's Rock 'n' Wrestling, The Legend of Prince Valiant, Fraggle Rock: The Animated Series), cancer.
Willi Tokarev, 84, Russian-American singer-songwriter.
Bob Wilber, 91, American jazz clarinetist and bandleader.
5
Bruce Aikenhead, 95, Canadian aerospace engineer and physicist.
Nesbit Bentley, 91, Fijian Olympic sailor.
Erwin Bittmann, 91, Austrian Olympic rower (1948).
Kaye Bondurant, 84, American politician.
Rashiram Debbarma, Indian politician, MLA (1977–1998).
Salinda Dissanayake, 61, Sri Lankan politician, MP (since 1994).
John Ellison, 78, English bishop.
Else Kollerud Furre, 96, Norwegian politician.
Sidney Goldstein, 92, American demographer.
Glen Greening, 71, Canadian politician.
Lizzie Grey, 60, American rock musician (London, Spiders & Snakes), complications from Lewy body disease.
Teresa Ha, 81, Hong Kong actress (Flower in the Rain, Big Brother Cheng, Killer Constable).
Jimi Hope, 62, Togolese musician and painter.
Inge Israel, 92, German-born Canadian poet and playwright.
Sydney Jary, 95, British army officer.
Josef Kadraba, 85, Czech footballer (Sparta Prague, Slavia Prague, national team).
Bjorg Lambrecht, 22, Belgian racing cyclist, race crash.
John Lowey, 61, English footballer (Sheffield Wednesday, Blackburn Rovers, Chester City).
Bruce Maunder, 85, American geneticist.
Tom McDougall, 76-77, Canadian politician.
Russell Middlemiss, 90, Australian footballer (Geelong), stroke.
Asif Mohseni, 84, Afghani marja'.
Toni Morrison, 88, American author (The Bluest Eye, Song of Solomon, Beloved), Nobel laureate (1993), Pulitzer Prize winner (1988).
Benjamin F. Register, 89, American lieutenant general.
Jeffrey Tarrant, 63, American hedge fund investor, film producer and philanthropist, brain cancer.
6
Kamal Boullata, 77, Palestinian artist and art historian.
Rod Coleman, 93, New Zealand motorcycle racer.
Krystyna Dańko, 102, Polish humanitarian, Righteous Among the Nations (1998).
S. A. M. Hussain, 80, Indian politician, MLA (2001–2006).
Danny Doyle, 79, Irish folk singer ("The Rare Ould Times").
Tage Lundin, 85, Swedish Olympic biathlete.
Mick Miller, 92, Australian police officer, Chief Commissioner of Victoria Police (1977–1987).
Mrs YGP, 93, Indian educationist, founder and dean of the Padma Seshadri Bala Bhavan, cardiac arrest.
Steve Parr, 92, English footballer (Liverpool).
Alejandro Serrano, 86, Ecuadorian politician, Vice President (2005–2007).
George F. Simmons, 94, American mathematician.
Sushma Swaraj, 67, Indian politician, MP (1996–1999, 2009–2019), Chief Minister of Delhi (1998), Minister of External Affairs (2014–2019), cardiac arrest.
George Whaley, 85, Australian actor (Stork) and film director.
Zhuo Renxi, 88, Chinese chemist and academician (Chinese Academy of Sciences).
7
Subby Anzaldo, 86, American politician.
David Berman, 52, American singer-songwriter (Silver Jews, Purple Mountains) and poet (Actual Air), suicide by hanging.
Helmut Bez, 88, German playwright.
Chris Birch, 68, American politician, member of the Alaska House of Representatives (2017–2019) and Senate (since 2019), aortic dissection.
Michel Che, 77, French chemist.
Barbara Crane, 91, American photographer.
Orlando Grootfaam, 44, Surinamese footballer (S.V. Robinhood).
Donald F. Klein, 90, American psychiatrist.
Patricia Louisianna Knop, 78, American screenwriter (Lady Oscar, 9½ Weeks, Siesta).
Kary Mullis, 74, American biochemist, Nobel laureate (1993), pneumonia.
J. Om Prakash, 92, Indian film director (Aap Ki Kasam, Aakhir Kyon?) and producer (Aandhi).
Nancy Reddin Kienholz, 75, American artist.
Rostislav Rybakov, 81, Russian writer.
Herm Urenda, 81, American football player (Oakland Raiders).
Fabio Zerpa, 90, Uruguayan parapsychologist and ufologist.
8
Era. Anbarasu, 78, Indian politician, MP (1989–1996).
Jacques Arnoux, 81, French Olympic racewalker (1960).
Shamnad Basheer, 43, Indian legal scholar. (body discovered on this date)
Cosmas Batubara, 80, Indonesian politician and activist, Minister of Manpower (1988–1993) and Housing (1978–1988), and member of People's Representative Council (1967–1978), cancer.
Ernie Colón, 88, American comic book artist (Casper the Friendly Ghost, Richie Rich, Damage Control), cancer.
Theodore L. Eliot Jr., 91, American diplomat, Ambassador to Afghanistan (1973–1978), heart disease.
Malcolm T. Elliott, 73, Australian radio and television personality.
Mark English, 85, American illustrator and painter.
Bruce Hodgins, 88, Canadian academic historian and author.
Lee Bennett Hopkins, 81, American educator and poet, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Jackie Jocko, 90, American musician.
Stanisław Konturek, 87, Polish physiologist and gastroenterologist.
Mazhar Krasniqi, 87, Yugoslavian-born New Zealand Muslim community leader.
Charlach Mackintosh, 84, British Olympic alpine skier (1956, 1960).
Manfred Max-Neef, 86, Chilean economist.
Jean-Pierre Mocky, 90, French film director (Les Dragueurs, The Miracle), screenwriter and actor (The Abandoned).
Dave Parks, 77, American football player (New Orleans Saints, San Francisco 49ers).
Fabrizio Saccomanni, 76, Italian civil servant and economist, Minister of Economy and Finance (2013–2014), Director General of the Bank of Italy (2006–2013), heart attack.
Les Strongman, 94, Canadian ice hockey player (Nottingham Panthers, Wembley Lions).
Marius Todericiu, 49, Romanian football player (Brașov, Weismain) and manager (Darmstadt 98), suicide.
Erling Wicklund, 75, Norwegian jazz trombonist and journalist.
9
Ahmad Lai Bujang, 69, Malaysian politician, MP (2008–2018).
José Desmarets, 93, Belgian politician, Minister of Defence (1979–1980).
Mé Aboubacar Diomandé, 31, Ivorian footballer (Stella Club d'Adjamé).
Rodney Falkson, 77, South African cricketer.
Paul Findley, 98, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1961–1983).
Altair Gomes de Figueiredo, 81, Brazilian footballer (Fluminense, national team).
Ronald Jones, 67, American conceptual artist.
Fahrudin Jusufi, 79, Serbian football player (Partizan, Eintracht Frankfurt, Yugoslavia national team), Olympic champion (1960) and manager.
Oscar Malbernat, 75, Argentinian football player (Estudiantes de la Plata, national team) and manager.
Bill Mills, 99, American baseball player (Philadelphia Athletics).
Gerry Murray, 98, American roller derby skater.
Huw O. Pritchard, 91, Welsh-born Canadian chemist.
Barry Stroud, 84, Canadian philosopher, brain cancer.
Claudio Taddei, 52, Swiss singer and plastic artist.
Sir Michael Uren, 95, British businessman and philanthropist.
Panayiotis Vassilakis, 93, Greek sculptor.
Hendricus Vogels, 76, Dutch-born Australian Olympic cyclist (1964).
10
Bao Kexin, 67, Chinese politician and business executive, Vice Governor of Guizhou Province (2002–2007).
Joseph Begich, 89, American politician, member of the Minnesota House of Representatives (1975–1993).
Freda Dowie, 91, English actress (Distant Voices, Still Lives, The Old Curiosity Shop, The Omen).
Jeffrey Epstein, 66, American financier (Bear Stearns), philanthropist (Jeffrey Epstein VI Foundation) and convicted sex offender, suicide by hanging.
Jim Forbes, 95, Australian politician, MP (1956–1975), Minister for Health (1966–1971) and Immigration (1971–1972), Military Cross recipient.
Michael Hall, 84, English cricketer (Nottinghamshire).
Edward H. Jennings, 82, American academic administrator, President of the University of Wyoming (1979–1981) and the Ohio State University (1981–1990, 2002).
Igor Kachmazov, 50, Russian footballer (Spartak Ordzhonikidze, Spartak Vladikavkaz, Lokomotiv St. Petersburg).
Uno Kajak, 86, Estonian Olympic skier.
Aïssata Kane, 80, Mauritanian politician.
Radoslav Katičić, 89, Croatian linguist.
Jo Lancaster, 100, British RAF pilot.
Cándido Sibilio, 60, Dominican-born Spanish Olympic basketball player (1980).
Ann Barr Snitow, 76, American writer (Dissent), cancer.
Piero Tosi, 92, Italian costume designer (Senso, Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow, The Night Porter), Honorary Oscar winner (2013).
Bernard Unabali, 62, Papua New Guinean Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Bougainville (since 2009).
Marty Wood, 86, Canadian Hall of Fame rodeo cowboy, cancer.
Wu Ningkun, 98, Chinese writer and translator.
11
Bluey Adams, 84, Australian footballer (Melbourne), cancer.
Freddy Bannister, 84, English rock concert promoter, cancer.
Tred Barta, 67, American hunter (The Best and Worst of Tred Barta).
Kent J. Carroll, 92, American vice admiral.
Doug Clarke, 85, English footballer (Hull City).
John Coffey, 101, Irish hurler (Tipperary, Boherlahan-Dualla).
Jim Cullum Jr., 77, American jazz cornetist, broadcaster (Riverwalk Jazz) and music preservationist.
Dejan Čurović, 51, Serbian footballer (Partizan, Vitesse), leukaemia.
John Dillon, 76, Scottish footballer (Albion Rovers).
Kerry Downes, 88, English architectural historian.
Darryl Drake, 62, American football player (Washington Redskins) and coach (Chicago Bears, Pittsburgh Steelers).
Michael E. Krauss, 84, American linguist.
Ningali Lawford, 52, Australian actress (Bran Nue Dae, Last Cab to Darwin), asthma attack.
Shelby Lyman, 83, American chess player and commentator.
Geoff Malcolm, 88, New Zealand physical chemist (Massey University).
Barbara March, 65, Canadian actress (Star Trek), cancer.
Walter Martínez, 37, Honduran footballer (Victoria, Beijing Guoan, national team), heart attack.
László Máté, 67, Hungarian politician, MP (1994–1998).
Gordan Mihić, 80, Serbian screenwriter (Black Cat, White Cat, Time of the Gypsies, Balkan Express).
Frederick Reif, 92, American physicist.
Sergio Obeso Rivera, 87, Mexican Roman Catholic cardinal, Bishop of Papantla (1971–1974) and Archbishop of Xalapa (1979–2007).
Gordon Rowley, 98, British botanist and writer.
Harvey Sand, 92, American politician.
Charles Santore, 84, American children's book and magazine illustrator (TV Guide).
J. Neil Schulman, 66, American novelist, pulmonary embolism.
Emil Svoboda, 90, Czech footballer (Sparta Prague, Czechoslovakia national team).
12
DJ Arafat, 33, Ivorian disc jockey and musician, traffic collision.
João Carlos Barroso, 69, Brazilian actor, pancreatic cancer.
José Luis Brown, 62, Argentinian football player (Estudiantes de la Plata, national team) and manager, World Cup winner (1986), complications from Alzheimer's disease.
Jean-Paul Capelle, 74, French Olympic field hockey player (1968).
Krishna Chandra Chunekar, 90/91, Indian ayurvedic practitioner.
Danny Cohen, 81, Israeli-American Hall of Fame computer scientist.
Florin Halagian, 80, Romanian football player (Dinamo București) and manager (Argeș Pitești, national team).
Reuven Hammer, 86, American-Israeli rabbi and journalist (The Jerusalem Post).
Terence Knapp, 87, English actor (Urge to Kill, The Valiant, Othello).
Rahul Kukreti, 43, American cricketer.
Robyn Léwis, 89, Welsh author, politician and archdruid, Vice President of Plaid Cymru (1970–1976).
Lu Yonggen, 88, Chinese agronomist and plant geneticist, President of South China Agricultural University (1983–1995).
Jim Marsh, 73, American basketball player (Portland Trail Blazers) and broadcaster (Seattle SuperSonics).
Paule Marshall, 90, American writer.
Hussein Salem, 85, Egyptian-Spanish businessman, co-owner of East Mediterranean Gas Company.
Mizanur Rahman Shelley, 76, Bangladeshi politologist and politician, brain haemorrhage.
John Michael Sherlock, 93, Canadian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of London, Ontario (1978–2002).
Jan Simonsen, 66, Norwegian politician, MP (1989–2005), cancer.
Michael T. Sangma, 41, Indian politician, MLA (2013–2018), heart attack.
Frank Tsao, 94, Chinese-born Malaysian-Singaporean shipping magnate and philanthropist, kidney failure.
13
Kip Addotta, 75, American comedian.
Josette Arène, 95, French Olympic swimmer (1948, 1952).
Norman Barasch, 97, American playwright.
Cecilia Caballero Blanco, 105, Colombian socialite, First Lady (1974–1978).
Umesh Bhat Bhavikeri, 72, Indian politician, MLA (1989–1994).
Gerald Geistweidt, 71, American politician.
Guo Zhenqian, 86, Chinese politician and banker, Governor of Hubei (1985–1990), Vice Governor of the People's Bank of China (1990–1993), Auditor General (1994–1998).
Lily Leung, 90, Hong Kong actress (In the Realm of Fancy, Bar Bender, Lives of Omission), cancer.
Tim Means, 75, American environmentalist, complications from diabetes.
Vladimír Ptáček, 64, Czech Olympic basketball player (1976).
Brunilda Ruiz, 83, American ballet dancer.
Carole Satyamurti, 80, British poet.
René Taelman, 74, Belgian football manager (Burkina Faso national team, JS Kabylie, Akhdar), lung cancer.
Nadia Toffa, 40, Italian journalist and television presenter (Le Iene), brain cancer.
14
Tõnu Aav, 80, Estonian actor (The Lark, Õnne 13).
Suleiman Bakhit, 41, Jordanian entrepreneur and comics writer.
Carrol Boyes, 65, South African artist and executive.
Águeda Dicancro, 80, Uruguayan sculptor.
Polly Farmer, 84, Australian footballer (Geelong).
Brian Job, 67, American swimmer, Olympic bronze medalist (1968).
Ivo Malec, 94, Croatian-born French composer.
Karim Olowu, 95, Nigerian Olympic sprinter and long jumper (1952, 1956).
Liam Ó Tuama, 87, Irish hurler and Gaelic footballer.
Héctor Rivoira, 59, Argentine football player (Almirante Brown) and manager (Quilmes, Atlético Tucumán), cancer.
Ugo Sansonetti, 100, Italian writer and masters athlete.
Reginald Scarlett, 84, Jamaican cricketer (national team).
Ben Unwin, 41, Australian actor (Home and Away).
Helena Wilsonová, 81, Czech photographer.
Gjergj Xhuvani, 55, Albanian film director (Slogans, East, West, East: The Final Sprint) screenwriter and producer.
15
Lalbihari Bhattacharya, 81, Indian politician, MLA (1982–1987).
V. B. Chandrasekhar, 57, Indian cricketer (Tamil Nadu, Goa, national team), heart attack.
Claire Cloninger, 77, American Christian songwriter and author.
Roberta F. Colman, 81, American biochemist.
Madan Mani Dixit, 96, Nepalese writer, pneumonia.
Vladimir Fomichyov, 59, Russian footballer (Kuban Krasnodar, Dynamo Moscow, Kuzbass Kemerovo).
Samuel Gelfman, 88, American film producer, complications from heart and respiratory disease.
Luigi Lunari, 85, Italian writer.
Eddie Marlin, 89, American professional wrestler and promoter (CWA), multiple organ failure.
Bill Parker, 91, American broadcaster.
Noel Pope, 87, New Zealand politician, Mayor of Tauranga (1983–1989, 1995–2001).
Qin Hanzhang, 111, Chinese engineer and food scientist, heart attack.
Antonio Rastrelli, 91, Italian politician, MP (1979–1995) and President of Campania (1995–1999).
Vidya Sinha, 71, Indian actress (Rajnigandha, Chhoti Si Baat, Qubool Hai), respiratory failure.
Glenn Tasker, 67, Australian sports administrator, President of the Australian Paralympic Committee (2013–2018).
Dalton Truax, 84, American football player (Green Bay Packers, New York Giants, Oakland Raiders).
Henrik Westman, 78, Swedish politician.
Wrestling Pro, 81, American professional wrestler (GCCW).
16
Nelson Ball, 77, Canadian poet, euthanasia.
Gustavo Barreiro, 60, Cuban-born American politician, member of the Florida House of Representatives (1998–2006), heart attack.
Jaime Batres, 55, Guatemalan Olympic footballer.
Roland Peter Brown, 93, American physician.
Princess Christina of the Netherlands, 72, Dutch royal, bone cancer.
Bruce Deans, 58, New Zealand rugby union player (Canterbury, national team), cancer.
Peter Fonda, 79, American actor (Easy Rider, Ulee's Gold, 3:10 to Yuma) and screenwriter, lung cancer.
Tommy Furlong, 88, Irish Gaelic footballer and hurler.
Felice Gimondi, 76, Italian racing cyclist, Tour de France (1965), Vuelta a España (1968) and Giro d'Italia (1967, 1969, 1976) winner, heart attack.
Jim Hardy, 96, American football player (Los Angeles Rams, Chicago Cardinals, Detroit Lions) and sporting executive.
C. S. Holling, 88, Canadian ecologist.
David Layzer, 93, American astrophysicist.
Sahura Mallick, 85, Indian politician, MLA (1974–1977), (1980–1985) and (1995–2000).
Faisal Masud, 64, Pakistani doctor and professor, cardiac arrest.
Mike McGee, 80, American football player (St. Louis Cardinals), sporting executive and athletic director (University of South Carolina).
José Nápoles, 79, Cuban-born Mexican Hall of Fame boxer, world welterweight champion (1969–1970, 1971–1975).
Anna Quayle, 86, British actress (Grange Hill, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, A Hard Day's Night), Tony winner (1963), Lewy body dementia.
Rizia Rahman, 79, Indian-born Bangladeshi novelist.
Bobby Smith, 78, English footballer (Barnsley, Chelmsford City).
Alexandre Soares dos Santos, 83, Portuguese businessman, CEO and President of Jerónimo Martins (1969–2013).
Penka Stoyanova, 69, Bulgarian basketball player, Olympic silver medallist (1980) and bronze medallist (1976).
Alla Ter-Sarkisiants, 82, Russian historian.
Gregor Trinkaus-Randall, 73, American archivist.
Richard Williams, 86, Canadian-British animator and director (The Thief and the Cobbler, Who Framed Roger Rabbit, A Christmas Carol), three-time Oscar winner, cancer.
17
Damodar Ganesh Bapat, 84, Indian social worker.
Cedric Benson, 36, American football player (Texas Longhorns, Cincinnati Bengals, Chicago Bears), traffic collision.
Lucille Baldwin Brown, 97, American librarian.
Walter Buser, 93, Swiss politician, Chancellor (1981–1991).
Allen Church, 91, American alpine skiing sports official.
Jacques Diouf, 81, Senegalese diplomat, Director General of the Food and Agriculture Organization (1994–2011).
Ronald Gray, 87, Australian Olympic athlete (1956).
Rosemary Kuhlmann, 97, American mezzo-soprano and actress.
Donald A. B. Lindberg, 85, American mathematician, Director of the United States National Library of Medicine (1984–2015), fall.
José A. Martínez Suárez, 93, Argentine film director (Yesterday's Guys Used No Arsenic) and screenwriter, pneumonia.
Bill McDonagh, 91, Canadian ice hockey player (New York Rangers).
Thelma Nava, 87, Mexican poet and journalist.
Ivan Oman, 89, Slovenian politician, independence key figure and farmer, MP (1992-1996.
Teodoro Palacios, 80, Guatemalan Olympic high jumper (1968), pneumonia.
Suffian Rahman, 41, Malaysian footballer (Negeri Sembilan, Melaka Telekom, national team), heart attack.
Neelum Sharma, 50, Indian anchorwoman (Doordarshan), cancer.
Stephen Siklos, 69, British mathematician, cancer.
Tabu Taid, 77, Indian educationist.
Lawrence Van Huizen, 89, Malaysian Olympic hockey player (1964).
Camillo Zanolli, 89, Italian Olympic skier (1956).
18
Soma Bhupala, 92, Indian politician, MLA (1962–1977).
Barbara Hibbs Blake, 82, American mammologist, complications from a stroke.
Kathleen Blanco, 76, American politician, Governor (2004–2008) and Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana (1996–2004), member of the Louisiana House (1984–1989), ocular melanoma.
Giulio Chierchini, 91, Italian comics writer and artist.
Gary Cooper, 80, English rugby league football player and coach.
René Feller, 76, Dutch football manager.
Helmuth Froschauer, 85, Austrian choral conductor.
Conrad Gorinsky, 83, Guyanese-born British chemist.
Gillian Hanna, 75, Irish actress (Les Misérables, All the Queen's Men, Oliver Twist), autoimmune disease.
Chad Holt, 46, American writer and actor.
Denis Kuljiš, 67, Croatian writer and journalist.
Karel Kuklík, 82, Czech photographer.
Robert Ouko, 70, Kenyan runner, Olympic champion (1972).
Encarna Paso, 88, Spanish actress (Begin the Beguine), pneumonia.
Peter H. Reill, 80, American historian.
Paul Smith, 88, American baseball player (Pittsburgh Pirates, Chicago Cubs).
Nate Smith, 84, American baseball player (Baltimore Orioles).
Sasson Somekh, 86, Iraqi-born Israeli writer and translator.
Jack Whitaker, 95, American sportscaster (CBS, ABC), The NFL Today host (1971–1974).
Yu Zhengui, 73, Chinese historian and scholar of Islam, Vice President of the Islamic Association of China.
19
James R. Alexander, 88, American sound engineer (Coal Miner's Daughter, Terms of Endearment, Weird Science).
Bai Yan, 99, Chinese-born Singaporean actor, pneumonia.
Benjamin N. Bellis, 95, American air force lieutenant general.
Barry Bennett, 63, American football player (New Orleans Saints, New York Jets, Minnesota Vikings), shot.
Jim Dunne, 87, American test-track engineer and journalist.
Mel Frederick, 89, American politician.
George Ganchev, 79, Bulgarian politician, MP (1995–2001).
Matilda Hansen, 89, American politician.
Zakir Hussain, 85, Pakistani field hockey player, Olympic champion (1968) and silver medallist (1956).
Al Jackson, 83, American baseball player (Pittsburgh Pirates, New York Mets, St. Louis Cardinals).
Mohammed Zahur Khayyam, 92, Indian music director and composer (Kabhie Kabhie, Umrao Jaan, Dil-e-Nadaan), lung infection.
Enn Kokk, 82, Swedish politician and journalist.
Lars Larsen, 71, Danish retailer, founder of Jysk, liver cancer.
Mike Leaf, 58, American college basketball coach (Winona State).
Philippe Leroy, 79, French politician, Senator (2001–2017).
Gina Lopez, 65, Filipino environmentalist, Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources (2016–2017), brain cancer.
Pertti Mäkipää, 78, Finnish footballer (TaPa, Upon Pallo, national team).
Zbigniew Makowski, 89, Polish painter.
John Matthews, 91, Australian politician, member of the New South Wales Legislative Council (1981–1991).
Jagannath Mishra, 82, Indian politician, Chief Minister of Bihar (1975–1977, 1980–1983, 1989–1990).
Jack Perkins, 85, American reporter and television host (NBC Nightly News, Biography).
Carlos Porrata, c. 73, Puerto Rican television personality.
David Rubinstein, 86, American social historian.
Jan Ruff O'Herne, 96, Australian comfort women rights activist.
Bette Stephenson, 95, Canadian physician and politician.
Larry Taylor, 77, American bass guitarist (Canned Heat), cancer.
Kazuo Wada, 90, Japanese business executive, Chairman of Yaohan.
20
Colin Beard, 77, Australian football player (South Fremantle, Richmond) and manager.
Richard Booth, 80, Welsh bookseller.
Giovanni Buttarelli, 62, Italian civil servant, European Data Protection Supervisor (since 2014).
Russ Conway, 70, American sports journalist (The Eagle-Tribune) and hockey beat writer (Boston Bruins).
Rudolf Hundstorfer, 67, Austrian trade unionist and politician, president of the Austrian Trade Union Federation, heart attack.
Peter Knobel, 76, American rabbi.
Ernesto Lariosa, 74, Filipino writer and poet, liver failure.
Li Houwen, 92, Chinese surgeon, President of China Medical University.
Harry B. Luthi, 85, American businessman, Mayor of Greenville, South Carolina (1982–1983).
John H. McArthur, 85, Canadian-American academic, Dean of the Harvard Business School (1980–1995).
Alexandra Nazarova, 79, Russian actress (But What If This Is Love, Sofiya Perovskaya, Air Crew), People's Artist of Russia (2001).
S. Lester Ralph, 88, American clergyman and politician.
Lico Reyes, 73, Mexican-American actor (Problem Child) and politician.
Larry Siegel, 93, American humorist (Mad Magazine, The Carol Burnett Show), Parkinson's disease.
Akhilesh Kumar Singh, 59, Indian politician, MLA (1993–2017), cancer.
Edson Warner, 89, Canadian Olympic sports shooter (1952, 1960).
Kelsey Weems, 51, American basketball player (Quad City Thunder, Hartford Hellcats, Yakima SunKings).
21
Dina bint Abdul-Hamid, 89, Jordanian princess, Queen consort (1955–1957).
Ifeanyi Chiejine, 36, Nigerian Olympic footballer (2000, 2008), (CSHVSM, F.C. Indiana).
Norma Croker, 84, Australian runner, Olympic champion (1956).
Julian Daan, 74, Filipino comedian, actor and politician, heart failure.
Babulal Gaur, 89, Indian politician, Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh (2004–2005).
Richard Gregson, 89, British agent, film producer and screenwriter.
Richard Hoad, 88, Barbadian Olympic sailor.
Paulo Mandlate, 85, Mozambican Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Tete (1976-2009).
Jian Ming, 58, Chinese poet, writer and literary critic.
John W. Neill, 85, British Olympic field hockey player (1960, 1964, 1968).
Nguyễn Tiến Sâm, 73, Vietnamese jet fighter pilot.
Celso Piña, 66, Mexican cumbia singer, composer and accordionist, heart attack.
Lawrence Reade, 88, New Zealand cricketer (Central Districts).
Alexander M. Schenker, 94, Polish-American professor of Slavic studies.
Kurt Stendal, 68, Danish footballer (Hvidovre IF, SK Sturm Graz, national team).
Ines Torelli, 88, Swiss comedian and actress (Fascht e Familie).
22
William Y. Adams, 92, American anthropologist.
Junior Agogo, 40, Ghanaian footballer (Bristol Rovers, Nottingham Forest, national team).
Ken Batcher, 83, American academic.
Gary Ray Bowles, 57, American serial killer, executed by lethal injection.
Norman Frederick Charles III, 78, British professional wrestler (The Royal Kangaroos), cancer.
Peter Chingoka, 65, Zimbabwean cricket player (South Africa African XI) and administrator.
Bobby Dillon, 89, American football player (Green Bay Packers).
Tim Fischer, 73, Australian politician and diplomat, Deputy Prime Minister (1996–1999), Ambassador to the Holy See (2009–2012), acute myeloid leukemia.
Jimmy Fleming, 90, Scottish footballer (Workington). (death announced on this date)
Gao Heng, 89, Chinese legal scholar and historian.
Fulati Gidali, 108, Indian folk singer.
Werner H. Kramarsky, 93, American public official and art collector.
Vitaly Logvinovsky, 78, Russian stage actor, People's Artist (2006).
Tom Nissalke, 87, American basketball coach (Houston Rockets, San Antonio Spurs, Utah Jazz).
Yves Oger, 68, French Olympic rower (1972).
Gerard O'Neill, 76, American investigative journalist and news editor (The Boston Globe), Pulitzer Prize winner (1970).
Margarita Plavunova, 25, Russian hurdler and model, heart failure.
Morton Tubor, 102, American film and sound editor (Cannonball, The Big Red One, Knots Landing).
23
Mary Abbott, 98, American painter.
Muzaffar Ahmed, 97, Bangladeshi politician.
John Bluett, 89, English cricketer.
Larissa Bonfante, 88, Italian-American classicist.
Les Brewer, 97, American businessman.
Clint Conatser, 98, American baseball player (Boston Braves).
Amath Dansokho, 82, Senegalese politician.
Mario Davidovsky, 85, Argentine-American composer (Synchronisms), Pulitzer Prize winner (1971).
Carlo Delle Piane, 83, Italian actor (An American in Rome, A School Outing, Christmas Present), Nastro d'Argento winner (1984).
Leo Gauriloff, 62, Finnish musician, cancer.
Kito Junqueira, 71, Brazilian actor (Eternamente Pagú) and politician.
David Koch, 79, American businessman (Koch Industries) and political financier (Americans for Prosperity).
Rick Loomis, 72, American game designer, founder of Flying Buffalo, lymphatic cancer.
Massimo Mattioli, 75, Italian cartoonist and comics writer and artist (Squeak the Mouse, Pinky).
Peter Moscatt, Australian rugby league player (Eastern Suburbs).
Roaring Lion, 4, British racehorse, euthanised.
Silvia Ruegger, 58, Canadian Olympic marathon runner (1984), cancer.
Lou Slaby, 77, American football player (New York Giants).
Sheila Steafel, 84, South African-born British actress (Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D., Quatermass and the Pit, The Ghosts of Motley Hall), leukemia.
Walter Thiel, 70, German theoretical chemist, President of the World Association of Theoretical and Computational Chemists (since 2011).
Mike Thomas, 66, American football player (Washington Redskins, San Diego Chargers).
Wang Guodong, 88, Chinese painter.
Tim Wohlforth, 86, American political activist.
Stuart York, 80, English cricketer.
Egon Zimmermann, 80, Austrian ski racer, Olympic champion (1964).
24
David Akiba, 78, American photographer.
Tex Clevenger, 87, American baseball player (Boston Red Sox, Washington Senators, New York Yankees).
Michael Eagar, 85, English cricketer (Gloucestershire).
Blanca Fernández Ochoa, 56, Spanish alpine ski racer, Olympic bronze medallist (1992).
Koffi Gahou, 71, Beninese artist, actor, and director.
Tesfaye Gebreyesus, 84, Ethiopian football referee.
Stephen S. Goss, 57, American judge, member of the Georgia Court of Appeals (2018–2019), suicide.
Katherine Graham, 96, American golf administrator.
Lutz-Michael Harder, 76, German lyric tenor and academic voice teacher.
Andrew Horn, 66, American film director, producer and screenwriter (The Nomi Song, We Are Twisted Fucking Sister!), cancer.
Arun Jaitley, 66, Indian politician, MP (since 2000), Minister of Defence (2014, 2017) and Finance (2014–2019).
Robert Judd, 63, American musicologist.
Peter Kempadoo, 92, Guyanese writer, heart disease.
Bob Kilcullen, 83, American football player (Chicago Bears).
Ia McIlwaine, 84, British librarian.
Thandi Ndlovu, 65, South African construction executive and philanthropist, traffic collision.
Tony Nichols, 81, Australian Anglican prelate, Bishop of North West Australia (1992–2003).
Sidney Rittenberg, 98, American journalist, scholar and linguist.
Vlado Strugar, 96, Serbian historian.
Jim Tydings, 74, Irish rugby union player.
Lodewijk Christiaan van Wachem, 88, Dutch executive.
Dick Woodard, 93, American football player (New York Giants).
25
Sheikh Maqsood Ali, 85, Bangladeshi civil servant.
Ed Bartram, 81, Canadian artist.
Herbert Beattie, 93, American opera singer.
Timothy Bell, Baron Bell, 77, British advertising and public relations executive (Bell Pottinger).
Clora Bryant, 92, American jazz trumpeter (International Sweethearts of Rhythm), heart attack.
Alf Burnell, 95, English rugby league footballer (Hunslet, Leeds Rhinos, national team).
Gül Çiray, 79, Turkish Olympic middle-distance runner (1960).
Jenaro Flores Santos, 76, Bolivian trade unionist and politician, founder of Unified Syndical Confederation of Rural Workers of Bolivia.
Sally Floyd, 69, American computer scientist, cancer.
Reb Foster, 83, American radio DJ (KRLA) and band manager (The Turtles, Three Dog Night, Steppenwolf).
Jonathan Goldstein, 50, British composer, plane crash.
Al Haynes, 87, American airline pilot, United Airlines Flight 232 crash survivor.
B. M. Kutty, 89, Pakistani journalist and politician.
Mona Lisa, 97, Filipino actress (Insiang, Giliw Ko, Cain at Abel).
Eliseo Mattiacci, 78, Italian artist.
Bernard Monnereau, 83, French Olympic rower (1960, 1964), world champion (1962).
Vince Naimoli, 81, American businessman, founder of the Tampa Bay Rays.
Ferdinand Piëch, 82, Austrian Hall of Fame business executive and engineer (Audi Quattro), Chairman of Volkswagen Group (1993–2015).
Mitch Podolak, 71, Canadian folk music promoter, co-founder of the Winnipeg Folk Festival, complications from septic shock.
Anne Grete Preus, 62, Norwegian musician, cancer.
Jerry Rook, 75, American basketball player (New Orleans Buccaneers, Arkansas State Red Wolves).
Ian Sinclair, 86, New Zealand cricketer.
Jafar Umar Thalib, 57, Indonesian Islamic militant and teacher, founder of Laskar Jihad.
Leon Wofsy, 97, American biochemist and activist.
Lodewijk Woltjer, 89, Dutch astronomer.
Fernanda Young, 49, Brazilian novelist, screenwriter and actress (Os Normais), cardiac arrest.
26
Patty Abramson, 74, American venture capitalist.
Khalilur Rahman Babar, 67, Bangladeshi actor (Rangbaz), film director and producer.
Maude Ballou, 93, American civil rights activist.
Greg Barton, 73, American football player (Detroit Lions, Toronto Argonauts), complications from Alzheimer's disease.
Pal Benko, 91, French-born Hungarian-American chess grandmaster.
Christian Bonaud, 62, French Islamologist and philosopher, marine accident.
Neal Casal, 50, American musician (Ryan Adams & the Cardinals, Blackfoot, Chris Robinson Brotherhood), suicide.
Kanchan Chaudhary Bhattacharya, 72, Indian police officer, Director General of the Uttarakhand Police (2004–2007).
Chen Jiayong, 97, Chinese metallurgist and chemical engineer.
Colin Clark, 35, American soccer player (Colorado Rapids, Houston Dynamo, national team), heart attack.
Joseph Warren Coker, 88, American politician.
Richard Conrad, 84, American opera singer and voice teacher.
Felix Donnelly, 89, New Zealand Roman Catholic priest, academic and talkback host (Radio Pacific).
Ray Henwood, 82, Welsh-born New Zealand actor (Gliding On).
Tom Jordan, 99, American baseball player (Chicago White Sox, Cleveland Indians, St. Louis Browns), complications from a heart attack.
Dr. Karonte, 62, Mexican professional wrestler (CMLL).
Ian Kerr, 54, Canadian academic lawyer, cancer.
Helmut Krauss, 78, German actor.
Roy Lucas, 77, American football coach.
Pita Paraone, 73, New Zealand politician, MP (2002–2008, 2014–2017).
Isabel Toledo, 59, Cuban-born American fashion designer, breast cancer.
Walmir Alberto Valle, 81, Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Zé Doca (1991–2002) and Joaçaba (2003–2010), cancer.
Gavin Watson, 71, South African prison executive, CEO of Bosasa (since 2000), traffic collision.
Geoff Wraith, 72, English rugby league player and coach.
Mir Tanha Yousafi, 64, Pakistani poet, novelist and writer.
27
Pedro Bell, 69, American artist and illustrator (Parliament-Funkadelic).
Nimu Bhowmik, 83, Indian actor (Arun Barun O Kiranmala, Nater Guru, Gyarakal).
Albert Vickers Bryan Jr., 92, American judge, Chief Judge of the District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (1985–1991), pneumonia.
Gilmer Capps, 87, American politician.
Yigal Cohen-Orgad, 81, Israeli politician, MP (1977–1988) and Minister of Finance (1983–1984).
Jessi Combs, 39, American racer and television host (Xtreme 4x4, MythBusters, Overhaulin'), jet-car crash.
Frances Crowe, 100, American peace activist.
Wadie P. Deddeh, 98, Iraqi-born American politician, member of the California State Assembly (1967–1983) and Senate (1983–1993).
Sven Trygve Falck, 76, Norwegian politician, MP (1981–1985).
Donnie Fritts, 76, American keyboardist (Kris Kristofferson) and songwriter, complications from heart surgery.
Saif Ahmad Al Ghurair, 95, Emirati businessman, Chairman of Al Ghurair Group (since 1960).
Abel González Chávez, 76, Colombian radio and television host, stroke.
Gary Gruber, 78, American theoretical physicist.
Sir Dawda Jawara, 95, Gambian politician, Prime Minister (1962–1970) and President (1970–1994).
Kopi John, 25, Papua New Guinean cricketer (national team).
John Ssenseko Kulubya, 84, Ugandan real estate investor, complications from pneumonia.
Rajnish Kumar, 59, Indian politician, member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly (since 2012).
Philippe Madrelle, 82, French politician, Senator (since 1980).
Richard Mamiya, 94, American heart surgeon.
José Mateo, 91, Spanish racing cyclist.
Paul Meger, 90, Canadian ice hockey player (Montreal Canadiens), Stanley Cup champion (1953).
Stephen O. Murray, 69, American sociologist, lymphoma.
Sōju Nosaka II, 81, Japanese musician.
Tom O'Hara, 77, American Olympic middle-distance runner (1964).
Park Han-yong, 68, South Korean businessman, President of POSCO (2012–2013).
Guy Parsons, 93, British accountant.
Paul Peterson, 98, Canadian football player (Hamilton Flying Wildcats).
Leopoldo Pomés, 87, Spanish photographer and publicist.
Tahu Potiki, 52, New Zealand Māori leader, chief executive of Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu (2002–2006).
Don Sallee, 86, American politician.
Thanadsri Svasti, 92, Thai food writer and broadcaster, cholangiocarcinoma.
Martin Weitzman, 77, American economist.
Gustav Wiklund, 85, Finnish actor and painter.
Zhang Zong, 90, Chinese crystallographer, member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
28
Michel Aumont, 82, French actor (The Toy, A Sunday in the Country, Dangerous Moves).
Clive Featherby, 86, British motorcycle speedway rider.
Pascal Gnazzo, 98, French racing cyclist.
Donnie Green, 71, American football player (Buffalo Bills, Philadelphia Eagles, Detroit Lions).
Steve Hiett, 79, British photographer.
Nancy Holloway, 86, American singer and actress.
Giuseppe Iamonte, 70, Italian mobster ('Ndrangheta), fall.
Gary King, 85, American businessman and radio personality.
Nicolás Leoz, 90, Paraguayan football executive, President of CONMEBOL (1986–2013).
June Lyne, 87, American politician.
Max McDonald, 92, Australian politician, member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly (1979–1992).
Nie Yuanzi, 98, Chinese academic administrator, leader of the Red Guards, respiratory failure.
Sogyal Rinpoche, 72, Tibetan Dzogchen lama and writer (The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying), founder of Rigpa organization, pulmonary embolism.
George P. Schiavelli, 71, American judge.
Sean Stephenson, 40, American self-help author and motivational speaker, head injury.
Valeriy Syrov, 72, Russian-born Ukrainian football player (Karpaty Lviv, Metalurh Zaporizhya) and manager.
Nikola Trojanović, 90, Yugoslav Olympic swimmer.
Paz Undurraga, 89, Chilean singer and composer.
29
Don Aickin, 84, New Zealand obstetrician and gynaecologist (University of Otago, Christchurch).
Biba Caggiano, 82, Italian-born American restaurateur and cookbook author.
Lila Cockrell, 97, American politician, Mayor of San Antonio (1975–1981, 1989–1991).
Terrance Dicks, 84, English screenwriter (Doctor Who, Crossroads, Space: 1999).
Nita Engle, 93, American watercolorist.
Richard Geist, 74, American politician, member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1978–2013), heart attack.
Jean Guillou, 88, French Olympic gymnast (1952, 1956).
Janusz Hajnos, 51, Polish Olympic ice hockey player (1992).
Guy Innes-Ker, 10th Duke of Roxburghe, 64, British aristocrat.
Juhani Kärkinen, 83, Finnish Olympic ski jumper (1960), world champion (1958).
Miklós Kocsár, 85, Hungarian composer.
Jim Langer, 71, American Hall of Fame football player (Miami Dolphins, Minnesota Vikings), heart failure.
Jim Leavelle, 99, American homicide detective, police escort for Lee Harvey Oswald, heart attack.
Brad Linaweaver, 66, American science fiction writer, cancer.
Maria Dolors Renau, 82, Spanish politician, Deputy (1982–1986, 1989–1993), MEP (1986–1987) and president of Socialist International Women (1999–2003).
Mohammad Muslim, Indian politician, MLA (1996–2002, 2012–2017).
Randy Romero, 61, American Hall of Fame jockey, stomach cancer.
Achille Silvestrini, 95, Italian-born Vatican diplomat and Roman Catholic cardinal, Prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches (1991–2000).
Dick Taylor, 77, Australian rugby player.
Vladimir Veličković, 84, Serbian painter.
Leonard Wery, 93, Dutch Olympic field hockey player.
30
Chester Aaron, 96, American writer.
Deyan Ranko Brashich, 78, American attorney and writer.
Gordon Bressack, 68, American television writer (Pinky and the Brain, Animaniacs, Bionic Six).
Franco Columbu, 78, Italian bodybuilder and actor (Conan the Barbarian, The Terminator), Mr. Olympia winner (1976, 1981), heart attack.
Jim Colvin, 81, American football player.
Stephen Cretney, 83, British legal scholar.
Elaine Darling, 83, Australian politician, MP (1980–1993).
Dennis Fentie, 68, Canadian politician, Premier of Yukon (2002–2011) and MLA (1996–2011), cancer.
Ken France, 78, New Zealand footballer.
Lamberto Giorgis, 87, Italian football player (Taranto) and manager (Lecce, Sampdoria).
Bernard F. Grabowski, 96, American politician, member of the House of Representatives (1963–1967).
William D. Grampp, 105, American economist.
A. James Gregor, 90, American historian.
Valerie Harper, 80, American actress (The Mary Tyler Moore Show, Rhoda, Valerie), Emmy Award winner (1971, 1972, 1973, 1975), leptomeningeal carcinomatosis.
James Cellan Jones, 88, Welsh film and television director (The Roads to Freedom, The Forsyte Saga, Fortunes of War), Chairman of BAFTA (1983–1985), stroke.
Melisa Michaels, 73, American author.
Park Taesun, 77, South Korean writer.
Hans Rausing, 93, Swedish businessman, Chairman of Tetra Pak (1985–1993).
Udo Schaefer, 92, German lawyer and Baháʼí author.
Shevin Smith, 44, American football player (Tampa Bay Buccaneers).
31
Jeff Blackshear, 50, American football player (Seattle Seahawks, Baltimore Ravens, Kansas City Chiefs), pancreatic cancer.
Ryszard Czerniawski, 67, Polish lawyer and economist, vice-chairman of the board of Warsaw Stock Exchange (1994–2006) and vice-ombudsman (2012–2015).
Leslie H. Gelb, 82, American journalist (The New York Times) and government official, Assistant Secretary of State (1977–1979).
Alec Holowka, 35, Canadian video game developer (Aquaria, I'm O.K – A Murder Simulator, Night in the Woods), suicide.
Anthoine Hubert, 22, French racing driver, GP3 Series champion (2018), race crash.
William J. Larkin Jr., 91, American politician, member of the New York State Assembly (1979–1990) and Senate (1991–2018).
Michael Lindsay, 56, American voice actor (Bleach, Naruto, Digimon).
Sergio Lobato García, 64, Mexican politician, federal deputy in the LXI Legislature of Congress.
Marita Lorenz, 80, German-born American conspiracy theorist, heart failure.
Mary Ma, 66, Chinese business executive, CFO of Lenovo, pancreatic cancer.
Jane Mathews, 78, Australian judge, Supreme Court of New South Wales (1987–1994).
Wim Statius Muller, 89, Curaçaoan composer and pianist.
Hal Naragon, 90, American baseball player (Cleveland Indians, Washington Senators/Minnesota Twins) and coach (Detroit Tigers).
Jim Pettie, 65, Canadian ice hockey player (Boston Bruins), cancer.
Hugo Pfaltz, 87, American politician.
Earl Ravenal, 88, American foreign policy analyst, academic, and writer.
Donald Rooum, 91, English cartoonist and activist.
Agnar Sandmo, 81, Norwegian economist, cancer.
Mamadou Tew, 59, Senegalese footballer (Club Brugge, Charleroi, national team).
Marshall P. Tulin, 93, American hydrodynamics engineer.
Immanuel Wallerstein, 88, American sociologist, developer of world-systems theory.
Wang Buxuan, 97, Chinese thermal physicist, member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Zbigniew Zaleski, 72, Polish politician.
References
^ В Тбилиси в возрасте 92-х лет скончался профессор Леван Алексидзе Archived 2019-08-01 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
^ Marilynn Bruder Alsdorf (BS46)
^ Houthis Kill Top UAE-Backed Separatist Yemeni Commander
^ Former Ryder Cup player Brand Jr. dies at age 60
^ Prof William Brown, former master of Darwin College, Cambridge, dies at 74
^ Dramaturgul şi regizorul Puşi Dinulescu a murit la vârsta de 76 de ani (in Romanian)
^ Pottsville Chiropractor, NFL Star Jack Dolbin Dies, 70
^ In Memoriam: Charles Fadley, Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Physics
^ The Kinks keyboardist Ian Gibbons has died
^ Décès de Sadou Hayatou, ancien Premier Ministre du Cameroun (in French)
^ È morta Annemarie Huber-Hotz (in Italian)
^ Barry Hughart
^ 元阪神・鎌田実氏死去 日本初バックトス＆ジャンピングスローの名手 (in Japanese)
^ Margot R. Lovejoy
^ Francis Luiggi
^ Shelter Island Reporter obituary: Martin Mayer
^ Mayor of Mogadishu dies as result of al-Shabaab attack
^ Umrl je Marjan Pečar (in Slovene)
^ D.A. Pennebaker, Master Director of Documentaries, Dies at 94
^ Kanu-Olympiasieger Perleberg ist tot (in German)
^ Barrington Pheloung obituary
^ Maurice Pope (1926 – 2019)
^ Γιώργος Ποζίδης: Συγκινητικό το τελευταίο αντίο στον Ολυμπιονίκη (φώτο) Archived 2020-06-17 at the Wayback Machine (in Greek)
^ Iznenada preminuo trener Milovan Prelević (in Croatian)
^ Hall of fame wrestling legend Harley Race, an eight-time NWA champion, dies at 76
^ Anders Peter Ravn (in Danish)
^ Former Assam MLA passes away
^ In memoriam: Ephraim M. Sparrow (May 27, 1928–August 1, 2019)
^ Prolific sculptor Llew Summers 'a great man who will be mourned by many'
^ Professor R.G. Tiedemann, 1941 – 2019
^ Casino-busting Philippine prelate Jesus Tuquib dies at 89
^ Zemřel legendární tvůrce papírových vystřihovánek Richard Vyškovský (in Czech)
^ Murió el músico Rodolfo Zapata, creador de la canción "No vamo' a trabajar" (in Spanish)
^ Falleció el poeta y artista visual Ludwig Zeller a los 92 años (in Spanish)
^ 著名电化学家查全性逝世，共和国5天内痛失2位院士 (in Chinese)
^ Obituary: Bill Anderson MBE, Scotland's greatest heavyweight Highland Games star
^ Dr. Carl Bell, South Side psychiatrist who spent career serving African American community, dies at 71
^ Blåvittprofilen Gunder Bengtsson har gått bort (in Swedish)
^ David Bevington (1931-2019)
^ Muere el director Roberto Bodegas, fundador de la 'tercera vía' del cine español (in Spanish)
^ Breaking News: The dean of Armenian Genocide studies, Prof. Dr. Vahakn Dadrian has just passed away
^ Mr. Jerome Dove
^ Oluf Fuglerud (in Norwegian)
^ Gildo, autor do gol mais rápido da história do Palmeiras, morre aos 79 anos (in Portuguese)
^ Veteran Telugu actor Devadas Kanakala dies at 75
^ Tragiczna śmierć polskiego pięściarza. Dawid Kostecki miał 38 lat (in Polish)
^ Monsieur Max Marsille (in French)
^ Your & My Secret Manga Creator Ai Morinaga Passes Away
^ Conservative MP Deepak Obhra dies of cancer
^ Most Reverend S. M. Bishop Stuart France O'Connell
^ Audrey Peters
^ Zum Tod von Schoschana Rabinovici (in German)
^ New Brunswick's lieutenant-governor dies after battle with cancer
^ The Honourable William Robson QSO (Rob) Storey
^ Умерла певица Александра Стрельченко (in Russian)
^ Former RNZ Concert Manager Helen Young has died
^ Two men executed in Japan's secretive death chambers
^ Meghalt Ambrus Miklós olimpiai bajnok vízilabdázó (in Hungarian)
^ Former ‘Saturday Night Live’ Musical Director Katreese Barnes Passes Away At 56
^ Henri Belolo, co-founder of Village People, dies aged 82
^ Jean-Claude Bouttier est mort à 74 ans (in French)
^ Former Raiders receiver Cliff Branch dies at 71
^ Princeton theoretical physicist Steven Gubser, outstanding scholar of string theory and black holes, dies in France
^ The Passing of Basil Heatley
^ Умер выдающийся советский астрофизик Николай Кардашев (in Russian)
^ Former All Blacks captain and coach Sir Brian Lochore dies following cancer battle
^ British entertainer Joe Longthorne dies aged 64
^ Celibate Rifles frontman Damien Lovelock dies from cancer aged 65
^ Décès à l’âge de 73 ans de l’opposant gabonais Léon Mbou Yembi (in French)
^ Addio a Vigilio Mich: l'olimpionico di Predazzo che fece crescere la valle (in Italian)
^ Remembering Anne Monius, Distinguished Scholar and Dedicated Mentor
^ 日本知名动画师中村和子逝世 享年86岁 (in Japanese)
^ "L. Brooks Patterson, longtime Oakland County executive, dies at 80". Archived from the original on 2019-08-06. Retrieved 2019-09-06.
^ Fallece el exsecretario general de Acción Democrática Lewis Pérez a causa de un infarto (in Spanish)
^ Former Palau president dies at age 89
^ Uskup Timika John Saklil meninggal dunia (in Indonesian)
^ A murit Marcel Toader (in Romanian)
^ 1960 US Olympic Gold Medalist Mike Troy Dies at 78
^ Thomas Baxter
^ আনোয়ারা বেগম (in Bengali)
^ ગુજરાતી કટાર લેખક-પત્રકાર કાંતિ ભટ્ટનું નિધન, લાંબા સમયથી હતા બીમાર (in Gujarati)
^ Veteran singer of Himalayan Band, Norden Tenzing, passes away in London
^ Former Major League player Bowman dead at 84
^ Murió el excampeón mundial de boxeo Prudencio Cardona (in Spanish)
^ WHL mourns passing of Jim Donlevy, longtime WHL Director, Education Services
^ 訃報 江夏弘 先生 (in Japanese)
^ Andrea Fraunschiel gestorben (in German)
^ Le grammairien belge André Goosse est décédé à l'âge de 93 ans (in French)
^ Former County Executive Tom Gulotta dies at 75
^ Richard Johnson obituary: Serious and thoughtful judge
^ Lahkus armastatud Eesti klaasikunstnik Ivo Lill (in Estonian)
^ Former PC Minister Jim Morgan Passes Away
^ Remembering Mountaineer Ann Nelson
^ Ex-Nationalspieler Harald Nickel ist tot (in German)
^ Nuon Chea, ideologue of Cambodia's Khmer Rouge, dies at 93
^ Former Georgia quarterback Larry Rakestraw dies
^ Stu Rosen Dies: Emmy Winning 'Dusty's Treehouse' Creator, 'Fraggle Rock' Voice Actor Was 80
^ Willy Tokarev dies after long illness
^ Jazz Revival Clarinetist Bob Wilber has Died
^ Bruce Alexander Aikenhead
^ Nesbit Bentley
^ Erwin Bittmann (in German)
^ Katherine "Kaye" (Keyes) Bondurant
^ প্রাক্তন বিধায়কের জীবনাবসান , শোক (in Bengali)
^ UPFA parliamentarian Salinda Dissanayake passes away
^ Bishop John Ellison, 1940-2019
^ Furre, Else Kollerud (1922-2019) (in Norwegian)
^ Sidney Goldstein
^ Glenn Clayton Greening November 3, 1947 to August 5, 2019
^ Sunset Strip Legend Lizzie Grey Dies From Lewy Body Disease Complications
^ a b Hong Kong Bids Farewell To Legendary Actresses Lily Leung & Teresa Ha Within 8 Days
^ Décès de l'artiste togolais Jimi Hope (in French)
^ Inge Israel
^ Captain Sydney Jary, soldier who was awarded an MC in Germany and wrote a bestselling book about his experiences – obituary
^ Fotbalový svět opustil Josef Kadraba, vicemistr světa z Chile 1962 (in Czech)
^ Bjorg Lambrecht dies at age 22
^ John Lowey (1958-2019)
^ A. Bruce Maunder
^ Thomas Andrew McDougall
^ "Cats great Middlemiss dies at 90". Archived from the original on 2019-08-06. Retrieved 2019-09-06.
^ Well-Known Cleric Sheikh Asif Mohseni Passes Away
^ Beloved Author Toni Morrison Has Died at 88
^ Benjamin F. Register, Jr.
^ Hedge fund investor Tarrant, who bet with Warren Buffett, dies
^ Kamal Boullata—Palestinian master of abstract art and Arabic calligraphy—dies, aged 77
^ Obituary: A farewell to motorcycle legend Rod Coleman
^ Polish woman who saved adoptive Jewish family from Holocaust dies at 102
^ Ex-DMK MLA Hussain passes away, Stalin pays tributes
^ Folk and showband singer Danny Doyle has died at the age of 79
^ Tage Lundin
^ 'A true pioneer in policing': Loved chief commissioner dies
^ Educationist Mrs YGP passes away
^ Players -Steve Parr
^ Falleció el exvicepresidente Alejandro Serrano Aguilar (in Spanish)
^ Professor Emeritus of Mathematics George Simmons Passes Away
^ BJP Leader And Former Foreign Minister Sushma Swaraj Dies At 67
^ Vale George Whaley, esteemed director, actor and teacher
^ 著名化学家、中国科学院院士卓仁禧逝世，享年89岁 (in Chinese)
^ Former interim Omaha mayor 'Subby' Anzaldo, 86, dies
^ Silver Jews’ David Berman Died by Suicide, Medical Examiner Rules
^ Abschied von Helmut Bez (in German)
^ Anchorage state Sen. Chris Birch dies at 68
^ Michel Che (1941 - 2019)
^ Barbara Crane, Protean Photographer of Intimate Chicagoan Scenes, Dead at 91
^ 44-jarige sportman Orlando Grootfaam vandaag overleden in ziekenhuis te Paramaribo (in Dutch)
^ Donald Klein ’47, “Father of Psychopharmacology,” Dies at 90
^ Screenwriter Patricia Louisianna Knop Dies at 78
^ Dreher High School grad who revolutionized DNA has died
^ Hrithik Roshan's grandfather, filmmaker J. Om Prakash, dies in Mumbai
^ Nancy Reddin Kienholz, who pushed art boundaries with husband Edward, dies at 75
^ Ушёл из жизни Ростислав Борисович Рыбаков (in Russian)
^ Herman J. Urenda
^ Murió Fabio Zerpa (in Spanish)
^ Era Anbarasu, Former Congress MP, dies
^ Jacques Arnoux (in French)
^ Legal expert Shamnad Basheer found dead
^ Cosmas Batubara, Dirut Agung Podomoro Land Tutup Usia (in Indonesian)
^ Comic Book Creator Ernie Colón Dies at 88
^ Sonoma Valley conservationist Ted Eliot dies at 91
^ Vale: Malcolm T. Elliott
^ Mark F. English
^ Bruce Hodgins
^ Obituary: Lee Bennett Hopkins
^ Jackie Jocko, Buffalo's legendary piano man, has died at 90
^ Nie żyje prof. Konturek, wybitny fizjolog i gastroenterolog (in Polish)
^ Mazhar Krasniqi, 'a real kaumatua' of New Zealand Muslim community, passes away
^ Obituary of Charlach Rob Douglas Mackintosh
^ Fallece el destacado ecologista Manfred Max Neef (in Spanish)
^ Le réalisateur Jean-Pierre Mocky est mort (in French)
^ Former NFL player and CFB HOFer Dave Parks passes away
^ Morto Saccomanni, presidente di Unicredit (in Italian)
^ Les Strongman
^ Marius Todericiu, găsit mort în Germania. Prima ipoteză a anchetatorilor (in Romanian)
^ Jazznestoren Erling Wicklund er død (in Norwegian)
^ Former Sibuti MP Ahmad Lai Bujang dies aged 69
^ José Desmarets, ancien ministre de la Défense, est décédé (in French)
^ African footballer found dead on rail tracks in Chhattisgarh
^ "NCU mourns passing of Rodney Falkson". Archived from the original on 2020-07-29. Retrieved 2020-01-17.
^ Former US Rep. Paul Findley of Illinois dies at age 98
^ Campeão do mundo em 62, 'melhor marcador de Garrincha' e ídolo do Fluminense, Altair morre aos 81 (in Portuguese)
^ Ronald Jones, Inspired Conceptual Artist and Devoted Academic, Is Dead at 67
^ Preminuo Fahrudin Jusufi, legendarni član "Partizanovih beba" (in Croatian)
^ Murió Cacho Malbernat, una gloria con el estilo de la mejor época de Estudiantes (in Spanish)
^ William H. Mills Jr.
^ Gerry Murray
^ Huw Owen Pritchard
^ "Barry Stroud (1935-2019)". Archived from the original on 2019-08-13. Retrieved 2019-09-06.
^ È morto Claudio Taddei (in Italian)
^ "Uren". Archived from the original on 2019-08-22. Retrieved 2019-09-06.
^ Pioneering sculptor Takis dies at age 93
^ Henk Vogels (in Dutch)
^ 包克辛同志逝世 (in Chinese)
^ Former state Rep. Joe Begich, a spirited Iron Range defender, dies
^ "Freda Mary Thompson (née Dowie)". Archived from the original on 2019-08-18. Retrieved 2019-09-06.
^ Jeffrey Epstein Died by Suicide, Medical Examiner Finds
^ Forbes, Alexander James CMG, MC
^ Emotional tributes paid to 'loving' dad and 'cricket champion'
^ Former Ohio State president Edward Jennings dies at 82
^ Ушел из жизни легендарный футболист владикавказского «Спартака» (in Russian)
^ Uno Kajak
^ Décès de la première femme ministre en Mauritanie à l'âge de 80 ans (in French)
^ Preminuo akademik Radoslav Katičić: 'Nenadoknadiv gubitak istinske veličine' (in Croatian)
^ "Lancaster". Archived from the original on 2019-08-29. Retrieved 2019-09-06.
^ Fallece el exjugador de baloncesto 'Chicho' Sibilo (in Spanish)
^ Ann Snitow, 1943–2019
^ Morto il costumista Piero Tosi (in Italian)
^ Archdiocese announces death Bishop Bernard
^ ProRodeo Hall of Famer Marty Wood passes away
^ 著名翻译家巫宁坤去世 黄灿然曾赞其译诗优于余光中 (in Chinese)
^ Man behind game's 'most brutal collision' loses battle with cancer
^ Freddy Bannister obituary (subscription required)
^ Tred Barta, 67, Renowned Outdoorsman And Role Model For Those With Disabilities
^ Kent J. Carroll
^ Hull City mourn the death of club stalwart Douglas Clarke
^ Passing of Tipperary hurling legend John Coffey (aged 102) - the oldest All-Ireland medal winner
^ San Antonio Jazz Legend Jim Cullum Has Died
^ Voormalig Vitesse-ster Curovic (51) overleden na kort ziekbed (in Dutch)
^ Obituary: John Dillon
^ In Memoriam Kerry Downes
^ Pittsburgh Steelers wide receivers coach Darryl Drake dies at 62
^ Celebrated linguist of Alaska Native Languages Michael Krauss dies
^ Broome actress Ningali Lawford-Wolf dies in UK
^ Chess master and Gulf News columnist Shelby Lyman dies at 82
^ Geoffrey Norman (Geoff) Malcolm
^ Barbara March, TNG, DS9's Klingon Lursa, passes away
^ Falleció el ex seleccionado hondureño Walter Pery Martínez (in Spanish)
^ Meghalt Máté László, az MSZP alapító tagja (in Hungarian)
^ Preminuo Gordan Mihić (in Serbian)
^ Frederick Reif
^ Falleció el Cardenal Sergio Obeso Rivera (in Spanish)
^ The life and times of Gordon Rowley (1921–2019)
^ Harvey Sand
^ Charles Santore, illustrator of children's books, dies at 84
^ J. Neil Schulman (1953-2019)
^ Emil Svoboda
^ DJ Arafat: Top Ivory Coast singer dies in road accident
^ Morre aos 69 anos o ator João Carlos Barroso (in Portuguese)
^ Adiós al Tata Brown, un campeón del mundo (in Spanish)
^ Monsieur Jean-Paul Capelle (in French)
^ पद्मश्री प्रोफेसर कृष्ण चंद्र चुनेकर का निधन, राजकीय सम्मान के साथ हुआ अंतिम संस्कार (in Hindi)
^ RIP Danny Cohen: The computer scientist who gave world endianness meets his end aged 81
^ Doliu în fotbalul românesc! A murit Florin Halagian! (in Romanian)
^ Beacon of Masorti Judaism, Rabbi Reuven Hammer, dies at 86
^ Classically trained performer inspired Hawaii actors
^ USA Cricket: Former USA wicketkeeper Rahul Kukreti passes away at age 43
^ Former Archdruid Robyn Léwis dies, aged 89
^ 卢永根院士逝世 生于香港曾获感动中国2017年度人物 (in Chinese)
^ Former Sonics broadcaster, Seattle youth-basketball legend Jim Marsh dies at 73
^ Paule Marshall, novelist of diverse influences, dead at 90
^ Mubarak's era business tycoon Hussein Salem dies in Madrid
^ Mizanur Rahman Shelley passes away
^ Passing of the Most Rev. John Michael Sherlock
^ Jan Simonsen er død (66) (in Norwegian)
^ Former Tikrikilla MLA Dies
^ Shipping magnate Frank Tsao dies, aged 94
^ Kip Addotta Dies: Comedian Appeared On ‘The Tonight Show’, Was 75
^ Madame Josette Arène née Delmas (in French)
^ Norman Barasch Obituary (1922-2019)
^ Falleció la exprimera dama Cecilia Caballero de López (in Spanish)
^ Umesh Bhat Bhavikeri, former MLA, dead
^ Gerald Geistweidt
^ 审计署原审计长、党组书记郭振乾逝世，享年86岁 (in Chinese)
^ Tim Means, Baja California ecotourism pioneer, dies at the age of 75
^ Zemřel Vladimír Ptáček, člen českého basketbalového rodu (in Czech)
^ Original Joffrey and Harkness Dancer, Brunilda Ruiz, Dies at 83
^ Carole Satyamurti obituary
^ L’ex-entraîneur globe-trotter René Taelman est décédé à l’âge de 74 ans (in French)
^ È morta Nadia Toffa (in Italian)
^ Suri näitleja Tõnu Aav (in Estonian)
^ Noted comic book author Suleiman Bakhit passes away
^ Renowned SA artist Carrol Boyes has died
^ Falleció la artista plástica Águeda Dicancro (in Spanish)
^ Aussie rules great Graham ‘Polly’ Farmer dies aged 84 at Fiona Stanley Hospital
^ Palo Alto: The tragic demise of an Olympic swimmer turned ‘outdoor citizen’
^ French composer Ivo Malec passed away
^ Nigeria: First Nigerian Commonwealth Games Medalist, Kab Olowu, Dies At 95
^ The death has occurred of Liam Ó Tuama
^ Murió Héctor "Chulo" Rivoira, histórico entrenador del ascenso (in Spanish)
^ Mottola piange Sansonetti: addio all’atleta “Uomo infinito” (in Italian)
^ "Reg Scarlett passes away in England". Archived from the original on 2019-08-20. Retrieved 2019-09-06.
^ Home and Away actor Ben Unwin dies at age 41
^ Za Helenou Wilsonovou (15. 8. 1937 – 14. 8. 2019) (in Czech)
^ Ndahet nga jeta regjisori i njohur shqiptar Gjergj Xhuvani (in Albanian)
^ প্রয়াত বড়জোড়ার প্রাক্তন বিধায়ক (in Bengali)
^ Former India opener VB Chandrasekhar dies aged 57
^ Claire Cloninger, prolific Christian author and songwriter, dead at 77
^ In Memoriam: Roberta Colman
^ Litterateur Madan Mani Dixit dies at 96
^ Ушел из жизни Владимир Фомичев Archived 2019-08-16 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
^ Samuel Gelfman, Producer of Roger Corman Films in the 1970s, Dies at 88
^ Addio a Lugi Lunari (in Italian)
^ Eddie Marlin dead at 89
^ My Early Memories of 'Officer' Bill Parker
^ 'He was a genuine visionary' – former Tauranga Mayor Noel Pope dies
^ 酒业泰斗秦含章逝世 享年112岁 (in Chinese)
^ Centrodestra, morto a 91 anni Antonio Rastrelli (in Italian)
^ Veteran actress Vidya Sinha dies at 71
^ Paralympics Australia deeply saddened by the loss of Glenn Tasker
^ Dalton L. Truax Jr.
^ Henrik Westman (in Swedish)
^ "Wrestling Pro", who entertained fans for decades, has died
^ Nelson Ball (1942-2019)
^ Former State Rep. Gus Barreiro, advocate for vulnerable children, dead at 60
^ Jaime Batres
^ Roland Brown
^ Prinses Christina (72) overleden aan gevolgen van botkanker (in Dutch)
^ Former All Blacks halfback Bruce Deans remembered as a tough, loyal competitor
^ Peter Fonda, 'Easy Rider' Architect and Counter-Cultural Icon, Dies at 79
^ Thomas (Tommy) Furlong
^ Addio a Felice Gimondi: l'ex corridore è morto a 76 anni (in Italian)
^ Hardy, oldest USC and Rams player, dies at 96
^ In Memoriam: Crawford Stanley (Buzz) Holling, OC FRSC
^ David Layzer
^ Former Odisha MLA Sahura Mallick Passes Away
^ Prof Dr Faisal Masood dies of cardiac arrest
^ Mike McGee, former Duke football star and coach, dies at 80
^ Welterweight legend Napoles dies at age 79
^ Grange Hill and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang star Anna Quayle dies aged 86 after dementia battle
^ Novelist Rizia Rahman passes away
^ "Bobby Smith". Archived from the original on 2021-05-24. Retrieved 2019-09-06.
^ Morreu Alexandre Soares dos Santos, empresário de referência (in Portuguese)
^ Почина баскетболната легенда Пенка Стоянова (in Bulgarian)
^ Ушла из жизни А.Е. Тер-Саркисянц (in Russian)
^ Gregor Trinkaus-Randall
^ Acclaimed animator who created Roger Rabbit dies aged 86
^ Padma Shri awardee Damodar Bapat dies at 84
^ Report: Former No. 4 overall pick RB Cedric Benson dies in motorcycle crash
^ Lucille Holliday Brown
^ WALTER BUSER Reform-minded former Swiss Chancellor dies at 93
^ Passings of Allen Church, Pepi Gramshammer and Bernd Zobel
^ Le diplomate sénégalais Jacques Diouf est décédé à l'âge de 81 ans (in French)
^ Ronald Gray
^ Rosemary Kuhlmann Evans
^ Donald Allen Bror Lindberg
^ Murió José Martínez Suárez, el hermano de Mirtha Legrand (in Spanish)
^ Hockey deaths - August 2019
^ Murió la gran poeta Thelma Nava a los 87 años (in Spanish)
^ Ivan Oman, Key Figure in Slovenia's Independence, Dies at 89
^ Teodoro Palacios
^ Terengganu veteran goalkeeper Suffian Abdul Rahman dies at 41
^ Veteran DD News anchor Neelum Sharma dies
^ Stephen Siklos obituary
^ Eminent educationist Taburam Taid passes away in Guwahati
^ M'sian hockey legend Lawrence Van Huizen dies at 89
^ Addio a Camillo Zanolli, olimpionico del fondo alle Olimpiadi di Cortina (in Italian)
^ Former MLA Soma Bhupala no more
^ Barbara Blake
^ 'Louisiana has lost a champion': Former Gov. Kathleen Blanco dies at 76
^ Addio a Giulio Chierchini, storico disegnatore di Topolino (in Italian)
^ Former Featherstone Rovers and Wakefield Trinity stalwart Gary Cooper dies aged 80
^ In memoriam: René Feller, de trainer die uit het niets bondscoach van Eritrea werd (in Dutch)
^ Dirigent Helmuth Froschauer tot (in German)
^ Conrad Gorinsky obituary
^ Gillian Hanna obituary
^ Chad Jeremy Holt
^ So long, Denis Kuljiš * (in Croatian)
^ Zemřel fotograf Karel Kuklík (in Czech)
^ Olympic relay champion Robert Ouko dies
^ Muere la actriz Encarna Paso a los 88 años (in Spanish)
^ Obituary for former Director Professor Peter Reill
^ Paul L. Smith Sr.
^ Nathaniel Smith
^ הלך לעולמו הפרופ' ששון סומך חתן פרס ישראל (in Hebrew)
^ Jack Whitaker, legendary CBS Sports announcer, has died at 95
^ 中国伊斯兰教协会原副会长兼秘书长余振贵逝世，享年73岁 (in Chinese)
^ James Riley Alexander
^ Veteran local actor Bai Yan dies, months after celebrating 100th birthday
^ (Ret.) Lt Gen Benjamin Neil Bellis (1924 - 2019)
^ Son charged in death of ex-NFL lineman Bennett, wife
^ Leo Dunne
^ Melvin L. Frederick
^ Почина Жорж Ганчев (in Bulgarian)
^ Matilda Hansen
^ Olympian Zakir Hussain passes away
^ Al Jackson, original New York Met, dies at 83
^ Music composer Khayyam passes away at 92
^ S-veteranen Enn Kokk är död (in Swedish)
^ Lars Larsen era død (in Danish)
^ Minnesota Scene: Former Winona State basketball coach Mike Leaf dies
^ Philippe Leroy, ancien président du département de la Moselle, est mort (in French)
^ Ex-DENR chief Gina Lopez dies at 65
^ Pertti Mäkipää "Pertsa"
^ Nie żyje malarz Zbigniew Makowski (in Polish)
^ The Hon. John Cyril James Matthews (1928 – 2019)
^ Bihar former CM Jagannath Mishra passes away in Delhi
^ Jack Perkins, ‘Biography’ host and Casey Key resident, dies at 85
^ Muere el veterano chismólogo Charlie Too Much (in Spanish)
^ David Rubinstein obituary
^ 'Comfort woman' who was repeatedly raped by Japanese troops dies at 96
^ CMA mourns the passing of Dr. Bette Stephenson, Canadian pioneer and medical leader
^ Canned Heat's Larry ‘The Mole’ Taylor has died aged 77
^ Kazuo Wada, former chairman of collapsed retailer Yaohan, dies at 90
^ Vale Colin Beard
^ "The King of Hay, Richard Booth has died aged 80". Archived from the original on 2019-12-15. Retrieved 2019-09-06.
^ È morto il garante per la privacy europeo Giovanni Buttarelli (in Italian)
^ Russ Conway, U.S. journalist who brought down NHLPA's Alan Eagleson, dead at 70
^ Rudolf Hundstorfer verstorben (in German)
^ Temple Israel of Hollywood Interim Senior Rabbi, Peter Knobel Dies
^ "Superbalita Cebu columnist Ernesto Lariosa writes 30". Archived from the original on 2019-09-05. Retrieved 2019-09-06.
^ 著名胸外科专家、原中国医科大学校长李厚文逝世 (in Chinese)
^ Harry Butler Luthi Sr.
^ APF Canada Mourns Loss of Former Board Chair, Dr. John H. McArthur
^ Скончалась актриса Александра Назарова (in Russian)
^ Obituary: S. Lester Ralph
^ Obituary Lico Reyes RIP
^ Larry Siegel — RIP
^ Akhilesh Singh, father of Congress MLA Aditi Singh from Raebareli, Passed Away
^ Edson Lyman Warner
^ Kelsey Weems
^ RHC mourns passing away of Princess Dina bint Abdul-Hamid
^ Former Super Falcons midfielder Ifeanyi Chiejine dies after brief illness
^ Athletics mourns Olympic relay gold winner Norma Fleming
^ Julian "Teban" Daan signs off at 74
^ Babulal Gaur, former MP chief minister and senior BJP leader, dies in Bhopal
^ "Tributes paid to Hollywood hotshot". Archived from the original on 2021-07-04. Retrieved 2019-09-20.
^ Richard Hoad
^ President pays tribute to Bishop Emeritus of Tete, Dom Paulo Mandlate
^ 《诗选刊》主编简明病逝，曾获闻一多、陈子昂诗歌奖 (in Chinese)
^ "Neill". Archived from the original on 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2019-09-13.
^ Nguyên Thứ trưởng Bộ Giao thông Vận tải Nguyễn Tiến Sâm qua đời (in Vietnamese)
^ Muere Celso Piña, el "Rebelde del acordeón" (in Spanish)
^ Lawrence Reade
^ Alexander Schenker, helped make Yale a major center of Slavic studies
^ Journalisten med den flotte landskamprekord er død (in Danish)
^ Ines Torelli ist tot (in German)
^ Dr. William Y. Adams
^ Former Ghana striker Junior Agogo is dead
^ Kenneth E. Batcher
^ Gary Ray Bowles: Florida executes killer who preyed on gay men
^ Royal Kangaroos Member Norman Frederick Charles Passes Away
^ Ex cricket boss Peter Chingoka dies
^ "Packers' all-time interception leader, Bobby Dillon, dies at 89". Archived from the original on 2019-08-29. Retrieved 2019-09-06.
^ Former deputy prime minister Tim Fischer dies
^ Jimmy Fleming
^ 90岁中国社会科学院荣誉学部委员、著名法学家高恒逝世 (in Chinese)
^ প্রয়াত কোচবিহারের ষাইটোল সম্রাজ্ঞী ফুলতি গিদালি (in Bengali)
^ Wynn Kramarsky, Venturesome Drawings Collector and Arts Patron, Is Dead at 93
^ Умер актёр Виталий Логвиновский (in Russian)
^ Former NBA coach Nissalke dies at 87
^ Monsieur Yves Oger (in French)
^ Gerard O'Neill, Reporter And Author Of 'Black Mass,' Has Died
^ Russian athlete and model Margarita Plavunova dies while training
^ Morton H. Tubor
^ Artist Mary Lee Abbott Of Southampton Dies August 23
^ NAP chief Prof Mozzaffar Ahmad, who advised wartime government in exile, dies at 97
^ John Bluett
^ Larissa Bonfante (subscription required)
^ Leslie C. Brewer
^ Clinton Astor Conatser
^ Sénégal : mort du ministre Amath Dansokho, ex-figure majeure de l’opposition (in French)
^ Mario Davidovsky
^ E' morto Carlo Delle Piane, 110 film in 70 anni di carriera (in Italian)
^ Leo Gauriloff 1956–2019 (in Finnish)
^ Morre o ator Kito Junqueira aos 71 anos (in Portuguese)
^ David Koch, billionaire conservative activist and philanthropist, dies at 79
^ RIP Rick Loomis
^ È morto il fumettista Massimo Mattioli (in Italian)
^ Sydney Roosters rugby league legend Peter Moscatt dies
^ Roaring Lion loses life after suffering another bout of colic
^ Silvia Ruegger dies at age 58
^ Louis R. Slaby
^ Sheila Steafel obituary
^ Walter Thiel (1949 – 2019)
^ Mike Thomas, former Redskins running back and 1975 rookie of the year, dies at 66
^ Wang Guodong, painter of Mao Zedong's portrait for Tiananmen Square, 1931–2019
^ "Timothy Andrew Wohlforth". Archived from the original on 2019-10-26. Retrieved 2019-11-01.
^ Stuart York
^ Olympiasieger Egon Zimmermann ist tot (in German)
^ David Akiba
^ Tex Clevenger, former Fresno State pitcher and Fresno Co. Athletic Hall of Famer, dies at 87
^ "Ireland international Mike Eagar died recently". Archived from the original on 2019-09-25. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
^ Olympic skiing legend found dead after massive search in Spanish mountains
^ Carnet noir : L'artiste plasticien Koffi Gahou a tiré sa révérence (in French)
^ "Cecafa mourns former chairman Tesfaye Ghebreyesus". Archived from the original on 2019-08-25. Retrieved 2019-09-06.
^ Appeals court judge's death a suicide, coroner rules
^ Katherine Dinkins Graham
^ Trauer um Lutz-Michael Harder (in German)
^ Andrew Horn, Filmmaker and Writer, Dies at 66
^ Arun Jaitley passes away at 66
^ Robert Judd, 1956-2019
^ Celebrated Guyanese writer Peter Kempadoo passes away
^ Robert B. Kilcullen
^ Professor Ia McIlwaine
^ Business tycoon Thandi Ndlovu dies after car accident
^ Tony Nichols: a man in relentless pursuit of the glory of God
^ Sidney Rittenberg, former American advisor to Mao, dies at age 98
^ Preminuo akademik Vlado Strugar (in Serbian)
^ Obituary of Jim Tydings - gifted all-rounder a rugby international, soccer star and sprint champ
^ Voormalig Shell-topman Van Wachem overleden (in Dutch)
^ Former NFL player Dick Woodard passes away at 93
^ Maqsood Ali passes away
^ Ed Bartram, Canadian artist renowned for Georgian Bay rockscapes, has died
^ Mr. Herbert Wilson Beattie
^ Tim Bell, Margaret Thatcher's spin doctor, dies at 77
^ Obituary: Clora Bryant
^ Former Hunslet hero Alf ‘Ginger’ Burnell dies aged 95
^ Efsane milli atlet Gül Çıray Akbaş hayatını kaybetti (in Turkish)
^ Fallece el histórico dirigente campesino Genaro Flores Santos (in Spanish)
^ ‘She was filled with love’: UC Berkeley alumna, computer scientist Sally Floyd dies at 69
^ Reb Foster, One of the 11-10 Men at KRLA, Dies
^ Acclaimed British composer Jonathan Goldstein, family killed in Swiss Alps plane crash
^ United Flight 232 Captain Al Haynes dead at 87 years old
^ BM Kutty, Pakistani Politician of Kerala Origin, Passes Away at 89
^ Veteran actress Mona Lisa passes away at 97, wake details disclosed
^ Addio a Eliseo Mattiacci, l'artista "povero" del cosmo (in Italian)
^ Décès de M.Bernard Monnereau (in French)
^ Original Rays franchise owner Vince Naimoli dies at age 81
^ Ferdinand Piëch ist tot (in German)
^ Mitch Podolak, founder of Winnipeg Folk Festival and West End Cultural Centre, dies
^ Anne Grete Preus er død (in Norwegian)
^ Arkansas State & NEA basketball legend Jerry Rook passes away
^ Ian McKay Sinclair
^ Sakit Jantung, Eks Laskar Jihad Jafar Umar Thalib Tutup Usia (in Indonesian)
^ Leon Wofsy
^ Oud-directeur ESO en oud-president IAU Lodewijk Woltjer (1930–2019) overleden (in Dutch)
^ Escritora, atriz e roteirista Fernanda Young morre aos 49 anos (in Portuguese)
^ Patty Abramson, local leader for women in business, dies at 74
^ Film actor Babar passes away
^ Maude Lerita Williams Ballou
^ Gregory Lee Barton
^ Pal Benko, 1928-2019
^ Iran's Larijani condoles death of French philosopher Yahya Bonaud
^ Neal Casal Dead: Circles Around the Sun Guitarist Dies at 50
^ Kanchan Chaudary Bhattacharya, first woman DGP, passes away
^ 97岁的陈家镛院士走了 "陈家镛一号"卫星仍在运行 (in Chinese)
^ Fort Collins native, former Colorado Rapids soccer star Colin Clark dies
^ Joseph Warren Coker
^ Richard Conrad: 1935-2019
^ Fr Felix Cornelius ONZM Donnelly
^ Veteran New Zealand actor Ray Henwood, star of Gliding On, has died
^ Tom Jordan, Oldest Living Ex-MLB Player, Dies At 99
^ Fallece el luchador Dr. Karonte Jr., padre de Carístico (in Spanish)
^ In Memoriam: My Dear Friend and Colleague Ian Kerr
^ Helmut Krauss ist tot Archived 2019-11-13 at the Wayback Machine (in German)
^ Roy Lucas, former Middletown great and member of legendary athletic family, dies 77
^ Ngāti Hine in mourning after death of Waitangi stalwart, Pita Paraone
^ Designer Isabel Toledo Has Died
^ Morre Dom Walmir Alberto Valle, Bispo Emérito de Joaçaba (in Portuguese)
^ "Gavin Watson killed in car crash". Archived from the original on 2019-09-04. Retrieved 2019-09-06.
^ "Former Wakefield Trinity and Castleford full-back 'great' Geoff Wraith has died, aged 72". Archived from the original on 2019-08-27. Retrieved 2019-09-06.
^ میر تنہا یوسفی کے انتقال پر اکادمی ادبیات پاکستان کی تعزیت (in Urdu)
^ Pedro Bell, Pedro Bell, artist who created Funkadelic's cosmic album covers, dies at 69
^ Veteran Bengali actor Nimu Bhowmik dead
^ Albert V. Bryan Jr., federal judge who presided over ‘rocket docket,’ dies at 92
^ Gilmer N. Capps
^ Ariel University director, former MK Yigal Cohen-Orgad dies aged 82
^ Jessi Combs, "fastest woman on four wheels," dies during land speed-record attempt
^ Longtime Valley peace activist Frances Crowe dies at 100
^ Senator Wadie P. Deddeh
^ Falck, Sven Trygve (1943-2019) (in Norwegian)
^ Donnie Fritts, Acclaimed Muscle Shoals Session Musician & Songwriter, Passes at 76
^ Prominent Emirati businessman Saif Ahmed Al Ghurair dies
^ Fallece el periodista y locutor barranquillero Abel Gonzalez Chávez (in Spanish)
^ Gary Gruber
^ The Gambia's first president, Dawda Jwara, dies aged 95 - Presidency
^ PNG lewas dedicate T20 World Cup qualification campaign to Kopi John
^ John Ssenseko Kulubya passes on
^ Congress MLA From Mukerian Rajnat Kumar Babbi Passes Away
^ Gironde : le sénateur socialiste et ancien président du département Philippe Madrelle est décédé (in French)
^ Dr. Richard T. Mamiya
^ José Mateo Gil
^ Former NHLer, Cup winner and longtime Barrie resident Paul Meger dies at 90
^ Obituary: Stephen O. Murray
^ 箏曲家の野坂操寿さんが死去 (in Japanese)
^ Loyola Mourns The Passing Of Tom O’Hara
^ 박한용 전 포스코 사장 별세 (in Korean)
^ In Memoriam: AMF Life President, Guy Parsons OBE
^ Obituary of Paul George Peterson
^ Muere Leopoldo Pomés, el fotógrafo que erotizó a todo un país (in Spanish)
^ Former Ngai Tahu CEO dies
^ Donald W. Sallee
^ ปิดตำนานเชลล์ชวนชิม "หม่อมราชวงศ์ถนัดศรี" ถึงแก่กรรม (in Thai)
^ The Man Who Got Economists to Take Climate Nightmares Seriously
^ Skådespelaren Gustav Wiklund har gått bort (in Finnish)
^ 著名物理学家章综院士逝世，享年90岁 (in Chinese)
^ L’acteur Michel Aumont est mort (in French)
^ Tributes paid to renowned speedway rider who would ‘do anything for anyone’
^ Cyclisme : le Marseillais Pascal Gnazzo s'est éteint à 98 ans (in French)
^ Bills 'Electric Company' lineman Donnie Green passes
^ Le photographe de mode britannique Steve Hiett nous a quitté (in French)
^ Nancy Holloway est décédée à Paris à l'âge de 86 ans (in French)
^ Melito, Giuseppe Iamonte morto dopo caduta dalla bici: era il figlio del boss Natale (in Italian)
^ Gary Dennis King
^ Morre o paraguaio Nicolás Leoz, ex-presidente da CONMEBOL (in Portuguese)
^ June Dawson Lyne
^ Maxwell John McDonald
^ Obituary: Nie Yuanzi, 1921-2019
^ "Buddhist teacher Sogyal Rinpoche dead, age 72". Archived from the original on 2019-08-28. Retrieved 2019-09-06.
^ Retired L.A. Federal, State Judge Dies
^ Sean Stephenson death: Author and therapist dies due to complications after suffering head injury
^ Сумуємо... Не стало Валерія Сирова (in Ukrainian)
^ Preminuo Nikola Trojanović, proslavljeni član splitskog Mornara i najstariji hrvatski olimpijac (in Croatian)
^ Paz Undurraga, fundadora del grupo de neofolclor Las Cuatro Brujas, falleció a los 89 años (in Spanish)
^ Donald Aickin
^ Biba Caggiano, Pioneer Of The Sacramento Restaurant Community, Dies At 82
^ Lila Cockrell, first woman mayor of San Antonio, has died
^ Doctor Who writer and script editor Terrance Dicks dies, aged 84
^ Renowned watercolorist Nita Engle passes away at 93
^ Former longtime State Rep. Rick Geist passes away
^ Une figure de La Seyne s’éteint quelques jours avant de donner son nom à un gymnase (in French)
^ Nie żyje Janusz Hajnos (in Polish)
^ Duke of Roxburghe dies, aged 64
^ Mäkihypyn maailmanmestari Juhani Kärkinen kuollut (in Finnish)
^ Meghalt Kocsár Miklós zeneszerző (in Hungarian)
^ In Memoriam | Jim Langer | 1948 - 2019
^ Dallas Detective Cuffed to Oswald Dies at 99
^ Brad Linaweaver (1952-2019)
^ Mor Maria Dolors Renau, expresidenta de la Internacional Socialista de les Dones (in Catalan)
^ पूर्व विधायक डॉ मोहम्मद मुस्लिम का निधन, लखनऊ में चल रहा था इलाज (in Hindi)
^ Randy Romero, classy Cajun with deft touch and strong spirit, dies at 62
^ Addio a Silvestrini, uno dei protagonist della diplomazia vaticana (in Italian)
^ Richard Lewis Taylor
^ Preminuo slikar Vladimir Veličković (in Serbian)
^ Leo Wery
^ Chester Norman Aaron
^ "Deyan Ranko Brashich (1940-2019)". Archived from the original on 2019-10-08. Retrieved 2019-10-10.
^ Gordon Bressack, Emmy-Winning 'Pinky and the Brain' Writer, Dies at 68
^ Franco Columbu Dead: Former Mr. Olympia Dies at 78
^ James R. Colvin
^ Dr Stephen Cretney, former Fellow in Law, dies aged 83
^ "'Trailblazer': Female politician remembered for her fire". Archived from the original on 2019-08-31. Retrieved 2019-09-06.
^ Dennis Fentie, former Yukon premier, dies at the age of 68
^ Vale Kenneth France
^ Taranto in lutto: Addio a Lamberto Giorgis (in Italian)
^ Bernard Francis Grabowski
^ William D. Grampp
^ È morto lo storico A. James Gregor, il più grande esperto di ideologia fascista (in Italian)
^ Actress Valerie Harper, known for 'Rhoda,' 'Mary Tyler Moore Show,' dies at 80, family says
^ James Cellan Jones obituary
^ In Memoriam-Melisa C. Michaels
^ 작가회의 창립 주도한 소설가 박태순 별세 (in Korean)
^ Hans Rausing, head of Tetra Pak family, dies aged 93
^ Passing of Dr. Udo Schaefer
^ Sunday Centerpiece: Remembering FSU Safety Shevin Smith
^ Former Fort Pierce Westwood and ULM star Jeff Blackshear remembered as gentle giant
^ Ryszard Czerniawski (in Polish)
^ Leslie H. Gelb, diplomat and journalist, dies at age 82
^ Night in the Woods Developer Alec Holowka Dies
^ Statement: Incident during FIA Formula 2 Sprint Race, Spa-Francorchamps
^ Former NYS Senator Bill Larkin Dies At 91
^ Michael Lindsay, the voice of Kankuro and Urahara, has passed away
^ Dan el último adiós a expresidente municipal (in Spanish)
^ Obituary: Marita Lorenz
^ Former Lenovo Executive Mary Ma Dies at 66
^ The Hon Jane Hamilton Mathews AO (1940-2019)
^ Wim Statius Muller overleden (in Dutch)
^ Former Cleveland Indians catcher Hal Naragon dies at 90
^ James "Seaweed" Pettie
^ Hugo Menzel Pfaltz
^ Obituaries: Earl C. Ravenal
^ Donald Rooum, UK atheist, anarchist and artist dead at 91
^ En bauta er borte (in Norwegian)
^ Club Brugge-cultheld Mamadou Tew (59) overleden (in Dutch)
^ Obituary of Marshall Peter Tulin
^ Immanuel Wallerstein vefat etti (in Turkish)
^ 工程热物理学科的开拓者、中国科学院院士王补宣逝世 (in Chinese)
^ Odszedł do Pana Pan Profesor Zbigniew Zaleski (in Polish)
vteDeaths by month
2024
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
2023
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
2022
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
2021
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
2020
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
2019
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
2018
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
2017
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
2016
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
2015
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
2014
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
2013
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
2012
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
2011
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
2010
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
2009
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
2008
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
2007
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
2006
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
2005
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
2004
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
2003
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
2002
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
2001
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
2000
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1999
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1998
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1997
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1996
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1995
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1994
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1993
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1992
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1991
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1990
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
1989
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Lists of deaths by year
|
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A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent country of citizenship (if applicable), reason for notability, cause of death (if known), and reference.","title":"Deaths in August 2019"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"August 2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Levan Aleksidze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levan_Aleksidze"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Marilynn Alsdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilynn_Alsdorf"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Munir Al Yafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munir_Al_Yafi"},{"link_name":"Southern Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Movement"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Gordon Brand Jnr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Brand_Jnr"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"William Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Brown_(industrial_relations_expert)"},{"link_name":"Master of Darwin College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Masters_of_Darwin_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Puși Dinulescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C8%99i_Dinulescu"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jack Dolbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Dolbin"},{"link_name":"Denver Broncos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Broncos"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Charles Fadley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fadley"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ian Gibbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Gibbons_(musician)"},{"link_name":"The Kinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kinks"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Sadou Hayatou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadou_Hayatou"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Cameroon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Annemarie Huber-Hotz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annemarie_Huber-Hotz"},{"link_name":"Federal Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Chancellor_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Swiss Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Barry Hughart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Hughart"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Minoru Kamata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoru_Kamata_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Osaka/Hanshin Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanshin_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Kintetsu Buffaloes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_Kintetsu_Buffaloes"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Margot Lovejoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Lovejoy"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Francis Luiggi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Luiggi"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_1968_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Four-man"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Martin Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Mayer"},{"link_name":"The Bankers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bankers"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Abdirahman Omar Osman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdirahman_Omar_Osman"},{"link_name":"Minister of Commerce and Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Industry_and_Trade_(Somalia)"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Mogadishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Mogadishu"},{"link_name":"bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24_July_2019_Mogadishu_bombing"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Marjan Pečar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjan_Pe%C4%8Dar"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"D. A. Pennebaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._A._Pennebaker"},{"link_name":"Dont Look Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dont_Look_Back"},{"link_name":"Monterey Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_Pop"},{"link_name":"Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziggy_Stardust_and_the_Spiders_from_Mars_(film)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Günter Perleberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Perleberg"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Barrington Pheloung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrington_Pheloung"},{"link_name":"Inspector Morse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector_Morse_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Maurice Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Pope_(linguist)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Georgios Pozidis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Pozidis"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_Greco-Roman_90_kg"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_Greco-Roman_90_kg"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Milovan Minja Prelević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milovan_Minja_Prelevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Budućnost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Budu%C4%87nost_Podgorica"},{"link_name":"OFK Beograd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OFK_Beograd"},{"link_name":"Hangzhou Wuyue Qiantang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangzhou_Wuyue_Qiantang_F.C."},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Harley Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Race"},{"link_name":"Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Wrestling_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"AWA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Wrestling_Association"},{"link_name":"CSW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_States_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Harley Race's Wrestling Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley_Race%27s_Wrestling_Academy"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Anders P. Ravn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_P._Ravn"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Sarat Saikia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarat_Saikia"},{"link_name":"Assam Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Ephraim M. Sparrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephraim_M._Sparrow"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Llew Summers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llew_Summers"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"R. G. Tiedemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._G._Tiedemann"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Jesus Tuquib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Tuquib"},{"link_name":"Cagayan de Oro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Cagayan_de_Oro"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Richard Vyškovský","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Vy%C5%A1kovsk%C3%BD"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Rodolfo Zapata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolfo_Zapata_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Zeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Zeller"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Zha Quanxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zha_Quanxing"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"1","text":"Levan Aleksidze, 93, Georgian legal scholar.[1]\nMarilynn Alsdorf, 94, American art collector.[2]\nMunir Al Yafi, 44–45, Yemeni military commander (Southern Movement), missile attack.[3]\nGordon Brand Jnr, 60, Scottish golfer, heart attack.[4]\nWilliam Brown, 74, British academic, Master of Darwin College (2000–2012).[5]\nPuși Dinulescu, 76, Romanian playwright and film director, heart attack.[6]\nJack Dolbin, 70, American football player (Denver Broncos).[7]\nCharles Fadley, 77, American physicist, cancer.[8]\nIan Gibbons, 67, English keyboardist (The Kinks), bladder cancer.[9]\nSadou Hayatou, 77, Cameroonian politician, Prime Minister (1991–1992).[10]\nAnnemarie Huber-Hotz, 70, Swiss politician, Federal Chancellor (2000–2007) and President of the Swiss Red Cross (since 2011), heart attack.[11]\nBarry Hughart, 85, American author.[12]\nMinoru Kamata, 80, Japanese baseball player (Osaka/Hanshin Tigers, Kintetsu Buffaloes), lung cancer.[13]\nMargot Lovejoy, 88, American historian of art and technology, stroke.[14]\nFrancis Luiggi, 87, French Olympic bobsledder (1968).[15]\nMartin Mayer, 91, American economist and writer (The Bankers), complications from Parkinson's disease.[16]\nAbdirahman Omar Osman, 53, Somali politician, Minister of Commerce and Industry (2015–2017) and Mayor of Mogadishu (since 2018), bombing.[17]\nMarjan Pečar, 78, Slovenian Olympic ski jumper.[18]\nD. A. Pennebaker, 94, American documentary filmmaker (Dont Look Back, Monterey Pop, Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars).[19]\nGünter Perleberg, 84, German sprint canoeist, Olympic champion (1960).[20]\nBarrington Pheloung, 65, Australian composer (Inspector Morse).[21]\nMaurice Pope, 93, British classical linguist.[22]\nGeorgios Pozidis, 63, Greek Olympic wrestler (1980, 1984).[23]\nMilovan Minja Prelević, 49, Montenegrin football player (Budućnost, OFK Beograd) and manager (Hangzhou Wuyue Qiantang), heart attack.[24]\nHarley Race, 76, American Hall of Fame professional wrestler (AWA, CSW) and trainer (Harley Race's Wrestling Academy), lung cancer.[25]\nAnders P. Ravn, 71, Danish computer scientist.[26]\nSarat Saikia, 71, Indian politician, Assam Legislative Assembly (2001–2016).[27]\nEphraim M. Sparrow, 91, American fluid dynamicist.[28]\nLlew Summers, 72, New Zealand sculptor.[29]\nR. G. Tiedemann, 78, German historian.[30]\nJesus Tuquib, 89, Filipino Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Cagayan de Oro (1988–2006).[31]\nRichard Vyškovský, 90, Czech architect.[32]\nRodolfo Zapata, 87, Argentine singer.[33]\nLudwig Zeller, 92, Chilean poet.[34]\nZha Quanxing, 94, Chinese electrochemist.[35]","title":"August 2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Anderson_(strongman)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Carl Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Bell_(physician)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Gunder Bengtsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunder_Bengtsson"},{"link_name":"IFK Göteborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFK_G%C3%B6teborg"},{"link_name":"Panathinaikos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panathinaikos_F.C."},{"link_name":"Feyenoord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feyenoord"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"David Bevington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bevington"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Roberto Bodegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Bodegas"},{"link_name":"Spaniards in Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaniards_in_Paris"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Vahakn Dadrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahakn_Dadrian"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Jerome Dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Dove"},{"link_name":"San Diego Chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Chargers"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Oluf Fuglerud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oluf_Fuglerud"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Gildo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gildo_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Palmeiras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedade_Esportiva_Palmeiras"},{"link_name":"Flamengo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clube_de_Regatas_do_Flamengo"},{"link_name":"Paranaense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Athletico_Paranaense"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Devadas Kanakala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devadas_Kanakala"},{"link_name":"Chettu Kinda Pleader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chettu_Kinda_Pleader"},{"link_name":"Gang Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_Leader"},{"link_name":"Pedababu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedababu"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Dawid Kostecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawid_Kostecki"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Max Marsille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Marsille"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Ai Morinaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai_Morinaga"},{"link_name":"My Heavenly Hockey Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Heavenly_Hockey_Club"},{"link_name":"Maniattemasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniattemasu"},{"link_name":"Your and My Secret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_and_My_Secret"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Deepak Obhrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepak_Obhrai"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Stuart O'Connell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_O%27Connell"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Rarotonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Rarotonga"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Audrey Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Peters"},{"link_name":"Love of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_of_Life"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Schoschana Rabinovici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoschana_Rabinovici"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Jocelyne Roy-Vienneau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jocelyne_Roy-Vienneau"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Rob Storey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Storey"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Minister of Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Strelchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Strelchenko"},{"link_name":"People's Artist of the RSFSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Artist_of_the_RSFSR"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Helen Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Young_(radio_manager)"},{"link_name":"RNZ Concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNZ_Concert"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-japan_hangings-57"},{"link_name":"Koichi Shoji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koichi_Shoji"},{"link_name":"Yasunori Suzuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasunori_Suzuki"}],"sub_title":"2","text":"Bill Anderson, 81, Scottish strongman.[36]\nCarl Bell, 71, American physician.[37]\nGunder Bengtsson, 73, Swedish football manager (IFK Göteborg, Panathinaikos, Feyenoord).[38]\nDavid Bevington, 88, American literary scholar.[39]\nRoberto Bodegas, 86, Spanish film director and screenwriter (Spaniards in Paris).[40]\nVahakn Dadrian, 93, Armenian-American sociologist and historian.[41]\nJerome Dove, 65, American football player (San Diego Chargers).[42]\nOluf Fuglerud, 94, Norwegian journalist and politician.[43]\nGildo, 79, Brazilian footballer (Palmeiras, Flamengo, Paranaense).[44]\nDevadas Kanakala, 74, Indian actor (Chettu Kinda Pleader, Gang Leader, Pedababu).[45]\nDawid Kostecki, 38, Polish professional boxer, suicide by hanging.[46]\nMax Marsille, 88, Belgian Olympic boxer (1952).[47]\nAi Morinaga, 38, Japanese manga artist (My Heavenly Hockey Club, Maniattemasu, Your and My Secret).[48]\nDeepak Obhrai, 69, Tanzanian-born Canadian politician, MP (since 1997), liver cancer.[49]\nStuart O'Connell, 84, New Zealand Catholic bishop, Bishop of Rarotonga (1996–2011).[50]\nAudrey Peters, 92, American actress (Love of Life).[51]\nSchoschana Rabinovici, 86, French-born Lithuanian-Israeli Holocaust survivor and writer.[52]\nJocelyne Roy-Vienneau, 63, Canadian politician, Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick (since 2014), cancer.[53]\nRob Storey, 83, New Zealand politician, MP (1984–1996), Minister of Transport (1990–1993).[54]\nAlexandra Strelchenko, 82, Russian folk singer, People's Artist of the RSFSR (1984).[55]\nHelen Young, 93, New Zealand broadcasting manager (RNZ Concert).[56]\nJapanese convicted murderers, executed by hanging.[57]\nKoichi Shoji, 64.\nYasunori Suzuki, 50.","title":"August 2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miklós Ambrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Ambrus"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Katreese Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katreese_Barnes"},{"link_name":"Juicy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juicy_(band)"},{"link_name":"Saturday Night Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live"},{"link_name":"Dick in a Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_in_a_Box"},{"link_name":"Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/59th_Primetime_Creative_Arts_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Henri Belolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Belolo"},{"link_name":"The Ritchie Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ritchie_Family"},{"link_name":"Village People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_People"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Jean-Claude Bouttier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Bouttier"},{"link_name":"Les Uns et les Autres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Uns_et_les_Autres"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Cliff Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Branch"},{"link_name":"Oakland Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Raiders"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Steven Gubser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Gubser"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Basil Heatley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Heatley"},{"link_name":"marathon world-record holder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon_world_record_progression"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_marathon"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Nikolai Kardashev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Kardashev"},{"link_name":"SETI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"Kardashev scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardashev_scale"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Sir Brian Lochore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Lochore"},{"link_name":"Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Rugby_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Wairarapa-Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wairarapa_Bush_Rugby_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Joe Longthorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Longthorne"},{"link_name":"Live from...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_from..."},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Damien Lovelock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Lovelock"},{"link_name":"The Celibate Rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Celibate_Rifles"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Léon Mbou Yembi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Mbou_Yembi"},{"link_name":"Deputy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Gabon"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Vigilio Mich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigilio_Mich"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_50_kilometre"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Anne E. Monius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_E._Monius"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Kazuko Nakamura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuko_Nakamura"},{"link_name":"Astro Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astro_Boy_(1963_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"L. Brooks Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Brooks_Patterson"},{"link_name":"County Executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Executive"},{"link_name":"Oakland County, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Lewis Pérez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_P%C3%A9rez"},{"link_name":"Acción Democrática","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Action_(Venezuela)"},{"link_name":"Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Thomas Remengesau Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Remengesau_Sr."},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Palau"},{"link_name":"Vice President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Palau"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"John Philip Saklil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Philip_Saklil"},{"link_name":"Timika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Timika"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Marcel Toader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Toader"},{"link_name":"Steaua București","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSA_Steaua_Bucure%C8%99ti_(rugby)"},{"link_name":"national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Mike Troy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Troy"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"world-record holder – 200m butterfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_record_progression_200_metres_butterfly"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"sub_title":"3","text":"Miklós Ambrus, 86, Hungarian water polo player, Olympic champion (1964).[58]\nKatreese Barnes, 56, American musician (Juicy), musical director (Saturday Night Live) and songwriter (\"Dick in a Box\"), Emmy Award winner (2007), breast cancer.[59]\nHenri Belolo, 82, French music producer (The Ritchie Family, Village People) and songwriter.[60]\nJean-Claude Bouttier, 74, French boxer and actor (Les Uns et les Autres).[61]\nCliff Branch, 71, American football player (Oakland Raiders).[62]\nSteven Gubser, 47, American physicist, climbing accident.[63]\nBasil Heatley, 85, British athlete, marathon world-record holder (1964) and Olympic silver medallist (1964).[64]\nNikolai Kardashev, 87, Russian astrophysicist (SETI), developer of the Kardashev scale.[65]\nSir Brian Lochore, 78, New Zealand Hall of Fame rugby union player and coach (national team, Wairarapa-Bush), bowel cancer.[66]\nJoe Longthorne, 64, English singer and impressionist (Live from...), throat cancer.[67]\nDamien Lovelock, 65, Australian musician (The Celibate Rifles), cancer.[68]\nLéon Mbou Yembi, 73, Gabonese politician, Deputy (2006–2011), complications from diabetes.[69]\nVigilio Mich, 88, Italian Olympic cross-country skier (1956).[70]\nAnne E. Monius, 55, American religious scholar.[71]\nKazuko Nakamura, 86, Chinese-born Japanese animator (Astro Boy).[72]\nL. Brooks Patterson, 80, American lawyer and politician, County Executive of Oakland County, Michigan (since 1992), pancreatic cancer.[73]\nLewis Pérez, 74, Venezuelan politician, Secretary General of Acción Democrática (1998–2000) and Senator (1994–1999), heart attack.[74]\nThomas Remengesau Sr., 89, Palauan politician, President (1988–1989) and Vice President (1985–1988).[75]\nJohn Philip Saklil, 59, Indonesian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Timika (since 2003).[76]\nMarcel Toader, 56, Romanian rugby union player (Steaua București, national team), heart attack.[77]\nMike Troy, 78, American swimmer, Olympic champion (1960), world-record holder – 200m butterfly (1959–1960).[78]","title":"August 2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Baxter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Baxter_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Anwara Begum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwara_Begum_(politician)"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatiya_Sangsad"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Kanti Bhatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanti_Bhatt"},{"link_name":"Gujarati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_language"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Norden Tenzing Bhutia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norden_Tenzing_Bhutia"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Ernie Bowman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Bowman"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Prudencio Cardona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudencio_Cardona"},{"link_name":"world flyweight champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flyweight_boxing_champions"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Jim Donlevy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Donlevy"},{"link_name":"Alberta Golden Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_Golden_Bears"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Hiroshi Enatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroshi_Enatsu"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Andrea Fraunschiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Fraunschiel"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Council_(Austria)"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"André Goosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Goosse"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Thomas Gulotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gulotta"},{"link_name":"County Executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Executive"},{"link_name":"Nassau County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Richard Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Johnson_(judge)"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Ivo Lill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo_Lill"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Jim Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Morgan_(Canadian_politician)"},{"link_name":"MHA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador_House_of_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Ann Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Nelson"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Harald Nickel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Nickel"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"Nuon Chea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuon_Chea"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Khmer Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Rouge"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Larry Rakestraw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Rakestraw"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"Stu Rosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stu_Rosen"},{"link_name":"Hulk Hogan's Rock 'n' Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulk_Hogan%27s_Rock_%27n%27_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"The Legend of Prince Valiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Legend_of_Prince_Valiant"},{"link_name":"Fraggle Rock: The Animated Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraggle_Rock:_The_Animated_Series"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Willi Tokarev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willi_Tokarev"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Bob Wilber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Wilber"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"}],"sub_title":"4","text":"Thomas Baxter, 84, Australian rugby union player.[79]\nAnwara Begum, 70, Bangladeshi politician, MP (1986–1988).[80]\nKanti Bhatt, 88, Indian Gujarati author and journalist.[81]\nNorden Tenzing Bhutia, 69, Nepalese musician, throat cancer.[82]\nErnie Bowman, 84, American baseball player (San Francisco Giants).[83]\nPrudencio Cardona, 67, Colombian boxer, world flyweight champion (1982).[84]\nJim Donlevy, 82, Canadian football coach (Alberta Golden Bears).[85]\nHiroshi Enatsu, 96, Japanese theoretical physicist.[86]\nAndrea Fraunschiel, 64, Austrian politician, MP (2004-2005).[87]\nAndré Goosse, 93, Belgian linguist.[88]\nThomas Gulotta, 75, American government official, County Executive of Nassau County, New York (1987–2001).[89]\nRichard Johnson, 81, Irish judge.[90]\nIvo Lill, 66, Estonian glass artist.[91]\nJim Morgan, 79, Canadian politician, MHA (1972–1989).[92]\nAnn Nelson, 61, American particle physicist, hiking accident.[93]\nHarald Nickel, 66, German footballer, cancer.[94]\nNuon Chea, 93, Cambodian politician, Acting Prime Minister (1976) and chief ideologist of Khmer Rouge.[95]\nLarry Rakestraw, 77, American football player (Chicago Bears).[96]\nStu Rosen, 80, American voice director and actor (Hulk Hogan's Rock 'n' Wrestling, The Legend of Prince Valiant, Fraggle Rock: The Animated Series), cancer.[97]\nWilli Tokarev, 84, Russian-American singer-songwriter.[98]\nBob Wilber, 91, American jazz clarinetist and bandleader.[99]","title":"August 2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bruce Aikenhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Aikenhead"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Nesbit Bentley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesbit_Bentley"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Erwin Bittmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Bittmann"},{"link_name":"1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Kaye Bondurant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaye_Bondurant"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Rashiram Debbarma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashiram_Debbarma"},{"link_name":"MLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripura_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"Salinda Dissanayake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinda_Dissanayake"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"John Ellison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ellison_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Else Kollerud Furre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Else_Kollerud_Furre"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Sidney Goldstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Goldstein"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Glen Greening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Greening"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Lizzie Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizzie_Grey"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_(heavy_metal_band)"},{"link_name":"Spiders & Snakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiders_%26_Snakes_(band)"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Teresa Ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Ha"},{"link_name":"Flower in the Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower_in_the_Rain"},{"link_name":"Big Brother Cheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Brother_Cheng"},{"link_name":"Killer Constable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_Constable"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msn-111"},{"link_name":"Jimi Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hope"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Inge Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inge_Israel"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Sydney Jary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Jary"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Josef Kadraba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Kadraba"},{"link_name":"Sparta Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta_Prague"},{"link_name":"Slavia Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavia_Prague"},{"link_name":"national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Bjorg Lambrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjorg_Lambrecht"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"John Lowey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lowey_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C."},{"link_name":"Blackburn Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Chester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Bruce Maunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bruce_Maunder&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Tom McDougall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_McDougall"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Russell Middlemiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Middlemiss"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"Geelong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Asif Mohseni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asif_Mohseni"},{"link_name":"marja'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marja%27"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Toni Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toni_Morrison"},{"link_name":"The Bluest Eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bluest_Eye"},{"link_name":"Song of Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_Solomon_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Beloved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beloved_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Nobel laureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"Benjamin F. Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_F._Register"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Tarrant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Tarrant"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"}],"sub_title":"5","text":"Bruce Aikenhead, 95, Canadian aerospace engineer and physicist.[100]\nNesbit Bentley, 91, Fijian Olympic sailor.[101]\nErwin Bittmann, 91, Austrian Olympic rower (1948).[102]\nKaye Bondurant, 84, American politician.[103]\nRashiram Debbarma, Indian politician, MLA (1977–1998).[104]\nSalinda Dissanayake, 61, Sri Lankan politician, MP (since 1994).[105]\nJohn Ellison, 78, English bishop.[106]\nElse Kollerud Furre, 96, Norwegian politician.[107]\nSidney Goldstein, 92, American demographer.[108]\nGlen Greening, 71, Canadian politician.[109]\nLizzie Grey, 60, American rock musician (London, Spiders & Snakes), complications from Lewy body disease.[110]\nTeresa Ha, 81, Hong Kong actress (Flower in the Rain, Big Brother Cheng, Killer Constable).[111]\nJimi Hope, 62, Togolese musician and painter.[112]\nInge Israel, 92, German-born Canadian poet and playwright.[113]\nSydney Jary, 95, British army officer.[114]\nJosef Kadraba, 85, Czech footballer (Sparta Prague, Slavia Prague, national team).[115]\nBjorg Lambrecht, 22, Belgian racing cyclist, race crash.[116]\nJohn Lowey, 61, English footballer (Sheffield Wednesday, Blackburn Rovers, Chester City).[117]\nBruce Maunder, 85, American geneticist.[118]\nTom McDougall, 76-77, Canadian politician.[119]\nRussell Middlemiss, 90, Australian footballer (Geelong), stroke.[120]\nAsif Mohseni, 84, Afghani marja'.[121]\nToni Morrison, 88, American author (The Bluest Eye, Song of Solomon, Beloved), Nobel laureate (1993), Pulitzer Prize winner (1988).[122]\nBenjamin F. Register, 89, American lieutenant general.[123]\nJeffrey Tarrant, 63, American hedge fund investor, film producer and philanthropist, brain cancer.[124]","title":"August 2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kamal Boullata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamal_Boullata"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Rod Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Coleman_(motorcyclist)"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Krystyna Dańko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystyna_Da%C5%84ko"},{"link_name":"Righteous Among the Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"S. A. M. Hussain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._A._M._Hussain"},{"link_name":"MLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"Danny Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Doyle_(singer)"},{"link_name":"The Rare Ould Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rare_Ould_Times"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Tage Lundin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tage_Lundin"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"Mick Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Miller_(police_officer)"},{"link_name":"Chief Commissioner of Victoria Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Police#Chief_Commissioners"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Mrs YGP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrs_YGP"},{"link_name":"Padma Seshadri Bala Bhavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Seshadri_Bala_Bhavan"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"Steve Parr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Parr_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"Alejandro Serrano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Serrano"},{"link_name":"Vice President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Ecuador"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"George F. Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_F._Simmons"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"Sushma Swaraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushma_Swaraj"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_parliament,_Lok_Sabha"},{"link_name":"Chief Minister of Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Minister of External Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_External_Affairs_(India)"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"George Whaley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Whaley_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Stork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stork_(film)"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"Zhuo Renxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhuo_Renxi"},{"link_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"}],"sub_title":"6","text":"Kamal Boullata, 77, Palestinian artist and art historian.[125]\nRod Coleman, 93, New Zealand motorcycle racer.[126]\nKrystyna Dańko, 102, Polish humanitarian, Righteous Among the Nations (1998).[127]\nS. A. M. Hussain, 80, Indian politician, MLA (2001–2006).[128]\nDanny Doyle, 79, Irish folk singer (\"The Rare Ould Times\").[129]\nTage Lundin, 85, Swedish Olympic biathlete.[130]\nMick Miller, 92, Australian police officer, Chief Commissioner of Victoria Police (1977–1987).[131]\nMrs YGP, 93, Indian educationist, founder and dean of the Padma Seshadri Bala Bhavan, cardiac arrest.[132]\nSteve Parr, 92, English footballer (Liverpool).[133]\nAlejandro Serrano, 86, Ecuadorian politician, Vice President (2005–2007).[134]\nGeorge F. Simmons, 94, American mathematician.[135]\nSushma Swaraj, 67, Indian politician, MP (1996–1999, 2009–2019), Chief Minister of Delhi (1998), Minister of External Affairs (2014–2019), cardiac arrest.[136]\nGeorge Whaley, 85, Australian actor (Stork) and film director.[137]\nZhuo Renxi, 88, Chinese chemist and academician (Chinese Academy of Sciences).[138]","title":"August 2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Subby Anzaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subby_Anzaldo"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"David Berman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Berman_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Silver Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Jews"},{"link_name":"Purple Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Actual Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actual_Air"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"Helmut Bez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Bez"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"Chris Birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Birch_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Alaska House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Senate"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"Michel Che","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Che"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"Barbara Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Crane"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"Orlando Grootfaam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Grootfaam"},{"link_name":"S.V. Robinhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.V._Robinhood"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Donald F. Klein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_F._Klein"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"Patricia Louisianna Knop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Louisianna_Knop"},{"link_name":"Lady Oscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Oscar_(film)"},{"link_name":"9½ Weeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9%C2%BD_Weeks"},{"link_name":"Siesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siesta_(film)"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"Kary Mullis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kary_Mullis"},{"link_name":"Nobel laureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"J. Om Prakash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Om_Prakash"},{"link_name":"Aap Ki Kasam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aap_Ki_Kasam"},{"link_name":"Aakhir Kyon?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aakhir_Kyon%3F"},{"link_name":"Aandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aandhi"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"Nancy Reddin Kienholz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Reddin_Kienholz"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"Rostislav Rybakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostislav_Rybakov"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"Herm Urenda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herm_Urenda"},{"link_name":"Oakland Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Raiders"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"Fabio Zerpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabio_Zerpa"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"}],"sub_title":"7","text":"Subby Anzaldo, 86, American politician.[139]\nDavid Berman, 52, American singer-songwriter (Silver Jews, Purple Mountains) and poet (Actual Air), suicide by hanging.[140]\nHelmut Bez, 88, German playwright.[141]\nChris Birch, 68, American politician, member of the Alaska House of Representatives (2017–2019) and Senate (since 2019), aortic dissection.[142]\nMichel Che, 77, French chemist.[143]\nBarbara Crane, 91, American photographer.[144]\nOrlando Grootfaam, 44, Surinamese footballer (S.V. Robinhood).[145]\nDonald F. Klein, 90, American psychiatrist.[146]\nPatricia Louisianna Knop, 78, American screenwriter (Lady Oscar, 9½ Weeks, Siesta).[147]\nKary Mullis, 74, American biochemist, Nobel laureate (1993), pneumonia.[148]\nJ. Om Prakash, 92, Indian film director (Aap Ki Kasam, Aakhir Kyon?) and producer (Aandhi).[149]\nNancy Reddin Kienholz, 75, American artist.[150]\nRostislav Rybakov, 81, Russian writer.[151]\nHerm Urenda, 81, American football player (Oakland Raiders).[152]\nFabio Zerpa, 90, Uruguayan parapsychologist and ufologist.[153]","title":"August 2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Era. Anbarasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era._Anbarasu"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"Jacques Arnoux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Arnoux"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_50_kilometres_walk"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"Shamnad Basheer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamnad_Basheer"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"Cosmas Batubara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmas_Batubara"},{"link_name":"Manpower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Manpower_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"Housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Development_Cabinet"},{"link_name":"People's Representative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Representative_Council"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"Ernie Colón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Col%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Casper the Friendly Ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casper_the_Friendly_Ghost"},{"link_name":"Richie Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Rich_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Damage Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damage_Control_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"Theodore L. Eliot Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_L._Eliot_Jr."},{"link_name":"Ambassador to Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"Malcolm T. Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_T._Elliott"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"Mark English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_English_(illustrator)"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"Bruce Hodgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Hodgins"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"Lee Bennett Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Bennett_Hopkins"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Jackie Jocko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Jocko"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Konturek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Konturek"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"Mazhar Krasniqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazhar_Krasniqi"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"Charlach Mackintosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlach_Mackintosh"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1956_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_downhill"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"Manfred Max-Neef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Max-Neef"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Mocky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Mocky"},{"link_name":"Les Dragueurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Dragueurs"},{"link_name":"The Miracle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Miracle_(1987_film)"},{"link_name":"The Abandoned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Abandoned_(1955_film)"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"Dave Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Parks"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints"},{"link_name":"San Francisco 49ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"Fabrizio Saccomanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrizio_Saccomanni"},{"link_name":"Minister of Economy and Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Minister_of_Economy_and_Finance"},{"link_name":"Director General of the Bank of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banca_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"Les Strongman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Strongman"},{"link_name":"Nottingham Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Panthers"},{"link_name":"Wembley Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Lions"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"Marius Todericiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Todericiu"},{"link_name":"Brașov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR_Bra%C8%99ov"},{"link_name":"Weismain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Weismain-Obermain"},{"link_name":"Darmstadt 98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SV_Darmstadt_98"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"Erling Wicklund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erling_Wicklund"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"}],"sub_title":"8","text":"Era. Anbarasu, 78, Indian politician, MP (1989–1996).[154]\nJacques Arnoux, 81, French Olympic racewalker (1960).[155]\nShamnad Basheer, 43, Indian legal scholar.[156] (body discovered on this date)\nCosmas Batubara, 80, Indonesian politician and activist, Minister of Manpower (1988–1993) and Housing (1978–1988), and member of People's Representative Council (1967–1978), cancer.[157]\nErnie Colón, 88, American comic book artist (Casper the Friendly Ghost, Richie Rich, Damage Control), cancer.[158]\nTheodore L. Eliot Jr., 91, American diplomat, Ambassador to Afghanistan (1973–1978), heart disease.[159]\nMalcolm T. Elliott, 73, Australian radio and television personality.[160]\nMark English, 85, American illustrator and painter.[161]\nBruce Hodgins, 88, Canadian academic historian and author.[162]\nLee Bennett Hopkins, 81, American educator and poet, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.[163]\nJackie Jocko, 90, American musician.[164]\nStanisław Konturek, 87, Polish physiologist and gastroenterologist.[165]\nMazhar Krasniqi, 87, Yugoslavian-born New Zealand Muslim community leader.[166]\nCharlach Mackintosh, 84, British Olympic alpine skier (1956, 1960).[167]\nManfred Max-Neef, 86, Chilean economist.[168]\nJean-Pierre Mocky, 90, French film director (Les Dragueurs, The Miracle), screenwriter and actor (The Abandoned).[169]\nDave Parks, 77, American football player (New Orleans Saints, San Francisco 49ers).[170]\nFabrizio Saccomanni, 76, Italian civil servant and economist, Minister of Economy and Finance (2013–2014), Director General of the Bank of Italy (2006–2013), heart attack.[171]\nLes Strongman, 94, Canadian ice hockey player (Nottingham Panthers, Wembley Lions).[172]\nMarius Todericiu, 49, Romanian football player (Brașov, Weismain) and manager (Darmstadt 98), suicide.[173]\nErling Wicklund, 75, Norwegian jazz trombonist and journalist.[174]","title":"August 2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ahmad Lai Bujang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Lai_Bujang"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"José Desmarets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Desmarets"},{"link_name":"Minister of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"Mé Aboubacar Diomandé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9_Aboubacar_Diomand%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Stella Club d'Adjamé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_Club_d%27Adjam%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"Rodney Falkson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Falkson"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"Paul Findley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Findley"},{"link_name":"U.S. House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"Altair Gomes de Figueiredo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altair_Gomes_de_Figueiredo"},{"link_name":"Fluminense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluminense_FC"},{"link_name":"national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"Ronald Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Jones_(interdisciplinarian)"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"Fahrudin Jusufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrudin_Jusufi"},{"link_name":"Partizan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Partizan"},{"link_name":"Eintracht Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eintracht_Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"Oscar Malbernat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Malbernat"},{"link_name":"Estudiantes de la Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estudiantes_de_la_Plata"},{"link_name":"national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_men%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"Bill Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mills_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Athletics"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"Gerry Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Murray"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"Huw O. Pritchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huw_O._Pritchard"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"Barry Stroud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Stroud"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"Claudio Taddei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Taddei"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"Sir Michael Uren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Uren"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"Panayiotis Vassilakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panayiotis_Vassilakis"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"Hendricus Vogels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendricus_Vogels"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_team_pursuit"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"}],"sub_title":"9","text":"Ahmad Lai Bujang, 69, Malaysian politician, MP (2008–2018).[175]\nJosé Desmarets, 93, Belgian politician, Minister of Defence (1979–1980).[176]\nMé Aboubacar Diomandé, 31, Ivorian footballer (Stella Club d'Adjamé).[177]\nRodney Falkson, 77, South African cricketer.[178]\nPaul Findley, 98, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1961–1983).[179]\nAltair Gomes de Figueiredo, 81, Brazilian footballer (Fluminense, national team).[180]\nRonald Jones, 67, American conceptual artist.[181]\nFahrudin Jusufi, 79, Serbian football player (Partizan, Eintracht Frankfurt, Yugoslavia national team), Olympic champion (1960) and manager.[182]\nOscar Malbernat, 75, Argentinian football player (Estudiantes de la Plata, national team) and manager.[183]\nBill Mills, 99, American baseball player (Philadelphia Athletics).[184]\nGerry Murray, 98, American roller derby skater.[185]\nHuw O. Pritchard, 91, Welsh-born Canadian chemist.[186]\nBarry Stroud, 84, Canadian philosopher, brain cancer.[187]\nClaudio Taddei, 52, Swiss singer and plastic artist.[188]\nSir Michael Uren, 95, British businessman and philanthropist.[189]\nPanayiotis Vassilakis, 93, Greek sculptor.[190]\nHendricus Vogels, 76, Dutch-born Australian Olympic cyclist (1964).[191]","title":"August 2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bao Kexin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bao_Kexin"},{"link_name":"Guizhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guizhou"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"Joseph Begich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Begich"},{"link_name":"Minnesota House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"Freda Dowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freda_Dowie"},{"link_name":"Distant Voices, Still Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distant_Voices,_Still_Lives"},{"link_name":"The Old Curiosity Shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Curiosity_Shop_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Omen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Omen"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Epstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Epstein"},{"link_name":"Bear Stearns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Stearns"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Epstein VI Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Epstein_VI_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"Jim Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Forbes_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Health_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Immigration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Immigration,_Citizenship_and_Multicultural_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Military Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cross"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"Michael Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hall_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Nottinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"Edward H. Jennings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_H._Jennings"},{"link_name":"University of Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Ohio State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_University"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"Igor Kachmazov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Kachmazov_(footballer,_born_1968)"},{"link_name":"Spartak Ordzhonikidze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Spartak_Ordzhonikidze"},{"link_name":"Spartak Vladikavkaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Spartak_Vladikavkaz"},{"link_name":"Lokomotiv St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Lokomotiv_St._Petersburg"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"Uno Kajak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uno_Kajak"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"Aïssata Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%AFssata_Kane"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"Radoslav Katičić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radoslav_Kati%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"Jo Lancaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Lancaster"},{"link_name":"RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"Cándido Sibilio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ndido_Sibilio"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"Ann Barr Snitow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Barr_Snitow"},{"link_name":"Dissent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissent_(American_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"Piero Tosi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_Tosi"},{"link_name":"Senso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senso_(film)"},{"link_name":"Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesterday,_Today_and_Tomorrow"},{"link_name":"The Night Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Night_Porter"},{"link_name":"Honorary Oscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Honorary_Award"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"Bernard Unabali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Unabali"},{"link_name":"Bougainville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Bougainville"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"Marty Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty_Wood"},{"link_name":"Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProRodeo_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"Wu Ningkun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Ningkun"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"}],"sub_title":"10","text":"Bao Kexin, 67, Chinese politician and business executive, Vice Governor of Guizhou Province (2002–2007).[192]\nJoseph Begich, 89, American politician, member of the Minnesota House of Representatives (1975–1993).[193]\nFreda Dowie, 91, English actress (Distant Voices, Still Lives, The Old Curiosity Shop, The Omen).[194]\nJeffrey Epstein, 66, American financier (Bear Stearns), philanthropist (Jeffrey Epstein VI Foundation) and convicted sex offender, suicide by hanging.[195]\nJim Forbes, 95, Australian politician, MP (1956–1975), Minister for Health (1966–1971) and Immigration (1971–1972), Military Cross recipient.[196]\nMichael Hall, 84, English cricketer (Nottinghamshire).[197]\nEdward H. Jennings, 82, American academic administrator, President of the University of Wyoming (1979–1981) and the Ohio State University (1981–1990, 2002).[198]\nIgor Kachmazov, 50, Russian footballer (Spartak Ordzhonikidze, Spartak Vladikavkaz, Lokomotiv St. Petersburg).[199]\nUno Kajak, 86, Estonian Olympic skier.[200]\nAïssata Kane, 80, Mauritanian politician.[201]\nRadoslav Katičić, 89, Croatian linguist.[202]\nJo Lancaster, 100, British RAF pilot.[203]\nCándido Sibilio, 60, Dominican-born Spanish Olympic basketball player (1980).[204]\nAnn Barr Snitow, 76, American writer (Dissent), cancer.[205]\nPiero Tosi, 92, Italian costume designer (Senso, Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow, The Night Porter), Honorary Oscar winner (2013).[206]\nBernard Unabali, 62, Papua New Guinean Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Bougainville (since 2009).[207]\nMarty Wood, 86, Canadian Hall of Fame rodeo cowboy, cancer.[208]\nWu Ningkun, 98, Chinese writer and translator.[209]","title":"August 2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bluey Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluey_Adams"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-210"},{"link_name":"Freddy Bannister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddy_Bannister"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"Tred Barta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tred_Barta"},{"link_name":"The Best and Worst of Tred Barta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_and_Worst_of_Tred_Barta"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"Kent J. Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_J._Carroll"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"},{"link_name":"Doug Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Clarke_(English_footballer)"},{"link_name":"Hull City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"John Coffey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Coffey_(hurler)"},{"link_name":"Tipperary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipperary_GAA"},{"link_name":"Boherlahan-Dualla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boherlahan-Dualla_GAA"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-215"},{"link_name":"Jim Cullum Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Cullum_Jr."},{"link_name":"Riverwalk Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverwalk_Jazz"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"Dejan Čurović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejan_%C4%8Curovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Partizan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Partizan"},{"link_name":"Vitesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SBV_Vitesse"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"},{"link_name":"John Dillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dillon_(footballer,_born_1942)"},{"link_name":"Albion Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albion_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"Kerry Downes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Downes"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"},{"link_name":"Darryl Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl_Drake"},{"link_name":"Washington Redskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Redskins"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Steelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-220"},{"link_name":"Michael E. Krauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Krauss"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"link_name":"Ningali Lawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningali_Lawford"},{"link_name":"Bran Nue Dae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bran_Nue_Dae_(film)"},{"link_name":"Last Cab to Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Cab_to_Darwin_(film)"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"},{"link_name":"Shelby Lyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Lyman"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"link_name":"Geoff Malcolm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Malcolm"},{"link_name":"Massey University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massey_University"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"},{"link_name":"Barbara March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_March"},{"link_name":"Star Trek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"},{"link_name":"Walter Martínez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Mart%C3%ADnez_(footballer,_born_1982)"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.D._Victoria"},{"link_name":"Beijing Guoan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Guoan_F.C."},{"link_name":"national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-226"},{"link_name":"László Máté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_M%C3%A1t%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Hungary)"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-227"},{"link_name":"Gordan Mihić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordan_Mihi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Black Cat, White Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Cat,_White_Cat"},{"link_name":"Time of the Gypsies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_of_the_Gypsies"},{"link_name":"Balkan Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Express_(film)"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"},{"link_name":"Frederick Reif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Reif"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-229"},{"link_name":"Sergio Obeso Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Obeso_Rivera"},{"link_name":"Papantla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Papantla"},{"link_name":"Xalapa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Xalapa"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"},{"link_name":"Gordon Rowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Rowley"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231"},{"link_name":"Harvey Sand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Sand"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"},{"link_name":"Charles Santore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Santore"},{"link_name":"TV Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-233"},{"link_name":"J. Neil Schulman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Neil_Schulman"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-234"},{"link_name":"Emil Svoboda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Svoboda"},{"link_name":"Sparta Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Sparta_Prague"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-235"}],"sub_title":"11","text":"Bluey Adams, 84, Australian footballer (Melbourne), cancer.[210]\nFreddy Bannister, 84, English rock concert promoter, cancer.[211]\nTred Barta, 67, American hunter (The Best and Worst of Tred Barta).[212]\nKent J. Carroll, 92, American vice admiral.[213]\nDoug Clarke, 85, English footballer (Hull City).[214]\nJohn Coffey, 101, Irish hurler (Tipperary, Boherlahan-Dualla).[215]\nJim Cullum Jr., 77, American jazz cornetist, broadcaster (Riverwalk Jazz) and music preservationist.[216]\nDejan Čurović, 51, Serbian footballer (Partizan, Vitesse), leukaemia.[217]\nJohn Dillon, 76, Scottish footballer (Albion Rovers).[218]\nKerry Downes, 88, English architectural historian.[219]\nDarryl Drake, 62, American football player (Washington Redskins) and coach (Chicago Bears, Pittsburgh Steelers).[220]\nMichael E. Krauss, 84, American linguist.[221]\nNingali Lawford, 52, Australian actress (Bran Nue Dae, Last Cab to Darwin), asthma attack.[222]\nShelby Lyman, 83, American chess player and commentator.[223]\nGeoff Malcolm, 88, New Zealand physical chemist (Massey University).[224]\nBarbara March, 65, Canadian actress (Star Trek), cancer.[225]\nWalter Martínez, 37, Honduran footballer (Victoria, Beijing Guoan, national team), heart attack.[226]\nLászló Máté, 67, Hungarian politician, MP (1994–1998).[227]\nGordan Mihić, 80, Serbian screenwriter (Black Cat, White Cat, Time of the Gypsies, Balkan Express).[228]\nFrederick Reif, 92, American physicist.[229]\nSergio Obeso Rivera, 87, Mexican Roman Catholic cardinal, Bishop of Papantla (1971–1974) and Archbishop of Xalapa (1979–2007).[230]\nGordon Rowley, 98, British botanist and writer.[231]\nHarvey Sand, 92, American politician.[232]\nCharles Santore, 84, American children's book and magazine illustrator (TV Guide).[233]\nJ. Neil Schulman, 66, American novelist, pulmonary embolism.[234]\nEmil Svoboda, 90, Czech footballer (Sparta Prague, Czechoslovakia national team).[235]","title":"August 2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DJ Arafat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Arafat"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"},{"link_name":"João Carlos Barroso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Carlos_Barroso"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-237"},{"link_name":"José Luis Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Brown"},{"link_name":"Estudiantes de la Plata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estudiantes_de_la_Plata"},{"link_name":"national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_men%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-238"},{"link_name":"Jean-Paul Capelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Capelle"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-239"},{"link_name":"Krishna Chandra Chunekar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_Chandra_Chunekar"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-240"},{"link_name":"Danny Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Cohen_(computer_scientist)"},{"link_name":"Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-241"},{"link_name":"Florin Halagian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florin_Halagian"},{"link_name":"Dinamo București","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Dinamo_Bucure%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Argeș Pitești","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Arge%C8%99_Pite%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-242"},{"link_name":"Reuven Hammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuven_Hammer"},{"link_name":"The Jerusalem Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-243"},{"link_name":"Terence Knapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Knapp"},{"link_name":"Urge to Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urge_to_Kill_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Valiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Valiant_(1962_film)"},{"link_name":"Othello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othello_(1965_British_film)"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-244"},{"link_name":"Rahul Kukreti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahul_Kukreti"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-245"},{"link_name":"Robyn Léwis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robyn_L%C3%A9wis"},{"link_name":"Plaid Cymru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaid_Cymru"},{"link_name":"[246]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-246"},{"link_name":"Lu Yonggen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Yonggen"},{"link_name":"South China Agricultural University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Agricultural_University"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-247"},{"link_name":"Jim Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Marsh_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Portland Trail Blazers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Trail_Blazers"},{"link_name":"Seattle SuperSonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_SuperSonics"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-248"},{"link_name":"Paule Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paule_Marshall"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-249"},{"link_name":"Hussein Salem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_Salem"},{"link_name":"East Mediterranean Gas Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Mediterranean_Gas_Company"},{"link_name":"[250]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-250"},{"link_name":"Mizanur Rahman Shelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizanur_Rahman_Shelley"},{"link_name":"[251]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-251"},{"link_name":"John Michael Sherlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Michael_Sherlock"},{"link_name":"London, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_London,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[252]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-252"},{"link_name":"Jan Simonsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Simonsen"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storting"},{"link_name":"[253]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-253"},{"link_name":"Michael T. Sangma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_T._Sangma"},{"link_name":"MLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghalaya_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[254]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-254"},{"link_name":"Frank Tsao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Tsao"},{"link_name":"[255]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-255"}],"sub_title":"12","text":"DJ Arafat, 33, Ivorian disc jockey and musician, traffic collision.[236]\nJoão Carlos Barroso, 69, Brazilian actor, pancreatic cancer.[237]\nJosé Luis Brown, 62, Argentinian football player (Estudiantes de la Plata, national team) and manager, World Cup winner (1986), complications from Alzheimer's disease.[238]\nJean-Paul Capelle, 74, French Olympic field hockey player (1968).[239]\nKrishna Chandra Chunekar, 90/91, Indian ayurvedic practitioner.[240]\nDanny Cohen, 81, Israeli-American Hall of Fame computer scientist.[241]\nFlorin Halagian, 80, Romanian football player (Dinamo București) and manager (Argeș Pitești, national team).[242]\nReuven Hammer, 86, American-Israeli rabbi and journalist (The Jerusalem Post).[243]\nTerence Knapp, 87, English actor (Urge to Kill, The Valiant, Othello).[244]\nRahul Kukreti, 43, American cricketer.[245]\nRobyn Léwis, 89, Welsh author, politician and archdruid, Vice President of Plaid Cymru (1970–1976).[246]\nLu Yonggen, 88, Chinese agronomist and plant geneticist, President of South China Agricultural University (1983–1995).[247]\nJim Marsh, 73, American basketball player (Portland Trail Blazers) and broadcaster (Seattle SuperSonics).[248]\nPaule Marshall, 90, American writer.[249]\nHussein Salem, 85, Egyptian-Spanish businessman, co-owner of East Mediterranean Gas Company.[250]\nMizanur Rahman Shelley, 76, Bangladeshi politologist and politician, brain haemorrhage.[251]\nJohn Michael Sherlock, 93, Canadian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of London, Ontario (1978–2002).[252]\nJan Simonsen, 66, Norwegian politician, MP (1989–2005), cancer.[253]\nMichael T. Sangma, 41, Indian politician, MLA (2013–2018), heart attack.[254]\nFrank Tsao, 94, Chinese-born Malaysian-Singaporean shipping magnate and philanthropist, kidney failure.[255]","title":"August 2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kip Addotta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kip_Addotta"},{"link_name":"[256]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-256"},{"link_name":"Josette Arène","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josette_Ar%C3%A8ne"},{"link_name":"1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[257]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-257"},{"link_name":"Norman Barasch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Barasch"},{"link_name":"[258]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-258"},{"link_name":"Cecilia Caballero Blanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecilia_Caballero_Blanco"},{"link_name":"First Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady_of_Colombia"},{"link_name":"[259]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-259"},{"link_name":"Umesh Bhat Bhavikeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umesh_Bhat_Bhavikeri"},{"link_name":"MLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[260]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-260"},{"link_name":"Gerald Geistweidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Geistweidt"},{"link_name":"[261]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-261"},{"link_name":"Guo Zhenqian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guo_Zhenqian"},{"link_name":"Hubei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubei"},{"link_name":"People's Bank of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China"},{"link_name":"Auditor General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Audit_Office_(China)"},{"link_name":"[262]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-262"},{"link_name":"Lily Leung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Leung"},{"link_name":"In the Realm of Fancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Realm_of_Fancy"},{"link_name":"Bar Bender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Bender"},{"link_name":"Lives of Omission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lives_of_Omission"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msn-111"},{"link_name":"Tim Means","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Means_(environmentalist)"},{"link_name":"[263]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-263"},{"link_name":"Vladimír Ptáček","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladim%C3%ADr_Pt%C3%A1%C4%8Dek"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1976_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[264]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-264"},{"link_name":"Brunilda Ruiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunilda_Ruiz"},{"link_name":"[265]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-265"},{"link_name":"Carole Satyamurti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_Satyamurti"},{"link_name":"[266]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-266"},{"link_name":"René Taelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Taelman"},{"link_name":"Burkina Faso national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"JS Kabylie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JS_Kabylie"},{"link_name":"Akhdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhdar"},{"link_name":"[267]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-267"},{"link_name":"Nadia Toffa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadia_Toffa"},{"link_name":"Le Iene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Iene"},{"link_name":"[268]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-268"}],"sub_title":"13","text":"Kip Addotta, 75, American comedian.[256]\nJosette Arène, 95, French Olympic swimmer (1948, 1952).[257]\nNorman Barasch, 97, American playwright.[258]\nCecilia Caballero Blanco, 105, Colombian socialite, First Lady (1974–1978).[259]\nUmesh Bhat Bhavikeri, 72, Indian politician, MLA (1989–1994).[260]\nGerald Geistweidt, 71, American politician.[261]\nGuo Zhenqian, 86, Chinese politician and banker, Governor of Hubei (1985–1990), Vice Governor of the People's Bank of China (1990–1993), Auditor General (1994–1998).[262]\nLily Leung, 90, Hong Kong actress (In the Realm of Fancy, Bar Bender, Lives of Omission), cancer.[111]\nTim Means, 75, American environmentalist, complications from diabetes.[263]\nVladimír Ptáček, 64, Czech Olympic basketball player (1976).[264]\nBrunilda Ruiz, 83, American ballet dancer.[265]\nCarole Satyamurti, 80, British poet.[266]\nRené Taelman, 74, Belgian football manager (Burkina Faso national team, JS Kabylie, Akhdar), lung cancer.[267]\nNadia Toffa, 40, Italian journalist and television presenter (Le Iene), brain cancer.[268]","title":"August 2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tõnu Aav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B5nu_Aav"},{"link_name":"The Lark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lark_(1965_film)"},{"link_name":"Õnne 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95nne_13"},{"link_name":"[269]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-269"},{"link_name":"Suleiman Bakhit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_Bakhit"},{"link_name":"[270]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-270"},{"link_name":"Carrol Boyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrol_Boyes"},{"link_name":"[271]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-271"},{"link_name":"Águeda Dicancro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81gueda_Dicancro"},{"link_name":"[272]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-272"},{"link_name":"Polly Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polly_Farmer"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"Geelong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"[273]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-273"},{"link_name":"Brian Job","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Job"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[274]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-274"},{"link_name":"Ivo Malec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo_Malec"},{"link_name":"[275]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-275"},{"link_name":"Karim Olowu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim_Olowu"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[276]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-276"},{"link_name":"Liam Ó Tuama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_%C3%93_Tuama"},{"link_name":"[277]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-277"},{"link_name":"Héctor Rivoira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Rivoira"},{"link_name":"Almirante Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Almirante_Brown"},{"link_name":"Quilmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quilmes_Atl%C3%A9tico_Club"},{"link_name":"Atlético Tucumán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Tucum%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[278]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-278"},{"link_name":"Ugo Sansonetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo_Sansonetti"},{"link_name":"masters athlete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_athletics"},{"link_name":"[279]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-279"},{"link_name":"Reginald Scarlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Scarlett"},{"link_name":"national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[280]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-280"},{"link_name":"Ben Unwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Unwin"},{"link_name":"Home and Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_and_Away"},{"link_name":"[281]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-281"},{"link_name":"Helena Wilsonová","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Wilsonov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"[282]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-282"},{"link_name":"Gjergj Xhuvani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjergj_Xhuvani"},{"link_name":"Slogans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slogans_(film)"},{"link_name":"East, West, East: The Final Sprint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East,_West,_East:_The_Final_Sprint"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-283"}],"sub_title":"14","text":"Tõnu Aav, 80, Estonian actor (The Lark, Õnne 13).[269]\nSuleiman Bakhit, 41, Jordanian entrepreneur and comics writer.[270]\nCarrol Boyes, 65, South African artist and executive.[271]\nÁgueda Dicancro, 80, Uruguayan sculptor.[272]\nPolly Farmer, 84, Australian footballer (Geelong).[273]\nBrian Job, 67, American swimmer, Olympic bronze medalist (1968).[274]\nIvo Malec, 94, Croatian-born French composer.[275]\nKarim Olowu, 95, Nigerian Olympic sprinter and long jumper (1952, 1956).[276]\nLiam Ó Tuama, 87, Irish hurler and Gaelic footballer.[277]\nHéctor Rivoira, 59, Argentine football player (Almirante Brown) and manager (Quilmes, Atlético Tucumán), cancer.[278]\nUgo Sansonetti, 100, Italian writer and masters athlete.[279]\nReginald Scarlett, 84, Jamaican cricketer (national team).[280]\nBen Unwin, 41, Australian actor (Home and Away).[281]\nHelena Wilsonová, 81, Czech photographer.[282]\nGjergj Xhuvani, 55, Albanian film director (Slogans, East, West, East: The Final Sprint) screenwriter and producer.[283]","title":"August 2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lalbihari Bhattacharya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalbihari_Bhattacharya"},{"link_name":"MLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[284]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-284"},{"link_name":"V. B. Chandrasekhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._B._Chandrasekhar"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[285]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-285"},{"link_name":"Claire Cloninger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Cloninger"},{"link_name":"[286]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-286"},{"link_name":"Roberta F. Colman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberta_F._Colman"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-287"},{"link_name":"Madan Mani Dixit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madan_Mani_Dixit"},{"link_name":"[288]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-288"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Fomichyov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Fomichyov"},{"link_name":"Kuban Krasnodar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Kuban_Krasnodar"},{"link_name":"Dynamo Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Dynamo_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Kuzbass Kemerovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Kuzbass_Kemerovo"},{"link_name":"[289]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-289"},{"link_name":"Samuel Gelfman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Gelfman"},{"link_name":"[290]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-290"},{"link_name":"Luigi Lunari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Lunari"},{"link_name":"[291]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-291"},{"link_name":"Eddie Marlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Marlin"},{"link_name":"CWA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Wrestling_Association"},{"link_name":"[292]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-292"},{"link_name":"Bill Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Parker_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"[293]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-293"},{"link_name":"Noel Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Pope_(mayor)"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Tauranga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Tauranga"},{"link_name":"[294]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-294"},{"link_name":"Qin Hanzhang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_Hanzhang"},{"link_name":"[295]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-295"},{"link_name":"Antonio Rastrelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Rastrelli_(politician)"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Parliament"},{"link_name":"President of Campania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Campania"},{"link_name":"[296]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-296"},{"link_name":"Vidya Sinha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidya_Sinha"},{"link_name":"Rajnigandha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajnigandha"},{"link_name":"Chhoti Si Baat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhoti_Si_Baat"},{"link_name":"Qubool Hai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubool_Hai"},{"link_name":"[297]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-297"},{"link_name":"Glenn Tasker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Tasker"},{"link_name":"Australian Paralympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympics_Australia"},{"link_name":"[298]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-298"},{"link_name":"Dalton Truax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalton_Truax"},{"link_name":"Green Bay Packers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers"},{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants"},{"link_name":"Oakland Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Raiders"},{"link_name":"[299]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-299"},{"link_name":"Henrik Westman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Westman"},{"link_name":"[300]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-300"},{"link_name":"Wrestling Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_Pro"},{"link_name":"GCCW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Coast_Championship_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"[301]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-301"}],"sub_title":"15","text":"Lalbihari Bhattacharya, 81, Indian politician, MLA (1982–1987).[284]\nV. B. Chandrasekhar, 57, Indian cricketer (Tamil Nadu, Goa, national team), heart attack.[285]\nClaire Cloninger, 77, American Christian songwriter and author.[286]\nRoberta F. Colman, 81, American biochemist.[287]\nMadan Mani Dixit, 96, Nepalese writer, pneumonia.[288]\nVladimir Fomichyov, 59, Russian footballer (Kuban Krasnodar, Dynamo Moscow, Kuzbass Kemerovo).[289]\nSamuel Gelfman, 88, American film producer, complications from heart and respiratory disease.[290]\nLuigi Lunari, 85, Italian writer.[291]\nEddie Marlin, 89, American professional wrestler and promoter (CWA), multiple organ failure.[292]\nBill Parker, 91, American broadcaster.[293]\nNoel Pope, 87, New Zealand politician, Mayor of Tauranga (1983–1989, 1995–2001).[294]\nQin Hanzhang, 111, Chinese engineer and food scientist, heart attack.[295]\nAntonio Rastrelli, 91, Italian politician, MP (1979–1995) and President of Campania (1995–1999).[296]\nVidya Sinha, 71, Indian actress (Rajnigandha, Chhoti Si Baat, Qubool Hai), respiratory failure.[297]\nGlenn Tasker, 67, Australian sports administrator, President of the Australian Paralympic Committee (2013–2018).[298]\nDalton Truax, 84, American football player (Green Bay Packers, New York Giants, Oakland Raiders).[299]\nHenrik Westman, 78, Swedish politician.[300]\nWrestling Pro, 81, American professional wrestler (GCCW).[301]","title":"August 2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nelson Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Ball"},{"link_name":"[302]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-302"},{"link_name":"Gustavo Barreiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Barreiro"},{"link_name":"Florida House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[303]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-303"},{"link_name":"Jaime Batres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Batres"},{"link_name":"[304]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-304"},{"link_name":"Roland Peter Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Peter_Brown"},{"link_name":"[305]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-305"},{"link_name":"Princess Christina of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Christina_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[306]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-306"},{"link_name":"Bruce Deans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Deans"},{"link_name":"Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Rugby_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"[307]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-307"},{"link_name":"Peter Fonda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Fonda"},{"link_name":"Easy Rider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_Rider"},{"link_name":"Ulee's Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulee%27s_Gold"},{"link_name":"3:10 to Yuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3:10_to_Yuma_(2007_film)"},{"link_name":"[308]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-308"},{"link_name":"Tommy Furlong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Furlong"},{"link_name":"[309]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-309"},{"link_name":"Felice Gimondi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felice_Gimondi"},{"link_name":"1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"1967, 1969, 1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"[310]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-310"},{"link_name":"Jim Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Hardy"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Rams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Rams"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Chicago_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Detroit Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Lions"},{"link_name":"[311]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-311"},{"link_name":"C. S. Holling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Holling"},{"link_name":"[312]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-312"},{"link_name":"David Layzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Layzer"},{"link_name":"[313]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-313"},{"link_name":"Sahura Mallick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahura_Mallick"},{"link_name":"MLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orissa_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[314]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-314"},{"link_name":"Faisal Masud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_Masud"},{"link_name":"[315]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-315"},{"link_name":"Mike McGee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_McGee_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"University of South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Gamecocks"},{"link_name":"[316]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-316"},{"link_name":"José Nápoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_N%C3%A1poles"},{"link_name":"Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Boxing_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[317]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-317"},{"link_name":"Anna Quayle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Quayle"},{"link_name":"Grange Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grange_Hill"},{"link_name":"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitty_Chitty_Bang_Bang"},{"link_name":"A Hard Day's Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Hard_Day%27s_Night_(film)"},{"link_name":"Tony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Featured_Actress_in_a_Musical"},{"link_name":"1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Tony_Awards"},{"link_name":"[318]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-318"},{"link_name":"Rizia Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizia_Rahman"},{"link_name":"[319]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-319"},{"link_name":"Bobby Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Smith_(footballer,_born_1941)"},{"link_name":"Barnsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsley_F.C."},{"link_name":"Chelmsford City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[320]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-320"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Soares dos Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Soares_dos_Santos"},{"link_name":"Jerónimo Martins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Martins"},{"link_name":"[321]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-321"},{"link_name":"Penka Stoyanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penka_Stoyanova"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[322]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-322"},{"link_name":"Alla Ter-Sarkisiants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alla_Ter-Sarkisiants"},{"link_name":"[323]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-323"},{"link_name":"Gregor Trinkaus-Randall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Trinkaus-Randall"},{"link_name":"[324]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-324"},{"link_name":"Richard Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Williams_(animator)"},{"link_name":"The Thief and the Cobbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Thief_and_the_Cobbler"},{"link_name":"Who Framed Roger Rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit"},{"link_name":"A Christmas Carol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(1971_film)"},{"link_name":"Oscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[325]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-325"}],"sub_title":"16","text":"Nelson Ball, 77, Canadian poet, euthanasia.[302]\nGustavo Barreiro, 60, Cuban-born American politician, member of the Florida House of Representatives (1998–2006), heart attack.[303]\nJaime Batres, 55, Guatemalan Olympic footballer.[304]\nRoland Peter Brown, 93, American physician.[305]\nPrincess Christina of the Netherlands, 72, Dutch royal, bone cancer.[306]\nBruce Deans, 58, New Zealand rugby union player (Canterbury, national team), cancer.[307]\nPeter Fonda, 79, American actor (Easy Rider, Ulee's Gold, 3:10 to Yuma) and screenwriter, lung cancer.[308]\nTommy Furlong, 88, Irish Gaelic footballer and hurler.[309]\nFelice Gimondi, 76, Italian racing cyclist, Tour de France (1965), Vuelta a España (1968) and Giro d'Italia (1967, 1969, 1976) winner, heart attack.[310]\nJim Hardy, 96, American football player (Los Angeles Rams, Chicago Cardinals, Detroit Lions) and sporting executive.[311]\nC. S. Holling, 88, Canadian ecologist.[312]\nDavid Layzer, 93, American astrophysicist.[313]\nSahura Mallick, 85, Indian politician, MLA (1974–1977), (1980–1985) and (1995–2000).[314]\nFaisal Masud, 64, Pakistani doctor and professor, cardiac arrest.[315]\nMike McGee, 80, American football player (St. Louis Cardinals), sporting executive and athletic director (University of South Carolina).[316]\nJosé Nápoles, 79, Cuban-born Mexican Hall of Fame boxer, world welterweight champion (1969–1970, 1971–1975).[317]\nAnna Quayle, 86, British actress (Grange Hill, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, A Hard Day's Night), Tony winner (1963), Lewy body dementia.[318]\nRizia Rahman, 79, Indian-born Bangladeshi novelist.[319]\nBobby Smith, 78, English footballer (Barnsley, Chelmsford City).[320]\nAlexandre Soares dos Santos, 83, Portuguese businessman, CEO and President of Jerónimo Martins (1969–2013).[321]\nPenka Stoyanova, 69, Bulgarian basketball player, Olympic silver medallist (1980) and bronze medallist (1976).[322]\nAlla Ter-Sarkisiants, 82, Russian historian.[323]\nGregor Trinkaus-Randall, 73, American archivist.[324]\nRichard Williams, 86, Canadian-British animator and director (The Thief and the Cobbler, Who Framed Roger Rabbit, A Christmas Carol), three-time Oscar winner, cancer.[325]","title":"August 2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Damodar Ganesh Bapat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damodar_Ganesh_Bapat"},{"link_name":"[326]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-326"},{"link_name":"Cedric Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedric_Benson"},{"link_name":"Texas Longhorns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_football"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Bengals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Bengals"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"[327]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-327"},{"link_name":"Lucille Baldwin Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucille_Baldwin_Brown"},{"link_name":"[328]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-328"},{"link_name":"Walter Buser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Buser"},{"link_name":"Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[329]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-329"},{"link_name":"Allen Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Church"},{"link_name":"[330]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-330"},{"link_name":"Jacques Diouf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Diouf"},{"link_name":"Food and Agriculture Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization"},{"link_name":"[331]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-331"},{"link_name":"Ronald Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Gray_(athlete)"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_triple_jump"},{"link_name":"[332]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-332"},{"link_name":"Rosemary Kuhlmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Kuhlmann"},{"link_name":"[333]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-333"},{"link_name":"Donald A. B. Lindberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_A._B._Lindberg"},{"link_name":"United States National Library of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[334]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-334"},{"link_name":"José A. Martínez Suárez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_A._Mart%C3%ADnez_Su%C3%A1rez"},{"link_name":"Yesterday's Guys Used No Arsenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesterday%27s_Guys_Used_No_Arsenic"},{"link_name":"[335]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-335"},{"link_name":"Bill McDonagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_McDonagh"},{"link_name":"New York Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Rangers"},{"link_name":"[336]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-336"},{"link_name":"Thelma Nava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelma_Nava"},{"link_name":"[337]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-337"},{"link_name":"Ivan Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Oman"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Slovenia)"},{"link_name":"[338]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-338"},{"link_name":"Teodoro Palacios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodoro_Palacios"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[339]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-339"},{"link_name":"Suffian Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffian_Rahman"},{"link_name":"Negeri Sembilan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan_FA"},{"link_name":"Melaka Telekom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melaka_Telekom"},{"link_name":"national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[340]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-340"},{"link_name":"Neelum Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neelum_Sharma"},{"link_name":"Doordarshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doordarshan"},{"link_name":"[341]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-341"},{"link_name":"Stephen Siklos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Siklos"},{"link_name":"[342]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-342"},{"link_name":"Tabu Taid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabu_Taid"},{"link_name":"[343]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-343"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Van Huizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Van_Huizen"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[344]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-344"},{"link_name":"Camillo Zanolli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Zanolli"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[345]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-345"}],"sub_title":"17","text":"Damodar Ganesh Bapat, 84, Indian social worker.[326]\nCedric Benson, 36, American football player (Texas Longhorns, Cincinnati Bengals, Chicago Bears), traffic collision.[327]\nLucille Baldwin Brown, 97, American librarian.[328]\nWalter Buser, 93, Swiss politician, Chancellor (1981–1991).[329]\nAllen Church, 91, American alpine skiing sports official.[330]\nJacques Diouf, 81, Senegalese diplomat, Director General of the Food and Agriculture Organization (1994–2011).[331]\nRonald Gray, 87, Australian Olympic athlete (1956).[332]\nRosemary Kuhlmann, 97, American mezzo-soprano and actress.[333]\nDonald A. B. Lindberg, 85, American mathematician, Director of the United States National Library of Medicine (1984–2015), fall.[334]\nJosé A. Martínez Suárez, 93, Argentine film director (Yesterday's Guys Used No Arsenic) and screenwriter, pneumonia.[335]\nBill McDonagh, 91, Canadian ice hockey player (New York Rangers).[336]\nThelma Nava, 87, Mexican poet and journalist.[337]\nIvan Oman, 89, Slovenian politician, independence key figure and farmer, MP (1992-1996.[338]\nTeodoro Palacios, 80, Guatemalan Olympic high jumper (1968), pneumonia.[339]\nSuffian Rahman, 41, Malaysian footballer (Negeri Sembilan, Melaka Telekom, national team), heart attack.[340]\nNeelum Sharma, 50, Indian anchorwoman (Doordarshan), cancer.[341]\nStephen Siklos, 69, British mathematician, cancer.[342]\nTabu Taid, 77, Indian educationist.[343]\nLawrence Van Huizen, 89, Malaysian Olympic hockey player (1964).[344]\nCamillo Zanolli, 89, Italian Olympic skier (1956).[345]","title":"August 2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soma Bhupala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soma_Bhupala"},{"link_name":"MLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[346]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-346"},{"link_name":"Barbara Hibbs Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Hibbs_Blake"},{"link_name":"[347]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-347"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Blanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Blanco"},{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Louisiana House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[348]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-348"},{"link_name":"Giulio Chierchini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Chierchini"},{"link_name":"[349]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-349"},{"link_name":"Gary Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Cooper_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"[350]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-350"},{"link_name":"René Feller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Feller"},{"link_name":"[351]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-351"},{"link_name":"Helmuth Froschauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmuth_Froschauer"},{"link_name":"[352]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-352"},{"link_name":"Conrad Gorinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_Gorinsky"},{"link_name":"[353]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-353"},{"link_name":"Gillian Hanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillian_Hanna"},{"link_name":"Les Misérables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables_(1998_film)"},{"link_name":"All the Queen's Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_the_Queen%27s_Men"},{"link_name":"Oliver Twist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Twist_(2005_film)"},{"link_name":"[354]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-354"},{"link_name":"Chad Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Holt"},{"link_name":"[355]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-355"},{"link_name":"Denis Kuljiš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Kulji%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"[356]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-356"},{"link_name":"Karel Kuklík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_Kukl%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"[357]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-357"},{"link_name":"Robert Ouko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ouko_(athlete)"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_4_%C3%97_400_metres_relay"},{"link_name":"[358]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-358"},{"link_name":"Encarna Paso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encarna_Paso"},{"link_name":"Begin the Beguine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begin_the_Beguine_(film)"},{"link_name":"[359]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-359"},{"link_name":"Peter H. Reill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_H._Reill"},{"link_name":"[360]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-360"},{"link_name":"Paul Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Smith_(first_baseman)"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"[361]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-361"},{"link_name":"Nate Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_Smith_(catcher)"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Orioles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Orioles"},{"link_name":"[362]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-362"},{"link_name":"Sasson Somekh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasson_Somekh"},{"link_name":"[363]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-363"},{"link_name":"Jack Whitaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Whitaker"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"The NFL Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_NFL_Today"},{"link_name":"[364]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-364"},{"link_name":"Yu Zhengui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_Zhengui"},{"link_name":"Islamic Association of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Association_of_China"},{"link_name":"[365]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-365"}],"sub_title":"18","text":"Soma Bhupala, 92, Indian politician, MLA (1962–1977).[346]\nBarbara Hibbs Blake, 82, American mammologist, complications from a stroke.[347]\nKathleen Blanco, 76, American politician, Governor (2004–2008) and Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana (1996–2004), member of the Louisiana House (1984–1989), ocular melanoma.[348]\nGiulio Chierchini, 91, Italian comics writer and artist.[349]\nGary Cooper, 80, English rugby league football player and coach.[350]\nRené Feller, 76, Dutch football manager.[351]\nHelmuth Froschauer, 85, Austrian choral conductor.[352]\nConrad Gorinsky, 83, Guyanese-born British chemist.[353]\nGillian Hanna, 75, Irish actress (Les Misérables, All the Queen's Men, Oliver Twist), autoimmune disease.[354]\nChad Holt, 46, American writer and actor.[355]\nDenis Kuljiš, 67, Croatian writer and journalist.[356]\nKarel Kuklík, 82, Czech photographer.[357]\nRobert Ouko, 70, Kenyan runner, Olympic champion (1972).[358]\nEncarna Paso, 88, Spanish actress (Begin the Beguine), pneumonia.[359]\nPeter H. Reill, 80, American historian.[360]\nPaul Smith, 88, American baseball player (Pittsburgh Pirates, Chicago Cubs).[361]\nNate Smith, 84, American baseball player (Baltimore Orioles).[362]\nSasson Somekh, 86, Iraqi-born Israeli writer and translator.[363]\nJack Whitaker, 95, American sportscaster (CBS, ABC), The NFL Today host (1971–1974).[364]\nYu Zhengui, 73, Chinese historian and scholar of Islam, Vice President of the Islamic Association of China.[365]","title":"August 2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James R. Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Alexander"},{"link_name":"Coal Miner's Daughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_Miner%27s_Daughter_(film)"},{"link_name":"Terms of Endearment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Endearment"},{"link_name":"Weird Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_Science_(film)"},{"link_name":"[366]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-366"},{"link_name":"Bai Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bai_Yan_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[367]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-367"},{"link_name":"Benjamin N. Bellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_N._Bellis"},{"link_name":"[368]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-368"},{"link_name":"Barry Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Bennett"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints"},{"link_name":"New York Jets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Jets"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings"},{"link_name":"[369]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-369"},{"link_name":"Jim Dunne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Dunne"},{"link_name":"[370]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-370"},{"link_name":"Mel Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Frederick"},{"link_name":"[371]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-371"},{"link_name":"George Ganchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Ganchev"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Bulgaria)"},{"link_name":"[372]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-372"},{"link_name":"Matilda Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_Hansen"},{"link_name":"[373]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-373"},{"link_name":"Zakir Hussain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakir_Hussain_(field_hockey)"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[374]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-374"},{"link_name":"Al Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates"},{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"[375]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-375"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Zahur Khayyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Zahur_Khayyam"},{"link_name":"Kabhie Kabhie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabhie_Kabhie_(1976_film)"},{"link_name":"Umrao Jaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umrao_Jaan_(1981_film)"},{"link_name":"Dil-e-Nadaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil-e-Nadaan"},{"link_name":"[376]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-376"},{"link_name":"Enn Kokk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enn_Kokk"},{"link_name":"[377]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-377"},{"link_name":"Lars Larsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Larsen"},{"link_name":"Jysk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jysk_(store)"},{"link_name":"[378]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-378"},{"link_name":"Mike Leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Leaf"},{"link_name":"Winona State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winona_State_Warriors_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[379]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-379"},{"link_name":"Philippe Leroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Leroy_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_France"},{"link_name":"[380]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-380"},{"link_name":"Gina Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_Lopez"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_Environment_and_Natural_Resources_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"[381]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-381"},{"link_name":"Pertti Mäkipää","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertti_M%C3%A4kip%C3%A4%C3%A4"},{"link_name":"TaPa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TaPa"},{"link_name":"Upon Pallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Kuusysi"},{"link_name":"national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[382]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-382"},{"link_name":"Zbigniew Makowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Makowski"},{"link_name":"[383]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-383"},{"link_name":"John Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Matthews_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"New South Wales Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"[384]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-384"},{"link_name":"Jagannath Mishra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagannath_Mishra"},{"link_name":"Chief Minister of Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Bihar"},{"link_name":"[385]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-385"},{"link_name":"Jack Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Perkins_(reporter)"},{"link_name":"NBC Nightly News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Nightly_News"},{"link_name":"Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biography_(TV_program)"},{"link_name":"[386]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-386"},{"link_name":"Carlos Porrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Porrata"},{"link_name":"[387]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-387"},{"link_name":"David Rubinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rubinstein_(social_historian)"},{"link_name":"[388]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-388"},{"link_name":"Jan Ruff O'Herne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Ruff_O%27Herne"},{"link_name":"comfort women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfort_women"},{"link_name":"[389]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-389"},{"link_name":"Bette Stephenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bette_Stephenson"},{"link_name":"[390]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-390"},{"link_name":"Larry Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Canned Heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canned_Heat"},{"link_name":"[391]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-391"},{"link_name":"Kazuo Wada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuo_Wada"},{"link_name":"Yaohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaohan"},{"link_name":"[392]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-392"}],"sub_title":"19","text":"James R. Alexander, 88, American sound engineer (Coal Miner's Daughter, Terms of Endearment, Weird Science).[366]\nBai Yan, 99, Chinese-born Singaporean actor, pneumonia.[367]\nBenjamin N. Bellis, 95, American air force lieutenant general.[368]\nBarry Bennett, 63, American football player (New Orleans Saints, New York Jets, Minnesota Vikings), shot.[369]\nJim Dunne, 87, American test-track engineer and journalist.[370]\nMel Frederick, 89, American politician.[371]\nGeorge Ganchev, 79, Bulgarian politician, MP (1995–2001).[372]\nMatilda Hansen, 89, American politician.[373]\nZakir Hussain, 85, Pakistani field hockey player, Olympic champion (1968) and silver medallist (1956).[374]\nAl Jackson, 83, American baseball player (Pittsburgh Pirates, New York Mets, St. Louis Cardinals).[375]\nMohammed Zahur Khayyam, 92, Indian music director and composer (Kabhie Kabhie, Umrao Jaan, Dil-e-Nadaan), lung infection.[376]\nEnn Kokk, 82, Swedish politician and journalist.[377]\nLars Larsen, 71, Danish retailer, founder of Jysk, liver cancer.[378]\nMike Leaf, 58, American college basketball coach (Winona State).[379]\nPhilippe Leroy, 79, French politician, Senator (2001–2017).[380]\nGina Lopez, 65, Filipino environmentalist, Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources (2016–2017), brain cancer.[381]\nPertti Mäkipää, 78, Finnish footballer (TaPa, Upon Pallo, national team).[382]\nZbigniew Makowski, 89, Polish painter.[383]\nJohn Matthews, 91, Australian politician, member of the New South Wales Legislative Council (1981–1991).[384]\nJagannath Mishra, 82, Indian politician, Chief Minister of Bihar (1975–1977, 1980–1983, 1989–1990).[385]\nJack Perkins, 85, American reporter and television host (NBC Nightly News, Biography).[386]\nCarlos Porrata, c. 73, Puerto Rican television personality.[387]\nDavid Rubinstein, 86, American social historian.[388]\nJan Ruff O'Herne, 96, Australian comfort women rights activist.[389]\nBette Stephenson, 95, Canadian physician and politician.[390]\nLarry Taylor, 77, American bass guitarist (Canned Heat), cancer.[391]\nKazuo Wada, 90, Japanese business executive, Chairman of Yaohan.[392]","title":"August 2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colin Beard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Beard"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"South Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Fremantle_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"[393]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-393"},{"link_name":"Richard Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Booth"},{"link_name":"[394]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-394"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Buttarelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Buttarelli"},{"link_name":"European Data Protection Supervisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Data_Protection_Supervisor"},{"link_name":"[395]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-395"},{"link_name":"Russ Conway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russ_Conway_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"The Eagle-Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eagle-Tribune"},{"link_name":"Boston Bruins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Bruins"},{"link_name":"[396]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-396"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Hundstorfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Hundstorfer"},{"link_name":"Austrian Trade Union Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Trade_Union_Federation"},{"link_name":"[397]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-397"},{"link_name":"Peter Knobel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Knobel"},{"link_name":"[398]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-398"},{"link_name":"Ernesto Lariosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Lariosa"},{"link_name":"[399]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-399"},{"link_name":"Li Houwen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Houwen"},{"link_name":"China Medical University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Medical_University_(PRC)"},{"link_name":"[400]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-400"},{"link_name":"Harry B. Luthi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_B._Luthi"},{"link_name":"Greenville, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[401]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-401"},{"link_name":"John H. McArthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_H._McArthur"},{"link_name":"Harvard Business School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_School"},{"link_name":"[402]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-402"},{"link_name":"Alexandra Nazarova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_Nazarova_(actress)"},{"link_name":"But What If This Is Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/But_What_If_This_Is_Love"},{"link_name":"Sofiya Perovskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofiya_Perovskaya_(film)"},{"link_name":"Air Crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Crew"},{"link_name":"People's Artist of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Artist_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[403]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-403"},{"link_name":"S. Lester Ralph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Lester_Ralph"},{"link_name":"[404]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-404"},{"link_name":"Lico Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lico_Reyes"},{"link_name":"Problem Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_Child_(film)"},{"link_name":"[405]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-405"},{"link_name":"Larry Siegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Siegel"},{"link_name":"Mad Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Magazine"},{"link_name":"The Carol Burnett Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Carol_Burnett_Show"},{"link_name":"[406]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-406"},{"link_name":"Akhilesh Kumar Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhilesh_Kumar_Singh"},{"link_name":"MLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[407]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-407"},{"link_name":"Edson Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edson_Warner"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_50_metre_rifle,_prone"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_50_metre_rifle,_prone"},{"link_name":"[408]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-408"},{"link_name":"Kelsey Weems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelsey_Weems"},{"link_name":"Quad City Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad_City_Thunder"},{"link_name":"Hartford Hellcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Hellcats"},{"link_name":"Yakima SunKings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakima_SunKings"},{"link_name":"[409]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-409"}],"sub_title":"20","text":"Colin Beard, 77, Australian football player (South Fremantle, Richmond) and manager.[393]\nRichard Booth, 80, Welsh bookseller.[394]\nGiovanni Buttarelli, 62, Italian civil servant, European Data Protection Supervisor (since 2014).[395]\nRuss Conway, 70, American sports journalist (The Eagle-Tribune) and hockey beat writer (Boston Bruins).[396]\nRudolf Hundstorfer, 67, Austrian trade unionist and politician, president of the Austrian Trade Union Federation, heart attack.[397]\nPeter Knobel, 76, American rabbi.[398]\nErnesto Lariosa, 74, Filipino writer and poet, liver failure.[399]\nLi Houwen, 92, Chinese surgeon, President of China Medical University.[400]\nHarry B. Luthi, 85, American businessman, Mayor of Greenville, South Carolina (1982–1983).[401]\nJohn H. McArthur, 85, Canadian-American academic, Dean of the Harvard Business School (1980–1995).[402]\nAlexandra Nazarova, 79, Russian actress (But What If This Is Love, Sofiya Perovskaya, Air Crew), People's Artist of Russia (2001).[403]\nS. Lester Ralph, 88, American clergyman and politician.[404]\nLico Reyes, 73, Mexican-American actor (Problem Child) and politician.[405]\nLarry Siegel, 93, American humorist (Mad Magazine, The Carol Burnett Show), Parkinson's disease.[406]\nAkhilesh Kumar Singh, 59, Indian politician, MLA (1993–2017), cancer.[407]\nEdson Warner, 89, Canadian Olympic sports shooter (1952, 1960).[408]\nKelsey Weems, 51, American basketball player (Quad City Thunder, Hartford Hellcats, Yakima SunKings).[409]","title":"August 2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dina bint Abdul-Hamid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dina_bint_Abdul-Hamid"},{"link_name":"Queen consort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jordanian_consorts"},{"link_name":"[410]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-410"},{"link_name":"Ifeanyi Chiejine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifeanyi_Chiejine"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"CSHVSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSHVSM"},{"link_name":"F.C. Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Indiana"},{"link_name":"[411]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-411"},{"link_name":"Norma Croker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_Croker"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Melbourne_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[412]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-412"},{"link_name":"Julian Daan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Daan"},{"link_name":"[413]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-413"},{"link_name":"Babulal Gaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babulal_Gaur"},{"link_name":"Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"[414]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-414"},{"link_name":"Richard Gregson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Gregson"},{"link_name":"[415]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-415"},{"link_name":"Richard Hoad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hoad"},{"link_name":"[416]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-416"},{"link_name":"Paulo Mandlate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_Mandlate"},{"link_name":"[417]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-417"},{"link_name":"Jian Ming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jian_Ming"},{"link_name":"[418]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-418"},{"link_name":"John W. Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_W._Neill"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[419]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-419"},{"link_name":"Nguyễn Tiến Sâm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ti%E1%BA%BFn_S%C3%A2m"},{"link_name":"[420]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-420"},{"link_name":"Celso Piña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celso_Pi%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"cumbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbia"},{"link_name":"[421]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-421"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Reade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Reade_(cricketer,_born_1930)"},{"link_name":"Central Districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Districts_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[422]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-422"},{"link_name":"Alexander M. Schenker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_M._Schenker"},{"link_name":"Slavic studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_studies"},{"link_name":"[423]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-423"},{"link_name":"Kurt Stendal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Stendal"},{"link_name":"Hvidovre IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvidovre_IF"},{"link_name":"SK Sturm Graz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK_Sturm_Graz"},{"link_name":"national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[424]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-424"},{"link_name":"Ines Torelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ines_Torelli"},{"link_name":"Fascht e Familie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascht_e_Familie"},{"link_name":"[425]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-425"}],"sub_title":"21","text":"Dina bint Abdul-Hamid, 89, Jordanian princess, Queen consort (1955–1957).[410]\nIfeanyi Chiejine, 36, Nigerian Olympic footballer (2000, 2008), (CSHVSM, F.C. Indiana).[411]\nNorma Croker, 84, Australian runner, Olympic champion (1956).[412]\nJulian Daan, 74, Filipino comedian, actor and politician, heart failure.[413]\nBabulal Gaur, 89, Indian politician, Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh (2004–2005).[414]\nRichard Gregson, 89, British agent, film producer and screenwriter.[415]\nRichard Hoad, 88, Barbadian Olympic sailor.[416]\nPaulo Mandlate, 85, Mozambican Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Tete (1976-2009).[417]\nJian Ming, 58, Chinese poet, writer and literary critic.[418]\nJohn W. Neill, 85, British Olympic field hockey player (1960, 1964, 1968).[419]\nNguyễn Tiến Sâm, 73, Vietnamese jet fighter pilot.[420]\nCelso Piña, 66, Mexican cumbia singer, composer and accordionist, heart attack.[421]\nLawrence Reade, 88, New Zealand cricketer (Central Districts).[422]\nAlexander M. Schenker, 94, Polish-American professor of Slavic studies.[423]\nKurt Stendal, 68, Danish footballer (Hvidovre IF, SK Sturm Graz, national team).[424]\nInes Torelli, 88, Swiss comedian and actress (Fascht e Familie).[425]","title":"August 2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Y. Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Y._Adams"},{"link_name":"[426]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-426"},{"link_name":"Junior Agogo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Agogo"},{"link_name":"Bristol Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Nottingham Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C."},{"link_name":"national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[427]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-427"},{"link_name":"Ken Batcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Batcher"},{"link_name":"[428]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-428"},{"link_name":"Gary Ray Bowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Ray_Bowles"},{"link_name":"[429]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-429"},{"link_name":"Norman Frederick Charles III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Frederick_Charles_III"},{"link_name":"The Royal Kangaroos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Kangaroos"},{"link_name":"[430]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-430"},{"link_name":"Peter Chingoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Chingoka"},{"link_name":"South Africa African XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_African_XI"},{"link_name":"[431]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-431"},{"link_name":"Bobby Dillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Dillon"},{"link_name":"Green Bay Packers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers"},{"link_name":"[432]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-432"},{"link_name":"Tim Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Fischer"},{"link_name":"Deputy Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Ambassador to the Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Australia_to_the_Holy_See"},{"link_name":"[433]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-433"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Fleming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Fleming_(footballer,_born_1929)"},{"link_name":"Workington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workington_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[434]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-434"},{"link_name":"Gao Heng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Heng_(legal_scholar)"},{"link_name":"[435]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-435"},{"link_name":"Fulati Gidali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulati_Gidali"},{"link_name":"[436]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-436"},{"link_name":"Werner H. Kramarsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_H._Kramarsky"},{"link_name":"[437]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-437"},{"link_name":"Vitaly Logvinovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaly_Logvinovsky"},{"link_name":"People's Artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Artist_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[438]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-438"},{"link_name":"Tom Nissalke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Nissalke"},{"link_name":"Houston Rockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Rockets"},{"link_name":"San Antonio Spurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs"},{"link_name":"Utah Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Jazz"},{"link_name":"[439]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-439"},{"link_name":"Yves Oger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Oger"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_eight"},{"link_name":"[440]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-440"},{"link_name":"Gerard O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"The Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Investigative_Reporting"},{"link_name":"[441]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-441"},{"link_name":"Margarita Plavunova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarita_Plavunova"},{"link_name":"[442]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-442"},{"link_name":"Morton Tubor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_Tubor"},{"link_name":"Cannonball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannonball_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Big Red One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Red_One"},{"link_name":"Knots Landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knots_Landing"},{"link_name":"[443]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-443"}],"sub_title":"22","text":"William Y. Adams, 92, American anthropologist.[426]\nJunior Agogo, 40, Ghanaian footballer (Bristol Rovers, Nottingham Forest, national team).[427]\nKen Batcher, 83, American academic.[428]\nGary Ray Bowles, 57, American serial killer, executed by lethal injection.[429]\nNorman Frederick Charles III, 78, British professional wrestler (The Royal Kangaroos), cancer.[430]\nPeter Chingoka, 65, Zimbabwean cricket player (South Africa African XI) and administrator.[431]\nBobby Dillon, 89, American football player (Green Bay Packers).[432]\nTim Fischer, 73, Australian politician and diplomat, Deputy Prime Minister (1996–1999), Ambassador to the Holy See (2009–2012), acute myeloid leukemia.[433]\nJimmy Fleming, 90, Scottish footballer (Workington).[434] (death announced on this date)\nGao Heng, 89, Chinese legal scholar and historian.[435]\nFulati Gidali, 108, Indian folk singer.[436]\nWerner H. Kramarsky, 93, American public official and art collector.[437]\nVitaly Logvinovsky, 78, Russian stage actor, People's Artist (2006).[438]\nTom Nissalke, 87, American basketball coach (Houston Rockets, San Antonio Spurs, Utah Jazz).[439]\nYves Oger, 68, French Olympic rower (1972).[440]\nGerard O'Neill, 76, American investigative journalist and news editor (The Boston Globe), Pulitzer Prize winner (1970).[441]\nMargarita Plavunova, 25, Russian hurdler and model, heart failure.[442]\nMorton Tubor, 102, American film and sound editor (Cannonball, The Big Red One, Knots Landing).[443]","title":"August 2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mary Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Abbott_(artist)"},{"link_name":"[444]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-444"},{"link_name":"Muzaffar Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffar_Ahmed_(NAP_politician)"},{"link_name":"[445]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-445"},{"link_name":"John Bluett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bluett_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"[446]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-446"},{"link_name":"Larissa Bonfante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larissa_Bonfante"},{"link_name":"[447]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-447"},{"link_name":"Les Brewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Brewer"},{"link_name":"[448]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-448"},{"link_name":"Clint Conatser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Conatser"},{"link_name":"Boston Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Braves_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[449]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-449"},{"link_name":"Amath Dansokho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amath_Dansokho"},{"link_name":"[450]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-450"},{"link_name":"Mario Davidovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Davidovsky"},{"link_name":"Synchronisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronisms_(Davidovsky)"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"[451]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-451"},{"link_name":"Carlo Delle Piane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Delle_Piane"},{"link_name":"An American in Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_American_in_Rome"},{"link_name":"A School Outing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_School_Outing"},{"link_name":"Christmas Present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Present_(film)"},{"link_name":"Nastro d'Argento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastro_d%27Argento_for_Best_Actor"},{"link_name":"[452]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-452"},{"link_name":"Leo Gauriloff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Gauriloff"},{"link_name":"[453]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-453"},{"link_name":"Kito Junqueira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kito_Junqueira"},{"link_name":"Eternamente Pagú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternamente_Pag%C3%BA"},{"link_name":"[454]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-454"},{"link_name":"David Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Koch"},{"link_name":"Koch Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch_Industries"},{"link_name":"Americans for Prosperity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_for_Prosperity"},{"link_name":"[455]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-455"},{"link_name":"Rick Loomis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Loomis"},{"link_name":"Flying Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Buffalo"},{"link_name":"[456]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-456"},{"link_name":"Massimo Mattioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Mattioli"},{"link_name":"Squeak the Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squeak_the_Mouse"},{"link_name":"Pinky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinky_(comics)"},{"link_name":"[457]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-457"},{"link_name":"Peter Moscatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Moscatt"},{"link_name":"Eastern Suburbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Roosters"},{"link_name":"[458]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-458"},{"link_name":"Roaring Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roaring_Lion_(horse)"},{"link_name":"[459]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-459"},{"link_name":"Silvia Ruegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvia_Ruegger"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_marathon"},{"link_name":"[460]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-460"},{"link_name":"Lou Slaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Slaby"},{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants"},{"link_name":"[461]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-461"},{"link_name":"Sheila Steafel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Steafel"},{"link_name":"Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daleks%27_Invasion_Earth_2150_A.D."},{"link_name":"Quatermass and the Pit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatermass_and_the_Pit_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Ghosts of Motley Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ghosts_of_Motley_Hall"},{"link_name":"[462]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-462"},{"link_name":"Walter Thiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Thiel_(chemist)"},{"link_name":"World Association of Theoretical and Computational Chemists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_of_Theoretical_and_Computational_Chemists"},{"link_name":"[463]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-463"},{"link_name":"Mike Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Thomas_(running_back)"},{"link_name":"Washington Redskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Redskins"},{"link_name":"San Diego Chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_San_Diego_Chargers"},{"link_name":"[464]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-464"},{"link_name":"Wang Guodong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Guodong_(painter)"},{"link_name":"[465]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-465"},{"link_name":"Tim Wohlforth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Wohlforth"},{"link_name":"[466]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-466"},{"link_name":"Stuart York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_York"},{"link_name":"[467]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-467"},{"link_name":"Egon Zimmermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Zimmermann"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1964_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_downhill"},{"link_name":"[468]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-468"}],"sub_title":"23","text":"Mary Abbott, 98, American painter.[444]\nMuzaffar Ahmed, 97, Bangladeshi politician.[445]\nJohn Bluett, 89, English cricketer.[446]\nLarissa Bonfante, 88, Italian-American classicist.[447]\nLes Brewer, 97, American businessman.[448]\nClint Conatser, 98, American baseball player (Boston Braves).[449]\nAmath Dansokho, 82, Senegalese politician.[450]\nMario Davidovsky, 85, Argentine-American composer (Synchronisms), Pulitzer Prize winner (1971).[451]\nCarlo Delle Piane, 83, Italian actor (An American in Rome, A School Outing, Christmas Present), Nastro d'Argento winner (1984).[452]\nLeo Gauriloff, 62, Finnish musician, cancer.[453]\nKito Junqueira, 71, Brazilian actor (Eternamente Pagú) and politician.[454]\nDavid Koch, 79, American businessman (Koch Industries) and political financier (Americans for Prosperity).[455]\nRick Loomis, 72, American game designer, founder of Flying Buffalo, lymphatic cancer.[456]\nMassimo Mattioli, 75, Italian cartoonist and comics writer and artist (Squeak the Mouse, Pinky).[457]\nPeter Moscatt, Australian rugby league player (Eastern Suburbs).[458]\nRoaring Lion, 4, British racehorse, euthanised.[459]\nSilvia Ruegger, 58, Canadian Olympic marathon runner (1984), cancer.[460]\nLou Slaby, 77, American football player (New York Giants).[461]\nSheila Steafel, 84, South African-born British actress (Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D., Quatermass and the Pit, The Ghosts of Motley Hall), leukemia.[462]\nWalter Thiel, 70, German theoretical chemist, President of the World Association of Theoretical and Computational Chemists (since 2011).[463]\nMike Thomas, 66, American football player (Washington Redskins, San Diego Chargers).[464]\nWang Guodong, 88, Chinese painter.[465]\nTim Wohlforth, 86, American political activist.[466]\nStuart York, 80, English cricketer.[467]\nEgon Zimmermann, 80, Austrian ski racer, Olympic champion (1964).[468]","title":"August 2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Akiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Akiba"},{"link_name":"[469]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-469"},{"link_name":"Tex Clevenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tex_Clevenger"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Washington Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Washington_Senators_(1901%E2%80%931960)"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"[470]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-470"},{"link_name":"Michael Eagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Eagar_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[471]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-471"},{"link_name":"Blanca Fernández Ochoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanca_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Ochoa"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_slalom"},{"link_name":"[472]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-472"},{"link_name":"Koffi Gahou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koffi_Gahou"},{"link_name":"[473]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-473"},{"link_name":"Tesfaye Gebreyesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesfaye_Gebreyesus"},{"link_name":"[474]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-474"},{"link_name":"Stephen S. Goss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_S._Goss"},{"link_name":"Georgia Court of Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Court_of_Appeals"},{"link_name":"[475]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-475"},{"link_name":"Katherine Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Graham_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"[476]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-476"},{"link_name":"Lutz-Michael Harder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutz-Michael_Harder"},{"link_name":"[477]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-477"},{"link_name":"Andrew Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Horn_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"The Nomi Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nomi_Song"},{"link_name":"We Are Twisted Fucking Sister!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Are_Twisted_Fucking_Sister!"},{"link_name":"[478]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-478"},{"link_name":"Arun Jaitley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arun_Jaitley"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajya_Sabha"},{"link_name":"Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(India)"},{"link_name":"Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(India)"},{"link_name":"[479]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-479"},{"link_name":"Robert Judd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Judd"},{"link_name":"[480]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-480"},{"link_name":"Peter Kempadoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kempadoo"},{"link_name":"[481]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-481"},{"link_name":"Bob Kilcullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Kilcullen"},{"link_name":"Chicago Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Bears"},{"link_name":"[482]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-482"},{"link_name":"Ia McIlwaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ia_McIlwaine"},{"link_name":"[483]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-483"},{"link_name":"Thandi Ndlovu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thandi_Ndlovu"},{"link_name":"[484]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-484"},{"link_name":"Tony Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Nichols"},{"link_name":"Bishop of North West Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_North_West_Australia"},{"link_name":"[485]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-485"},{"link_name":"Sidney Rittenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Rittenberg"},{"link_name":"[486]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-486"},{"link_name":"Vlado Strugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlado_Strugar"},{"link_name":"[487]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-487"},{"link_name":"Jim Tydings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Tydings"},{"link_name":"[488]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-488"},{"link_name":"Lodewijk Christiaan van Wachem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodewijk_Christiaan_van_Wachem"},{"link_name":"[489]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-489"},{"link_name":"Dick Woodard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Woodard"},{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants"},{"link_name":"[490]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-490"}],"sub_title":"24","text":"David Akiba, 78, American photographer.[469]\nTex Clevenger, 87, American baseball player (Boston Red Sox, Washington Senators, New York Yankees).[470]\nMichael Eagar, 85, English cricketer (Gloucestershire).[471]\nBlanca Fernández Ochoa, 56, Spanish alpine ski racer, Olympic bronze medallist (1992).[472]\nKoffi Gahou, 71, Beninese artist, actor, and director.[473]\nTesfaye Gebreyesus, 84, Ethiopian football referee.[474]\nStephen S. Goss, 57, American judge, member of the Georgia Court of Appeals (2018–2019), suicide.[475]\nKatherine Graham, 96, American golf administrator.[476]\nLutz-Michael Harder, 76, German lyric tenor and academic voice teacher.[477]\nAndrew Horn, 66, American film director, producer and screenwriter (The Nomi Song, We Are Twisted Fucking Sister!), cancer.[478]\nArun Jaitley, 66, Indian politician, MP (since 2000), Minister of Defence (2014, 2017) and Finance (2014–2019).[479]\nRobert Judd, 63, American musicologist.[480]\nPeter Kempadoo, 92, Guyanese writer, heart disease.[481]\nBob Kilcullen, 83, American football player (Chicago Bears).[482]\nIa McIlwaine, 84, British librarian.[483]\nThandi Ndlovu, 65, South African construction executive and philanthropist, traffic collision.[484]\nTony Nichols, 81, Australian Anglican prelate, Bishop of North West Australia (1992–2003).[485]\nSidney Rittenberg, 98, American journalist, scholar and linguist.[486]\nVlado Strugar, 96, Serbian historian.[487]\nJim Tydings, 74, Irish rugby union player.[488]\nLodewijk Christiaan van Wachem, 88, Dutch executive.[489]\nDick Woodard, 93, American football player (New York Giants).[490]","title":"August 2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sheikh Maqsood Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Maqsood_Ali"},{"link_name":"[491]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-491"},{"link_name":"Ed Bartram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Bartram"},{"link_name":"[492]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-492"},{"link_name":"Herbert Beattie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Beattie"},{"link_name":"[493]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-493"},{"link_name":"Timothy Bell, Baron Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Bell,_Baron_Bell"},{"link_name":"Bell Pottinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Pottinger"},{"link_name":"[494]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-494"},{"link_name":"Clora Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clora_Bryant"},{"link_name":"International Sweethearts of Rhythm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Sweethearts_of_Rhythm"},{"link_name":"[495]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-495"},{"link_name":"Alf Burnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Burnell"},{"link_name":"Hunslet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunslet_F.C._(1883)"},{"link_name":"Leeds Rhinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Rhinos"},{"link_name":"national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_national_rugby_league_team"},{"link_name":"[496]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-496"},{"link_name":"Gül Çiray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCl_%C3%87iray"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[497]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-497"},{"link_name":"Jenaro Flores Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenaro_Flores_Santos"},{"link_name":"Unified Syndical Confederation of Rural Workers of Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Syndical_Confederation_of_Rural_Workers_of_Bolivia"},{"link_name":"[498]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-498"},{"link_name":"Sally Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Floyd"},{"link_name":"[499]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-499"},{"link_name":"Reb Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reb_Foster"},{"link_name":"KRLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRLA"},{"link_name":"The Turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Turtles"},{"link_name":"Three Dog Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Dog_Night"},{"link_name":"Steppenwolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppenwolf_(band)"},{"link_name":"[500]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-500"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Goldstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Goldstein_(composer)"},{"link_name":"[501]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-501"},{"link_name":"Al Haynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Haynes"},{"link_name":"United Airlines Flight 232 crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_232"},{"link_name":"[502]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-502"},{"link_name":"B. M. Kutty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._M._Kutty"},{"link_name":"[503]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-503"},{"link_name":"Mona Lisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Lisa_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Insiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insiang"},{"link_name":"Giliw Ko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giliw_Ko"},{"link_name":"Cain at Abel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cain_at_Abel"},{"link_name":"[504]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-504"},{"link_name":"Eliseo Mattiacci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliseo_Mattiacci"},{"link_name":"[505]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-505"},{"link_name":"Bernard Monnereau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Monnereau"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_double_sculls"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_double_sculls"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_World_Rowing_Championships"},{"link_name":"[506]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-506"},{"link_name":"Vince Naimoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Naimoli"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Rays"},{"link_name":"[507]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-507"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Piëch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Pi%C3%ABch"},{"link_name":"Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Audi Quattro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_Quattro"},{"link_name":"Volkswagen Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Group"},{"link_name":"[508]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-508"},{"link_name":"Mitch Podolak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Podolak"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg Folk Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg_Folk_Festival"},{"link_name":"[509]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-509"},{"link_name":"Anne Grete Preus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Grete_Preus"},{"link_name":"[510]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-510"},{"link_name":"Jerry Rook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Rook"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Buccaneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Buccaneers"},{"link_name":"Arkansas State Red Wolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_State_Red_Wolves_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[511]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-511"},{"link_name":"Ian Sinclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Sinclair_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"[512]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-512"},{"link_name":"Jafar Umar Thalib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jafar_Umar_Thalib"},{"link_name":"Laskar Jihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laskar_Jihad"},{"link_name":"[513]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-513"},{"link_name":"Leon Wofsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Wofsy"},{"link_name":"[514]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-514"},{"link_name":"Lodewijk Woltjer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodewijk_Woltjer"},{"link_name":"[515]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-515"},{"link_name":"Fernanda Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernanda_Young"},{"link_name":"Os Normais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os_Normais"},{"link_name":"[516]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-516"}],"sub_title":"25","text":"Sheikh Maqsood Ali, 85, Bangladeshi civil servant.[491]\nEd Bartram, 81, Canadian artist.[492]\nHerbert Beattie, 93, American opera singer.[493]\nTimothy Bell, Baron Bell, 77, British advertising and public relations executive (Bell Pottinger).[494]\nClora Bryant, 92, American jazz trumpeter (International Sweethearts of Rhythm), heart attack.[495]\nAlf Burnell, 95, English rugby league footballer (Hunslet, Leeds Rhinos, national team).[496]\nGül Çiray, 79, Turkish Olympic middle-distance runner (1960).[497]\nJenaro Flores Santos, 76, Bolivian trade unionist and politician, founder of Unified Syndical Confederation of Rural Workers of Bolivia.[498]\nSally Floyd, 69, American computer scientist, cancer.[499]\nReb Foster, 83, American radio DJ (KRLA) and band manager (The Turtles, Three Dog Night, Steppenwolf).[500]\nJonathan Goldstein, 50, British composer, plane crash.[501]\nAl Haynes, 87, American airline pilot, United Airlines Flight 232 crash survivor.[502]\nB. M. Kutty, 89, Pakistani journalist and politician.[503]\nMona Lisa, 97, Filipino actress (Insiang, Giliw Ko, Cain at Abel).[504]\nEliseo Mattiacci, 78, Italian artist.[505]\nBernard Monnereau, 83, French Olympic rower (1960, 1964), world champion (1962).[506]\nVince Naimoli, 81, American businessman, founder of the Tampa Bay Rays.[507]\nFerdinand Piëch, 82, Austrian Hall of Fame business executive and engineer (Audi Quattro), Chairman of Volkswagen Group (1993–2015).[508]\nMitch Podolak, 71, Canadian folk music promoter, co-founder of the Winnipeg Folk Festival, complications from septic shock.[509]\nAnne Grete Preus, 62, Norwegian musician, cancer.[510]\nJerry Rook, 75, American basketball player (New Orleans Buccaneers, Arkansas State Red Wolves).[511]\nIan Sinclair, 86, New Zealand cricketer.[512]\nJafar Umar Thalib, 57, Indonesian Islamic militant and teacher, founder of Laskar Jihad.[513]\nLeon Wofsy, 97, American biochemist and activist.[514]\nLodewijk Woltjer, 89, Dutch astronomer.[515]\nFernanda Young, 49, Brazilian novelist, screenwriter and actress (Os Normais), cardiac arrest.[516]","title":"August 2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patty Abramson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patty_Abramson"},{"link_name":"[517]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-517"},{"link_name":"Khalilur Rahman Babar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalilur_Rahman_Babar"},{"link_name":"Rangbaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangbaz_(1973_film)"},{"link_name":"[518]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-518"},{"link_name":"Maude Ballou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maude_Ballou"},{"link_name":"[519]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-519"},{"link_name":"Greg Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Barton_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Detroit Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Lions"},{"link_name":"Toronto Argonauts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Argonauts"},{"link_name":"[520]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-520"},{"link_name":"Pal Benko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal_Benko"},{"link_name":"[521]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-521"},{"link_name":"Christian Bonaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Bonaud"},{"link_name":"[522]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-522"},{"link_name":"Neal Casal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neal_Casal"},{"link_name":"Ryan Adams & the Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Adams_%26_the_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Blackfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfoot_(band)"},{"link_name":"Chris Robinson Brotherhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Robinson_Brotherhood"},{"link_name":"[523]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-523"},{"link_name":"Kanchan Chaudhary Bhattacharya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanchan_Chaudhary_Bhattacharya"},{"link_name":"Uttarakhand Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhand_Police"},{"link_name":"[524]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-524"},{"link_name":"Chen Jiayong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Jiayong"},{"link_name":"[525]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-525"},{"link_name":"Colin Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Clark_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Colorado Rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Rapids"},{"link_name":"Houston Dynamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Dynamo"},{"link_name":"national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"[526]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-526"},{"link_name":"Joseph Warren Coker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Warren_Coker"},{"link_name":"[527]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-527"},{"link_name":"Richard Conrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Conrad"},{"link_name":"[528]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-528"},{"link_name":"Felix Donnelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Donnelly"},{"link_name":"Radio Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Pacific"},{"link_name":"[529]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-529"},{"link_name":"Ray Henwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Henwood"},{"link_name":"Gliding On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliding_On"},{"link_name":"[530]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-530"},{"link_name":"Tom Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Jordan_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Indians"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_St._Louis_Browns"},{"link_name":"[531]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-531"},{"link_name":"Dr. Karonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Karonte"},{"link_name":"CMLL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consejo_Mundial_de_Lucha_Libre"},{"link_name":"[532]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-532"},{"link_name":"Ian Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kerr_(academic)"},{"link_name":"[533]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-533"},{"link_name":"Helmut Krauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Krauss"},{"link_name":"[534]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-534"},{"link_name":"Roy Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Lucas_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"[535]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-535"},{"link_name":"Pita Paraone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pita_Paraone"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[536]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-536"},{"link_name":"Isabel Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Toledo"},{"link_name":"[537]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-537"},{"link_name":"Walmir Alberto Valle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmir_Alberto_Valle"},{"link_name":"Zé Doca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Z%C3%A9_Doca"},{"link_name":"Joaçaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Joa%C3%A7aba"},{"link_name":"[538]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-538"},{"link_name":"Gavin Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Watson"},{"link_name":"Bosasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosasa"},{"link_name":"[539]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-539"},{"link_name":"Geoff Wraith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Wraith"},{"link_name":"[540]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-540"},{"link_name":"Mir Tanha Yousafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Tanha_Yousafi"},{"link_name":"[541]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-541"}],"sub_title":"26","text":"Patty Abramson, 74, American venture capitalist.[517]\nKhalilur Rahman Babar, 67, Bangladeshi actor (Rangbaz), film director and producer.[518]\nMaude Ballou, 93, American civil rights activist.[519]\nGreg Barton, 73, American football player (Detroit Lions, Toronto Argonauts), complications from Alzheimer's disease.[520]\nPal Benko, 91, French-born Hungarian-American chess grandmaster.[521]\nChristian Bonaud, 62, French Islamologist and philosopher, marine accident.[522]\nNeal Casal, 50, American musician (Ryan Adams & the Cardinals, Blackfoot, Chris Robinson Brotherhood), suicide.[523]\nKanchan Chaudhary Bhattacharya, 72, Indian police officer, Director General of the Uttarakhand Police (2004–2007).[524]\nChen Jiayong, 97, Chinese metallurgist and chemical engineer.[525]\nColin Clark, 35, American soccer player (Colorado Rapids, Houston Dynamo, national team), heart attack.[526]\nJoseph Warren Coker, 88, American politician.[527]\nRichard Conrad, 84, American opera singer and voice teacher.[528]\nFelix Donnelly, 89, New Zealand Roman Catholic priest, academic and talkback host (Radio Pacific).[529]\nRay Henwood, 82, Welsh-born New Zealand actor (Gliding On).[530]\nTom Jordan, 99, American baseball player (Chicago White Sox, Cleveland Indians, St. Louis Browns), complications from a heart attack.[531]\nDr. Karonte, 62, Mexican professional wrestler (CMLL).[532]\nIan Kerr, 54, Canadian academic lawyer, cancer.[533]\nHelmut Krauss, 78, German actor.[534]\nRoy Lucas, 77, American football coach.[535]\nPita Paraone, 73, New Zealand politician, MP (2002–2008, 2014–2017).[536]\nIsabel Toledo, 59, Cuban-born American fashion designer, breast cancer.[537]\nWalmir Alberto Valle, 81, Brazilian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Zé Doca (1991–2002) and Joaçaba (2003–2010), cancer.[538]\nGavin Watson, 71, South African prison executive, CEO of Bosasa (since 2000), traffic collision.[539]\nGeoff Wraith, 72, English rugby league player and coach.[540]\nMir Tanha Yousafi, 64, Pakistani poet, novelist and writer.[541]","title":"August 2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pedro Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Bell"},{"link_name":"Parliament-Funkadelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament-Funkadelic"},{"link_name":"[542]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-542"},{"link_name":"Nimu Bhowmik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimu_Bhowmik"},{"link_name":"Arun Barun O Kiranmala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arun_Barun_O_Kiranmala"},{"link_name":"Nater Guru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nater_Guru"},{"link_name":"Gyarakal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyarakal"},{"link_name":"[543]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-543"},{"link_name":"Albert Vickers Bryan Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Vickers_Bryan_Jr."},{"link_name":"District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[544]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-544"},{"link_name":"Gilmer Capps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilmer_Capps"},{"link_name":"[545]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-545"},{"link_name":"Yigal Cohen-Orgad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yigal_Cohen-Orgad"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knesset"},{"link_name":"Minister of Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"[546]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-546"},{"link_name":"Jessi Combs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessi_Combs"},{"link_name":"Xtreme 4x4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xtreme_4x4"},{"link_name":"MythBusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MythBusters"},{"link_name":"Overhaulin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overhaulin%27"},{"link_name":"[547]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-547"},{"link_name":"Frances Crowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Crowe"},{"link_name":"[548]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-548"},{"link_name":"Wadie P. Deddeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadie_P._Deddeh"},{"link_name":"California State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"[549]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-549"},{"link_name":"Sven Trygve Falck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven_Trygve_Falck"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storting"},{"link_name":"[550]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-550"},{"link_name":"Donnie Fritts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnie_Fritts"},{"link_name":"Kris Kristofferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Kristofferson"},{"link_name":"[551]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-551"},{"link_name":"Saif Ahmad Al Ghurair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saif_Ahmad_Al_Ghurair"},{"link_name":"Al Ghurair Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Ghurair_Group"},{"link_name":"[552]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-552"},{"link_name":"Abel González Chávez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Ch%C3%A1vez"},{"link_name":"[553]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-553"},{"link_name":"Gary Gruber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Gruber"},{"link_name":"[554]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-554"},{"link_name":"Sir Dawda Jawara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawda_Jawara"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Gambia"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Gambia"},{"link_name":"[555]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-555"},{"link_name":"Kopi John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopi_John"},{"link_name":"national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_women%27s_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[556]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-556"},{"link_name":"John Ssenseko Kulubya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ssenseko_Kulubya"},{"link_name":"[557]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-557"},{"link_name":"Rajnish Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajnish_Kumar_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Punjab Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[558]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-558"},{"link_name":"Philippe Madrelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Madrelle"},{"link_name":"Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_France"},{"link_name":"[559]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-559"},{"link_name":"Richard Mamiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Mamiya"},{"link_name":"[560]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-560"},{"link_name":"José Mateo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mateo"},{"link_name":"[561]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-561"},{"link_name":"Paul Meger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Meger"},{"link_name":"Montreal Canadiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens"},{"link_name":"Stanley Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cup"},{"link_name":"1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"[562]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-562"},{"link_name":"Stephen O. Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_O._Murray"},{"link_name":"[563]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-563"},{"link_name":"Sōju Nosaka II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Dju_Nosaka_II"},{"link_name":"[564]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-564"},{"link_name":"Tom O'Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_O%27Hara"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_1500_metres"},{"link_name":"[565]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-565"},{"link_name":"Park Han-yong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Han-yong"},{"link_name":"POSCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSCO"},{"link_name":"[566]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-566"},{"link_name":"Guy Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Parsons"},{"link_name":"[567]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-567"},{"link_name":"Paul Peterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Peterson_(Canadian_football)"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Flying Wildcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Flying_Wildcats"},{"link_name":"[568]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-568"},{"link_name":"Leopoldo Pomés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldo_Pom%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"[569]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-569"},{"link_name":"Tahu Potiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahu_Potiki"},{"link_name":"Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81i_Tahu"},{"link_name":"[570]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-570"},{"link_name":"Don Sallee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Sallee"},{"link_name":"[571]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-571"},{"link_name":"Thanadsri Svasti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanadsri_Svasti"},{"link_name":"cholangiocarcinoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholangiocarcinoma"},{"link_name":"[572]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-572"},{"link_name":"Martin Weitzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Weitzman"},{"link_name":"[573]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-573"},{"link_name":"Gustav Wiklund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Wiklund"},{"link_name":"[574]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-574"},{"link_name":"Zhang Zong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Zong"},{"link_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[575]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-575"}],"sub_title":"27","text":"Pedro Bell, 69, American artist and illustrator (Parliament-Funkadelic).[542]\nNimu Bhowmik, 83, Indian actor (Arun Barun O Kiranmala, Nater Guru, Gyarakal).[543]\nAlbert Vickers Bryan Jr., 92, American judge, Chief Judge of the District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia (1985–1991), pneumonia.[544]\nGilmer Capps, 87, American politician.[545]\nYigal Cohen-Orgad, 81, Israeli politician, MP (1977–1988) and Minister of Finance (1983–1984).[546]\nJessi Combs, 39, American racer and television host (Xtreme 4x4, MythBusters, Overhaulin'), jet-car crash.[547]\nFrances Crowe, 100, American peace activist.[548]\nWadie P. Deddeh, 98, Iraqi-born American politician, member of the California State Assembly (1967–1983) and Senate (1983–1993).[549]\nSven Trygve Falck, 76, Norwegian politician, MP (1981–1985).[550]\nDonnie Fritts, 76, American keyboardist (Kris Kristofferson) and songwriter, complications from heart surgery.[551]\nSaif Ahmad Al Ghurair, 95, Emirati businessman, Chairman of Al Ghurair Group (since 1960).[552]\nAbel González Chávez, 76, Colombian radio and television host, stroke.[553]\nGary Gruber, 78, American theoretical physicist.[554]\nSir Dawda Jawara, 95, Gambian politician, Prime Minister (1962–1970) and President (1970–1994).[555]\nKopi John, 25, Papua New Guinean cricketer (national team).[556]\nJohn Ssenseko Kulubya, 84, Ugandan real estate investor, complications from pneumonia.[557]\nRajnish Kumar, 59, Indian politician, member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly (since 2012).[558]\nPhilippe Madrelle, 82, French politician, Senator (since 1980).[559]\nRichard Mamiya, 94, American heart surgeon.[560]\nJosé Mateo, 91, Spanish racing cyclist.[561]\nPaul Meger, 90, Canadian ice hockey player (Montreal Canadiens), Stanley Cup champion (1953).[562]\nStephen O. Murray, 69, American sociologist, lymphoma.[563]\nSōju Nosaka II, 81, Japanese musician.[564]\nTom O'Hara, 77, American Olympic middle-distance runner (1964).[565]\nPark Han-yong, 68, South Korean businessman, President of POSCO (2012–2013).[566]\nGuy Parsons, 93, British accountant.[567]\nPaul Peterson, 98, Canadian football player (Hamilton Flying Wildcats).[568]\nLeopoldo Pomés, 87, Spanish photographer and publicist.[569]\nTahu Potiki, 52, New Zealand Māori leader, chief executive of Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu (2002–2006).[570]\nDon Sallee, 86, American politician.[571]\nThanadsri Svasti, 92, Thai food writer and broadcaster, cholangiocarcinoma.[572]\nMartin Weitzman, 77, American economist.[573]\nGustav Wiklund, 85, Finnish actor and painter.[574]\nZhang Zong, 90, Chinese crystallographer, member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.[575]","title":"August 2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michel Aumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Aumont"},{"link_name":"The Toy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Toy_(1976_film)"},{"link_name":"A Sunday in the Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Sunday_in_the_Country"},{"link_name":"Dangerous Moves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangerous_Moves"},{"link_name":"[576]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-576"},{"link_name":"Clive Featherby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Featherby"},{"link_name":"[577]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-577"},{"link_name":"Pascal Gnazzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Gnazzo"},{"link_name":"[578]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-578"},{"link_name":"Donnie Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnie_Green"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bills"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles"},{"link_name":"Detroit Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Lions"},{"link_name":"[579]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-579"},{"link_name":"Steve Hiett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Hiett"},{"link_name":"[580]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-580"},{"link_name":"Nancy Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Holloway"},{"link_name":"[581]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-581"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Iamonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Iamonte"},{"link_name":"'Ndrangheta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ndrangheta"},{"link_name":"[582]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-582"},{"link_name":"Gary King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_King_(broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"[583]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-583"},{"link_name":"Nicolás Leoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Leoz"},{"link_name":"CONMEBOL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONMEBOL"},{"link_name":"[584]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-584"},{"link_name":"June Lyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Lyne"},{"link_name":"[585]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-585"},{"link_name":"Max McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_McDonald"},{"link_name":"Victorian Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[586]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-586"},{"link_name":"Nie Yuanzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nie_Yuanzi"},{"link_name":"Red Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Guards"},{"link_name":"[587]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-587"},{"link_name":"Sogyal Rinpoche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogyal_Rinpoche"},{"link_name":"Dzogchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzogchen"},{"link_name":"The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tibetan_Book_of_Living_and_Dying"},{"link_name":"Rigpa organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigpa_organization"},{"link_name":"[588]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-588"},{"link_name":"George P. Schiavelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_P._Schiavelli"},{"link_name":"[589]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-589"},{"link_name":"Sean Stephenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Stephenson"},{"link_name":"[590]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-590"},{"link_name":"Valeriy Syrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeriy_Syrov"},{"link_name":"Karpaty Lviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Karpaty_Lviv"},{"link_name":"Metalurh Zaporizhya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Metalurh_Zaporizhya"},{"link_name":"[591]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-591"},{"link_name":"Nikola Trojanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Trojanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[592]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-592"},{"link_name":"Paz Undurraga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paz_Undurraga"},{"link_name":"[593]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-593"}],"sub_title":"28","text":"Michel Aumont, 82, French actor (The Toy, A Sunday in the Country, Dangerous Moves).[576]\nClive Featherby, 86, British motorcycle speedway rider.[577]\nPascal Gnazzo, 98, French racing cyclist.[578]\nDonnie Green, 71, American football player (Buffalo Bills, Philadelphia Eagles, Detroit Lions).[579]\nSteve Hiett, 79, British photographer.[580]\nNancy Holloway, 86, American singer and actress.[581]\nGiuseppe Iamonte, 70, Italian mobster ('Ndrangheta), fall.[582]\nGary King, 85, American businessman and radio personality.[583]\nNicolás Leoz, 90, Paraguayan football executive, President of CONMEBOL (1986–2013).[584]\nJune Lyne, 87, American politician.[585]\nMax McDonald, 92, Australian politician, member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly (1979–1992).[586]\nNie Yuanzi, 98, Chinese academic administrator, leader of the Red Guards, respiratory failure.[587]\nSogyal Rinpoche, 72, Tibetan Dzogchen lama and writer (The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying), founder of Rigpa organization, pulmonary embolism.[588]\nGeorge P. Schiavelli, 71, American judge.[589]\nSean Stephenson, 40, American self-help author and motivational speaker, head injury.[590]\nValeriy Syrov, 72, Russian-born Ukrainian football player (Karpaty Lviv, Metalurh Zaporizhya) and manager.[591]\nNikola Trojanović, 90, Yugoslav Olympic swimmer.[592]\nPaz Undurraga, 89, Chilean singer and composer.[593]","title":"August 2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Don Aickin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Aickin"},{"link_name":"University of Otago, Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Otago,_Christchurch"},{"link_name":"[594]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-594"},{"link_name":"Biba Caggiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biba_Caggiano"},{"link_name":"[595]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-595"},{"link_name":"Lila Cockrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lila_Cockrell"},{"link_name":"Mayor of San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"[596]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-596"},{"link_name":"Terrance Dicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrance_Dicks"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"Crossroads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossroads_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Space: 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space:_1999"},{"link_name":"[597]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-597"},{"link_name":"Nita Engle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nita_Engle"},{"link_name":"[598]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-598"},{"link_name":"Richard Geist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Geist"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[599]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-599"},{"link_name":"Jean Guillou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Guillou_(gymnast)"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[600]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-600"},{"link_name":"Janusz Hajnos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_Hajnos"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_1992_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[601]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-601"},{"link_name":"Guy Innes-Ker, 10th Duke of Roxburghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Innes-Ker,_10th_Duke_of_Roxburghe"},{"link_name":"[602]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-602"},{"link_name":"Juhani Kärkinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juhani_K%C3%A4rkinen"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_1960_Winter_Olympics#Events"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIS_Nordic_World_Ski_Championships_1958"},{"link_name":"[603]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-603"},{"link_name":"Miklós Kocsár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Kocs%C3%A1r"},{"link_name":"[604]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-604"},{"link_name":"Jim Langer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Langer"},{"link_name":"Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Miami Dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Dolphins"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings"},{"link_name":"[605]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-605"},{"link_name":"Jim Leavelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Leavelle"},{"link_name":"Lee Harvey Oswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald"},{"link_name":"[606]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-606"},{"link_name":"Brad Linaweaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Linaweaver"},{"link_name":"[607]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-607"},{"link_name":"Maria Dolors Renau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Dolors_Renau"},{"link_name":"Deputy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies"},{"link_name":"MEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Socialist International Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_International_Women"},{"link_name":"[608]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-608"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Muslim"},{"link_name":"MLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[609]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-609"},{"link_name":"Randy Romero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Romero"},{"link_name":"Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Racing_and_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[610]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-610"},{"link_name":"Achille Silvestrini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Silvestrini"},{"link_name":"Congregation for the Oriental Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Oriental_Churches"},{"link_name":"[611]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-611"},{"link_name":"Dick Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Taylor_(rugby)"},{"link_name":"[612]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-612"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Veličković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Veli%C4%8Dkovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[613]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-613"},{"link_name":"Leonard Wery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Wery"},{"link_name":"[614]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-614"}],"sub_title":"29","text":"Don Aickin, 84, New Zealand obstetrician and gynaecologist (University of Otago, Christchurch).[594]\nBiba Caggiano, 82, Italian-born American restaurateur and cookbook author.[595]\nLila Cockrell, 97, American politician, Mayor of San Antonio (1975–1981, 1989–1991).[596]\nTerrance Dicks, 84, English screenwriter (Doctor Who, Crossroads, Space: 1999).[597]\nNita Engle, 93, American watercolorist.[598]\nRichard Geist, 74, American politician, member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1978–2013), heart attack.[599]\nJean Guillou, 88, French Olympic gymnast (1952, 1956).[600]\nJanusz Hajnos, 51, Polish Olympic ice hockey player (1992).[601]\nGuy Innes-Ker, 10th Duke of Roxburghe, 64, British aristocrat.[602]\nJuhani Kärkinen, 83, Finnish Olympic ski jumper (1960), world champion (1958).[603]\nMiklós Kocsár, 85, Hungarian composer.[604]\nJim Langer, 71, American Hall of Fame football player (Miami Dolphins, Minnesota Vikings), heart failure.[605]\nJim Leavelle, 99, American homicide detective, police escort for Lee Harvey Oswald, heart attack.[606]\nBrad Linaweaver, 66, American science fiction writer, cancer.[607]\nMaria Dolors Renau, 82, Spanish politician, Deputy (1982–1986, 1989–1993), MEP (1986–1987) and president of Socialist International Women (1999–2003).[608]\nMohammad Muslim, Indian politician, MLA (1996–2002, 2012–2017).[609]\nRandy Romero, 61, American Hall of Fame jockey, stomach cancer.[610]\nAchille Silvestrini, 95, Italian-born Vatican diplomat and Roman Catholic cardinal, Prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches (1991–2000).[611]\nDick Taylor, 77, Australian rugby player.[612]\nVladimir Veličković, 84, Serbian painter.[613]\nLeonard Wery, 93, Dutch Olympic field hockey player.[614]","title":"August 2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chester Aaron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Aaron"},{"link_name":"[615]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-615"},{"link_name":"Deyan Ranko Brashich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deyan_Ranko_Brashich"},{"link_name":"[616]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-616"},{"link_name":"Gordon Bressack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Bressack"},{"link_name":"Pinky and the Brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinky_and_the_Brain"},{"link_name":"Animaniacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animaniacs"},{"link_name":"Bionic Six","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionic_Six"},{"link_name":"[617]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-617"},{"link_name":"Franco Columbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Columbu"},{"link_name":"Conan the 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Giorgis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamberto_Giorgis"},{"link_name":"Taranto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taranto_F.C._1927"},{"link_name":"Lecce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Lecce"},{"link_name":"Sampdoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.C._Sampdoria"},{"link_name":"[624]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-624"},{"link_name":"Bernard F. Grabowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_F._Grabowski"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[625]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-625"},{"link_name":"William D. Grampp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_D._Grampp"},{"link_name":"[626]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-626"},{"link_name":"A. James Gregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._James_Gregor"},{"link_name":"[627]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-627"},{"link_name":"Valerie Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Harper"},{"link_name":"The Mary Tyler Moore Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mary_Tyler_Moore_Show"},{"link_name":"Rhoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhoda"},{"link_name":"Valerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hogan_Family"},{"link_name":"Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23rd_Primetime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24th_Primetime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25th_Primetime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_Primetime_Emmy_Awards"},{"link_name":"leptomeningeal carcinomatosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptomeningeal_carcinomatosis"},{"link_name":"[628]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-628"},{"link_name":"James Cellan Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cellan_Jones"},{"link_name":"The Roads to Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Roads_to_Freedom_(TV_serial)"},{"link_name":"The Forsyte Saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Forsyte_Saga_(1967_series)"},{"link_name":"Fortunes of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortunes_of_War_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"BAFTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA"},{"link_name":"[629]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-629"},{"link_name":"Melisa Michaels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melisa_Michaels"},{"link_name":"[630]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-630"},{"link_name":"Park Taesun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Taesun"},{"link_name":"[631]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-631"},{"link_name":"Hans Rausing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Rausing"},{"link_name":"Tetra Pak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetra_Pak"},{"link_name":"[632]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-632"},{"link_name":"Udo Schaefer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udo_Schaefer"},{"link_name":"Baháʼí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith"},{"link_name":"[633]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-633"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Shevin Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shevin_Smith"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Buccaneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers"},{"link_name":"[634]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-634"}],"sub_title":"30","text":"Chester Aaron, 96, American writer.[615]\nDeyan Ranko Brashich, 78, American attorney and writer.[616]\nGordon Bressack, 68, American television writer (Pinky and the Brain, Animaniacs, Bionic Six).[617]\nFranco Columbu, 78, Italian bodybuilder and actor (Conan the Barbarian, The Terminator), Mr. Olympia winner (1976, 1981), heart attack.[618]\nJim Colvin, 81, American football player.[619]\nStephen Cretney, 83, British legal scholar.[620]\nElaine Darling, 83, Australian politician, MP (1980–1993).[621]\nDennis Fentie, 68, Canadian politician, Premier of Yukon (2002–2011) and MLA (1996–2011), cancer.[622]\nKen France, 78, New Zealand footballer.[623]\nLamberto Giorgis, 87, Italian football player (Taranto) and manager (Lecce, Sampdoria).[624]\nBernard F. Grabowski, 96, American politician, member of the House of Representatives (1963–1967).[625]\nWilliam D. Grampp, 105, American economist.[626]\nA. James Gregor, 90, American historian.[627]\nValerie Harper, 80, American actress (The Mary Tyler Moore Show, Rhoda, Valerie), Emmy Award winner (1971, 1972, 1973, 1975), leptomeningeal carcinomatosis.[628]\nJames Cellan Jones, 88, Welsh film and television director (The Roads to Freedom, The Forsyte Saga, Fortunes of War), Chairman of BAFTA (1983–1985), stroke.[629]\nMelisa Michaels, 73, American author.[630]\nPark Taesun, 77, South Korean writer.[631]\nHans Rausing, 93, Swedish businessman, Chairman of Tetra Pak (1985–1993).[632]\nUdo Schaefer, 92, German lawyer and Baháʼí author.[633] [better source needed]\nShevin Smith, 44, American football player (Tampa Bay Buccaneers).[634]","title":"August 2019"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeff Blackshear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Blackshear"},{"link_name":"Seattle Seahawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Seahawks"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Ravens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Ravens"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"[635]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-635"},{"link_name":"Ryszard Czerniawski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryszard_Czerniawski"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"vice-ombudsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Ombudsman"},{"link_name":"[636]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-636"},{"link_name":"Leslie H. 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Larkin Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Larkin_Jr."},{"link_name":"New York State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"[640]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-640"},{"link_name":"Michael Lindsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lindsay"},{"link_name":"Bleach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Naruto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naruto"},{"link_name":"Digimon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digimon"},{"link_name":"[641]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-641"},{"link_name":"Sergio Lobato García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Lobato_Garc%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"LXI Legislature of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXI_Legislature_of_the_Mexican_Congress"},{"link_name":"[642]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-642"},{"link_name":"Marita Lorenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marita_Lorenz"},{"link_name":"[643]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-643"},{"link_name":"Mary Ma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Ma"},{"link_name":"Lenovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenovo"},{"link_name":"[644]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-644"},{"link_name":"Jane Mathews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Mathews"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_judges_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[645]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-645"},{"link_name":"Wim Statius Muller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wim_Statius_Muller"},{"link_name":"[646]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-646"},{"link_name":"Hal Naragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Naragon"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Indians"},{"link_name":"Washington Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Senators_(1901%E2%80%9360)"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Twins"},{"link_name":"Detroit Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Tigers"},{"link_name":"[647]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-647"},{"link_name":"Jim Pettie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Pettie"},{"link_name":"Boston Bruins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Bruins"},{"link_name":"[648]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-648"},{"link_name":"Hugo Pfaltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Pfaltz"},{"link_name":"[649]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-649"},{"link_name":"Earl Ravenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Ravenal"},{"link_name":"[650]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-650"},{"link_name":"Donald Rooum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Rooum"},{"link_name":"[651]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-651"},{"link_name":"Agnar Sandmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnar_Sandmo"},{"link_name":"[652]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-652"},{"link_name":"Mamadou Tew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamadou_Tew"},{"link_name":"Club Brugge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Brugge_K.V."},{"link_name":"Charleroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Charleroi_S.C."},{"link_name":"national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[653]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-653"},{"link_name":"Marshall P. Tulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_P._Tulin"},{"link_name":"[654]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-654"},{"link_name":"Immanuel Wallerstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein"},{"link_name":"world-systems theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World-systems_theory"},{"link_name":"[655]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-655"},{"link_name":"Wang Buxuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Buxuan"},{"link_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[656]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-656"},{"link_name":"Zbigniew Zaleski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zbigniew_Zaleski"},{"link_name":"[657]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-657"}],"sub_title":"31","text":"Jeff Blackshear, 50, American football player (Seattle Seahawks, Baltimore Ravens, Kansas City Chiefs), pancreatic cancer.[635]\nRyszard Czerniawski, 67, Polish lawyer and economist, vice-chairman of the board of Warsaw Stock Exchange (1994–2006) and vice-ombudsman (2012–2015).[636]\nLeslie H. Gelb, 82, American journalist (The New York Times) and government official, Assistant Secretary of State (1977–1979).[637]\nAlec Holowka, 35, Canadian video game developer (Aquaria, I'm O.K – A Murder Simulator, Night in the Woods), suicide.[638]\nAnthoine Hubert, 22, French racing driver, GP3 Series champion (2018), race crash.[639]\nWilliam J. Larkin Jr., 91, American politician, member of the New York State Assembly (1979–1990) and Senate (1991–2018).[640]\nMichael Lindsay, 56, American voice actor (Bleach, Naruto, Digimon).[641]\nSergio Lobato García, 64, Mexican politician, federal deputy in the LXI Legislature of Congress.[642]\nMarita Lorenz, 80, German-born American conspiracy theorist, heart failure.[643]\nMary Ma, 66, Chinese business executive, CFO of Lenovo, pancreatic cancer.[644]\nJane Mathews, 78, Australian judge, Supreme Court of New South Wales (1987–1994).[645]\nWim Statius Muller, 89, Curaçaoan composer and pianist.[646]\nHal Naragon, 90, American baseball player (Cleveland Indians, Washington Senators/Minnesota Twins) and coach (Detroit Tigers).[647]\nJim Pettie, 65, Canadian ice hockey player (Boston Bruins), cancer.[648]\nHugo Pfaltz, 87, American politician.[649]\nEarl Ravenal, 88, American foreign policy analyst, academic, and writer.[650]\nDonald Rooum, 91, English cartoonist and activist.[651]\nAgnar Sandmo, 81, Norwegian economist, cancer.[652]\nMamadou Tew, 59, Senegalese footballer (Club Brugge, Charleroi, national team).[653]\nMarshall P. Tulin, 93, American hydrodynamics engineer.[654]\nImmanuel Wallerstein, 88, American sociologist, developer of world-systems theory.[655]\nWang Buxuan, 97, Chinese thermal physicist, member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.[656]\nZbigniew Zaleski, 72, Polish politician.[657]","title":"August 2019"}]
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[]
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Retrieved 2019-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190806225744/https://www.bay939.com.au/news/local-news/107655-cats-great-middlemiss-dies-at-90","url_text":"\"Cats great Middlemiss dies at 90\""},{"url":"https://www.bay939.com.au/news/local-news/107655-cats-great-middlemiss-dies-at-90","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NCU mourns passing of Rodney Falkson\". Archived from the original on 2020-07-29. Retrieved 2020-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200729031532/https://supersport.com/cricket/news/190815_NCU_mourns_passing_of_Rodney_Falkson","url_text":"\"NCU mourns passing of Rodney Falkson\""},{"url":"https://supersport.com/cricket/news/190815_NCU_mourns_passing_of_Rodney_Falkson","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Barry Stroud (1935-2019)\". Archived from the original on 2019-08-13. 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Retrieved 2019-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190818204110/https://www.familynotices24.co.uk/edt/view/4699300/freda-mary-thompson-ne-dowie","url_text":"\"Freda Mary Thompson (née Dowie)\""},{"url":"https://www.familynotices24.co.uk/edt/view/4699300/freda-mary-thompson-ne-dowie","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lancaster\". Archived from the original on 2019-08-29. Retrieved 2019-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190829000312/http://announcements.telegraph.co.uk/deaths/235613/lancaster","url_text":"\"Lancaster\""},{"url":"http://announcements.telegraph.co.uk/deaths/235613/lancaster","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Reg Scarlett passes away in England\". Archived from the original on 2019-08-20. Retrieved 2019-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20190820094913/https://www.nationnews.com/nationnews/news/241237/reg-scarlett-passes-away-england","url_text":"\"Reg Scarlett passes away in England\""},{"url":"https://www.nationnews.com/nationnews/news/241237/reg-scarlett-passes-away-england","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bobby Smith\". Archived from the original on 2021-05-24. Retrieved 2019-09-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210524151809/https://www.chelmsfordcityfc.com/news/bobby-smith-2454521.html","url_text":"\"Bobby Smith\""},{"url":"https://www.chelmsfordcityfc.com/news/bobby-smith-2454521.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The King of Hay, Richard Booth has died aged 80\". Archived from the original on 2019-12-15. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marari_Beach
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Marari Beach
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["1 Location","2 Pictures","3 External links"]
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Coordinates: 9°36′09″N 76°18′00″E / 9.602527°N 76.299877°E / 9.602527; 76.299877
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City in Kerala, IndiaMarari Beach
MararikulamcityA view of the sunset at the Marari beachMarari BeachLocation in Kerala, IndiaShow map of KeralaMarari BeachMarari Beach (India)Show map of IndiaCoordinates: 9°36′09″N 76°18′00″E / 9.602527°N 76.299877°E / 9.602527; 76.299877Country IndiaStateKeralaDistrictAlappuzha DistrictGovernment • BodyGovt of KeralaLanguages • OfficialMalayalam, EnglishTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN688549Telephone code+91Vehicle registrationKL-04 or KL-32
Marari Beach is a beach at Mararikulam village in Alappuzha District of Kerala, India, 11 km from Alappuzha (Alleppey) town.
Location
Mararikulam is connected by rail and has a railway station by the same name. It is also well connected by road. NH 66 passes through S.L.Puram, which is 5 km to the east of Mararikulam. Nearest airport is Cochin International Airport. It was rated as one of the worlds top five HAMMOCK BEACH by National Geographic survey. & The CGH Marari beach resorts has made it to the "Sense of Place" final list of National Geographic Traveller "WORLD LEGACY AWARD" by National Geographic in partnership with ITB Berlin ( https://www.nationalgeographic.com/worldlegacyawards/winners.html ). Marari Beach is being increasingly preferred by travellers as an alternative to its more popular counterpart- Kovalam in the South. Tourists can cover the key highlights of Kerala including the Port town of Cochin, the tea plantations of Munnar, the wildlife in Periyar, the houseboats on the backwaters in Alleppey and end their stay at Marari where they can enjoy the beaches before flying out of Cochin again- instead of having to travel down south to Kovalam for the beaches. The beaches in Marari are conveniently located just an hour and a half away from the Cochin international airport.
Pictures
Marari beach shoreline
Fisherman setting off into the sunset
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marari Beach.
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Perunthenaruvi
Perunthenaruvi Falls
Siruvani Waterfalls
Soochipara Falls
Thommankuthu
Thusharagiri Falls
Thoovanam Waterfalls
Vazhachal Falls
Vazhvanthol waterfalls
Wildlife sanctuaries
Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary
Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary
Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary
Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary
Karimpuzha Wildlife Sanctuary
Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary
Kurinjimala Sanctuary
Malabar Wildlife Sanctuary
Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary
Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary
Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve
Pathiramanal
Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary
Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary
Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary
Periyar Tiger Reserve
Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary
Thattekad Bird Sanctuary
Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary
Zoos
Crocodile Rehabilitation and Research Centre
Parassinikkadavu Snake Park
Thiruvananthapuram Zoo
Thrissur Zoo
Thrissur Zoological Park Wildlife Conversation & Research Centre
Templates
Category
WikiProject
India portal
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mararikulam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mararikulam"},{"link_name":"Alappuzha District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alappuzha_District"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Alappuzha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alappuzha"}],"text":"City in Kerala, IndiaMarari Beach is a beach at Mararikulam village in Alappuzha District of Kerala, India, 11 km from Alappuzha (Alleppey) town.","title":"Marari Beach"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NH 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_47_(India)"},{"link_name":"Cochin International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochin_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/worldlegacyawards/winners.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nationalgeographic.com/worldlegacyawards/winners.html"},{"link_name":"Cochin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochi"},{"link_name":"Munnar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munnar"},{"link_name":"Periyar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periyar_National_Park"},{"link_name":"backwaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_backwaters"},{"link_name":"Alleppey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alappuzha"},{"link_name":"Cochin international airport.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochin_International_Airport"}],"text":"Mararikulam is connected by rail and has a railway station by the same name. It is also well connected by road. NH 66 passes through S.L.Puram, which is 5 km to the east of Mararikulam. Nearest airport is Cochin International Airport. It was rated as one of the worlds top five HAMMOCK BEACH by National Geographic survey.[citation needed] & The CGH Marari beach resorts has made it to the \"Sense of Place\" final list of National Geographic Traveller \"WORLD LEGACY AWARD\" by National Geographic in partnership with ITB Berlin ( https://www.nationalgeographic.com/worldlegacyawards/winners.html ). Marari Beach is being increasingly preferred by travellers as an alternative to its more popular counterpart- Kovalam in the South. Tourists can cover the key highlights of Kerala including the Port town of Cochin, the tea plantations of Munnar, the wildlife in Periyar, the houseboats on the backwaters in Alleppey and end their stay at Marari where they can enjoy the beaches before flying out of Cochin again- instead of having to travel down south to Kovalam for the beaches. The beaches in Marari are conveniently located just an hour and a half away from the Cochin international airport.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Pictures"}]
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[{"image_text":"Marari beach shoreline","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Shoreline_at_Marari_beach.JPG/220px-Shoreline_at_Marari_beach.JPG"},{"image_text":"Fisherman setting off into the sunset","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Marari_Beach_Fisherman.JPG/220px-Marari_Beach_Fisherman.JPG"}]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Marari_Beach¶ms=9.602527_N_76.299877_E_type:city_region:IN-KL","external_links_name":"9°36′09″N 76°18′00″E / 9.602527°N 76.299877°E / 9.602527; 76.299877"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Marari+Beach%22","external_links_name":"\"Marari Beach\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Marari+Beach%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Marari+Beach%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Marari+Beach%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Marari+Beach%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Marari+Beach%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Marari_Beach¶ms=9.602527_N_76.299877_E_type:city_region:IN-KL","external_links_name":"9°36′09″N 76°18′00″E / 9.602527°N 76.299877°E / 9.602527; 76.299877"},{"Link":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/worldlegacyawards/winners.html","external_links_name":"https://www.nationalgeographic.com/worldlegacyawards/winners.html"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_venous_pressure
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Central venous pressure
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["1 Measurement","2 Factors affecting CVP","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Blood pressure in vein near the heart
Central venous pressure (CVP) is the blood pressure in the venae cavae, near the right atrium of the heart. CVP reflects the amount of blood returning to the heart and the ability of the heart to pump the blood back into the arterial system. CVP is often a good approximation of right atrial pressure (RAP), although the two terms are not identical, as a pressure differential can sometimes exist between the venae cavae and the right atrium. CVP and RAP can differ when arterial tone is altered. This can be graphically depicted as changes in the slope of the venous return plotted against right atrial pressure (where central venous pressure increases, but right atrial pressure stays the same; VR = CVP − RAP).
CVP has been, and often still is, used as a surrogate for preload, and changes in CVP in response to infusions of intravenous fluid have been used to predict volume-responsiveness (i.e. whether more fluid will improve cardiac output). However, there is increasing evidence that CVP, whether as an absolute value or in terms of changes in response to fluid, does not correlate with ventricular volume (i.e. preload) or volume-responsiveness, and so should not be used to guide intravenous fluid therapy. Nevertheless, CVP monitoring is a useful tool to guide hemodynamic therapy.
The cardiopulmonary baroreflex responds to an increase in CVP by decreasing systemic vascular resistance while increasing heart rate and ventricular contractility in dogs.
Measurement
Site
Normal pressure range (in mmHg)
Central venous pressure
3–8
Right ventricular pressure
systolic
15–30
diastolic
3–8
Pulmonary artery pressure
systolic
15–30
diastolic
4–12
Pulmonary vein/
Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
2–15
Left ventricular pressure
systolic
100–140
diastolic
3–12
Normal CVP in patients can be measured from two points of reference:
Sternum: 0–14 cm H2O
Midaxillary line: 8–15 cm H2O
CVP can be measured by connecting the patient's central venous catheter to a special infusion set which is connected to a small diameter water column. If the water column is calibrated properly the height of the column indicates the CVP.
In most intensive care units, facilities are available to measure CVP continuously.
Normal values vary between 4 and 12 cm H2O.
Factors affecting CVP
Factors that increase CVP include:
Cardiac tamponade
Decreased cardiac output
Forced exhalation
Heart failure
Hypervolemia
Mechanical ventilation and the application of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)
Pleural effusion
Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary hypertension
Tension pneumothorax
Factors that decrease CVP include:
Deep inhalation
Distributive shock
Hypovolemia
See also
Jugular venous pressure
Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
References
^ "Central Venous Catheter Physiology". Archived from the original on 2008-08-21. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
^ Kumar A, Anel R, Bunnell E, Habet K, Zanotti S, Marshall S, et al. (2004). "Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure and central venous pressure fail to predict ventricular filling volume, cardiac performance, or the response to volume infusion in normal subjects" (PDF). Crit Care Med. 32 (3): 691–699. doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000114996.68110.c9. PMID 15090949. S2CID 41905070.
^ Marik P, Baram M, Vahid B (July 2008). "Does Central Venous Pressure Predict Fluid Responsiveness?" (PDF). Chest. 134 (1): 1351–1352. doi:10.1378/chest.08-1846. PMID 19059974. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-06-11. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
^ Sala-Mercado JA, Moslehpour M, Hammond RL, Ichinose M, Chen X, Evan S, O'Leary DS, Mukkamala R (June 2014). "Stimulation of the Cardiopulmonary Baroreflex Enhances Ventricular Contractility in Awake Dogs: A Mathematical Analysis Study". American Journal of Physiology. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology. 307 (4): R455–R464. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00510.2013. PMC 4137157. PMID 24944253.
^ Table 30-1 in: Goers TA, Klingensmith ME, Chen LE, Glasgow SC (2008). The Washington Manual of Surgery. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-0-7817-7447-5.
External links
Venous function and central venous pressure: a physiologic story - a technical discussion of the more modern understanding of central venous pressure; this may well conflict with the sources below.
Central Venous Pressure and Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Monitoring
Cardiovascular Physiology
Central+Venous+Pressure at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
vtePhysiology of the cardiovascular systemHeartCardiac output
Cardiac cycle
Cardiac output
Heart rate
Stroke volume
Stroke volume
End-diastolic volume
End-systolic volume
Afterload
Preload
Frank–Starling law
Cardiac function curve
Venous return curve
Wiggers diagram
Pressure volume diagram
Ultrasound
Fractional shortening = (End-diastolic dimension
End-systolic dimension) / End-diastolic dimension
Aortic valve area calculation
Ejection fraction
Cardiac index
Left atrial volume
Heart rate
Cardiac pacemaker
Chronotropic (Heart rate)
Dromotropic (Conduction velocity)
Inotropic (Contractility)
Bathmotropic (Excitability)
Lusitropic (Relaxation)
Conduction
Conduction system
Cardiac electrophysiology
Action potential
cardiac
atrial
ventricular
Effective refractory period
Pacemaker potential
Electrocardiography
P wave
PR interval
QRS complex
QT interval
ST segment
T wave
U wave
Hexaxial reference system
Chamber pressure
Central venous
Right
atrial
ventricular
pulmonary artery
wedge
Left
atrial
ventricular
Aortic
Other
Ventricular remodeling
Vascular system/hemodynamicsBlood flow
Compliance
Vascular resistance
Pulse
Perfusion
Blood pressure
Pulse pressure
Systolic
Diastolic
Mean arterial pressure
Jugular venous pressure
Portal venous pressure
Critical closing pressure
Regulation of BP
Baroreflex
Kinin–kallikrein system
Renin–angiotensin system
Vasoconstrictors
Vasodilators
Autoregulation
Myogenic mechanism
Tubuloglomerular feedback
Cerebral autoregulation
Paraganglia
Aortic body
Carotid body
Glomus cell
Authority control databases: National
Germany
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blood pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure"},{"link_name":"venae cavae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venae_cavae"},{"link_name":"right atrium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_atrium"},{"link_name":"heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart"},{"link_name":"blood returning to the heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venous_return_curve"},{"link_name":"arterial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artery"},{"link_name":"right atrial pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_atrial_pressure"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlCentral_Venous_Catheter_Physiology-1"},{"link_name":"venous return","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venous_return"},{"link_name":"right atrial pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_atrial_pressure"},{"link_name":"preload","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preload_(cardiology)"},{"link_name":"intravenous fluid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_fluid"},{"link_name":"cardiac output","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_output"},{"link_name":"ventricular volume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_volume"},{"link_name":"preload","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preload_(cardiology)"},{"link_name":"intravenous fluid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous_fluid"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"hemodynamic therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemodynamics"},{"link_name":"baroreflex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroreflex"},{"link_name":"systemic vascular resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_resistance"},{"link_name":"heart rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_rate"},{"link_name":"contractility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_contractility"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Central venous pressure (CVP) is the blood pressure in the venae cavae, near the right atrium of the heart. CVP reflects the amount of blood returning to the heart and the ability of the heart to pump the blood back into the arterial system. CVP is often a good approximation of right atrial pressure (RAP),[1] although the two terms are not identical, as a pressure differential can sometimes exist between the venae cavae and the right atrium. CVP and RAP can differ when arterial tone is altered. This can be graphically depicted as changes in the slope of the venous return plotted against right atrial pressure (where central venous pressure increases, but right atrial pressure stays the same; VR = CVP − RAP).CVP has been, and often still is, used as a surrogate for preload, and changes in CVP in response to infusions of intravenous fluid have been used to predict volume-responsiveness (i.e. whether more fluid will improve cardiac output). However, there is increasing evidence that CVP, whether as an absolute value or in terms of changes in response to fluid, does not correlate with ventricular volume (i.e. preload) or volume-responsiveness, and so should not be used to guide intravenous fluid therapy.[2][3] Nevertheless, CVP monitoring is a useful tool to guide hemodynamic therapy. \nThe cardiopulmonary baroreflex responds to an increase in CVP by decreasing systemic vascular resistance while increasing heart rate and ventricular contractility in dogs.[4]","title":"Central venous pressure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sternum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sternum"},{"link_name":"cm H2O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centimetre_of_water"},{"link_name":"Midaxillary line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midaxillary_line"},{"link_name":"central venous catheter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_venous_catheter"},{"link_name":"infusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infusion_pump"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"intensive care units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_unit"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Normal CVP in patients can be measured from two points of reference:[citation needed]Sternum: 0–14 cm H2O\nMidaxillary line: 8–15 cm H2OCVP can be measured by connecting the patient's central venous catheter to a special infusion set which is connected to a small diameter water column. If the water column is calibrated properly the height of the column indicates the CVP.[citation needed]In most intensive care units, facilities are available to measure CVP continuously.[citation needed]Normal values vary between 4 and 12 cm H2O.","title":"Measurement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Cardiac tamponade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_tamponade"},{"link_name":"cardiac output","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_output"},{"link_name":"exhalation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhalation"},{"link_name":"Heart failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure"},{"link_name":"Hypervolemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervolemia"},{"link_name":"Mechanical ventilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation"},{"link_name":"Pleural effusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleural_effusion"},{"link_name":"Pulmonary embolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism"},{"link_name":"Pulmonary hypertension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension"},{"link_name":"Tension pneumothorax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_pneumothorax"},{"link_name":"inhalation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breath"},{"link_name":"Distributive shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributive_shock"},{"link_name":"Hypovolemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypovolemia"}],"text":"Factors that increase CVP include:[citation needed]Cardiac tamponade\nDecreased cardiac output\nForced exhalation\nHeart failure\nHypervolemia\nMechanical ventilation and the application of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)\nPleural effusion\nPulmonary embolism\nPulmonary hypertension\nTension pneumothoraxFactors that decrease CVP include:Deep inhalation\nDistributive shock\nHypovolemia","title":"Factors affecting CVP"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"Jugular venous pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugular_venous_pressure"},{"title":"Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_capillary_wedge_pressure"}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oystermouth_Castle
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Oystermouth Castle
|
["1 The early castle","2 In de Braose hands","3 Decline and decay","4 2000s restoration","5 Notable features of the castle","6 Namesake","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
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Coordinates: 51°34′35″N 4°00′11″W / 51.57645°N 4.00297°W / 51.57645; -4.00297
Oystermouth CastleOystermouth, Swansea, Wales Oystermouth CastleTypeCastleSite informationOwnerCity and County of Swansea councilOpen tothe publicYesConditionRuinSite historyBuilt12th centuryIn use1106 to about 1650MaterialsStone
Listed Building – Grade I
Oystermouth Castle (Welsh: Castell Ystum Llwynarth) is a Norman stone castle in Wales, overlooking Swansea Bay on the east side of the Gower Peninsula near the village of Mumbles.
The early castle
A number of Antiquarians state that the Norman castle was built on the site of a former native fortification. Nineteenth century works by Samuel Lewis and Nicholas Carlisle both name this fortification as the "Caer Tawy" of Medieval Welsh literature. The name indicates that a Welsh fort (a Caer) was built here to guard the river Tawe long before Oystermouth or Swansea Castle were built by the Normans.
The first Norman castle was founded by Michael Jones of Ogmore Castle soon after 1106 following the capture of Gower by the Normans. In 1116 the Welsh of Deheubarth retook the Gower Peninsula and forced Michael to flee his castle which was put to the torch. The castle was rebuilt soon afterwards, but was probably destroyed again in 1137 when Gower was once more retaken by the Princes of Deheubarth. The Londres or London family finally died out in 1215 when Gower was again taken by the Welsh under the leadership of Llywelyn the Great. In 1220 the Welsh were expelled from the peninsula and the government of Henry III of England returned the barony of Gower to John de Braose who rebuilt both Swansea and Oystermouth castles.
In de Braose hands
Oystermouth castle, with its village and lighthouse, 1839
A 1910s photograph by P. B. Abery.
In the 13th century the Braose family were Lords of Gower and held the castle as part of their extensive land holdings and titles, including other castles on Gower and in the Welsh Marches. The de Braose dynasty could afford to rebuild Oystermouth castle in stone. A high curtain wall was built, internal buildings added, a chapel, basements, three storey residential buildings with fireplaces and garderobes on each floor. The castle had every residential feature necessary for living in some comfort and was also refortified cleverly. Towards the end of the century Oystermouth rather than Swansea Castle became their principal residence. Edward I paid a brief visit here in December 1284.
By 1331 the Lords of Gower were living elsewhere and the castle declined in importance in the 14th century.
The daughter of the last de Breos Lord, Aline de Breos, who improved the chapel making it one of the finest in any castle in south Wales, later married John de Mowbray, and the Lordship of Gower including the castle at Oystermouth passed to the de Mowbrays through this marriage, and then to the Herbert family, and finally the Somersets, who became successive Marquis of Worcester and finally Dukes of Beaufort.
Decline and decay
After the Middle Ages, the castle gradually fell into ruin. A survey of Gower made in 1650 describes Oystermouth Castle as n old decayed castle of no use, but of a very pleasant situation. It was portrayed in art in the 18th century as a picturesque ruin, and was restored by George Grant Francis in the 1840s while the castle was owned by the then Duke of Beaufort.
In 1927 the Duke of Beaufort gave the castle to Swansea Corporation; today, the castle is maintained under the responsibility of the City and County of Swansea council.
2000s restoration
In 2009 the National Assembly for Wales announced it was investing £19 million in the country's heritage sites in an attempt to boost tourism. As part of the programme Oystermouth Castle closed in 2010 while it underwent a £1 m refurbishment; it reopened to the public in July the following year.
Following the first phase of conservation works Oystermouth Castle reopened to the public in mid July 2011. The scheme includes new visitor facilities, an educational space, improvements to access and a 30-foot high glass viewing platform and bridge that leads to Alina's Chapel.
Notable features of the castle
Oystermouth Castle, showing the gatehouse and the chapel window
Oystermouth Castle, from the village
On either side of the entrance gate the walls curve inward, showing that at one time there were supposed to be two round towers built into the gatehouse. It is unknown whether these were ever built.
The chapel (on the second floor of the chapel block) has 14th century traceried windows. According to local tradition the chapel was built under the direction of Aline de Mowbray.
Remnants of an ornate medieval painting dating back to the 14th century have recently been found in the chapel. The surviving painting is thought to be over 700 years old and was spotted during conservation work in the historic attraction's chapel area. Exposure to the elements has taken its toll on the painting over time but expert Cadw analysis suggests it's a double-arched canopy that contains the figures of angels. Some of the clear elements of the painting that remain include a wing with multiple feathers and circular shapes that form a head with yellow hair surrounded by a nimbus. It's thought the painting is both highly important and testimony to the original design of the chapel attributed to Alina de Breos in the early 14th century that once formed part of a larger work of art.
Namesake
During World War II, the Royal Navy operated the naval trawler, HMT Oystermouth Castle.
See also
Castles in Great Britain and Ireland
List of castles in Wales
References
Citations
^ Lewis, Samuel (1849). A Topographical Dictionary of Wales. London. pp. 271–274. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
^ Carlisle, Nicholas (1811). A topographical dictionary of ... Wales, a continuation of the topography of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
^ Oystermouth Castle History, Oystermouth Castle dates back to the 12th century and is steeped in history
^ £19m boost for heritage tourism, BBC News, 1 May 2009, retrieved 2 March 2012
^ Oystermouth Castle at Mumbles reopens after £1m refit, BBC News, 16 July 2011, retrieved 2 March 2012
^ "HMS Oystermouth Castle (4.101)". uboat.net. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
Bibliography
Oystermouth Castle – a tour and short history, published by the Friends of Oystermouth Castle.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oystermouth Castle.
Details & photos
www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Oystermouth Castle
Castles of Wales – Oystermouth Castle
grid reference SS613883
vteGower PeninsulaGeographical areas
Bishop's Wood
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Loughor estuary
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51°34′35″N 4°00′11″W / 51.57645°N 4.00297°W / 51.57645; -4.00297
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_architecture"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Swansea Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_Bay"},{"link_name":"Gower Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gower_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Mumbles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbles"}],"text":"Oystermouth Castle (Welsh: Castell Ystum Llwynarth) is a Norman stone castle in Wales, overlooking Swansea Bay on the east side of the Gower Peninsula near the village of Mumbles.","title":"Oystermouth Castle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samuel Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Lewis_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Carlisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Carlisle"},{"link_name":"Medieval Welsh literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Welsh_literature"},{"link_name":"Caer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caer"},{"link_name":"river Tawe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Tawe"},{"link_name":"Swansea Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_Castle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ogmore Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogmore_Castle"},{"link_name":"Normans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Deheubarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deheubarth"},{"link_name":"Gower Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gower_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Princes of Deheubarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Dinefwr"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Llywelyn the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llywelyn_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Henry III of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"John de Braose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_de_Braose"}],"text":"A number of Antiquarians state that the Norman castle was built on the site of a former native fortification. Nineteenth century works by Samuel Lewis and Nicholas Carlisle both name this fortification as the \"Caer Tawy\" of Medieval Welsh literature. The name indicates that a Welsh fort (a Caer) was built here to guard the river Tawe long before Oystermouth or Swansea Castle were built by the Normans.[1][2]The first Norman castle was founded by Michael Jones of Ogmore Castle soon after 1106 following the capture of Gower by the Normans.[citation needed] In 1116 the Welsh of Deheubarth retook the Gower Peninsula and forced Michael to flee his castle which was put to the torch.[citation needed] The castle was rebuilt soon afterwards, but was probably destroyed again in 1137 when Gower was once more retaken by the Princes of Deheubarth.[3] The Londres or London family finally died out in 1215 when Gower was again taken by the Welsh under the leadership of Llywelyn the Great. In 1220 the Welsh were expelled from the peninsula and the government of Henry III of England returned the barony of Gower to John de Braose who rebuilt both Swansea and Oystermouth castles.","title":"The early castle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oystermouth_castle,_with_its_village_and_lighthouse,_Swansea_bay.jpeg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oystermouth_Castle_(4600918143).jpg"},{"link_name":"P. B. Abery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._B._Abery"},{"link_name":"Gower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordship_of_Gower"},{"link_name":"Welsh Marches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Marches"},{"link_name":"Swansea Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_Castle"},{"link_name":"Edward I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"last de Breos Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Braose,_2nd_Baron_Braose"},{"link_name":"Aline de Breos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aline_de_Breos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John de Mowbray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_de_Mowbray,_2nd_Baron_Mowbray"},{"link_name":"de Mowbrays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Mowbray"},{"link_name":"Somersets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somersets&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marquis of Worcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis_of_Worcester"},{"link_name":"Dukes of Beaufort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukes_of_Beaufort"}],"text":"Oystermouth castle, with its village and lighthouse, 1839A 1910s photograph by P. B. Abery.In the 13th century the Braose family were Lords of Gower and held the castle as part of their extensive land holdings and titles, including other castles on Gower and in the Welsh Marches. The de Braose dynasty could afford to rebuild Oystermouth castle in stone. A high curtain wall was built, internal buildings added, a chapel, basements, three storey residential buildings with fireplaces and garderobes on each floor. The castle had every residential feature necessary for living in some comfort and was also refortified cleverly. Towards the end of the century Oystermouth rather than Swansea Castle became their principal residence. Edward I paid a brief visit here in December 1284.By 1331 the Lords of Gower were living elsewhere and the castle declined in importance in the 14th century.The daughter of the last de Breos Lord, Aline de Breos, who improved the chapel making it one of the finest in any castle in south Wales, later married John de Mowbray, and the Lordship of Gower including the castle at Oystermouth passed to the de Mowbrays through this marriage, and then to the Herbert family, and finally the Somersets, who became successive Marquis of Worcester and finally Dukes of Beaufort.","title":"In de Braose hands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Gower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordship_of_Gower"},{"link_name":"George Grant Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Grant_Francis"},{"link_name":"Duke of Beaufort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Beaufort"},{"link_name":"Swansea Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_Corporation"},{"link_name":"City and County of Swansea council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_and_County_of_Swansea_council"}],"text":"After the Middle Ages, the castle gradually fell into ruin. A survey of Gower made in 1650 describes Oystermouth Castle as [a]n old decayed castle of no use, but of a very pleasant situation. It was portrayed in art in the 18th century as a picturesque ruin, and was restored by George Grant Francis in the 1840s while the castle was owned by the then Duke of Beaufort.In 1927 the Duke of Beaufort gave the castle to Swansea Corporation; today, the castle is maintained under the responsibility of the City and County of Swansea council.","title":"Decline and decay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Assembly for Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_for_Wales"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In 2009 the National Assembly for Wales announced it was investing £19 million in the country's heritage sites in an attempt to boost tourism.[4] As part of the programme Oystermouth Castle closed in 2010 while it underwent a £1 m refurbishment; it reopened to the public in July the following year.[5]Following the first phase of conservation works Oystermouth Castle reopened to the public in mid July 2011. The scheme includes new visitor facilities, an educational space, improvements to access and a 30-foot high glass viewing platform and bridge that leads to Alina's Chapel.","title":"2000s restoration"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oystermouth_castle_showing_chapel_window.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oystermouth_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2142654.jpg"},{"link_name":"gatehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatehouse"},{"link_name":"Aline de Mowbray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aline_de_Mowbray&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cadw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadw"}],"text":"Oystermouth Castle, showing the gatehouse and the chapel windowOystermouth Castle, from the villageOn either side of the entrance gate the walls curve inward, showing that at one time there were supposed to be two round towers built into the gatehouse. It is unknown whether these were ever built.The chapel (on the second floor of the chapel block) has 14th century traceried windows. According to local tradition the chapel was built under the direction of Aline de Mowbray.Remnants of an ornate medieval painting dating back to the 14th century have recently been found in the chapel. The surviving painting is thought to be over 700 years old and was spotted during conservation work in the historic attraction's chapel area. Exposure to the elements has taken its toll on the painting over time but expert Cadw analysis suggests it's a double-arched canopy that contains the figures of angels. Some of the clear elements of the painting that remain include a wing with multiple feathers and circular shapes that form a head with yellow hair surrounded by a nimbus. It's thought the painting is both highly important and testimony to the original design of the chapel attributed to Alina de Breos in the early 14th century that once formed part of a larger work of art.","title":"Notable features of the castle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"naval trawler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_trawler"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"During World War II, the Royal Navy operated the naval trawler, HMT Oystermouth Castle.[6]","title":"Namesake"}]
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[{"title":"Castles in Great Britain and Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castles_in_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"title":"List of castles in Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Wales"}]
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[{"reference":"Lewis, Samuel (1849). A Topographical Dictionary of Wales. London. pp. 271–274. Retrieved 5 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-dict/wales/pp271-274","url_text":"A Topographical Dictionary of Wales"}]},{"reference":"Carlisle, Nicholas (1811). A topographical dictionary of ... Wales, a continuation of the topography of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 5 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ATITAAAAQAAJ&dq=%22caer+tawy%22&pg=PP116","url_text":"A topographical dictionary of ... Wales, a continuation of the topography of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"}]},{"reference":"£19m boost for heritage tourism, BBC News, 1 May 2009, retrieved 2 March 2012","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/8027700.stm","url_text":"£19m boost for heritage tourism"}]},{"reference":"Oystermouth Castle at Mumbles reopens after £1m refit, BBC News, 16 July 2011, retrieved 2 March 2012","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-14167952","url_text":"Oystermouth Castle at Mumbles reopens after £1m refit"}]},{"reference":"\"HMS Oystermouth Castle (4.101)\". uboat.net. Retrieved 19 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/7098.html","url_text":"\"HMS Oystermouth Castle (4.101)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Koppitz
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Rudolf Koppitz
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["1 Biography","2 Work","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
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Austrian photographer (1884–1936)
Rudolf KoppitzRudolf Koppitz, self portrait, In the Bosom of Nature c. 1923.Born(1884-01-03)3 January 1884Skrbovice, Austrian SilesiaDied8 July 1936(1936-07-08) (aged 52)Perchtoldsdorf, Austria
Rudolf Koppitz (4 January 1884 – 8 July 1936) was an Austrian photographer. He moved to Vienna and was a Photo-Secessionist whose work includes straight photography and modernist images. He was one of the leading representatives of art photography in Vienna between the world wars. Koppitz is best known for his works of the human figure including his iconic Bewegungsstudie, "Motion Study" and his use of the nude in natural settings.
Biography
Rudolf Koppitz was born into a rural Protestant family in Schreiberseifen, in the Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia (in what is today Skrbovice, part of Široká Niva near Bruntál in the Czech Republic).
Koppitz began training for his career as a photographer in 1897 under Robert Rotter from Bruntál. Koppitz later continued his work in small commercial studios as a contract photographer but in 1912, he left professional life to go back to school to continue his studies at the Graphische Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt, "Institute for Teaching and Research in Graphic Arts" in Vienna, Austria. Rudolf had been appointed assistant there by 1913.
Composition c. 1927
Koppitz's early works were marked by the influence of his teacher, the Czech Symbolist photographer Karel Novák, and by the style of the Viennese Secession. While working in Vienna early in his career, Koppitz photographed many of the picturesque aspects of the city - St. Stephen's Cathedral, Karl's Church - and traveled to photograph Hungarian villages, fishing boats near Delft, views of Dresden and alpine landscapes.— The Brown University News Bureau
His time at the Institute was interrupted by the First World War in which Koppitz his talents were put to use as a field and aerial reconnaissance photographer. The bulk of the body of work he produced during this time consisted of landscapes captured during his aerial reconnaissance work, his favorite of which was the study of water from the air and the geometric elements of flying machines that carried him into war. When Koppitz was not photographing for the Army he spent his time documenting the lives of soldiers and the communities of people he came into contact with. Photographs from this period are laden with dramatic sentiments due to Koppitz's use of light, the sun, clouds and mist to express the emotions of the people and the time.
Returning to the institute, Koppitz met Anna Arbeitlang who studied photography there. She had become an assistant in 1917, like Koppitz, in the year she was admitted to the Vienna Photographic Society. She went on to become assistant lecturer, and Rudolf a professor in 1919, a role in which he remained for twenty years. In 1920, Arbeitlang founded a studio in the fifth district of Vienna where from 1921 Rudolf Koppitz was a partner. They married in the summer of 1923 and the studio thenceforth traded under his name. They worked together on their artistic commissions, publications and projects. She was also Rudolf's assistant on his artistic work, his photo retoucher and collaborated with him in making his first nude studies, some of his 'self-portraits,' and was often his model. Both Rudolf and Anna produced Kunstphotographie (as Pictorialism was called in Austria) in the aesthetics of the Vienna Secession, Jugendstijl, and the Wiener Werkstätte.
In the year they married, Rudolf made, probably in collaboration with Anna, the nude self-portrait, In the Bosom of Nature, in which he is framed by tree trunks, rocks, snowy mountains. It is posed to convey a dreamlike harmony reminiscent of a symbolist painting and graphic art. In c.1925 Koppitz created his masterpiece, Bewegungsstudie, "Motion Study" in which he photographed dancers from the Vienna State Opera; the nude dancer, credited to be the Russian Claudia Issatschenko but is more likely, her daughter, ballet dancer and choreographer, Tatyana Issatschenko Gsovsky, with her head thrown dramatically back and flanked by three dark-robed women, lends Bewegungsstudie to the highly decorative and symbolist tradition of the Viennese Jugendstil.
Also in 1925 the couple had their only child, daughter Liselotte, portrayed with her mother in Rudolf's Madonna and Child image of that year. Julia Secklehner identifies it, and Koppitz's 'self-portrait' nude In the Bosom of Nature as adhering to the Körperkult ('cult of the body') and the naturist heimat sentiment in its alpine setting and heroic low-angle viewpoint.
In the 1930s their style shifted toward the Neue Sachlichkeit, anti-expressionist objectivity then predominant in photography of Central Europe. The FiFo ("Internationale Ausstellung des Deutschen Werkbundes – Film und Foto") came to Vienna after being shown in Stuttgart and decisively influenced the Koppitz couple's artistic development. The Neues Sehen (New Vision) led them to a more factual and documentary oriented photography of themes from rustic life; ethnographic records of the peasant archetype, eulogised as the archaic essence of Germanic peoples, at first mystical and quasi-theosophical, but progressively more chauvinist and nationalistic under the Austrian chancellor dictatorship initiated by Engelbert Dollfuss of 1933.
In 1936, the most comprehensive exhibition of Rudolf's work, a survey of 500 works of rustic subjects took place, entitled "Country and People", at the Museum of Art and Industry. Rudolf died that same year.
Anna continued operation of their studio and produced Nazi propaganda imagery for Minister of Agriculture R. Walther Darré. Whether Rudolf's sympathies accorded with the National Socialists is not known, however völkisch ideologies, those embedded in the couple's imagery, were instrumental to Nazism.
Work
Bewegungsstudie c. 1927
Koppitz's work emphasises form, line, and the surface play of light and shadow. Early in his career, Koppitz was known for staging groups of subjects in the stylised, bas-relief style of the Vienna Secession, the most well known example of this being his Bewegungsstudie, "Motion Study".
'Bewegungsstudie' (Motion Study) is surely the most widely published and best known image in Austrian photography from the early decades of the last century. This is for good reason, as no photograph better captures the cultural strands that characterized the Austrian avant-garde at that time. Here one can see a graphic strength and compositional clarity that reflects the modernist ambitions initiated in the fine as in the applied arts by the Secession and by the Wiener Werkstätte. But what gives the image its power is the aura of mystery, of symbolist sensuality that resonates through this enigmatic grouping of the three uniformly coiffed and draped figures and the one single naked figure.— Christies
Bewegungsstudie's languid nude, elaborately robed women and sensuality, in the context of its rigorous and artistic composition, evokes the sexual morbidity of Viennese artists like Gustav Klimt and Alphonse Mucha, as well as the Swiss symbolist painter Ferdinand Hodler and has made it notable It has become Koppitz's signature image and also his best-seller. Prints were purchased by, among others, the Toledo Museum of Art; the New York Camera Club notably Joseph Bing, head of that club's print committee; and the Englishman Stephen Tyng, who published it in a small portfolio of works from his collection.
Heavy Burden c. 1930
His earliest works show evidence of influence by Gustav Klimt, Japanese art, Art Nouveau and Constructivism. Koppitz's work came of age during the inter-war period when most of Austria's photographers were supporters of art photography. Photographs from that time are full of symbolic meanings often capturing nude and clothed dancers as well as liberal use of the both male, many of which were of Koppitz himself, and female nudes placed in elements of nature and posed to give the impression of a Greek or Roman statue.
Koppitz's nude self-portraits fascinated his contemporaries as much as they do viewers today. The photographs were taken out of doors--high in the mountains of the Alps or at the seashore--with the assistance of his wife, Anna. Often symbolic, his images reflected the enthusiasm for nature that Koppitz nurtured throughout his life. This love of nature also influenced his late work, his portrayal of peasant life in Tyrol that culminated in the vast 1936 exhibition of 500 photographs called "Land und Leute" (Country and People).— Idao Gallery
Although he did not possess a consistent style, Koppitz was a virtuoso of the dark room, seemingly determined to make the photograph as much of an art object as possible. His beautifully grainy, subtly tinted images align him with American Pictorialists like Edward Steichen and Clarence Smith. Koppitz's work, much of it using the gum bichromate process, reflected his links with modern artists such as Gustav Klimt and Egon Schiele, and their involvement with the 'life reform' movement including; nudism, sun culture, and expressive dance popular in Central Europe from the early 1900s as well as agrarian romanticism. Koppitz's mastery of pictorial processes—pigment, carbon, gum, and bromoil process of transfer printing—gained the respect of his colleagues throughout the world and garnered mention in the Encyclopædia Britannica of 1929.
Koppitz's photographs were shown in no less than fourteen juried or invitational exhibitions in the United States from 1926 through 1930, most importantly the Pittsburgh Salons of 1926, 1927, and 1928. This highly regarded annual exhibition at the Carnegie Museum of Art featured not only prominent American photographers, but also the Europeans including; Koppitz, Josef Sudek, Jaromir Funke, Frantisek Drtikol, and Madame D'Ora. Both Koppitz and Thorek were elected associate members of this prestigious salon, where Bewegungsstudie, along with many other Koppitz works, were exhibited. In addition to their exposure in salons, Koppitz's photographs were featured in such American camera magazines as American Photography, Photo-Era, and Camera Craft.
Koppitz's later photographs took a documentary turn and became more simple and direct in their subject matter and composition more in accord with New Objectivity, but remained emotionally affected. Over the course of 30 years of work, Koppitz's photography came full circle returning in his later years to where he started, working with a renewed focus on nature and documenting the lives and condition of rural peasants. Koppitz is perceived by some as a progressive modern artist while on the other hand he was one of the more conservative photographers in his time, belatedly adopting the prevailing Neues Sehen of the 1930s, but holding true to a number of traditions and always telling a story with his photographs.
See also
Iconography
References
^ a b "96-072 (Rudolf Koppitz)". www.brown.edu.
^ Koetzle, M. (1994). 1000 Nudes: Uwe Scheid Collection. Cologne: Taschen (p. 706)
^ "(Retrieved 29 November 2008) Bewegungs studie directly translates from German to English as "Motion Study."".
^ a b c d "Rudolf Koppitz". Retrieved 29 November 2008.
^ a b c "Paul Cava Fine Art". Retrieved 29 November 2008.
^ Lenman, R. (2005) Rudolf Koppitz. The Oxford Companion to the Photograph. Oxford University Press. Retrieved November 29, 2008 During the First World War he served in aerial reconnaissance.
^ Photographische Korrespondenz: Organ der Photographischen Gesellschaft in Wien, des Vereines zur Plege der Photographie und verwandter Künste in Frankfurt a/M., des Schweizerischen Photographen-Vereines und des Photo-Klubs in Wien. Zeitschrift für Photographie und photomechanische Verfahren. .... Austria, n.p, 1917.
^ Fotogeschichte (in German). Frankfurt am Main: T. Starl. 2016. OCLC 297331673.
^ "musée Nicéphore Niépce - Rudolf Koppitz". www.museeniepce.com. Retrieved 2022-01-16.
^ a b Lenman, R. (2005) Rudolf Koppitz. The Oxford Companion to the Photograph. Oxford University Press. Retrieved November 29, 2008
^ a b "(Retrieved 29 November 2008) In this instance the dancers are from the Vienna State Opera; the nude figure is known to be Claudia Issatschenko".
^ a b "RUDOLPH KOPPITZ (1884-1936), Bewegungsstudie (Movement Study No. 1), 1925".
^ a b Smith, Roberta (11 October 1996). "Art in Review". The New York Times.
^ Secklehner, Julia (2021-04-05). "A New Austrian Regionalism: Alfons Walde and Austrian Identity in Painting after 1918". Austrian History Yearbook. 52: 201–226. doi:10.1017/s0067237821000072. ISSN 0067-2378. S2CID 233560730.
^ "Artwork of the Month: The Mother by Rudolf Koppitz (1925) • CRAACE". CRAACE. 2019-01-16. Retrieved 2022-01-16.
^ a b c Cronin, Elizabeth; Photoinstitut Bonartes, Albertina (2015). Heimat Photography in Austria A Politicized Vision of Peasants and Skiers (Series: Contributions to a History of Photography in Austria, vol. 10) (in German). Salzburg: Fotohofedition. ISBN 978-3-902993-11-3. OCLC 904808056.
^ a b Toepfer, Karl (2003). "One Hundred Years of Nakedness in German Performance". TDR. 47 (4): 144–188. doi:10.1162/105420403322764089. ISSN 1054-2043. JSTOR 4488514. S2CID 57567622.
^ a b c "Rudolf Koppitz (1884–1936)". Retrieved 29 November 2008.
Further reading
Baatz, W. (1997). Photography: An Illustrated Historical Overview. Hauppage: Baron's
Croni, E. (2015). Heimat Photography in Austria: A Politicized Vision of Peasants and Skiers. Salzburg: Fotohof
Hirsch, R. (2000). Seizing the Light: A History of Photography. New York: McGraw Hill
Newhall, B. (1982). The History of Photography. New York: The Museum of Modern Art
Richter, P. (1998). Nude Photography: Masterpieces from the Past 150 Years. New York: Prestel
External links
Media related to Rudolf Koppitz at Wikimedia Commons
Rudolf Koppitz critique and biography
Photography Encyclopedia Rudolf Koppitz
Rudolf Koppitz: Viennese `Master of the Camera'
New York Times: Art in Review
Authority control databases International
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Photo-Secessionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo-Secessionist"},{"link_name":"straight photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_photography"},{"link_name":"modernist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist"},{"link_name":"art photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_photography"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"iconic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R2-3"}],"text":"Rudolf Koppitz (4 January 1884 – 8 July 1936) was an Austrian photographer. He moved to Vienna and was a Photo-Secessionist whose work includes straight photography and modernist images. He was one of the leading representatives of art photography in Vienna between the world wars.[1] Koppitz is best known for his works of the human figure including his iconic Bewegungsstudie,[2] \"Motion Study\"[3] and his use of the nude in natural settings.","title":"Rudolf Koppitz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Upper_and_Lower_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Široká Niva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0irok%C3%A1_Niva"},{"link_name":"Bruntál","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunt%C3%A1l"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idaogallery-4"},{"link_name":"Graphische Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphische_Lehr-_und_Versuchsanstalt"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paulcava-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idaogallery-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:073-Rudolf_Koppitz,_c._1920.jpg"},{"link_name":"Symbolist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)"},{"link_name":"Karel Novák","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel_Nov%C3%A1k"},{"link_name":"Viennese Secession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Secession"},{"link_name":"St. Stephen's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Cathedral,_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Karl's Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlskirche"},{"link_name":"Delft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delft"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R3-6"},{"link_name":"Anna Arbeitlang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Koppitz"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R4-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R5-8"},{"link_name":"photo retoucher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photograph_manipulation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R6-9"},{"link_name":"Pictorialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictorialism"},{"link_name":"Vienna Secession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Secession"},{"link_name":"Jugendstijl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugendstil"},{"link_name":"Wiener Werkstätte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_Werkst%C3%A4tte"},{"link_name":"symbolist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)"},{"link_name":"graphic art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_art"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-answers.com-10"},{"link_name":"Vienna State Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_State_Opera"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artfact.com-11"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artfact.com-11"},{"link_name":"Tatyana Issatschenko Gsovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatjana_Gsovsky"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-13"},{"link_name":"Jugendstil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugendstil"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paulcava-5"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R7-14"},{"link_name":"heimat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimat"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R8-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-16"},{"link_name":"Neue Sachlichkeit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Objectivity"},{"link_name":"Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"Engelbert Dollfuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-16"},{"link_name":"R. Walther Darré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-16"}],"text":"Rudolf Koppitz was born into a rural Protestant family in Schreiberseifen, in the Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia (in what is today Skrbovice, part of Široká Niva near Bruntál in the Czech Republic).[4]Koppitz began training for his career as a photographer in 1897 under Robert Rotter from Bruntál. Koppitz later continued his work in small commercial studios as a contract photographer but in 1912, he left professional life to go back to school to continue his studies at the Graphische Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt, \"Institute for Teaching and Research in Graphic Arts\" in Vienna, Austria.[5][4] Rudolf had been appointed assistant there by 1913.Composition c. 1927Koppitz's early works were marked by the influence of his teacher, the Czech Symbolist photographer Karel Novák, and by the style of the Viennese Secession. While working in Vienna early in his career, Koppitz photographed many of the picturesque aspects of the city - St. Stephen's Cathedral, Karl's Church - and traveled to photograph Hungarian villages, fishing boats near Delft, views of Dresden and alpine landscapes.— The Brown University News Bureau[1]His time at the Institute was interrupted by the First World War in which Koppitz his talents were put to use as a field and aerial reconnaissance photographer.[6] The bulk of the body of work he produced during this time consisted of landscapes captured during his aerial reconnaissance work, his favorite of which was the study of water from the air and the geometric elements of flying machines that carried him into war. When Koppitz was not photographing for the Army he spent his time documenting the lives of soldiers and the communities of people he came into contact with. Photographs from this period are laden with dramatic sentiments due to Koppitz's use of light, the sun, clouds and mist to express the emotions of the people and the time.Returning to the institute, Koppitz met Anna Arbeitlang who studied photography there. She had become an assistant in 1917, like Koppitz, in the year she was admitted to the Vienna Photographic Society.[7] She went on to become assistant lecturer, and Rudolf a professor in 1919, a role in which he remained for twenty years. In 1920, Arbeitlang founded a studio in the fifth district of Vienna where from 1921 Rudolf Koppitz was a partner. They married in the summer of 1923 and the studio thenceforth traded under his name. They worked together on their artistic commissions, publications and projects. She was also Rudolf's assistant on his artistic work,[8] his photo retoucher and collaborated with him in making his first nude studies, some of his 'self-portraits,' and was often his model.[9] Both Rudolf and Anna produced Kunstphotographie (as Pictorialism was called in Austria) in the aesthetics of the Vienna Secession, Jugendstijl, and the Wiener Werkstätte.In the year they married, Rudolf made, probably in collaboration with Anna, the nude self-portrait, In the Bosom of Nature, in which he is framed by tree trunks, rocks, snowy mountains. It is posed to convey a dreamlike harmony reminiscent of a symbolist painting and graphic art.[10] In c.1925 Koppitz created his masterpiece, Bewegungsstudie, \"Motion Study\" in which he photographed dancers from the Vienna State Opera;[11] the nude dancer, credited to be the Russian[12] Claudia Issatschenko[11] but is more likely, her daughter, ballet dancer and choreographer, Tatyana Issatschenko Gsovsky, with her head thrown dramatically back and flanked by three dark-robed women,[13] lends Bewegungsstudie to the highly decorative and symbolist tradition of the Viennese Jugendstil.[5]Also in 1925 the couple had their only child, daughter Liselotte, portrayed with her mother in Rudolf's Madonna and Child image of that year. Julia Secklehner[14] identifies it, and Koppitz's 'self-portrait' nude In the Bosom of Nature as adhering to the Körperkult ('cult of the body') and the naturist heimat sentiment in its alpine setting and heroic low-angle viewpoint.[15][16]In the 1930s their style shifted toward the Neue Sachlichkeit, anti-expressionist objectivity then predominant in photography of Central Europe. The FiFo (\"Internationale Ausstellung des Deutschen Werkbundes – Film und Foto\") came to Vienna after being shown in Stuttgart and decisively influenced the Koppitz couple's artistic development. The Neues Sehen (New Vision) led them to a more factual and documentary oriented photography of themes from rustic life; ethnographic records of the peasant archetype, eulogised as the archaic essence of Germanic peoples, at first mystical and quasi-theosophical, but progressively more chauvinist and nationalistic under the Austrian chancellor dictatorship initiated by Engelbert Dollfuss of 1933.[16]In 1936, the most comprehensive exhibition of Rudolf's work, a survey of 500 works of rustic subjects took place, entitled \"Country and People\", at the Museum of Art and Industry. Rudolf died that same year.Anna continued operation of their studio and produced Nazi propaganda imagery for Minister of Agriculture R. Walther Darré. Whether Rudolf's sympathies accorded with the National Socialists is not known, however völkisch ideologies, those embedded in the couple's imagery, were instrumental to Nazism.[16]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bewegungsstudie_(Movement_Study)_1925,_black_and_white_photograph_by_Rudolf_Koppitz.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paulcava-5"},{"link_name":"avant-garde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde"},{"link_name":"modernist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernist"},{"link_name":"symbolist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-12"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"Gustav Klimt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Klimt"},{"link_name":"Alphonse Mucha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Mucha"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Hodler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Hodler"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-invaluable-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-invaluable-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KOPPITZ_0016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Art Nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau"},{"link_name":"Constructivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivism_(art)"},{"link_name":"Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps"},{"link_name":"peasant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasant"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idaogallery-4"},{"link_name":"Edward Steichen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Steichen"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-13"},{"link_name":"gum bichromate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gum_bichromate"},{"link_name":"nudism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudism"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-17"},{"link_name":"Central Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe"},{"link_name":"agrarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrarianism"},{"link_name":"romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-answers.com-10"},{"link_name":"bromoil process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromoil_Process"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-idaogallery-4"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-invaluable-18"}],"text":"Bewegungsstudie c. 1927Koppitz's work emphasises form, line, and the surface play of light and shadow.[5] Early in his career, Koppitz was known for staging groups of subjects in the stylised, bas-relief style of the Vienna Secession, the most well known example of this being his Bewegungsstudie, \"Motion Study\".'Bewegungsstudie' (Motion Study) is surely the most widely published and best known image in Austrian photography from the early decades of the last century. This is for good reason, as no photograph better captures the cultural strands that characterized the Austrian avant-garde at that time. Here one can see a graphic strength and compositional clarity that reflects the modernist ambitions initiated in the fine as in the applied arts by the Secession and by the Wiener Werkstätte. But what gives the image its power is the aura of mystery, of symbolist sensuality that resonates through this enigmatic grouping of the three uniformly coiffed and draped figures and the one single naked figure.— Christies[12]Bewegungsstudie's languid nude, elaborately robed women and sensuality,[17] in the context of its rigorous and artistic composition, evokes the sexual morbidity of Viennese artists like Gustav Klimt and Alphonse Mucha, as well as the Swiss symbolist painter Ferdinand Hodler and has made it notable[18] It has become Koppitz's signature image and also his best-seller. Prints were purchased by, among others, the Toledo Museum of Art; the New York Camera Club notably Joseph Bing, head of that club's print committee; and the Englishman Stephen Tyng, who published it in a small portfolio of works from his collection.[18]Heavy Burden c. 1930His earliest works show evidence of influence by Gustav Klimt, Japanese art, Art Nouveau and Constructivism. Koppitz's work came of age during the inter-war period when most of Austria's photographers were supporters of art photography. Photographs from that time are full of symbolic meanings often capturing nude and clothed dancers as well as liberal use of the both male, many of which were of Koppitz himself, and female nudes placed in elements of nature and posed to give the impression of a Greek or Roman statue.Koppitz's nude self-portraits fascinated his contemporaries as much as they do viewers today. The photographs were taken out of doors--high in the mountains of the Alps or at the seashore--with the assistance of his wife, Anna. Often symbolic, his images reflected the enthusiasm for nature that Koppitz nurtured throughout his life. This love of nature also influenced his late work, his portrayal of peasant life in Tyrol that culminated in the vast 1936 exhibition of 500 photographs called \"Land und Leute\" (Country and People).— Idao Gallery[4]Although he did not possess a consistent style, Koppitz was a virtuoso of the dark room, seemingly determined to make the photograph as much of an art object as possible. His beautifully grainy, subtly tinted images align him with American Pictorialists like Edward Steichen and Clarence Smith.[13] Koppitz's work, much of it using the gum bichromate process, reflected his links with modern artists such as Gustav Klimt and Egon Schiele, and their involvement with the 'life reform' movement including; nudism, sun culture, and expressive dance[17] popular in Central Europe from the early 1900s as well as agrarian romanticism.[10] Koppitz's mastery of pictorial processes—pigment, carbon, gum, and bromoil process of transfer printing—gained the respect of his colleagues throughout the world and garnered mention in the Encyclopædia Britannica of 1929.[4]Koppitz's photographs were shown in no less than fourteen juried or invitational exhibitions in the United States from 1926 through 1930, most importantly the Pittsburgh Salons of 1926, 1927, and 1928. This highly regarded annual exhibition at the Carnegie Museum of Art featured not only prominent American photographers, but also the Europeans including; Koppitz, Josef Sudek, Jaromir Funke, Frantisek Drtikol, and Madame D'Ora. Both Koppitz and Thorek were elected associate members of this prestigious salon, where Bewegungsstudie, along with many other Koppitz works, were exhibited. In addition to their exposure in salons, Koppitz's photographs were featured in such American camera magazines as American Photography, Photo-Era, and Camera Craft.[18]Koppitz's later photographs took a documentary turn and became more simple and direct in their subject matter and composition more in accord with New Objectivity, but remained emotionally affected. Over the course of 30 years of work, Koppitz's photography came full circle returning in his later years to where he started, working with a renewed focus on nature and documenting the lives and condition of rural peasants. Koppitz is perceived by some as a progressive modern artist while on the other hand he was one of the more conservative photographers in his time, belatedly adopting the prevailing Neues Sehen of the 1930s, but holding true to a number of traditions and always telling a story with his photographs.","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hauppage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauppauge,_New_York"},{"link_name":"McGraw Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGraw_Hill"},{"link_name":"The Museum of Modern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Museum_of_Modern_Art"}],"text":"Baatz, W. (1997). Photography: An Illustrated Historical Overview. Hauppage: Baron's\nCroni, E. (2015). Heimat Photography in Austria: A Politicized Vision of Peasants and Skiers. Salzburg: Fotohof\nHirsch, R. (2000). Seizing the Light: A History of Photography. New York: McGraw Hill\nNewhall, B. (1982). The History of Photography. New York: The Museum of Modern Art\nRichter, P. (1998). Nude Photography: Masterpieces from the Past 150 Years. New York: Prestel","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Composition c. 1927","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/073-Rudolf_Koppitz%2C_c._1920.jpg/220px-073-Rudolf_Koppitz%2C_c._1920.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bewegungsstudie c. 1927","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bewegungsstudie_%28Movement_Study%29_1925%2C_black_and_white_photograph_by_Rudolf_Koppitz.jpg/220px-Bewegungsstudie_%28Movement_Study%29_1925%2C_black_and_white_photograph_by_Rudolf_Koppitz.jpg"},{"image_text":"Heavy Burden c. 1930","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/KOPPITZ_0016.jpg/220px-KOPPITZ_0016.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Iconography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography"}]
|
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Retrieved 2022-01-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.museeniepce.com/index.php?/exposition/exposition-passee-2013-2016/Rudolf-Koppitz","url_text":"\"musée Nicéphore Niépce - Rudolf Koppitz\""}]},{"reference":"\"(Retrieved 29 November 2008) In this instance the dancers are from the Vienna State Opera; the nude figure is known to be Claudia Issatschenko\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.artfact.com/auction-lot/c-professor-rudolf-koppitz,-1884-1936-bewegungs-1-c-kt0adge74r","url_text":"\"(Retrieved 29 November 2008) In this instance the dancers are from the Vienna State Opera; the nude figure is known to be Claudia Issatschenko\""}]},{"reference":"\"RUDOLPH KOPPITZ (1884-1936), Bewegungsstudie (Movement Study No. 1), 1925\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.christies.com/LotFinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=5164968","url_text":"\"RUDOLPH KOPPITZ (1884-1936), Bewegungsstudie (Movement Study No. 1), 1925\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Roberta (11 October 1996). \"Art in Review\". 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S2CID 233560730.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0067237821000072","url_text":"\"A New Austrian Regionalism: Alfons Walde and Austrian Identity in Painting after 1918\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0067237821000072","url_text":"10.1017/s0067237821000072"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0067-2378","url_text":"0067-2378"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233560730","url_text":"233560730"}]},{"reference":"\"Artwork of the Month: The Mother by Rudolf Koppitz (1925) • CRAACE\". CRAACE. 2019-01-16. Retrieved 2022-01-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://craace.com/2019/01/16/artwork-of-the-month-the-mother-by-rudolf-koppitz-1925/","url_text":"\"Artwork of the Month: The Mother by Rudolf Koppitz (1925) • CRAACE\""}]},{"reference":"Cronin, Elizabeth; Photoinstitut Bonartes, Albertina (2015). Heimat Photography in Austria A Politicized Vision of Peasants and Skiers (Series: Contributions to a History of Photography in Austria, vol. 10) (in German). Salzburg: Fotohofedition. ISBN 978-3-902993-11-3. OCLC 904808056.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/904808056","url_text":"Heimat Photography in Austria A Politicized Vision of Peasants and Skiers (Series: Contributions to a History of Photography in Austria, vol. 10)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-902993-11-3","url_text":"978-3-902993-11-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/904808056","url_text":"904808056"}]},{"reference":"Toepfer, Karl (2003). \"One Hundred Years of Nakedness in German Performance\". TDR. 47 (4): 144–188. doi:10.1162/105420403322764089. ISSN 1054-2043. JSTOR 4488514. S2CID 57567622.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4488514","url_text":"\"One Hundred Years of Nakedness in German Performance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1162%2F105420403322764089","url_text":"10.1162/105420403322764089"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1054-2043","url_text":"1054-2043"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4488514","url_text":"4488514"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57567622","url_text":"57567622"}]},{"reference":"\"Rudolf Koppitz (1884–1936)\". Retrieved 29 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.invaluable.com/auction-lot/professor-rudolf-koppitz-1884-1936-1-c-idtx8rxn57","url_text":"\"Rudolf Koppitz (1884–1936)\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2004_qualifying_Group_1
|
UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying Group 1
|
["1 Standings","2 Matches","3 Goalscorers","4 References"]
|
Standings and results for Group 1 of the UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying tournament.
Group 1 consisted of Cyprus, France, Israel, Malta and Slovenia. Group winners were France, who finished with a 100% record, ten points clear of second-placed Slovenia who in turn qualified for the playoffs.
Israel were forced to play all home games away from Israel due to the ongoing violence regarding the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.
Standings
Pos
Teamvte
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
France
8
8
0
0
29
2
+27
24
Qualify for final tournament
—
5–0
3–0
5–0
6–0
2
Slovenia
8
4
2
2
15
12
+3
14
Advance to play-offs
0–2
—
3–1
4–1
3–0
3
Israel
8
2
3
3
9
11
−2
9
1–2
0–0
—
2–0
2–2
4
Cyprus
8
2
2
4
9
18
−9
8
1–2
2–2
1–1
—
2–1
5
Malta
8
0
1
7
5
24
−19
1
0–4
1–3
0–2
1–2
—
Source: UEFARules for classification: Qualification tiebreakers
Matches
7 September 200219:00 UTC+3
Cyprus 1–2 France
Okkas 14'
Report
Cissé 39'Wiltord 51'
GSP Stadium, NicosiaAttendance: 11,898Referee: Herbert Fandel (Germany)
7 September 200220:15 UTC+2
Slovenia 3–0 Malta
Debono 37' (o.g.) Šiljak 59' Cimirotič 90'
Report
Bežigrad Stadium, LjubljanaAttendance: 7,800Referee: Georgios Borovilos (Greece)
12 October 200219:00 UTC+2
Malta 0–2 Israel
Report
Balili 56' Revivo 76'
Ta' Qali National Stadium, Ta' QaliAttendance: 3,163Referee: Sergei Shebek (Ukraine)
12 October 200220:45 UTC+2
France 5–0 Slovenia
Vieira 10' Marlet 35', 64' Wiltord 79' Govou 86'
Report
Stade de France, Saint-DenisAttendance: 77,619Referee: Kim Milton Nielsen (Denmark)
16 October 200220:45 UTC+2
Malta 0–4 France
Report
Henry 25', 35' Wiltord 59' Carrière 84'
Ta' Qali National Stadium, Ta' QaliAttendance: 9,748Referee: Alexandru Tudor (Romania)
20 November 200219:00 UTC+2
Cyprus 2–1 Malta
Rauffmann 50' Okkas 74'
Report
Mifsud 90'
GSP Stadium, NicosiaAttendance: 5,000Referee: Anton Guenov (Bulgaria)
29 March 200319:00 UTC+2
Cyprus 1–1 Israel
Rauffmann 61'
Report
Afek 2'
Tsirion Stadium, LimassolAttendance: 5,500Referee: Mike McCurry (Scotland)
29 March 200320:45 UTC+1
France 6–0 Malta
Wiltord 36' Henry 38', 54' Zidane 57' (pen.), 80' Trezeguet 70'
Report
Stade Félix-Bollaert, LensAttendance: 40,775Referee: Emil Bozinovski (Macedonia)
2 April 200320:15 UTC+2
Slovenia 4–1 Cyprus
Šiljak 4', 14' Zahovič 38' (pen.) Čeh 43'
Report
Konstantinou 10'
Bežigrad Stadium, LjubljanaAttendance: 4,000Referee: Paulo Manuel Gomes Costa (Portugal)
2 April 200320:45 UTC+2
Israel 1–2 France
Afek 2'
Report
Trezeguet 23' Zidane 45'
Renzo Barbera Stadium, PalermoAttendance: 2,455Referee: Graham Barber (England)
30 April 200320:30 UTC+2
Israel 2–0 Cyprus
Badir 88' Holtzman 90'
Report
Renzo Barbera Stadium, PalermoAttendance: 300Referee: Michal Benes (Czech Republic)
30 April 200320:30 UTC+2
Malta 1–3 Slovenia
Mifsud 90'
Report
Zahovič 15' Šiljak 36', 57'
Ta' Qali National Stadium, Ta' QaliAttendance: 2,368Referee: Attila Hanacsek (Hungary)
7 June 200319:00 UTC+2
Malta 1–2 Cyprus
Dimech 73'
Report
Konstantinou 23' (pen.), 62'
Ta' Qali National Stadium, Ta' QaliAttendance: 1,607Referee: Bernhard Brugger (Austria)
7 June 200321:15 UTC+3
Israel 0–0 Slovenia
Report
Atatürk Stadium, AntalyaAttendance: 1,800Referee: Massimo Busacca (Switzerland)
6 September 200320:15 UTC+2
Slovenia 3–1 Israel
Šiljak 35' Knavs 37' Čeh 78'
Report
Revivo 69'
Bežigrad Stadium, LjubljanaAttendance: 8,500Referee: Herbert Fandel (Germany)
6 September 200320:45 UTC+2
France 5–0 Cyprus
Trezeguet 7', 81' Wiltord 20', 41' Henry 60'
Report
Stade de France, Saint-DenisAttendance: 50,132Referee: Leslie Irvine (Scotland)
10 September 200318:00 UTC+3
Israel 2–2 Malta
Revivo 16' Balili 79'
Report
Mifsud 51' (pen.) Carabott 52'
Atatürk Stadium, AntalyaAttendance: 250Referee: Eric Blareau (Belgium)
10 September 200320:45 UTC+2
Slovenia 0–2 France
Report
Trezeguet 9' Dacourt 71'
Bežigrad Stadium, LjubljanaAttendance: 8,500Referee: Domenico Messina (Italy)
11 October 200319:30 UTC+3
Cyprus 2–2 Slovenia
Georgiou 71' Yiasoumi 81'
Report
Šiljak 11', 41'
Tsirion Stadium, LimassolAttendance: 2,346Referee: Tom Henning Øvrebø (Norway)
11 October 200320:45 UTC+2
France 3–0 Israel
Henry 9' Trezeguet 24' Boumsong 42'
Report
Stade de France, Saint-DenisAttendance: 57,009Referee: Cosimo-Giancarlo Bolognino (Italy)
Goalscorers
There were 67 goals scored in 20 matches, for an average of 3.35 goals per match.
8 goals
Ermin Šiljak
6 goals
Thierry Henry
David Trezeguet
Sylvain Wiltord
3 goals
Michalis Konstantinou
Zinedine Zidane
Haim Revivo
Michael Mifsud
2 goals
Ioannis Okkas
Rainer Rauffmann
Steve Marlet
Omri Afek
Pini Balili
Nastja Čeh
Zlatko Zahovič
1 goal
Stavros Georgiou
Yiasoumis Yiasoumi
Jean-Alain Boumsong
Eric Carrière
Djibril Cissé
Olivier Dacourt
Sidney Govou
Patrick Vieira
Walid Badir
Shay Holtzman
David Carabott
Luke Dimech
Sebastjan Cimirotič
Aleksander Knavs
1 own goal
Darren Debono (against Slovenia)
References
^ https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/news/0254-0d7b3d01ce02-1d267baec25f-1000--palermo-confirmed-as-israel-venue/
UEFA Page
RSSSF Page
vteUEFA Euro 2004 qualifying
Group stage
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Group 4
Group 5
Group 6
Group 7
Group 8
Group 9
Group 10
Play-offs
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Israeli–Palestinian conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Group 1 consisted of Cyprus, France, Israel, Malta and Slovenia. Group winners were France, who finished with a 100% record, ten points clear of second-placed Slovenia who in turn qualified for the playoffs.Israel were forced to play all home games away from Israel due to the ongoing violence regarding the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.[1]","title":"UEFA Euro 2004 qualifying Group 1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UEFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180613115744/http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/season=2004/standings/round=1579/group=1454/index.html"},{"link_name":"Qualification tiebreakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2004_qualifying#Tiebreakers"}],"text":"Source: UEFARules for classification: Qualification tiebreakers","title":"Standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UTC+3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B3"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Okkas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis_Okkas"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68965--cyprus-vs-france/"},{"link_name":"Cissé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibril_Ciss%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Wiltord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvain_Wiltord"},{"link_name":"GSP Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSP_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Nicosia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicosia"},{"link_name":"Herbert Fandel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Fandel"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"UTC+2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B2"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Debono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Debono"},{"link_name":"o.g.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Own_goal#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Šiljak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermin_%C5%A0iljak"},{"link_name":"Cimirotič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastjan_Cimiroti%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68964--slovenia-vs-malta/"},{"link_name":"Bežigrad Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C5%BEigrad_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Ljubljana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana"},{"link_name":"Georgios Borovilos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgios_Borovilos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"UTC+2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B2"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68967--malta-vs-israel/"},{"link_name":"Balili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pini_Balili"},{"link_name":"Revivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haim_Revivo"},{"link_name":"Ta' Qali National 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Shebek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Shebek&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Federation_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"UTC+2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B2"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Vieira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Vieira"},{"link_name":"Marlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Marlet"},{"link_name":"Wiltord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvain_Wiltord"},{"link_name":"Govou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Govou"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68966--france-vs-slovenia/"},{"link_name":"Stade de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_de_France"},{"link_name":"Saint-Denis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis"},{"link_name":"Kim Milton Nielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Milton_Nielsen"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"UTC+2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B2"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68969--malta-vs-france/"},{"link_name":"Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Henry"},{"link_name":"Wiltord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvain_Wiltord"},{"link_name":"Carrière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Carri%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Ta' Qali National Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%27_Qali_National_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Ta' Qali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%27_Qali"},{"link_name":"Alexandru Tudor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandru_Tudor"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"UTC+2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B2"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Rauffmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Rauffmann"},{"link_name":"Okkas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis_Okkas"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68970--cyprus-vs-malta/"},{"link_name":"Mifsud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Mifsud"},{"link_name":"GSP Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSP_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Nicosia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicosia"},{"link_name":"Anton Guenov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anton_Guenov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"UTC+2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B2"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Rauffmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Rauffmann"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68971--cyprus-vs-israel/"},{"link_name":"Afek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omri_Afek"},{"link_name":"Tsirion Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsirion_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Limassol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limassol"},{"link_name":"Mike McCurry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_McCurry_(referee)"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"UTC+1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B1"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Wiltord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvain_Wiltord"},{"link_name":"Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Henry"},{"link_name":"Zidane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinedine_Zidane"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Trezeguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Trezeguet"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68972--france-vs-malta/"},{"link_name":"Stade Félix-Bollaert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_F%C3%A9lix-Bollaert"},{"link_name":"Lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens,_Pas-de-Calais"},{"link_name":"Emil Bozinovski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emil_Bozinovski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Federation_of_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"UTC+2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B2"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Šiljak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermin_%C5%A0iljak"},{"link_name":"Zahovič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatko_Zahovi%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Čeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastja_%C4%8Ceh"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68973--slovenia-vs-cyprus/"},{"link_name":"Konstantinou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michalis_Konstantinou"},{"link_name":"Bežigrad 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Barbera Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renzo_Barbera_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo"},{"link_name":"Graham Barber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Barber"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"UTC+2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B2"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Badir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walid_Badir"},{"link_name":"Holtzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Holtzman"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68968--israel-vs-cyprus/"},{"link_name":"Renzo Barbera Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renzo_Barbera_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo"},{"link_name":"Michal Benes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michal_Benes"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Association_of_the_Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"UTC+2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B2"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mifsud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Mifsud"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68975--malta-vs-slovenia/"},{"link_name":"Zahovič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatko_Zahovi%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Šiljak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermin_%C5%A0iljak"},{"link_name":"Ta' Qali National Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%27_Qali_National_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Ta' Qali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%27_Qali"},{"link_name":"Attila Hanacsek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attila_Hanacsek&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"UTC+2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B2"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Dimech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Dimech"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68977--malta-vs-cyprus/"},{"link_name":"Konstantinou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michalis_Konstantinou"},{"link_name":"pen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Ta' Qali National Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%27_Qali_National_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Ta' Qali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%27_Qali"},{"link_name":"Bernhard Brugger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernhard_Brugger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"UTC+3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B3"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68976--israel-vs-slovenia/"},{"link_name":"Atatürk Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya_Atat%C3%BCrk_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Antalya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya"},{"link_name":"Massimo Busacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Busacca"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"UTC+2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B2"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Šiljak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermin_%C5%A0iljak"},{"link_name":"Knavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Knavs"},{"link_name":"Čeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastja_%C4%8Ceh"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68979--slovenia-vs-israel/"},{"link_name":"Revivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haim_Revivo"},{"link_name":"Bežigrad Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C5%BEigrad_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Ljubljana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana"},{"link_name":"Herbert Fandel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Fandel"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"UTC+2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B2"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Trezeguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Trezeguet"},{"link_name":"Wiltord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvain_Wiltord"},{"link_name":"Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Henry"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68978--france-vs-cyprus/"},{"link_name":"Stade de 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Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya_Atat%C3%BCrk_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Antalya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya"},{"link_name":"Eric Blareau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric_Blareau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Belgian_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"UTC+2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B2"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68981--slovenia-vs-france/"},{"link_name":"Trezeguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Trezeguet"},{"link_name":"Dacourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Dacourt"},{"link_name":"Bežigrad Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C5%BEigrad_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Ljubljana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljubljana"},{"link_name":"Domenico Messina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Messina"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"UTC+3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B3"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Georgiou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavros_Georgiou"},{"link_name":"Yiasoumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiasoumis_Yiasoumi"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68982--cyprus-vs-slovenia/"},{"link_name":"Šiljak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermin_%C5%A0iljak"},{"link_name":"Tsirion Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsirion_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Limassol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limassol"},{"link_name":"Tom Henning Øvrebø","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Henning_%C3%98vreb%C3%B8"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Association_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"UTC+2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTC%2B2"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Henry"},{"link_name":"Trezeguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Trezeguet"},{"link_name":"Boumsong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Alain_Boumsong"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68983--france-vs-israel/"},{"link_name":"Stade de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_de_France"},{"link_name":"Saint-Denis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis"},{"link_name":"Cosimo-Giancarlo Bolognino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosimo-Giancarlo_Bolognino"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Football_Federation"}],"text":"7 September 200219:00 UTC+3\nCyprus 1–2 France\nOkkas 14'\nReport\nCissé 39'Wiltord 51'\nGSP Stadium, NicosiaAttendance: 11,898Referee: Herbert Fandel (Germany)7 September 200220:15 UTC+2\nSlovenia 3–0 Malta\nDebono 37' (o.g.) Šiljak 59' Cimirotič 90'\nReport\n\nBežigrad Stadium, LjubljanaAttendance: 7,800Referee: Georgios Borovilos (Greece)12 October 200219:00 UTC+2\nMalta 0–2 Israel\n\nReport\nBalili 56' Revivo 76'\nTa' Qali National Stadium, Ta' QaliAttendance: 3,163Referee: Sergei Shebek (Ukraine)12 October 200220:45 UTC+2\nFrance 5–0 Slovenia\nVieira 10' Marlet 35', 64' Wiltord 79' Govou 86'\nReport\n\nStade de France, Saint-DenisAttendance: 77,619Referee: Kim Milton Nielsen (Denmark)16 October 200220:45 UTC+2\nMalta 0–4 France\n\nReport\nHenry 25', 35' Wiltord 59' Carrière 84'\nTa' Qali National Stadium, Ta' QaliAttendance: 9,748Referee: Alexandru Tudor (Romania)20 November 200219:00 UTC+2\nCyprus 2–1 Malta\nRauffmann 50' Okkas 74'\nReport\nMifsud 90'\nGSP Stadium, NicosiaAttendance: 5,000Referee: Anton Guenov (Bulgaria)29 March 200319:00 UTC+2\nCyprus 1–1 Israel\nRauffmann 61'\nReport\nAfek 2'\nTsirion Stadium, LimassolAttendance: 5,500Referee: Mike McCurry (Scotland)29 March 200320:45 UTC+1\nFrance 6–0 Malta\nWiltord 36' Henry 38', 54' Zidane 57' (pen.), 80' Trezeguet 70'\nReport\n\nStade Félix-Bollaert, LensAttendance: 40,775Referee: Emil Bozinovski (Macedonia)2 April 200320:15 UTC+2\nSlovenia 4–1 Cyprus\nŠiljak 4', 14' Zahovič 38' (pen.) Čeh 43'\nReport\nKonstantinou 10'\nBežigrad Stadium, LjubljanaAttendance: 4,000Referee: Paulo Manuel Gomes Costa (Portugal)2 April 200320:45 UTC+2\nIsrael 1–2 France\nAfek 2'\nReport\nTrezeguet 23' Zidane 45'\nRenzo Barbera Stadium, PalermoAttendance: 2,455Referee: Graham Barber (England)30 April 200320:30 UTC+2\nIsrael 2–0 Cyprus\nBadir 88' Holtzman 90'\nReport\n\nRenzo Barbera Stadium, PalermoAttendance: 300Referee: Michal Benes (Czech Republic)30 April 200320:30 UTC+2\nMalta 1–3 Slovenia\nMifsud 90'\nReport\nZahovič 15' Šiljak 36', 57'\nTa' Qali National Stadium, Ta' QaliAttendance: 2,368Referee: Attila Hanacsek (Hungary)7 June 200319:00 UTC+2\nMalta 1–2 Cyprus\nDimech 73'\nReport\nKonstantinou 23' (pen.), 62'\nTa' Qali National Stadium, Ta' QaliAttendance: 1,607Referee: Bernhard Brugger (Austria)7 June 200321:15 UTC+3\nIsrael 0–0 Slovenia\n\nReport\n\nAtatürk Stadium, AntalyaAttendance: 1,800Referee: Massimo Busacca (Switzerland)6 September 200320:15 UTC+2\nSlovenia 3–1 Israel\nŠiljak 35' Knavs 37' Čeh 78'\nReport\nRevivo 69'\nBežigrad Stadium, LjubljanaAttendance: 8,500Referee: Herbert Fandel (Germany)6 September 200320:45 UTC+2\nFrance 5–0 Cyprus\nTrezeguet 7', 81' Wiltord 20', 41' Henry 60'\nReport\n\nStade de France, Saint-DenisAttendance: 50,132Referee: Leslie Irvine (Scotland)10 September 200318:00 UTC+3\nIsrael 2–2 Malta\nRevivo 16' Balili 79'\nReport\nMifsud 51' (pen.) Carabott 52'\nAtatürk Stadium, AntalyaAttendance: 250Referee: Eric Blareau (Belgium)10 September 200320:45 UTC+2\nSlovenia 0–2 France\n\nReport\nTrezeguet 9' Dacourt 71'\nBežigrad Stadium, LjubljanaAttendance: 8,500Referee: Domenico Messina (Italy)11 October 200319:30 UTC+3\nCyprus 2–2 Slovenia\nGeorgiou 71' Yiasoumi 81'\nReport\nŠiljak 11', 41'\nTsirion Stadium, LimassolAttendance: 2,346Referee: Tom Henning Øvrebø (Norway)11 October 200320:45 UTC+2\nFrance 3–0 Israel\nHenry 9' Trezeguet 24' Boumsong 42'\nReport\n\nStade de France, Saint-DenisAttendance: 57,009Referee: Cosimo-Giancarlo Bolognino (Italy)","title":"Matches"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ermin Šiljak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermin_%C5%A0iljak"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Thierry Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Henry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"David Trezeguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Trezeguet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Sylvain Wiltord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvain_Wiltord"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Michalis Konstantinou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michalis_Konstantinou"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Zinedine Zidane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinedine_Zidane"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Haim Revivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haim_Revivo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Michael Mifsud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Mifsud"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ioannis Okkas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis_Okkas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Rainer Rauffmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Rauffmann"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Steve Marlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Marlet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Omri Afek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omri_Afek"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Pini Balili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pini_Balili"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Nastja Čeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastja_%C4%8Ceh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Zlatko Zahovič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatko_Zahovi%C4%8D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Stavros Georgiou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavros_Georgiou"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Yiasoumis Yiasoumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiasoumis_Yiasoumi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Jean-Alain Boumsong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Alain_Boumsong"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Eric Carrière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Carri%C3%A8re"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Djibril Cissé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibril_Ciss%C3%A9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Olivier Dacourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Dacourt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Sidney Govou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Govou"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Patrick Vieira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Vieira"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Walid Badir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walid_Badir"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Shay Holtzman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shay_Holtzman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"David Carabott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Carabott"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Luke Dimech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Dimech"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Sebastjan Cimirotič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastjan_Cimiroti%C4%8D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Aleksander Knavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Knavs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Darren Debono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Debono"}],"text":"There were 67 goals scored in 20 matches, for an average of 3.35 goals per match.8 goalsErmin Šiljak6 goalsThierry Henry\n David Trezeguet\n Sylvain Wiltord3 goalsMichalis Konstantinou\n Zinedine Zidane\n Haim Revivo\n Michael Mifsud2 goalsIoannis Okkas\n Rainer Rauffmann\n Steve Marlet\n Omri Afek\n Pini Balili\n Nastja Čeh\n Zlatko Zahovič1 goalStavros Georgiou\n Yiasoumis Yiasoumi\n Jean-Alain Boumsong\n Eric Carrière\n Djibril Cissé\n Olivier Dacourt\n Sidney Govou\n Patrick Vieira\n Walid Badir\n Shay Holtzman\n David Carabott\n Luke Dimech\n Sebastjan Cimirotič\n Aleksander Knavs1 own goalDarren Debono (against Slovenia)","title":"Goalscorers"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180613115744/http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/season=2004/standings/round=1579/group=1454/index.html","external_links_name":"UEFA"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68965--cyprus-vs-france/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68964--slovenia-vs-malta/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68967--malta-vs-israel/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68966--france-vs-slovenia/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68969--malta-vs-france/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68970--cyprus-vs-malta/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68971--cyprus-vs-israel/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68972--france-vs-malta/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68973--slovenia-vs-cyprus/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68974--israel-vs-france/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68968--israel-vs-cyprus/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68975--malta-vs-slovenia/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68977--malta-vs-cyprus/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68976--israel-vs-slovenia/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68979--slovenia-vs-israel/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68978--france-vs-cyprus/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68980--israel-vs-malta/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68981--slovenia-vs-france/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68982--cyprus-vs-slovenia/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/match/68983--france-vs-israel/","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/news/0254-0d7b3d01ce02-1d267baec25f-1000--palermo-confirmed-as-israel-venue/","external_links_name":"https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/news/0254-0d7b3d01ce02-1d267baec25f-1000--palermo-confirmed-as-israel-venue/"},{"Link":"https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/seasons/2004/qualifying/","external_links_name":"UEFA Page"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tables/04e-ext.html","external_links_name":"RSSSF Page"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Reign_episodes
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List of Reign episodes
|
["1 Series overview","2 Episodes","2.1 Season 1 (2013–14)","2.2 Season 2 (2014–15)","2.3 Season 3 (2015–16)","2.4 Season 4 (2017)","3 Ratings","4 References","5 External links"]
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Reign is a historical romantic drama television series created by Laurie McCarthy and Stephanie Sengupta which premiered on July 18, 2013 on The CW. The series stars Adelaide Kane in the role of Mary, Queen of Scots, depicting her early life in France until her return to Scotland. During the course of the series, 78 episodes of Reign aired over four seasons. The series finale aired on June 16, 2017.
Series overview
SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired122October 17, 2013 (2013-10-17)May 15, 2014 (2014-05-15)222October 2, 2014 (2014-10-02)May 14, 2015 (2015-05-14)318October 9, 2015 (2015-10-09)June 20, 2016 (2016-06-20)416February 10, 2017 (2017-02-10)June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16)
Episodes
Season 1 (2013–14)
Main article: Reign (season 1)
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateUS viewers(millions)11"Pilot"Brad SilberlingLaurie McCarthy & Stephanie SenguptaOctober 17, 2013 (2013-10-17)1.98
22"Snakes in the Garden"Matt HastingsLaurie McCarthyOctober 24, 2013 (2013-10-24)1.83
33"Kissed"Holly DaleDoris EganOctober 31, 2013 (2013-10-31)1.57
44"Hearts and Minds"Scott PetersP. K. SimondsNovember 7, 2013 (2013-11-07)1.64
55"A Chill in the Air"Bruce McDonaldJennie Snyder UrmanNovember 14, 2013 (2013-11-14)1.73
66"Chosen"Bradley WalshWendy Riss GatsiounisNovember 21, 2013 (2013-11-21)1.81
77"Left Behind"Jeremiah ChechikDrew LindoDecember 5, 2013 (2013-12-05)1.66
88"Fated"Fred GerberLaurie McCarthyDecember 12, 2013 (2013-12-12)1.86
99"For King and Country"Helen ShaverStory by : Alan McCulloughTeleplay by : Alan McCullough & Edgar LyallJanuary 23, 2014 (2014-01-23)1.74
1010"Sacrifice"Rachel TalalayP. K. Simonds & Daniel SinclairJanuary 30, 2014 (2014-01-30)1.62
1111"Inquisition"Mike RohlDoris EganFebruary 6, 2014 (2014-02-06)1.64
1212"Royal Blood"Holly DaleStory by : Wendy Riss GatsiounisTeleplay by : Alan McCulloughFebruary 27, 2014 (2014-02-27)1.32
1313"The Consummation"Fred GerberLaurie McCarthyMarch 6, 2014 (2014-03-06)1.75
1414"Dirty Laundry"Norma BaileyStory by : Drew LindoTeleplay by : Edgar LyallMarch 13, 2014 (2014-03-13)1.48
1515"The Darkness"Steve DiMarcoCharlie CraigMarch 20, 2014 (2014-03-20)1.61
1616"Monsters"Jeff RenfroeDrew Lindo & Wendy Riss GatsiounisMarch 27, 2014 (2014-03-27)1.40
1717"Liege Lord"Allan KroekerDoris EganApril 10, 2014 (2014-04-10)1.23
1818"No Exit"Mike RohlHannah SchneiderApril 17, 2014 (2014-04-17)1.39
1919"Toy Soldiers"Chris GrismerMike Herro & David StraussApril 24, 2014 (2014-04-24)1.35
2020"Higher Ground"Sudz SutherlandStory by : David Babcock & Daniel SinclairTeleplay by : Alan McCulloughMay 1, 2014 (2014-05-01)1.42
2121"Long Live the King"Jeremiah ChechikWendy Riss Gatsiounis & Drew LindoMay 8, 2014 (2014-05-08)1.34
2222"Slaughter of Innocence"David FrazeeDoris Egan & Laurie McCarthyMay 15, 2014 (2014-05-15)1.24
Season 2 (2014–15)
Main article: Reign (season 2)
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateUS viewers(millions)231"The Plague"Fred GerberLaurie McCarthyOctober 2, 2014 (2014-10-02)1.01
242"Drawn and Quartered"Fred GerberWendy Riss Gatsiounis & Drew LindoOctober 9, 2014 (2014-10-09)1.09
253"Coronation"Holly DaleHarley PeytonOctober 16, 2014 (2014-10-16)1.27
264"The Lamb and the Slaughter"Sudz SutherlandLaurie McCarthy & Adele LimOctober 23, 2014 (2014-10-23)1.26
275"Blood for Blood"Norma BaileyP.K. Simonds & Nancy WonOctober 30, 2014 (2014-10-30)1.23
286"Three Queens"Steve DiMarcoDoris EganNovember 6, 2014 (2014-11-06)1.33
297"The Prince of the Blood"Deborah ChowDrew Lindo & Wendy Riss GatsiounisNovember 13, 2014 (2014-11-13)1.19
308"Terror of the Faithful"Charles BinaméAdele Lim & Melody FoxNovember 20, 2014 (2014-11-20)1.10
319"Acts of War"Fred GerberLaurie McCarthy & Nancy WonDecember 4, 2014 (2014-12-04)1.22
3210"Mercy"Rich NeweyWendy Riss Gatsiounis & Drew LindoDecember 11, 2014 (2014-12-11)1.42
3311"Getaway"Lynne StopkewichDaniel SinclairJanuary 22, 2015 (2015-01-22)1.16
3412"Banished"Larysa KondrackiChelsey LoraJanuary 29, 2015 (2015-01-29)1.02
3513"Sins of the Past"Deborah ChowDoris Egan & Melody FoxFebruary 5, 2015 (2015-02-05)0.97
3614"The End of the Mourning"Nathaniel GoodmanLaurie McCarthy & Nancy WonFebruary 12, 2015 (2015-02-12)1.03
3715"Forbidden"Charles BinaméLaurie McCarthy & Nancy WonFebruary 19, 2015 (2015-02-19)1.03
3816"Tasting Revenge"Lee RoseP. K. Simonds & Drew LindoMarch 12, 2015 (2015-03-12)0.96
3917"Tempting Fate"Sudz SutherlandLisa RandolphMarch 19, 2015 (2015-03-19)1.09
4018"Reversal of Fortune"Anne WheelerDrew Lindo & Wendy Riss GatsiounisApril 16, 2015 (2015-04-16)1.01
4119"Abandoned"Deborah ChowNancy Won & Robert DotyApril 23, 2015 (2015-04-23)0.82
4220"Fugitive"Norma BaileyDoris Egan & Daniel SinclairApril 30, 2015 (2015-04-30)0.84
4321"The Siege"Andy MikitaAdele Lim & Lisa RandolphMay 7, 2015 (2015-05-07)0.97
4422"Burn"Fred GerberLaurie McCarthy & Nancy WonMay 14, 2015 (2015-05-14)0.83
Season 3 (2015–16)
Main article: Reign (season 3)
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateUS viewers(millions)451"Three Queens, Two Tigers"Holly DaleLaurie McCarthyOctober 9, 2015 (2015-10-09)0.95
462"Betrothed"Fred GerberLisa RandolphOctober 16, 2015 (2015-10-16)1.00
473"Extreme Measures"Holly DaleDrew Lindo & Wendy RissOctober 23, 2015 (2015-10-23)0.90
484"The Price"Nathaniel GoodmanApril Blair & Robert DotyNovember 6, 2015 (2015-11-06)0.94
495"In a Clearing"Deborah ChowShannon GossNovember 13, 2015 (2015-11-13)1.03
506"Fight or Flight"Charles BinaméLisa RandolphNovember 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)1.09
517"The Hound and the Hare"Anne WheelerBo Yeon Kim & Erika LippoldtDecember 4, 2015 (2015-12-04)1.04
528"Our Undoing"Lee RoseGretchen J. Berg & Aaron HarbertsJanuary 8, 2016 (2016-01-08)1.10
539"Wedlock"Norma BaileyWendy Riss & Drew LindoJanuary 15, 2016 (2016-01-15)1.10
5410"Bruises that Lie"Megan FollowsP.K. SimmonsJanuary 22, 2016 (2016-01-22)1.24
5511"Succession"Charles BinaméApril BlairApril 25, 2016 (2016-04-25)0.92
5612"No Way Out"Fred GerberWendy Riss GatsiounisMay 2, 2016 (2016-05-02)0.96
5713"Strange Bedfellows"Norma BaileyShannon GossMay 9, 2016 (2016-05-09)0.78
5814"To the Death"Michael McGowanLily SparksMay 16, 2016 (2016-05-16)0.76
5915"Safe Passage"Stuart GillardDrew LindoMay 23, 2016 (2016-05-23)0.95
6016"Clans"Fred GerberGretchen J. Berg & Aaron HarbertsJune 6, 2016 (2016-06-06)0.96
6117"Intruders"Lee RoseApril Blair & Drew LindoJune 13, 2016 (2016-06-13)0.81
6218"Spiders in a Jar"Deborah ChowLaurie McCarthyJune 20, 2016 (2016-06-20)0.93
Season 4 (2017)
Main article: Reign (season 4)
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateUS viewers(millions)631"With Friends Like These..."Stuart GillardWendy Riss Gatsiounis & Drew LindoFebruary 10, 2017 (2017-02-10)0.78
642"A Grain of Deception"Fred GerberPatti Carr & Lara OlsenFebruary 17, 2017 (2017-02-17)0.67
653"Leaps of Faith"Charles BinaméApril Blair & Laurie McCarthyFebruary 24, 2017 (2017-02-24)0.59
664"Playing with Fire"Fred GerberJohn J. Sakmar & Kenny LenhartMarch 3, 2017 (2017-03-03)0.64
675"Highland Games"Michael McGowanRobert DotyMarch 17, 2017 (2017-03-17)0.76
686"Love & Death"Megan FollowsDrew Lindo & Wendy Riss GatsiounisMarch 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)0.75
697"Hanging Swords"Lee RoseChris Atwood & Kamran PashaMarch 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)0.66
708"Uncharted Waters"Fred GerberBo Yeon Kim & Erika LippoldtApril 7, 2017 (2017-04-07)0.71
719"Pulling Strings"Andy MikitaApril Blair & Laurie McCarthyApril 14, 2017 (2017-04-14)0.63
7210"A Better Man"Dawn WilkinsonJohn J. Sakmar & Kenny LenhartApril 28, 2017 (2017-04-28)0.68
7311"Dead of Night"Deborah ChowWendy Riss Gatsiounis & Drew LindoMay 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)0.69
7412"The Shakedown"Norma BaileyPatti Carr & Lara OlsenMay 12, 2017 (2017-05-12)0.76
7513"Coup de Grace"Megan FollowsJohn J. Sakmar & Kerry LenhartMay 19, 2017 (2017-05-19)0.71
7614"A Bride, A Box, A Body"Andy MikitaApril Blair & Robert D. DotyJune 2, 2017 (2017-06-02)0.74
7715"Blood in the Water"Charles BinaméDrew Lindo & Wendy Riss GatsiounisJune 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)0.67
7816"All it Cost Her..."Holly DaleApril Blair & Laurie McCarthyJune 16, 2017 (2017-06-16)0.75
Ratings
Reign : U.S. viewers per episode (millions)Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.SeasonEpisode number1234567891011121314151617181920212211.981.831.571.641.731.811.661.861.741.621.641.321.751.481.611.401.231.391.351.421.341.2421.011.091.271.261.231.331.191.101.221.421.161.020.971.031.030.961.091.010.820.840.970.8330.951.000.900.941.031.091.041.101.101.240.920.960.780.760.950.960.810.93–40.780.670.590.640.760.750.660.710.630.680.690.760.710.740.670.75–Audience measurement performed by Nielsen Media Research
References
^ "Shows A-Z - reign on cw". The Futon Critic. Retrieved February 15, 2014.
^ Bibel, Sara (October 18, 2013). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' & 'Grey's Anatomy' Adjusted Up; 'The Crazy Ones' & 'Elementary' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
^ Kondolojy, Amanda (October 25, 2013). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' & 'The Vampire Diaries' Adjusted Up; 'The Millers' and 'Scandal' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 28, 2013.
^ Bibel, Sara (November 1, 2013). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Vampire Diaries', 'The Millers' & 'Elementary' Adjusted Up; 'Sean Saves the World' & 'Parenthood' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013. Retrieved November 1, 2013.
^ Kondolojy, Amanda (November 8, 2013). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Elementary', 'Scandal', 'The Vampire Diaries', & 'The Big Bang Theory' Adjusted Up; 'The Voice', 'The Millers', 'Sean Saves the World', 'Parenthood', & 'The Michael J Fox Show' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 8, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2016.
^ Bibel, Sara (November 15, 2013). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' Adjusted Up; 'The X Factor', 'Parks and Recreation', 'The Millers', 'Sean Saves the World', 'Glee', 'The Michael J. Fox Show' & 'Parenthood' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 18, 2013. Retrieved November 15, 2013.
^ Kondolojy, Amanda (November 22, 2013). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Big Bang Theory' & 'Grey's Anatomy Adjusted Up; 'The X Factor', 'Reign' & 'Glee' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 24, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
^ Kondolojy, Amanda (December 6, 2013). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' & 'The X Factor' Adjusted Up; 'Once Upon a Time', 'The Millers', 'Grey's Anatomy' & Scandal' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 9, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2013.
^ Bibel, Sara (December 13, 2013). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Vampire Diaries' Adjusted Up; 'The Big Bang Theory', 'The Sing-Off', 'Once Upon a Time in Wonderland', 'The Millers', 'The Crazy Ones', 'Two and a Half Men' & 'Elementary' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
^ Bibel, Sara (January 24, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Vampire Diaries' & 'American Idol' Adjusted Up; 'Reign' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on January 27, 2014. Retrieved January 24, 2014.
^ Kondolojy, Amanda (January 31, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Big Bang Theory', 'American Idol', 'The Taste', 'Vampire Diaries', 'Parks & Recreation', 'Two and a Half Men' Adjusted Up; 'The Millers', 'Elementary', & Reign' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
^ Bibel, Sara (February 7, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory', 'American Idol', 'Two and a Half Men' & the Olympics Adjusted Up; 'The Millers' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 11, 2014. Retrieved February 7, 2014.
^ Kondolojy, Amanda (February 28, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory', 'Scandal', 'Grey's Anatomy', 'American Idol' & 'Parks & Recreation' Adjusted Up; 'The Millers' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 4, 2014. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
^ Bibel, Sara (March 7, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory', 'Once Upon A Time in Wonderland', 'Parks and Recreation' & 'Elementary' Adjusted Up; 'The Millers' & 'Two and a Half Men' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 8, 2014. Retrieved March 7, 2014.
^ Kondolojy, Amanda (March 14, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Hell's Kitchen', 'Parks and Recreation' & 'Scandal' Adjusted Up; 'Reign', 'The Crazy Ones', 'Two and a Half Men' and 'The Millers' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 14, 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2014.
^ Bibel, Sara (March 21, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Vampire Diaries', 'American Idol', 'Hell's Kitchen' & 'Parenthood' Adjusted Up Plus Final NCAA Tournament Numbers". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 22, 2014. Retrieved March 21, 2014.
^ Kondolojy, Amanda (March 28, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Hell's Kitchen', 'Once Upon a Time in Wonderland', 'The Vampire Diaries' & 'Grey's Anatomy Adjusted Up + Final NCAA Basketball Ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
^ Kondolojy, Amanda (April 11, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Community', 'Grey's Anatomy', 'Shark Tank', 'The Big Bang Theory' & 'American Idol' Adjusted Up; 'The Millers' & 'Elementary ' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014. Retrieved April 11, 2014.
^ Bibel, Sara (April 18, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Grey's Anatomy' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 19, 2014. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
^ Kondolojy, Amanda (April 25, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' & 'The Vampire Diaries' Adjusted Up; 'The Millers' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 26, 2014. Retrieved April 25, 2014.
^ Bibel, Sara (May 2, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Vampire Diaries' & 'The Big Bang Theory' Adjusted Up; 'The Millers' & 'Bad Teacher' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 3, 2014. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
^ Kondolojy, Amanda (May 9, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Grey's Anatomy', 'The Big Bang Theory' & 'Black Box' Adjusted Up; 'The Millers' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 11, 2014. Retrieved May 9, 2014.
^ Bibel, Sara (May 16, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' & 'Grey's Anatomy' Adjusted Up; 'Reign' & 'The Millers' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 17, 2014. Retrieved May 16, 2014.
^ Bibel, Sara (October 3, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Grey's Anatomy', 'Scandal' & 'How To Get Away With Murder' Adjusted Up & Final Football Numbers". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 5, 2014. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
^ Kondolojy, Amanda (October 10, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Bones' & 'The Vampire Diaries' Adjusted Up + Final Football Ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
^ Bibel, Sara (October 17, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Bones' & 'How To Get Away With Murder' Adjusted Up; 'Reign' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 19, 2014. Retrieved October 17, 2014.
^ Bibel, Sara (October 24, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: No Adjustement for Grey's Anatomy, Gracepoint or Reign + Final Football Numbers". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 25, 2014. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
^ Bibel, Sara (October 31, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Vampire Diaries' & 'Scandal' Adjusted Up; 'Mom', 'Two and a Half Men', 'The McCarthys' & 'Elementary' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 2, 2014. Retrieved October 31, 2014.
^ Kondolojy, Amanda (November 7, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Vampire Diaries' & 'Big Bang Theory' Adjusted Up; 'Mom', 'The McCarthys', 'Two and a Half Men', 'Bad Judge', 'A to Z', 'Elementary', 'Parenthood' & 'The Biggest Loser' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 9, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2014.
^ Bibel, Sara (November 14, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Bones' Adjusted Up; 'Mom', 'Two and a Half Men', 'The McCarthys' & 'Elementary' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 17, 2014. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
^ Kondolojy, Amanda (November 21, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' Adjusted Up; 'Gracepoint', 'Reign', 'Parenthood', 'Bad Judge', 'Mom', 'Two and a Half Men' 'The Biggest Loser' & 'A to Z' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 23, 2014. Retrieved November 21, 2014.
^ Kondolojy, Amanda (December 5, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Peter Pan Live!' Adjusted Up; 'Mom', 'Two and a Half Men', 'Reign', 'The McCarthys' & 'Elementary' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 18, 2014. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
^ Bibel, Sara (December 12, 2014). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Vampire Diaries' Adjusted Up; 'The Big Bang Theory', 'Mom', 'Two and a Half Men', 'The McCarthys' & 'Elementary' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 19, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
^ Bibel, Sara (January 23, 2015). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Vampire Diaries' & 'American Idol' Adjusted Up; 'Mom', 'Backstrom', 'Two and a Half Men' & 'Bad Judge' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on January 24, 2015. Retrieved January 24, 2015.
^ Kondolojy, Amanda (January 30, 2015). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Grey's Anatomy', 'The Big Bang Theory' & 'How to Get Away With Murder' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 1, 2015. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
^ Bibel, Sara (February 6, 2015). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Blacklist', 'Scandal', 'Grey's Anatomy' & 'The Big Bang Theory' Adjusted Up; 'The Vampire Diaries' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 7, 2015. Retrieved February 6, 2015.
^ Kondolojy, Amanda (February 13, 2015). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Backstrom' Adjusted Down, No Adjustment to 'The Blacklist', 'Scandal' or 'The Vampire Diaries'". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 14, 2015. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
^ Bibel, Sara (February 20, 2015). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory,' 'Scandal', 'Two and a Half Men' & 'How To Get Away With Murder' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 21, 2015. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
^ Kondolojy, Amanda (March 13, 2015). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Scandal', 'American Idol' & 'Dateline' Adjusted Up; 'The Odd Couple', 'Mom' & 'Elementary' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 15, 2015. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
^ Bibel, Sara (March 20, 2015). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'Reign' Adjusted Down & Final Basketball Numbers". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 22, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2015.
^ Bibel, Sara (April 17, 2015). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' & 'Backstrom' Adjusted Up; 'The Odd Couple' & 'Reign' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 18, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
^ Kondolojy, Amanda (April 24, 2015). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' & 'The Blacklist' Adjusted Up". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 27, 2015. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
^ Bibel, Sara (May 1, 2015). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' & 'Bones' Adjusted Up; 'American Crime' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 4, 2015. Retrieved May 1, 2015.
^ Kondolojy, Amanda (May 8, 2015). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' Adjusted Up; 'Grey's Anatomy' Adjusted Down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 10, 2015. Retrieved May 8, 2015.
^ Bibel, Sara (May 15, 2015). "Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Blacklist' Adjusted Up; 'Reign' Adjusted Down; No Adjustment to 'Scandal'". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 17, 2015. Retrieved May 16, 2015.
^ Porter, Rick (October 12, 2015). "Friday final ratings: 'Blue Bloods' adjusted up; 'Reign,' 'Undateable' and other originals hold". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 14, 2015. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
^ Porter, Rick (October 19, 2015). "Friday final ratings: 'Shark Tank' and 'Hawaii Five-0' adjusted up, 'Truth Be Told' premiere holds". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 20, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2015.
^ Porter, Rick (October 26, 2015). "Friday final ratings: 'The Amazing Race' and 'Top Model' adjust up". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 28, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
^ Porter, Rick (November 9, 2015). "Friday final ratings:Friday final ratings: 'Blue Bloods' adjusts up, everything else holds". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 13, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2015.
^ Porter, Rick (November 16, 2015). "Friday final ratings: 'Reign' keeps season high, 'World's Funniest' adjusts down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 16, 2015.
^ Porter, Rick (November 23, 2015). "Friday final ratings: No adjustments on a quiet night". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 24, 2015. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
^ Porter, Rick (December 7, 2015). "Friday final ratings: 'Top Model' finale and everything else holds". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved December 7, 2015.
^ Porter, Rick (January 11, 2016). "Friday final ratings: 'Hawaii Five-0' adjusts up". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on January 13, 2016. Retrieved January 12, 2016.
^ Porter, Rick (January 19, 2016). "Friday final ratings: 'Reign' and 'Dr. Ken' adjust down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on January 22, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
^ Porter, Rick (January 25, 2016). "Friday final ratings: 'Blue Bloods,' 'Reign' and 'Masterchef Junior' hold at season highs". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
^ Porter, Rick (April 26, 2016). "Monday final ratings: 'The Voice' adjusts down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 27, 2016. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
^ Porter, Rick (May 3, 2016). "Monday final ratings: 'NCIS: LA' finale and all others hold". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 4, 2016. Retrieved May 3, 2016.
^ Porter, Rick (May 10, 2016). "Monday final ratings: 'Blindspot' and 'Reign' adjust down". TVbytheNumbers. Archived from the original on May 11, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
^ Porter, Rick (May 17, 2016). "Monday final ratings: 'Mike & Molly' finale and 'The Voice' adjust up". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 18, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2016.
^ Porter, Rick (May 24, 2016). "Monday final ratings: 'The Bachelorette' premiere, all others hold". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 25, 2016. Retrieved May 24, 2016.
^ Porter, Rick (June 7, 2016). "Monday final ratings: 'Mistresses' adjusts down, plus final NHL numbers". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on June 8, 2016. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
^ Porter, Rick (June 14, 2016). "Monday final ratings: 'So You Think You Can Dance' adjusts up, 'Reign' and 'Whose Line' ajdust down, final NBA numbers". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on June 15, 2016. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
^ Porter, Rick (June 21, 2016). "Monday final ratings: 'Bachelorette' adjusts up, 'Spartan' and 'Mistresses' adjust down". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on June 23, 2016. Retrieved June 21, 2016.
^ Porter, Rick (February 13, 2017). "'Hawaii Five-0,' 'Shark Tank' and others unchanged: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 13, 2017. Retrieved February 13, 2017.
^ Porter, Rick (February 21, 2017). "'Last Man Standing,' 'Hawaii Five-0' and 'Shark Tank' adjust up: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 22, 2017. Retrieved February 21, 2017.
^ Porter, Rick (February 27, 2017). "'Last Man Standing' and 'Shark Tank' adjust up: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 28, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
^ Porter, Rick (March 6, 2017). "'When We Rise' finale adjusts down: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 7, 2017. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
^ Porter, Rick (March 20, 2017). "'Originals' premiere and others hold, final NCAA Tournament numbers: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 21, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
^ Porter, Rick (March 27, 2017). "'Grimm,' NCAA Sweet 16 & all others hold: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 27, 2017. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
^ Porter, Rick (April 3, 2017). "'Last Man Standing' finale adjusts up, 'The Originals' adjusts down: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 4, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2017.
^ Porter, Rick (April 10, 2017). "'Shark Tank' adjusts up: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 11, 2017. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
^ Porter, Rick (April 17, 2017). "'Shark Tank' adjusts up, 'The Originals' adjusts down: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 18, 2017. Retrieved April 17, 2017.
^ Porter, Rick (May 1, 2017). "'Hawaii Five-0,' 'First Dates' and everything else unchanged: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 1, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
^ Porter, Rick (May 6, 2017). "'Blue Bloods' finale adjusts up: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 9, 2017. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
^ Porter, Rick (May 15, 2017). "'Shark Tank finale, '48 Hours: NCIS' adjust up; 'Originals' and 'Reign' adjust down: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 16, 2017. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
^ Porter, Rick (May 22, 2017). "'Undercover Boss' adjusts up, 'Originals' and 'Reign' adjust dow: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
^ Porter, Rick (June 5, 2017). "'The Originals' adjusts up: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on June 6, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
^ Porter, Rick (June 12, 2017). "NBA Finals adjust up: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on June 15, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
^ Porter, Rick (June 19, 2017). "'Dateline' and 'AGT' rerun adjust up, '20/20′ adjusts down: Friday final ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on June 20, 2017. Retrieved June 19, 2017.
^
For the first season, see "Reign: Season One Ratings". TV Series Finale. May 17, 2014. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
For the second season, see "Reign: Season Two Ratings". TV Series Finale. May 16, 2015. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
For the third season, see "Reign: Season Three Ratings". TV Series Finale. June 21, 2016. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
For the fourth season, see "Reign: Season Four Ratings". TV Series Finale. June 20, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
External links
Official website
Reign at IMDb
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"historical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_drama"},{"link_name":"romantic drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_drama"},{"link_name":"Stephanie Sengupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Sengupta"},{"link_name":"The CW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_CW"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-futon-1"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Kane"},{"link_name":"Mary, Queen of Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots"}],"text":"Reign is a historical romantic drama television series created by Laurie McCarthy and Stephanie Sengupta which premiered on July 18, 2013 on The CW.[1] The series stars Adelaide Kane in the role of Mary, Queen of Scots, depicting her early life in France until her return to Scotland. During the course of the series, 78 episodes of Reign aired over four seasons. The series finale aired on June 16, 2017.","title":"List of Reign episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_1_(2013%E2%80%9314)"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_2_(2014%E2%80%9315)"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_3_(2015%E2%80%9316)"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_4_(2017)"}],"text":"SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired122October 17, 2013 (2013-10-17)May 15, 2014 (2014-05-15)222October 2, 2014 (2014-10-02)May 14, 2015 (2015-05-14)318October 9, 2015 (2015-10-09)June 20, 2016 (2016-06-20)416February 10, 2017 (2017-02-10)June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16)","title":"Series overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 1 (2013–14)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 2 (2014–15)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 3 (2015–16)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 4 (2017)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phabricator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans"},{"link_name":"Nielsen Media Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_Media_Research"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"text":"Reign : U.S. viewers per episode (millions)Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.SeasonEpisode number1234567891011121314151617181920212211.981.831.571.641.731.811.661.861.741.621.641.321.751.481.611.401.231.391.351.421.341.2421.011.091.271.261.231.331.191.101.221.421.161.020.971.031.030.961.091.010.820.840.970.8330.951.000.900.941.031.091.041.101.101.240.920.960.780.760.950.960.810.93–40.780.670.590.640.760.750.660.710.630.680.690.760.710.740.670.75–Audience measurement performed by Nielsen Media Research[80]","title":"Ratings"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Shows A-Z - reign on cw\". The Futon Critic. Retrieved February 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/reign/listings/","url_text":"\"Shows A-Z - reign on cw\""}]},{"reference":"Bibel, Sara (October 18, 2013). \"Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' & 'Grey's Anatomy' Adjusted Up; 'The Crazy Ones' & 'Elementary' Adjusted Down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved October 18, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131021032315/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/10/18/thursday-final-ratings-the-big-bang-theory-the-crazy-ones-elementary-adjusted-down/209915/","url_text":"\"Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' & 'Grey's Anatomy' Adjusted Up; 'The Crazy Ones' & 'Elementary' Adjusted Down\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/10/18/thursday-final-ratings-the-big-bang-theory-the-crazy-ones-elementary-adjusted-down/209915","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kondolojy, Amanda (October 25, 2013). \"Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' & 'The Vampire Diaries' Adjusted Up; 'The Millers' and 'Scandal' Adjusted Down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131028032218/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/10/25/thursday-final-ratings-the-big-bang-theory-the-millers-and-scandal-adjusted-down/211325/","url_text":"\"Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' & 'The Vampire Diaries' Adjusted Up; 'The Millers' and 'Scandal' Adjusted Down\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/10/25/thursday-final-ratings-the-big-bang-theory-the-millers-and-scandal-adjusted-down/211325/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bibel, Sara (November 1, 2013). \"Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Vampire Diaries', 'The Millers' & 'Elementary' Adjusted Up; 'Sean Saves the World' & 'Parenthood' Adjusted Down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013. Retrieved November 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131103194116/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/11/01/thursday-final-ratings-the-vampire-diaries-the-millers-sean-saves-the-world-parenthood-adjusted-down/212916/","url_text":"\"Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Vampire Diaries', 'The Millers' & 'Elementary' Adjusted Up; 'Sean Saves the World' & 'Parenthood' Adjusted Down\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/11/01/thursday-final-ratings-the-vampire-diaries-the-millers-sean-saves-the-world-parenthood-adjusted-down/212916","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kondolojy, Amanda (November 8, 2013). \"Thursday Final Ratings: 'Elementary', 'Scandal', 'The Vampire Diaries', & 'The Big Bang Theory' Adjusted Up; 'The Voice', 'The Millers', 'Sean Saves the World', 'Parenthood', & 'The Michael J Fox Show' Adjusted Down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 8, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131108234132/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/11/08/thursday-final-ratings-elementary-scandal-the-vampire-diaries-the-voice-the-millers-sean-saves-the-world-parenthood-the-m/214283/","url_text":"\"Thursday Final Ratings: 'Elementary', 'Scandal', 'The Vampire Diaries', & 'The Big Bang Theory' Adjusted Up; 'The Voice', 'The Millers', 'Sean Saves the World', 'Parenthood', & 'The Michael J Fox Show' Adjusted Down\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/11/08/thursday-final-ratings-elementary-scandal-the-vampire-diaries-the-voice-the-millers-sean-saves-the-world-parenthood-the-m/214283/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bibel, Sara (November 15, 2013). \"Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' Adjusted Up; 'The X Factor', 'Parks and Recreation', 'The Millers', 'Sean Saves the World', 'Glee', 'The Michael J. Fox Show' & 'Parenthood' Adjusted Down\". TV by the Numbers. 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TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 24, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131124212805/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/11/22/thursday-final-ratings-big-bang-theory-the-x-factor-reign-glee-adjusted-down/217477/","url_text":"\"Thursday Final Ratings: 'Big Bang Theory' & 'Grey's Anatomy Adjusted Up; 'The X Factor', 'Reign' & 'Glee' Adjusted Down\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/11/22/thursday-final-ratings-big-bang-theory-the-x-factor-reign-glee-adjusted-down/217477","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kondolojy, Amanda (December 6, 2013). \"Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' & 'The X Factor' Adjusted Up; 'Once Upon a Time', 'The Millers', 'Grey's Anatomy' & Scandal' Adjusted Down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 9, 2013. 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Archived from the original on January 27, 2014. Retrieved January 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140127014316/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/01/24/thursday-final-ratings-the-vampire-diaries-reign-adjusted-down/231817/","url_text":"\"Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Vampire Diaries' & 'American Idol' Adjusted Up; 'Reign' Adjusted Down\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/01/24/thursday-final-ratings-the-vampire-diaries-reign-adjusted-down/231817","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kondolojy, Amanda (January 31, 2014). \"Thursday Final Ratings: 'Big Bang Theory', 'American Idol', 'The Taste', 'Vampire Diaries', 'Parks & Recreation', 'Two and a Half Men' Adjusted Up; 'The Millers', 'Elementary', & Reign' Adjusted Down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. 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Retrieved October 3, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141005002055/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/10/03/thursday-final-ratings-greys-anatomy-scandal-how-to-get-away-with-murder-adjusted-up-final-football-numbers-2/310587/","url_text":"\"Thursday Final Ratings: 'Grey's Anatomy', 'Scandal' & 'How To Get Away With Murder' Adjusted Up & Final Football Numbers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/10/03/thursday-final-ratings-greys-anatomy-scandal-how-to-get-away-with-murder-adjusted-up-final-football-numbers-2/310587/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kondolojy, Amanda (October 10, 2014). \"Thursday Final Ratings: 'Bones' & 'The Vampire Diaries' Adjusted Up + Final Football Ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. 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Retrieved October 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141025165040/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/10/24/thursday-final-ratings-no-adjustement-for-greys-anatomy-gracepoint-or-reign-final-football-numbers/318745/","url_text":"\"Thursday Final Ratings: No Adjustement [sic] for Grey's Anatomy, Gracepoint or Reign + Final Football Numbers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/10/24/thursday-final-ratings-no-adjustement-for-greys-anatomy-gracepoint-or-reign-final-football-numbers/318745/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bibel, Sara (October 31, 2014). \"Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Vampire Diaries' & 'Scandal' Adjusted Up; 'Mom', 'Two and a Half Men', 'The McCarthys' & 'Elementary' Adjusted Down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 2, 2014. Retrieved October 31, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141102141307/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/10/31/thursday-final-ratings-the-vampire-diaries-mom-two-and-a-half-men-the-mccarthys-elementary-adjusted-down/322376/","url_text":"\"Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Vampire Diaries' & 'Scandal' Adjusted Up; 'Mom', 'Two and a Half Men', 'The McCarthys' & 'Elementary' Adjusted Down\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/10/31/thursday-final-ratings-the-vampire-diaries-mom-two-and-a-half-men-the-mccarthys-elementary-adjusted-down/322376/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kondolojy, Amanda (November 7, 2014). \"Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Vampire Diaries' & 'Big Bang Theory' Adjusted Up; 'Mom', 'The McCarthys', 'Two and a Half Men', 'Bad Judge', 'A to Z', 'Elementary', 'Parenthood' & 'The Biggest Loser' Adjusted Down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 9, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141109182036/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/11/07/thursday-final-ratings-the-vampire-diaries-mom-the-mccarthys-two-and-a-half-men-bad-judge-a-to-z-elementary-parenthood-the/324928/","url_text":"\"Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Vampire Diaries' & 'Big Bang Theory' Adjusted Up; 'Mom', 'The McCarthys', 'Two and a Half Men', 'Bad Judge', 'A to Z', 'Elementary', 'Parenthood' & 'The Biggest Loser' Adjusted Down\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/11/07/thursday-final-ratings-the-vampire-diaries-mom-the-mccarthys-two-and-a-half-men-bad-judge-a-to-z-elementary-parenthood-the/324928/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bibel, Sara (November 14, 2014). \"Thursday Final Ratings: 'Bones' Adjusted Up; 'Mom', 'Two and a Half Men', 'The McCarthys' & 'Elementary' Adjusted Down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 17, 2014. Retrieved November 14, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141117003827/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/11/14/thursday-final-ratings-bones-adjusted-up-mom-two-and-a-half-men-the-mccarthys-elementary-adjusted-down/327800/","url_text":"\"Thursday Final Ratings: 'Bones' Adjusted Up; 'Mom', 'Two and a Half Men', 'The McCarthys' & 'Elementary' Adjusted Down\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/11/14/thursday-final-ratings-bones-adjusted-up-mom-two-and-a-half-men-the-mccarthys-elementary-adjusted-down/327800/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kondolojy, Amanda (November 21, 2014). \"Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' Adjusted Up; 'Gracepoint', 'Reign', 'Parenthood', 'Bad Judge', 'Mom', 'Two and a Half Men' 'The Biggest Loser' & 'A to Z' Adjusted Down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 23, 2014. Retrieved November 21, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141123164454/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/11/21/thursday-final-ratings-the-big-bang-theory-adjusted-up-gracepoint-reign-parenthood-bad-judge-mom-two-and-a-half-men-the-biggest-loser-a-to-z-adjusted-down/330218/","url_text":"\"Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' Adjusted Up; 'Gracepoint', 'Reign', 'Parenthood', 'Bad Judge', 'Mom', 'Two and a Half Men' 'The Biggest Loser' & 'A to Z' Adjusted Down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/11/21/thursday-final-ratings-the-big-bang-theory-adjusted-up-gracepoint-reign-parenthood-bad-judge-mom-two-and-a-half-men-the-biggest-loser-a-to-z-adjusted-down/330218/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kondolojy, Amanda (December 5, 2014). \"Thursday Final Ratings: 'Peter Pan Live!' Adjusted Up; 'Mom', 'Two and a Half Men', 'Reign', 'The McCarthys' & 'Elementary' Adjusted Down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 18, 2014. Retrieved December 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141218014033/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/12/05/thursday-final-ratings-peter-pan-live-adjusted-up-mom-two-and-a-half-men-reign-the-mccarthys-elementary-adjusted-down/335826/","url_text":"\"Thursday Final Ratings: 'Peter Pan Live!' 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Retrieved December 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141219074438/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/12/12/thursday-final-ratings-the-vampire-diaries-adjusted-up-the-big-bang-theory-mom-two-and-a-half-men-the-mccarthys-elementary-adjusted-down/338630/","url_text":"\"Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Vampire Diaries' Adjusted Up; 'The Big Bang Theory', 'Mom', 'Two and a Half Men', 'The McCarthys' & 'Elementary' Adjusted Down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/12/12/thursday-final-ratings-the-vampire-diaries-adjusted-up-the-big-bang-theory-mom-two-and-a-half-men-the-mccarthys-elementary-adjusted-down/338630/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bibel, Sara (January 23, 2015). \"Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Vampire Diaries' & 'American Idol' Adjusted Up; 'Mom', 'Backstrom', 'Two and a Half Men' & 'Bad Judge' Adjusted Down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on January 24, 2015. Retrieved January 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150124010703/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/01/23/thursday-final-ratings-the-vampire-diaries-mom-backstrom-two-and-a-half-men-bad-judge-adjusted-down/354524/","url_text":"\"Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Vampire Diaries' & 'American Idol' Adjusted Up; 'Mom', 'Backstrom', 'Two and a Half Men' & 'Bad Judge' Adjusted Down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/01/23/thursday-final-ratings-the-vampire-diaries-mom-backstrom-two-and-a-half-men-bad-judge-adjusted-down/354524/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kondolojy, Amanda (January 30, 2015). \"Thursday Final Ratings: 'Grey's Anatomy', 'The Big Bang Theory' & 'How to Get Away With Murder' Adjusted Up\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 1, 2015. Retrieved January 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150201200927/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/01/30/thursday-final-ratings-greys-anatomy-the-big-bang-theory-how-to-get-away-with-murder-adjusted-up/357299/","url_text":"\"Thursday Final Ratings: 'Grey's Anatomy', 'The Big Bang Theory' & 'How to Get Away With Murder' Adjusted Up\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/01/30/thursday-final-ratings-greys-anatomy-the-big-bang-theory-how-to-get-away-with-murder-adjusted-up/357299/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bibel, Sara (February 6, 2015). \"Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Blacklist', 'Scandal', 'Grey's Anatomy' & 'The Big Bang Theory' Adjusted Up; 'The Vampire Diaries' Adjusted Down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 7, 2015. 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Retrieved March 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150322104155/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/03/20/thursday-final-ratings-reign-adjusted-down-final-basketball-numbers/377538/","url_text":"\"Thursday Final Ratings: 'Reign' Adjusted Down & Final Basketball Numbers\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/03/20/thursday-final-ratings-reign-adjusted-down-final-basketball-numbers/377538/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bibel, Sara (April 17, 2015). \"Thursday Final Ratings: 'The Big Bang Theory' & 'Backstrom' Adjusted Up; 'The Odd Couple' & 'Reign' Adjusted Down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 18, 2015. 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Retrieved October 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151014124953/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/10/12/friday-final-ratings-oct-9-2015/477426/","url_text":"\"Friday final ratings: 'Blue Bloods' adjusted up; 'Reign,' 'Undateable' and other originals hold\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/10/12/friday-final-ratings-oct-9-2015/477426/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (October 19, 2015). \"Friday final ratings: 'Shark Tank' and 'Hawaii Five-0' adjusted up, 'Truth Be Told' premiere holds\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 20, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151020141146/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/10/19/friday-final-ratings-oct-16-2015/479083/","url_text":"\"Friday final ratings: 'Shark Tank' and 'Hawaii Five-0' adjusted up, 'Truth Be Told' premiere holds\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/10/19/friday-final-ratings-oct-16-2015/479083/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (October 26, 2015). \"Friday final ratings: 'The Amazing Race' and 'Top Model' adjust up\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on October 28, 2015. Retrieved October 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151028123836/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/10/26/friday-final-ratings-the-amazing-race-and-top-model-adjust-up/480191/","url_text":"\"Friday final ratings: 'The Amazing Race' and 'Top Model' adjust up\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/10/26/friday-final-ratings-the-amazing-race-and-top-model-adjust-up/480191/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (November 9, 2015). \"Friday final ratings:Friday final ratings: 'Blue Bloods' adjusts up, everything else holds\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 13, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151113034754/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/11/09/friday-final-ratings-nov-6-2015/","url_text":"\"Friday final ratings:Friday final ratings: 'Blue Bloods' adjusts up, everything else holds\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/11/09/friday-final-ratings-nov-6-2015/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (November 16, 2015). \"Friday final ratings: 'Reign' keeps season high, 'World's Funniest' adjusts down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 16, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032328/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/11/16/friday-final-ratings-nov-13-2015/","url_text":"\"Friday final ratings: 'Reign' keeps season high, 'World's Funniest' adjusts down\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/11/16/friday-final-ratings-nov-13-2015/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (November 23, 2015). \"Friday final ratings: No adjustments on a quiet night\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on November 24, 2015. Retrieved November 23, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151124154547/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/11/23/friday-final-ratings-nov-20-2015/","url_text":"\"Friday final ratings: No adjustments on a quiet night\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/11/23/friday-final-ratings-nov-20-2015/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (December 7, 2015). \"Friday final ratings: 'Top Model' finale and everything else holds\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved December 7, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208065125/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/12/07/friday-final-ratings-dec-4-2015/","url_text":"\"Friday final ratings: 'Top Model' finale and everything else holds\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/12/07/friday-final-ratings-dec-4-2015/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (January 11, 2016). \"Friday final ratings: 'Hawaii Five-0' adjusts up\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on January 13, 2016. Retrieved January 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160113064924/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/01/11/friday-final-ratings-jan-8-2016/","url_text":"\"Friday final ratings: 'Hawaii Five-0' adjusts up\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/01/11/friday-final-ratings-jan-8-2016/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (January 19, 2016). \"Friday final ratings: 'Reign' and 'Dr. Ken' adjust down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on January 22, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160122003321/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/01/19/friday-final-ratings-jan-15-2016/","url_text":"\"Friday final ratings: 'Reign' and 'Dr. Ken' adjust down\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/01/19/friday-final-ratings-jan-15-2016/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (January 25, 2016). \"Friday final ratings: 'Blue Bloods,' 'Reign' and 'Masterchef Junior' hold at season highs\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on January 26, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160126084051/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/01/25/friday-final-ratings-jan-22-2016/","url_text":"\"Friday final ratings: 'Blue Bloods,' 'Reign' and 'Masterchef Junior' hold at season highs\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/01/25/friday-final-ratings-jan-22-2016/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (April 26, 2016). \"Monday final ratings: 'The Voice' adjusts down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 27, 2016. Retrieved April 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160427091249/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/04/26/monday-final-ratings-april-25-2016/","url_text":"\"Monday final ratings: 'The Voice' adjusts down\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/04/26/monday-final-ratings-april-25-2016/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (May 3, 2016). \"Monday final ratings: 'NCIS: LA' finale and all others hold\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 4, 2016. Retrieved May 3, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160504103903/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/05/03/monday-final-ratings-may-2-2016/","url_text":"\"Monday final ratings: 'NCIS: LA' finale and all others hold\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/05/03/monday-final-ratings-may-2-2016/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (May 10, 2016). \"Monday final ratings: 'Blindspot' and 'Reign' adjust down\". TVbytheNumbers. Archived from the original on May 11, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160511155653/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/05/10/monday-final-ratings-may-9-2016/","url_text":"\"Monday final ratings: 'Blindspot' and 'Reign' adjust down\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/05/10/monday-final-ratings-may-9-2016/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (May 17, 2016). \"Monday final ratings: 'Mike & Molly' finale and 'The Voice' adjust up\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 18, 2016. Retrieved May 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160518103420/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/05/17/monday-final-ratings-may-16-16/","url_text":"\"Monday final ratings: 'Mike & Molly' finale and 'The Voice' adjust up\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/05/17/monday-final-ratings-may-16-16/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (May 24, 2016). \"Monday final ratings: 'The Bachelorette' premiere, all others hold\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 25, 2016. Retrieved May 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160525122024/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/05/24/monday-final-ratings-may-23-2016/","url_text":"\"Monday final ratings: 'The Bachelorette' premiere, all others hold\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/05/24/monday-final-ratings-may-23-2016/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (June 7, 2016). \"Monday final ratings: 'Mistresses' adjusts down, plus final NHL numbers\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on June 8, 2016. Retrieved June 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160608130944/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/06/07/monday-final-ratings-june-6-2016/","url_text":"\"Monday final ratings: 'Mistresses' adjusts down, plus final NHL numbers\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/06/07/monday-final-ratings-june-6-2016/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (June 14, 2016). \"Monday final ratings: 'So You Think You Can Dance' adjusts up, 'Reign' and 'Whose Line' ajdust down, final NBA numbers\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on June 15, 2016. Retrieved June 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160615124137/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/06/14/monday-final-ratings-june-13-2016/","url_text":"\"Monday final ratings: 'So You Think You Can Dance' adjusts up, 'Reign' and 'Whose Line' ajdust down, final NBA numbers\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/06/14/monday-final-ratings-june-13-2016/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (June 21, 2016). \"Monday final ratings: 'Bachelorette' adjusts up, 'Spartan' and 'Mistresses' adjust down\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on June 23, 2016. Retrieved June 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160623164809/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/06/21/monday-final-ratings-june-20-2016/","url_text":"\"Monday final ratings: 'Bachelorette' adjusts up, 'Spartan' and 'Mistresses' adjust down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_by_the_Numbers","url_text":"TV by the Numbers"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2016/06/21/monday-final-ratings-june-20-2016/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (February 13, 2017). \"'Hawaii Five-0,' 'Shark Tank' and others unchanged: Friday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 13, 2017. Retrieved February 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170213222003/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/friday-final-ratings-feb-10-2017/","url_text":"\"'Hawaii Five-0,' 'Shark Tank' and others unchanged: Friday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/friday-final-ratings-feb-10-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (February 21, 2017). \"'Last Man Standing,' 'Hawaii Five-0' and 'Shark Tank' adjust up: Friday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 22, 2017. Retrieved February 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170222194308/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/friday-final-ratings-feb-17-2017/","url_text":"\"'Last Man Standing,' 'Hawaii Five-0' and 'Shark Tank' adjust up: Friday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/friday-final-ratings-feb-17-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (February 27, 2017). \"'Last Man Standing' and 'Shark Tank' adjust up: Friday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on February 28, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170228035902/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/friday-final-ratings-feb-24-2017/","url_text":"\"'Last Man Standing' and 'Shark Tank' adjust up: Friday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/friday-final-ratings-feb-24-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (March 6, 2017). \"'When We Rise' finale adjusts down: Friday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 7, 2017. Retrieved March 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170307020822/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/friday-final-ratings-march-3-2017/","url_text":"\"'When We Rise' finale adjusts down: Friday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/friday-final-ratings-march-3-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (March 20, 2017). \"'Originals' premiere and others hold, final NCAA Tournament numbers: Friday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 21, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170321165614/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/friday-final-ratings-march-17-2017/","url_text":"\"'Originals' premiere and others hold, final NCAA Tournament numbers: Friday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/friday-final-ratings-march-17-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (March 27, 2017). \"'Grimm,' NCAA Sweet 16 & all others hold: Friday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on March 27, 2017. Retrieved March 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170327234601/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/friday-final-ratings-march-24-2017/","url_text":"\"'Grimm,' NCAA Sweet 16 & all others hold: Friday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/friday-final-ratings-march-24-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (April 3, 2017). \"'Last Man Standing' finale adjusts up, 'The Originals' adjusts down: Friday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 4, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170404014306/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/friday-final-ratings-march-31-2017/","url_text":"\"'Last Man Standing' finale adjusts up, 'The Originals' adjusts down: Friday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/friday-final-ratings-march-31-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (April 10, 2017). \"'Shark Tank' adjusts up: Friday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 11, 2017. Retrieved April 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170411055223/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/friday-final-ratings-april-7-2017/","url_text":"\"'Shark Tank' adjusts up: Friday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/friday-final-ratings-april-7-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (April 17, 2017). \"'Shark Tank' adjusts up, 'The Originals' adjusts down: Friday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on April 18, 2017. Retrieved April 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170418083431/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/friday-final-ratings-april-14-2017/","url_text":"\"'Shark Tank' adjusts up, 'The Originals' adjusts down: Friday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/friday-final-ratings-april-14-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (May 1, 2017). \"'Hawaii Five-0,' 'First Dates' and everything else unchanged: Friday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 1, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170501231433/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/friday-final-ratings-april-28-2017/","url_text":"\"'Hawaii Five-0,' 'First Dates' and everything else unchanged: Friday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/friday-final-ratings-april-28-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (May 6, 2017). \"'Blue Bloods' finale adjusts up: Friday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 9, 2017. Retrieved May 6, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170509112356/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/friday-final-ratings-may-5-2017/","url_text":"\"'Blue Bloods' finale adjusts up: Friday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/friday-final-ratings-may-5-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (May 15, 2017). \"'Shark Tank finale, '48 Hours: NCIS' adjust up; 'Originals' and 'Reign' adjust down: Friday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 16, 2017. Retrieved May 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170516201830/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/friday-final-ratings-may-12-2017/","url_text":"\"'Shark Tank finale, '48 Hours: NCIS' adjust up; 'Originals' and 'Reign' adjust down: Friday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/friday-final-ratings-may-12-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (May 22, 2017). \"'Undercover Boss' adjusts up, 'Originals' and 'Reign' adjust dow: Friday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved May 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170525102507/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/friday-final-ratings-may-19-2017/","url_text":"\"'Undercover Boss' adjusts up, 'Originals' and 'Reign' adjust dow: Friday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/friday-final-ratings-may-19-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (June 5, 2017). \"'The Originals' adjusts up: Friday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on June 6, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170606010116/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/friday-final-ratings-june-2-2017/","url_text":"\"'The Originals' adjusts up: Friday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/friday-final-ratings-june-2-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (June 12, 2017). \"NBA Finals adjust up: Friday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on June 15, 2017. Retrieved June 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170615064259/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/friday-final-ratings-june-9-2017/","url_text":"\"NBA Finals adjust up: Friday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/friday-final-ratings-june-9-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Rick (June 19, 2017). \"'Dateline' and 'AGT' rerun adjust up, '20/20′ adjusts down: Friday final ratings\". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on June 20, 2017. Retrieved June 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170620011338/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/friday-final-ratings-june-16-2017/","url_text":"\"'Dateline' and 'AGT' rerun adjust up, '20/20′ adjusts down: Friday final ratings\""},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/daily-ratings/friday-final-ratings-june-16-2017/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Reign: Season One Ratings\". TV Series Finale. May 17, 2014. Retrieved May 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tvseriesfinale.com/tv-show/reign-season-one-ratings-30446/","url_text":"\"Reign: Season One Ratings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reign: Season Two Ratings\". TV Series Finale. May 16, 2015. Retrieved May 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tvseriesfinale.com/tv-show/reign-season-two-ratings-34217/","url_text":"\"Reign: Season Two Ratings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reign: Season Three Ratings\". TV Series Finale. June 21, 2016. Retrieved May 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tvseriesfinale.com/tv-show/reign-season-three-ratings-38577/","url_text":"\"Reign: Season Three Ratings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reign: Season Four Ratings\". TV Series Finale. June 20, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tvseriesfinale.com/tv-show/reign-season-four-ratings/","url_text":"\"Reign: Season Four Ratings\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Monbouquette
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Bill Monbouquette
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["1 Early career","2 Major League career","3 Illness and death","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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American baseball player (1936-2015)
Baseball player
Bill MonbouquetteMonbouquette in 1967PitcherBorn: (1936-08-11)August 11, 1936Medford, Massachusetts, U.S.Died: January 25, 2015(2015-01-25) (aged 78)Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutJuly 18, 1958, for the Boston Red SoxLast MLB appearanceSeptember 3, 1968, for the San Francisco GiantsMLB statisticsWin–loss record114–112Earned run average3.68Strikeouts1,122
Teams
Boston Red Sox (1958–1965)
Detroit Tigers (1966–1967)
New York Yankees (1967–1968)
San Francisco Giants (1968)
Career highlights and awards
4× All-Star (1960, 1960², 1962, 1963)
Pitched a no-hitter on August 1, 1962
Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame
William Charles Monbouquette (August 11, 1936 – January 25, 2015) was an American professional baseball player and coach. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a right-handed pitcher for the Boston Red Sox (1958–65), Detroit Tigers (1966–67), New York Yankees (1967–68), and the San Francisco Giants (1968). A four-time All-Star player, Monbouquette was notable for pitching a no-hitter in 1962 as a member of the Red Sox. He was inducted into the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame in 2000.
Early career
Bill was born in Medford, Massachusetts, and attended Medford High School. He was signed as a free agent on June 21, 1955, by the Boston Red Sox at the age of 18.
Major League career
Monbouquette compiled 114 wins, 1,122 strikeouts, and a 3.68 earned run average during his major league career. He was also an above-average fielding pitcher, recording a .984 fielding percentage with only seven errors in 428 total chances in 1961+1⁄3 innings of work.
Monbouquette as a member of the Boston Red Sox in 1965.
Monbouquette was signed by the Boston Red Sox as an amateur free agent in 1955 and started his majors career on July 18, 1958. He won at least 14 games from 1960 to 1963, with a career-high 20 victories in 1963. An American League (AL) All-Star in 1960, 1962, and 1963, Monbouquette no-hit the Chicago White Sox 1–0 on August 1, 1962, at Comiskey Park; a second-inning walk to Al Smith was the only baserunner Monbouquette allowed. Monbouquette credited Red Sox pitching coach Sal Maglie with refining his delivery, enabling him to improve his pitching performance.
He also collected two one-hit games, and set a Red Sox record with a 17 strikeout-game against the Washington Senators in 1961. The record stood until Roger Clemens established a major league record with 20 strikeouts in a 1986 game against Seattle.
On September 25, 1965, in a game against the Kansas City A's, Monbouquette was the starting pitcher versus 58-year-old Hall of Famer Satchel Paige. Monbouquette threw a complete game for his tenth win of the season, but became the final strikeout victim of Paige's career in the 3rd inning.
After going 96–91 with Boston, Monbouquette was sent to the Detroit Tigers before the 1966 season. He also pitched for the New York Yankees and finished his career with the San Francisco Giants on September 3, 1968. He never made the postseason.
Monbouquette spent five years coaching in the New York Mets farm system before being named the pitching coach of the Mets in November 1981, joining new manager George Bamberger. In October 1983, the Mets relieved Monbouquette of his duties and announced that Bamberger, the manager, would handle both roles. Although Bamberger denied that there had been any conflict between the two, Monbouquette told The New York Times, "You can't have two pitching coaches on the same club. Two opinions could be conflicting. Maybe it was confusing at times."
Monbouquette was inducted into the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame in 2000. He was a pitching coach for Detroit Single-A affiliate team, Oneonta Tigers. Bill was also once professional hockey player Wayne Muloin's brother-in-law. When people would ask him for an autograph, he surprised people because although he pitched and batted right-handed, his hand writing was left handed.
Illness and death
In May 2008, the Boston Globe reported that Monbouquette was suffering from acute myelogenous leukemia. The chemotherapy and drug treatment he received had the disease in remission, but he needed a bone marrow and stem cell transplant to be cured. The Red Sox, in conjunction with Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, on June 7, 2008, encouraged fans to enroll in the National Marrow Donor Registry at Tufts University in hopes of finding a suitable donor for Monbouquette and others suffering from the disease.
In 2010, the Boston rock band the Remains released a song, "Monbo Time", as a tribute to Monbouquette. The Remains pledged to donate 50% of the revenues they receive from sales of the song to cancer research. Boston Herald, April 22, 2010; nesn.com, April 14, 2010)
Monbouquette died on January 25, 2015, aged 78 at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts. He was buried in Oak Grove Cemetery, Medford, Massachusetts.
See also
List of Major League Baseball no-hitters
List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders
References
^ a b c d Associated Press Wire Services (January 27, 2015) "Bill Monbouquette, pitcher for Boston Red Sox in 1950s and ’60s, dies at 78", The Washington Post Retrieved September 20, 2017
^ "Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame at MLB.com". mlb.com. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
^ a b Ginsburg, Bob (August 2, 1962) "Bounced as All Star, Monbouquette Now the Biggest Star of All" The News-Herald (Franklin, Pennsylvania) Obtained via Newspapers.com
^ "Monbouquette Goes Up". The New York Times. 17 November 1981. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
^ Durso, Joseph (23 October 1982). "BAMBERGER TO ACT AS PITCHING COACH". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 August 2023.
^ "Bruins entertain Oakland tonight". Nashua Telegraph. Associated Press. October 18, 1969. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
^ Stan Grossfeld (2008-05-16). "Monbo fights on: Former Red Sox ace refuses to yield in the battle of his life – against leukemia". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 19 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-22.
^ Gordon Edes and Amalie Benjamin (2008-06-07). "Injury cast in a good light". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 8 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-08.
^ Abraham, Peter (January 26, 2015). "Former Red Sox pitcher Bill Monbouquette dies at 78". Boston Globe. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
External links
Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
Preceded bySandy Koufax
No-hitter pitcher August 1, 1962
Succeeded byJack Kralick
Preceded byRube Walker
New York Mets Pitching Coach 1982–1983
Succeeded byMel Stottlemyre
vteBoston Red Sox Opening Day starting pitchers
Ivy Andrews
Frank Arellanes
Jim Bagby
Josh Beckett
Brayan Bello
Oil Can Boyd
Tom Brewer
Clay Buchholz
Rex Cecil
Eddie Cicotte
Roger Clemens
Ray Collins
Ray Culp
Joe Dobson
Dennis Eckersley
Howard Ehmke
Dick Ellsworth
Nathan Eovaldi
Alex Ferguson
Wes Ferrell
Tom Gordon
Lefty Grove
Charley Hall
Slim Harriss
Tex Hughson
Bruce Hurst
Ferguson Jenkins
Sad Sam Jones
Win Kellum
Corey Kluber
Jon Lester
Jim Lonborg
Danny MacFayden
Pedro Martínez
Daisuke Matsuzaka
Carl Mays
Bill Monbouquette
Wilcy Moore
Dick Newsome
Mel Parnell
Marty Pattin
Gary Peters
Rick Porcello
David Price
Jack Quinn
Gordon Rhodes
Red Ruffing
Allen Russell
Babe Ruth
Chris Sale
Curt Schilling
Don Schwall
Aaron Sele
Ernie Shore
Bob Stanley
Tom Sturdivant
Frank Sullivan
Luis Tiant
Yank Terry
Mike Torrez
David Wells
Bill Wight
Earl Wilson
George Winter
Smoky Joe Wood
Cy Young
vteMembers of the Boston Red Sox Hall of FameCharter inductees
Eddie Collins
Jimmy Collins
Joe Cronin
Bobby Doerr
Rick Ferrell
Jimmie Foxx
Lefty Grove
Harry Hooper
Herb Pennock
Red Ruffing
Babe Ruth
Tris Speaker
Ted Williams
Carl Yastrzemski
Tom Yawkey
Cy Young
Additional inductees(chronological)
Class of 1995: Tony Conigliaro
Dom DiMaggio
Frank Malzone
Johnny Pesky
Jim Rice
Smoky Joe Wood
Jean R. Yawkey
Class of 1997: Carlton Fisk
Dick O'Connell
Mel Parnell
Rico Petrocelli
Dick Radatz
Luis Tiant
Class of 2000: Ken Coleman
Dwight Evans
Larry Gardner
Curt Gowdy
Jackie Jensen
Ned Martin
Bill Monbouquette
Reggie Smith
Bob Stanley
Class of 2002: Rick Burleson
Boo Ferriss
Lou Gorman
John Harrington
Tex Hughson
Duffy Lewis
Jim Lonborg
Fred Lynn
Class of 2004: Wade Boggs
Bill Carrigan
Dennis Eckersley
Billy Goodman
Bruce Hurst
Ben Mondor
Pete Runnels
Haywood Sullivan
Class of 2006: Dick Bresciani
Ellis Kinder
Joe Morgan
Jerry Remy
George Scott
Vern Stephens
Dick Williams
Class of 2008: George Digby
Wes Ferrell
Mike Greenwell
Edward F. Kenney Sr.
Bill Lee
Everett Scott
Frank Sullivan
Mo Vaughn
Class of 2010: Tommy Harper
Eddie Kasko
Jimmy Piersall
John Valentin
Don Zimmer
Class of 2012: Marty Barrett
Ellis Burks
Joe Dobson
Dutch Leonard
Joe Mooney
Curt Schilling
John I. Taylor
Class of 2014: Joe Castiglione
Roger Clemens
Nomar Garciaparra
Pedro Martínez
Class of 2016: Ira Flagstead
Larry Lucchino
Jason Varitek
Tim Wakefield
Class of 2018: Buck Freeman
Al Green
Derek Lowe
Mike Lowell
Kevin Youkilis
Class of 2020: Bill Dinneen
Dan Duquette
Rich Gedman
David Ortiz
Manny Ramirez
Class of 2024: Trot Nixon
Jonathan Papelbon
Dustin Pedroia
Elaine Steward
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Detroit Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Tigers"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants"},{"link_name":"All-Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"no-hitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-hitter"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Post-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Baseball playerWilliam Charles Monbouquette (August 11, 1936 – January 25, 2015) was an American professional baseball player and coach. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a right-handed pitcher for the Boston Red Sox (1958–65), Detroit Tigers (1966–67), New York Yankees (1967–68), and the San Francisco Giants (1968). A four-time All-Star player, Monbouquette was notable for pitching a no-hitter in 1962 as a member of the Red Sox.[1] He was inducted into the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame in 2000.[2]","title":"Bill Monbouquette"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Medford High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medford_High_School_(Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"}],"text":"Bill was born in Medford, Massachusetts, and attended Medford High School. He was signed as a free agent on June 21, 1955, by the Boston Red Sox at the age of 18.","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"strikeouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikeout"},{"link_name":"earned run average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run_average"},{"link_name":"fielding percentage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fielding_percentage"},{"link_name":"total chances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_chances"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bill_Monbouquette_1965.jpg"},{"link_name":"free agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_agent"},{"link_name":"American League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_League"},{"link_name":"no-hit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-hitter"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox"},{"link_name":"Comiskey Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comiskey_Park"},{"link_name":"Al Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Smith_(outfielder)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Post-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bob-3"},{"link_name":"Sal Maglie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sal_Maglie"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bob-3"},{"link_name":"Washington Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Senators_(1961%E2%80%9371)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Post-1"},{"link_name":"Kansas City A's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Athletics"},{"link_name":"Satchel Paige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satchel_Paige"},{"link_name":"complete game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_game"},{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets"},{"link_name":"farm system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_system"},{"link_name":"George Bamberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bamberger"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Post-1"},{"link_name":"pitching coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Oneonta Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneonta_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Wayne Muloin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Muloin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Monbouquette compiled 114 wins, 1,122 strikeouts, and a 3.68 earned run average during his major league career. He was also an above-average fielding pitcher, recording a .984 fielding percentage with only seven errors in 428 total chances in 1961+1⁄3 innings of work.Monbouquette as a member of the Boston Red Sox in 1965.Monbouquette was signed by the Boston Red Sox as an amateur free agent in 1955 and started his majors career on July 18, 1958. He won at least 14 games from 1960 to 1963, with a career-high 20 victories in 1963. An American League (AL) All-Star in 1960, 1962, and 1963, Monbouquette no-hit the Chicago White Sox 1–0 on August 1, 1962, at Comiskey Park; a second-inning walk to Al Smith was the only baserunner Monbouquette allowed.[1][3] Monbouquette credited Red Sox pitching coach Sal Maglie with refining his delivery, enabling him to improve his pitching performance.[3]He also collected two one-hit games, and set a Red Sox record with a 17 strikeout-game against the Washington Senators in 1961. The record stood until Roger Clemens established a major league record with 20 strikeouts in a 1986 game against Seattle.[1]On September 25, 1965, in a game against the Kansas City A's, Monbouquette was the starting pitcher versus 58-year-old Hall of Famer Satchel Paige. Monbouquette threw a complete game for his tenth win of the season, but became the final strikeout victim of Paige's career in the 3rd inning.After going 96–91 with Boston, Monbouquette was sent to the Detroit Tigers before the 1966 season. He also pitched for the New York Yankees and finished his career with the San Francisco Giants on September 3, 1968. He never made the postseason.Monbouquette spent five years coaching in the New York Mets farm system before being named the pitching coach of the Mets in November 1981, joining new manager George Bamberger.[4] In October 1983, the Mets relieved Monbouquette of his duties and announced that Bamberger, the manager, would handle both roles. Although Bamberger denied that there had been any conflict between the two, Monbouquette told The New York Times, \"You can't have two pitching coaches on the same club. Two opinions could be conflicting. Maybe it was confusing at times.\"[5]Monbouquette was inducted into the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame in 2000.[1] He was a pitching coach for Detroit Single-A affiliate team, Oneonta Tigers. Bill was also once professional hockey player Wayne Muloin's brother-in-law. When people would ask him for an autograph, he surprised people because although he pitched and batted right-handed, his hand writing was left handed.[6]","title":"Major League career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"acute myelogenous leukemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_myelogenous_leukemia"},{"link_name":"chemotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Dana–Farber Cancer Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana%E2%80%93Farber_Cancer_Institute"},{"link_name":"Tufts University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"the Remains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Remains_(band)"},{"link_name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_and_Women%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In May 2008, the Boston Globe reported that Monbouquette was suffering from acute myelogenous leukemia. The chemotherapy and drug treatment he received had the disease in remission, but he needed a bone marrow and stem cell transplant to be cured.[7] The Red Sox, in conjunction with Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, on June 7, 2008, encouraged fans to enroll in the National Marrow Donor Registry at Tufts University in hopes of finding a suitable donor for Monbouquette and others suffering from the disease.[8]In 2010, the Boston rock band the Remains released a song, \"Monbo Time\", as a tribute to Monbouquette. The Remains pledged to donate 50% of the revenues they receive from sales of the song to cancer research. Boston Herald, April 22, 2010; nesn.com, April 14, 2010)Monbouquette died on January 25, 2015, aged 78 at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts.[9] He was buried in Oak Grove Cemetery, Medford, Massachusetts.","title":"Illness and death"}]
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[{"image_text":"Monbouquette as a member of the Boston Red Sox in 1965.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bill_Monbouquette_1965.jpg/160px-Bill_Monbouquette_1965.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of Major League Baseball no-hitters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_no-hitters"},{"title":"List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_career_wins_leaders"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame at MLB.com\". mlb.com. Retrieved 24 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/redsox/history/red-sox-hall-of-fame","url_text":"\"Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame at MLB.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monbouquette Goes Up\". The New York Times. 17 November 1981. Retrieved 18 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/17/sports/sports-people-monbouquette-goes-up.html","url_text":"\"Monbouquette Goes Up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Durso, Joseph (23 October 1982). \"BAMBERGER TO ACT AS PITCHING COACH\". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1982/10/23/sports/bamberger-to-act-as-pitching-coach.html","url_text":"\"BAMBERGER TO ACT AS PITCHING COACH\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Bruins entertain Oakland tonight\". Nashua Telegraph. Associated Press. October 18, 1969. Retrieved January 27, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&dat=19691015&id=WopjAAAAIBAJ&pg=6687,6102169","url_text":"\"Bruins entertain Oakland tonight\""}]},{"reference":"Stan Grossfeld (2008-05-16). \"Monbo fights on: Former Red Sox ace refuses to yield in the battle of his life – against leukemia\". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 19 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boston.com/sports/baseball/redsox/articles/2008/05/16/monbo_fights_on/","url_text":"\"Monbo fights on: Former Red Sox ace refuses to yield in the battle of his life – against leukemia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Globe","url_text":"Boston Globe"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080519202242/http://www.boston.com/sports/baseball/redsox/articles/2008/05/16/monbo_fights_on/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gordon Edes and Amalie Benjamin (2008-06-07). \"Injury cast in a good light\". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 8 June 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Edes","url_text":"Gordon Edes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalie_Benjamin","url_text":"Amalie Benjamin"},{"url":"http://www.boston.com/sports/baseball/redsox/articles/2008/06/07/injury_cast_in_a_good_light/","url_text":"\"Injury cast in a good light\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Globe","url_text":"Boston Globe"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080608063029/http://www.boston.com/sports/baseball/redsox/articles/2008/06/07/injury_cast_in_a_good_light/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Abraham, Peter (January 26, 2015). \"Former Red Sox pitcher Bill Monbouquette dies at 78\". Boston Globe. Retrieved January 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/sports/2015/01/26/former-red-sox-pitcher-ben-monbouquette-dies/sXeMPgSs04iSUOdFEyz75O/story.html","url_text":"\"Former Red Sox pitcher Bill Monbouquette dies at 78\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/bill-monbouquette-pitcher-for-boston-red-sox-in-1950s-and-60s-dies-at-78/2015/01/27/47b3c1c8-a643-11e4-a06b-9df2002b86a0_story.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/redsox/history/red-sox-hall-of-fame","external_links_name":"\"Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame at MLB.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/17/sports/sports-people-monbouquette-goes-up.html","external_links_name":"\"Monbouquette Goes Up\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1982/10/23/sports/bamberger-to-act-as-pitching-coach.html","external_links_name":"\"BAMBERGER TO ACT AS PITCHING COACH\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2209&dat=19691015&id=WopjAAAAIBAJ&pg=6687,6102169","external_links_name":"\"Bruins entertain Oakland tonight\""},{"Link":"http://www.boston.com/sports/baseball/redsox/articles/2008/05/16/monbo_fights_on/","external_links_name":"\"Monbo fights on: Former Red Sox ace refuses to yield in the battle of his life – against leukemia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080519202242/http://www.boston.com/sports/baseball/redsox/articles/2008/05/16/monbo_fights_on/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.boston.com/sports/baseball/redsox/articles/2008/06/07/injury_cast_in_a_good_light/","external_links_name":"\"Injury cast in a good light\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080608063029/http://www.boston.com/sports/baseball/redsox/articles/2008/06/07/injury_cast_in_a_good_light/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/sports/2015/01/26/former-red-sox-pitcher-ben-monbouquette-dies/sXeMPgSs04iSUOdFEyz75O/story.html","external_links_name":"\"Former Red Sox pitcher Bill Monbouquette dies at 78\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/player/119243","external_links_name":"MLB"},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/player/stats/_/id/25373","external_links_name":"ESPN"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/m/monbobi01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.fangraphs.com/statss.aspx?playerid=1009048","external_links_name":"Fangraphs"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=monbou001wil","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_brush-tailed_porcupine
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Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine
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["1 Taxonomy","2 Habitat","3 Breeding","4 Conservation","5 Behavior","6 References"]
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Species of rodent
Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Rodentia
Family:
Hystricidae
Genus:
Atherurus
Species:
A. macrourus
Binomial name
Atherurus macrourus(Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
Hystrix macroura Linnaeus, 1758
The Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus macrourus) is a species of rodent in the family Hystricidae. It is found in China, Bhutan, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Taxonomy
The synonyms of this species are Atherurus assamensis (Thomas, 1921), and Atherurus macrourus (Thomas, 1921) subspecies assamensis.
Habitat
It is a nocturnal and fossorial species, occurring in subtropical and tropical montane forests. It is found on the forest floor, often in areas with profuse undergrowth interspersed with cane and bamboo brakes and palms.
Breeding
It constructs burrows, which may be occupied by up to three animals. The female produces one or two litters a year, of a single young, after a gestation period of 100 to 110 days.
Conservation
Known to be one of the rarest porcupines in South Asia, the species is protected under Schedule II of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, though not listed in CITES. It has been recorded from Namdapha National Park in Arunachal Pradesh, India. It is present in a number of protected areas in Southeast Asia.
Behavior
In one study using camera traps, it was found that the porcupine typically hunts at night, with a single activity peak during the three-hour period before midnight. To avoid predators on nights when the moon is full, foraging activity is limited to dawn and dusk.
References
^ a b Molur, S. (2020). "Atherurus macrourus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T2354A166518819. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T2354A166518819.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
^ Molur, S.; Srinivasulu, C.; Srinivasulu, B.; Walker, S.; Nameer, P.O.; Ravikumar, L. (2005). Status of non-volant small mammals: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P) workshop report. Coimbatore: Zoo Outreach Organisation / CBSG-South Asia. p. 198. ISBN 81-88722-11-1.
^ Andrew T. Smith: Asiatic Brush-Tailed Porcupine. In: Andrew T. Smith, Yan Xie: A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ 2008, ISBN 978-0-691-09984-2, S. 274.
^ Dhendup, Tashi; Dorji, Rinzin (2017). "First record of the Asiatic Brush-tailed Porcupine Atherurus macrourus Linnaeus, 1758 (Mammalia: Rodentia: Hystricidae) from western Bhutan". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 9 (11): 10959. doi:10.11609/jott.3791.9.11.10959-10960. ISSN 0974-7907.
^ (Molur et al. 2005)
^ Wen, Li-Jia; Guo, Yu-Min; Huang, Jian; Song, Yang. "The activity rhythm of the Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine Atherurus macrourus and its correlation with the phases of the moon". Chinese Journal of Zoology. 51 (3): 347–352. Archived from the original on December 19, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
Woods, C.A.; Kilpatrick, C.W. (2005). "Species Atherurus macrourus". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1538–1600. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
vteExtant species of family Hystricidae (Old World porcupines)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Suborder: Hystricomorpha
Infraorder: Hystricognathi
Atherurus
African brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus africanus)
Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus macrourus)
Hystrix
Subgenus Acanthion: Malayan porcupine (Hystrix brachyura)
Sunda porcupine (Hystrix javanica)
Subgenus Hystrix: Cape porcupine (Hystrix africaeaustralis)
crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata)
Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica)
Subgenus Thecurus: Thick-spined porcupine (Hystrix crassispinis)
Philippine porcupine (Hystrix pumila)
Sumatran porcupine (Hystrix sumatrae)
Trichys
Long-tailed porcupine (Trichys fasciculata)
Category
Taxon identifiersAtherurus macrourus
Wikidata: Q301888
Wikispecies: Atherurus macrourus
CoL: 5W8PR
EoL: 326519
GBIF: 5219891
iNaturalist: 44180
IRMNG: 11181653
ITIS: 584679
IUCN: 2354
MDD: 1001282
MSW: 13400045
NCBI: 34836
Open Tree of Life: 173065
Paleobiology Database: 233582
uBio: 106383
Hystrix macroura
Wikidata: Q109647319
GBIF: 5786787
This article about a rodent is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
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[{"reference":"Molur, S. (2020). \"Atherurus macrourus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T2354A166518819. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T2354A166518819.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/2354/166518819","url_text":"\"Atherurus macrourus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T2354A166518819.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T2354A166518819.en"}]},{"reference":"Molur, S.; Srinivasulu, C.; Srinivasulu, B.; Walker, S.; Nameer, P.O.; Ravikumar, L. (2005). Status of non-volant small mammals: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P) workshop report. Coimbatore: Zoo Outreach Organisation / CBSG-South Asia. p. 198. ISBN 81-88722-11-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349881855","url_text":"Status of non-volant small mammals: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P) workshop report"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-88722-11-1","url_text":"81-88722-11-1"}]},{"reference":"Dhendup, Tashi; Dorji, Rinzin (2017). \"First record of the Asiatic Brush-tailed Porcupine Atherurus macrourus Linnaeus, 1758 (Mammalia: Rodentia: Hystricidae) from western Bhutan\". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 9 (11): 10959. doi:10.11609/jott.3791.9.11.10959-10960. ISSN 0974-7907.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11609%2Fjott.3791.9.11.10959-10960","url_text":"\"First record of the Asiatic Brush-tailed Porcupine Atherurus macrourus Linnaeus, 1758 (Mammalia: Rodentia: Hystricidae) from western Bhutan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11609%2Fjott.3791.9.11.10959-10960","url_text":"10.11609/jott.3791.9.11.10959-10960"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0974-7907","url_text":"0974-7907"}]},{"reference":"Wen, Li-Jia; Guo, Yu-Min; Huang, Jian; Song, Yang. \"The activity rhythm of the Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine Atherurus macrourus and its correlation with the phases of the moon\". Chinese Journal of Zoology. 51 (3): 347–352. Archived from the original on December 19, 2021. Retrieved May 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211219161823/http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-BIRD201603002.htm","url_text":"\"The activity rhythm of the Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine Atherurus macrourus and its correlation with the phases of the moon\""},{"url":"http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-BIRD201603002.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Woods, C.A.; Kilpatrick, C.W. (2005). \"Species Atherurus macrourus\". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1538–1600. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=13400045","url_text":"\"Species Atherurus macrourus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_E._Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, D.E."},{"url":"http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA1538","url_text":"Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0","url_text":"978-0-8018-8221-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494","url_text":"62265494"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Sforza_(cardinal)
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Alessandro Sforza (cardinal)
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["1 Biography","2 References"]
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Italian bishop and cardinal
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Alessandro Sforza di Santa Fiora
Alessandro Sforza (1534–1581) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop and cardinal.
Biography
A member of the House of Sforza, Alessandro Sforza was born in Rome in 1534, the son of Bosio II Sforza, count of Santa Fiora e Cotignola, and his wife Costanza Farnese, who was the natural and legitimized daughter of Pope Paul III. His brother Guido Ascanio Sforza di Santa Fiora also became a cardinal. He was the uncle of Cardinal Francesco Sforza.
In June 1542 he became a scriptor of apostolic letters. He completed his training at the Gymnasium of Perugia, studying letters and probably also civil and canon law, and gained the academic title of Magister. Early in his ecclesiastical career, he became a papal chaplain.Through his older brother's influence, Allessandro was able to purchase a post in the Apostolic Camera. He became a canon of St. Peter's Basilica on 18 April 1554.
Around 1549 Sforza came into possession of the garden/vineyard of Cardinal Rodolfo Pio da Carpi on the Quirinal. However, sometime after his death, financial constraints compelled his family to sell it to the Barberini. It became the site of the Palazzo Barberini.
He was caught up in a minor scandal after was he involved in a plan to return two galleys in use by the French to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Pretending to wish to embark, he had the vessels travel from Civitavecchia to Gaeta. The Sforza's were supporters of the Emperor; Pope Paul IV was not. Their actions caused an international outcry. The pope considered this an outrage and had Cardinal Guido Ascanio Sforza arrested in Castel Sant'Angelo. Alexander was dismissed from his posts and lost his ecclesiastical benefits. Imperial diplomacy facilitated an agreement: the return to Civitavecchia of Alessandro, with the galleys, in exchange for the release of his cardinal brother. The solution was accepted, however Sforza landed before reaching his destination and took refuge in the family fiefdom of Santa Fiora. After some cardinals intervened, Alessandro was reinstated in October 1557.
In 1559 Sforza was named a praefectus annonae, charged with supervising the city's grain supply. In April 1560 he was bishop-elect of Parma, although his brother reserved several rights. He became an active participant in the Council of Trent. In 1564 he presided over the diocesan synod in Parma, and oversaw the publication of the Table of Christian Doctrine (in Parma, for Seth Viotti, 1564), a handbook which constitutes an early example of a post-Tridentine catechism. In 1566 he funded the diocesan seminary.
Pope Pius IV made him a cardinal priest in the consistory of 12 March 1565. He received the red hat and the titular church of Santa Maria in Via Lata on 15 May 1565. He participated in the papal conclave of 1565-66 that elected Pope Pius V. Together with Cardinals Giovanni Ricci, Giovanni Francesco Commendone, and Marcantonio Bobba, he was named by Pope Pius V inspector of rivers, ports and public roads of Rome. On 5 January 1570 the pope named him papal legate a latere to Bologna and Romagna.
Alessandro Sforza participated in the papal conclave of 1572 that elected Pope Gregory XIII. The new pope named him archpriest of the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore; during the jubilee year of 1575, he opened the holy door there. Gregory XIII also made him cardinal protector of Spain. Sometime before 30 March 1573 he resigned the government of the Diocese of Parma. He was named Prefect of the Apostolic Signatura on 12 January 1575. On 11 July 1580 he was named papal legate to the Papal States, charged with eliminating banditry.
Villa Sforzesca, Castell'Azzara
In 1573, he commissioned Giacomo della Porta to complete the family chapel started by his brother at Santa Maria Maggiore. Around 1576 Sforza had a villa built, called "Sforzesca", in Castell'Azzara. It served the cardinal both as a summer residence and as a basis for the repression of the Brigandage. Gregory XIII stayed there in September 1578.
He died suddenly in Macerata on 16 May 1581. He was buried in the Sforza family chapel in the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore.
References
^ a b c d e Miranda, Salvador. "SFORZA, Alessandro (1534-1581)". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Florida International University Libraries. OCLC 53276621.
^ a b c Brunelli, Giampiero. "Sforza, Alessandro", Treccani
^ "Seminario Maggiore", Emilia Romagna Tourismo
^ Jan L. de Jong. Tombs in Early Modern Rome (1400–1600): Monuments of Mourning, Memory and Meditation, BRILL, 2022, p. 104 ISBN 9789004526938
Authority control databases International
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States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States"},{"link_name":"banditry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banditry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bare_url-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Villa_Sforzesca_Castell%27Azzara_(GR).JPG"},{"link_name":"Giacomo della Porta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_della_Porta"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Castell'Azzara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castell%27Azzara"},{"link_name":"Macerata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macerata"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bare_url-1"}],"text":"A member of the House of Sforza, Alessandro Sforza was born in Rome in 1534, the son of Bosio II Sforza, count of Santa Fiora e Cotignola, and his wife Costanza Farnese, who was the natural and legitimized daughter of Pope Paul III. His brother Guido Ascanio Sforza di Santa Fiora also became a cardinal. He was the uncle of Cardinal Francesco Sforza.[1]In June 1542 he became a scriptor of apostolic letters. He completed his training at the Gymnasium of Perugia, studying letters and probably also civil and canon law, and gained the academic title of Magister. Early in his ecclesiastical career, he became a papal chaplain.Through his older brother's influence, Allessandro was able to purchase a post in the Apostolic Camera. He became a canon of St. Peter's Basilica on 18 April 1554.[1]Around 1549 Sforza came into possession of the garden/vineyard of Cardinal Rodolfo Pio da Carpi on the Quirinal. However, sometime after his death, financial constraints compelled his family to sell it to the Barberini. It became the site of the Palazzo Barberini.He was caught up in a minor scandal after was he involved in a plan to return two galleys in use by the French to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Pretending to wish to embark, he had the vessels travel from Civitavecchia to Gaeta. The Sforza's were supporters of the Emperor; Pope Paul IV was not. Their actions caused an international outcry. The pope considered this an outrage and had Cardinal Guido Ascanio Sforza arrested in Castel Sant'Angelo. Alexander was dismissed from his posts and lost his ecclesiastical benefits. Imperial diplomacy facilitated an agreement: the return to Civitavecchia of Alessandro, with the galleys, in exchange for the release of his cardinal brother. The solution was accepted, however Sforza landed before reaching his destination and took refuge in the family fiefdom of Santa Fiora. After some cardinals intervened, Alessandro was reinstated in October 1557.[2]In 1559 Sforza was named a praefectus annonae, charged with supervising the city's grain supply. In April 1560 he was bishop-elect of Parma, although his brother reserved several rights. He became an active participant in the Council of Trent. In 1564 he presided over the diocesan synod in Parma, and oversaw the publication of the Table of Christian Doctrine (in Parma, for Seth Viotti, 1564), a handbook which constitutes an early example of a post-Tridentine catechism.[2] In 1566 he funded the diocesan seminary.[3]Pope Pius IV made him a cardinal priest in the consistory of 12 March 1565. He received the red hat and the titular church of Santa Maria in Via Lata on 15 May 1565. He participated in the papal conclave of 1565-66 that elected Pope Pius V.[1] Together with Cardinals Giovanni Ricci, Giovanni Francesco Commendone, and Marcantonio Bobba, he was named by Pope Pius V inspector of rivers, ports and public roads of Rome. On 5 January 1570 the pope named him papal legate a latere to Bologna and Romagna.[2]Alessandro Sforza participated in the papal conclave of 1572 that elected Pope Gregory XIII. The new pope named him archpriest of the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore; during the jubilee year of 1575, he opened the holy door there. Gregory XIII also made him cardinal protector of Spain. Sometime before 30 March 1573 he resigned the government of the Diocese of Parma. He was named Prefect of the Apostolic Signatura on 12 January 1575. On 11 July 1580 he was named papal legate to the Papal States, charged with eliminating banditry.[1]Villa Sforzesca, Castell'AzzaraIn 1573, he commissioned Giacomo della Porta to complete the family chapel started by his brother at Santa Maria Maggiore.[4] Around 1576 Sforza had a villa built, called \"Sforzesca\", in Castell'Azzara. It served the cardinal both as a summer residence and as a basis for the repression of the Brigandage. Gregory XIII stayed there in September 1578.He died suddenly in Macerata on 16 May 1581. He was buried in the Sforza family chapel in the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore.[1]","title":"Biography"}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Woodvine
|
Mary Woodvine
|
["1 Life and career","2 Filmography","2.1 Film","2.2 Television","3 References","4 External links"]
|
British television actress (born 1967)
Mary WoodvineBornMary Louise Woodvine (1967-07-14) 14 July 1967 (age 56)Hammersmith, London, EnglandNationalityBritishAlma materRoyal Welsh College of Music & DramaOccupationActressYears active1991–presentFamilyJohn Woodvine (father)
Mary Louise Woodvine (born 14 July 1967) is a British television actress who appeared as Mary Harkinson in the BBC soap EastEnders in 2003. Her father is the actor John Woodvine.
Life and career
Woodvine was born in Queen Charlotte's Hospital, Hammersmith, London. She trained at the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama and was a core member of Kneehigh Theatre. She has performed in Doc Martin, Born and Bred, Doctors, Noah's Ark, Our Friends in the North, Casualty, The Jury, Pie in the Sky, Grafters, Wycliffe, Down to Earth, Heartbeat and Murder City. In 1994, she played Aurelia Took in the science-fiction drama TV series Space Precinct. She also appeared as Miss Lamplighter in The Worst Witch (1998–2001), from 2005 to 2006, as Judge Morag Hughes in five episodes of Judge John Deed, and she also appears as Mrs. Teague in the 2015 TV series of Poldark.
In 2003, she starred as Evangeline Blight in the Cornish-language short film Blight, co-starring Richard Coyle. Woodvine starred in the award-winning 2007 psychological thriller film The Lark which premièred at the Cambridge Film Festival.
Woodvine, along with Rory Wilton, Jerome Wright and Kirsty Osmon, developed poet Murray Lachlan Young's first play, The Incomers, during a residency at The Space, Dartington Hall Trust. Woodvine created the role of Celia through a series of workshops and in the production's inaugural tour, which ran from April to May 2013.
Woodvine starred in the 2019 film Bait, a drama film written and directed by her partner Mark Jenkin and in 2022 played the lead role in his next film Enys Men.
Filmography
Film
Year
Film
Role
Notes
2000
Maisie's Catch
Unknown
Short
2006
The 12 Inch Pianist
The Delivery Woman
Short
2007
The Midnight Drives
Cafe Owner
Dressing Granite
Jenny
The Lark
Niamh
New Boots
Susan
Short
2011
Intruders
Teacher
2015
Bronco's House
The Sister
Short
2017
Stalemate
Liz
Short
2019
Bait
Sandra Leigh
2021
Why Would You?
Brenda
2022
The Birdwatcher
The Veteran
Short
Mab Hudel
Mam
Short
Enys Men
The Volunteer
TBA
Daddy's Head
Mary
Post-production
Television
Year
Film
Role
Notes
1991
Shrinks
Sarah Neale
Episode: "Episode #1.4"
1992–2006
Heartbeat
Cath Wainwright / Susie
2 episodes
1993
15: The Life and Death of Philip Knight
Margaret Harris's assistant
Television film
1993–2003
Eastenders
Mary / Melanie
7 episodes
1993–2006
Casualty
Stella Snowden / WPC Gowell / Andrea
5 episodes
1994–1995
Space Precinct
Officer Aurelia Took
25 episodes
1996
The Tide of Life
Lizzie Rowan
3 episodes
Our Friends in the North
Alison
Episode: "1979"
Element of Doubt
Lucy
Television film
1997
McLibel!
Jane Laporte
Episode: "Episode #1.2"
Wycliffe
Margaret Ezzard
Episode: "On Account"
Pie in the Sky
P.C. Jane Morton
7 episodes
1998
Noah's Ark
Jan Richardson
Episode: "Deep Waters"
Grafters
Mary
3 episodes
2000
Badger
Mary Fletcher
Episode: "Troubled Waters"
2001
The Worst Witch
Lynne Lamplighter
Episode: "Art Wars"
Down to Earth
Michelle
2 episodes
2003
Born and Bred
Aggie Driscoll
2 episodes
The Bill
Kim Galanski
Episode: "Twenty-Twenty Hindsight"
2004–2015
Doc Martin
Joy Cronk
4 episodes
2005–2006
Judge John Deed
Morag Hughes
7 episodes
2006
Murder City
Erica Drummond
Episode: "Wives and Lovers"
Coming Up
Vicky
Episode: "The Animator"
2007
Doctors
Sally West
4 episodes
2011
Nettlecatfish
Mum
TV short
The Jury
Alison Lowther
Episode: "Episode #2.2"
2015
Poldark
Mrs. Teague
3 episodes
2016
Delicious
Nurse Victoria
Episode: "Death Comes to All"
References
^ "Cast | The Incomers". theincomers.co.uk. 2013. Archived from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2013. a core member of Kneehigh Theatre
^ "Cornish Language Partnership : Blight". magakernow.org.uk. 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
^ "Cambridge Film Festival review – The Lark | Moore Than This". moorethanthis.wordpress.com. 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
^ Tony Gussin (2013). "Sassy sexy drama comes to Barnstaple – What's on – North Devon Gazette". northdevongazette.co.uk. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
^ "Mary Woodvine | The Incomers". theincomers.co.uk. 2013. Archived from the original on 16 March 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
^ Trewhela, Lee (20 August 2019). "Stunning film shows there's more to Cornwall than Poldark". cornwalllive. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
^ https://www.amp-film.com/daddyshead
External links
Mary Woodvine at IMDb
|
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Her father is the actor John Woodvine.","title":"Mary Woodvine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen Charlotte's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Charlotte%27s_and_Chelsea_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith"},{"link_name":"Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Welsh_College_of_Music_%26_Drama"},{"link_name":"Kneehigh Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kneehigh_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Doc Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doc_Martin"},{"link_name":"Born and Bred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_and_Bred"},{"link_name":"Doctors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctors_(2000_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Noah's Ark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Our Friends in the North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Friends_in_the_North"},{"link_name":"Casualty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualty_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jury_(TV_serial)"},{"link_name":"Pie in the Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie_in_the_Sky_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Grafters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafters"},{"link_name":"Wycliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wycliffe_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Down to Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_to_Earth_(2000_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Heartbeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartbeat_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Murder City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_City_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Space Precinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Precinct"},{"link_name":"The Worst Witch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Worst_Witch_(1998_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Judge John Deed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_John_Deed"},{"link_name":"Poldark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poldark_(2015_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Cornish-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish-language"},{"link_name":"Richard Coyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Coyle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Lark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lark_(2007_film)"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Murray Lachlan Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Lachlan_Young"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bait_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)"},{"link_name":"Mark Jenkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Jenkin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-{{Cite_web}}...-6"},{"link_name":"Enys Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enys_Men"}],"text":"Woodvine was born in Queen Charlotte's Hospital, Hammersmith, London. She trained at the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama and was a core member of Kneehigh Theatre.[1] She has performed in Doc Martin, Born and Bred, Doctors, Noah's Ark, Our Friends in the North, Casualty, The Jury, Pie in the Sky, Grafters, Wycliffe, Down to Earth, Heartbeat and Murder City. In 1994, she played Aurelia Took in the science-fiction drama TV series Space Precinct. She also appeared as Miss Lamplighter in The Worst Witch (1998–2001), from 2005 to 2006, as Judge Morag Hughes in five episodes of Judge John Deed, and she also appears as Mrs. Teague in the 2015 TV series of Poldark.In 2003, she starred as Evangeline Blight in the Cornish-language short film Blight, co-starring Richard Coyle.[2] Woodvine starred in the award-winning 2007 psychological thriller film The Lark which premièred at the Cambridge Film Festival.[3]Woodvine, along with Rory Wilton, Jerome Wright and Kirsty Osmon, developed poet Murray Lachlan Young's first play, The Incomers, during a residency at The Space, Dartington Hall Trust.[4] Woodvine created the role of Celia through a series of workshops and in the production's inaugural tour, which ran from April to May 2013.[5]Woodvine starred in the 2019 film Bait, a drama film written and directed by her partner Mark Jenkin[6] and in 2022 played the lead role in his next film Enys Men.","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Concord_(SP-773)
|
USS Concord (SP-773)
|
["1 Constructed in Philadelphia","2 World War I service","3 Final decommissioning","4 References"]
|
Tugboat of the United States Navy
For other ships with the same name, see USS Concord.
USS Muscotah (YT-33) off the Washington Navy Yard, District of Columbia, circa 1932-1934.
History
United States
NameUSS Concord
NamesakeA town in Massachusetts
OwnerStaples Transportation Company of New York City
BuilderCharles Hillman, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Laid downdate unknown
Completed1898
Acquiredby the Navy 22 September 1917
Commissioned20 November 1917 as USS Concord (SP 773)
Decommissionedcirca November 1919
In serviceDecember 1919 at the Washington Navy Yard
Out of service4 November 1934
RenamedUSS Mendota (YT 33), 20 November 1920; later renamed Muscotah
ReclassifiedUSS Muscotah (YT-33)
Homeport
Brest, France
Washington Navy Yard
FateSold 30 April 1937; fate unknown
General characteristics
TypeTugboat
Tonnage353 tons
Length140'
Beam26'
Draft11'
Propulsionnot known
Speed12 knots
Complement36 officers and enlisted
ArmamentOne 3-inch gun
USS Concord (SP-773), later known as USS Mendota (YT-33) and again later as USS Muscotah (YT-33) was a tugboat acquired by the U.S. Navy during World War I. Concord was initially assigned to North Atlantic towing duties, and later was assigned as harbor tug at the Washington Navy Yard. She was sold in 1937.
Constructed in Philadelphia
The third ship to be so named by the U.S. Navy, Concord (No. 773) was built in 1898 by Charles Hillman, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; purchased by the Navy 22 September 1917; outfitted by Boston Navy Yard; and commissioned 20 November 1917.
She was renamed and reclassified Mendota (YT-33) on 20 November 1920, and her name was again changed on 30 January 1932 to Muscotah.
World War I service
Concord sailed from Philadelphia 15 December 1917 for Bermuda where she joined Galatia and Gypsum Queen to tow three French submarine chasers to Ponta Delgada, Azores. She continued to Brest, France, arriving 22 February 1918 for service as harbor tug until 25 October 1919.
She returned to Norfolk, Virginia, 28 November, and the next month reported to Washington Navy Yard where she was placed "in service" and served as a harbor tug.
Final decommissioning
She was placed out of service 4 November 1934 and sold 30 April 1937.
References
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.
USS Concord (SP-773), 1917-1937. Later renamed Mendota and Muscotah (both as YT-33)
|
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|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/c12/concord-iii.htm","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-m/yt33.htm","external_links_name":"USS Concord (SP-773), 1917-1937. Later renamed Mendota and Muscotah (both as YT-33)"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lige_Conley
|
Lige Conley
|
["1 Biography","2 Selected filmography","3 External links"]
|
American actor
Lige ConleyBornElijah Crommie(1897-12-05)December 5, 1897St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.DiedDecember 11, 1937(1937-12-11) (aged 40)Hollywood, California, U.S.Years active1915-1935
Lige Conley (born Elijah Crommie; December 5, 1897 – December 11, 1937) was an American actor of the silent era. He appeared in 140 films between 1915 and 1938.
Biography
As Lige Crommie, the curly-haired young comedian joined the stock company of the Mack Sennett studio in 1915. In 1917 he moved to the up-and-coming Hal Roach studio, then producing one-reel comedies with Harold Lloyd, Bebe Daniels, and Snub Pollard. The Roach comedies credited the actor as "Lige Cromley," but since Lloyd and company dominated their pictures, which were limited to single reels, there was little chance for Lige to distinguish himself. He returned to Sennett as a stock player, again as Lige Crommie. When Sennett director Fred Fishback left Sennett for his own unit at Universal Pictures. Lige soon joined him there.
In 1921 the comic finally achieved stardom at Educational Pictures, where he appeared in a long string of brisk, elaborately staged two-reel comedies produced by Jack White. Some of these were directed by Fishback, under the pseudonym of Fred Hibbard. Educational took out trade ads in the mid-1920s, hailing Conley as the next Charlie Chaplin. Conley, with his curly hair and coy grin, did indeed bear a resemblance to the out-of-character Chaplin.
Conley's stock-in-trade was the comedy of embarrassment, as his meek screen character earnestly failed at any occupation he tried. Conley's two most famous comedies are both 1924 releases. Fast and Furious, directed by Norman Taurog, is a fast-moving comedy set in a general store, with Lige doing everything from demonstrating pancake batter to selling shoes. The last half of the film is a spectacular car-motorcycle-and-train chase, some of which was excerpted in the Kevin Brownlow-David Gill silent-film documentary Hollywood (1980). Air Pockets, directed by Fred Hibbard, casts Lige as an inventor about to demonstrate his "folding flivver" automobile to a board of executives. The film shows his accident-prone problems getting to the appointment, then the demonstration (which ends in disaster), and finally his fleeing from the appointment in a runaway airplane.
Educational dropped the Conley comedies in 1926; the last film in the series was Kiss Papa. Conley joined the Fox studio's comedy company, but Fox soon stopped making its own comedy shorts (in favor of releasing Educational's shorts) and Conley was again unemployed. He returned to Educational and Sennett, now playing smaller roles in support of other stars.
Conley did make the transition to the new talking pictures, but only in incidental and bit roles for Educational and Sennett. He continued to play uncredited bits into the 1930s. He died in 1937, struck and killed by the driver of an automobile soon after playing a small role in the Fred Allen comedy Sally, Irene and Mary.
Selected filmography
Harold Lloyd comedies featuring Lige Conley:
Step Lively (1917)
The Big Idea (1917)
Hit Him Again (1918)
A Gasoline Wedding (1918)
Look Pleasant, Please (1918)
Starring Lige Conley:
Spooks (1922)
Cold Chills (1923)
This Way Out (1923)
Fast and Furious (1924)
Air Pockets (1924)
Pleasure Bound (1925)
Cheap Skates (1925)
Matrimony Blues (1926)
Kiss Papa (1926)
The Battling Kangaroo (1926)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lige Conley.
Lige Conley at IMDb
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"silent era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"}],"text":"Lige Conley (born Elijah Crommie; December 5, 1897 – December 11, 1937) was an American actor of the silent era. He appeared in 140 films between 1915 and 1938.","title":"Lige Conley"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mack Sennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Sennett"},{"link_name":"Hal Roach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Roach"},{"link_name":"Harold Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"Bebe Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebe_Daniels"},{"link_name":"Snub Pollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snub_Pollard"},{"link_name":"Fred Fishback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Fishback"},{"link_name":"Universal Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Educational Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Jack White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_White_(film_producer)"},{"link_name":"Charlie Chaplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Norman Taurog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Taurog"},{"link_name":"Kevin Brownlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Brownlow"},{"link_name":"David Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gill_(film_historian)"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_(1980_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentieth_Century-Fox"},{"link_name":"Fred Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Allen"}],"text":"As Lige Crommie, the curly-haired young comedian joined the stock company of the Mack Sennett studio in 1915. In 1917 he moved to the up-and-coming Hal Roach studio, then producing one-reel comedies with Harold Lloyd, Bebe Daniels, and Snub Pollard. The Roach comedies credited the actor as \"Lige Cromley,\" but since Lloyd and company dominated their pictures, which were limited to single reels, there was little chance for Lige to distinguish himself. He returned to Sennett as a stock player, again as Lige Crommie. When Sennett director Fred Fishback left Sennett for his own unit at Universal Pictures. Lige soon joined him there. [citation needed]In 1921 the comic finally achieved stardom at Educational Pictures, where he appeared in a long string of brisk, elaborately staged two-reel comedies produced by Jack White. Some of these were directed by Fishback, under the pseudonym of Fred Hibbard. Educational took out trade ads in the mid-1920s, hailing Conley as the next Charlie Chaplin. Conley, with his curly hair and coy grin, did indeed bear a resemblance to the out-of-character Chaplin. [citation needed]Conley's stock-in-trade was the comedy of embarrassment, as his meek screen character earnestly failed at any occupation he tried. Conley's two most famous comedies are both 1924 releases. Fast and Furious, directed by Norman Taurog, is a fast-moving comedy set in a general store, with Lige doing everything from demonstrating pancake batter to selling shoes. The last half of the film is a spectacular car-motorcycle-and-train chase, some of which was excerpted in the Kevin Brownlow-David Gill silent-film documentary Hollywood (1980). Air Pockets, directed by Fred Hibbard, casts Lige as an inventor about to demonstrate his \"folding flivver\" automobile to a board of executives. The film shows his accident-prone problems getting to the appointment, then the demonstration (which ends in disaster), and finally his fleeing from the appointment in a runaway airplane.Educational dropped the Conley comedies in 1926; the last film in the series was Kiss Papa. Conley joined the Fox studio's comedy company, but Fox soon stopped making its own comedy shorts (in favor of releasing Educational's shorts) and Conley was again unemployed. He returned to Educational and Sennett, now playing smaller roles in support of other stars.Conley did make the transition to the new talking pictures, but only in incidental and bit roles for Educational and Sennett. He continued to play uncredited bits into the 1930s. He died in 1937, struck and killed by the driver of an automobile soon after playing a small role in the Fred Allen comedy Sally, Irene and Mary.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Step Lively","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_Lively_(1917_film)"},{"link_name":"The Big Idea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Idea_(1917_film)"},{"link_name":"Hit Him Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_Him_Again"},{"link_name":"A Gasoline Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Gasoline_Wedding"},{"link_name":"Look Pleasant, Please","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_Pleasant,_Please"},{"link_name":"Matrimony Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrimony_Blues"},{"link_name":"The Battling Kangaroo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battling_Kangaroo"}],"text":"Harold Lloyd comedies featuring Lige Conley:Step Lively (1917)\nThe Big Idea (1917)\nHit Him Again (1918)\nA Gasoline Wedding (1918)\nLook Pleasant, Please (1918)Starring Lige Conley:Spooks (1922)\nCold Chills (1923)\nThis Way Out (1923)\nFast and Furious (1924)\nAir Pockets (1924)\nPleasure Bound (1925)\nCheap Skates (1925)\nMatrimony Blues (1926)\nKiss Papa (1926)\nThe Battling Kangaroo (1926)","title":"Selected filmography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0174789/","external_links_name":"Lige Conley"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/3511158551007016540005","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1207193763","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_B%C3%B6nig
|
Philipp Bönig
|
["1 Career","1.1 Youth","1.2 MSV Duisburg","1.3 VfL Bochum","2 Coaching career","3 Career statistics","4 Honours","5 References","6 External links"]
|
German footballer (born 1980)
Philipp Bönig
Bönig in 2009Personal informationDate of birth
(1980-03-20) 20 March 1980 (age 44)Place of birth
Erding, West GermanyHeight
1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)Position(s)
Left-backYouth career1986–1994
SE Freising1994–2000
Bayern MunichSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1999–2001
Bayern Munich II
35
(0)2001–2003
MSV Duisburg
69
(3)2003–2012
VfL Bochum
170
(0)2009–2012
→ VfL Bochum II
5
(0)2012–2015
Ferencváros
56
(3)Total
335
(6)International career2003–2004
Germany B
3
(0)Managerial career2016–2017
JFG Sempt Erding (U19)2018–2019
BCF Wolfratshausen2019
VfR Garching
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Philipp Bönig (born 20 March 1980) is a German former professional footballer who played as a left-back, and a manager.
Career
Youth
Born in Erding (Bavaria), West Germany, Bönig started to play football at the local club Eintracht Freising. His first position was keeper but after a couple of matches he moved to the left offensive midfield. Two of his brothers are also football players: his brother Sebastian played more than hundred matches in the second Bundesliga for LR Ahlen and Union Berlin, and his youngest brother Vincent played in the second team of FC Ingolstadt 04.
After impressing as a junior, Bönig joined Bayern Munich as a 14-year-old in 1994 and played there for seven years. In the last year he established himself in the second team of the club which played in the Regionalliga. While playing at Bayern Munich, Bönig made twenty starts for the German national youth teams.
MSV Duisburg
In 2001, Bönig started his professional career at MSV Duisburg in the 2. Bundesliga and stayed for two seasons at this club. In this period he made 66 matches and scored two goals. Since his contract expired at the summer of 2003 he got offers from different clubs and he decided to move to then Bundesliga club, VfL Bochum.
VfL Bochum
In his first season 2003–04 VfL Bochum qualified itself for the UEFA Cup and Bönig played three matches for Team 2006. However, in the following season Bochum were relegated to the 2. Bundesliga. But in the next season, they returned directly to the highest level again. After Bochum could maintain themselves in the season 2006–07 his contract was extended until the season 2009–10. In the winter of 2009 Tomasz Zdebel left the club which made Bönig the longest-serving player at the club in the selection.
Bönig acts normally as left defender. His biggest assets are his mentality and fighting spirit, which made him to a crowd-pleaser in the past years. He never scored a goal in the German Bundesliga in his over 150 matches.
Coaching career
Bönig started his coaching career with the U19s of JFG Sempt Erding in October 2016. In April 2018 it was confirmed, that he would take charge of BCF Wolfratshausen from the 2018-19 season. He left the position in the summer 2019 to become the manager of VfR Garching. After only 16 games, Bönig resigned by mutual consent on 30 October 2019 after the team had been in the relegation zone for several games.
Career statistics
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
Club
Season
League
National cup
League cup
Continental
Total
Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Bayern Munich II
1998–99
Regionalliga Süd
1
0
—
—
—
1
0
1999–00
5
0
—
—
—
5
0
2000–01
29
0
—
—
—
29
0
Total
35
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
35
0
MSV Duisburg
2001–02
2. Bundesliga
33
1
1
0
—
—
34
1
2002–03
33
1
2
1
—
—
35
2
Total
66
2
3
1
0
0
0
0
69
3
VfL Bochum
2003–04
Bundesliga
28
0
1
0
1
0
—
30
0
2004–05
29
0
2
0
1
0
2
0
34
0
2005–06
2. Bundesliga
19
0
1
0
—
—
20
0
2006–07
Bundesliga
30
0
3
0
—
—
33
0
2007–08
25
0
0
0
—
—
25
0
2008–09
18
0
1
0
—
—
18
0
2009–10
10
0
0
0
—
—
10
0
2010–11
2. Bundesliga
6
0
1
0
—
—
7
0
2011–12
5
0
1
0
—
—
6
0
Total
170
0
10
0
2
0
2
0
184
0
VfL Bochum II
2009–10
Regionalliga West
2
0
—
—
—
2
0
2010–11
1
0
—
—
—
1
0
2011–12
2
0
—
—
—
2
0
Total
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
Ferencváros
2012–13
NB I.
7
0
0
0
1
0
—
8
0
2013–14
24
2
1
1
7
0
—
32
3
2014–15
15
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
19
0
Total
46
2
2
1
10
0
1
0
59
3
Career total
322
4
15
2
12
0
3
0
352
6
^ German Cup and Hungarian Cup.
^ German League Cup.
^ UEFA Cup/Europa League.
Honours
Ferencváros
Hungarian Cup: 2014–15
Hungarian League Cup: 2012–13, 2014–15
VfL Bochum
2. Bundesliga: 2005–06
References
^ a b c "Philipp Bönig: Beharrlich und flexibel" (PDF) (in German). Mein VfL. 2 December 2006. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
^ "Zwei Bochumer Jungs" (in German). Der Westen. 28 May 2008. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
^ "Bochum holt Jungtalent Bönig" (in German). Kicker Magazine. 7 March 2003. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
^ Bundesliga-Profi Bönig coacht die A-Jugend, fupa.net, 6 October 2016
^ Bochum: Früherer VfL-Profi Philipp Bönig wird Oberliga-Trainer, media-sportservice.de, 13 April 2018
^ Philipp Bönig wird neuer Trainer des Regionalliga-Teams, fussball.vfr-garching.de, 24 March 2019
^ Philipp Bönig tritt beim VfR Garching zurück! Wer wird Nachfolger?, merkur.de, 30 October 2019
^ "Philipp Bönig » Club matches". World Football. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
External links
Philipp Bönig at fussballdaten.de (in German)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"left-back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-back"}],"text":"Philipp Bönig (born 20 March 1980) is a German former professional footballer who played as a left-back, and a manager.","title":"Philipp Bönig"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erding"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mein_VfL-1"},{"link_name":"Sebastian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_B%C3%B6nig"},{"link_name":"LR Ahlen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LR_Ahlen"},{"link_name":"Union Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Berlin"},{"link_name":"FC Ingolstadt 04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Ingolstadt_04"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bayern Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich"},{"link_name":"Regionalliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regionalliga"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mein_VfL-1"}],"sub_title":"Youth","text":"Born in Erding (Bavaria), West Germany, Bönig started to play football at the local club Eintracht Freising. His first position was keeper but after a couple of matches he moved to the left offensive midfield.[1] Two of his brothers are also football players: his brother Sebastian played more than hundred matches in the second Bundesliga for LR Ahlen and Union Berlin, and his youngest brother Vincent played in the second team of FC Ingolstadt 04.[2]After impressing as a junior, Bönig joined Bayern Munich as a 14-year-old in 1994 and played there for seven years. In the last year he established himself in the second team of the club which played in the Regionalliga. While playing at Bayern Munich, Bönig made twenty starts for the German national youth teams.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MSV Duisburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSV_Duisburg"},{"link_name":"2. Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mein_VfL-1"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"VfL Bochum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VfL_Bochum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"MSV Duisburg","text":"In 2001, Bönig started his professional career at MSV Duisburg in the 2. Bundesliga and stayed for two seasons at this club. In this period he made 66 matches and scored two goals.[1] Since his contract expired at the summer of 2003 he got offers from different clubs and he decided to move to then Bundesliga club, VfL Bochum.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2003–04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"VfL Bochum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VfL_Bochum"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"Team 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_2006"},{"link_name":"following season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"next season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_2._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"season 2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Tomasz Zdebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasz_Zdebel"}],"sub_title":"VfL Bochum","text":"In his first season 2003–04 VfL Bochum qualified itself for the UEFA Cup and Bönig played three matches for Team 2006. However, in the following season Bochum were relegated to the 2. Bundesliga. But in the next season, they returned directly to the highest level again. After Bochum could maintain themselves in the season 2006–07 his contract was extended until the season 2009–10. In the winter of 2009 Tomasz Zdebel left the club which made Bönig the longest-serving player at the club in the selection.Bönig acts normally as left defender. His biggest assets are his mentality and fighting spirit, which made him to a crowd-pleaser in the past years. He never scored a goal in the German Bundesliga in his over 150 matches.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"BCF Wolfratshausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCF_Wolfratshausen"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"VfR Garching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VfR_Garching"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Bönig started his coaching career with the U19s of JFG Sempt Erding in October 2016.[4] In April 2018 it was confirmed, that he would take charge of BCF Wolfratshausen from the 2018-19 season.[5] He left the position in the summer 2019 to become the manager of VfR Garching.[6] After only 16 games, Bönig resigned by mutual consent on 30 October 2019 after the team had been in the relegation zone for several games.[7]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"German Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"Hungarian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Cup"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"German League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFB-Ligapokal"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup/Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"}],"text":"^ German Cup and Hungarian Cup.\n\n^ German League Cup.\n\n^ UEFA Cup/Europa League.","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hungarian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyar_Kupa"},{"link_name":"2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Magyar_Kupa"},{"link_name":"Hungarian League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligakupa"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Ligakupa"},{"link_name":"2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Ligakupa"},{"link_name":"2. Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2._Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_2._Bundesliga"}],"text":"FerencvárosHungarian Cup: 2014–15\nHungarian League Cup: 2012–13, 2014–15VfL Bochum2. Bundesliga: 2005–06","title":"Honours"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Philipp Bönig: Beharrlich und flexibel\" (PDF) (in German). Mein VfL. 2 December 2006. Retrieved 11 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://vflbochum.de/vfl2006/mehrvfl/magazin/0607/magazin_2006_12_02.pdf","url_text":"\"Philipp Bönig: Beharrlich und flexibel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zwei Bochumer Jungs\" (in German). Der Westen. 28 May 2008. Retrieved 11 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.derwesten.de/nachrichten/zeusmedienwelten/zeus/fuer-schueler/zeus-regional/herne/2008/5/28/news-50471528/detail.html","url_text":"\"Zwei Bochumer Jungs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bochum holt Jungtalent Bönig\" (in German). Kicker Magazine. 7 March 2003. Retrieved 11 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/startseite/artikel/280094?view=print","url_text":"\"Bochum holt Jungtalent Bönig\""}]},{"reference":"\"Philipp Bönig » Club matches\". World Football. Retrieved 10 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/philipp-boenig/2/","url_text":"\"Philipp Bönig » Club matches\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://vflbochum.de/vfl2006/mehrvfl/magazin/0607/magazin_2006_12_02.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Philipp Bönig: Beharrlich und flexibel\""},{"Link":"https://www.derwesten.de/nachrichten/zeusmedienwelten/zeus/fuer-schueler/zeus-regional/herne/2008/5/28/news-50471528/detail.html","external_links_name":"\"Zwei Bochumer Jungs\""},{"Link":"http://www.kicker.de/news/fussball/bundesliga/startseite/artikel/280094?view=print","external_links_name":"\"Bochum holt Jungtalent Bönig\""},{"Link":"https://www.fupa.net/berichte/jfg-sempt-erding-bundesliga-profi-boenig-coacht-die-a-jugend-685299.html","external_links_name":"Bundesliga-Profi Bönig coacht die A-Jugend"},{"Link":"https://www.media-sportservice.de/2018/04/13/ex-vfl-profi-philipp-boenig-wird-trainer/","external_links_name":"Bochum: Früherer VfL-Profi Philipp Bönig wird Oberliga-Trainer"},{"Link":"https://fussball.vfr-garching.de/philipp-boenig-wird-neuer-trainer-des-regionalliga-teams/","external_links_name":"Philipp Bönig wird neuer Trainer des Regionalliga-Teams"},{"Link":"https://www.merkur.de/sport/amateur-fussball/landkreis-muenchen/vfr-garching-philipp-boenig-tritt-zurueck-13180512.html","external_links_name":"Philipp Bönig tritt beim VfR Garching zurück! Wer wird Nachfolger?"},{"Link":"http://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/philipp-boenig/2/","external_links_name":"\"Philipp Bönig » Club matches\""},{"Link":"https://www.fussballdaten.de/person/boenigphilipp/","external_links_name":"Philipp Bönig"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadow_vetchling
|
Lathyrus pratensis
|
["1 Description","2 Distribution and habitat","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Species of legume
Meadow vetchling
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Rosids
Order:
Fabales
Family:
Fabaceae
Subfamily:
Faboideae
Genus:
Lathyrus
Species:
L. pratensis
Binomial name
Lathyrus pratensisL.
Lathyrus pratensis or meadow vetchling, yellow pea, meadow pea and meadow pea-vine, is a perennial legume that grows to 1.2 m in height.
The hermaphrodite flowers are pollinated by bees. As a perennial, this plant reproduces itself over many years, spreading out from the point it was introduced, especially in damp grassy areas. This plant has been propagated in the past as animal fodder.
Lathyrus pratensis is also a host plant for ovipositioning of the wood white butterfly (Leptidea sinapis).
Description
Meadow vetchling is a perennial plant with a limp, unwinged stem that grows to 25 to 60 cm (10 to 24 in) and is erect and hairy. The leaves are alternate with short stalks and large stipules. The leaf blades are pinnate with a single pair of broad lanceolate leaflets with blunt tips, entire margins and a terminal unbranched tendril. The inflorescence has a long stem and a cluster of five to twelve yellow flowers, each 10 to 16 mm (0.4 to 0.6 in) long. These have five sepals and five petals and are irregular. The uppermost petal is known as the "standard", the lateral two as the "wings" and the lowest two are joined to form the "keel". There are ten stamens and a single carpel. The fruit is a long black pod. This plant flowers from June to August.
Inflorescence
A close-up of the flowers
Vigorous green growth
Young fruit
Seeds
Distribution and habitat
Meadow vetchling is native to Europe and Asia, but has been introduced to other parts of the world. In the United States, this plant is found primarily in the northwestern states of Oregon and Alaska. Its typical habitat is rough grassy places, broad-leaved woodland, forest margins, hedgerows and banks where it uses its tendrils to clamber over other vegetation.
References
^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
^ Stokoe, W.J. The Observer's Book of Wild Flowers (1965 ed.). Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd. p. 87.
^ "Lathyrus pratensis". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
^ Clarke, S. A.; Green, D. G.; Joy, J.; Wollen, K.; Butler, I. (2011-04-01). "Leptidea sinapis (Wood White butterfly) egg-laying habitat and adult dispersal studies in Herefordshire". Journal of Insect Conservation. 15 (1-2): 23–35. doi:10.1007/s10841-010-9300-8. ISSN 1366-638X.
^ a b "Meadow vetchling: Lathyrus pratentensis". NatureGate. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
^ ILDIS: International Legume Database and Information System, retrieved 3 June 2015
External links
Media related to Lathyrus pratensis at Wikimedia Commons
Plants For A Future: Lathyrus pratensis
More photos
Taxon identifiersLathyrus pratensis
Wikidata: Q161639
Wikispecies: Lathyrus pratensis
APDB: 70784
BioLib: 39996
CoL: 3SKZJ
EoL: 703180
EPPO: LTHPR
EUNIS: 171355
FNA: 200012185
FoC: 200012185
GBIF: 5356701
GRIN: 21607
iNaturalist: 125787
IPA: 40123
IPNI: 501954-1
IRMNG: 10418962
ISC: 115158
ITIS: 25874
IUCN: 120075014
MichiganFlora: 1312
NatureServe: 2.145985
NBN: NBNSYS0000003301
NCBI: 254779
NZOR: 87ea540f-96d9-4408-8603-fbd46f5b3f32
NZPCN: 3379
Observation.org: 6956
Open Tree of Life: 1018594
PalDat: Lathyrus_pratensis
PFI: 2484
Plant List: ild-7773
PLANTS: LAPR
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:501954-1
RHS: 9861
Tropicos: 13021685
VASCAN: 5755
WisFlora: 4021
WFO: wfo-0000212701
Authority control databases: National
Czech Republic
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BSBI07-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"legume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legume"},{"link_name":"flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower"},{"link_name":"pollinated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollination"},{"link_name":"bees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee"},{"link_name":"perennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_plant"},{"link_name":"Leptidea sinapis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptidea_sinapis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Lathyrus pratensis or meadow vetchling,[1] yellow pea,[2] meadow pea[3] and meadow pea-vine, is a perennial legume that grows to 1.2 m in height.The hermaphrodite flowers are pollinated by bees. As a perennial, this plant reproduces itself over many years, spreading out from the point it was introduced, especially in damp grassy areas. This plant has been propagated in the past as animal fodder.Lathyrus pratensis is also a host plant for ovipositioning of the wood white butterfly (Leptidea sinapis).[4]","title":"Lathyrus pratensis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stipules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipule"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NatureGate-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(MHNT)_Lathyrus_pratensis_-_Inflorescence.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lathyrus_pratensis_flowers_-_Keila.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20130525Lathyrus_latifolius5.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lathyrus_pratensis_IP0706078.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lapr_002_shp_(Lathyrus_prantensis_seeds).jpg"}],"text":"Meadow vetchling is a perennial plant with a limp, unwinged stem that grows to 25 to 60 cm (10 to 24 in) and is erect and hairy. The leaves are alternate with short stalks and large stipules. The leaf blades are pinnate with a single pair of broad lanceolate leaflets with blunt tips, entire margins and a terminal unbranched tendril. The inflorescence has a long stem and a cluster of five to twelve yellow flowers, each 10 to 16 mm (0.4 to 0.6 in) long. These have five sepals and five petals and are irregular. The uppermost petal is known as the \"standard\", the lateral two as the \"wings\" and the lowest two are joined to form the \"keel\". There are ten stamens and a single carpel. The fruit is a long black pod. This plant flowers from June to August.[5]Inflorescence\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA close-up of the flowers\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVigorous green growth\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tYoung fruit\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSeeds","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NatureGate-5"}],"text":"Meadow vetchling is native to Europe and Asia, but has been introduced to other parts of the world.[6] In the United States, this plant is found primarily in the northwestern states of Oregon and Alaska. Its typical habitat is rough grassy places, broad-leaved woodland, forest margins, hedgerows and banks where it uses its tendrils to clamber over other vegetation.[5]","title":"Distribution and habitat"}]
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[{"reference":"BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150626140254/http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls","url_text":"BSBI List 2007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_Society_of_Britain_and_Ireland","url_text":"Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland"},{"url":"https://bsbi.org/download/3542/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stokoe, W.J. The Observer's Book of Wild Flowers (1965 ed.). Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd. p. 87.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Lathyrus pratensis\". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 3 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=21607","url_text":"\"Lathyrus pratensis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network","url_text":"Germplasm Resources Information Network"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service","url_text":"Agricultural Research Service"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture","url_text":"United States Department of Agriculture"}]},{"reference":"\"Meadow vetchling: Lathyrus pratentensis\". NatureGate. Retrieved 2013-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.luontoportti.com/suomi/en/kukkakasvit/meadow-vetchling","url_text":"\"Meadow vetchling: Lathyrus pratentensis\""}]},{"reference":"ILDIS: International Legume Database and Information System, retrieved 3 June 2015","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?genus=Lathyrus&species=pratensis","url_text":"ILDIS: International Legume Database and Information System"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Goddess
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List of earth deities
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["1 African mythology","1.1 Akan mythology","1.2 Aksumite","1.3 Bakongo religion","1.4 Egyptian mythology","1.5 Igbo mythology","1.6 Malagasy mythology","1.7 Yoruba mythology","2 American mythology","2.1 Aztec mythology","2.2 Haudenosaunee mythology","2.3 Inca mythology","2.4 Inuit mythology","2.5 Lakota mythology","2.6 Lucumi","2.7 Mapuche","2.8 Southwestern","3 Asian mythology","3.1 Ainu mythology","3.2 Anatolian mythology","3.3 Chinese mythology","3.4 Gondi mythology","3.5 Hittite mythology","3.6 Hindu mythology","3.7 Buddhist mythology","3.8 Meitei mythology","3.9 Sumerian mythology","3.10 Thai mythology","3.11 Turkic and Mongolian mythology","3.12 Vedic religion","3.13 Vietnamese","4 European mythology","4.1 Albanian mythology","4.2 Baltic mythology","4.3 Celtic mythology","4.4 Etruscan mythology","4.5 Finnish mythology","4.6 Georgian mythology","4.7 Germanic mythology","4.8 Greek mythology","4.9 Latvian mythology","4.10 Lithuanian mythology","4.11 Roman mythology","4.12 Romanian","4.13 Slavic mythology","5 Oceanian mythology","5.1 Hawaiian mythology","5.2 Maori mythology","6 Western Asian mythology","6.1 Levantine mythology","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
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Statue of Deity of Earth and Soil in Polytheism left - Statue dìguān dàdì (Three Great Emperor-Officials), in Taoism and Chinese folk religion in Magongsānguān shrine (澎湖三官殿) Magong Penghu, Taiwan and right - Geb in Ancient Egyptian religion
Painting in Yuan dynasty of Goddess Dimǔ Niángniáng with attendant, in Taoism and Chinese folk religion at Yongle Palace Temple (永樂宮) of Ruicheng, Shanxi Province, ChinaStatue of syncretic Goddess Persephone - Isis with a sistrum, Heraklion Archaeological Museum, Heraklion, Crete
This is a list of earth deities. An Earth god or Earth goddess is a deification of the Earth associated with a figure with chthonic or terrestrial attributes. There are many different Earth goddesses and gods in many different cultures mythology. However, Earth is usually portrayed as a goddess. Earth goddesses are often associated with the chthonic deities of the underworld.
In Greek mythology, the Earth is personified as Gaia, corresponding to Roman Terra, Indic Prithvi/Bhūmi, etc. traced to an "Earth Mother" complementary to the "Sky Father" in Proto-Indo-European religion. Egyptian mythology have the sky goddesses, Nut and Hathor, with the earth gods, Osiris and Geb. Ki and Ninhursag are Mesopotamian earth goddesses.
African mythology
Akan mythology
Asase Yaa, the goddess of the harsh earth, Truth and Mother of the Dead. An ancient religious figure worshipped by the indigenous Akan people of the Guinea Coast, Asase/Yaa is also known as Aberewa which is Akan for "Old Woman". Not only is she an Earth Goddess she also represents procreation, truth, love, fertility, peace, and the earth of the Akan.
Asase Afua, the Goddess of the lush earth, fertility, love, procreation and farming
Aksumite
Medr/Meder, Ethiopian, Aksumite, Earth god
Bakongo religion
Nzambici, the God of Essence, the Earth and Sky Mother, mother of all animals
Egyptian mythology
Geb, god of the earth, vegetation, earthquakes, and snakes; "God of Earth and Land"
Igbo mythology
Ala, alusi of the earth, morality, fertility, and creativity
Malagasy mythology
Ratovantany, Malagasy deity that shaped humans from clay and takes their corpses after death
Yoruba mythology
Babalú-Ayé, orisha of the earth, healing, smallpox, respect for the elderly
American mythology
Aztec mythology
Tlaltecuhtli, the earth deity whose body created the world
Tezcatlipoca, Aztec deity associated with the earth, the night sky, the night winds, hurricanes, the north, obsidian, enmity, discord, rulership, divination, temptation, jaguars, sorcery, beauty, war and strife.
Haudenosaunee mythology
Atsi tsien ke:ion (pronunciation Ageejenguyuon) meaning Mature flower - Sky woman who fell from the sky and created North America on the back of a turtle.
Hah-nu-nah, the turtle that bears the world.
Inca mythology
Apu, a deity of the mountains
Mama Pacha, the goddess of the earth
Pachamama
Inuit mythology
Alignak, in Inuit mythology, a lunar deity, but also god of earthquakes, as well as weather, water, tides, and eclipses
Lakota mythology
Maka-akaŋ, the earth goddess
Lucumi
Aganju, in Cuba, is a volcano deity for the practitioners of the Lucumi, Santeria religion
Mapuche
Trengtrengfilu, Mapuche god of Earth and Fertility
Southwestern
Spider Grandmother
Asian mythology
Ainu mythology
Cikap-kamuy, god of owls and the earth
Anatolian mythology
Cybele, mother goddess of the earth
Chinese mythology
Houtu, goddess of the earth
Tudigong or Tu Di Gong', local god of the earth in Taoism and Chinese folk religion, "God of Earth and Land"
dìguān dàdì (Three Great Emperor-Officials), in Taoism and Chinese folk religion, "Emperor God of Earth and Land"
Na Tuk Kong, in Taoism and Chinese folk religion of Malaysian Chinese - Peranakans and Chinese Indonesians, "Tutelary deity of Earth and Land"
Gondi mythology
Bhivsen or Bhimal, god of the earth
Bhum, goddess of the earth and mother of humanity
Hittite mythology
Sarruma, god of the mountains
Ubelluris, mountain god who bears the world in his shoulders
Hindu mythology
Bhumi, goddess of the earth
Dharā Hindu Vasu god representing the earth and the element earth
Prithvi, goddess of the earth
Buddhist mythology
Kṣitigarbha, "bodhisattva of Earth and Land"
Vasudhara, goddess
Meitei mythology
In Meitei mythology and religion:
Leimarel Sidabi, goddess of the earth, creation, nature, and the household
Panthoibi
Phouoibi
Sumerian mythology
Ki, goddess of the earth
Ninhursag, mother goddess of the earth, fertility, mountains, and rulers
Šumugan, in Sumerian mythology, god of the river plains, given charge by the god Enki over the flat alluvial lands of southern Mesopotamia
Nuska vizier of the chief Sumerian god Enlil but later associated with Nippur ("Enlil City") as the god of the earth
Enten, Sumerian fertility deity identified with the abundance of the earth
Enlil (𒀭𒂗𒆤), ancient Mesopotamian god associated with wind, air, earth, and storms
Enki (𒂗𒆠), Sumerian god, literal translation "Lord of the Earth"
Emesh, Sumerian god created at the wish of Enlil to take responsibility on earth for woods, fields, sheepfolds, and stables
Thai mythology
Phra Mae Thorani, goddess of the earth who stopped the demons from attacking the Buddha.
Phra Bhum Chaiya mongkol (พระภูมิชัยมงคล - Bhummaso), "Tutelary deity of Earth and Land" in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and myanmar
Phra Mae Thorani and Phra Nang Bhum Chaiya (พระนางภูมิไชยา - Bhummaso), "Tutelary goddess of Earth and Land" in Thailand, Cambodia , Laos and myanmar
Turkic and Mongolian mythology
Etugen Eke, goddess of the earth
Umay (Eje)
Vedic religion
In Historical Vedic religion:
Prithvi
Vietnamese
Ông Địa, is the earth god who governs the land
Ông Tà, the god who governs the fields and gardens
Mẫu Địa
Diêu Trì Địa Mẫu
Bà Thổ
Hậu Thổ
European mythology
Albanian mythology
Zonja e Dheut, Dheu: goddess of the earth, great mother earth, respectively
Baltic mythology
Žemyna, goddess of the earth
Celtic mythology
Danu, ancient goddess of the earth
Etruscan mythology
Cel, goddess of the earth
Finnish mythology
Akka, goddess of the earth
Georgian mythology
Mindort-batoni, god of the mountains
Germanic mythology
Jörð, goddess of the earth
Nerthus, earth goddess
Skaði, goddess of the mountains and winter
Sif, goddess of the earth
Greek mythology
Demeter, goddess of the harvest, sacred law, and the earth
Gaia, primordial goddess of the earth. She was one of the earliest elemental deities, having been created at the beginning of time. It was thought that all creation is descended from Gaia, the great mother of all things. According to Greek mythology, she was the creator of the universe and was responsible for the birth of both humanity and the first race of gods the Titans.
Cronus, god of the harvest.
Poseidon, one of the Twelve Olympians in ancient Greek religion and myth; god of the sea and other waters, earthquakes and horses.
Cybele
Persephone
Rhea
Latvian mythology
Zemes māte
Māra
Lithuanian mythology
Žemyna
Roman mythology
Ceres, goddess of the harvest, motherhood, and the earth
Terra, ancient goddess of the earth
Ops
Proserpina
Romanian
Muma Pădurii, Mama Gaia
Slavic mythology
Mat Zemlya, ancient goddess of the earth
Mokosh, goddess of fertility, moisture, women, the earth, and death. One of the oldest and only goddess in the slavic religion, Old Kievan pantheon of AD 980 mentions Mokoš, which survives in East Slavic folk traditions. Known as a woman who in the evening spins flax and wool, shears sheep, and has a large head and long arms.
Troglav, deity in Slavic mythology whose three heads were believed to represent sky, earth and the underworld.
Veles, horned god of the underworld, water, the earth, wealth, and cattle
Volos, Slavic god of earth, waters, and the underworld.
Oceanian mythology
Hawaiian mythology
Papahānaumoku, goddess of the earth
Maori mythology
Papa, or Papatūānuku, goddess of the earth
Rūaumoko, in Māori mythology, god of earthquakes, volcanoes and seasons.
Western Asian mythology
Levantine mythology
Amurru, Amorite deity, occasionally called "lord of the steppe" or "lord of the mountain"
See also
Earth in culture
Earth symbol
Ekendriya
Mother Earth
Mother Nature
List of fertility deities
References
^ "Definition of EARTH GODDESS". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2017-06-20.
^ "รู้จักกับ "พระภูมิทั้ง 9" คู่บ้าน คู่เมืองชาวสยาม! เทวดาผู้ดูแลเรือกสวนไร่นาป่าเขา บูชาตามประเพณี คุ้มครองป้องภัย พลิกร้ายกลายดี". 29 August 2017.
^ Šmits, Pēteris (1918). Latviešu Mitoloģija (PDF) (in Latvian). Latviesu rakstnieku un makslinieku biedriba. pp. 14–15. OCLC 12301101 – via dom.lndb.lv. Other editions: OCLC 12301047, 776694498, 276876979; Reprinted: ISBN 9789955591085
^ Paliepa, Jānis (2011). The origin of the Baltic and Vedic languages: Baltic mythology ; Interdisciplinary treatise. Bloomington, IN, US: Author House. pp. 46, 52. ISBN 9781456729028. OCLC 1124421252, 890769223.
^ Jānis, Tupešu (Fall 1987). "The Ancient Latvian Religion — Dievturība". LITUANUS: Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Arts and Sciences. 33 (3). Chicago, IL, US: LITUANUS Foundation. ISSN 0024-5089. OCLC 561497100.
^ Te Papa. "Ruaumoko - God of Earthquakes". Wellington, New Zealand: Earthquake Commission. Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
^ McSaveney, Eileen (2 March 2009). "Historic earthquakes - Earthquakes in Māori tradition". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: Manatū Taonga | Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
^ Beaulieu, Paul-Alain. "The God Amurru as Emblem of Ethnic and Cultural Identity". In: Ethnicity in Ancient Mesopotamia (W. van Soldt, R. Kalvelagen, and D. Katz, eds.) Papers Read at the 48th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Leiden, July 1–4, 2002. PIHANS 102. Nederlands: Instituut voor her Nabije Oosten, 2005. pp. 31-46.
External links
Billington, Sandra; Green, Miranda (1998). Concept of the Goddess. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781134641512. OCLC 51912602, 252768704 – via Google Books preview.
vteLists of mythological figuresBy geography
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By association
Agriculture
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Liminal
Love and Lust
Moon
List
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Category
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_image"},{"link_name":"Deity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deity"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"Soil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil"},{"link_name":"Polytheism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytheism"},{"link_name":"Statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_image"},{"link_name":"dìguān dàdì","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Great_Emperor-Officials"},{"link_name":"Three Great Emperor-Officials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Great_Emperor-Officials"},{"link_name":"Taoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism"},{"link_name":"Chinese folk religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion"},{"link_name":"Magongs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magong"},{"link_name":"Magong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magong"},{"link_name":"Penghu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghu"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Geb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geb"},{"link_name":"Ancient Egyptian religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E7%A5%9E%E5%83%8F%EF%BD%9C%E6%BE%8E%E6%B9%96%E4%B8%89%E5%AE%98%E6%AE%BF%EF%BC%8E%E5%9C%B0%E5%AE%98%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geb_-_God_of_the_Earth.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%85%83_%E9%A9%AC%E5%90%9B%E7%A5%A5%E7%AD%89_%E6%9C%9D%E5%85%83%E5%9B%BE%EF%BC%88%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%90%E5%AE%AB%E4%B8%89%E6%B8%85%E6%AE%BF%E5%A3%81%E7%94%BB%EF%BC%89%E5%88%86%E6%AE%B52.tif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AMI_-_Isis-Persephone.jpg"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"chthonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chthonic"},{"link_name":"mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythology"},{"link_name":"goddess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddess"},{"link_name":"underworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underworld"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Greek mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"Gaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Terra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Prithvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithvi"},{"link_name":"Bhūmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C5%ABmi"},{"link_name":"Earth Mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%CA%B0%C3%A9%C7%B5%CA%B0%C5%8Dm"},{"link_name":"Sky Father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyeus"},{"link_name":"Proto-Indo-European religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion"},{"link_name":"Egyptian mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_mythology"},{"link_name":"sky goddesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_goddess"},{"link_name":"Nut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_(goddess)"},{"link_name":"Hathor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hathor"},{"link_name":"Osiris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osiris"},{"link_name":"Geb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geb"},{"link_name":"Ki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki_(goddess)"},{"link_name":"Ninhursag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninhursag"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian"}],"text":"Statue of Deity of Earth and Soil in Polytheism left - Statue dìguān dàdì (Three Great Emperor-Officials), in Taoism and Chinese folk religion in Magongsānguān shrine (澎湖三官殿) Magong Penghu, Taiwan and right - Geb in Ancient Egyptian religionPainting in Yuan dynasty of Goddess Dimǔ Niángniáng with attendant, in Taoism and Chinese folk religion at Yongle Palace Temple (永樂宮) of Ruicheng, Shanxi Province, ChinaStatue of syncretic Goddess Persephone - Isis with a sistrum, Heraklion Archaeological Museum, Heraklion, CreteThis is a list of earth deities. An Earth god or Earth goddess is a deification of the Earth associated with a figure with chthonic or terrestrial attributes. There are many different Earth goddesses and gods in many different cultures mythology. However, Earth is usually portrayed as a goddess. Earth goddesses are often associated with the chthonic deities of the underworld.[1]In Greek mythology, the Earth is personified as Gaia, corresponding to Roman Terra, Indic Prithvi/Bhūmi, etc. traced to an \"Earth Mother\" complementary to the \"Sky Father\" in Proto-Indo-European religion. Egyptian mythology have the sky goddesses, Nut and Hathor, with the earth gods, Osiris and Geb. Ki and Ninhursag are Mesopotamian earth goddesses.","title":"List of earth deities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"African mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Asase Yaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asase_Ya/Afua"},{"link_name":"Guinea Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea_(region)"},{"link_name":"Asase/Yaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asase_Ya/Afua"},{"link_name":"Aberewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asase_Ya/Afua"},{"link_name":"Akan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akan_people"},{"link_name":"Asase Afua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asase_Ya/Afua"}],"sub_title":"Akan mythology","text":"Asase Yaa, the goddess of the harsh earth, Truth and Mother of the Dead. An ancient religious figure worshipped by the indigenous Akan people of the Guinea Coast, Asase/Yaa is also known as Aberewa which is Akan for \"Old Woman\". Not only is she an Earth Goddess she also represents procreation, truth, love, fertility, peace, and the earth of the Akan.\nAsase Afua, the Goddess of the lush earth, fertility, love, procreation and farming","title":"African mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Medr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian, Aksumite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum#Religion"}],"sub_title":"Aksumite","text":"Medr/Meder, Ethiopian, Aksumite, Earth god","title":"African mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nzambici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nzambici"}],"sub_title":"Bakongo religion","text":"Nzambici, the God of Essence, the Earth and Sky Mother, mother of all animals","title":"African mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geb"}],"sub_title":"Egyptian mythology","text":"Geb, god of the earth, vegetation, earthquakes, and snakes; \"God of Earth and Land\"","title":"African mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala_(odinani)"},{"link_name":"alusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alusi"}],"sub_title":"Igbo mythology","text":"Ala, alusi of the earth, morality, fertility, and creativity","title":"African mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ratovantany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratovantany"},{"link_name":"Malagasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malagasy_mythology"}],"sub_title":"Malagasy mythology","text":"Ratovantany, Malagasy deity that shaped humans from clay and takes their corpses after death","title":"African mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Babalú-Ayé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babal%C3%BA-Ay%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"orisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orisha"}],"sub_title":"Yoruba mythology","text":"Babalú-Ayé, orisha of the earth, healing, smallpox, respect for the elderly","title":"African mythology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"American mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tlaltecuhtli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaltecuhtli"},{"link_name":"Tezcatlipoca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tezcatlipoca"},{"link_name":"Aztec deity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_deity"},{"link_name":"night sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_sky"},{"link_name":"hurricanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricanes"},{"link_name":"obsidian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidian"},{"link_name":"divination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divination"},{"link_name":"jaguars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguars_in_Mesoamerican_cultures"},{"link_name":"war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War"}],"sub_title":"Aztec mythology","text":"Tlaltecuhtli, the earth deity whose body created the world\nTezcatlipoca, Aztec deity associated with the earth, the night sky, the night winds, hurricanes, the north, obsidian, enmity, discord, rulership, divination, temptation, jaguars, sorcery, beauty, war and strife.","title":"American mythology"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Haudenosaunee mythology","text":"Atsi tsien ke:ion (pronunciation Ageejenguyuon) meaning Mature flower - Sky woman who fell from the sky and created North America on the back of a turtle.\nHah-nu-nah, the turtle that bears the world.","title":"American mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Apu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apu_(god)"},{"link_name":"Mama Pacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mama_Pacha"},{"link_name":"Pachamama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachamama"}],"sub_title":"Inca mythology","text":"Apu, a deity of the mountains\nMama Pacha, the goddess of the earth\nPachamama","title":"American mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alignak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alignak"},{"link_name":"Inuit mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit_mythology"},{"link_name":"god of earthquakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=God_of_earthquakes&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Inuit mythology","text":"Alignak, in Inuit mythology, a lunar deity, but also god of earthquakes, as well as weather, water, tides, and eclipses","title":"American mythology"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Lakota mythology","text":"Maka-akaŋ, the earth goddess","title":"American mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aganju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aganju"},{"link_name":"volcano deity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano_deity"},{"link_name":"Lucumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucum%C3%AD_people"},{"link_name":"Santeria religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santeria_religion"}],"sub_title":"Lucumi","text":"Aganju, in Cuba, is a volcano deity for the practitioners of the Lucumi, Santeria religion","title":"American mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trengtrengfilu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trengtrengfilu"},{"link_name":"Mapuche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche"}],"sub_title":"Mapuche","text":"Trengtrengfilu, Mapuche god of Earth and Fertility","title":"American mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spider Grandmother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_Grandmother"}],"sub_title":"Southwestern","text":"Spider Grandmother","title":"American mythology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Asian mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cikap-kamuy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cikap-kamuy"}],"sub_title":"Ainu mythology","text":"Cikap-kamuy, god of owls and the earth","title":"Asian mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cybele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybele"}],"sub_title":"Anatolian mythology","text":"Cybele, mother goddess of the earth","title":"Asian mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houtu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houtu"},{"link_name":"Tudigong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudigong"},{"link_name":"Tu Di Gong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu_Di_Gong"},{"link_name":"Taoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism"},{"link_name":"Chinese folk religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion"},{"link_name":"dìguān dàdì","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Great_Emperor-Officials"},{"link_name":"Three Great Emperor-Officials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Great_Emperor-Officials"},{"link_name":"Taoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism"},{"link_name":"Chinese folk religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion"},{"link_name":"Na Tuk Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Tuk_Kong"},{"link_name":"Taoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism"},{"link_name":"Chinese folk religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion"},{"link_name":"Malaysian Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Peranakans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peranakans"},{"link_name":"Chinese Indonesians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians"},{"link_name":"Tutelary deity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutelary_deity"}],"sub_title":"Chinese mythology","text":"Houtu, goddess of the earth\nTudigong or Tu Di Gong', local god of the earth in Taoism and Chinese folk religion, \"God of Earth and Land\"\ndìguān dàdì (Three Great Emperor-Officials), in Taoism and Chinese folk religion, \"Emperor God of Earth and Land\"\nNa Tuk Kong, in Taoism and Chinese folk religion of Malaysian Chinese - Peranakans and Chinese Indonesians, \"Tutelary deity of Earth and Land\"","title":"Asian mythology"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gondi mythology","text":"Bhivsen or Bhimal, god of the earth\nBhum, goddess of the earth and mother of humanity","title":"Asian mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sarruma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarruma"},{"link_name":"Ubelluris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubelluris"}],"sub_title":"Hittite mythology","text":"Sarruma, god of the mountains\nUbelluris, mountain god who bears the world in his shoulders","title":"Asian mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bhumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)"},{"link_name":"Dharā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhar%C4%81"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Vasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasu"},{"link_name":"Prithvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithvi"}],"sub_title":"Hindu mythology","text":"Bhumi, goddess of the earth\nDharā Hindu Vasu god representing the earth and the element earth\nPrithvi, goddess of the earth","title":"Asian mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kṣitigarbha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha"},{"link_name":"bodhisattva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva"},{"link_name":"Vasudhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasudhara"}],"sub_title":"Buddhist mythology","text":"Kṣitigarbha, \"bodhisattva of Earth and Land\"\nVasudhara, goddess","title":"Asian mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meitei mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitei_mythology"},{"link_name":"religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanamahism"},{"link_name":"Leimarel Sidabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leimarel_Sidabi"},{"link_name":"Panthoibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthoibi"},{"link_name":"Phouoibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phouoibi"}],"sub_title":"Meitei mythology","text":"In Meitei mythology and religion:Leimarel Sidabi, goddess of the earth, creation, nature, and the household\nPanthoibi\nPhouoibi","title":"Asian mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki_(goddess)"},{"link_name":"Ninhursag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninhursag"},{"link_name":"Šumugan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0umugan"},{"link_name":"Sumerian mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_religion"},{"link_name":"Enki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Nuska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuska"},{"link_name":"Sumerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer"},{"link_name":"Enlil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlil"},{"link_name":"Nippur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippur"},{"link_name":"Enten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enten"},{"link_name":"Sumerian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_religion"},{"link_name":"fertility deity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_deity"},{"link_name":"Enlil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlil"},{"link_name":"ancient Mesopotamian god","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities"},{"link_name":"Enki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki"},{"link_name":"Sumerian god","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_religion"},{"link_name":"Emesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emesh"},{"link_name":"Sumerian god","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_god"},{"link_name":"Enlil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlil"}],"sub_title":"Sumerian mythology","text":"Ki, goddess of the earth\nNinhursag, mother goddess of the earth, fertility, mountains, and rulers\nŠumugan, in Sumerian mythology, god of the river plains, given charge by the god Enki over the flat alluvial lands of southern Mesopotamia\nNuska vizier of the chief Sumerian god Enlil but later associated with Nippur (\"Enlil City\") as the god of the earth\nEnten, Sumerian fertility deity identified with the abundance of the earth\nEnlil (𒀭𒂗𒆤), ancient Mesopotamian god associated with wind, air, earth, and storms\nEnki (𒂗𒆠), Sumerian god, literal translation \"Lord of the Earth\"\nEmesh, Sumerian god created at the wish of Enlil to take responsibility on earth for woods, fields, sheepfolds, and stables","title":"Asian mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phra Mae Thorani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phra_Mae_Thorani"},{"link_name":"Bhummaso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhummaso"},{"link_name":"Tutelary deity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutelary_deity"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_folk_religion"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Laos"},{"link_name":"myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion"},{"link_name":"Phra Mae Thorani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phra_Mae_Thorani"},{"link_name":"Bhummaso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhummaso"},{"link_name":"Tutelary goddess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutelary_deity"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_folk_religion"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Laos"},{"link_name":"myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion"}],"sub_title":"Thai mythology","text":"Phra Mae Thorani, goddess of the earth who stopped the demons from attacking the Buddha.\nPhra Bhum Chaiya mongkol (พระภูมิชัยมงคล - Bhummaso), \"Tutelary deity of Earth and Land\"[2] in Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and myanmar\nPhra Mae Thorani and Phra Nang Bhum Chaiya (พระนางภูมิไชยา - Bhummaso), \"Tutelary goddess of Earth and Land\" in Thailand, Cambodia , Laos and myanmar","title":"Asian mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Etugen Eke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etugen_Eke"},{"link_name":"Umay (Eje)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umay"}],"sub_title":"Turkic and Mongolian mythology","text":"Etugen Eke, goddess of the earth\nUmay (Eje)","title":"Asian mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Historical Vedic religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion"},{"link_name":"Prithvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithvi"}],"sub_title":"Vedic religion","text":"In Historical Vedic religion:Prithvi","title":"Asian mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ông Địa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%94ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ông Tà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%94ng_T%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mẫu Địa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%ABu_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba"},{"link_name":"Diêu Trì Địa Mẫu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Di%C3%AAu_Tr%C3%AC_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Ba_M%E1%BA%ABu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bà Thổ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%A0_Th%E1%BB%95&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hậu Thổ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BA%ADu_Th%E1%BB%95&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Vietnamese","text":"Ông Địa, is the earth god who governs the land\nÔng Tà, the god who governs the fields and gardens\nMẫu Địa\nDiêu Trì Địa Mẫu\nBà Thổ\nHậu Thổ","title":"Asian mythology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"European mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zonja e Dheut, Dheu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonja_e_Dheut"}],"sub_title":"Albanian mythology","text":"Zonja e Dheut, Dheu: goddess of the earth, great mother earth, respectively","title":"European mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Žemyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDemyna"}],"sub_title":"Baltic mythology","text":"Žemyna, goddess of the earth","title":"European mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danu_(Irish_goddess)"}],"sub_title":"Celtic mythology","text":"Danu, ancient goddess of the earth","title":"European mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cel_(goddess)"}],"sub_title":"Etruscan mythology","text":"Cel, goddess of the earth","title":"European mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Akka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akka_(spirit)"}],"sub_title":"Finnish mythology","text":"Akka, goddess of the earth","title":"European mythology"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Georgian mythology","text":"Mindort-batoni, god of the mountains","title":"European mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jörð","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0"},{"link_name":"Nerthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerthus"},{"link_name":"Skaði","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska%C3%B0i"},{"link_name":"Sif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sif"}],"sub_title":"Germanic mythology","text":"Jörð, goddess of the earth\nNerthus, earth goddess\nSkaði, goddess of the mountains and winter\nSif, goddess of the earth","title":"European mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Demeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demeter"},{"link_name":"Gaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia"},{"link_name":"deities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deity"},{"link_name":"Greek mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe"},{"link_name":"Titans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titans"},{"link_name":"Cronus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronus"},{"link_name":"Poseidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poseidon"},{"link_name":"Twelve Olympians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Olympians"},{"link_name":"ancient Greek religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"Cybele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybele"},{"link_name":"Persephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persephone"},{"link_name":"Rhea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhea_(mythology)"}],"sub_title":"Greek mythology","text":"Demeter, goddess of the harvest, sacred law, and the earth\nGaia, primordial goddess of the earth. She was one of the earliest elemental deities, having been created at the beginning of time. It was thought that all creation is descended from Gaia, the great mother of all things. According to Greek mythology, she was the creator of the universe and was responsible for the birth of both humanity and the first race of gods the Titans.\nCronus, god of the harvest.\nPoseidon, one of the Twelve Olympians in ancient Greek religion and myth; god of the sea and other waters, earthquakes and horses.\nCybele\nPersephone\nRhea","title":"European mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zemes māte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemes_m%C4%81te"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smits_1918_pp._14%E2%80%9315-3"},{"link_name":"Māra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ra"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paliepa_2011_pp._46,_52-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J%C4%81nis_1987-5"}],"sub_title":"Latvian mythology","text":"Zemes māte[3]\nMāra[4][5]","title":"European mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Žemyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDemyna"}],"sub_title":"Lithuanian mythology","text":"Žemyna","title":"European mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ceres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Terra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_(goddess)"},{"link_name":"Ops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ops"},{"link_name":"Proserpina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proserpina"}],"sub_title":"Roman mythology","text":"Ceres, goddess of the harvest, motherhood, and the earth\nTerra, ancient goddess of the earth\nOps\nProserpina","title":"European mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muma Pădurii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muma_P%C4%83durii"}],"sub_title":"Romanian","text":"Muma Pădurii, Mama Gaia","title":"European mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mat Zemlya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat_Zemlya"},{"link_name":"Mokosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokosh"},{"link_name":"pantheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome"},{"link_name":"Mokoš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokosh"},{"link_name":"Troglav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troglav_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Slavic mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_mythology"},{"link_name":"underworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underworld"},{"link_name":"Veles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veles_(god)"},{"link_name":"Volos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volos_(god)"},{"link_name":"Slavic god","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_god"},{"link_name":"underworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underworld"}],"sub_title":"Slavic mythology","text":"Mat Zemlya, ancient goddess of the earth\nMokosh, goddess of fertility, moisture, women, the earth, and death. One of the oldest and only goddess in the slavic religion, Old Kievan pantheon of AD 980 mentions Mokoš, which survives in East Slavic folk traditions. Known as a woman who in the evening spins flax and wool, shears sheep, and has a large head and long arms.\nTroglav, deity in Slavic mythology whose three heads were believed to represent sky, earth and the underworld.\nVeles, horned god of the underworld, water, the earth, wealth, and cattle\nVolos, Slavic god of earth, waters, and the underworld.","title":"European mythology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Oceanian mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Papahānaumoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papah%C4%81naumoku"}],"sub_title":"Hawaiian mythology","text":"Papahānaumoku, goddess of the earth","title":"Oceanian mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Papa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangi_and_Papa"},{"link_name":"Rūaumoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%ABaumoko"},{"link_name":"Māori mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_mythology"},{"link_name":"earthquakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake"},{"link_name":"volcanoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano"},{"link_name":"seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EQC-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TeAraHistoricEarthquakes-7"}],"sub_title":"Maori mythology","text":"Papa, or Papatūānuku, goddess of the earth\nRūaumoko, in Māori mythology, god of earthquakes, volcanoes and seasons.[6][7]","title":"Oceanian mythology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Western Asian mythology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amurru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amurru_(god)"},{"link_name":"Amorite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorite"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Levantine mythology","text":"Amurru, Amorite deity, occasionally called \"lord of the steppe\" or \"lord of the mountain\" [8]","title":"Western Asian mythology"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Earth in culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_in_culture"},{"title":"Earth symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_symbol"},{"title":"Ekendriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekendriya"},{"title":"Mother Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Earth_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Mother Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Nature"},{"title":"List of fertility deities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fertility_deities"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Definition of EARTH GODDESS\". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2017-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/earth%20goddess","url_text":"\"Definition of EARTH GODDESS\""}]},{"reference":"\"รู้จักกับ \"พระภูมิทั้ง 9\" คู่บ้าน คู่เมืองชาวสยาม! เทวดาผู้ดูแลเรือกสวนไร่นาป่าเขา บูชาตามประเพณี คุ้มครองป้องภัย พลิกร้ายกลายดี\". 29 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tnews.co.th/variety/352484","url_text":"\"รู้จักกับ \"พระภูมิทั้ง 9\" คู่บ้าน คู่เมืองชาวสยาม! เทวดาผู้ดูแลเรือกสวนไร่นาป่าเขา บูชาตามประเพณี คุ้มครองป้องภัย พลิกร้ายกลายดี\""}]},{"reference":"Šmits, Pēteris (1918). Latviešu Mitoloģija (PDF) (in Latvian). Latviesu rakstnieku un makslinieku biedriba. pp. 14–15. OCLC 12301101 – via dom.lndb.lv.","urls":[{"url":"https://dom.lndb.lv/data/obj/file/16520805.pdf","url_text":"Latviešu Mitoloģija"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12301101","url_text":"12301101"}]},{"reference":"Paliepa, Jānis (2011). The origin of the Baltic and Vedic languages: Baltic mythology ; Interdisciplinary treatise. Bloomington, IN, US: Author House. pp. 46, 52. ISBN 9781456729028. OCLC 1124421252, 890769223.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8mxZP9834RMC&q=M%C4%81ra","url_text":"The origin of the Baltic and Vedic languages: Baltic mythology ; Interdisciplinary treatise"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781456729028","url_text":"9781456729028"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1124421252","url_text":"1124421252"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/890769223","url_text":"890769223"}]},{"reference":"Jānis, Tupešu (Fall 1987). \"The Ancient Latvian Religion — Dievturība\". LITUANUS: Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Arts and Sciences. 33 (3). Chicago, IL, US: LITUANUS Foundation. ISSN 0024-5089. OCLC 561497100.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lituanus.org/1987/87_3_06.htm","url_text":"\"The Ancient Latvian Religion — Dievturība\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-5089","url_text":"0024-5089"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/561497100","url_text":"561497100"}]},{"reference":"Te Papa. \"Ruaumoko - God of Earthquakes\". Wellington, New Zealand: Earthquake Commission. Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa","url_text":"Te Papa"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120509182933/http://www.eq-iq.co.nz/eq-intro/eq-stories/eq-stories-ruaumoko.aspx","url_text":"\"Ruaumoko - God of Earthquakes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington","url_text":"Wellington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_Commission","url_text":"Earthquake Commission"},{"url":"http://www.eq-iq.co.nz/eq-intro/eq-stories/eq-stories-ruaumoko.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McSaveney, Eileen (2 March 2009). \"Historic earthquakes - Earthquakes in Māori tradition\". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: Manatū Taonga | Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 3 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/historic-earthquakes/1","url_text":"\"Historic earthquakes - Earthquakes in Māori tradition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Ara:_The_Encyclopedia_of_New_Zealand","url_text":"Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington","url_text":"Wellington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage","url_text":"Manatū Taonga | Ministry for Culture and Heritage"}]},{"reference":"Billington, Sandra; Green, Miranda (1998). Concept of the Goddess. London: Routledge. ISBN 9781134641512. OCLC 51912602, 252768704 – via Google Books preview.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_Aldhouse-Green","url_text":"Green, Miranda"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oBiEAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Concept of the Goddess"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134641512","url_text":"9781134641512"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51912602","url_text":"51912602"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/252768704","url_text":"252768704"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_J._Alfaro
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Ricardo J. Alfaro
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["1 Early career","2 Working for the United Nations","3 Academic career","4 Alfaro's legal philosophy","5 References"]
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President of Panama 1931–1932
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Alfaro and the second or maternal family name is Jované.This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ricardo J. Alfaro" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Ricardo J. AlfaroPresident of PanamaIn office16 January 1931 – 5 June 1932DeputyPresidential designatesCarlos Laureano LópezEduardo ChiariPreceded byHarmodio Arias MadridSucceeded byHarmodio Arias Madrid
Personal detailsBornRicardo Joaquín Alfaro Jované(1882-08-20)August 20, 1882Panama CityDiedFebruary 23, 1971(1971-02-23) (aged 88)Panama City
Ricardo Joaquín Alfaro Jované (August 20, 1882 – February 23, 1971) served as 16th President of Panama from January 16, 1931 to June 5, 1932. He belonged to the Liberal Party.
Early career
Alfaro was born in Panama City in 1882.
He began a career in the diplomatic service in 1905 as under-secretary for foreign affairs. He was first assigned to the U.S. in 1912 as legal counselor of the Panamanian legation for the Panama-Costa Rica border dispute. Alfaro was also involved in settling numerous disputes arising from the construction of the Panama Canal. From 1915 to 1918, he was judge of a joint commission between Panama and the United States for settling claims relating to expropriations for the construction of the Canal. Later, in 1934 to 1936 and again, in 1953, Alfaro was involved in critical negotiations relating to Panama–United States relations concerning the Canal.
From 1922 to 1930, and from 1933 to 1936, Alfaro was Panamanian envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the U.S. In 1946, he was appointed Panama's minister of foreign relations; however, he resigned in 1947 to protest a proposed agreement with the U.S. relating to the Panama Canal.
Ricardo J. Alfaro accepts presidency of Panama
He was elected as the first presidential designate by the National Assembly for the term 1928-1930. In 1931, after a revolution in Panama, Alfaro was invited to become his country's president, a position he accepted and held from January 16, 1931 through June 5, 1932. In 1940, he was defeated in the presidential election; however continued to serve his country by helping to draft a new constitution for Panama in 1944.
Working for the United Nations
A significant portion of Alfaro's service to his country related to his work in the United Nations. In 1945, he headed the U.N. Relief and Recovery Administration mission to ten Latin American republics. He was also Panama's delegate to the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco and chairman of the special committee that drafted the Spanish text of the United Nations Charter of 1945.
In 1949, Alfaro was chairman of the legal committee of the Third session of the United Nations General Assembly that drew up the text of the Convention on Genocide. From 1949 to 1953 served as member of the International Law Commission. In that capacity, he promoted the Declaration on the Rights and Duties of States, and his draft became the basis of the version eventually approved by the commission. On June 3, 1949, he was appointed by that commission as rapporteur on the desirability of establishing a permanent court to try persons guilty of genocide.
Academic career
In addition to his governmental and diplomatic experience, Alfaro's professional acumen derived from a background in law. He was formerly a professor of civil and international law in Panamanian universities. He was also a member of the subcommittee that drafted treaties and arbitrated for the Inter-American Conference on Conciliation and Arbitration held in the U.S. in 1929. From 1959 to 1964, Dr. Alfaro was a judge at the International Court of Justice, serving his last three years as vice-president. In 1964, Dr. Alfaro retired from his official duties.
Alfaro was the author of many articles and books on Panama, and was the recipient of numerous awards and citations for a career dedicated to improving conditions both in his country and globally.
Alfaro died in his eighty-ninth year in Panama City on February 23, 1971. He was survived by his wife, Amelia Lyons de Alfaro; three sons, Victor Ricardo of Washington, Ivan Jose of Lima, Peru, and Rogelio Edwin of Panama City; two daughters, Mrs. Frank H. Weller (née Amelia or Amelita Victoria) of Potomac, Maryland, and Mr. H. Cabell Maddux (née Yolanda Maria) of McLean, Virginia; and many grandchildren and greatgrandchildren, among them the singer Nancy Ames, and attorney and TV personality Elbert Alfaro in Miami Lakes, Florida.
Alfaro's legal philosophy
Throughout his activities as professor of law and member of various judicial bodies, Alfaro promoted the notion of universal criminal jurisdiction and government accountability at all levels. An example to that effect can be seen in that during the deliberations on the law of treaties at the ILC, he opposed the notion that an international agreement reached by exchange of notes did not require ratification by the state legislature of the contracting states.
He held the Nuremberg Principles in high esteem and viewed them as an integral part of the principles of world order and world peace.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ricardo J. Alfaro.
References
^ "Reseña Biografica - Ricardo J. Alfaro".
^ Guizado, Fernando Berguido (1987). "La sucesión presidencial en el derecho panameño".
^ "Biografía de Ricardo J. Alfaro" (in Mexican Spanish). 2018-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-22.
^ Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1949, pp. 61ff
^ Declaration on the Rights and Duties of States with Commentary
^ Yearbook of the ILC, 1949, p. 238
^ Yearbook of the ILC, 1950, vol. 1, p. 68
^ Yearbook of the ILC, 1950, vol. 1, p. 150
Political offices
Preceded byHarmodio Arias
President of Panama 1931–1932
Succeeded byHarmodio Arias
vte Presidents and heads of state of Panama
Manuel Amador Guerrero
José Domingo de Obaldía
Carlos Mendoza
Federico Boyd
Pablo Arosemena
Belisario Porras
Ramón Valdés
Ciro Urriola
Pedro Díaz
Belisario Porras
Ernesto Lefevre
Belisario Porras
Rodolfo Chiari
Florencio Arosemena
Harmodio Arias
Ricardo Alfaro
Harmodio Arias
Juan Arosemena
Ezequiel Fernández
Augusto Boyd
Arnulfo Arias
Ricardo de la Guardia
Enrique Jiménez
Domingo Díaz Arosemena
Daniel Chanis
Roberto Chiari
Arnulfo Arias
Alcibíades Arosemena
José Remón
José Ramón Guizado
Ricardo Arias
Ernesto de la Guardia
Roberto Chiari
Marco Aurelio Robles
Arnulfo Arias
José María Pinilla
Demetrio Lakas
Aristides Royo
Ricardo de la Espriella
Jorge Illueca
Nicolás Barletta
Eric Delvalle
Manuel Solís Palma
Francisco Rodríguez
Guillermo Endara
Ernesto Pérez Balladares
Mireya Moscoso
Martín Torrijos
Ricardo Martinelli
Juan Carlos Varela
Laurentino Cortizo
Panama portalCommanders of the Panamanian Defense Forces (1968–1989)
Boris Martínez
Omar Torrijos
Florencio Flores Aguilar
Rubén Darío Paredes
Manuel Noriega
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"President of Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Panama"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Panama)"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Alfaro and the second or maternal family name is Jované.Ricardo Joaquín Alfaro Jované (August 20, 1882 – February 23, 1971) served as 16th President of Panama from January 16, 1931 to June 5, 1932. He belonged to the Liberal Party.","title":"Ricardo J. Alfaro"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panama City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"Panama–United States relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93United_States_relations"},{"link_name":"Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Accepts-presidency-of-panama-dr-ricardo-y-alfaro-panama-minister-to-the-united-1024.jpg"},{"link_name":"the first presidential designate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Panama"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Panama"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Alfaro was born in Panama City in 1882.[1]\nHe began a career in the diplomatic service in 1905 as under-secretary for foreign affairs. He was first assigned to the U.S. in 1912 as legal counselor of the Panamanian legation for the Panama-Costa Rica border dispute. Alfaro was also involved in settling numerous disputes arising from the construction of the Panama Canal. From 1915 to 1918, he was judge of a joint commission between Panama and the United States for settling claims relating to expropriations for the construction of the Canal. Later, in 1934 to 1936 and again, in 1953, Alfaro was involved in critical negotiations relating to Panama–United States relations concerning the Canal.From 1922 to 1930, and from 1933 to 1936, Alfaro was Panamanian envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the U.S. In 1946, he was appointed Panama's minister of foreign relations; however, he resigned in 1947 to protest a proposed agreement with the U.S. relating to the Panama Canal.Ricardo J. Alfaro accepts presidency of PanamaHe was elected as the first presidential designate by the National Assembly for the term 1928-1930.[2] In 1931, after a revolution in Panama, Alfaro was invited to become his country's president, a position he accepted and held from January 16, 1931 through June 5, 1932. In 1940, he was defeated in the presidential election; however continued to serve his country by helping to draft a new constitution for Panama in 1944.[3]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Latin American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"United Nations Conference on International Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_International_Organization"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco,_California"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"United Nations Charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Charter"},{"link_name":"Third session of the United Nations General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_session_of_the_United_Nations_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Convention on Genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Genocide"},{"link_name":"International Law Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Law_Commission"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"A significant portion of Alfaro's service to his country related to his work in the United Nations. In 1945, he headed the U.N. Relief and Recovery Administration mission to ten Latin American republics. He was also Panama's delegate to the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco and chairman of the special committee that drafted the Spanish text of the United Nations Charter of 1945.In 1949, Alfaro was chairman of the legal committee of the Third session of the United Nations General Assembly that drew up the text of the Convention on Genocide. From 1949 to 1953 served as member of the International Law Commission. In that capacity, he promoted the Declaration on the Rights and Duties of States,[4] and his draft became the basis of the version eventually approved by the commission.[5] On June 3, 1949, he was appointed by that commission as rapporteur on the desirability of establishing a permanent court to try persons guilty of genocide.[6]","title":"Working for the United Nations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"International Court of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Panama City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_City"},{"link_name":"Potomac, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potomac,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"McLean, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLean,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Nancy Ames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Ames"}],"text":"In addition to his governmental and diplomatic experience, Alfaro's professional acumen derived from a background in law. He was formerly a professor of civil and international law in Panamanian universities. He was also a member of the subcommittee that drafted treaties and arbitrated for the Inter-American Conference on Conciliation and Arbitration held in the U.S. in 1929. From 1959 to 1964, Dr. Alfaro was a judge at the International Court of Justice, serving his last three years as vice-president. In 1964, Dr. Alfaro retired from his official duties.Alfaro was the author of many articles and books on Panama, and was the recipient of numerous awards and citations for a career dedicated to improving conditions both in his country and globally.Alfaro died in his eighty-ninth year in Panama City on February 23, 1971. He was survived by his wife, Amelia Lyons de Alfaro; three sons, Victor Ricardo of Washington, Ivan Jose of Lima, Peru, and Rogelio Edwin of Panama City; two daughters, Mrs. Frank H. Weller (née Amelia or Amelita Victoria) of Potomac, Maryland, and Mr. H. Cabell Maddux (née Yolanda Maria) of McLean, Virginia; and many grandchildren and greatgrandchildren, among them the singer Nancy Ames, and attorney and TV personality Elbert Alfaro in Miami Lakes, Florida.","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg Principles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Principles"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ricardo J. Alfaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ricardo_J._Alfaro"}],"text":"Throughout his activities as professor of law and member of various judicial bodies, Alfaro promoted the notion of universal criminal jurisdiction and government accountability at all levels. An example to that effect can be seen in that during the deliberations on the law of treaties at the ILC, he opposed the notion that an international agreement reached by exchange of notes did not require ratification by the state legislature of the contracting states.[7]He held the Nuremberg Principles in high esteem and viewed them as an integral part of the principles of world order and world peace.[8]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ricardo J. Alfaro.","title":"Alfaro's legal philosophy"}]
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[{"image_text":"Ricardo J. Alfaro accepts presidency of Panama","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Accepts-presidency-of-panama-dr-ricardo-y-alfaro-panama-minister-to-the-united-1024.jpg/220px-Accepts-presidency-of-panama-dr-ricardo-y-alfaro-panama-minister-to-the-united-1024.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_a_President_(1977_film)
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Death of a President (1977 film)
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["1 Cast","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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1977 Polish film
Death of a PresidentPolish theatrical release posterDirected byJerzy KawalerowiczWritten byJerzy KawalerowiczBolesław MichałekStarringZdzisław MrożewskiCinematographyJerzy ŁukaszewiczWitold SobocińskiEdited byWiesława OtockaMusic byAdam WalacińskiProductioncompanyKADRRelease date
10 October 1977 (1977-10-10)
Running time144 minutesCountryPolandLanguagePolish
Death of a President (Polish: Śmierć prezydenta) is a 1977 Polish drama film directed by Jerzy Kawalerowicz. It was entered into the 28th Berlin International Film Festival, where it won the Silver Bear for an outstanding artistic contribution. The film was also selected as the Polish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 51st Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.
The film depicts the 1922 assassination of the first President of Poland Gabriel Narutowicz by artist and Endecja sympathizer Eligiusz Niewiadomski.
Cast
Zdzisław Mrożewski as president Gabriel Narutowicz
Marek Walczewski as painter Eligiusz Niewiadomski
Henryk Bista as priest Marceli Nowakowski
Czesław Byszewski as Prime Minister Julian Nowak
Jerzy Duszyński as marshall Józef Piłsudski
Edmund Fetting as general Józef Haller
Kazimierz Iwor as Herman Lieberman
Julian Jabczyński as count Stefan Przezdziecki
Zbigniew Kryński as Stanisław Thugutt
Leszek Kubanek as Norbert Barlicki
Włodzimierz Saar as Stanisław Stroński
Jerzy Sagan as Wincenty Witos
Janusz Sykutera as Stanisław Car
Tomasz Zaliwski as Maciej Rataj
Teodor Gendera as Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski
See also
List of submissions to the 51st Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
List of Polish submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
References
^ "Berlinale 1978: Prize Winners". berlinale.de. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
^ Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
External links
Death of a President at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Jerzy Kawalerowicz
Shadow (1956)
The Real End of the Great War (1957)
Night Train (1959)
Mother Joan of the Angels (1961)
Pharaoh (1966)
Death of a President (1977)
Austeria (1983)
The Hostage of Europe (1989)
Za co? (1995)
Quo Vadis (2001)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
This article related to a Polish film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to historical films is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Jerzy Kawalerowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Kawalerowicz"},{"link_name":"28th Berlin International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Silver Bear for an outstanding artistic contribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Bear"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-berlinale-1"},{"link_name":"Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"link_name":"51st Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/51st_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Gabriel_Narutowicz"},{"link_name":"President of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Narutowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Narutowicz"},{"link_name":"Endecja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endecja"},{"link_name":"Eligiusz Niewiadomski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eligiusz_Niewiadomski"}],"text":"Death of a President (Polish: Śmierć prezydenta) is a 1977 Polish drama film directed by Jerzy Kawalerowicz. It was entered into the 28th Berlin International Film Festival, where it won the Silver Bear for an outstanding artistic contribution.[1] The film was also selected as the Polish entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 51st Academy Awards, but was not accepted as a nominee.[2]The film depicts the 1922 assassination of the first President of Poland Gabriel Narutowicz by artist and Endecja sympathizer Eligiusz Niewiadomski.","title":"Death of a President (1977 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zdzisław Mrożewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdzis%C5%82aw_Mro%C5%BCewski"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Narutowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Narutowicz"},{"link_name":"Marek Walczewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marek_Walczewski"},{"link_name":"Eligiusz Niewiadomski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eligiusz_Niewiadomski"},{"link_name":"Henryk Bista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Bista"},{"link_name":"Marceli Nowakowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marceli_Nowakowski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Czesław Byszewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Czes%C5%82aw_Byszewski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Julian Nowak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Nowak"},{"link_name":"Jerzy Duszyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Duszy%C5%84ski_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Józef Piłsudski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski"},{"link_name":"Edmund Fetting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Fetting"},{"link_name":"Józef Haller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Haller"},{"link_name":"Kazimierz Iwor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazimierz_Iwor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Herman Lieberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Lieberman"},{"link_name":"Julian Jabczyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian_Jabczy%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stefan Przezdziecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stefan_Przezdziecki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zbigniew Kryński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zbigniew_Kry%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Thugutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Thugutt"},{"link_name":"Leszek Kubanek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leszek_Kubanek&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Norbert Barlicki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norbert_Barlicki"},{"link_name":"Włodzimierz Saar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W%C5%82odzimierz_Saar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Stroński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Stro%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Jerzy Sagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerzy_Sagan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wincenty Witos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wincenty_Witos"},{"link_name":"Janusz Sykutera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janusz_Sykutera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Car"},{"link_name":"Tomasz Zaliwski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasz_Zaliwski"},{"link_name":"Maciej Rataj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maciej_Rataj"},{"link_name":"Teodor Gendera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teodor_Gendera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Zyndram-Ko%C5%9Bcia%C5%82kowski"}],"text":"Zdzisław Mrożewski as president Gabriel Narutowicz\nMarek Walczewski as painter Eligiusz Niewiadomski\nHenryk Bista as priest Marceli Nowakowski\nCzesław Byszewski as Prime Minister Julian Nowak\nJerzy Duszyński as marshall Józef Piłsudski\nEdmund Fetting as general Józef Haller\nKazimierz Iwor as Herman Lieberman\nJulian Jabczyński as count Stefan Przezdziecki\nZbigniew Kryński as Stanisław Thugutt\nLeszek Kubanek as Norbert Barlicki\nWłodzimierz Saar as Stanisław Stroński\nJerzy Sagan as Wincenty Witos\nJanusz Sykutera as Stanisław Car\nTomasz Zaliwski as Maciej Rataj\nTeodor Gendera as Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski","title":"Cast"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of submissions to the 51st Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_submissions_to_the_51st_Academy_Awards_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"title":"List of Polish submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Polish_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Berlinale 1978: Prize Winners\". berlinale.de. Retrieved 8 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1978/03_preistr_ger_1978/03_Preistraeger_1978.html","url_text":"\"Berlinale 1978: Prize Winners\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bock-a-da-bock
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Bock-a-da-bock
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["1 Origin","2 Technique and use","3 Players","4 Examples of bock-a-da-bock use in charts","5 References"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Bock-a-da-bock" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Bock-a-da-bockClassification
Hand percussion
IdiophoneHornbostel–Sachs classification111.142
The bock-a-da-bock is a musical instrument in the percussion family consisting of two small cymbals attached to each other by a set of metal tongs. They are typically played in a pair by one percussionist, much like the castanets. However, several other instruments of this type are also referred to as bock-a-da-bocks, such as the squash cymbal and the hand-sock cymbal.
Origin
The predecessor of the bock-a-da-bock, the Ludwig Gladstone cymbal, was invented by Billy Gladstone and produced by the Ludwig Drum Company. Both the Ludwig Drum Company and their competitors elaborated upon Gladstone's design and produced a diversity of hand-held cymbals, including the bock-a-da-bock. The bock-a-da-bock is listed as a product of the Ludwig Drum Company in their 1928 catalog.
Technique and use
The bock-a-da-bock is typically played in a pair like castanets, with one set of cymbals in each hand. There are other instruments like the bock-a-da-bock, such as the squash cymbal and hand-sock cymbal in the Ludwig Drum Company line. Though they are similar in construction, each are played differently. The hand-sock cymbal is mounted on spring loaded scissor tongs and is played by squeezing the tongs together. The squash cymbals, which are mounted on a simple fire tong, are held in one hand and hit with a drumstick in the other hand.
Due to recording limitations in the 1920s, the bock-a-da-bock was sometimes used as a substitute for a trap kit. As the trap kit developed into the modern drum kit around the 1930's, the bock-a-da-bock lost favor with the musicians of the time when compared to foot pedal operated hi-hats.
Players
Noteworthy players of the bock-a-da-bock are Kaiser Marshall, who played it on several Fletcher Henderson records, and Zutty Singleton from Louis Armstrong's Hot Five who played a bock-a-da-bock on Armstrong's 1928 recording of "Sugar Foot Strut" (featured prominently in the introduction and ending) and "West End Blues".
Examples of bock-a-da-bock use in charts
"Black and Tan Fantasy" by Duke Ellington (1927)
"Sugar Foot Strut" by Louis Armstrong (1928)
"West End Blues" by Louis Armstrong (1928)
"A Monday Date" by Louis Armstrong (1928)
Video of a squash cymbal bock-a-da-bock
References
^ a b Bally (April 22, 2019). "Instruments #4: The 'Bock-A-Da-Bock' or Hand Cymbal, 1927-9". Drums In The Twenties. Retrieved 2022-09-13.
^ Aldridge, John (1994). Guide to Vintage Drums. Centerstream Pub. p. 23. ISBN 9780931759796.
^ a b Brennan, Matt (2020). Kick It: A Social History of the Drum Kit. Oxford University Press. p. 91. ISBN 9780190683863.
^ A Student's Guide to AS Music by Paul Terry and David Bowman. Rhinegold Publishing LTD, 2005; ISBN 978-0-946890-90-3
vtePercussion instrumentsList of percussion instrumentsList of percussion instruments by typePitched percussionKeyboard percussion
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical instrument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument"},{"link_name":"percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument"},{"link_name":"castanets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castanets"}],"text":"The bock-a-da-bock is a musical instrument in the percussion family consisting of two small cymbals attached to each other by a set of metal tongs. They are typically played in a pair by one percussionist, much like the castanets. However, several other instruments of this type are also referred to as bock-a-da-bocks, such as the squash cymbal and the hand-sock cymbal.","title":"Bock-a-da-bock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billy Gladstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Gladstone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Twenties-1"}],"text":"The predecessor of the bock-a-da-bock, the Ludwig Gladstone cymbal, was invented by Billy Gladstone and produced by the Ludwig Drum Company. Both the Ludwig Drum Company and their competitors elaborated upon Gladstone's design and produced a diversity of hand-held cymbals, including the bock-a-da-bock. The bock-a-da-bock is listed as a product of the Ludwig Drum Company in their 1928 catalog.[1]","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Twenties-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The bock-a-da-bock is typically played in a pair like castanets, with one set of cymbals in each hand. There are other instruments like the bock-a-da-bock, such as the squash cymbal and hand-sock cymbal in the Ludwig Drum Company line. Though they are similar in construction, each are played differently. The hand-sock cymbal is mounted on spring loaded scissor tongs and is played by squeezing the tongs together. The squash cymbals, which are mounted on a simple fire tong, are held in one hand and hit with a drumstick in the other hand.[1]Due to recording limitations in the 1920s, the bock-a-da-bock was sometimes used as a substitute for a trap kit. As the trap kit developed into the modern drum kit around the 1930's, the bock-a-da-bock lost favor with the musicians of the time when compared to foot pedal operated hi-hats.[2]","title":"Technique and use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaiser Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser_Marshall"},{"link_name":"Fletcher Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher_Henderson"},{"link_name":"Zutty Singleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zutty_Singleton"},{"link_name":"Louis Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Hot Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Five"},{"link_name":"West End Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_Blues"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brennan_2020_91-3"}],"text":"Noteworthy players of the bock-a-da-bock are Kaiser Marshall, who played it on several Fletcher Henderson records, and Zutty Singleton from Louis Armstrong's Hot Five who played a bock-a-da-bock on Armstrong's 1928 recording of \"Sugar Foot Strut\" (featured prominently in the introduction and ending) and \"West End Blues\".[3]","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black and Tan Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_and_Tan_Fantasy"},{"link_name":"Duke Ellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Ellington"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Louis Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"West End Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_Blues"},{"link_name":"Louis Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brennan_2020_91-3"},{"link_name":"Video of a squash cymbal bock-a-da-bock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQfhpF39Csc"}],"text":"\"Black and Tan Fantasy\" by Duke Ellington (1927)[4]\n\"Sugar Foot Strut\" by Louis Armstrong (1928)\n\"West End Blues\" by Louis Armstrong (1928)\n\"A Monday Date\" by Louis Armstrong (1928)[3]\nVideo of a squash cymbal bock-a-da-bock","title":"Examples of bock-a-da-bock use in charts"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Bally (April 22, 2019). \"Instruments #4: The 'Bock-A-Da-Bock' or Hand Cymbal, 1927-9\". Drums In The Twenties. Retrieved 2022-09-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://drumsinthetwenties.com/2019/04/22/instruments-4-the-bock-a-da-bock-or-hand-cymbal-1927-9/","url_text":"\"Instruments #4: The 'Bock-A-Da-Bock' or Hand Cymbal, 1927-9\""}]},{"reference":"Aldridge, John (1994). Guide to Vintage Drums. Centerstream Pub. p. 23. ISBN 9780931759796.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780931759796","url_text":"9780931759796"}]},{"reference":"Brennan, Matt (2020). Kick It: A Social History of the Drum Kit. Oxford University Press. p. 91. ISBN 9780190683863.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190683863","url_text":"9780190683863"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bock-a-da-bock%22","external_links_name":"\"Bock-a-da-bock\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bock-a-da-bock%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bock-a-da-bock%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bock-a-da-bock%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bock-a-da-bock%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bock-a-da-bock%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQfhpF39Csc","external_links_name":"Video of a squash cymbal bock-a-da-bock"},{"Link":"https://drumsinthetwenties.com/2019/04/22/instruments-4-the-bock-a-da-bock-or-hand-cymbal-1927-9/","external_links_name":"\"Instruments #4: The 'Bock-A-Da-Bock' or Hand Cymbal, 1927-9\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Cup_2008%E2%80%9309
|
2008–09 Welsh Cup
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["1 Calendar","2 Preliminary round","2.1 South","2.2 Mid","2.3 North","3 First round","4 Second round","5 Third round","6 Fourth round","7 Quarterfinals","8 Semifinals","9 Final","10 External links"]
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This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The 2008–09 FAW Welsh Cup was the 122nd season of the annual knockout tournament for competitive football teams in Wales, excluding those who play in the English League System. The 2008–09 tournament commenced on 16 August 2008, and was covered live and exclusive on S4C in the UK.
Calendar
Round
Date
Fixtures
New entrants
Prize money
Preliminary Round
16 August 2008
22
44
First Round
13 September 2008
46
70
Second Round
4 October 2008
32
18
Losers: £500
Third Round
1 November 2008
16
Losers: £1,000
Fourth Round
31 January 2009
8
Losers: £2,500
Quarterfinals
28 February 2009
4
Losers: £5,000
Semifinals
11 April 2009
2
Losers: £10,000
Final
4 May 2009
1
Winner: £25,000; Loser: £15,000
Preliminary round
The games were played on 16 August 2008.
South
Team 1
Score
Team 2
Aberbargoed Buds
3–4
Cwmaman Institute
AFC Llwydcoed
4–2
Ystradgynlais
Briton Ferry Athletic
2–1
Troedyrhiw
Carno
1–3
Tredegar Town
Cwmamman United
4–2
Llansawel
Goytre
1–3
Newport Civil Service
Llantwit Fardre
0–2
AFC Porth
Merthyr Saints
0–9
Pontyclun
Porthcawl Town
2–11
Monmouth Town
Risca United
2–2 (aet, p. 3–2)
Seven Sisters
1First match was postponed and the replay was held at Lock’s Lane, Porthcawl on 3 September 2008
Mid
Team 1
Score
Team 2
Tywyn/Bryncrug
2–0
Newbridge-on-Wye
Castell Alun Colts
4–0
Presteigne St Andrews
Venture Community
2–1
Dyffryn Banw
Borras Park Albion
2–3
Brickfield Rangers
Glyn Ceiriog
0–6
Coedpoeth United
Bow Street
4–2
Overton Recreation
North
Team 1
Score
Team 2
Bethesda Athletic
7–0
Corwen
Holywell Town
1–2
Nefyn United
Kerry
0–2
Llanberis
Llanllyfni
4–2
Llanfyllin Town
Llanrug United
5–1
Llanrhaeadr Ym Mochnant
Rhayader Town
2–4
Pwllheli
First round
The matches were played on 13 September 2008.
Team 1
Score
Team 2
Afan Lido
3–0
Cwmamman United
AFC Llwydcoed
3–0
Porthcawl Town
Bettws
1–1 (aet, p. 3–4)
Taff's Well
Berriew
0–1
Llangollen Town
Brickfield Rangers
4–3
Nefyn United
Briton Ferry Athletic
3–1
AFC Porth
Brymbo
0–8
Mold Alexandra
Buckley Town
6–3
Penycae
Caerau (Ely)
1–2
Pentwyn Dynamos
Caerleon
1–4
Goytre United
Caldicot Town
0–1
Ammanford
Cambrian & Clydach Vale BGC
4–1
Newcastle Emlyn
Cardiff Corinthians
3–0
Ely Rangers
Castell Alun Colts
1–0
Llandyrnog United
Cefn United
w/o
Rhydymwyn
Conwy United
2–3 (aet)
Penrhyncoch
Croesyceiliog
0–3
Maesteg Park
Cwmbran Celtic
3–1
Garw
Denbigh Town
4–1
Llanllyfni
ENTO Aberaman Athletic
2–1
Barry Town
Flint Town United
4–3
Rhos Aelwyd
Glan Conwy
2–1 (aet)
Llanrwst United
Glantraeth
1–6
Bala Town
Grange Harlequins
1–5 (aet)
Newport Civil Service
Guilsfield
2–0
Ruthin Town
Halkyn United
4–2
Coedpoeth United
Hawarden Rangers
0–2
Llanfairpwll
Llanberis
2–3
Bow Street
Llandudno Junction
4–2
Penparcau
Llangefni Town
3–1
Llandudno
Llangeinor
0–2
Dinas Powys
Llanrug United
0–2
Pwllheli
Llanwern
3–0
Ton Pentre
Llay Welfare
8–1
Amlwch Town
Mynydd Isa
3–3 (aet, p. 5–6)
Holyhead Hotspur
Nantlle Vale
w/o
Chirk AAA
Newport YMCA
3–2
Cwmaman Institute
Penrhiwceiber Rangers
3–4
Pontypridd Town
Pontyclun
0–0 (aet, p. 1–3)
Bridgend Town
Risca United
2–0
Pontardawe Town
Tredegar Town
0–1
Gresford Athletic
Treharris Athletic
1–9
Bryntirion Athletic
Tywyn/Bryncrug
4–1
Bethesda Athletic
UWIC Inter Cardiff
1–3
Cwmbran Town
Venture Community
1–2
Lex XI
West End
2–3
Garden Village
Second round
The matches were played between 3 and 10 October 2008.
Team 1
Score
Team 2
Aberystwyth Town
2–2 (aet, p. 3–2)
Afan Lido
Airbus UK Broughton
2–1
Welshpool Town
Bala Town
3–3 (aet, p. 5–4)
Prestatyn Town
Bangor City
1–0
GAP Connah's Quay
Brickfield Rangers
3–4
Buckley Town
Bridgend Town
3–1
Cwmbran Town
Bryntirion Athletic
1–2
Cardiff Corinthians
Cambrian & Clydach Vale BGC
0–1
Newtown
Carmarthen Town
6–1
Bow Street
CPD Penrhyncoch
3–2 (aet)
Maesteg Park
CPD Porthmadog
5–3
Caernafon Town
Denbigh Town
4–1
Chirk AAA
Dinas Powys
0–1 (aet)
Briton Ferry Athletic
Flint Town United
4–0
Mold Alexandra
Garden Village
2–0
Risca United
Gresford Athletic
4–1
Rhydymwyn
Holyhead Hotspur
2–1
Llay Welfare
Lex XI
2–1
Glan Conwy
Llandudno Junction
0–2
Pwllheli
Llanelli
4–0
Neath
Llangefni Town
3–0
Llanfairpwll
Llangollen United
1–2
Tywyn/Bryncrug
Llanwern
1–6
AFC Llwydcoed
NEWI Cefn Druids
4–2
Halkyn United
Newport Civil Service
0–1
Caersws
Newport YMCA
3–2
Cwmbran Celtic
Pentwyn Dynamos
1–0
Ammanford
Pontypridd Town
1–4
Haverfordwest County
Port Talbot Town
1–0
ENTO Aberaman Athletic
Rhyl
8–0
Castell Alun Colts
Taff's Well
0–2
Goytre United
The New Saints
4–2
Guilsfield
Third round
The matches were played on 31 October and 1 November 2008.
Team 1
Score
Team 2
Bangor City
4–0
Garden Village
Bridgend Town
1–0
Llangefni Town
Buckley Town
1–5
Airbus UK Broughton
Caersws
0–3
Aberystwyth Town
Cardiff Corinthians
0–6
Goytre United
Gresford Athletic
2–3 (aet)
Prestatyn Town
Holyhead Hotspur
2–1
Pentwyn Dynamos
Lex XI
2–0
CPD Porthmadog
AFC Llwydcoed
1–0
Flint Town United
NEWI Cefn Druids
1–0
Newtown
Newport YMCA
1–0
Briton Ferry Athletic
Port Talbot Town
7–0
Denbigh Town
Pwllheli
0–6
Carmarthen Town
Rhyl
4–0
Haverfordwest County
The New Saints
7–1
CPD Penrhyncoch
Tywyn/Bryncrug
0–3
Llanelli
Fourth round
The matches were played on 30 and 31 January 2009.
Team 1
Score
Team 2
Holyhead Hotspur
1–1 (aet, p. 5–6)
Newport YMCA
Airbus UK Broughton
2–1
NEWI Cefn Druids
Prestatyn Town
5–3 (aet)
Goytre United
The New Saints
2–3
Carmarthen Town
Port Talbot Town
2–1
Llanelli
Bridgend Town
4–0
Lex XI
AFC Llwydcoed
0–3
Aberystwyth Town
Bangor City
1–1 (aet, p. 4–2)
Rhyl
Quarterfinals
28 February 200913:30 UTC
Newport YMCA0–1Bridgend Town
Plant 62'
The YMCA Ground, Newport
28 February 200914:00 UTC
Aberystwyth Town5–1Prestatyn Town
Kellaway 27'Venables 45'Evans 55' 67' 74'
Hoult 5'
Park Avenue, Aberystwyth
28 February 200914:00 UTC
Carmarthen Town1–1 (aet)Port Talbot Town
Fowler 118'
Rose 102'
Penalties
4–1
Richmond Park, Carmarthen
28 February 200914:00 UTC
Airbus UK Broughton0–5Bangor City
Seargeant 46'Davies 48' 65'Hoy 60'Edwards 64'
The Airfield, Broughton
Semifinals
11 April 200914:00 UTC+1
Bangor City2–1Bridgend Town
Seargeant 20'Killackey 76'
Outlow 18'
Park Avenue, Aberystwyth
12 April 200914:10 UTC+1
Aberystwyth Town3–2 (aet)Carmarthen Town
Kellaway 25' 45'Thomas 97'
Hudgell 66'Palmer 90'
Bridge Meadow Stadium, Haverfordwest
Final
4 May 200916:10 UTC+1
Aberystwyth Town0–2Bangor City
Davies 44'Seargeant 50'
Parc y Scarlets, Llanelli
External links
Official site
welsh-football.net
vteWelsh CupSeasons
1877–78
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1888–89
1889–90
1890–91
1891–92
1892–93
1893–94
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1895–96
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1897–98
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vte2008–09 in European men's football (UEFA)Domestic leagues
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Estonia '08 '09
Faroe Islands '08 '09
Finland '08 '09
France
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Germany
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Iceland '08 '09
Israel
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Lithuania '08 '09
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
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Norway '08 '09
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Ireland '08 '09
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Spain
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Wales
Domestic cups
Albania
Andorra
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Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
England
Estonia
Faroe Islands '08 '09
Finland '08 '09
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland '08 '09
Israel
Italy
Kazakhstan '08 '09
Latvia '08 '09–'10
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Montenegro
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway '08 '09
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Ireland '08 '09
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Scotland
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden '08 '09
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
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Finland '08 '09
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Portals: Association football Wales
|
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The 2008–09 tournament commenced on 16 August 2008, and was covered live and exclusive on S4C in the UK.","title":"2008–09 Welsh Cup"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Calendar"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The games were played on 16 August 2008.","title":"Preliminary round"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lock’s Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lock%E2%80%99s_Lane&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Porthcawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porthcawl"}],"sub_title":"South","text":"1First match was postponed and the replay was held at Lock’s Lane, Porthcawl on 3 September 2008","title":"Preliminary round"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mid","title":"Preliminary round"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"North","title":"Preliminary round"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The matches were played on 13 September 2008.","title":"First round"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The matches were played between 3 and 10 October 2008.","title":"Second round"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The matches were played on 31 October and 1 November 2008.","title":"Third round"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The matches were played on 30 and 31 January 2009.","title":"Fourth round"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newport YMCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_YMCA_F.C."},{"link_name":"Bridgend Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgend_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raith_Plant&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The YMCA Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_YMCA_Ground&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Wales"},{"link_name":"Aberystwyth Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberystwyth_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Prestatyn Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestatyn_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kellaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Kellaway"},{"link_name":"Venables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Venables&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Graham_Evans_(footballer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hoult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Hoult&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Park Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Avenue_(Aberystwyth)"},{"link_name":"Aberystwyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberystwyth"},{"link_name":"Carmarthen Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthen_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"aet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_time"},{"link_name":"Port Talbot Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Talbot_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Fowler"},{"link_name":"Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Rose&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Penalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Richmond Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Park_(Carmarthen)"},{"link_name":"Carmarthen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthen"},{"link_name":"Airbus UK Broughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_UK_Broughton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Bangor City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Davies"},{"link_name":"Hoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Hoy_(footballer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sion_Edwards&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Airfield_(football_ground)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Broughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broughton,_Flintshire"}],"text":"28 February 200913:30 UTC\nNewport YMCA0–1Bridgend Town\n\n\nPlant 62'\nThe YMCA Ground, Newport28 February 200914:00 UTC\nAberystwyth Town5–1Prestatyn Town\nKellaway 27'Venables 45'Evans 55' 67' 74'\n\nHoult 5'\nPark Avenue, Aberystwyth28 February 200914:00 UTC\nCarmarthen Town1–1 (aet)Port Talbot Town\nFowler 118'\n\nRose 102'\nPenalties\n\n4–1\n\nRichmond Park, Carmarthen28 February 200914:00 UTC\nAirbus UK Broughton0–5Bangor City\n\n\nSeargeant 46'Davies 48' 65'Hoy 60'Edwards 64'\nThe Airfield, Broughton","title":"Quarterfinals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bangor City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Bridgend Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgend_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Killackey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kieran_Killackey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Outlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rameer_Outlow&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Park Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Avenue_(Aberystwyth)"},{"link_name":"Aberystwyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberystwyth"},{"link_name":"Aberystwyth Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberystwyth_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"aet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_time"},{"link_name":"Carmarthen Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthen_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kellaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Kellaway"},{"link_name":"Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aneurin_Thomas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hudgell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee_Hudgell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicky_Palmer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bridge Meadow Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_Meadow_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Haverfordwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haverfordwest"}],"text":"11 April 200914:00 UTC+1\nBangor City2–1Bridgend Town\nSeargeant 20'Killackey 76'\n\nOutlow 18'\nPark Avenue, Aberystwyth12 April 200914:10 UTC+1\nAberystwyth Town3–2 (aet)Carmarthen Town\nKellaway 25' 45'Thomas 97'\n\nHudgell 66'Palmer 90'\nBridge Meadow Stadium, Haverfordwest","title":"Semifinals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aberystwyth Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberystwyth_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Bangor City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Davies"},{"link_name":"Parc y Scarlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_y_Scarlets"},{"link_name":"Llanelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanelli"}],"text":"4 May 200916:10 UTC+1\nAberystwyth Town0–2Bangor City\n\n\nDavies 44'Seargeant 50'\nParc y Scarlets, Llanelli","title":"Final"}]
|
[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.faw.org.uk/competitions/2","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081210155122/http://welsh-football.net/stats.php3","external_links_name":"welsh-football.net"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooked_Shadows
|
Crooked Shadows
|
["1 Release","2 Critical reception","3 Track listing","4 Personnel","5 Charts","6 References"]
|
2018 studio album by Dashboard ConfessionalCrooked ShadowsStudio album by Dashboard ConfessionalReleasedFebruary 9, 2018 (2018-02-09)GenreAlternative rockLength29:37LabelFueled by RamenDashboard Confessional chronology
Covered and Taped(2017)
Crooked Shadows(2018)
All the Truth That I Can Tell(2022)
Crooked Shadows is the seventh studio album by American rock band Dashboard Confessional. It was released on February 9, 2018 through Fueled by Ramen and Dine Alone Records. It is their first studio album in nine years, following 2009's Alter the Ending.
The album debuted at number 53 on the Billboard 200, as well as number four on both the Billboard Rock Albums and Alternative Albums charts.
Release
On November 15, 2017, "We Fight" premiered on Beats 1. Alongside this, Crooked Shadows was announced for release in February the following year. On December 18, a music video was released for "Belong", directed by Joe Zohar. Two days later, a music video was released for "We Fight", directed by David Mack. In early January 2018, the band performed the track on Conan. On January 19, "Heart Beat Here" was made available for streaming. Crooked Shadows was released on February 9 through Fueled by Ramen.
In February and March 2018, the group embarked on a headlining US tour with support from Beach Slang. In August, they went on a co-headlining US tour with All Time Low. A second leg was planned to follow in September and October, however, the day before this was to start, the band pulled out of a few days due to Carrabba dealing with a family emergency. Four days later, the group pulled out of the second leg entirely. On November 15, a music video was released for "Just What to Say", directed by Ryan Hamblin.
Critical reception
Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic57/100Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusicClash8/10Drowned in Sound8/10Exclaim!6/10Pitchfork4.7/10Rolling Stone
Crooked Shadows was met with "mixed or average" reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, this release received an average score of 57, based on 9 reviews. Aggregator Album of the Year gave the album 60 out of 100 based on a critical consensus of 9 reviews.
Track listing
All tracks are written by Chris Carrabba, except where notedNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."We Fight" 3:252."Catch You" 3:063."About Us"CarrabbaJonathan ClarkRoss CoppermanRyan Follese3:364."Heart Beat Here" 3:275."Belong" (with Cash Cash) 2:586."Crooked Shadows"CarrabbaArmon Jay CheekJonathan Howard2:497."Open My Eyes" (featuring Lindsey Stirling)CarrabbaMark Webb3:438."Be Alright"CarrabbaCorey James BostClark3:029."Just What to Say" (featuring Chrissy Costanza of Against The Current)CarrabbaCheek3:31
Personnel
Dashboard Confessional
Chris Carrabba – lead vocals, guitar, keyboard
Benjamin Homola – drums, percussion
Armon Jay – guitar, backing vocals
Scott Schoenbeck – bass, keyboard
Technical personnel
Jonathan Clark – producer, engineer
Chris Carrabba – producer
Jonathan Howard – producer and engineer (track 6), additional instrumentation
Colin Brittain – co-producer, mixing, additional instrumentation
Chad Gilbert – additional production (track 2)
Cash Cash – producer and mixing (track 5)
Ben Sabin – recording, additional mixing, additional instrumentation
Ted Jensen – mastering
Jack Barakat – additional instrumentation
Lee Cunningham – additional instrumentation
Dylan Meek – additional instrumentation
Cheyenne Sabin – additional instrumentation
Charts
Chart (2018)
Peakposition
US Billboard 200
53
US Top Rock Albums (Billboard)
4
US Top Alternative Albums (Billboard)
4
References
^ a b Rogers, Jack (November 16, 2017). "Dashboard Confessional Have Announced Their New Album". Rocksound.tv. Archived from the original on August 24, 2018. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
^ a b Bowles, Beth (February 2, 2018). "Exclaim! Review". Exclaim!. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
^ "Dashboard Confessional". Billboard. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
^ Dickman, Maggie (November 15, 2017). "Dashboard Confessional announce first new album in eight years, release new song—listen". Alternative Press. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
^ AltPress (December 18, 2017). "Dashboard Confessional team up with electronic trio Cash Cash for new song". Alternative Press. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
^ Cash Cash (December 15, 2017). Cash Cash & Dashboard Confessional - Belong. Retrieved June 13, 2020 – via YouTube.
^ AltPress (December 20, 2017). "Dashboard Confessional's "We Fight" video is a captivating work of art—watch". Alternative Press. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
^ Tullio, Lauren (January 17, 2018). "Waterparks release new song "Not Warriors" and other news you might have missed today". Alternative Press. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
^ Dickman, Maggie (January 19, 2018). "Dashboard Confessional shares stripped-down new song "Heart Beat Here"". Alternative Press. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
^ AltPress (December 6, 2017). "Dashboard Confessional's comeback album to feature ATC's Chrissy Costanza". Alternative Press. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
^ Dickman, Maggie (December 4, 2017). "Dashboard Confessional announce U.S. headlining tour". Alternative Press. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
^ Casteel, Beth (May 14, 2018). "All Time Low and Dashboard Confessional announce co-headlining tour". Alternative Press. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
^ Darus, Alex (June 25, 2018). "Dashboard Confessional, All Time Low announce second leg of 'The Summer Ever After' tour". Alternative Press. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
^ Fair, Anna (September 26, 2018). "Dashboard Confessional cancel shows this weekend". Alternative Press. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
^ Shoemaker, Whitney (September 30, 2018). "Dashboard Confessional pull from Summer Ever After Tour". Alternative Press. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
^ Fair, Anna (November 15, 2018). "Dashboard Confessional drop new video and other news you might have missed today". Alternative Press. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
^ Fueled by Ramen (November 15, 2018). Dashboard Confessional: Just What To Say (ft. Chrissy Costanza) . Retrieved June 13, 2020 – via YouTube.
^ a b "Metacritic Review". Metacritic. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "AllMusic Review". AllMusic. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
^ Beech, Dave (February 26, 2018). "Clash Magazine Review". Clash. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
^ Siregar, Cady (February 8, 2018). "Drowned in Sound Review". Drowned in Sound. Archived from the original on July 23, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
^ Hogan, Marc (February 10, 2018). "Pitchfork Review". Pitchfork. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
^ Hopper, Jessica (February 9, 2018). "Dashboard Confessional, Emo Icon, Makes Stadium-Size Return". Rolling Stone. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
^ "Album of the Year Review". Album of the Year. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
^ "Dashboard Confessional Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
^ "Dashboard Confessional Chart History (Top Rock Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
^ "Dashboard Confessional Chart History (Top Alternative Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
vteDashboard Confessional
Chris Carrabba
Scott Schoenbeck
Armon Jay
Chris Kamrada
Dane Poppin
Abigail Kelly
Mike Marsh
John Lefler
Studio albums
The Swiss Army Romance
The Places You Have Come to Fear the Most
A Mark, a Mission, a Brand, a Scar
Dusk and Summer
The Shade of Poison Trees
Alter the Ending
Crooked Shadows
EPs
The Drowning
Swiss Army Bro-Mance
Live
MTV Unplugged 2.0
Cover
The Wire Tapes Vol. 1
Singles
"Screaming Infidelities"
"Hands Down"
"Rapid Hope Loss"
"Vindicated"
"Don't Wait"
"Stolen"
"Belle of the Boulevard"
"We Fight"
Related articles
Discography
Further Seems Forever
Twin Forks
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Dashboard Confessional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashboard_Confessional"},{"link_name":"Fueled by Ramen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fueled_by_Ramen"},{"link_name":"Dine Alone Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dine_Alone_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rocksound-1"},{"link_name":"Alter the Ending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alter_the_Ending"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Crooked Shadows is the seventh studio album by American rock band Dashboard Confessional. It was released on February 9, 2018 through Fueled by Ramen and Dine Alone Records.[1] It is their first studio album in nine years, following 2009's Alter the Ending.The album debuted at number 53 on the Billboard 200, as well as number four on both the Billboard Rock Albums and Alternative Albums charts.[3]","title":"Crooked Shadows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beats 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beats_1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Conan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conan_(talk_show)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Fueled by Ramen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fueled_by_Ramen"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Beach Slang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_Slang"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"All Time Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Time_Low"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"On November 15, 2017, \"We Fight\" premiered on Beats 1. Alongside this, Crooked Shadows was announced for release in February the following year.[4] On December 18, a music video was released for \"Belong\",[5] directed by Joe Zohar.[6] Two days later, a music video was released for \"We Fight\", directed by David Mack.[7] In early January 2018, the band performed the track on Conan.[8] On January 19, \"Heart Beat Here\" was made available for streaming.[9] Crooked Shadows was released on February 9 through Fueled by Ramen.[10]In February and March 2018, the group embarked on a headlining US tour with support from Beach Slang.[11] In August, they went on a co-headlining US tour with All Time Low.[12] A second leg was planned to follow in September and October,[13] however, the day before this was to start, the band pulled out of a few days due to Carrabba dealing with a family emergency.[14] Four days later, the group pulled out of the second leg entirely.[15] On November 15, a music video was released for \"Just What to Say\",[16] directed by Ryan Hamblin.[17]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-18"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AOTY-24"}],"text":"Crooked Shadows was met with \"mixed or average\" reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, this release received an average score of 57, based on 9 reviews.[18] Aggregator Album of the Year gave the album 60 out of 100 based on a critical consensus of 9 reviews.[24]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Carrabba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Carrabba"},{"link_name":"We Fight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Fight"},{"link_name":"Ross Copperman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Copperman"},{"link_name":"Ryan Follese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Chelle_Rae"},{"link_name":"Cash Cash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Cash"},{"link_name":"Lindsey Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsey_Stirling"},{"link_name":"Chrissy Costanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrissy_Costanza"},{"link_name":"Against The Current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Against_the_Current_(band)"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Chris Carrabba, except where notedNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"We Fight\" 3:252.\"Catch You\" 3:063.\"About Us\"CarrabbaJonathan ClarkRoss CoppermanRyan Follese3:364.\"Heart Beat Here\" 3:275.\"Belong\" (with Cash Cash) 2:586.\"Crooked Shadows\"CarrabbaArmon Jay CheekJonathan Howard2:497.\"Open My Eyes\" (featuring Lindsey Stirling)CarrabbaMark Webb3:438.\"Be Alright\"CarrabbaCorey James BostClark3:029.\"Just What to Say\" (featuring Chrissy Costanza of Against The Current)CarrabbaCheek3:31","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Carrabba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Carrabba"},{"link_name":"Colin Brittain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Brittain"},{"link_name":"Chad Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Gilbert"},{"link_name":"Cash Cash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Cash"},{"link_name":"Ted Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Jensen"}],"text":"Dashboard ConfessionalChris Carrabba – lead vocals, guitar, keyboard\nBenjamin Homola – drums, percussion\nArmon Jay – guitar, backing vocals\nScott Schoenbeck – bass, keyboardTechnical personnelJonathan Clark – producer, engineer\nChris Carrabba – producer\nJonathan Howard – producer and engineer (track 6), additional instrumentation\nColin Brittain – co-producer, mixing, additional instrumentation\nChad Gilbert – additional production (track 2)\nCash Cash – producer and mixing (track 5)\nBen Sabin – recording, additional mixing, additional instrumentation\nTed Jensen – mastering\nJack Barakat – additional instrumentation\nLee Cunningham – additional instrumentation\nDylan Meek – additional instrumentation\nCheyenne Sabin – additional instrumentation","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Rogers, Jack (November 16, 2017). \"Dashboard Confessional Have Announced Their New Album\". Rocksound.tv. Archived from the original on August 24, 2018. Retrieved May 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180824034236/https://www.rocksound.tv/news/read/dashboard-confessional-have-announced-their-new-album","url_text":"\"Dashboard Confessional Have Announced Their New Album\""},{"url":"https://www.rocksound.tv/news/read/dashboard-confessional-have-announced-their-new-album","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bowles, Beth (February 2, 2018). \"Exclaim! Review\". Exclaim!. Retrieved July 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://exclaim.ca/music/article/dashboard_confessional-crooked_shadows","url_text":"\"Exclaim! Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclaim!","url_text":"Exclaim!"}]},{"reference":"\"Dashboard Confessional\". Billboard. Retrieved May 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/dashboard-confessional","url_text":"\"Dashboard Confessional\""}]},{"reference":"Dickman, Maggie (November 15, 2017). \"Dashboard Confessional announce first new album in eight years, release new song—listen\". Alternative Press. Retrieved June 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.altpress.com/news/dashboard_confessional_we_fight_song_crooked_shadows_album/","url_text":"\"Dashboard Confessional announce first new album in eight years, release new song—listen\""}]},{"reference":"AltPress (December 18, 2017). \"Dashboard Confessional team up with electronic trio Cash Cash for new song\". Alternative Press. Retrieved June 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.altpress.com/news/dashboard_confessional_cash_cash_belong/","url_text":"\"Dashboard Confessional team up with electronic trio Cash Cash for new song\""}]},{"reference":"Cash Cash (December 15, 2017). Cash Cash & Dashboard Confessional - Belong. Retrieved June 13, 2020 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l-dR1NtNSLU","url_text":"Cash Cash & Dashboard Confessional - Belong"}]},{"reference":"AltPress (December 20, 2017). \"Dashboard Confessional's \"We Fight\" video is a captivating work of art—watch\". Alternative Press. Retrieved June 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.altpress.com/news/dashboard_confessional_we_fight_music_video/","url_text":"\"Dashboard Confessional's \"We Fight\" video is a captivating work of art—watch\""}]},{"reference":"Tullio, Lauren (January 17, 2018). \"Waterparks release new song \"Not Warriors\" and other news you might have missed today\". Alternative Press. Retrieved June 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.altpress.com/news/waterparks_not_warriors_new_song/","url_text":"\"Waterparks release new song \"Not Warriors\" and other news you might have missed today\""}]},{"reference":"Dickman, Maggie (January 19, 2018). \"Dashboard Confessional shares stripped-down new song \"Heart Beat Here\"\". Alternative Press. Retrieved June 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.altpress.com/news/dashboard_confessional_heart_beat_here_song/","url_text":"\"Dashboard Confessional shares stripped-down new song \"Heart Beat Here\"\""}]},{"reference":"AltPress (December 6, 2017). \"Dashboard Confessional's comeback album to feature ATC's Chrissy Costanza\". Alternative Press. Retrieved June 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.altpress.com/news/dashboard_confessional_chrissy_costanza_against_the_current/","url_text":"\"Dashboard Confessional's comeback album to feature ATC's Chrissy Costanza\""}]},{"reference":"Dickman, Maggie (December 4, 2017). \"Dashboard Confessional announce U.S. headlining tour\". Alternative Press. Retrieved June 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.altpress.com/news/dashboard_confessional_us_headlining_tour_2018/","url_text":"\"Dashboard Confessional announce U.S. headlining tour\""}]},{"reference":"Casteel, Beth (May 14, 2018). \"All Time Low and Dashboard Confessional announce co-headlining tour\". Alternative Press. Retrieved June 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.altpress.com/news/all_time_low_dashboard_confessional_co_headlining_2018_summer_ever_after/","url_text":"\"All Time Low and Dashboard Confessional announce co-headlining tour\""}]},{"reference":"Darus, Alex (June 25, 2018). \"Dashboard Confessional, All Time Low announce second leg of 'The Summer Ever After' tour\". Alternative Press. Retrieved June 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.altpress.com/news/dashboard-confessional-all-time-low-tour/","url_text":"\"Dashboard Confessional, All Time Low announce second leg of 'The Summer Ever After' tour\""}]},{"reference":"Fair, Anna (September 26, 2018). \"Dashboard Confessional cancel shows this weekend\". Alternative Press. Retrieved June 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.altpress.com/news/dashboard-confessional-cancel-shows/","url_text":"\"Dashboard Confessional cancel shows this weekend\""}]},{"reference":"Shoemaker, Whitney (September 30, 2018). \"Dashboard Confessional pull from Summer Ever After Tour\". Alternative Press. Retrieved June 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.altpress.com/news/dashboard-confessional-pull-from-summer-ever-after-tour/","url_text":"\"Dashboard Confessional pull from Summer Ever After Tour\""}]},{"reference":"Fair, Anna (November 15, 2018). \"Dashboard Confessional drop new video and other news you might have missed today\". Alternative Press. Retrieved June 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.altpress.com/news/dashboard-confessional-new-video-recap/","url_text":"\"Dashboard Confessional drop new video and other news you might have missed today\""}]},{"reference":"Fueled by Ramen (November 15, 2018). Dashboard Confessional: Just What To Say (ft. Chrissy Costanza) [OFFICIAL VIDEO]. Retrieved June 13, 2020 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WYbpN88vjdg","url_text":"Dashboard Confessional: Just What To Say (ft. Chrissy Costanza) [OFFICIAL VIDEO]"}]},{"reference":"\"Metacritic Review\". Metacritic. Retrieved May 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/crooked-shadows/dashboard-confessional","url_text":"\"Metacritic Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. \"AllMusic Review\". AllMusic. Retrieved May 29, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/crooked-shadows-mw0003142722","url_text":"\"AllMusic Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Beech, Dave (February 26, 2018). \"Clash Magazine Review\". Clash. Retrieved July 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/dashboard-confessional-crooked-shadows","url_text":"\"Clash Magazine Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_(magazine)","url_text":"Clash"}]},{"reference":"Siregar, Cady (February 8, 2018). \"Drowned in Sound Review\". Drowned in Sound. Archived from the original on July 23, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200723061056/http://drownedinsound.com/releases/20206/reviews/4151601","url_text":"\"Drowned in Sound Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowned_in_Sound","url_text":"Drowned in Sound"},{"url":"http://drownedinsound.com/releases/20206/reviews/4151601","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hogan, Marc (February 10, 2018). \"Pitchfork Review\". Pitchfork. Retrieved July 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/dashboard-confessional-crooked-shadows/","url_text":"\"Pitchfork Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"Hopper, Jessica (February 9, 2018). \"Dashboard Confessional, Emo Icon, Makes Stadium-Size Return\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved July 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/review-dashboard-confessional-emo-icon-makes-stadium-size-return-198617/","url_text":"\"Dashboard Confessional, Emo Icon, Makes Stadium-Size Return\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"\"Album of the Year Review\". Album of the Year. Retrieved July 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.albumoftheyear.org/album/98667-dashboard-confessional-crooked-shadows.php","url_text":"\"Album of the Year Review\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evo_(board_game)
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Evo (board game)
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["1 Gameplay","2 Game interest","3 Reception","4 Second Edition","5 References","6 External links"]
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Board game
EvoBox cover of the German editionPlayers3–5Setup time20 minutesPlaying time90–120 minutesChanceMediumAge range12 +SkillsStrategic thought
Evo: The Last Gasp of the Dinosaurs is a German-style board game for three to five players, designed by Philippe Keyaerts and published by Eurogames. The game won the GAMES Magazine award for Game of the year 2002. It was nominated for the Origins Award for Best Graphic Presentation of a Board Game 2000. In 2004 it was nominated for the Hra Roku. The game went out of print in 2007, and a second edition was released in 2011.
Gameplay
Evo
The main game board is made of two reversible sections; on each, the two sides contain differently-sized halves of a prehistoric island. The board can therefore be assembled in four ways:
small-small for three players
small-large or large-small for four players
large-large for five players.
The island itself is made up of hexes of four different terrain types – desert, plains, hills and mountains. The game also uses a separate board for marking the current climate and round number, another for players scoring and bidding progress, and each player has a board to mark their dinosaur's mutations. The players' scores are also used as money during bidding phases.
Players start with three Event cards, a stack of dino tokens and a player board showing a dinosaur with: one egg, one leg, a tail, a horn-less face, one fur and one parasol, corresponding to most of the available mutations. For example the fur and parasol correspond to the species' ability to withstand cold and heat respectively. Each player places a dino token on their starting hex and a scoring marker on "10". Play proceeds through various phases:
Initiative – the order players will act in is determined by the number of tail mutations they have. Ties are resolved first in order of population size and then by roll-offs on a six-sided die.
Climate – a six-sided die is rolled to determine how the climate changes. Normally it proceeds in a cycle from hot to cold and back again, but on a 2 it stays the same, and on a 1 it moves in the opposite direction to the expected one.
Movement and Combat – players can move their dinos. The more leg mutations they have, the further they can move their dinos. If they attempt to move into a space occupied by another dino, they must fight. The aggressor is at a disadvantage unless they have more horn mutations than the defender.
Birth – players can add one new dino to the board for each egg mutation they possess, next to their existing dinos (including the egg they start with).
Survival and Mutation – dinos die off depending on climate and terrain, how many parasol or fur genes they have and event cards in force. The players then gain one point for each dino of their colour on the board.
Meteor and Evolution – In later turns, there is a chance that a Meteor strikes the island, ending the game. In earlier turns, and in later turns in which the game does not end, the players bid for new mutations; their (successful) bids are subtracted from their score. In addition to the starting mutations, there are gene mutations which make future purchases cheaper, and card mutations which give the player additional event cards.
Event cards can be used at various points to alter the game. The player with the most points when the game ends wins.
Game interest
The simple strategy game at the core of Evo is made more interesting by the constantly changing climate. Positions which can be advantageous in one turn are often deadly a few turns later, so unlike many games where a winning player can come to dominate the game, the balance of power shifts frequently.
Unlike most German-style board games, in the first edition it is possible for a player to be eliminated if all his dino tokens are removed from the board. But this is very rare in practice. In the new edition, player elimination has been prevented by allowing players who only have two dinosaurs to be invulnerable during survival and combat phases. One of the many new unique gene abilities increases this limit to three, allowing players doing poorly to remain competitive.
Reception
A year after awarding Evo its Game of the Year Award, Games commented:
Last Year's Game of the Year is so attractively presented that you could be easily distracted and forget just how challenging it is. Evo, we predict, will never become extinct.
Tom Vasel was generally appreciative, casting it primarily as a family game:
Evo is an excellent game for the whole family to play, with a fun theme, and easy to learn, simple mechanics. The nonsensical artwork, the humorous dino portraits, and the fun game play makes this an excellent game of choice. There is some conflict, but it's not needed or really even that profitable, so people who delight in head-to-head confrontation may be disappointed. But I believe that this adds to the family value. If you’re looking for a good "gamer's game" to add to your collection, this may not be it.
Evo (second edition) has been evaluated in educational contexts, with the conclusion that it illustrates Evolutionary arms races, environmental-based versus competition-mediated adaptations, evolutionary and ecological physiology, interspecific interactions, Grinnellian niches, and climate change.
Second Edition
The Second Edition was published in 2011. Whilst it kept most of the game intact it completely reworked the art away from the previous cartoonish style. Also some rule changes were introduced. For example players can now always bid on a new card. The designer said that these differences made for "different species from the start", the "new combat system makes Horns more interesting" and the new bidding system "makes the bidding more intense while giving something to each player".
References
^ Lehmann, Jörg (17 December 2007). "Evo". www.brettspiele-report.de. Archived from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
^ McCallion, John J., ed. (December 2001). "2002 Buyer's Guide To Games". Games. Vol. 25, no. 176. GAMES Publications. pp. 35–50. ISSN 0199-9788.
^ a b c d e f Vasel, Tom (19 May 2004). "User Review" (Review). boardgamegeek.com. BGG. Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
^ "Hra roku". www.hraroku.cz (in Czech). Czech Republic. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
^ a b Evo Review – with Tom Vasel. The Dice Tower. 4 February 2012. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021.
^ a b c d e Thompson, Neil (12 April 2011). "Evo - A Detailed Review". BGG. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
^ a b "Evo Game Rules". www.ultraboardgames.com. 2020. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
^ McCallion, John J. (December 2002). "2003 Buyer's Guide to Games – The Games 100: Family Strategy – Evo". GAMES Magazine. 26 (10). Games Publications: 46. ISSN 0199-9788.
^ Muell, Morgan; Guillory, Wilson; Kellerman, Allison; Rubio, Andrew; Scott-Elliston, Ayana; Morales Luna, Omar Javier; Eckhoff, Katie; Barfknecht, David; Hartsock, Jeremy; Weber, Jennifer; Brown, Jason (16 January 2020). "Gaming natural selection: Using board games as simulations to teach evolution". Evolution. 74 (3): 681–685. doi:10.1111/evo.13924. PMID 31944289. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
^ Thompson, Derek (29 June 2011). "Game Designer Interview: Philippe Keyaerts". meepletown.com. Archived from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
External links
Media related to Evo at Wikimedia Commons
Evo and second edition at BoardGameGeek
|
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The board can therefore be assembled in four ways:small-small for three players\nsmall-large or large-small for four players\nlarge-large for five players.[3][6]The island itself is made up of hexes of four different terrain types – desert, plains, hills and mountains. The game also uses a separate board for marking the current climate and round number, another for players scoring and bidding progress, and each player has a board to mark their dinosaur's mutations. The players' scores are also used as money during bidding phases.[3][6]Players start with three Event cards, a stack of dino tokens and a player board showing a dinosaur with: one egg, one leg, a tail, a horn-less face, one fur and one parasol, corresponding to most of the available mutations. For example the fur and parasol correspond to the species' ability to withstand cold and heat respectively. Each player places a dino token on their starting hex and a scoring marker on \"10\". Play proceeds through various phases:Initiative – the order players will act in is determined by the number of tail mutations they have. Ties are resolved first in order of population size and then by roll-offs on a six-sided die.\nClimate – a six-sided die is rolled to determine how the climate changes. Normally it proceeds in a cycle from hot to cold and back again, but on a 2 it stays the same, and on a 1 it moves in the opposite direction to the expected one.\nMovement and Combat – players can move their dinos. The more leg mutations they have, the further they can move their dinos. If they attempt to move into a space occupied by another dino, they must fight. The aggressor is at a disadvantage unless they have more horn mutations than the defender.\nBirth – players can add one new dino to the board for each egg mutation they possess, next to their existing dinos (including the egg they start with).\nSurvival and Mutation – dinos die off depending on climate and terrain, how many parasol or fur genes they have and event cards in force. The players then gain one point for each dino of their colour on the board.\nMeteor and Evolution – In later turns, there is a chance that a Meteor strikes the island, ending the game. In earlier turns, and in later turns in which the game does not end, the players bid for new mutations; their (successful) bids are subtracted from their score. In addition to the starting mutations, there are gene mutations which make future purchases cheaper, and card mutations which give the player additional event cards.[3][6]Event cards can be used at various points to alter the game. The player with the most points when the game ends wins.[3][6]","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"strategy game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy_game"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-destination_geek-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ultra-7"}],"text":"The simple strategy game at the core of Evo is made more interesting by the constantly changing climate. Positions which can be advantageous in one turn are often deadly a few turns later, so unlike many games where a winning player can come to dominate the game, the balance of power shifts frequently.[6]Unlike most German-style board games, in the first edition it is possible for a player to be eliminated if all his dino tokens are removed from the board. But this is very rare in practice. In the new edition, player elimination has been prevented by allowing players who only have two dinosaurs to be invulnerable during survival and combat phases. One of the many new unique gene abilities increases this limit to three, allowing players doing poorly to remain competitive.[7]","title":"Game interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Tom Vasel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Vasel"},{"link_name":"family game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family-friendly_board_game&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tv-3"},{"link_name":"Evolutionary arms races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_arms_race"},{"link_name":"environmental-based","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation#Changes_in_habitat"},{"link_name":"competition-mediated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation#Co-adaptation"},{"link_name":"Grinnellian niches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_niche#Grinnellian_niche"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"A year after awarding Evo its Game of the Year Award, Games commented:Last Year's Game of the Year is so attractively presented that you could be easily distracted and forget just how challenging it is. [...] Evo, we predict, will never become extinct.[8]Tom Vasel was generally appreciative, casting it primarily as a family game:Evo is an excellent game for the whole family to play, with a fun theme, and easy to learn, simple mechanics. The nonsensical artwork, the humorous dino portraits, and the fun game play makes this an excellent game of choice. There is some conflict, but it's not needed or really even that profitable, so people who delight in head-to-head confrontation may be disappointed. But I believe that this adds to the family value. If you’re looking for a good \"gamer's game\" to add to your collection, this may not be it.[3]Evo (second edition) has been evaluated in educational contexts, with the conclusion that it illustrates Evolutionary arms races, environmental-based versus competition-mediated adaptations, evolutionary and ecological physiology, interspecific interactions, Grinnellian niches, and climate change.[9]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dicetower-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ultra-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Second Edition was published in 2011. Whilst it kept most of the game intact it completely reworked the art away from the previous cartoonish style. Also some rule changes were introduced. For example players can now always bid on a new card.[5][7] The designer said that these differences made for \"different species from the start\", the \"new combat system makes Horns more interesting\" and the new bidding system \"makes the bidding more intense while giving something to each player\".[10]","title":"Second Edition"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Evo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Deskohran%C3%AD_08-09-27_227.jpg/220px-Deskohran%C3%AD_08-09-27_227.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Lehmann, Jörg (17 December 2007). \"Evo\". www.brettspiele-report.de. Archived from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brettspiele-report.de/evo/","url_text":"\"Evo\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210711013651/https://www.brettspiele-report.de/evo/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McCallion, John J., ed. (December 2001). \"2002 Buyer's Guide To Games\". Games. Vol. 25, no. 176. GAMES Publications. pp. 35–50. ISSN 0199-9788.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_(magazine)","url_text":"Games"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0199-9788","url_text":"0199-9788"}]},{"reference":"Vasel, Tom (19 May 2004). \"User Review\" (Review). boardgamegeek.com. BGG. Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 31 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://boardgamegeek.com/thread/20920/user-review","url_text":"\"User Review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110519153650/http://www.boardgamegeek.com/thread/20920/user-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hra roku\". www.hraroku.cz (in Czech). Czech Republic. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hraroku.cz/","url_text":"\"Hra roku\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210527113956/http://www.hraroku.cz/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Evo Review – with Tom Vasel. The Dice Tower. 4 February 2012. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fqi409nmreA&t=504s","url_text":"Evo Review – with Tom Vasel"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/fqi409nmreA","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Neil (12 April 2011). \"Evo - A Detailed Review\". BGG. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://boardgamegeek.com/thread/641295/evo-detailed-review","url_text":"\"Evo - A Detailed Review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210815151452/https://boardgamegeek.com/thread/641295/evo-detailed-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Evo Game Rules\". www.ultraboardgames.com. 2020. Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ultraboardgames.com/evo/game-rules.php","url_text":"\"Evo Game Rules\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201126011057/https://www.ultraboardgames.com/evo/game-rules.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McCallion, John J. (December 2002). \"2003 Buyer's Guide to Games – The Games 100: Family Strategy – Evo\". GAMES Magazine. 26 (10). Games Publications: 46. ISSN 0199-9788.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0199-9788","url_text":"0199-9788"}]},{"reference":"Muell, Morgan; Guillory, Wilson; Kellerman, Allison; Rubio, Andrew; Scott-Elliston, Ayana; Morales Luna, Omar Javier; Eckhoff, Katie; Barfknecht, David; Hartsock, Jeremy; Weber, Jennifer; Brown, Jason (16 January 2020). \"Gaming natural selection: Using board games as simulations to teach evolution\". Evolution. 74 (3): 681–685. doi:10.1111/evo.13924. PMID 31944289. Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338635947","url_text":"\"Gaming natural selection: Using board games as simulations to teach evolution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fevo.13924","url_text":"10.1111/evo.13924"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31944289","url_text":"31944289"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210730224347/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338635947_Gaming_natural_selection_Using_board_games_as_simulations_to_teach_evolution","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Derek (29 June 2011). \"Game Designer Interview: Philippe Keyaerts\". meepletown.com. Archived from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://meepletown.com/2011/06/game-designer-interview-philippe-keyaerts/","url_text":"\"Game Designer Interview: Philippe Keyaerts\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191027101901/https://meepletown.com/2011/06/game-designer-interview-philippe-keyaerts/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.brettspiele-report.de/evo/","external_links_name":"\"Evo\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210711013651/https://www.brettspiele-report.de/evo/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0199-9788","external_links_name":"0199-9788"},{"Link":"https://boardgamegeek.com/thread/20920/user-review","external_links_name":"\"User Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110519153650/http://www.boardgamegeek.com/thread/20920/user-review","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.hraroku.cz/","external_links_name":"\"Hra roku\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210527113956/http://www.hraroku.cz/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fqi409nmreA&t=504s","external_links_name":"Evo Review – with Tom Vasel"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/fqi409nmreA","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://boardgamegeek.com/thread/641295/evo-detailed-review","external_links_name":"\"Evo - A Detailed Review\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210815151452/https://boardgamegeek.com/thread/641295/evo-detailed-review","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.ultraboardgames.com/evo/game-rules.php","external_links_name":"\"Evo Game Rules\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201126011057/https://www.ultraboardgames.com/evo/game-rules.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0199-9788","external_links_name":"0199-9788"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338635947","external_links_name":"\"Gaming natural selection: Using board games as simulations to teach evolution\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fevo.13924","external_links_name":"10.1111/evo.13924"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31944289","external_links_name":"31944289"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210730224347/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338635947_Gaming_natural_selection_Using_board_games_as_simulations_to_teach_evolution","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://meepletown.com/2011/06/game-designer-interview-philippe-keyaerts/","external_links_name":"\"Game Designer Interview: Philippe Keyaerts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191027101901/https://meepletown.com/2011/06/game-designer-interview-philippe-keyaerts/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/1159","external_links_name":"Evo"},{"Link":"https://www.boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/107255","external_links_name":"second edition"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Wong_(comedian)
|
Joe Wong (comedian)
|
["1 Background","2 Career","3 Awards","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Chinese American biochemist and comedian (born 1970)
Joe WongWong in October 2021Birth nameHuáng XīNative name黄西Born (1970-02-16) February 16, 1970 (age 54)Baishan, Jilin, ChinaMediumStand-upNationalityAmericanYears active2001 – PresentGenresDeadpan, sarcasm, observational comedy, satireSubject(s)pop culture, everyday life, marriage, self-deprecation, racial stereotypesNotable works and roles2010 Radio and Television Correspondents' Association dinner
Joe Wong (simplified Chinese: 黄西; traditional Chinese: 黃西; pinyin: Huáng Xī, born February 16, 1970) is a Chinese American biochemist and comedian.
Background
He was born in Baishan, Jilin, China, into an ethnic Korean family. His family had emigrated from Korea three generations previously. He graduated from Jilin University and studied a master's degree at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, before he went to further study chemistry at Rice University in Texas in 1994. He graduated from Rice in 2000 with a PhD in Biochemistry.
Career
Wong moved to Boston in 2001 and began to perform his comedy at All Asia Bar, at Stash's Comedy Jam. Although he had won numerous awards, he did not attract American nationwide attention until after his appearance on Late Show with David Letterman on April 17, 2009. His multiple appearances on TV, courtesy of Ellen DeGeneres, boosted his reputation further. On February 10, 2010, Wong made his second appearance on the Late Show, and appeared again on March 30, 2012. He returned to the Late Show with Stephen Colbert on December 14, 2018.
On St. Patrick’s Day, 2010, he headlined the annual dinner hosted by the Radio and Television Correspondents' Association. On June 19, 2010, he placed first in the Third Annual Great American Comedy Festival.
In 2013, he moved back to Beijing, hosting television shows, such as Is it true? (Chinese: 是真的吗?), a MythBusters-like program, on China Central Television.
Awards
Date
Title
Source
May 2003
Finalist at the Boston International Comedy and Film Festival
March 2003
Best Short Film award at the Cambridge Fringe Fest
Six-time winner of Standup Comedy Contest at the Lizard Lounge in Cambridge, MA
References
^ 小崔说事节目采访黄西 (in Chinese (China)). 2011-11-27. Archived from the original on 2011-11-29. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
^ Zaino III, Nick A. (2008-08-17). "Looking for laughs in China". Boston Globe. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
^ "Joe Wong's network debut on David Letterman's show". 2009-04-17. Archived from the original on 2011-03-16.
^ Joe Wong- Letterman 2-12-10 on YouTube
^ "KP Comedy". Archived from the original on 2012-04-14. Retrieved 2012-06-02.
^ Joe Wong, an unusual comedian, kazantoday.com
^ Joe Wong to headline RTCA dinner, Politico.com
^ a b Joe Wong Archived 2013-07-30 at the Wayback Machine Rooftopcomedy
External links
Twitter account
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"小崔说事节目采访黄西 (in Chinese (China)). 2011-11-27. Archived from the original on 2011-11-29. Retrieved 2011-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111129011328/http://news.cntv.cn/program/xiaocuishuoshi/20111127/104506.shtml","url_text":"小崔说事节目采访黄西"},{"url":"http://news.cntv.cn/program/xiaocuishuoshi/20111127/104506.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zaino III, Nick A. (2008-08-17). \"Looking for laughs in China\". Boston Globe. Retrieved 27 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boston.com/ae/theater_arts/articles/2008/08/16/looking_for_laughs_in_china/","url_text":"\"Looking for laughs in China\""}]},{"reference":"\"Joe Wong's network debut on David Letterman's show\". 2009-04-17. Archived from the original on 2011-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110316053558/http://www.youtube.com//watch?v=mKdeN7l9p8M","url_text":"\"Joe Wong's network debut on David Letterman's show\""},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mKdeN7l9p8M","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"KP Comedy\". Archived from the original on 2012-04-14. Retrieved 2012-06-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120414030908/http://www.kpcomedy.com/COMEDIANS/Joe_Wong-bio.html","url_text":"\"KP Comedy\""},{"url":"http://www.kpcomedy.com/COMEDIANS/Joe_Wong-bio.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_power
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Mains electricity
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["1 Terminology","2 Power systems","3 Common uses of electricity","4 Building wiring","5 Voltage levels","5.1 Measuring voltage","5.2 Choice of voltage","5.3 Standardization","6 History","7 Voltage regulation","8 Power quality","9 See also","10 References"]
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Type of lower-voltage electricity most commonly provided by utilities
World map showing the percentage of the population in each country with access to mains electricity (as of 2017), a measure of the extent of electrification. 80–100% 60–80% 40–60% 20–40% 0–20%
Mains electricity or utility power, grid power, domestic power, and wall power, or, in some parts of Canada, hydro, is a general-purpose alternating-current (AC) electric power supply. It is the form of electrical power that is delivered to homes and businesses through the electrical grid in many parts of the world. People use this electricity to power everyday items (such as domestic appliances, televisions and lamps) by plugging them into a wall outlet.
The voltage and frequency of electric power differs between regions. In much of the world, a voltage (nominally) of 230 volts and frequency of 50 Hz is used. In North America, the most common combination is 120 V and a frequency of 60 Hz. Other combinations exist, for example, 230 V at 60 Hz. Travellers' portable appliances may be inoperative or damaged by foreign electrical supplies. Non-interchangeable plugs and sockets in different regions provide some protection from accidental use of appliances with incompatible voltage and frequency requirements.
Terminology
A table lamp connected to a wall socket (the mains)
In the US, mains electric power is referred to by several names including "utility power", "household power", "household electricity", "house current", "powerline", "domestic power", "wall power", "line power", "wall current", "AC power", "city power", "street power", and "120 (one twenty)".
In the UK, mains electric power is generally referred to as "the mains". More than half of power in Canada is hydroelectricity, and mains electricity is often referred to as "hydro" in some regions of the country. This is also reflected in names of current and historical electricity utilities such as Hydro-Québec, BC Hydro, Manitoba Hydro, Hydro One (Ontario), and Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro.
Power systems
For a list of voltages, frequencies, and wall plugs by country, see Mains electricity by country.
Worldwide, many different mains power systems are found for the operation of household and light commercial electrical appliances and lighting. The different systems are primarily characterized by:
Voltage
Frequency
Plugs and sockets (receptacles or outlets)
Earthing system (grounding)
Protection against overcurrent damage (e.g., due to short circuit), electric shock, and fire hazards
Parameter tolerances.
All these parameters vary among regions. The voltages are generally in the range 100–240 V (always expressed as root-mean-square voltage). The two commonly used frequencies are 50 Hz and 60 Hz. Single-phase or three-phase power is most commonly used today, although two-phase systems were used early in the 20th century. Foreign enclaves, such as large industrial plants or overseas military bases, may have a different standard voltage or frequency from the surrounding areas. Some city areas may use standards different from that of the surrounding countryside (e.g. in Libya). Regions in an effective state of anarchy may have no central electrical authority, with electric power provided by incompatible private sources.
Many other combinations of voltage and utility frequency were formerly used, with frequencies between 25 Hz and 133 Hz and voltages from 100 V to 250 V. Direct current (DC) has been displaced by alternating current (AC) in public power systems, but DC was used especially in some city areas to the end of the 20th century. The modern combinations of 230 V/50 Hz and 120 V/60 Hz, listed in IEC 60038, did not apply in the first few decades of the 20th century and are still not universal. Industrial plants with three-phase power will have different, higher voltages installed for large equipment (and different sockets and plugs), but the common voltages listed here would still be found for lighting and portable equipment.
Common uses of electricity
Electricity is used for lighting, heating, cooling, electric motors and electronic equipment. The US Energy Information Administration (EIA) has published:
U.S. residential sector electricity consumption by major end uses in 2021
End use
Petajoules(Terawatt-hours)
Share oftotal
Space cooling
850 (235)
15%
Space heating
750 (207)
14%
Water heating
630 (176)
12%
Refrigeration
310 (87)
6%
Clothes dryers
230 (64)
4%
Lighting
210 (59)
4%
Televisions and related equipment1
200 (56)
4%
Computers and related equipment2
130 (36)
2%
Furnace fans and boiler circulation pumps
86 (24)
2%
Freezers
72 (20)
1%
Cooking
58 (16)
1%
Clothes washers3
40 (11)
1%
Dishwashers3
29 (8)
1%
Other uses4
1,900 (520)
34%
Total consumption
5,470 (1,519)
100%
1 Includes televisions, set-top boxes, home theatre systems, DVD players, and video game consoles.
2 Includes desktop and laptop computers, monitors, and networking equipment.
3 Does not include water heating.
4 Includes small electric devices, heating elements, exterior lights, outdoor grills, pool and spa heaters, backup electricity generators, and motors not listed above. Does not include electric vehicle charging.
Electronic appliances such as computers or televisions sets typically use an AC to DC converter or AC adapter to power the device. This is often capable of operation with a wide range of voltage and with both common power frequencies. Other AC applications usually have much more restricted input ranges.
Building wiring
See also: Electrical wiring
Portable appliances use single-phase electric power, with two or three wired contacts at each outlet. Two wires (neutral and live/active/hot) carry current to operate the device. A third wire, not always present, connects conductive parts of the appliance case to earth ground. This protects users from electric shock if live internal parts accidentally contact the case.
Further information: Ground and neutral
In northern and central Europe, residential electrical supply is commonly 400 V three-phase electric power, which gives 230 V between any single phase and neutral; house wiring may be a mix of three-phase and single-phase circuits, but three-phase residential use is rare in the UK. High-power appliances such as kitchen stoves, water heaters and household power heavy tools like log splitters may be supplied from the 400 V three-phase power supply.
Small portable electrical equipment is connected to the power supply through flexible cables terminated in a plug, which is inserted into a fixed receptacle (socket). Larger household electrical equipment and industrial equipment may be permanently wired to the fixed wiring of the building. For example, in North American homes a window-mounted self-contained air conditioner unit would be connected to a wall plug, whereas the central air conditioning for a whole home would be permanently wired. Larger plug and socket combinations are used for industrial equipment carrying larger currents, higher voltages, or three phase electric power.
Circuit breakers and fuses are used to detect short circuits between the line and neutral or ground wires or the drawing of more current than the wires are rated to handle (overload protection) to prevent overheating and possible fire. These protective devices are usually mounted in a central panel—most commonly a distribution board or consumer unit—in a building, but some wiring systems also provide a protection device at the socket or within the plug. Residual-current devices, also known as ground-fault circuit interrupters and appliance leakage current interrupters, are used to detect ground faults—flow of current in other than the neutral and line wires (like the ground wire or a person). When a ground fault is detected, the device quickly cuts off the circuit.
Voltage levels
World map of mains voltages and frequencies, simplified to country level
Most of the world population (Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and much of South America) use a supply that is within 6% of 230 V. In the United Kingdom the nominal supply voltage is 230 V +10%/−6% to accommodate the fact that most transformers are in fact still set to 240 V. The 230 V standard has become widespread so that 230 V equipment can be used in most parts of the world with the aid of an adapter or a change to the equipment's plug to the standard for the specific country.
The United States and Canada use a supply voltage of 120 volts ± 6%. Japan, Taiwan, Saudi Arabia, North America, Central America and some parts of northern South America use a voltage between 100 V and 127 V. However, most of the households in Japan equip split-phase electric power like the United States, which can supply 200 V by using reversed phase at the same time. Brazil is unusual in having both 127 V and 220 V systems at 60 Hz and also permitting interchangeable plugs and sockets. Saudi Arabia and Mexico have mixed voltage systems; in residential and light commercial buildings both countries use 127 volts, with 220 volts at 60 Hz in commercial and industrial applications. The Saudi government approved plans in August 2010 to transition the country to a totally 230/400-volt 60 Hz system.
Measuring voltage
A distinction should be made between the voltage at the point of supply (nominal voltage at the point of interconnection between the electrical utility and the user) and the voltage rating of the equipment (utilization or load voltage). Typically the utilization voltage is 3% to 5% lower than the nominal system voltage; for example, a nominal 208 V supply system will be connected to motors with "200 V" on their nameplates. This allows for the voltage drop between equipment and supply. Voltages in this article are the nominal supply voltages and equipment used on these systems will carry slightly lower nameplate voltages. Power distribution system voltage is nearly sinusoidal in nature. Voltages are expressed as root mean square (RMS) voltage. Voltage tolerances are for steady-state operation. Momentary heavy loads, or switching operations in the power distribution network, may cause short-term deviations out of the tolerance band and storms and other unusual conditions may cause even larger transient variations. In general, power supplies derived from large networks with many sources are more stable than those supplied to an isolated community with perhaps only a single generator.
Choice of voltage
Main article: Mains electricity by country
The choice of supply voltage is due more to historical reasons than optimization of the electric power distribution system—once a voltage is in use and equipment using this voltage is widespread, changing voltage is a drastic and expensive measure. A 230 V distribution system will use less conductor material than a 120 V system to deliver a given amount of power because the current, and consequently the resistive loss, is lower. While large heating appliances can use smaller conductors at 230 V for the same output rating, few household appliances use anything like the full capacity of the outlet to which they are connected. Minimum wire size for hand-held or portable equipment is usually restricted by the mechanical strength of the conductors.
Many areas, such as the US, which use (nominally) 120 V, make use of three-wire, split-phase 240 V systems to supply large appliances. In this system a 240 V supply has a centre-tapped neutral to give two 120 V supplies which can also supply 240 V to loads connected between the two line wires. Three-phase systems can be connected to give various combinations of voltage, suitable for use by different classes of equipment. Where both single-phase and three-phase loads are served by an electrical system, the system may be labelled with both voltages such as 120/208 or 230/400 V, to show the line-to-neutral voltage and the line-to-line voltage. Large loads are connected for the higher voltage. Other three-phase voltages, up to 830 volts, are occasionally used for special-purpose systems such as oil well pumps. Large industrial motors (say, more than 250 hp or 150 kW) may operate on medium voltage. On 60 Hz systems a standard for medium voltage equipment is 2,400/4,160 V whereas 3,300 V is the common standard for 50 Hz systems.
Standardization
Until 1987, mains voltage in large parts of Europe, including Germany, Austria and Switzerland, was 220±22 V while the UK used 240±14.4 V. Standard ISO IEC 60038:1983 defined the new standard European voltage to be 230±23 V. From 1987 onwards, a step-wise shift towards 230+13.8−23 V was implemented. From 2009 on, the voltage is permitted to be 230±23 V. No change in voltage was required by either the Central European or the UK system, as both 220 V and 240 V fall within the lower 230 V tolerance bands (230 V ±6%). Usually the voltage of 230V ±3% is maintained. Some areas of the UK still have 250 volts for legacy reasons, but these also fall within the 10% tolerance band of 230 volts. In practice, this allowed countries to have supplied the same voltage (220 or 240 V), at least until existing supply transformers are replaced. Equipment (with the exception of filament bulbs) used in these countries is designed to accept any voltage within the specified range.
In 2000, Australia converted to 230 V as the nominal standard with a tolerance of +10%/−6%, this superseding the old 240 V standard, AS 2926-1987. The tolerance was increased in 2022 to ± 10% with the release of AS IEC 60038:2022. The utilization voltage available at an appliance may be below this range, due to voltage drops within the customer installation. As in the UK, 240 V is within the allowable limits and "240 volt" is a synonym for mains in Australian and British English.
In the United States and Canada, national standards specify that the nominal voltage at the source should be 120 V and allow a range of 114 V to 126 V (RMS) (−5% to +5%). Historically, 110 V, 115 V and 117 V have been used at different times and places in North America. Mains power is sometimes spoken of as 110 V; however, 120 V is the nominal voltage.
In Japan, the electrical power supply to households is at 100 and 200 V. Eastern and northern parts of Honshū (including Tokyo) and Hokkaidō have a frequency of 50 Hz, whereas western Honshū (including Nagoya, Osaka, and Hiroshima), Shikoku, Kyūshū and Okinawa operate at 60 Hz. The boundary between the two regions contains four back-to-back high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) substations which interconnect the power between the two grid systems; these are Shin Shinano, Sakuma Dam, Minami-Fukumitsu, and the Higashi-Shimizu Frequency Converter. To accommodate the difference, frequency-sensitive appliances marketed in Japan can often be switched between the two frequencies.
History
Main article: Electrification
A 50 Hz ±5 Hz vibrating-reed mains frequency meter for 220 V
The world's first public electricity supply was a water wheel driven system constructed in the small English town of Godalming in 1881. It was an alternating current (AC) system using a Siemens alternator supplying power for both street lights and consumers at two voltages, 250 V for arc lamps, and 40 V for incandescent lamps.
The world's first large scale central plant—Thomas Edison's steam powered station at Holborn Viaduct in London—started operation in January 1882, providing direct current (DC) at 110 V. The Holborn Viaduct station was used as a proof of concept for the construction of the much larger Pearl Street Station in New York, the world's first permanent commercial central power plant. The Pearl Street Station also provided DC at 110 V, considered to be a "safe" voltage for consumers, beginning 4 September 1882.
AC systems started appearing in the US in the mid-1880s, using higher distribution voltage stepped down via transformers to the same 110 V customer utilization voltage that Edison used. In 1883 Edison patented a three–wire distribution system to allow DC generation plants to serve a wider radius of customers to save on copper costs. By connecting two groups of 110 V lamps in series more load could be served by the same size conductors run with 220 V between them; a neutral conductor carried any imbalance of current between the two sub-circuits. AC circuits adopted the same form during the war of the currents, allowing lamps to be run at around 110 V and major appliances to be connected to 220 V. Nominal voltages gradually crept upward to 112 V and 115 V, or even 117 V. After World War II the standard voltage in the U.S. became 117 V, but many areas lagged behind even into the 1960s. In 1954, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) published C84.1 “American National Standard for Electric Power Systems and Equipment – Voltage Ratings (60 Hertz)”. This standard established 120 volt nominal system and two ranges for service voltage and utilization voltage variations. Today, virtually all American homes and businesses have access to 120 and 240 V at 60 Hz. Both voltages are available on the three wires (two "hot" legs of opposite phase and one "neutral" leg).
In 1899, the Berliner Elektrizitäts-Werke (BEW), a Berlin electrical utility, decided to greatly increase its distribution capacity by switching to 220 V nominal distribution, taking advantage of the higher voltage capability of newly developed metal filament lamps. The company was able to offset the cost of converting the customer's equipment by the resulting saving in distribution conductors cost. This became the model for electrical distribution in Germany and the rest of Europe and the 220 V system became common. North American practice remained with voltages near 110 V for lamps.
In the first decade after the introduction of alternating current in the US (from the early 1880s to about 1893) a variety of different frequencies were used, with each electric provider setting their own, so that no single one prevailed. The most common frequency was 133⅓ Hz. The rotation speed of induction generators and motors, the efficiency of transformers, and flickering of carbon arc lamps all played a role in frequency setting. Around 1893 the Westinghouse Electric Company in the United States and AEG in Germany decided to standardize their generation equipment on 60 Hz and 50 Hz respectively, eventually leading to most of the world being supplied at one of these two frequencies. Today most 60 Hz systems deliver nominal 120/240 V, and most 50 Hz nominally 230 V. The significant exceptions are in Brazil, which has a synchronized 60 Hz grid with both 127 V and 220 V as standard voltages in different regions, and Japan, which has two frequencies: 50 Hz for East Japan and 60 Hz for West Japan.
See also: Utility frequency
Voltage regulation
To maintain the voltage at the customer's service within the acceptable range, electrical distribution utilities use regulating equipment at electrical substations or along the distribution line. At a substation, the step-down transformer will have an automatic on-load tap changer, allowing the ratio between transmission voltage and distribution voltage to be adjusted in steps. For long (several kilometres) rural distribution circuits, automatic voltage regulators may be mounted on poles of the distribution line. These are autotransformers, again, with on-load tap changers to adjust the ratio depending on the observed voltage changes. At each customer's service, the step-down transformer has up to five taps to allow some range of adjustment, usually ±5% of the nominal voltage. Since these taps are not automatically controlled, they are used only to adjust the long-term average voltage at the service and not to regulate the voltage seen by the utility customer.
Power quality
Main article: Power quality
The stability of the voltage and frequency supplied to customers varies among countries and regions. "Power quality" is a term describing the degree of deviation from the nominal supply voltage and frequency. Short-term surges and drop-outs affect sensitive electronic equipment such as computers and flat-panel displays. Longer-term power outages, brownouts and blackouts and low reliability of supply generally increase costs to customers, who may have to invest in uninterruptible power supply or stand-by generator sets to provide power when the utility supply is unavailable or unusable. Erratic power supply may be a severe economic handicap to businesses and public services which rely on electrical machinery, illumination, climate control and computers. Even the best quality power system may have breakdowns or require servicing. As such, companies, governments and other organizations sometimes have backup generators at sensitive facilities, to ensure that power will be available even in the event of a power outage or black out.
Power quality can also be affected by distortions of the current or voltage waveform in the form of harmonics of the fundamental (supply) frequency, or non-harmonic (inter)modulation distortion such as that caused by electromagnetic interference. In contrast, harmonic distortion is usually caused by conditions of the load or generator. In multi-phase power, phase shift distortions caused by imbalanced loads can occur.
See also
Energy portal
Electricity meter
Maximum demand indicator
References
^ "Access to electricity (% of population)". Data. The World Bank. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
^ , How is electricity used in U.S. homes?, US Energy Information Administration, 3 March 2022, (retrieved 11 November 2022)
^ Electrical Inspection Manual, 2011 Edition], Noel Williams & Jeffrey S Sargent, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2012, p. 249 (retrieved 3 March 2013 from Google Books)
^ 17th Edition IEE Wiring Regulations: Explained and Illustrated], Brian Scaddan, Routledge, 2011, p. 18 (retrieved 6 March 2013 from Google Books)
^ Halliday, Chris; Urquhart, Dave. "Voltage and Equipment Standard Misalignment" (PDF). powerlogic.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2014.
^ "Power plug, socket & mains voltage in Brazil". WorldStandards. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
^ "Voltage in Saudi Arabia - Electricity Supply and Power Quality Overview". Sinalda. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
^ CENELEC Harmonisation Document HD 472 S1:1988
^ British Standard BS 7697: Nominal voltages for low voltage public electricity supply systems – (Implementation of HD 472 S1)
^ Hossain, J.; Mahmud, A. (29 January 2014). Renewable Energy Integration: Challenges and Solutions. Springer. p. 71. ISBN 978-9814585279. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
^ "Electrical Contractor Update - Issue 04 - February 2023". us5.campaign-archive.com. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
^ ANSI C84.1: American National Standard for Electric Power Systems and Equipment – Voltage Ratings (60 Hertz) Archived 27 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine, NEMA (costs $95 for access)
^ "Voltage Tolerance Boundary" (PDF). PG&E. 1 January 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
^ CSA CAN3-C235-83: Preferred Voltage Levels for AC Systems, 0 to 50 000 V
^ "Godalming: Electricity". Exploring Surrey's Past. Surrey County Council. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
^ Electricity Supply in the United Kingdom (PDF), The Electricity Council, 1987, archived from the original on 1 April 2017{{citation}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "Milestones:Pearl Street Station, 1882". Engineering and Technology History Wiki. United Engineering Foundation. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
^ "Voltage Tolerance Boundary". Power Quality Blog. Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E). January 1999. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
^ Thomas P. Hughes, Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society 1880–1930, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 1983 ISBN 0-8018-2873-2 p. 193
^ "Power plug, socket & mains voltage in Brazil". WorldStandards. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Access_to_Electricity.svg"},{"link_name":"electrification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrification"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-el-access-1"},{"link_name":"alternating-current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current"},{"link_name":"electric power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power"},{"link_name":"electrical grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_grid"},{"link_name":"voltage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage"},{"link_name":"frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_frequency"},{"link_name":"plugs and sockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power_plugs_and_sockets"}],"text":"World map showing the percentage of the population in each country with access to mains electricity (as of 2017), a measure of the extent of electrification.[1] 80–100% 60–80% 40–60% 20–40% 0–20%Mains electricity or utility power, grid power, domestic power, and wall power, or, in some parts of Canada, hydro, is a general-purpose alternating-current (AC) electric power supply. It is the form of electrical power that is delivered to homes and businesses through the electrical grid in many parts of the world. People use this electricity to power everyday items (such as domestic appliances, televisions and lamps) by plugging them into a wall outlet.The voltage and frequency of electric power differs between regions. In much of the world, a voltage (nominally) of 230 volts and frequency of 50 Hz is used. In North America, the most common combination is 120 V and a frequency of 60 Hz. Other combinations exist, for example, 230 V at 60 Hz. Travellers' portable appliances may be inoperative or damaged by foreign electrical supplies. Non-interchangeable plugs and sockets in different regions provide some protection from accidental use of appliances with incompatible voltage and frequency requirements.","title":"Mains electricity"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mains_powered_electric_Lamp.JPG"},{"link_name":"hydroelectricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity"},{"link_name":"Hydro-Québec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydro-Qu%C3%A9bec"},{"link_name":"BC Hydro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Hydro"},{"link_name":"Manitoba Hydro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Hydro"},{"link_name":"Hydro One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydro_One"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador_Hydro"}],"text":"A table lamp connected to a wall socket (the mains)In the US, mains electric power is referred to by several names including \"utility power\", \"household power\", \"household electricity\", \"house current\", \"powerline\", \"domestic power\", \"wall power\", \"line power\", \"wall current\", \"AC power\", \"city power\", \"street power\", and \"120 (one twenty)\".In the UK, mains electric power is generally referred to as \"the mains\". More than half of power in Canada is hydroelectricity, and mains electricity is often referred to as \"hydro\" in some regions of the country. This is also reflected in names of current and historical electricity utilities such as Hydro-Québec, BC Hydro, Manitoba Hydro, Hydro One (Ontario), and Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro.","title":"Terminology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mains electricity by country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity_by_country"},{"link_name":"mains power systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity_by_country"},{"link_name":"Voltage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage"},{"link_name":"Frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_frequency"},{"link_name":"Plugs and sockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power_plugs_and_sockets"},{"link_name":"Earthing system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthing_system"},{"link_name":"overcurrent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overcurrent"},{"link_name":"electric shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_injury"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt"},{"link_name":"root-mean-square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root-mean-square"},{"link_name":"Hz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz"},{"link_name":"Single-phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-phase_electric_power"},{"link_name":"three-phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"anarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchy"},{"link_name":"utility frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_frequency"},{"link_name":"Direct current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current"},{"link_name":"alternating current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current"},{"link_name":"IEC 60038","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_60038"},{"link_name":"three-phase power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power"}],"text":"For a list of voltages, frequencies, and wall plugs by country, see Mains electricity by country.Worldwide, many different mains power systems are found for the operation of household and light commercial electrical appliances and lighting. The different systems are primarily characterized by:Voltage\nFrequency\nPlugs and sockets (receptacles or outlets)\nEarthing system (grounding)\nProtection against overcurrent damage (e.g., due to short circuit), electric shock, and fire hazards\nParameter tolerances.All these parameters vary among regions. The voltages are generally in the range 100–240 V (always expressed as root-mean-square voltage). The two commonly used frequencies are 50 Hz and 60 Hz. Single-phase or three-phase power is most commonly used today, although two-phase systems were used early in the 20th century. Foreign enclaves, such as large industrial plants or overseas military bases, may have a different standard voltage or frequency from the surrounding areas. Some city areas may use standards different from that of the surrounding countryside (e.g. in Libya). Regions in an effective state of anarchy may have no central electrical authority, with electric power provided by incompatible private sources.Many other combinations of voltage and utility frequency were formerly used, with frequencies between 25 Hz and 133 Hz and voltages from 100 V to 250 V. Direct current (DC) has been displaced by alternating current (AC) in public power systems, but DC was used especially in some city areas to the end of the 20th century. The modern combinations of 230 V/50 Hz and 120 V/60 Hz, listed in IEC 60038, did not apply in the first few decades of the 20th century and are still not universal. Industrial plants with three-phase power will have different, higher voltages installed for large equipment (and different sockets and plugs), but the common voltages listed here would still be found for lighting and portable equipment.","title":"Power systems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US Energy Information Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Energy_Information_Administration"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"AC adapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_adapter"}],"text":"Electricity is used for lighting, heating, cooling, electric motors and electronic equipment. The US Energy Information Administration (EIA) has published:U.S. residential sector electricity consumption by major end uses in 2021[2]1 Includes televisions, set-top boxes, home theatre systems, DVD players, and video game consoles.\n2 Includes desktop and laptop computers, monitors, and networking equipment.\n3 Does not include water heating.\n4 Includes small electric devices, heating elements, exterior lights, outdoor grills, pool and spa heaters, backup electricity generators, and motors not listed above. Does not include electric vehicle charging.Electronic appliances such as computers or televisions sets typically use an AC to DC converter or AC adapter to power the device. This is often capable of operation with a wide range of voltage and with both common power frequencies. Other AC applications usually have much more restricted input ranges.","title":"Common uses of electricity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Electrical wiring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_wiring"},{"link_name":"single-phase electric power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-phase_electric_power"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"electric shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_shock"},{"link_name":"Ground and neutral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_and_neutral"},{"link_name":"kitchen stoves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_stove"},{"link_name":"log splitters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_splitter"},{"link_name":"plug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_AC_power_plugs_and_sockets"},{"link_name":"air conditioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning"},{"link_name":"plug and socket combinations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_and_multiphase_power_plugs_and_sockets"},{"link_name":"Circuit breakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_breaker"},{"link_name":"fuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_(electrical)"},{"link_name":"short circuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_circuit"},{"link_name":"Residual-current devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residual-current_device"}],"text":"See also: Electrical wiringPortable appliances use single-phase electric power, with two or three wired contacts at each outlet. Two wires (neutral and live/active/hot) carry current to operate the device.[3][4] A third wire, not always present, connects conductive parts of the appliance case to earth ground. This protects users from electric shock if live internal parts accidentally contact the case.Further information: Ground and neutralIn northern and central Europe, residential electrical supply is commonly 400 V three-phase electric power, which gives 230 V between any single phase and neutral; house wiring may be a mix of three-phase and single-phase circuits, but three-phase residential use is rare in the UK. High-power appliances such as kitchen stoves, water heaters and household power heavy tools like log splitters may be supplied from the 400 V three-phase power supply.Small portable electrical equipment is connected to the power supply through flexible cables terminated in a plug, which is inserted into a fixed receptacle (socket). Larger household electrical equipment and industrial equipment may be permanently wired to the fixed wiring of the building. For example, in North American homes a window-mounted self-contained air conditioner unit would be connected to a wall plug, whereas the central air conditioning for a whole home would be permanently wired. Larger plug and socket combinations are used for industrial equipment carrying larger currents, higher voltages, or three phase electric power.Circuit breakers and fuses are used to detect short circuits between the line and neutral or ground wires or the drawing of more current than the wires are rated to handle (overload protection) to prevent overheating and possible fire. These protective devices are usually mounted in a central panel—most commonly a distribution board or consumer unit—in a building, but some wiring systems also provide a protection device at the socket or within the plug. Residual-current devices, also known as ground-fault circuit interrupters and appliance leakage current interrupters, are used to detect ground faults—flow of current in other than the neutral and line wires (like the ground wire or a person). When a ground fault is detected, the device quickly cuts off the circuit.","title":"Building wiring"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_Map_of_Mains_Voltages_and_Frequencies,_Detailed.svg"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"adapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adapter"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America"},{"link_name":"split-phase electric power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split-phase_electric_power"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"World map of mains voltages and frequencies, simplified to country levelMost of the world population (Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and much of South America) use a supply that is within 6% of 230 V. In the United Kingdom[5] the nominal supply voltage is 230 V +10%/−6% to accommodate the fact that most transformers are in fact still set to 240 V. The 230 V standard has become widespread so that 230 V equipment can be used in most parts of the world with the aid of an adapter or a change to the equipment's plug to the standard for the specific country.\nThe United States and Canada use a supply voltage of 120 volts ± 6%. Japan, Taiwan, Saudi Arabia, North America, Central America and some parts of northern South America use a voltage between 100 V and 127 V. However, most of the households in Japan equip split-phase electric power like the United States, which can supply 200 V by using reversed phase at the same time. Brazil is unusual in having both 127 V and 220 V systems at 60 Hz and also permitting interchangeable plugs and sockets.[6] Saudi Arabia and Mexico have mixed voltage systems; in residential and light commercial buildings both countries use 127 volts, with 220 volts at 60 Hz in commercial and industrial applications. The Saudi government approved plans in August 2010 to transition the country to a totally 230/400-volt 60 Hz system.[7]","title":"Voltage levels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"voltage drop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_drop"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"root mean square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_mean_square"}],"sub_title":"Measuring voltage","text":"A distinction should be made between the voltage at the point of supply (nominal voltage at the point of interconnection between the electrical utility and the user) and the voltage rating of the equipment (utilization or load voltage). Typically the utilization voltage is 3% to 5% lower than the nominal system voltage; for example, a nominal 208 V supply system will be connected to motors with \"200 V\" on their nameplates. This allows for the voltage drop between equipment and supply.[citation needed] Voltages in this article are the nominal supply voltages and equipment used on these systems will carry slightly lower nameplate voltages. Power distribution system voltage is nearly sinusoidal in nature. Voltages are expressed as root mean square (RMS) voltage. Voltage tolerances are for steady-state operation. Momentary heavy loads, or switching operations in the power distribution network, may cause short-term deviations out of the tolerance band and storms and other unusual conditions may cause even larger transient variations. In general, power supplies derived from large networks with many sources are more stable than those supplied to an isolated community with perhaps only a single generator.","title":"Voltage levels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"three-wire, split-phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split-phase_electric_power"},{"link_name":"Three-phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power"}],"sub_title":"Choice of voltage","text":"The choice of supply voltage is due more to historical reasons than optimization of the electric power distribution system—once a voltage is in use and equipment using this voltage is widespread, changing voltage is a drastic and expensive measure. A 230 V distribution system will use less conductor material than a 120 V system to deliver a given amount of power because the current, and consequently the resistive loss, is lower. While large heating appliances can use smaller conductors at 230 V for the same output rating, few household appliances use anything like the full capacity of the outlet to which they are connected. Minimum wire size for hand-held or portable equipment is usually restricted by the mechanical strength of the conductors.Many areas, such as the US, which use (nominally) 120 V, make use of three-wire, split-phase 240 V systems to supply large appliances. In this system a 240 V supply has a centre-tapped neutral to give two 120 V supplies which can also supply 240 V to loads connected between the two line wires. Three-phase systems can be connected to give various combinations of voltage, suitable for use by different classes of equipment. Where both single-phase and three-phase loads are served by an electrical system, the system may be labelled with both voltages such as 120/208 or 230/400 V, to show the line-to-neutral voltage and the line-to-line voltage. Large loads are connected for the higher voltage. Other three-phase voltages, up to 830 volts, are occasionally used for special-purpose systems such as oil well pumps. Large industrial motors (say, more than 250 hp or 150 kW) may operate on medium voltage. On 60 Hz systems a standard for medium voltage equipment is 2,400/4,160 V whereas 3,300 V is the common standard for 50 Hz systems.","title":"Voltage levels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IEC 60038","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEC_60038"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"filament bulbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_English"},{"link_name":"British English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PG&E_1999-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"RMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_mean_square"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Honshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honshu"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Hokkaidō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido"},{"link_name":"Shikoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikoku"},{"link_name":"Kyūshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyushu"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_(city)"},{"link_name":"high-voltage direct-current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current"},{"link_name":"Shin Shinano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin-Shinano_Frequency_Converter"},{"link_name":"Sakuma Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakuma_Dam#HVDC_frequency_converter"},{"link_name":"Minami-Fukumitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minami-Fukumitsu_Frequency_Converter"},{"link_name":"Higashi-Shimizu Frequency Converter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higashi-Shimizu_Frequency_Converter"}],"sub_title":"Standardization","text":"Until 1987, mains voltage in large parts of Europe, including Germany, Austria and Switzerland, was 220±22 V while the UK used 240±14.4 V. Standard ISO IEC 60038:1983 defined the new standard European voltage to be 230±23 V. From 1987 onwards, a step-wise shift towards 230+13.8−23 V was implemented. From 2009 on, the voltage is permitted to be 230±23 V.[8][9] No change in voltage was required by either the Central European or the UK system, as both 220 V and 240 V fall within the lower 230 V tolerance bands (230 V ±6%). Usually the voltage of 230V ±3% is maintained. Some areas of the UK still have 250 volts for legacy reasons, but these also fall within the 10% tolerance band of 230 volts. In practice, this allowed countries to have supplied the same voltage (220 or 240 V), at least until existing supply transformers are replaced. Equipment (with the exception of filament bulbs) used in these countries is designed to accept any voltage within the specified range.In 2000, Australia converted to 230 V as the nominal standard with a tolerance of +10%/−6%,[10] this superseding the old 240 V standard, AS 2926-1987. The tolerance was increased in 2022 to ± 10% with the release of AS IEC 60038:2022.[11] The utilization voltage available at an appliance may be below this range, due to voltage drops within the customer installation. As in the UK, 240 V is within the allowable limits and \"240 volt\" is a synonym for mains in Australian and British English.In the United States[12][13] and Canada,[14] national standards specify that the nominal voltage at the source should be 120 V and allow a range of 114 V to 126 V (RMS) (−5% to +5%). Historically, 110 V, 115 V and 117 V have been used at different times and places in North America.[citation needed] Mains power is sometimes spoken of as 110 V; however, 120 V is the nominal voltage.In Japan, the electrical power supply to households is at 100 and 200 V. Eastern and northern parts of Honshū (including Tokyo) and Hokkaidō have a frequency of 50 Hz, whereas western Honshū (including Nagoya, Osaka, and Hiroshima), Shikoku, Kyūshū and Okinawa operate at 60 Hz. The boundary between the two regions contains four back-to-back high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) substations which interconnect the power between the two grid systems; these are Shin Shinano, Sakuma Dam, Minami-Fukumitsu, and the Higashi-Shimizu Frequency Converter. To accommodate the difference, frequency-sensitive appliances marketed in Japan can often be switched between the two frequencies.","title":"Voltage levels"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Czestosciomierz-49.9Hz.jpg"},{"link_name":"water wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_wheel"},{"link_name":"Godalming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godalming"},{"link_name":"alternating current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Thomas Edison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison"},{"link_name":"steam powered station at Holborn Viaduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holborn_Viaduct_power_station"},{"link_name":"direct current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"proof of concept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_concept"},{"link_name":"Pearl Street Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Street_Station"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"transformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer"},{"link_name":"three–wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split-phase_electric_power"},{"link_name":"war of the currents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_currents"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"American National Standards Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Westinghouse Electric Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation"},{"link_name":"AEG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEG_(German_company)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Japan, which has two frequencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Japan#Transmission"},{"link_name":"Utility frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility_frequency"}],"text":"A 50 Hz ±5 Hz vibrating-reed mains frequency meter for 220 VThe world's first public electricity supply was a water wheel driven system constructed in the small English town of Godalming in 1881. It was an alternating current (AC) system using a Siemens alternator supplying power for both street lights and consumers at two voltages, 250 V for arc lamps, and 40 V for incandescent lamps.[15]The world's first large scale central plant—Thomas Edison's steam powered station at Holborn Viaduct in London—started operation in January 1882, providing direct current (DC) at 110 V.[16] The Holborn Viaduct station was used as a proof of concept for the construction of the much larger Pearl Street Station in New York, the world's first permanent commercial central power plant. The Pearl Street Station also provided DC at 110 V, considered to be a \"safe\" voltage for consumers, beginning 4 September 1882.[17]AC systems started appearing in the US in the mid-1880s, using higher distribution voltage stepped down via transformers to the same 110 V customer utilization voltage that Edison used. In 1883 Edison patented a three–wire distribution system to allow DC generation plants to serve a wider radius of customers to save on copper costs. By connecting two groups of 110 V lamps in series more load could be served by the same size conductors run with 220 V between them; a neutral conductor carried any imbalance of current between the two sub-circuits. AC circuits adopted the same form during the war of the currents, allowing lamps to be run at around 110 V and major appliances to be connected to 220 V. Nominal voltages gradually crept upward to 112 V and 115 V, or even 117 V.[citation needed] After World War II the standard voltage in the U.S. became 117 V, but many areas lagged behind even into the 1960s.[citation needed] In 1954, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) published C84.1 “American National Standard for Electric Power Systems and Equipment – Voltage Ratings (60 Hertz)”. This standard established 120 volt nominal system and two ranges for service voltage and utilization voltage variations.[18] Today, virtually all American homes and businesses have access to 120 and 240 V at 60 Hz. Both voltages are available on the three wires (two \"hot\" legs of opposite phase and one \"neutral\" leg).In 1899, the Berliner Elektrizitäts-Werke (BEW), a Berlin electrical utility, decided to greatly increase its distribution capacity by switching to 220 V nominal distribution, taking advantage of the higher voltage capability of newly developed metal filament lamps. The company was able to offset the cost of converting the customer's equipment by the resulting saving in distribution conductors cost. This became the model for electrical distribution in Germany and the rest of Europe and the 220 V system became common. North American practice remained with voltages near 110 V for lamps.[19]In the first decade after the introduction of alternating current in the US (from the early 1880s to about 1893) a variety of different frequencies were used, with each electric provider setting their own, so that no single one prevailed. The most common frequency was 133⅓ Hz.[citation needed] The rotation speed of induction generators and motors, the efficiency of transformers, and flickering of carbon arc lamps all played a role in frequency setting. Around 1893 the Westinghouse Electric Company in the United States and AEG in Germany decided to standardize their generation equipment on 60 Hz and 50 Hz respectively, eventually leading to most of the world being supplied at one of these two frequencies. Today most 60 Hz systems deliver nominal 120/240 V, and most 50 Hz nominally 230 V. The significant exceptions are in Brazil, which has a synchronized 60 Hz grid with both 127 V and 220 V as standard voltages in different regions,[20] and Japan, which has two frequencies: 50 Hz for East Japan and 60 Hz for West Japan.See also: Utility frequency","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"regulating equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_regulator"},{"link_name":"electrical substations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_substation"},{"link_name":"transformer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer"},{"link_name":"autotransformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotransformer"}],"text":"To maintain the voltage at the customer's service within the acceptable range, electrical distribution utilities use regulating equipment at electrical substations or along the distribution line. At a substation, the step-down transformer will have an automatic on-load tap changer, allowing the ratio between transmission voltage and distribution voltage to be adjusted in steps. For long (several kilometres) rural distribution circuits, automatic voltage regulators may be mounted on poles of the distribution line. These are autotransformers, again, with on-load tap changers to adjust the ratio depending on the observed voltage changes. At each customer's service, the step-down transformer has up to five taps to allow some range of adjustment, usually ±5% of the nominal voltage. Since these taps are not automatically controlled, they are used only to adjust the long-term average voltage at the service and not to regulate the voltage seen by the utility customer.","title":"Voltage regulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flat-panel displays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat-panel_display"},{"link_name":"brownouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownout_(electricity)"},{"link_name":"blackouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_outage"},{"link_name":"uninterruptible power supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uninterruptible_power_supply"},{"link_name":"generator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine-generator"},{"link_name":"harmonics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic"},{"link_name":"(inter)modulation distortion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermodulation"},{"link_name":"electromagnetic interference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference"}],"text":"The stability of the voltage and frequency supplied to customers varies among countries and regions. \"Power quality\" is a term describing the degree of deviation from the nominal supply voltage and frequency. Short-term surges and drop-outs affect sensitive electronic equipment such as computers and flat-panel displays. Longer-term power outages, brownouts and blackouts and low reliability of supply generally increase costs to customers, who may have to invest in uninterruptible power supply or stand-by generator sets to provide power when the utility supply is unavailable or unusable. Erratic power supply may be a severe economic handicap to businesses and public services which rely on electrical machinery, illumination, climate control and computers. Even the best quality power system may have breakdowns or require servicing. As such, companies, governments and other organizations sometimes have backup generators at sensitive facilities, to ensure that power will be available even in the event of a power outage or black out.Power quality can also be affected by distortions of the current or voltage waveform in the form of harmonics of the fundamental (supply) frequency, or non-harmonic (inter)modulation distortion such as that caused by electromagnetic interference. In contrast, harmonic distortion is usually caused by conditions of the load or generator. In multi-phase power, phase shift distortions caused by imbalanced loads can occur.","title":"Power quality"}]
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[{"image_text":"World map showing the percentage of the population in each country with access to mains electricity (as of 2017), a measure of the extent of electrification.[1] 80–100% 60–80% 40–60% 20–40% 0–20%","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Access_to_Electricity.svg/310px-Access_to_Electricity.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A table lamp connected to a wall socket (the mains)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mains_powered_electric_Lamp.JPG/220px-Mains_powered_electric_Lamp.JPG"},{"image_text":"World map of mains voltages and frequencies, simplified to country level","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/World_Map_of_Mains_Voltages_and_Frequencies%2C_Detailed.svg/220px-World_Map_of_Mains_Voltages_and_Frequencies%2C_Detailed.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A 50 Hz ±5 Hz vibrating-reed mains frequency meter for 220 V","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Czestosciomierz-49.9Hz.jpg/310px-Czestosciomierz-49.9Hz.jpg"}]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg"},{"title":"Energy portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Energy"},{"title":"Electricity meter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_meter"},{"title":"Maximum demand indicator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_demand_indicator"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Access to electricity (% of population)\". Data. The World Bank. Retrieved 5 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/eg.Elc.Accs.Zs","url_text":"\"Access to electricity (% of population)\""}]},{"reference":"Halliday, Chris; Urquhart, Dave. \"Voltage and Equipment Standard Misalignment\" (PDF). powerlogic.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 14 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180311234438/http://powerlogic.com.au/Attachments/Voltage%20and%20Equipment%20Standard%20Misalignment%20PaperV.pdf","url_text":"\"Voltage and Equipment Standard Misalignment\""},{"url":"http://www.powerlogic.com.au/Attachments/Voltage%20and%20Equipment%20Standard%20Misalignment%20PaperV.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Power plug, socket & mains voltage in Brazil\". WorldStandards. Retrieved 27 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldstandards.eu/electricity/plug-voltage-by-country/brazil/","url_text":"\"Power plug, socket & mains voltage in Brazil\""}]},{"reference":"\"Voltage in Saudi Arabia - Electricity Supply and Power Quality Overview\". Sinalda. Retrieved 27 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sinalda.com/world-voltages/middle-east/voltage-saudi-arabia/","url_text":"\"Voltage in Saudi Arabia - Electricity Supply and Power Quality Overview\""}]},{"reference":"Hossain, J.; Mahmud, A. (29 January 2014). Renewable Energy Integration: Challenges and Solutions. Springer. p. 71. ISBN 978-9814585279. Retrieved 13 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tI_EBAAAQBAJ&q=as60038&pg=PA71","url_text":"Renewable Energy Integration: Challenges and Solutions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9814585279","url_text":"978-9814585279"}]},{"reference":"\"Electrical Contractor Update - Issue 04 - February 2023\". us5.campaign-archive.com. Retrieved 4 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://us5.campaign-archive.com/?u=69932807d57ffb9c816b93a84&id=866a5eb399","url_text":"\"Electrical Contractor Update - Issue 04 - February 2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Voltage Tolerance Boundary\" (PDF). PG&E. 1 January 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pge.com/includes/docs/pdfs/mybusiness/customerservice/energystatus/powerquality/voltage_tolerance.pdf","url_text":"\"Voltage Tolerance Boundary\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191110020717/https://www.pge.com/includes/docs/pdfs/mybusiness/customerservice/energystatus/powerquality/voltage_tolerance.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Godalming: Electricity\". Exploring Surrey's Past. Surrey County Council. Retrieved 6 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.exploringsurreyspast.org.uk/themes/places/surrey/waverley/godalming/godalming_electricity/","url_text":"\"Godalming: Electricity\""}]},{"reference":"Electricity Supply in the United Kingdom (PDF), The Electricity Council, 1987, archived from the original on 1 April 2017","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170401145847/https://ntmm.org/~nt/elecpow/history/electricity_supply_in_the_uk__a_chronology_ocrnopic.pdf","url_text":"Electricity Supply in the United Kingdom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_Council","url_text":"Electricity Council"}]},{"reference":"\"Milestones:Pearl Street Station, 1882\". Engineering and Technology History Wiki. United Engineering Foundation. Retrieved 6 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://ethw.org/Milestones:Pearl_Street_Station,_1882","url_text":"\"Milestones:Pearl Street Station, 1882\""}]},{"reference":"\"Voltage Tolerance Boundary\". Power Quality Blog. Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E). January 1999. Retrieved 7 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://powerquality.blog/2021/01/15/voltage-tolerance-boundary/","url_text":"\"Voltage Tolerance Boundary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Power plug, socket & mains voltage in Brazil\". WorldStandards. Retrieved 27 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldstandards.eu/electricity/plug-voltage-by-country/brazil/","url_text":"\"Power plug, socket & mains voltage in Brazil\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Nottingham
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History of Nottingham
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["1 Pre-history","2 Anglo-Saxon era","3 11th century","4 12th century","5 13th century","6 14th century","7 15th century","8 17th century","9 18th century","10 19th century","11 20th century","11.1 World War II","11.2 Economic decline","12 21st century","13 Robin Hood","14 Caves of Nottingham","15 Nottingham Castle","16 See also","17 References","18 Bibliography","19 Further reading"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "History of Nottingham" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Nottingham from the east in ca. 1695, painted by Jan Siberechts
Nottingham is a city in Nottinghamshire, England.
Pre-history
The middle Trent Valley was covered by ice sheets for large parts of the Paleolithic period between 500,000 and 10,000 years ago, and evidence of early human activity is limited to a small number of discarded stone artefacts found in glacial outwash or boulder clays. The post-glacial warming of the climate in the Mesolithic period between 10,000BC and 4,000BC saw the Trent Valley colonised by hunter-gatherers taking advantage of the emerging mixed woodland environment. Flintwork dating from the period has been excavated on the site of Nottingham Castle, and stone tools used by hunter-gatherers have been found in areas of the city including Beeston, Wollaton Park and the site of the Victoria Centre. The Neolithic period between 4,000BC and 2,000BC saw the clearance of woodland and the transition of the area towards a settled agricultural society. Pottery from the period has been found in Attenborough and Holme Pierrepont, and Neolithic stone axes have been found in the city manufactured as far away as Great Langdale in the Lake District and Penmaenmawr in North Wales. Holme Pierrepont is also the site of the area's most impressive Stone Age monument: an early Neolithic burial monument consisting of several intercutting concentric ditches surrounding a central mound containing five shallow pits.
Abundant evidence exists of Bronze Age habitation in the area, including tools and weapons found in the River Trent and other local rivers, a flat axe found in Edwalton and a looped palstave found in Bestwood. A large hoard of Bronze Age metalwork was discovered during building works in Great Freeman Street in 1860, dating from the late 9th or 8th centuries BC and consisting of ten socketed axes, four bronze arrowheads, a palstave, a hollow ring and the base of a spear shaft. A possible Bronze Age dwelling has been discovered in Clifton, including a series of oak stakes spaced about a yard apart in the river bed of the Trent and a collection of mid and late Bronze Age metalwork including spearheads, rapiers, swords, knives and a dirk. Similar though less well preserved sites have been discovered in Attenborough and Holme Pierrepont. Cropmarks indicating the ring ditches of Bronze Age burial sites are densely distributed across the gravel terraces around the Trent in the south of the city. Excavation of these sites have revealed evidence of cremations and traces of Bronze Age pottery, including urns.
The Iron Age between 700BC and AD43 saw a significant increase in the density of settlement in the area, with evidence of a large number of farming settlements encompassing both arable and pastoral agriculture, each probably occupied by a single family group. Iron Age pottery has been found at a wide variety of sites within the city centre, including the north bailey of the Castle, Low Pavement, Fisher Gate, Halifax Place and a shallow ditch between Woolpack Lane and Barker Gate. Excavations of settlements at Gamston provided evidence of small-scale pottery and textile industries and extensive trading links, with salt from Cheshire, pottery from Charnwood Forest and querns from the Pennines. The importance of the Trent as a trade route during the period has been shown by the discovery of three dugout canoes and a spoked wheel dating from the Iron Age in the gravels at Holme Pierrepont. Iron Age ditches have been excavated at Nottingham Castle and at several sites in the Lace Market, suggesting that pre-historic fortifications in these areas are possible.
Nottingham is notable for its lack of evidence of occupation during the Roman era. Although the Fosse Way was one of Britain's major Roman roads and passed within six miles to the south of Nottingham, there is no record of any crossing of the Trent or settlement close to the site of the modern city.
After the Roman departure at around 410 AD, independent Brythonic kingdoms emerged everywhere in Britain. The Nottinghamshire area was briefly covered by the kingdom of Elmet from the late 5th century to the beginning of the 7th century.
Anglo-Saxon era
In Anglo-Saxon times, around 600 AD, the site formed part of the Kingdom of Mercia, where it may have been known as "Tig Guocobauc" (though this is only known from the later 9th-century account of the Welsh cleric Asser, active at the court of Alfred the Great) meaning in Brythonic "a place of cave dwellings", until falling under the rule of a Saxon chieftain named Snot, whereby it was dubbed "Snotingaham" literally, "the homestead of Snot's people" (Inga = the people of; Ham = homestead). Snot brought together his people in an area where the historic Lace Market in the city can now be found.
The first documentary record of Nottingham is as Snotengaham in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle entry for 868. Names of this form normally represent settlements established in the 6th or 7th century and associated with tribal groupings, indicating that Nottingham was probably formed as the primary settlement of the Snotingas, whose wider territory would have formed a regio or administrative subdivision of the Kingdom of Mercia. Anglo-Saxon pottery from the 7th or 8th century has been found in Fisher Gate within a defensive ditch that can also be seen in Woolpack Lane and Barker Gate, suggesting the first Anglo-Saxon settlement took the form of a small defensive enclosure in this area.
The placename of Nottingham and the large amount of land in Royal ownership at the time of the Domesday Book probably indicate that the settlement was the Snotingas' royal vill or administrative centre during the early Anglo-Saxon period. The remains of a large 8th-century timber hall situated in its own enclosure has been excavated in Halifax Place. This was replaced in the 9th century by an even larger bow-sided timber hall that was at least 100 feet (30 m) long – at least as long as any hall known to have been built in England at this time. This was later replaced by a series of three halls built further to the west, which survived until the 11th century, when they were replaced in turn by a large stone-built aisle hall. These halls all fronted the street now known as High Pavement, the main street of the Anglo-Saxon settlement, and are similar to halls excavated in Northampton known to have been palaces of Mercian Kings.
Nottingham was captured in 867 by Danish Vikings and later became one of the Five Burghs – or fortified towns – of The Danelaw, until recaptured by the Anglo-Saxons unded Edward the Eldar in 918.
The first Bridge over the River Trent is thought to have been constructed around 920.
11th century
Nottingham is mentioned in the 1086 Domesday Book as "Snotingeham" and "Snotingham".
In the 11th century, Nottingham Castle was constructed on a sandstone outcrop by the River Trent. The Anglo-Saxon settlement developed into the English Borough of Nottingham and housed a Town Hall and Courts. A settlement also developed around the castle on the hill opposite and was the French borough supporting the Normans in the Castle. Eventually, the space between was built on as the town grew and the Old Market Square became the focus of Nottingham several centuries later.
12th century
The construction of St Peter's Church, Nottingham started around 1180.
The construction and opening of Ye old Trip to Jerusalem was in 1132. (Attributed to be Britain's oldest Pub)
13th century
In 1264, during the Second Barons' War, rebels attacked the Jewish community of Nottingham.
In 1276, a group of Carmelite friars established a Friary on what is now Friar Lane with lands that included a guesthouse on the site of what is now The Bell Inn.
14th century
Foundation of Plumptre Hospital in 1392, Nottingham's longest serving charity.
15th century
The town became a county corporate in 1449, giving it effective self-government, in the words of the charter, "for eternity". The Castle and Shire Hall were expressly excluded and technically remained as detached Parishes of Nottinghamshire.
17th century
Map of Nottingham in 1610, by John Speed
King Charles I of England raised the Royal Standard in Nottingham on 22 August 1642 at the start of the English Civil War.
One of the first banks in England outside London was established around 1688. Smith's Bank was in Market Square.
18th century
The Trent Navigation Company is formed in 1783 to improve navigation on the River Trent from Nottingham to Kingston upon Hull.
The Nottingham Canal opens in 1796. The price of coal in Nottingham is halved.
19th century
Nottingham and Sneinton, as they stood in 1831
Coal gas was introduced in Nottinghamshire by the Nottingham Gas Light and Coke Company in 1821.
Nottingham was the first place in Britain to install high pressure constant supply mains water in 1831. This system was deployed by engineer Thomas Hawksley and the Trent Waterworks Company.
The Midland Counties Railway opened the first railway service between Nottingham and Derby on 4 June 1839.
During the Industrial Revolution, much of Nottingham's prosperity was founded on the textile industry; in particular, Nottingham was an internationally important centre of lace manufacture. However, the rapid and poorly planned growth left Nottingham with the reputation of having the worst slums in England. the Government in 1844 appointed a Commission to look into the state of great towns. Thomas Hawkesley, Borough Water Engineer, testified to the Commission that he considered Nottingham to be the worst town in England. Residents of these slums rioted in 1831, in protest against the Duke of Newcastle's opposition to the Reform Act 1832, setting fire to his residence, Nottingham Castle. Businesses in other sectors founded in 19th-century Nottingham included the Raleigh Bicycle Company and Boots the Chemist.
Nottingham was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, and at that time consisted of the parishes of Nottingham St Mary, Nottingham St Nicholas and Nottingham St Peter. It was expanded in 1877 by adding the parishes of Basford, Brewhouse Yard, Bulwell, Radford, Sneinton, Standard Hill and parts of the parishes of West Bridgford, Carlton, Wilford (North Wilford).
Old Trent Bridge (left) pictured next to the new in 1871The first incinerators for waste disposal were built in Nottingham by Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd. in 1874 to a design patented by Alfred Fryer. They were originally known as Destructors.
The first horse drawn tramcars were operated by the Nottingham and District Tramways Company Limited in 1878.
In 1889 Nottingham became a county borough under the Local Government Act 1888. City status was awarded as part of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations of Queen Victoria, being signified in a letter from the Prime Minister the Marquess of Salisbury to the Mayor, dated 18 June 1897.
The Great Central Railway opened Nottingham Victoria railway station in 1899.
20th century
Electric trams operated by Nottingham Corporation Tramways begin on 1 January 1901.
Nottingham Council House was rebuilt between 1927 and 1929 to designs by Thomas Cecil Howitt.
World War II
Nottingham in 1947
The Nottingham Blitz was the Nazi German Luftwaffe bombing on the city of Nottingham on the evenings of 8/9 May 1941 as part of a nationwide campaign to disrupt key industrial production, undermine morale and destroy factories, rail networks and infrastructure. During one air raid alone 140 people had been killed and 4,500 houses had been destroyed. Large areas of Nottingham and West Bridgford had been destroyed and University College Nottingham had been damaged.
Economic decline
In common with the UK textile industry as a whole, Nottingham's textile sector fell into headlong decline in the decades following the World War II, as British manufacturers proved unable to compete on price or volume with output of factories in the Far East and South Asia. Very little textile manufacture now takes place in Nottingham, but the city's heyday in this sector endowed it with some fine industrial buildings in the Lace Market district. Many of these have been restored and put to new uses.
21st century
On 13 June 2023, three people are killed in attacks across Nottingham City Centre.
Robin Hood
Robin Hood statue in Nottingham
The legend of Robin Hood first arose in the Middle Ages. Robin Hood is said to have lived in Sherwood Forest, which extended from the north of Nottingham to the north side of Doncaster, Yorkshire. Although Robin Hood is generally associated with Nottingham and Nottinghamshire, some authors (e.g. Phillips & Keatman, 1995) argue that he came from Yorkshire. Hood's main adversary was the Sheriff of Nottingham. Today the office of Sheriff of Nottingham is a ceremonial position with no real jurisdiction. Whilst the accuracy of the legend is questionable, particularly the finer points, it has had a major impact on Nottingham, with Robin Hood imagery a popular choice for local businesses and many modern tourist attractions exploiting the legend. The Robin Hood Statue in Nottingham is within walking distance from the Old Market Square.
Caves of Nottingham
The Nottingham Caves have always formed an important part of the region, at first providing shelter and sanctuary, but growing to house thriving tanning works and in modern times becoming a tourist attraction. The caves are artificial, having been carved out of the soft sandstone rock by prospective dwellers, and have grown to become a complex network under the city. The oldest date back to 1250. The city has more manmade caves than anywhere else in the country and this whole cave network has Scheduled Ancient Monument protection equal to that of Stonehenge, making Nottingham Caves a site of vast importance to the heritage of the United Kingdom. Part of the network can be viewed by the public at the City of Caves attraction which is accessed from the upper mall of the Broadmarsh Shopping Centre.
Before the industrial revolution, the cave network was substantially expanded and became home to a large proportion of the poorer populace, particularly those involved in the tanning industry. The majority of the caves were thought to have been used for storage by the 18th century and were still inhabited until around 1924 when the last family (the Shore family) moved out of the caves in Ilkeston road; they came into use again as air raid shelters during World War II. A section of the cave network under the Broadmarsh Shopping Centre is now open as a tourist attraction, and some parts are still used as pub cellars.
Another section of the caves, under the castle, is still in regular use as the indoor rifle range of the Nottingham Rifle Club. In addition, Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem Inn, a pub that claims to be the oldest in Britain, is partly built into the cave system below the castle and still retains access from the beer cellars to the castle through the cave inside castle rock. Although the pub's building only dates from the 16th or 17th century, the caves themselves may date to the 11th century and could have been the site of the brewhouse for the castle.
Nottingham Castle
Nottingham Castle, founded by William the Conqueror, famed through the Middle Ages as one of the country's finest strongholds, and where Charles I raised the Royal Standard in 1642 no longer exists, and has been replaced by a classical ducal palace. Of the mediæval castle only the (restored) gatehouse, and the ruined remains of some walls/foundations survive.
See also
Timeline of Nottingham
References
^ Dixon, Knight & Firman 1997, p. 11.
^ Dixon, Knight & Firman 1997, p. 13.
^ a b c d e Gurnham 2010, p. 1.
^ a b Dixon, Knight & Firman 1997, p. 14.
^ Dixon, Knight & Firman 1997, pp. 14–15.
^ a b Dixon, Knight & Firman 1997, p. 16.
^ Dixon, Knight & Firman 1997, pp. 16–17.
^ a b c Dixon, Knight & Firman 1997, p. 17.
^ a b Dixon, Knight & Firman 1997, p. 18.
^ Dixon, Knight & Firman 1997, p. 19.
^ Dixon, Knight & Firman 1997, pp. 18–19.
^ Dixon, Knight & Firman 1997, pp. 19–20.
^ Gurnham 2010, pp. 1–2.
^ Barley & Straw 1969, p. 1.
^ A P Nicholson (9 May 2003). "Meaning and Origin of the Words. Shire and County". Retrieved 22 March 2007.
^ a b c Gurnham 2010, p. 2.
^ Gurnham 2010, pp. 3–4.
^ Gurnham 2010, pp. 4, 5.
^ a b Gurnham 2010, p. 5.
^ Gurnham 2010, pp. 5–6.
^ Gurnham 2010, p. 6.
^ "The Jewish Community of Nottingham". The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot.
^ "The History of Nottingham's Old Market Square". Nottingham City Council. Archived from the original on 29 April 2007. Retrieved 18 June 2007.
^ Centenary History of Waste and Waste Managers in London and South East England. Lewis Herbert. The Chartered Institution of Wastes Management. 2007.
^ "Nottingham: Three attack victims stabbed to death, police confirm". BBC News. 13 June 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
^ "Nottingham's caves in history". Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Bibliography
Barley, M. W.; Straw, I. F. (1969), "Nottingham" (PDF), in Lobel, M. D. (ed.), Historic Towns. Maps and Plans of Towns and Cities in the British Isles, with Historical Commentaries, from Earliest Times to 1800, vol. 1, London: Lovell Johns, pp. 1–8, ISBN 0-902134-00-0, retrieved 23 July 2014
Beckett, John; Brand, Ken (1997), Nottingham: an illustrated history, Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-5175-4, retrieved 29 June 2014
Dixon, Philip; Knight, David; Firman, Ron (1997), "The origins of Nottingham", in Beckett, John (ed.), A Centenary History of Nottingham, Chichester: Phillimore & Co., pp. 9–23, ISBN 1-86077-438-5
Gurnham, Richard (2010), A History of Nottingham, Andover: Phillimore & Co, ISBN 978-1-86077-658-8
Roffe, David (1997), "The Anglo-Saxon Town and the Norman Conquest", in Beckett, John (ed.), A Centenary History of Nottingham, Chichester: Phillimore & Co., pp. 24–55, ISBN 1-86077-438-5
Further reading
Published in the 19th century
James Dugdale (1819), "Nottinghamshire: Nottingham", New British Traveller, vol. 4, London: J. Robins and Co.
John Parker Anderson (1881), "Nottinghamshire: Nottingham", Book of British Topography: a Classified Catalogue of the Topographical Works in the Library of the British Museum Relating to Great Britain and Ireland, London: W. Satchell
Charles Gross (1897). "Nottingham". Bibliography of British Municipal History. New York: Longmans, Green, and Co.
Published in the 20th century
G.K. Fortescue, ed. (1902). "Nottingham". Subject Index of the Modern Works Added to the Library of the British Museum in the Years 1881–1900. London: The Trustees. hdl:2027/uc1.b5107013.
Robert Donald, ed. (1908). "Nottingham". Municipal Year Book of the United Kingdom for 1908. London: Edward Lloyd. hdl:2027/nyp.33433081995593.
"Nottingham" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 826–827.
Chambers, J. D. "Nottingham"History Today(Oct 1951) 1#10 pp 40–48.
Published in the 21st century
Scott Lomax (2013), Nottingham: The Buried Past of a Historic City Revealed, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Books
vteNottinghamAbout Nottingham
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Areas of Nottingham
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Category
vteViking activity in Great BritainAnglo-SaxonMajor monarchs
Offa of Mercia (757–796)
Ælla of Northumbria (unk–867)
Edmund the Martyr of East Anglia (855–869)
Æthelred the Unready (978–1013, 1014–1016)
Wessex:
Ecgberht (802–839)
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Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians (c. 881–911)
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VikingMonarchs
Knýtlinga
Harthacnut (1035–1042)
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England
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First invasion 865–896Great Heathen Army(865–78)
Battle of York (867)
Siege of Nottingham (867)
Battle of Englefield (870)
Battle of Ashdown (871)
Battle of Meretun (871)
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Battle of Reading (871)
Sea Battle near Swanage (877)
Battle of Chippenham (878)
Battle of Cynwit (878)
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Battle of London (886)
Siege of Exeter (893, 1001)
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The Danelaw
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Corbridge (918)
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Second invasion: 980–1012The Danelaw
Maldon (991)
Battle of Pinhoe (1001)
First Alton (1001)
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Cnut's invasion (1015–1016)
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PlacesViking settlements
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Treaty of Wedmore (886)
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Culture
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Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charnwood_Forest"},{"link_name":"querns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quern-stone"},{"link_name":"Pennines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennines"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixonKnightFirman199718-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixonKnightFirman199719-10"},{"link_name":"Nottingham Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Castle"},{"link_name":"Lace Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lace_Market"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixonKnightFirman199718%E2%80%9319-11"},{"link_name":"Roman era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDixonKnightFirman199719%E2%80%9320-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurnham20101%E2%80%932-13"},{"link_name":"Fosse Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosse_Way"},{"link_name":"Roman roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_roads_in_Britain"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarleyStraw19691-14"},{"link_name":"Roman departure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"Brythonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brython"},{"link_name":"Elmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmet"}],"text":"The middle Trent Valley was covered by ice sheets for large parts of the Paleolithic period between 500,000 and 10,000 years ago, and evidence of early human activity is limited to a small number of discarded stone artefacts found in glacial outwash or boulder clays.[1] The post-glacial warming of the climate in the Mesolithic period between 10,000BC and 4,000BC saw the Trent Valley colonised by hunter-gatherers taking advantage of the emerging mixed woodland environment.[2] Flintwork dating from the period has been excavated on the site of Nottingham Castle, and stone tools used by hunter-gatherers have been found in areas of the city including Beeston, Wollaton Park and the site of the Victoria Centre.[3] The Neolithic period between 4,000BC and 2,000BC saw the clearance of woodland and the transition of the area towards a settled agricultural society.[4] Pottery from the period has been found in Attenborough and Holme Pierrepont,[3] and Neolithic stone axes have been found in the city manufactured as far away as Great Langdale in the Lake District and Penmaenmawr in North Wales.[4] Holme Pierrepont is also the site of the area's most impressive Stone Age monument: an early Neolithic burial monument consisting of several intercutting concentric ditches surrounding a central mound containing five shallow pits.[5]Abundant evidence exists of Bronze Age habitation in the area, including tools and weapons found in the River Trent and other local rivers,[3] a flat axe found in Edwalton and a looped palstave found in Bestwood.[6] A large hoard of Bronze Age metalwork was discovered during building works in Great Freeman Street in 1860,[3] dating from the late 9th or 8th centuries BC and consisting of ten socketed axes, four bronze arrowheads, a palstave, a hollow ring and the base of a spear shaft.[6] A possible Bronze Age dwelling has been discovered in Clifton, including a series of oak stakes spaced about a yard apart in the river bed of the Trent and a collection of mid and late Bronze Age metalwork including spearheads, rapiers, swords, knives and a dirk.[7] Similar though less well preserved sites have been discovered in Attenborough and Holme Pierrepont.[8] Cropmarks indicating the ring ditches of Bronze Age burial sites are densely distributed across the gravel terraces around the Trent in the south of the city.[8] Excavation of these sites have revealed evidence of cremations and traces of Bronze Age pottery, including urns.[8]The Iron Age between 700BC and AD43 saw a significant increase in the density of settlement in the area, with evidence of a large number of farming settlements encompassing both arable and pastoral agriculture, each probably occupied by a single family group.[9] Iron Age pottery has been found at a wide variety of sites within the city centre, including the north bailey of the Castle, Low Pavement, Fisher Gate, Halifax Place and a shallow ditch between Woolpack Lane and Barker Gate.[3] Excavations of settlements at Gamston provided evidence of small-scale pottery and textile industries and extensive trading links, with salt from Cheshire, pottery from Charnwood Forest and querns from the Pennines.[9] The importance of the Trent as a trade route during the period has been shown by the discovery of three dugout canoes and a spoked wheel dating from the Iron Age in the gravels at Holme Pierrepont.[10] Iron Age ditches have been excavated at Nottingham Castle and at several sites in the Lace Market, suggesting that pre-historic fortifications in these areas are possible.[11]Nottingham is notable for its lack of evidence of occupation during the Roman era.[12][13] Although the Fosse Way was one of Britain's major Roman roads and passed within six miles to the south of Nottingham, there is no record of any crossing of the Trent or settlement close to the site of the modern city.[14]After the Roman departure at around 410 AD, independent Brythonic kingdoms emerged everywhere in Britain. The Nottinghamshire area was briefly covered by the kingdom of Elmet from the late 5th century to the beginning of the 7th century.","title":"Pre-history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxons"},{"link_name":"Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercia"},{"link_name":"Asser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asser"},{"link_name":"Brythonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Brittonic"},{"link_name":"Snot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snot_(Saxon)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Lace Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lace_Market"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurnham20102-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurnham20102-16"},{"link_name":"Snotingas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snotingas"},{"link_name":"regio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiones"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mercia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurnham20103%E2%80%934-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurnham20102-16"},{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"royal vill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_vill"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurnham20104,_5-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurnham20105-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurnham20105-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurnham20105%E2%80%936-20"},{"link_name":"High Pavement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Pavement"},{"link_name":"Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurnham20106-21"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking"},{"link_name":"Five Burghs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Burghs"},{"link_name":"The Danelaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw"},{"link_name":"Bridge over the River Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Bridge_(bridge)"}],"text":"In Anglo-Saxon times, around 600 AD, the site formed part of the Kingdom of Mercia, where it may have been known as \"Tig Guocobauc\" (though this is only known from the later 9th-century account of the Welsh cleric Asser, active at the court of Alfred the Great) meaning in Brythonic \"a place of cave dwellings\", until falling under the rule of a Saxon chieftain named Snot,[15] whereby it was dubbed \"Snotingaham\" literally, \"the homestead of Snot's people\" (Inga = the people of; Ham = homestead). Snot brought together his people in an area where the historic Lace Market in the city can now be found.The first documentary record of Nottingham is as Snotengaham in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle entry for 868.[16] Names of this form normally represent settlements established in the 6th or 7th century and associated with tribal groupings,[16] indicating that Nottingham was probably formed as the primary settlement of the Snotingas, whose wider territory would have formed a regio or administrative subdivision of the Kingdom of Mercia.[17] Anglo-Saxon pottery from the 7th or 8th century has been found in Fisher Gate within a defensive ditch that can also be seen in Woolpack Lane and Barker Gate, suggesting the first Anglo-Saxon settlement took the form of a small defensive enclosure in this area.[16]The placename of Nottingham and the large amount of land in Royal ownership at the time of the Domesday Book probably indicate that the settlement was the Snotingas' royal vill or administrative centre during the early Anglo-Saxon period.[18] The remains of a large 8th-century timber hall situated in its own enclosure has been excavated in Halifax Place.[19] This was replaced in the 9th century by an even larger bow-sided timber hall that was at least 100 feet (30 m) long – at least as long as any hall known to have been built in England at this time.[19] This was later replaced by a series of three halls built further to the west, which survived until the 11th century, when they were replaced in turn by a large stone-built aisle hall.[20] These halls all fronted the street now known as High Pavement, the main street of the Anglo-Saxon settlement, and are similar to halls excavated in Northampton known to have been palaces of Mercian Kings.[21]Nottingham was captured in 867 by Danish Vikings and later became one of the Five Burghs – or fortified towns – of The Danelaw, until recaptured by the Anglo-Saxons unded Edward the Eldar in 918.The first Bridge over the River Trent is thought to have been constructed around 920.","title":"Anglo-Saxon era"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"Nottingham Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Castle"},{"link_name":"River Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Trent"},{"link_name":"Borough of Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Borough_of_Nottingham&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Old Market Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Market_Square"}],"text":"Nottingham is mentioned in the 1086 Domesday Book as \"Snotingeham\" and \"Snotingham\".In the 11th century, Nottingham Castle was constructed on a sandstone outcrop by the River Trent. The Anglo-Saxon settlement developed into the English Borough of Nottingham and housed a Town Hall and Courts. A settlement also developed around the castle on the hill opposite and was the French borough supporting the Normans in the Castle. Eventually, the space between was built on as the town grew and the Old Market Square became the focus of Nottingham several centuries later.","title":"11th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Peter's Church, Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church,_Nottingham"}],"text":"The construction of St Peter's Church, Nottingham started around 1180.The construction and opening of Ye old Trip to Jerusalem was in 1132. (Attributed to be Britain's oldest Pub)","title":"12th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second Barons' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Barons%27_War"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Carmelite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmelite"},{"link_name":"friars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friars"},{"link_name":"Friary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friary"},{"link_name":"The Bell Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bell_Inn,_Nottingham"}],"text":"In 1264, during the Second Barons' War, rebels attacked the Jewish community of Nottingham.[22]In 1276, a group of Carmelite friars established a Friary on what is now Friar Lane with lands that included a guesthouse on the site of what is now The Bell Inn.","title":"13th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plumptre Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumptre_Hospital"}],"text":"Foundation of Plumptre Hospital in 1392, Nottingham's longest serving charity.","title":"14th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county corporate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_corporate"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Nottinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshire"}],"text":"The town became a county corporate in 1449, giving it effective self-government, in the words of the charter, \"for eternity\".[23] The Castle and Shire Hall were expressly excluded and technically remained as detached Parishes of Nottinghamshire.","title":"15th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Speed_-_Map_of_Nottingham_1610.gif"},{"link_name":"John Speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Speed"},{"link_name":"Charles I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Smith's Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith%27s_Bank"}],"text":"Map of Nottingham in 1610, by John SpeedKing Charles I of England raised the Royal Standard in Nottingham on 22 August 1642 at the start of the English Civil War.One of the first banks in England outside London was established around 1688. Smith's Bank was in Market Square.","title":"17th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trent Navigation Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Navigation_Company"},{"link_name":"Nottingham Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Canal"}],"text":"The Trent Navigation Company is formed in 1783 to improve navigation on the River Trent from Nottingham to Kingston upon Hull.The Nottingham Canal opens in 1796. The price of coal in Nottingham is halved.","title":"18th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nottingham_Map_1831_by_Staveley_and_Wood.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sneinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneinton"},{"link_name":"Coal gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_gas"},{"link_name":"Nottingham Gas Light and Coke Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Corporation_Gas_Department#Nottingham_Gas_Light_and_Coke_Company"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hawksley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hawksley"},{"link_name":"Trent Waterworks Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Nottingham_Water_Department#Trent_Waterworks_Company"},{"link_name":"Midland Counties Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Counties_Railway"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"textile industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacture_during_the_Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"lace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lace"},{"link_name":"slums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slum"},{"link_name":"Duke of Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Newcastle"},{"link_name":"Reform Act 1832","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Act_1832"},{"link_name":"Raleigh Bicycle Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh_Bicycle_Company"},{"link_name":"Boots the Chemist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boots_the_Chemist"},{"link_name":"Municipal Corporations Act 1835","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_Act_1835"},{"link_name":"Basford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basford,_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Bulwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulwell"},{"link_name":"Radford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radford,_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Sneinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneinton"},{"link_name":"Standard Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standard_Hill&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"West Bridgford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bridgford"},{"link_name":"Carlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton,_Nottinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Wilford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilford,_Nottinghamshire"},{"link_name":"North Wilford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Wilford&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_and_new_trent_bridges_1871.jpg"},{"link_name":"Trent Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Bridge_(bridge)"},{"link_name":"Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manlove,_Alliott_%26_Co._Ltd."},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Nottingham and District Tramways Company Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_and_District_Tramways_Company_Limited"},{"link_name":"county borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_borough"},{"link_name":"Local Government Act 1888","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1888"},{"link_name":"Marquess of Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess_of_Salisbury"},{"link_name":"Great Central Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Central_Railway"},{"link_name":"Nottingham Victoria railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Victoria_railway_station"}],"text":"Nottingham and Sneinton, as they stood in 1831Coal gas was introduced in Nottinghamshire by the Nottingham Gas Light and Coke Company in 1821.Nottingham was the first place in Britain to install high pressure constant supply mains water in 1831. This system was deployed by engineer Thomas Hawksley and the Trent Waterworks Company.The Midland Counties Railway opened the first railway service between Nottingham and Derby on 4 June 1839.During the Industrial Revolution, much of Nottingham's prosperity was founded on the textile industry; in particular, Nottingham was an internationally important centre of lace manufacture. However, the rapid and poorly planned growth left Nottingham with the reputation of having the worst slums in England. the Government in 1844 appointed a Commission to look into the state of great towns. Thomas Hawkesley, Borough Water Engineer, testified to the Commission that he considered Nottingham to be the worst town in England. Residents of these slums rioted in 1831, in protest against the Duke of Newcastle's opposition to the Reform Act 1832, setting fire to his residence, Nottingham Castle. Businesses in other sectors founded in 19th-century Nottingham included the Raleigh Bicycle Company and Boots the Chemist.Nottingham was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835, and at that time consisted of the parishes of Nottingham St Mary, Nottingham St Nicholas and Nottingham St Peter. It was expanded in 1877 by adding the parishes of Basford, Brewhouse Yard, Bulwell, Radford, Sneinton, Standard Hill and parts of the parishes of West Bridgford, Carlton, Wilford (North Wilford).Old Trent Bridge (left) pictured next to the new in 1871The first incinerators for waste disposal were built in Nottingham by Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd. in 1874 to a design patented by Alfred Fryer. They were originally known as Destructors.[24]The first horse drawn tramcars were operated by the Nottingham and District Tramways Company Limited in 1878.In 1889 Nottingham became a county borough under the Local Government Act 1888. City status was awarded as part of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations of Queen Victoria, being signified in a letter from the Prime Minister the Marquess of Salisbury to the Mayor, dated 18 June 1897.The Great Central Railway opened Nottingham Victoria railway station in 1899.","title":"19th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nottingham Corporation Tramways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Corporation_Tramways"},{"link_name":"Nottingham Council House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Council_House"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cecil Howitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cecil_Howitt"}],"text":"Electric trams operated by Nottingham Corporation Tramways begin on 1 January 1901.Nottingham Council House was rebuilt between 1927 and 1929 to designs by Thomas Cecil Howitt.","title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nottingham_1947.png"},{"link_name":"Nottingham Blitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Blitz"},{"link_name":"Nazi German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_German"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"University College Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nottingham"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"Nottingham in 1947The Nottingham Blitz was the Nazi German Luftwaffe bombing on the city of Nottingham on the evenings of 8/9 May 1941 as part of a nationwide campaign to disrupt key industrial production, undermine morale and destroy factories, rail networks and infrastructure. During one air raid alone 140 people had been killed and 4,500 houses had been destroyed. Large areas of Nottingham and West Bridgford had been destroyed and University College Nottingham had been damaged.","title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Lace Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lace_Market"}],"sub_title":"Economic decline","text":"In common with the UK textile industry as a whole, Nottingham's textile sector fell into headlong decline in the decades following the World War II, as British manufacturers proved unable to compete on price or volume with output of factories in the Far East and South Asia. Very little textile manufacture now takes place in Nottingham, but the city's heyday in this sector endowed it with some fine industrial buildings in the Lace Market district. Many of these have been restored and put to new uses.","title":"20th century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"attacks across Nottingham City Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Nottingham_attacks"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"On 13 June 2023, three people are killed in attacks across Nottingham City Centre.[25]","title":"21st century"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robin_Hood_Memorial.jpg"},{"link_name":"Robin Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Sherwood Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Forest"},{"link_name":"Doncaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doncaster"},{"link_name":"Sheriff of Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff_of_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Sheriff of Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff_of_Nottingham_(position)"},{"link_name":"Old Market Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Market_Square"}],"text":"Robin Hood statue in NottinghamThe legend of Robin Hood first arose in the Middle Ages. Robin Hood is said to have lived in Sherwood Forest, which extended from the north of Nottingham to the north side of Doncaster, Yorkshire. Although Robin Hood is generally associated with Nottingham and Nottinghamshire, some authors (e.g. Phillips & Keatman, 1995) argue that he came from Yorkshire. Hood's main adversary was the Sheriff of Nottingham. Today the office of Sheriff of Nottingham is a ceremonial position with no real jurisdiction. Whilst the accuracy of the legend is questionable, particularly the finer points, it has had a major impact on Nottingham, with Robin Hood imagery a popular choice for local businesses and many modern tourist attractions exploiting the legend. The Robin Hood Statue in Nottingham is within walking distance from the Old Market Square.","title":"Robin Hood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Scheduled Ancient Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_Ancient_Monument"},{"link_name":"Stonehenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge"},{"link_name":"heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_heritage"},{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public"},{"link_name":"City of Caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Caves"},{"link_name":"Broadmarsh Shopping Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadmarsh_Shopping_Centre"},{"link_name":"tanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanning_(leather)"},{"link_name":"air raid shelters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_raid_shelter"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Broadmarsh Shopping Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadmarsh_Shopping_Centre"},{"link_name":"Nottingham Rifle Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nottingham_Rifle_Club&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_Olde_Trip_to_Jerusalem_Inn"}],"text":"The Nottingham Caves have always formed an important part of the region, at first providing shelter and sanctuary, but growing to house thriving tanning works and in modern times becoming a tourist attraction. The caves are artificial, having been carved out of the soft sandstone rock by prospective dwellers, and have grown to become a complex network under the city. The oldest date back to 1250.[26] The city has more manmade caves than anywhere else in the country and this whole cave network has Scheduled Ancient Monument protection equal to that of Stonehenge, making Nottingham Caves a site of vast importance to the heritage of the United Kingdom. Part of the network can be viewed by the public at the City of Caves attraction which is accessed from the upper mall of the Broadmarsh Shopping Centre.Before the industrial revolution, the cave network was substantially expanded and became home to a large proportion of the poorer populace, particularly those involved in the tanning industry. The majority of the caves were thought to have been used for storage by the 18th century and were still inhabited until around 1924 when the last family (the Shore family) moved out of the caves in Ilkeston road; they came into use again as air raid shelters during World War II. A section of the cave network under the Broadmarsh Shopping Centre is now open as a tourist attraction, and some parts are still used as pub cellars.Another section of the caves, under the castle, is still in regular use as the indoor rifle range of the Nottingham Rifle Club. In addition, Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem Inn, a pub that claims to be the oldest in Britain, is partly built into the cave system below the castle and still retains access from the beer cellars to the castle through the cave inside castle rock. Although the pub's building only dates from the 16th or 17th century, the caves themselves may date to the 11th century and could have been the site of the brewhouse for the castle.","title":"Caves of Nottingham"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nottingham Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Castle"},{"link_name":"William the Conqueror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Royal Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Standard_(United_Kingdom)"}],"text":"Nottingham Castle, founded by William the Conqueror, famed through the Middle Ages as one of the country's finest strongholds, and where Charles I raised the Royal Standard in 1642 no longer exists, and has been replaced by a classical ducal palace. Of the mediæval castle only the (restored) gatehouse, and the ruined remains of some walls/foundations survive.","title":"Nottingham Castle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Nottingham\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.historictownsatlas.org.uk/sites/historictownsatlas/files/atlas/town/nottingham_text.pdf"},{"link_name":"Historic Towns. Maps and Plans of Towns and Cities in the British Isles, with Historical Commentaries, from Earliest Times to 1800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.historictownsatlas.org.uk/atlas/volume-i/historic-towns/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-902134-00-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902134-00-0"},{"link_name":"Nottingham: an illustrated history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=h2K7AAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7190-5175-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-5175-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-86077-438-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86077-438-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-86077-658-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86077-658-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-86077-438-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86077-438-5"}],"text":"Barley, M. W.; Straw, I. F. (1969), \"Nottingham\" (PDF), in Lobel, M. D. (ed.), Historic Towns. Maps and Plans of Towns and Cities in the British Isles, with Historical Commentaries, from Earliest Times to 1800, vol. 1, London: Lovell Johns, pp. 1–8, ISBN 0-902134-00-0, retrieved 23 July 2014\nBeckett, John; Brand, Ken (1997), Nottingham: an illustrated history, Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-5175-4, retrieved 29 June 2014\nDixon, Philip; Knight, David; Firman, Ron (1997), \"The origins of Nottingham\", in Beckett, John (ed.), A Centenary History of Nottingham, Chichester: Phillimore & Co., pp. 9–23, ISBN 1-86077-438-5\nGurnham, Richard (2010), A History of Nottingham, Andover: Phillimore & Co, ISBN 978-1-86077-658-8\nRoffe, David (1997), \"The Anglo-Saxon Town and the Norman Conquest\", in Beckett, John (ed.), A Centenary History of Nottingham, Chichester: Phillimore & Co., pp. 24–55, ISBN 1-86077-438-5","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Nottinghamshire: Nottingham\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/newbritishtravel04dugduoft#page/31/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"\"Nottinghamshire: Nottingham\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/bookofbritishtop00andeuoft#page/237/mode/1up"},{"link_name":"\"Nottingham\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/bibliographyofbr00grosiala#page/354/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2027/uc1.b5107013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc1.b5107013"},{"link_name":"Robert Donald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Donald"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2027/nyp.33433081995593","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fnyp.33433081995593"},{"link_name":"\"Nottingham\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nottingham"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Nottingham"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham"},{"link_name":"City centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_city_centre"},{"link_name":"Nottingham Urban Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Urban_Area"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Transport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Famous residents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Water supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Nottingham_Water_Department"},{"link_name":"Electrical supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Corporation_Electricity_Department"},{"link_name":"Gas supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Corporation_Gas_Department"},{"link_name":"Public art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Fictional works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fiction_set_in_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Arboretum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Arboretum,_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Aspley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspley,_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Bakersfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakersfield,_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Basford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basford,_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Bilborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilborough"},{"link_name":"Bulwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulwell"},{"link_name":"Carrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrington,_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Clifton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifton,_Nottinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Dunkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkirk,_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Forest Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Fields"},{"link_name":"Hockley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockley,_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Hyson Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyson_Green"},{"link_name":"Lace Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lace_Market"},{"link_name":"Lenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenton,_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Lenton Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenton_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Mapperley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapperley"},{"link_name":"The Meadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Meadows,_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"The Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Park_Estate"},{"link_name":"Radford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radford,_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Sherwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood,_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Sneinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneinton"},{"link_name":"St Ann's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Ann%27s,_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Strelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strelley,_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Top Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Valley"},{"link_name":"Wilford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilford"},{"link_name":"Wollaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wollaton"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nottingham"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Viking_activity_in_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Viking activity in Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_activity_in_the_British_Isles"},{"link_name":"Offa of Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia"},{"link_name":"Ælla of Northumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lla_of_Northumbria"},{"link_name":"Edmund the Martyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_the_Martyr"},{"link_name":"Æthelred the Unready","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready"},{"link_name":"Ecgberht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecgberht,_King_of_Wessex"},{"link_name":"Æthelwulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelwulf,_King_of_Wessex"},{"link_name":"Alfred the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Edward the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Æthelstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelstan"},{"link_name":"Eadred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadred"},{"link_name":"Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelred,_Lord_of_the_Mercians"},{"link_name":"Æthelflæd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d"},{"link_name":"Odda, Ealdorman of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odda,_Ealdorman_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Wulfhere, Ealdorman of Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulfhere,_Ealdorman_of_Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"Knýtlinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Kn%C3%BDtlinga"},{"link_name":"Harthacnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harthacnut"},{"link_name":"Cnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnut"},{"link_name":"Harold Harefoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Harefoot"},{"link_name":"Svein Knutsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svein_Knutsson"},{"link_name":"Northumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumbria"},{"link_name":"Guthred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guthred"},{"link_name":"Eric Bloodaxe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Bloodaxe"},{"link_name":"Amlaíb Cuarán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb_Cuar%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Gofraid ua Ímair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gofraid_ua_%C3%8Dmair"},{"link_name":"Olaf Guthfrithson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_Guthfrithson"},{"link_name":"Ragnall ua Ímair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragnall_ua_%C3%8Dmair"},{"link_name":"Sweyn Forkbeard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard"},{"link_name":"Ecgberht I of Northumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecgberht_I_of_Northumbria"},{"link_name":"Burgred of Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgred_of_Mercia"},{"link_name":"Ceolwulf II of Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceolwulf_II_of_Mercia"},{"link_name":"Eohric of East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eohric_of_East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"Ivar the Boneless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_the_Boneless"},{"link_name":"Halfdan Ragnarsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halfdan_Ragnarsson"},{"link_name":"Ubba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubba"},{"link_name":"Hvitserk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvitserk"},{"link_name":"Guthrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guthrum"},{"link_name":"Hastein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastein#%22Hastein%22_in_England"},{"link_name":"Thorkell the Tall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorkell_the_Tall"},{"link_name":"Lindisfarne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindisfarne#Vikings"},{"link_name":"Isle of Sheppey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Sheppey#Vikings"},{"link_name":"Battle of Hingston Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hingston_Down"},{"link_name":"Battle of Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Rochester,_Kent#Saxon"},{"link_name":"Carhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carhampton#History"},{"link_name":"Battle of Aclea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aclea"},{"link_name":"Great Heathen Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army"},{"link_name":"Battle of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_York_(867)"},{"link_name":"Siege of Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Anglo-Saxon_era"},{"link_name":"Battle of Englefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Englefield"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ashdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ashdown"},{"link_name":"Battle of Meretun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Meretun"},{"link_name":"Battle of Basing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Basing"},{"link_name":"Battle of Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Reading_(871)"},{"link_name":"Sea Battle near Swanage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swanage#History"},{"link_name":"Battle of Chippenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chippenham"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cynwit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cynwit"},{"link_name":"Battle of Edington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Edington"},{"link_name":"Battle of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London#Anglo-Saxon_and_Viking_period_London"},{"link_name":"Siege of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter#Medieval_times"},{"link_name":"Battle of Fearnhamme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnham#The_Anglo-Saxon_period"},{"link_name":"Battle of Benfleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Benfleet"},{"link_name":"The Danelaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw"},{"link_name":"Buttington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Buttington"},{"link_name":"First Stamford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(894)"},{"link_name":"The Holme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Holme"},{"link_name":"Tettenhall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tettenhall"},{"link_name":"Tempsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tempsford"},{"link_name":"Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Derby"},{"link_name":"Second Stamford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_(918)"},{"link_name":"Corbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Corbridge"},{"link_name":"Brunanburh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh"},{"link_name":"Stainmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stainmore"},{"link_name":"The Danelaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw"},{"link_name":"Maldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Maldon"},{"link_name":"Battle of Pinhoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pinhoe"},{"link_name":"First Alton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Alton"},{"link_name":"St Brice's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Brice%27s_Day_massacre"},{"link_name":"Ringmere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ringmere"},{"link_name":"Cnut's invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnut%27s_invasion_of_England"},{"link_name":"Brentford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Brentford_(1016)"},{"link_name":"Assandun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Assandun"},{"link_name":"Harald's invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Hardrada#Invasion_of_England"},{"link_name":"Fulford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fulford"},{"link_name":"Stamford Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Danelaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danelaw"},{"link_name":"Jorvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavian_York"},{"link_name":"North Sea Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea_Empire"},{"link_name":"petty kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petty_kingdom"},{"link_name":"Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessex"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kent"},{"link_name":"Northumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumbria"},{"link_name":"Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercia"},{"link_name":"East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Wedmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Wedmore"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Alfred_and_Guthrum"},{"link_name":"\"Battle of Brunanburh\" (poem)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh_(poem)"},{"link_name":"Cuerdale Hoard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuerdale_Hoard"},{"link_name":"England runestones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_runestones"},{"link_name":"Furness Hoard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furness_Hoard"},{"link_name":"List of English words of Old Norse origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Old_Norse_origin"},{"link_name":"Norse–Gaels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse%E2%80%93Gaels"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"Ragnar Lodbrok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragnar_Lodbrok"},{"link_name":"Nordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_diaspora_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Silverdale Hoard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverdale_Hoard"},{"link_name":"Vale of York Hoard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_York_Hoard"}],"text":"Published in the 19th centuryJames Dugdale (1819), \"Nottinghamshire: Nottingham\", New British Traveller, vol. 4, London: J. Robins and Co.\nJohn Parker Anderson (1881), \"Nottinghamshire: Nottingham\", Book of British Topography: a Classified Catalogue of the Topographical Works in the Library of the British Museum Relating to Great Britain and Ireland, London: W. Satchell\nCharles Gross (1897). \"Nottingham\". Bibliography of British Municipal History. New York: Longmans, Green, and Co.Published in the 20th centuryG.K. Fortescue, ed. (1902). \"Nottingham\". Subject Index of the Modern Works Added to the Library of the British Museum in the Years 1881–1900. London: The Trustees. hdl:2027/uc1.b5107013.\nRobert Donald, ed. (1908). \"Nottingham\". Municipal Year Book of the United Kingdom for 1908. London: Edward Lloyd. hdl:2027/nyp.33433081995593.\n\"Nottingham\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 826–827.\nChambers, J. D. \"Nottingham\"History Today(Oct 1951) 1#10 pp 40–48.Published in the 21st centuryScott Lomax (2013), Nottingham: The Buried Past of a Historic City Revealed, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword BooksvteNottinghamAbout Nottingham\nCity centre\nNottingham Urban Area\nHistory\nCity Council\nSport\nTransport\nEducation\nSchools\nFamous residents\nWater supply\nElectrical supply\nGas supply\nPublic art\nFictional works\nAreas of Nottingham\nArboretum\nAspley\nBakersfield\nBasford\nBilborough\nBulwell\nCarrington\nClifton\nDunkirk\nForest Fields\nHockley\nHyson Green\nLace Market\nLenton\nLenton Abbey\nMapperley\nThe Meadows\nThe Park\nRadford\nSherwood\nSneinton\nSt Ann's\nStrelley\nTop Valley\nWilford\nWollaton\n\n CategoryvteViking activity in Great BritainAnglo-SaxonMajor monarchs\nOffa of Mercia (757–796)\nÆlla of Northumbria (unk–867)\nEdmund the Martyr of East Anglia (855–869)\nÆthelred the Unready (978–1013, 1014–1016)\nWessex:\nEcgberht (802–839)\nÆthelwulf (839–858)\nAlfred the Great (871–899)\nEdward the Elder (899–924)\nÆthelstan (924–939)\nEadred (946–954\nMajor leaders\nÆthelred, Lord of the Mercians (c. 881–911)\nÆthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians (911–918)\nOdda, Ealdorman of Devon (878)\nWulfhere, Ealdorman of Wiltshire (855–?877)\nVikingMonarchs\nKnýtlinga\nHarthacnut (1035–1042)\nCnut (1016–1035)\nHarold Harefoot (1035–1040)\nSvein Knutsson (1030–1035)\nNorthumbria\nGuthred (883–895)\nEric Bloodaxe (947–948, 952–954)\nAmlaíb Cuarán (941–944)\nGofraid ua Ímair (921–934)\nOlaf Guthfrithson (939–941)\nRagnall ua Ímair (c. 914–921)\nEngland\nSweyn Forkbeard (1013–1014)\nEcgberht I of Northumbria (867–872)\nBurgred of Mercia (852–874)\nCeolwulf II of Mercia (874–880)\nEohric of East Anglia (917–927)\nMajor leaders\nIvar the Boneless (865–870)\nHalfdan Ragnarsson (865–877)\nUbba (865–878)\nHvitserk (865–870)\nGuthrum (874–890)\nHastein (892–896)\nThorkell the Tall (c. 970–1024)\nBattlesViking raids: 793–850\nLindisfarne (793)\nIsle of Sheppey (835)\nBattle of Hingston Down (838)\nBattle of Rochester (842)\nCarhampton (843)\nBattle of Aclea (851)\nFirst invasion 865–896Great Heathen Army(865–78)\nBattle of York (867)\nSiege of Nottingham (867)\nBattle of Englefield (870)\nBattle of Ashdown (871)\nBattle of Meretun (871)\nBattle of Basing (871)\nBattle of Reading (871)\nSea Battle near Swanage (877)\nBattle of Chippenham (878)\nBattle of Cynwit (878)\n\nBattle of Edington (878)\nBattle of London (886)\nSiege of Exeter (893, 1001)\nBattle of Fearnhamme (893)\nBattle of Benfleet (894)\nThe Danelaw\nButtington (893)\nFirst Stamford (894)\nThe Holme (902)\nTettenhall (910)\nTempsford (917)\nDerby (917)\nSecond Stamford (918)\nCorbridge (918)\nBrunanburh (937)\nStainmore (954)\nSecond invasion: 980–1012The Danelaw\nMaldon (991)\nBattle of Pinhoe (1001)\nFirst Alton (1001)\nSt Brice's Day (1002)\nRingmere (1010)\nCnut's invasion (1015–1016)\nBrentford\nAssandun\nHarald's invasion (1066)\nFulford (1066)\nStamford Bridge (1066)\nPlacesViking settlements\nDanelaw (865–896)\nJorvik (866–954)\nNorth Sea Empire\nEnglish petty kingdoms\nWessex (519–927)\nKent (410–825)\nNorthumbria (653–954)\nMercia (527–918)\nEast Anglia (c. 550–918)\nTreaties\nTreaty of Wedmore (886)\nTreaty of Alfred and Guthrum (c. 890)\nCulture\n\"Battle of Brunanburh\" (poem)\nCuerdale Hoard\nEngland runestones\nFurness Hoard\nList of English words of Old Norse origin\nNorse–Gaels\nOld Norse\nRagnar Lodbrok\nNordic and Scandinavian diaspora in the United Kingdom\nSilverdale Hoard\nVale of York Hoard","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Nottingham from the east in ca. 1695, painted by Jan Siberechts","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Jan_Siberechts_-_View_of_Nottingham_from_the_East.jpg/300px-Jan_Siberechts_-_View_of_Nottingham_from_the_East.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Nottingham in 1610, by John Speed","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/John_Speed_-_Map_of_Nottingham_1610.gif/220px-John_Speed_-_Map_of_Nottingham_1610.gif"},{"image_text":"Nottingham and Sneinton, as they stood in 1831","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Nottingham_Map_1831_by_Staveley_and_Wood.jpg/220px-Nottingham_Map_1831_by_Staveley_and_Wood.jpg"},{"image_text":"Old Trent Bridge (left) pictured next to the new in 1871","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Old_and_new_trent_bridges_1871.jpg/220px-Old_and_new_trent_bridges_1871.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nottingham in 1947","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Nottingham_1947.png/220px-Nottingham_1947.png"},{"image_text":"Robin Hood statue in Nottingham","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Robin_Hood_Memorial.jpg/150px-Robin_Hood_Memorial.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Timeline of Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Nottingham"}]
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[{"reference":"A P Nicholson (9 May 2003). \"Meaning and Origin of the Words. Shire and County\". Retrieved 22 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nottshistory.org.uk/swinnerton1910/chapter1.htm","url_text":"\"Meaning and Origin of the Words. Shire and County\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Jewish Community of Nottingham\". The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot.","urls":[{"url":"https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/nottingham","url_text":"\"The Jewish Community of Nottingham\""}]},{"reference":"\"The History of Nottingham's Old Market Square\". Nottingham City Council. Archived from the original on 29 April 2007. Retrieved 18 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070429160641/http://www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/nottingham_old_market_square_-_about.htm","url_text":"\"The History of Nottingham's Old Market Square\""},{"url":"http://www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/nottingham_old_market_square_-_about.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Nottingham: Three attack victims stabbed to death, police confirm\". BBC News. 13 June 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-65893694","url_text":"\"Nottingham: Three attack victims stabbed to death, police confirm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nottingham's caves in history\". Retrieved 18 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://nottinghamcavessurvey.org.uk/history.htm","url_text":"\"Nottingham's caves in history\""}]},{"reference":"Barley, M. W.; Straw, I. F. (1969), \"Nottingham\" (PDF), in Lobel, M. D. (ed.), Historic Towns. Maps and Plans of Towns and Cities in the British Isles, with Historical Commentaries, from Earliest Times to 1800, vol. 1, London: Lovell Johns, pp. 1–8, ISBN 0-902134-00-0, retrieved 23 July 2014","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historictownsatlas.org.uk/sites/historictownsatlas/files/atlas/town/nottingham_text.pdf","url_text":"\"Nottingham\""},{"url":"http://www.historictownsatlas.org.uk/atlas/volume-i/historic-towns/","url_text":"Historic Towns. Maps and Plans of Towns and Cities in the British Isles, with Historical Commentaries, from Earliest Times to 1800"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902134-00-0","url_text":"0-902134-00-0"}]},{"reference":"Beckett, John; Brand, Ken (1997), Nottingham: an illustrated history, Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-5175-4, retrieved 29 June 2014","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=h2K7AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Nottingham: an illustrated history"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-5175-4","url_text":"0-7190-5175-4"}]},{"reference":"Dixon, Philip; Knight, David; Firman, Ron (1997), \"The origins of Nottingham\", in Beckett, John (ed.), A Centenary History of Nottingham, Chichester: Phillimore & Co., pp. 9–23, ISBN 1-86077-438-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86077-438-5","url_text":"1-86077-438-5"}]},{"reference":"Gurnham, Richard (2010), A History of Nottingham, Andover: Phillimore & Co, ISBN 978-1-86077-658-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86077-658-8","url_text":"978-1-86077-658-8"}]},{"reference":"Roffe, David (1997), \"The Anglo-Saxon Town and the Norman Conquest\", in Beckett, John (ed.), A Centenary History of Nottingham, Chichester: Phillimore & Co., pp. 24–55, ISBN 1-86077-438-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86077-438-5","url_text":"1-86077-438-5"}]},{"reference":"James Dugdale (1819), \"Nottinghamshire: Nottingham\", New British Traveller, vol. 4, London: J. Robins and Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/newbritishtravel04dugduoft#page/31/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Nottinghamshire: Nottingham\""}]},{"reference":"John Parker Anderson (1881), \"Nottinghamshire: Nottingham\", Book of British Topography: a Classified Catalogue of the Topographical Works in the Library of the British Museum Relating to Great Britain and Ireland, London: W. Satchell","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/bookofbritishtop00andeuoft#page/237/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Nottinghamshire: Nottingham\""}]},{"reference":"Charles Gross (1897). \"Nottingham\". Bibliography of British Municipal History. New York: Longmans, Green, and Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/bibliographyofbr00grosiala#page/354/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Nottingham\""}]},{"reference":"G.K. Fortescue, ed. (1902). \"Nottingham\". Subject Index of the Modern Works Added to the Library of the British Museum in the Years 1881–1900. London: The Trustees. hdl:2027/uc1.b5107013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc1.b5107013","url_text":"2027/uc1.b5107013"}]},{"reference":"Robert Donald, ed. (1908). \"Nottingham\". Municipal Year Book of the United Kingdom for 1908. London: Edward Lloyd. hdl:2027/nyp.33433081995593.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Donald","url_text":"Robert Donald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fnyp.33433081995593","url_text":"2027/nyp.33433081995593"}]},{"reference":"\"Nottingham\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 826–827.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Nottingham","url_text":"\"Nottingham\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Scott Lomax (2013), Nottingham: The Buried Past of a Historic City Revealed, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Books","urls":[]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22History+of+Nottingham%22","external_links_name":"\"History of Nottingham\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22History+of+Nottingham%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22History+of+Nottingham%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22History+of+Nottingham%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22History+of+Nottingham%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22History+of+Nottingham%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.nottshistory.org.uk/swinnerton1910/chapter1.htm","external_links_name":"\"Meaning and Origin of the Words. Shire and County\""},{"Link":"https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/nottingham","external_links_name":"\"The Jewish Community of Nottingham\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070429160641/http://www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/nottingham_old_market_square_-_about.htm","external_links_name":"\"The History of Nottingham's Old Market Square\""},{"Link":"http://www.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/nottingham_old_market_square_-_about.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-nottinghamshire-65893694","external_links_name":"\"Nottingham: Three attack victims stabbed to death, police confirm\""},{"Link":"http://nottinghamcavessurvey.org.uk/history.htm","external_links_name":"\"Nottingham's caves in history\""},{"Link":"http://www.historictownsatlas.org.uk/sites/historictownsatlas/files/atlas/town/nottingham_text.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Nottingham\""},{"Link":"http://www.historictownsatlas.org.uk/atlas/volume-i/historic-towns/","external_links_name":"Historic Towns. Maps and Plans of Towns and Cities in the British Isles, with Historical Commentaries, from Earliest Times to 1800"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=h2K7AAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Nottingham: an illustrated history"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/newbritishtravel04dugduoft#page/31/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Nottinghamshire: Nottingham\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/bookofbritishtop00andeuoft#page/237/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Nottinghamshire: Nottingham\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/bibliographyofbr00grosiala#page/354/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Nottingham\""},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc1.b5107013","external_links_name":"2027/uc1.b5107013"},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fnyp.33433081995593","external_links_name":"2027/nyp.33433081995593"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Nottingham","external_links_name":"\"Nottingham\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libpthread
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pthreads
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["1 Contents","2 Example","3 POSIX Threads for Windows","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
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Execution model which allows for parallel computing
In computing, POSIX Threads, commonly known as pthreads, is an execution model that exists independently from a programming language, as well as a parallel execution model. It allows a program to control multiple different flows of work that overlap in time. Each flow of work is referred to as a thread, and creation and control over these flows is achieved by making calls to the POSIX Threads API. POSIX Threads is an API defined by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standard POSIX.1c, Threads extensions (IEEE Std 1003.1c-1995).
Implementations of the API are available on many Unix-like POSIX-conformant operating systems such as FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Linux, macOS, Android, Solaris, Redox, and AUTOSAR Adaptive, typically bundled as a library libpthread. DR-DOS and Microsoft Windows implementations also exist: within the SFU/SUA subsystem which provides a native implementation of a number of POSIX APIs, and also within third-party packages such as pthreads-w32, which implements pthreads on top of existing Windows API.
Contents
pthreads defines a set of C programming language types, functions and constants. It is implemented with a pthread.h header and a thread library.
There are around 100 threads procedures, all prefixed pthread_ and they can be categorized into four groups:
Thread management – creating, joining threads etc.
Mutexes
Condition variables
Synchronization between threads using read write locks and barriers
Spinlocks
The POSIX semaphore API works with POSIX threads but is not part of the threads standard, having been defined in the POSIX.1b, Real-time extensions (IEEE Std 1003.1b-1993) standard. Consequently, the semaphore procedures are prefixed by sem_ instead of pthread_.
Example
An example illustrating the use of pthreads in C:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#define NUM_THREADS 5
void *perform_work(void *arguments){
int index = *((int *)arguments);
int sleep_time = 1 + rand() % NUM_THREADS;
printf("Thread %d: Started.\n", index);
printf("Thread %d: Will be sleeping for %d seconds.\n", index, sleep_time);
sleep(sleep_time);
printf("Thread %d: Ended.\n", index);
return NULL;
}
int main(void) {
pthread_t threads;
int thread_args;
int i;
int result_code;
//create all threads one by one
for (i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; i++) {
printf("In main: Creating thread %d.\n", i);
thread_args = i;
result_code = pthread_create(&threads, NULL, perform_work, &thread_args);
assert(!result_code);
}
printf("In main: All threads are created.\n");
//wait for each thread to complete
for (i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; i++) {
result_code = pthread_join(threads, NULL);
assert(!result_code);
printf("In main: Thread %d has ended.\n", i);
}
printf("Main program has ended.\n");
return 0;
}
This program creates five threads, each executing the function perform_work that prints the unique number of this thread to standard output. If a programmer wanted the threads to communicate with each other, this would require defining a variable outside of the scope of any of the functions, making it a global variable. This program can be compiled using the gcc compiler with the following command:
gcc pthreads_demo.c -pthread -o pthreads_demo
Here is one of the many possible outputs from running this program.
In main: Creating thread 0.
In main: Creating thread 1.
In main: Creating thread 2.
In main: Creating thread 3.
Thread 0: Started.
In main: Creating thread 4.
Thread 3: Started.
Thread 2: Started.
Thread 0: Will be sleeping for 3 seconds.
Thread 1: Started.
Thread 1: Will be sleeping for 5 seconds.
Thread 2: Will be sleeping for 4 seconds.
Thread 4: Started.
Thread 4: Will be sleeping for 1 seconds.
In main: All threads are created.
Thread 3: Will be sleeping for 4 seconds.
Thread 4: Ended.
Thread 0: Ended.
In main: Thread 0 has ended.
Thread 2: Ended.
Thread 3: Ended.
Thread 1: Ended.
In main: Thread 1 has ended.
In main: Thread 2 has ended.
In main: Thread 3 has ended.
In main: Thread 4 has ended.
Main program has ended.
POSIX Threads for Windows
Windows does not support the pthreads standard natively, therefore the Pthreads4w project seeks to provide a portable and open-source wrapper implementation. It can also be used to port Unix software (which uses pthreads) with little or no modification to the Windows platform. Pthreads4w version 3.0.0 or later, released under the Apache Public License v2.0, is compatible with 64-bit or 32-bit Windows systems. Version 2.11.0, released under the LGPLv3 license, is also 64-bit or 32-bit compatible.
The Mingw-w64 project also contains a wrapper implementation of 'pthreads, winpthreads, which tries to use more native system calls than the Pthreads4w project.
Interix environment subsystem available in the Windows Services for UNIX/Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications package provides a native port of the pthreads API, i.e. not mapped on Win32 API but built directly on the operating system syscall interface.
See also
Runtime system
OpenMP
Cilk/Cilk Plus
Threading Building Blocks (TBB)
Native POSIX Thread Library (NPTL)
DCEThreads
clone (Linux system call)
Spurious wakeup
Thread-local storage
GNU Portable Threads
Grand Central Dispatch (Apple's thread library)
Beginthread (a subroutine within Windows for creating a new thread and Unix thread)
State Threads, an event driven approach to threading
References
^ "libc/bionic/pthread.c - platform/bionic - Git at Google". android.googlesource.com.
^ "Pthread Win-32: Level of standards conformance". 2006-12-22. Archived from the original on 2010-06-11. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
^ "pthread.h(0p) — Linux manual page". Retrieved 18 December 2022.
^ Hart, Johnson M. (2004-11-21). "Experiments with the Open Source Pthreads Library and Some Comments". Archived from the original on 2010-08-30. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
^ File: pthreads4w-code-v3.0.0.zip – Source for pthreads4w v3.0.0
^ File: pthreads4w-code-v2.11.0.zip – Source for pthreads4w v2.11.0
^ see http://locklessinc.com/articles/pthreads_on_windows which is where it was originally derived from
^ "Chapter 1: Introduction to Windows Services for UNIX 3.5". 5 December 2007.
Further reading
David R. Butenhof (1997). Programming with POSIX Threads. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-63392-4.
Bradford Nichols; Dick Buttlar; Jacqueline Proulx Farell (September 1996). Pthreads Programming. O'Reilly & Associates. ISBN 978-1-56592-115-3.
Charles J. Northrup (1996-01-25). Programming with UNIX Threads. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-13751-1.
Kay A. Robbins & Steven Robbins (2003). UNIX Systems Programming. Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-042411-2.
External links
The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7, IEEE Std 1003.1
vteParallel computingGeneral
Distributed computing
Parallel computing
Massively parallel
Cloud computing
High-performance computing
Multiprocessing
Manycore processor
GPGPU
Computer network
Systolic array
Levels
Bit
Instruction
Thread
Task
Data
Memory
Loop
Pipeline
Multithreading
Temporal
Simultaneous (SMT)
Simultaneous and heterogenous
Speculative (SpMT)
Preemptive
Cooperative
Clustered multi-thread (CMT)
Hardware scout
Theory
PRAM model
PEM model
Analysis of parallel algorithms
Amdahl's law
Gustafson's law
Cost efficiency
Karp–Flatt metric
Slowdown
Speedup
Elements
Process
Thread
Fiber
Instruction window
Array
Coordination
Multiprocessing
Memory coherence
Cache coherence
Cache invalidation
Barrier
Synchronization
Application checkpointing
Programming
Stream processing
Dataflow programming
Models
Implicit parallelism
Explicit parallelism
Concurrency
Non-blocking algorithm
Hardware
Flynn's taxonomy
SISD
SIMD
Array processing (SIMT)
Pipelined processing
Associative processing
MISD
MIMD
Dataflow architecture
Pipelined processor
Superscalar processor
Vector processor
Multiprocessor
symmetric
asymmetric
Memory
shared
distributed
distributed shared
UMA
NUMA
COMA
Massively parallel computer
Computer cluster
Beowulf cluster
Grid computer
Hardware acceleration
APIs
Ateji PX
Boost
Chapel
HPX
Charm++
Cilk
Coarray Fortran
CUDA
Dryad
C++ AMP
Global Arrays
GPUOpen
MPI
OpenMP
OpenCL
OpenHMPP
OpenACC
Parallel Extensions
PVM
pthreads
RaftLib
ROCm
UPC
TBB
ZPL
Problems
Automatic parallelization
Deadlock
Deterministic algorithm
Embarrassingly parallel
Parallel slowdown
Race condition
Software lockout
Scalability
Starvation
Category: Parallel computing
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing"},{"link_name":"execution model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_model"},{"link_name":"programming language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language"},{"link_name":"parallel execution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_computing"},{"link_name":"program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program"},{"link_name":"thread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread_(computing)"},{"link_name":"API","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API"},{"link_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers"},{"link_name":"POSIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX"},{"link_name":"Unix-like","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix-like"},{"link_name":"operating systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"FreeBSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD"},{"link_name":"NetBSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD"},{"link_name":"OpenBSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBSD"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"macOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS"},{"link_name":"Android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Solaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"Redox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"AUTOSAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AUTOSAR"},{"link_name":"DR-DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR-DOS"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"SFU/SUA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Services_for_UNIX"},{"link_name":"third-party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-party_software_component"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Windows API","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_API"}],"text":"In computing, POSIX Threads, commonly known as pthreads, is an execution model that exists independently from a programming language, as well as a parallel execution model. It allows a program to control multiple different flows of work that overlap in time. Each flow of work is referred to as a thread, and creation and control over these flows is achieved by making calls to the POSIX Threads API. POSIX Threads is an API defined by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standard POSIX.1c, Threads extensions (IEEE Std 1003.1c-1995).Implementations of the API are available on many Unix-like POSIX-conformant operating systems such as FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Linux, macOS, Android,[1] Solaris, Redox, and AUTOSAR Adaptive, typically bundled as a library libpthread. DR-DOS and Microsoft Windows implementations also exist: within the SFU/SUA subsystem which provides a native implementation of a number of POSIX APIs, and also within third-party packages such as pthreads-w32,[2] which implements pthreads on top of existing Windows API.","title":"pthreads"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_type"},{"link_name":"functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_(computing)"},{"link_name":"Mutexes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutex"},{"link_name":"Condition variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condition_variable"},{"link_name":"Synchronization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronization_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"read write locks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Readers%E2%80%93writer_lock"},{"link_name":"barriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrier_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"Spinlocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinlock"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"semaphore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_(programming)"}],"text":"pthreads defines a set of C programming language types, functions and constants. It is implemented with a pthread.h header and a thread library.There are around 100 threads procedures, all prefixed pthread_ and they can be categorized into four groups:Thread management – creating, joining threads etc.\nMutexes\nCondition variables\nSynchronization between threads using read write locks and barriers\nSpinlocks[3]The POSIX semaphore API works with POSIX threads but is not part of the threads standard, having been defined in the POSIX.1b, Real-time extensions (IEEE Std 1003.1b-1993) standard. Consequently, the semaphore procedures are prefixed by sem_ instead of pthread_.","title":"Contents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"global variable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_variable"},{"link_name":"gcc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection"}],"text":"An example illustrating the use of pthreads in C:#include <stdio.h>\n#include <stdlib.h>\n#include <assert.h>\n#include <pthread.h>\n#include <unistd.h>\n\n#define NUM_THREADS 5\n\nvoid *perform_work(void *arguments){\n int index = *((int *)arguments);\n int sleep_time = 1 + rand() % NUM_THREADS;\n printf(\"Thread %d: Started.\\n\", index);\n printf(\"Thread %d: Will be sleeping for %d seconds.\\n\", index, sleep_time);\n sleep(sleep_time);\n printf(\"Thread %d: Ended.\\n\", index);\n return NULL;\n}\n\nint main(void) {\n pthread_t threads[NUM_THREADS];\n int thread_args[NUM_THREADS];\n int i;\n int result_code;\n \n //create all threads one by one\n for (i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; i++) {\n printf(\"In main: Creating thread %d.\\n\", i);\n thread_args[i] = i;\n result_code = pthread_create(&threads[i], NULL, perform_work, &thread_args[i]);\n assert(!result_code);\n }\n\n printf(\"In main: All threads are created.\\n\");\n\n //wait for each thread to complete\n for (i = 0; i < NUM_THREADS; i++) {\n result_code = pthread_join(threads[i], NULL);\n assert(!result_code);\n printf(\"In main: Thread %d has ended.\\n\", i);\n }\n\n printf(\"Main program has ended.\\n\");\n return 0;\n}This program creates five threads, each executing the function perform_work that prints the unique number of this thread to standard output. If a programmer wanted the threads to communicate with each other, this would require defining a variable outside of the scope of any of the functions, making it a global variable. This program can be compiled using the gcc compiler with the following command:gcc pthreads_demo.c -pthread -o pthreads_demoHere is one of the many possible outputs from running this program.In main: Creating thread 0.\nIn main: Creating thread 1.\nIn main: Creating thread 2.\nIn main: Creating thread 3.\nThread 0: Started.\nIn main: Creating thread 4.\nThread 3: Started.\nThread 2: Started.\nThread 0: Will be sleeping for 3 seconds.\nThread 1: Started.\nThread 1: Will be sleeping for 5 seconds.\nThread 2: Will be sleeping for 4 seconds.\nThread 4: Started.\nThread 4: Will be sleeping for 1 seconds.\nIn main: All threads are created.\nThread 3: Will be sleeping for 4 seconds.\nThread 4: Ended.\nThread 0: Ended.\nIn main: Thread 0 has ended.\nThread 2: Ended.\nThread 3: Ended.\nThread 1: Ended.\nIn main: Thread 1 has ended.\nIn main: Thread 2 has ended.\nIn main: Thread 3 has ended.\nIn main: Thread 4 has ended.\nMain program has ended.","title":"Example"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Mingw-w64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingw-w64"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Interix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interix"},{"link_name":"Windows Services for UNIX/Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Services_for_UNIX"},{"link_name":"syscall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syscall"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Windows does not support the pthreads standard natively, therefore the Pthreads4w project seeks to provide a portable and open-source wrapper implementation. It can also be used to port Unix software (which uses pthreads) with little or no modification to the Windows platform.[4] Pthreads4w version 3.0.0[5] or later, released under the Apache Public License v2.0, is compatible with 64-bit or 32-bit Windows systems. Version 2.11.0,[6] released under the LGPLv3 license, is also 64-bit or 32-bit compatible.The Mingw-w64 project also contains a wrapper implementation of 'pthreads, winpthreads, which tries to use more native system calls than the Pthreads4w project.[7]Interix environment subsystem available in the Windows Services for UNIX/Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications package provides a native port of the pthreads API, i.e. not mapped on Win32 API but built directly on the operating system syscall interface.[8]","title":"POSIX Threads for Windows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-201-63392-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-63392-4"},{"link_name":"Pthreads Programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/pthreadsprogramm00nich"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-56592-115-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56592-115-3"},{"link_name":"Programming with UNIX Threads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/programmingwithu0000nort"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-471-13751-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-13751-1"},{"link_name":"UNIX Systems Programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/unixsystemsprogr0000robb"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-13-042411-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-042411-2"}],"text":"David R. Butenhof (1997). Programming with POSIX Threads. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-63392-4.\nBradford Nichols; Dick Buttlar; Jacqueline Proulx Farell (September 1996). Pthreads Programming. O'Reilly & Associates. ISBN 978-1-56592-115-3.\nCharles J. Northrup (1996-01-25). Programming with UNIX Threads. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-13751-1.\nKay A. Robbins & Steven Robbins (2003). UNIX Systems Programming. Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-042411-2.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Runtime system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runtime_system"},{"title":"OpenMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenMP"},{"title":"Cilk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilk"},{"title":"Cilk Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilk_Plus"},{"title":"Threading Building Blocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threading_Building_Blocks"},{"title":"Native POSIX Thread Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_POSIX_Thread_Library"},{"title":"DCEThreads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DCEThreads"},{"title":"clone (Linux system call)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clone_(Linux_system_call)"},{"title":"Spurious wakeup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurious_wakeup"},{"title":"Thread-local storage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread-local_storage"},{"title":"GNU Portable Threads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Portable_Threads"},{"title":"Grand Central Dispatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Central_Dispatch"},{"title":"Beginthread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beginthread"},{"title":"State Threads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Threads"}]
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[{"reference":"\"libc/bionic/pthread.c - platform/bionic - Git at Google\". android.googlesource.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://android.googlesource.com/platform/bionic/+/10ce969/libc/bionic/pthread.c","url_text":"\"libc/bionic/pthread.c - platform/bionic - Git at Google\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pthread Win-32: Level of standards conformance\". 2006-12-22. Archived from the original on 2010-06-11. Retrieved 2010-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100611172430/http://sources.redhat.com/pthreads-win32/conformance.html","url_text":"\"Pthread Win-32: Level of standards conformance\""},{"url":"http://sources.redhat.com/pthreads-win32/conformance.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"pthread.h(0p) — Linux manual page\". Retrieved 18 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man0/pthread.h.0p.html","url_text":"\"pthread.h(0p) — Linux manual page\""}]},{"reference":"Hart, Johnson M. (2004-11-21). \"Experiments with the Open Source Pthreads Library and Some Comments\". Archived from the original on 2010-08-30. Retrieved 2010-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100830235615/http://world.std.com/~jmhart/opensource.htm","url_text":"\"Experiments with the Open Source Pthreads Library and Some Comments\""},{"url":"http://world.std.com/~jmhart/opensource.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chapter 1: Introduction to Windows Services for UNIX 3.5\". 5 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb496994.aspx","url_text":"\"Chapter 1: Introduction to Windows Services for UNIX 3.5\""}]},{"reference":"David R. Butenhof (1997). Programming with POSIX Threads. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-63392-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-63392-4","url_text":"978-0-201-63392-4"}]},{"reference":"Bradford Nichols; Dick Buttlar; Jacqueline Proulx Farell (September 1996). Pthreads Programming. O'Reilly & Associates. ISBN 978-1-56592-115-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/pthreadsprogramm00nich","url_text":"Pthreads Programming"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56592-115-3","url_text":"978-1-56592-115-3"}]},{"reference":"Charles J. Northrup (1996-01-25). Programming with UNIX Threads. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-13751-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/programmingwithu0000nort","url_text":"Programming with UNIX Threads"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-13751-1","url_text":"978-0-471-13751-1"}]},{"reference":"Kay A. Robbins & Steven Robbins (2003). UNIX Systems Programming. Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-042411-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/unixsystemsprogr0000robb","url_text":"UNIX Systems Programming"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-042411-2","url_text":"978-0-13-042411-2"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://android.googlesource.com/platform/bionic/+/10ce969/libc/bionic/pthread.c","external_links_name":"\"libc/bionic/pthread.c - platform/bionic - Git at Google\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100611172430/http://sources.redhat.com/pthreads-win32/conformance.html","external_links_name":"\"Pthread Win-32: Level of standards conformance\""},{"Link":"http://sources.redhat.com/pthreads-win32/conformance.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.man7.org/linux/man-pages/man0/pthread.h.0p.html","external_links_name":"\"pthread.h(0p) — Linux manual page\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100830235615/http://world.std.com/~jmhart/opensource.htm","external_links_name":"\"Experiments with the Open Source Pthreads Library and Some Comments\""},{"Link":"http://world.std.com/~jmhart/opensource.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://sourceforge.net/projects/pthreads4w/files/","external_links_name":"File: pthreads4w-code-v3.0.0.zip – Source for pthreads4w v3.0.0"},{"Link":"https://sourceforge.net/projects/pthreads4w/files/","external_links_name":"File: pthreads4w-code-v2.11.0.zip – Source for pthreads4w v2.11.0"},{"Link":"http://locklessinc.com/articles/pthreads_on_windows","external_links_name":"http://locklessinc.com/articles/pthreads_on_windows"},{"Link":"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb496994.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Chapter 1: Introduction to Windows Services for UNIX 3.5\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/pthreadsprogramm00nich","external_links_name":"Pthreads Programming"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/programmingwithu0000nort","external_links_name":"Programming with UNIX Threads"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/unixsystemsprogr0000robb","external_links_name":"UNIX Systems Programming"},{"Link":"http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/pthread.h.html","external_links_name":"The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7, IEEE Std 1003.1"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-League_Winning_Eleven_2008_Club_Championship
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J.League Winning Eleven 2008 Club Championship
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This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "J.League Winning Eleven 2008 Club Championship" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
2008 video gameJ-League Winning Eleven2008 Club ChampionshipCover artDeveloper(s)KonamiPublisher(s)KonamiSeriesWinning Eleven SeriesPlatform(s)PlayStation 2ReleaseJP: August 21, 2008Genre(s)Sports gameMode(s)Single-player, Multiplayer up to 8 players
J-League Winning Eleven 2008 Club Championship is the latest edition to the Winning Eleven J-League series. This game is an update to the J-League Winning Eleven 2007 Club Championship and the game was only released in Japan. The game only features club teams and include all teams from J-League.
vteAssociation football video games by KonamiInternational Superstar Soccer
International Superstar Soccer
Deluxe
64
98
2000
ISS
ISS 2
ISS 3
ISS Pro / Winning Eleven
Goal Storm
International Superstar Soccer Pro
ISS Pro 98
ISS Pro Evolution
ISS Pro Evolution 2
Pro Evolution Soccer / Winning Eleven
Pro Evolution Soccer
2
3
4
5
6
2008
2009
2010
2011
3D
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021 (Update)
J.League Winning Eleven
J.League Jikkyou Winning Eleven
'97
2001
2007
2008
2010
ESPN MLS
ESPN MLS GameNight
ESPN MLS ExtraTime 2002
Other games
eFootball
Konami Hyper Soccer
J-League Jikkyou Honoo no Striker
Pro Evolution Soccer Management
Winning Eleven Online
Related articles
Bomba Patch
eFootball.Open
UEFA Champions League video games
UEFA European Championship video games
This association football video game article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Superstar_Soccer_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Deluxe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Superstar_Soccer_Deluxe"},{"link_name":"64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Superstar_Soccer_64"},{"link_name":"98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Superstar_Soccer_98"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Superstar_Soccer_2000"},{"link_name":"ISS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISS_(2000_video_game)"},{"link_name":"ISS 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Superstar_Soccer_2"},{"link_name":"ISS 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Superstar_Soccer_3"},{"link_name":"Goal Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal_Storm"},{"link_name":"International Superstar Soccer Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Superstar_Soccer_Pro"},{"link_name":"ISS Pro 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(Update)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFootball_PES_2021_Season_Update"},{"link_name":"J.League Jikkyou Winning Eleven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.League_Jikkyou_Winning_Eleven"},{"link_name":"'97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.League_Jikkyou_Winning_Eleven_%2797"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.League_Jikky%C5%8D_Winning_Eleven_2001"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.League_Winning_Eleven_2007_Club_Championship"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.League_Winning_Eleven_2010_Club_Championship"},{"link_name":"ESPN MLS GameNight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN_MLS_GameNight"},{"link_name":"ESPN MLS ExtraTime 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN_MLS_ExtraTime_2002"},{"link_name":"eFootball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFootball"},{"link_name":"Konami Hyper Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konami_Hyper_Soccer"},{"link_name":"J-League Jikkyou Honoo no Striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-League_Jikkyou_Honoo_no_Striker"},{"link_name":"Pro Evolution Soccer Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Evolution_Soccer_Management"},{"link_name":"Winning Eleven Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winning_Eleven_Online"},{"link_name":"Bomba Patch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomba_Patch"},{"link_name":"eFootball.Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFootball.Open"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League_video_games"},{"link_name":"UEFA European Championship video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_European_Championship_video_games"},{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J.League_Winning_Eleven_2008_Club_Championship&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Footy-videogame-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Footy-videogame-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Footy-videogame-stub"}],"text":"2008 video gameJ-League Winning Eleven 2008 Club Championship is the latest edition to the Winning Eleven J-League series. This game is an update to the J-League Winning Eleven 2007 Club Championship and the game was only released in Japan. The game only features club teams and include all teams from J-League.vteAssociation football video games by KonamiInternational Superstar Soccer\nInternational Superstar Soccer\nDeluxe\n64\n98\n2000\nISS\nISS 2\nISS 3\nISS Pro / Winning Eleven\nGoal Storm\nInternational Superstar Soccer Pro\nISS Pro 98\nISS Pro Evolution\nISS Pro Evolution 2\nPro Evolution Soccer / Winning Eleven\nPro Evolution Soccer\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n2008\n2009\n2010\n2011\n3D\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2021 (Update)\nJ.League Winning Eleven\nJ.League Jikkyou Winning Eleven\n'97\n2001\n2007\n2008\n2010\nESPN MLS\nESPN MLS GameNight\nESPN MLS ExtraTime 2002\nOther games\neFootball\nKonami Hyper Soccer\nJ-League Jikkyou Honoo no Striker\nPro Evolution Soccer Management\nWinning Eleven Online\nRelated articles\nBomba Patch\neFootball.Open\nUEFA Champions League video games\nUEFA European Championship video gamesThis association football video game article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"J.League Winning Eleven 2008 Club Championship"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_bin_Talal
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Prince Hassan bin Talal
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["1 Background and personal life","1.1 Marriage and issue","2 Education","3 Career","3.1 Removal as Crown Prince","4 Organizations","5 Honours","5.1 National","5.2 Foreign","5.3 Honorary degrees and doctorates","6 Awards and prizes","6.1 Abraham Geiger Award","7 Publications","8 References","9 External links"]
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Jordanian prince (born 1947)
Prince El Hassan bin TalalPrince El Hassan bin Talal in Berlin (2006)Born (1947-03-20) 20 March 1947 (age 77)Amman, JordanSpouse
Sarvath Ikramullah (m. 1968)Issue
Princess Rahma
Princess Sumaya
Princess Badiya
Prince Rashid
NamesHassan bin Talal bin Abdullah bin HusseinHouseHashemiteFatherTalal of JordanMotherZein al-SharafReligionIslam
Jordanian royal family
List
The KingThe Queen
The Crown Prince Princess Rajwa
Princess Iman
Princess Salma
Prince Hashem
Extended royal family
Noor and othersQueen Noor
HamzahPrincess Basmah
Prince Hashim
Princess Iman
Princess Raiyah
Haya and others
Princess Haya
Prince AliPrincess Rym
Muna and othersPrincess Muna
Prince Faisal
Princess Ayah
Prince Omar
Princess Sara
Princess Aisha
Prince Abdullah
Prince Muhammad
Princess Aisha
Princess Zein
Alia
Princess Alia
Firyal and others
Princess Firyal
Prince TalalPrincess Ghida
Prince GhaziPrincess Miriam
Hassan and others
Prince HassanPrincess Sarvath
Princess Rahma
Princess Sumaya
Princess Badiya
Prince Rashid
Princess Zeina
Basma
Princess Basma
Nayef and others
Prince AsemPrincess Sana
Princess Yasmine
Princess Sara
Princess Noor
Princess Salha
Princess Nejla
Prince Nayef
vte
Prince El Hassan bin Talal (Arabic: الحسن بن طلال, born 20 March 1947) is a member of the Jordanian royal family who was previously Crown Prince from 1965 to 1999, being removed just three weeks before King Hussein's death. He is now 20th in line to succeed his nephew King Abdullah II.
Background and personal life
Prince El Hassan is a Prince of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. He is the third son of King Talal and Queen Zein. He is thus a younger brother of late King Hussein and uncle of the present King Abdullah II.
Prince El Hassan is a descendant of Mohammed. His family is descended in patrilineage from Hassan, the elder of the two sons of Fatima Zahra and Ali, the daughter and son-in-law of Mohammed. {cite}
More recent male-line ancestors served as Sharifs of Mecca. In the early 1900s, the kingdom of Hejaz was set up in western Arabia by the Western powers in order to torment the Ottoman empire, and Hassan's great-grandfather, already Grand Sharif of Mecca, was made king of this state. That kingdom did not last long, being soon conquered by Al Saud. However, one of the sons of the Grand Sharif, Prince El Hassan's grandfather, King Abdullah I, became king of Transjordan in 1946. In 1949, after annexing the West Bank in Palestine, and "uniting" both banks of the Jordan River, it was constitutionally renamed the "Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan", commonly referred to nowadays as Kingdom of Jordan.
Marriage and issue
In 1968, Prince El Hassan married Sarvath Ikramullah, whose family belongs to the feudal aristocracy of Bhopal state in central India. Her father, Mohammed Ikramullah, was an Indian politician who chose to move to Pakistan at Partition and became a diplomat there. His brother (Princess Sarvath's uncle), Mohammad Hidayatullah, choosing to remain in India, rose to become the 11th Chief Justice of India and then, after retirement from the judiciary, became the 6th Vice President of India. Princess Sarvath's mother, Begum Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah, came from the prominent Suhrawardy family of Undivided Bengal. She was the daughter of Hassan Suhrawardy and first cousin of former Prime Minister of undivided Pakistan, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy.
Prince El Hassan and Begum Sarvath Ikramullah first met in London in 1958, when they were both mere children. Their families knew each other very well and they played together as children. In the mid-1960s, they married with the full consent of their families. They have four children together:
Princess Rahma (born 13 August 1969)
Princess Sumaya (born 14 May 1971)
Princess Badiya (born 28 March 1974)
Prince Rashid (born 20 May 1979)
Education
Prince El Hassan was educated first in Amman. He then attended Sandroyd School in Wiltshire before going on to Summer Fields School, Oxford, followed by Harrow School in England, then Christ Church, a college of the University of Oxford, where he graduated BA with Honours in Oriental Studies and later proceeded to MA. Hassan is fluent in Arabic, English, French and German. He has a working knowledge of Turkish and Spanish, and studied Hebrew at university.
Career
In 1965, Hassan was named as Crown Prince of Jordan after the constitution was amended. He was frequently regent during his brother's absences from the country. During Hussein's final illness in January 1999, he was replaced by his nephew Abdullah three weeks before the king died. Abdullah subsequently inherited the throne of Jordan.
In 2009, he joined the project "Soldiers of Peace", a film against all wars and for global peace.
On 10 June 2013, he was appointed as the chairman of the advisory board on water and sanitation (UNSGAB) by the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.
Removal as Crown Prince
As King Hussein was undergoing cancer treatment in mid-1998, the King assigned Crown Prince El Hassan a range of powers and authority to act as regent. With his newly gained powers, Hassan exercised a number of steps to consolidate his position as heir and future king, which included: (1) "orchestrating the removal of the government" of Abdelsalam Majali and appointing former Royal Court chief Fayez al-Tarawneh in his place, (2) organizing dialogue and reconciliation with opposition groups, most prominently the Muslim Brotherhood, and (3) attempting to effect changes at the top of the military. Hassan's attempted changes to the top hierarchy of the military angered King Hussein and led him to resume full duties as king. It is also a commonly cited reason for Hassan's removal as crown prince on 24 January 1999. Hassan's removal took shape through a 14-page typed letter, described by American historian W. Andrew Terrill as "extremely harsh", in which King Hussein expressed "unmistakable disappointment in Crown Prince El Hassan" and ordered his replacement with Hussein's son Abdullah. Terrill describes King Hussein as perhaps having felt that Hassan had "interest in shifting the line of succession to his own family", which led to his dismissal as Crown Prince three weeks before Hussein's death.
Crown Prince El Hassan's attempted consolidation of power led the sickly King Hussein to break off "intensive" treatments for lymphoma and fly back home to Jordan in order to address the issue. At first, the King attempted to negotiate with Hassan, placing the King's younger son Hamzah as Hassan's crown prince to ensure that the line of succession would not switch to Hassan's line. However, Hassan's Pakistani wife Sarvath vetoed the proposal, particularly because of her reported distaste for Hamzah's American-born mother Queen Noor and her desire to have her son Prince Rashid in the line of succession. King Hussein instead replaced Hassan with his own son Abdullah, who had backing within the military and whose position as eldest son of the king would allow him to be enthroned by royal fiat, unlike Hamzah whose enthronement would require confirmation from the Jordanian Parliament.
Organizations
Prince El Hassan bin Talal with Irina Bokova during his visit to UNESCO Headquarters in Paris (2011).
Prince El Hassan has been a very active participant in Jordanian and International civil society. He founded the Royal Scientific Society in 1970, the Annual Bilad Al-Sham Conference in 1978, and the Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought in 1980. He has also established the Al al-Bayt University in Mafraq, the Hashemite Aid and Relief Agency, the Islamic Scientific Academy, the Triannual Conferences on the History and Archaeology of Jordan, the Amman Baccalaureate School, and the Al-Hassan Youth Award. He founded and chairs the Independent Bureau for Humanitarian Issues, Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Issues, the Higher Council for Science and Technology, the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies, the Foundation for Intercultural and Interfaith Research and Dialogue, the Arab Thought Forum since 1981, the Kawakibi Democracy Transition Center, and the West Asia – North Africa Forum (WANA Forum), and was chair of the Policy Advisory Commission for the World Intellectual Property Organization from 1999 to 2002.
He has served as the president of the Club of Rome from 1999 to 2007, the board of directors for the Center for Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution at the University of Oklahoma, the Parliament of Cultures, the Royal Jordanian Polo Club, and the International Tolerance Foundation for Humanities and Social Studies, and is honorary president of the Euro-Mediterranean Association for Cooperation and Development since 2012.
Prince El Hassan bin Talal with Secretary John Kerry (2013).
Prince El Hassan is also a patron of the Post-War Reconstruction and Development Unit at the University of York, the Swiss Rights and Humanity non-profit organization, the British Institute in Amman, and the Woolf Institute, in addition to being a member of the Global Leadership Foundation, the Chairman the United Nations Secretary-General's Advisory Board on Water and Sanitation, the Advisory Board of British think tank Gold Mercury International, the board of directors of the Nuclear Threat Initiative (since 2002), the Board of Trustees of the Foundation for Interreligious and Intercultural Research and Dialogue (FIIRD) at University of Geneva, Switzerland, the Executive Committee of the International Crisis Group, the International Advisory Board of Forum 2000, the Committee of Personalities of Institut Catala De La Mediterrania, the Informal Advisory Group to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor, the International Board of the Council on Foreign Relations, the Board of World Religious Leaders for the Elijah Interfaith Institute, the Trilateral Commission, the Advisory Council for Research of the Center for Democracy and Community Development (since 2010), and the Independent Eminent Experts group of the World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerance.
Prince El Hassan supports ecocide becoming a crime at the International Criminal Court stating Ecocide would need to be a true ICC crime inline with the Rome Statute and in harnessing the power of international criminal law for the protection of our shared global government.'
Honours
National
Jordan:
Honorary Knight Grand Cordon with Collar of the Order of al-Hussein bin Ali
Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Renaissance
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Star of Jordan
Grand Cordon of the Order of Independence
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Star of Jordan
Grand Cordon of the Decoration of the Star of the Hashemites
Order of the State Centennial
Foreign
Austria: Grand Cross of the Order of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria, 1st Class
Bahrain: Collar of the Order of Khalifa
Ethiopian Imperial Family: Grand Cordon of the Order of Solomon
Hungary: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary
Italy: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
Japan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Precious Crown
Malaysia: Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the Defender of the Realm
Morocco: Grand Cordon of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite.
Morocco: First Class of the Order of Intellectual Merit
Netherlands: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Netherlands: Recipient of the King Willem-Alexander Inauguration Medal
Norway: Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav
Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Grand Cross of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
Pakistan: Grand Cordon of the Nishan-e-Imtiaz
Poland: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
Spain: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III
Sweden: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Polar Star
Sweden: Recipient of the 70th Birthday Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf
Taiwan: Order of Propitious Clouds with Special Grand Cordon (1973)
United Kingdom: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
Tunisia: Grand Cordon of the National Order of Merit of Tunisia
Honorary degrees and doctorates
Prince El Hassan bin Talal during a press conference in Copenhagen (2006).
In 2002, Prince El Hassan was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of York, in recognition of his contribution to the field of post-war reconstruction and development. In 2004 he was awarded an honorary fellowship by York St John University, for his lifelong contribution to peace initiatives in the Middle East, humanitarian projects and inspirational leadership in interfaith dialogue.
Honorary Degree of Science, Boğaziçi University, Turkey (1981)
Honorary Degree of Doctor of Civil Law, Durham University, U.K. (1990)
Honorary Degree of Doctor of Humane Letters, Spertus Institute of Jewish Studies, U.S.A. (1995)
Honorary Degree of Doctor of Letters, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland (1996)
Honorary Doctorate, Moscow State Institute of International Relations, Russia (1997)
Honorary Doctorate of Laws, University of Birmingham, U.K. (1999)
Honorary Doctorate, Bilkent University, Turkey (1999)
Honorary Degree of Doctor of Laws (Hon LLB), University of Hertfordshire, U.K. (2000)
Honorary Doctorate of Theology, University of Tübingen, Germany (2001)
Honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters, University of Oklahoma, U.S.A. (2002)
Honorary Doctorate, University of York, U.K. (2002)
Honorary Doctorate of Laws, University of Portsmouth, U.K. (2002)
Honorary Doctorate of Laws, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan (2005)
Honorary Degree of LLD Honoris Causa, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) at the University of London, U.K. (2005)
Honorary Degree and the Medal of the World Academy, Old Dominion University, U.S.A. (2005)
Doctorate Honoris Causa, Universidade Cândido Mendes (UCAM), Brazil (2006)
Doctorate Honoris Causa, Institute of Higher Education of Brasilia (IESB), Brazil (2006)
Doctorate Honoris Causa, Faculdades Metropolitanas Unidas (FMU), Brazil (2006)
Honorary Degree in Human Letters, Brandeis University, U.S.A. (2006)
Honorary Degree, Soka University, Japan (2006)
Honorary Doctorate, the Faculty of Humanities, University of Lund, Sweden (2007).
Doctorate Honoris Causa Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary (2007).
Honorary Fellowship of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (2008)
Doctorate Honoris Causa in Multicultural Communication For Human And Nations Development, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia, 2012
Awards and prizes
Prince Al Hassan Bin Talal with Yukiya Amano (Vienna, 2017).
The Four Freedoms Award – May 2014
The Abu Bakr Al-Siddique Medal of the Organisation of Arab Red Crescent and Red Cross Societies – September 1996.
The 1995 Science and Society Prize in Madrid.
The inaugural Gandhi/King/Ikeda Community Builders Medal and Torch of Nonviolence – April 2001.
The Distinguished Foreign Visitor Award at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum in Boston – April 2002.
The 2003 Rabbi Marc H. Tanenbaum Award for the Advancement of Inter-religious Understanding – June 2003.
The Abraham Fund Pioneer of Co-existence Award (New York) – January 2004.
The 2005 Eternal Flame Award by the Annual Scholars’ Conference of the U.S.
The Calgary Peace Prize – 2007.
A medal to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the adoption of UNESCO's Constitution, at the inaugural meeting of the Tolerance Foundation held at the Yusupov Palace, St. Petersburg, Russia – May 2007.
The 2008 Abraham Geiger Award for Peace.
The Niwano Peace Prize in Japan – May 2008.
The Sheikh Ahmed Zaki Yamani medallion – Iqbal Academy, UK – 2008.
The Peace Prize of the City of Augsburg – Germany – 2008.
Abraham Geiger Award
The 2008 Abraham Geiger Award, named after liberal thinker of Judaism Abraham Geiger (1810–1874), was conferred upon Prince El Hassan bin Talal. The award ceremony was held in Berlin on 4 March 2008. Past recipients include Cardinal Karl Lehmann, Alfred Grosser, Emil Fackenheim and Susannah Heschel.
"Honouring the President Emeritus of the World Conference of Religions for Peace underlines Prince El Hassan's courage in defending pluralism, promoting understanding among different cultures and enhancing dialogue between Jews, Muslims and Christians. The Prince's efforts to promote understanding between the Islamic and Western Worlds are crucial at a time when we seem to be drifting apart, with perceived differences appearing to overwhelm the many things we have in common, both culturally and religiously."
Publications
(it) Camminare insieme (with Alain Elkann et Elio Toaff), Milan, Bompiani, 2015.
Peacemaking : An Inside Story of the 1994 Jordanian-Israeli Treaty, Oklahoma, University of Oklahoma Press, 2006.
To Be A Muslim: Islam, Peace, and Democracy, Alain Elkann coauthor, Sussex Academic Press, Handcover, December 2003, (96 pages), ISBN 1-903900-81-6.
Continuity, Innovation and Changes : Selected essays, Amman, Majlis El Hassan, 2001.
(it) Essere musulmano (with Alain Elkann), Milan, Bompiani, 2001.
Christianity in the Arab World, SCM Press with foreword by the Prince of Wales, 1995, (120 pages), ISBN 0-8264-1094-4.
Search for Peace : The Politics of the Middle Ground in the Arab East, New-York, St. Martin's Press, 1984.
Palestinian Self-Determination: A Study of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, Quartet Books, New York 1981, ISBN 0-7043-2312-5.
A Study on Jerusalem, London – New-York, Longman, 1979.
References
^ "Statement from the Royal Hashemite Court". The Royal Hashemite Court. 1 June 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
^ "HRH Prince EL Hassan Bin Talal". 14 October 2020.
^ Darwish, Adel (1 December 1998). "The court of King Hussein". The Middle East. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
^ "H.R.H. Prince El Hassan bin Talal; Chairman of RSS Board of Trustees". Royal Scientific Society. Archived from the original on 29 March 2009.
^ Shahin, Mariam (1 September 1998). "The man who would be king". The Middle East. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
^ "Hussein sacks brother in favour of half-English son". The Birmingham Post. 23 January 1999. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
^ "Prince Hassan bin Talal". Soldiers of Peace. Archived from the original on 9 September 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
^ "Il cast". Soldiers of Peace. 18 October 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
^ "United Nations Press Release". 10 June 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
^ Lansford, Tom (31 March 2017). Political Handbook of the World 2016–2017. CQ Press. ISBN 9781506327150.
^ Andrew Terrill, W. (2010). Global Security Watch—Jordan. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9780313366192.
^ a b Branch, Taylor (2 September 2010). The Clinton Tapes: Wrestling History in the White House. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781849832007.
^ Euro-Mediterranean Association for Cooperation and Development Executive Committee
^ a b "His Royal Highness Prince El Hassan bin Talal; Honorary Graduate & Patron". The University of York; Department of Politics. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
^ "Patrons | The Woolf Institute". The Woolf Institute. The Woolf Institute. 26 November 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ "Noon Briefing Highlight | United Nations Secretary-General". Un.org. 6 October 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
^ "Foundation for Interreligious and Intercultural Research and Dialogue". Thelevantfoundation.org. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
^ "Elijah Interfaith: Muslim Leaders". Archived from the original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
^ "Supporters of Ecocide Law". Stop Ecocide International. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
^ HRH El Hassan bin Talal delivers personal reflections on ecocide at official ICC side event, 10 December 2021, retrieved 21 June 2023
^ "Reply to a parliamentary question about the Decoration of Honour" (PDF) (in German). p. 487 & 1660. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
^ "Prince Hassan receives medal from Hungary". Jordan Times. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
^ "Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana". Quirinale.it. 26 November 1983. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
^ "Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1965" (PDF).
^ "SAR le Prince El Hassan Ibn Talal décoré". 3 July 2012.
^ "Jordan News Agency (Petra) |Prince El-Hassan receives Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland". Petra.gov.jo. 15 March 2016. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
^ "Prince Hassan receives Polish medal". Jordan Times. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Two friends from afar". Taiwan Today. 1 May 1973. Retrieved 4 April 2020. The evening's dinner was given by Vice President Yen at the Chungshan Building on Yangmingshan. In an earlier ceremony, Vice President Yen decorated the Crown Prince with the order of the Special Grand Cordon of the Order of Propitious Clouds.
^ "SOAS Honorary Fellows". SOAS.
^ "HRH Prince El Hassan bin Talal of Jordan – Laureaat Freedom of Worship Award 2014 – Laureaten sinds 1982 – Four Freedoms Awards". Fourfreedoms.nl. 21 April 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
^ a b "Abraham Geiger Award 2008". Abraham Geiger College. 2 November 2007. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hassan bin Al Talal.
Picture of Prince El Hassan (taken from the BBC)
The Estimate – Jordan's Stunning Change: The Shift in Hashemite Succession
Interview with Prince El Hassan on CBC Radio's As It Happens (2 February 2011)
Abraham Geiger College – Abraham Geiger Award 2008 goes to HRH Prince Hassan bin Talal of Jordan (2 November 2007)
Royal titles
Preceded byPrince Abdullah bin Al Ghazi
Line of succession to the Jordanian throne 19th position
Succeeded byPrince Rashid bin El Hassan
Preceded byAbdullah bin Hussein
Crown Prince of Jordan 1965–1999
Succeeded byAbdullah bin Hussein
vteJordanian princesGenerations are numbered by descent from Abdullah I.1st generation
Talal I
Prince Nayef
2nd generation
Hussein I
Prince Muhammad
Prince Hassan
Prince Asem
3rd generation
Abdullah II
Prince Faisal
Prince Ali
Prince Hamzah
Prince Hashim
Prince Talal
Prince Ghazi
Prince Rashid
4th generation
Crown Prince Hussein
Prince Hashem
Prince Omar
See also House of Hashemite
vteNiwano Peace Prize laureates
Hélder Câmara (1983)
Homer A. Jack (1984)
Zhao Puchu (1985)
Philip A. Potter (1986)
World Muslim Congress (1987)
Etai Yamada (1989)
Norman Cousins (1990)
Hildegard Goss-Mayr (1991)
A. T. Ariyaratne (1992)
Neve Shalom (1993)
Paulo Evaristo Arns (1994)
M. Aram (1995)
Marii Hasegawa (1996)
Corrymeela Community (1997)
Maha Ghosananda (1998)
Community of Sant'Egidio (1999)
Kang Won-yong (2000)
Elias Chacour (2001)
Samuel Ruiz García (2002)
Scilla Elworthy (2003)
Acholi Religious Leaders Peace Initiative (2004)
Hans Küng (2005)
Rabbis for Human Rights (2006)
Cheng Yen (2007)
Prince Hassan bin Talal (2008)
Gideon Byamugisha (2009)
Ela Bhatt (2010)
Sulak Sivaraksa (2011)
Rosalina Tuyuc (2012)
Gunnar Stålsett (2013)
Dena Merriam (2014)
Esther Ibanga (2015)
Center for Peace Building and Reconciliation (2016)
Munib Younan (2017)
Adyan Foundation (2018)
John Paul Lederach (2019)
Pomnyun (2020)
Shih Chao-hwei (2021)
Michael Lapsley (2022)
Rajagopal P. V. (2023)
vteGrand Commanders of the Order of the Defender of the RealmGrandCommanders
1958: Tunku Kurshiah
1958: Tunku Ismail
1958: Tunku Munawir
1958: Tengku Yahya Petra
1958: Leong Yew Koh
1958: Raja Uda
1958: Tan Cheng Lock
1959: Abdul Razak Hussein
1959: Henry Lee Hau Shik
1959: Tengku Budriah
1961: Abdul Malek Yusuf
1964: Abang Openg
1964: Mustapha Harun
1967: Pengiran Ahmad Raffae
1968: Syed Sheh Shahabudin
1970: Syed Sheh Barakbah
1970: Tuanku Bujang
1970: Sharifah Rodziah Barakbah
1973: Abdul Aziz Abdul Majid
1975: Fuad Stephens
1976: Sardon Jubir
1976: Syed Zahiruddin
1977: Mohd Hamdan Abdullah
1978: Abang Muhammad Salahuddin
1978: Ahmad Koroh
1979: Mohamad Adnan Robert
1982: Abdul Rahman Ya'kub
1982: Awang Hassan
1987: Tunku Ibrahim Ismail
1989: Ahmad Zaidi Adruce
1989: Hamdan Sheikh Tahir
1989: Mohammad Said Keruak
1989: Syed Ahmad Shahabuddin
1996: Sakaran Dandai
2003: Ahmadshah Abdullah
2003: Mahathir Mohamad
2004: Mohd Khalil Yaakob
2009: Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
2011: Juhar Mahiruddin
2014: Abdul Taib Mahmud
2020: Mohd Ali Rustam
2021: Ahmad Fuzi Abdul Razak
2024: Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar
HonoraryGrandCommanders
1958: Lim Yew Hock
1959: Djuanda Kartawidjaja
1960: Gerald Templer
1962: Thanat Khoman
1962: Thanom Kittikachorn
1963: Norodom Monineath
1963: Yusof Ishak
1964: Dhani Nivat
1964: Hayato Ikeda
1964: Masayoshi Ōhira
1964: Norodom Kantol
1964: Prapas Charusathien
1964: Wan Waithayakon
1965: Abdel Hakim Amer
1965: Ali Sabri
1965: Anwar Sadat
1965: Zein al-Sharaf bint Jamil
1965: Firyal Irshaid
1965: Hassan bin Talal
1965: Hassan Ibrahim
1965: Hussein el-Shafei
1965: Chung Il-kwon
1965: Muhammad bin Talal
1965: Muna Al Hussein
1965: Nguyễn Cao Kỳ
1965: Hussein ibn Nasser
1965: Wasfi al-Tal
1965: Zakaria Mohieddin
1966: Chang Kay Young
1966: James Beveridge Thomson
1967: Albert II
1967: Eisaku Satō
1970: Adam Malik
1970: Nawwaf bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
1971: Souvanna Phouma
1975: Kukrit Pramoj
1979: Kriangsak Chamanan
1982: Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
1984: Elena Ceaușescu
1984: Prem Tinsulanonda
1989: Jefri Bolkiah
2000: Maha Vajiralongkorn
2000: Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
2001: Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa
2003: Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
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2005: Victoria
2010: Moza bint Nasser
2011: Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan
2012: Naruhito
2012: Masako
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Jordanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"King Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan"},{"link_name":"King Abdullah II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan"}],"text":"Prince El Hassan bin Talal[1] (Arabic: الحسن بن طلال, born 20 March 1947)[2] is a member of the Jordanian royal family who was previously Crown Prince from 1965 to 1999, being removed just three weeks before King Hussein's death. He is now 20th in line to succeed his nephew King Abdullah II.","title":"Prince Hassan bin Talal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hashemite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashemites"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"King Talal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Talal"},{"link_name":"Queen Zein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Zein"},{"link_name":"King Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Hussein"},{"link_name":"King Abdullah II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Abdullah_II"},{"link_name":"Mohammed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed"},{"link_name":"Fatima Zahra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Zahra"},{"link_name":"Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali"},{"link_name":"Ottoman empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_empire"},{"link_name":"Al Saud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Saud"},{"link_name":"Transjordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jordan"}],"text":"Prince El Hassan is a Prince of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. He is the third son of King Talal and Queen Zein. He is thus a younger brother of late King Hussein and uncle of the present King Abdullah II.Prince El Hassan is a descendant of Mohammed. His family is descended in patrilineage from Hassan, the elder of the two sons of Fatima Zahra and Ali, the daughter and son-in-law of Mohammed. {cite}More recent male-line ancestors served as Sharifs of Mecca. In the early 1900s, the kingdom of Hejaz was set up in western Arabia by the Western powers in order to torment the Ottoman empire, and Hassan's great-grandfather, already Grand Sharif of Mecca, was made king of this state. That kingdom did not last long, being soon conquered by Al Saud. However, one of the sons of the Grand Sharif, Prince El Hassan's grandfather, King Abdullah I, became king of Transjordan in 1946. In 1949, after annexing the West Bank in Palestine, and \"uniting\" both banks of the Jordan River, it was constitutionally renamed the \"Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan\", commonly referred to nowadays as Kingdom of Jordan.","title":"Background and personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sarvath Ikramullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Sarvath_El_Hassan"},{"link_name":"Bhopal state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopal_state"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Ikramullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Ikramullah"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Hidayatullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hidayatullah"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India"},{"link_name":"Vice President of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_India"},{"link_name":"Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaista_Suhrawardy_Ikramullah"},{"link_name":"Suhrawardy family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhrawardy_family"},{"link_name":"Undivided Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Hassan Suhrawardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassan_Suhrawardy"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of undivided Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy"},{"link_name":"Princess Rahma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Rahma_bint_Hassan"},{"link_name":"Princess Sumaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Sumaya_bint_Hassan"},{"link_name":"Princess Badiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Badiya_bint_Hassan"},{"link_name":"Prince Rashid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Rashid_bin_Hassan"}],"sub_title":"Marriage and issue","text":"In 1968, Prince El Hassan married Sarvath Ikramullah, whose family belongs to the feudal aristocracy of Bhopal state in central India. Her father, Mohammed Ikramullah, was an Indian politician who chose to move to Pakistan at Partition and became a diplomat there. His brother (Princess Sarvath's uncle), Mohammad Hidayatullah, choosing to remain in India, rose to become the 11th Chief Justice of India and then, after retirement from the judiciary, became the 6th Vice President of India. Princess Sarvath's mother, Begum Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah, came from the prominent Suhrawardy family of Undivided Bengal. She was the daughter of Hassan Suhrawardy and first cousin of former Prime Minister of undivided Pakistan, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy.Prince El Hassan and Begum Sarvath Ikramullah first met in London in 1958, when they were both mere children. Their families knew each other very well and they played together as children. In the mid-1960s, they married with the full consent of their families. They have four children together:Princess Rahma (born 13 August 1969)\nPrincess Sumaya (born 14 May 1971)\nPrincess Badiya (born 28 March 1974)\nPrince Rashid (born 20 May 1979)","title":"Background and personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sandroyd School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandroyd_School"},{"link_name":"Summer Fields School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Fields_School"},{"link_name":"Harrow School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_School"},{"link_name":"Christ Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adel1dec-3"},{"link_name":"BA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honours_degree#Honours_degrees_and_academic_distinctions"},{"link_name":"Oriental Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Studies"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxbridge_and_Dublin)"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Prince El Hassan was educated first in Amman. He then attended Sandroyd School in Wiltshire before going on to Summer Fields School, Oxford, followed by Harrow School in England, then Christ Church, a college of the University of Oxford,[3] where he graduated BA with Honours in Oriental Studies and later proceeded to MA. Hassan is fluent in Arabic, English, French and German. He has a working knowledge of Turkish and Spanish, and studied Hebrew at university.[4]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mar1sep-5"},{"link_name":"regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent"},{"link_name":"Abdullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"against all wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-war_movement"},{"link_name":"global peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_peace"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"United Nations Secretary-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary-General"},{"link_name":"Ban Ki-moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In 1965, Hassan was named as Crown Prince of Jordan after the constitution was amended.[5] He was frequently regent during his brother's absences from the country. During Hussein's final illness in January 1999, he was replaced by his nephew Abdullah three weeks before the king died.[6] Abdullah subsequently inherited the throne of Jordan.In 2009, he joined the project \"Soldiers of Peace\", a film against all wars and for global peace.[7][8]On 10 June 2013, he was appointed as the chairman of the advisory board on water and sanitation (UNSGAB) by the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.[9]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Fayez al-Tarawneh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayez_al-Tarawneh"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.com-12"},{"link_name":"Hamzah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Hamzah_bin_Hussein"},{"link_name":"Sarvath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Sarvath_al-Hassan"},{"link_name":"Queen Noor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Noor"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.com-12"}],"sub_title":"Removal as Crown Prince","text":"As King Hussein was undergoing cancer treatment in mid-1998, the King assigned Crown Prince El Hassan a range of powers and authority to act as regent. With his newly gained powers, Hassan exercised a number of steps to consolidate his position as heir and future king, which included: (1) \"orchestrating the removal of the [unpopular] government\" of Abdelsalam Majali and appointing former Royal Court chief Fayez al-Tarawneh in his place, (2) organizing dialogue and reconciliation with opposition groups, most prominently the Muslim Brotherhood, and (3) attempting to effect changes at the top of the military. Hassan's attempted changes to the top hierarchy of the military angered King Hussein and led him to resume full duties as king. It is also a commonly cited reason for Hassan's removal as crown prince on 24 January 1999.[10] Hassan's removal took shape through a 14-page typed letter, described by American historian W. Andrew Terrill as \"extremely harsh\", in which King Hussein expressed \"unmistakable disappointment in Crown Prince El Hassan\" and ordered his replacement with Hussein's son Abdullah. Terrill describes King Hussein as perhaps having felt that Hassan had \"interest in shifting the line of succession to his own family\", which led to his dismissal as Crown Prince three weeks before Hussein's death.[11]Crown Prince El Hassan's attempted consolidation of power led the sickly King Hussein to break off \"intensive\" treatments for lymphoma and fly back home to Jordan in order to address the issue.[12] At first, the King attempted to negotiate with Hassan, placing the King's younger son Hamzah as Hassan's crown prince to ensure that the line of succession would not switch to Hassan's line. However, Hassan's Pakistani wife Sarvath vetoed the proposal, particularly because of her reported distaste for Hamzah's American-born mother Queen Noor and her desire to have her son Prince Rashid in the line of succession. King Hussein instead replaced Hassan with his own son Abdullah, who had backing within the military and whose position as eldest son of the king would allow him to be enthroned by royal fiat, unlike Hamzah whose enthronement would require confirmation from the Jordanian Parliament.[12]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HRH_PrinceHassan_(Jordan),_Irina_Bokova_(UNESCO),_Zafra_M._Lerman_at_the_Malta_Conference_V_(Paris).jpg"},{"link_name":"Irina Bokova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irina_Bokova"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Royal Scientific Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Scientific_Society"},{"link_name":"Annual Bilad Al-Sham Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annual_Bilad_Al-Sham_Conference&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Aal_al-Bayt_Institute_for_Islamic_Thought"},{"link_name":"Al al-Bayt University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_al-Bayt_University"},{"link_name":"Mafraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafraq"},{"link_name":"Hashemite Aid and Relief Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hashemite_Aid_and_Relief_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Islamic Scientific Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Scientific_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Amman Baccalaureate School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amman_Baccalaureate_School"},{"link_name":"Al-Hassan Youth Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Hassan_Youth_Award&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Independent Bureau for Humanitarian Issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independent_Bureau_for_Humanitarian_Issues&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independent_Commission_on_International_Humanitarian_Issues&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Higher Council for Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Higher_Council_for_Science_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Institute_for_Inter-Faith_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Foundation for Intercultural and Interfaith Research and Dialogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foundation_for_Intercultural_and_Interfaith_Research_and_Dialogue&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arab Thought Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Thought_Forum_(Amman)"},{"link_name":"Kawakibi Democracy Transition Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kawakibi_Democracy_Transition_Center&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"World Intellectual Property Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization"},{"link_name":"Club of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"Center for Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Center_for_Peace_Studies_and_Conflict_Resolution&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"University of Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Cultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_Cultures&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Royal Jordanian Polo Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Jordanian_Polo_Club&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"International Tolerance Foundation for Humanities and Social Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Tolerance_Foundation_for_Humanities_and_Social_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Euro-Mediterranean Association for Cooperation and Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro-Mediterranean_Association_for_Cooperation_and_Development"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_Jordanian_Prince_El_Hassan_Bin_Talal.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerry"},{"link_name":"University of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_York"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-york.ac.uk-14"},{"link_name":"Rights and Humanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rights_and_Humanity"},{"link_name":"British Institute in Amman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Institute_in_Amman"},{"link_name":"the Woolf Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Woolf_Institute"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Global Leadership Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Leadership_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"think tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_tank"},{"link_name":"Gold Mercury International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gold_Mercury_International&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nuclear Threat Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative"},{"link_name":"Foundation for Interreligious and Intercultural Research and Dialogue (FIIRD)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Interreligious_and_Intercultural_Research_and_Dialogue_(FIIRD)"},{"link_name":"University of Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Geneva"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"International Crisis Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Crisis_Group"},{"link_name":"Forum 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_2000"},{"link_name":"Institut Catala De La Mediterrania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institut_Catala_De_La_Mediterrania&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees"},{"link_name":"Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Legal_Empowerment_of_the_Poor"},{"link_name":"Council on Foreign Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations"},{"link_name":"the Elijah Interfaith Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Elijah_Interfaith_Institute"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Trilateral Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilateral_Commission"},{"link_name":"Center for Democracy and Community Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Center_for_Democracy_and_Community_Development&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"World Conference against Racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Conference_against_Racism"},{"link_name":"ecocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecocide"},{"link_name":"International Criminal Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Criminal_Court"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Prince El Hassan bin Talal with Irina Bokova during his visit to UNESCO Headquarters in Paris (2011).Prince El Hassan has been a very active participant in Jordanian and International civil society. He founded the Royal Scientific Society in 1970, the Annual Bilad Al-Sham Conference in 1978, and the Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought in 1980. He has also established the Al al-Bayt University in Mafraq, the Hashemite Aid and Relief Agency, the Islamic Scientific Academy, the Triannual Conferences on the History and Archaeology of Jordan, the Amman Baccalaureate School, and the Al-Hassan Youth Award. He founded and chairs the Independent Bureau for Humanitarian Issues, Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Issues, the Higher Council for Science and Technology, the Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies, the Foundation for Intercultural and Interfaith Research and Dialogue, the Arab Thought Forum since 1981, the Kawakibi Democracy Transition Center, and the West Asia – North Africa Forum (WANA Forum), and was chair of the Policy Advisory Commission for the World Intellectual Property Organization from 1999 to 2002.He has served as the president of the Club of Rome from 1999 to 2007, the board of directors for the Center for Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution at the University of Oklahoma, the Parliament of Cultures, the Royal Jordanian Polo Club, and the International Tolerance Foundation for Humanities and Social Studies, and is honorary president of the Euro-Mediterranean Association for Cooperation and Development since 2012.[13]Prince El Hassan bin Talal with Secretary John Kerry (2013).Prince El Hassan is also a patron of the Post-War Reconstruction and Development Unit at the University of York,[14] the Swiss Rights and Humanity non-profit organization, the British Institute in Amman, and the Woolf Institute,[15] in addition to being a member of the Global Leadership Foundation, the Chairman the United Nations Secretary-General's Advisory Board on Water and Sanitation,[16] the Advisory Board of British think tank Gold Mercury International, the board of directors of the Nuclear Threat Initiative (since 2002), the Board of Trustees of the Foundation for Interreligious and Intercultural Research and Dialogue (FIIRD) at University of Geneva, Switzerland,[17] the Executive Committee of the International Crisis Group, the International Advisory Board of Forum 2000, the Committee of Personalities of Institut Catala De La Mediterrania, the Informal Advisory Group to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor, the International Board of the Council on Foreign Relations, the Board of World Religious Leaders for the Elijah Interfaith Institute,[18] the Trilateral Commission, the Advisory Council for Research of the Center for Democracy and Community Development (since 2010), and the Independent Eminent Experts group of the World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerance.Prince El Hassan supports ecocide becoming a crime at the International Criminal Court stating Ecocide would need to be a true ICC crime inline with the Rome Statute and in harnessing the power of international criminal law for the protection of our shared global government.'[19][20]","title":"Organizations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Order of al-Hussein bin Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_al-Hussein_bin_Ali"},{"link_name":"Supreme Order of the Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_the_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Order of the Star of Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Order of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Independence_(Jordan)"},{"link_name":"Order of the Star of Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_Jordan"}],"sub_title":"National","text":"Jordan:Honorary Knight Grand Cordon with Collar of the Order of al-Hussein bin Ali\nGrand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Renaissance\nGrand Cordon of the Order of the Star of Jordan\nGrand Cordon of the Order of Independence\nGrand Cordon of the Order of the Star of Jordan\nGrand Cordon of the Decoration of the Star of the Hashemites\nOrder of the State Centennial","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Order of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria, 1st Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoration_of_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian Imperial Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomonic_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Order of Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Solomon"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Republic_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit of the Italian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Order of the Precious Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Precious_Crown"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Order of the Defender of the Realm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Defender_of_the_Realm"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Order of Ouissam Alaouite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Ouissam_Alaouite"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Order of Intellectual Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Intellectual_Merit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Order of Orange-Nassau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Orange-Nassau"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"King Willem-Alexander Inauguration Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decorations_and_medals_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Order of St. Olav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St._Olav"},{"link_name":"Sovereign Military Order of Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta"},{"link_name":"Sovereign Military Order of Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Nishan-e-Imtiaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishan-e-Imtiaz"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Republic_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Order of Charles III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Royal Order of the Polar Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Order_of_the_Polar_Star"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"70th Birthday Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Royal_Jubilee_Commemorative_Medals"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Order of Propitious Clouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Propitious_Clouds"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Royal Victorian Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Victorian_Order"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"National Order of Merit of Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Order_of_Merit_(Tunisia)"}],"sub_title":"Foreign","text":"Austria: Grand Cross of the Order of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria, 1st Class[21]\n Bahrain: Collar of the Order of Khalifa\n Ethiopian Imperial Family: Grand Cordon of the Order of Solomon\n Hungary: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary[22]\n Italy: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic[23]\n Japan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Precious Crown\n Malaysia: Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the Defender of the Realm[24]\n Morocco: Grand Cordon of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite.\n Morocco: First Class of the Order of Intellectual Merit[25]\n Netherlands: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau\n Netherlands: Recipient of the King Willem-Alexander Inauguration Medal\n Norway: Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav\n Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Grand Cross of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta\n Pakistan: Grand Cordon of the Nishan-e-Imtiaz\n Poland: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland[26][27]\n Spain: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III[28]\n Sweden: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Polar Star\n Sweden: Recipient of the 70th Birthday Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf[citation needed]\n Taiwan: Order of Propitious Clouds with Special Grand Cordon (1973)[29]\n United Kingdom: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order\n Tunisia: Grand Cordon of the National Order of Merit of Tunisia","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hans_Kongelige_Hojhed_Prins_Hassan_af_Jordan_talar_med_pressen_efter_sitt_tal_i_plenum_under_Nordiska_radets_session_i_Kopenhamn_2006_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"honorary doctorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_doctorate"},{"link_name":"University of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_York"},{"link_name":"post-war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-war"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-york.ac.uk-14"},{"link_name":"York St John University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_St_John_University"},{"link_name":"Boğaziçi University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C4%9Fazi%C3%A7i_University"},{"link_name":"Durham University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_University"},{"link_name":"Spertus Institute of Jewish Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spertus_Institute_of_Jewish_Studies"},{"link_name":"University of Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ulster"},{"link_name":"Moscow State Institute of International Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_State_Institute_of_International_Relations"},{"link_name":"University of Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Bilkent University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilkent_University"},{"link_name":"University of Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"University of Tübingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen"},{"link_name":"University of Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"University of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_York"},{"link_name":"University of Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"International Islamic University, Islamabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Islamic_University,_Islamabad"},{"link_name":"School of Oriental and African Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Oriental_and_African_Studies"},{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Old Dominion University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Dominion_University"},{"link_name":"Universidade Cândido Mendes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_C%C3%A2ndido_Mendes"},{"link_name":"Institute of Higher Education of Brasilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Higher_Education_of_Brasilia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Faculdades Metropolitanas Unidas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faculdades_Metropolitanas_Unidas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brandeis University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandeis_University"},{"link_name":"Soka University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soka_University_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"University of Lund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Lund"},{"link_name":"Eötvös Loránd University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s_Lor%C3%A1nd_University"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Multicultural Communication For Human And Nations Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multicultural_Communication_For_Human_And_Nations_Development&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hasanuddin University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasanuddin_University"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"}],"sub_title":"Honorary degrees and doctorates","text":"Prince El Hassan bin Talal during a press conference in Copenhagen (2006).In 2002, Prince El Hassan was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of York, in recognition of his contribution to the field of post-war reconstruction and development.[14] In 2004 he was awarded an honorary fellowship by York St John University, for his lifelong contribution to peace initiatives in the Middle East, humanitarian projects and inspirational leadership in interfaith dialogue.Honorary Degree of Science, Boğaziçi University, Turkey (1981)\nHonorary Degree of Doctor of Civil Law, Durham University, U.K. (1990)\nHonorary Degree of Doctor of Humane Letters, Spertus Institute of Jewish Studies, U.S.A. (1995)\nHonorary Degree of Doctor of Letters, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland (1996)\nHonorary Doctorate, Moscow State Institute of International Relations, Russia (1997)\nHonorary Doctorate of Laws, University of Birmingham, U.K. (1999)\nHonorary Doctorate, Bilkent University, Turkey (1999)\nHonorary Degree of Doctor of Laws (Hon LLB), University of Hertfordshire, U.K. (2000)\nHonorary Doctorate of Theology, University of Tübingen, Germany (2001)\nHonorary Doctorate of Humane Letters, University of Oklahoma, U.S.A. (2002)\nHonorary Doctorate, University of York, U.K. (2002)\nHonorary Doctorate of Laws, University of Portsmouth, U.K. (2002)\nHonorary Doctorate of Laws, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan (2005)\nHonorary Degree of LLD Honoris Causa, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) at the University of London, U.K. (2005)[30]\nHonorary Degree and the Medal of the World Academy, Old Dominion University, U.S.A. (2005)\nDoctorate Honoris Causa, Universidade Cândido Mendes (UCAM), Brazil (2006)\nDoctorate Honoris Causa, Institute of Higher Education of Brasilia (IESB), Brazil (2006)\nDoctorate Honoris Causa, Faculdades Metropolitanas Unidas (FMU), Brazil (2006)\nHonorary Degree in Human Letters, Brandeis University, U.S.A. (2006)\nHonorary Degree, Soka University, Japan (2006)\nHonorary Doctorate, the Faculty of Humanities, University of Lund, Sweden (2007).\nDoctorate Honoris Causa Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary (2007).\nHonorary Fellowship of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (2008)\nDoctorate Honoris Causa in Multicultural Communication For Human And Nations Development, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia, 2012","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HRH_Prince_Al_Hassan-Bin-Talal_%26_Yukiya_Amano_(01116591)_(36944559750).jpg"},{"link_name":"Yukiya Amano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukiya_Amano"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Organisation of Arab Red Crescent and Red Cross Societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Organisation_of_Arab_Red_Crescent_and_Red_Cross_Societies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum"},{"link_name":"Rabbi Marc H. Tanenbaum Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rabbi_Marc_H._Tanenbaum_Award&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Abraham Fund Pioneer of Co-existence Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham_Fund_Pioneer_of_Co-existence_Award&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Calgary Peace Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"Niwano Peace Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niwano_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"Iqbal Academy, UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqbal_Academy,_UK"}],"text":"Prince Al Hassan Bin Talal with Yukiya Amano (Vienna, 2017).The Four Freedoms Award – May 2014[31]\nThe Abu Bakr Al-Siddique Medal of the Organisation of Arab Red Crescent and Red Cross Societies – September 1996.\nThe 1995 Science and Society Prize in Madrid.\nThe inaugural Gandhi/King/Ikeda Community Builders Medal and Torch of Nonviolence – April 2001.\nThe Distinguished Foreign Visitor Award at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum in Boston – April 2002.\nThe 2003 Rabbi Marc H. Tanenbaum Award for the Advancement of Inter-religious Understanding – June 2003.\nThe Abraham Fund Pioneer of Co-existence Award (New York) – January 2004.\nThe 2005 Eternal Flame Award by the Annual Scholars’ Conference of the U.S.\nThe Calgary Peace Prize – 2007.\nA medal to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the adoption of UNESCO's Constitution, at the inaugural meeting of the Tolerance Foundation held at the Yusupov Palace, St. Petersburg, Russia – May 2007.\nThe 2008 Abraham Geiger Award for Peace.\nThe Niwano Peace Prize in Japan – May 2008.\nThe Sheikh Ahmed Zaki Yamani medallion – Iqbal Academy, UK – 2008.\nThe Peace Prize of the City of Augsburg – Germany – 2008.","title":"Awards and prizes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"Abraham Geiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Geiger"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Karl Lehmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Lehmann"},{"link_name":"Alfred Grosser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Grosser"},{"link_name":"Emil Fackenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Fackenheim"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greiger-32"},{"link_name":"pluralism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_pluralism"},{"link_name":"different cultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslims"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-greiger-32"}],"sub_title":"Abraham Geiger Award","text":"The 2008 Abraham Geiger Award, named after liberal thinker of Judaism Abraham Geiger (1810–1874), was conferred upon Prince El Hassan bin Talal. The award ceremony was held in Berlin on 4 March 2008. Past recipients include Cardinal Karl Lehmann, Alfred Grosser, Emil Fackenheim and Susannah Heschel.[32]\"Honouring the President Emeritus of the World Conference of Religions for Peace underlines Prince El Hassan's courage in defending pluralism, promoting understanding among different cultures and enhancing dialogue between Jews, Muslims and Christians. The Prince's efforts to promote understanding between the Islamic and Western Worlds are crucial at a time when we seem to be drifting apart, with perceived differences appearing to overwhelm the many things we have in common, both culturally and religiously.\"[32]","title":"Awards and prizes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alain Elkann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Elkann"},{"link_name":"Sussex Academic Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_Academic_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-903900-81-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903900-81-6"},{"link_name":"SCM Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCM_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8264-1094-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-1094-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7043-2312-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7043-2312-5"}],"text":"(it) Camminare insieme (with Alain Elkann et Elio Toaff), Milan, Bompiani, 2015.\nPeacemaking : An Inside Story of the 1994 Jordanian-Israeli Treaty, Oklahoma, University of Oklahoma Press, 2006.\nTo Be A Muslim: Islam, Peace, and Democracy, Alain Elkann coauthor, Sussex Academic Press, Handcover, December 2003, (96 pages), ISBN 1-903900-81-6.\nContinuity, Innovation and Changes : Selected essays, Amman, Majlis El Hassan, 2001.\n(it) Essere musulmano (with Alain Elkann), Milan, Bompiani, 2001.\nChristianity in the Arab World, SCM Press with foreword by the Prince of Wales, 1995, (120 pages), ISBN 0-8264-1094-4.\nSearch for Peace : The Politics of the Middle Ground in the Arab East, New-York, St. Martin's Press, 1984.\nPalestinian Self-Determination: A Study of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, Quartet Books, New York 1981, ISBN 0-7043-2312-5.\nA Study on Jerusalem, London – New-York, Longman, 1979.","title":"Publications"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Prince El Hassan bin Talal with Irina Bokova during his visit to UNESCO Headquarters in Paris (2011).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/HRH_PrinceHassan_%28Jordan%29%2C_Irina_Bokova_%28UNESCO%29%2C_Zafra_M._Lerman_at_the_Malta_Conference_V_%28Paris%29.jpg/220px-HRH_PrinceHassan_%28Jordan%29%2C_Irina_Bokova_%28UNESCO%29%2C_Zafra_M._Lerman_at_the_Malta_Conference_V_%28Paris%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prince El Hassan bin Talal with Secretary John Kerry (2013).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_Jordanian_Prince_El_Hassan_Bin_Talal.jpg/220px-Secretary_Kerry_Meets_With_Jordanian_Prince_El_Hassan_Bin_Talal.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prince El Hassan bin Talal during a press conference in Copenhagen (2006).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Hans_Kongelige_Hojhed_Prins_Hassan_af_Jordan_talar_med_pressen_efter_sitt_tal_i_plenum_under_Nordiska_radets_session_i_Kopenhamn_2006_%281%29.jpg/220px-Hans_Kongelige_Hojhed_Prins_Hassan_af_Jordan_talar_med_pressen_efter_sitt_tal_i_plenum_under_Nordiska_radets_session_i_Kopenhamn_2006_%281%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prince Al Hassan Bin Talal with Yukiya Amano (Vienna, 2017).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/HRH_Prince_Al_Hassan-Bin-Talal_%26_Yukiya_Amano_%2801116591%29_%2836944559750%29.jpg/220px-HRH_Prince_Al_Hassan-Bin-Talal_%26_Yukiya_Amano_%2801116591%29_%2836944559750%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Statement from the Royal Hashemite Court\". The Royal Hashemite Court. 1 June 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://rhc.jo/en/media/news/statement-royal-hashemite-court-12","url_text":"\"Statement from the Royal Hashemite Court\""}]},{"reference":"\"HRH Prince EL Hassan Bin Talal\". 14 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rfp.org/leadership_member/hrh-prince-el-hassan-bin-talal/","url_text":"\"HRH Prince EL Hassan Bin Talal\""}]},{"reference":"Darwish, Adel (1 December 1998). \"The court of King Hussein\". The Middle East. Retrieved 29 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/THE+COURT+OF+KING+HUSSEIN.-a062926821","url_text":"\"The court of King Hussein\""}]},{"reference":"\"H.R.H. Prince El Hassan bin Talal; Chairman of RSS Board of Trustees\". Royal Scientific Society. Archived from the original on 29 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090329080725/http://www.rss.gov.jo/phassan.html","url_text":"\"H.R.H. Prince El Hassan bin Talal; Chairman of RSS Board of Trustees\""},{"url":"http://www.rss.gov.jo/phassan.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shahin, Mariam (1 September 1998). \"The man who would be king\". The Middle East. Retrieved 29 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/THE+MAN+WHO+WOULD+BE+KING.-a062926626","url_text":"\"The man who would be king\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hussein sacks brother in favour of half-English son\". The Birmingham Post. 23 January 1999. Retrieved 29 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Hussein+sacks+brother+in+favour+of+half-English+son.-a060551492","url_text":"\"Hussein sacks brother in favour of half-English son\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prince Hassan bin Talal\". Soldiers of Peace. Archived from the original on 9 September 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120909163025/http://www.soldiersofpeacemovie.com/about/the-cast/21/hrh-prince-el-hassan-bin-talal/","url_text":"\"Prince Hassan bin Talal\""},{"url":"http://www.soldiersofpeacemovie.com/about/the-cast/21/hrh-prince-el-hassan-bin-talal/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Il cast\". Soldiers of Peace. 18 October 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soldatidipace.blogspot.com/2009/10/il-cast.html","url_text":"\"Il cast\""}]},{"reference":"\"United Nations Press Release\". 10 June 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2013/sga1411.doc.htm","url_text":"\"United Nations Press Release\""}]},{"reference":"Lansford, Tom (31 March 2017). Political Handbook of the World 2016–2017. CQ Press. ISBN 9781506327150.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UmNCDgAAQBAJ&q=Zaid+ibn+shaker&pg=PA774","url_text":"Political Handbook of the World 2016–2017"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781506327150","url_text":"9781506327150"}]},{"reference":"Andrew Terrill, W. (2010). Global Security Watch—Jordan. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9780313366192.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J7HsiU7161kC&q=crown+Prince+Hassan+jordan+1965&pg=PA27","url_text":"Global Security Watch—Jordan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313366192","url_text":"9780313366192"}]},{"reference":"Branch, Taylor (2 September 2010). The Clinton Tapes: Wrestling History in the White House. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9781849832007.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qn8eSIifMmUC&q=prince+hassan+sarvath&pg=PT425","url_text":"The Clinton Tapes: Wrestling History in the White House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849832007","url_text":"9781849832007"}]},{"reference":"\"His Royal Highness Prince El Hassan bin Talal; Honorary Graduate & Patron\". The University of York; Department of Politics. Retrieved 5 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.york.ac.uk/politics/centres/prdu/our-people/el-hassan-bin-talal/","url_text":"\"His Royal Highness Prince El Hassan bin Talal; Honorary Graduate & Patron\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patrons | The Woolf Institute\". The Woolf Institute. The Woolf Institute. 26 November 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.woolf.cam.ac.uk/about/patrons","url_text":"\"Patrons | The Woolf Institute\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noon Briefing Highlight | United Nations Secretary-General\". Un.org. 6 October 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.un.org/sg/spokesperson/highlights/index.asp?HighD=6/10/2013&d_month=6&d_year=2013","url_text":"\"Noon Briefing Highlight | United Nations Secretary-General\""}]},{"reference":"\"Foundation for Interreligious and Intercultural Research and Dialogue\". Thelevantfoundation.org. Retrieved 25 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thelevantfoundation.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4:fiird&catid=7:continous&Itemid=3","url_text":"\"Foundation for Interreligious and Intercultural Research and Dialogue\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elijah Interfaith: Muslim Leaders\". Archived from the original on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110526002533/http://www.elijah-interfaith.org/?id=574","url_text":"\"Elijah Interfaith: Muslim Leaders\""},{"url":"http://www.elijah-interfaith.org/?id=574","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Supporters of Ecocide Law\". Stop Ecocide International. Retrieved 21 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stopecocide.earth/supporters","url_text":"\"Supporters of Ecocide Law\""}]},{"reference":"HRH El Hassan bin Talal delivers personal reflections on ecocide at official ICC side event, 10 December 2021, retrieved 21 June 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4QNih4ZppQ","url_text":"HRH El Hassan bin Talal delivers personal reflections on ecocide at official ICC side event"}]},{"reference":"\"Reply to a parliamentary question about the Decoration of Honour\" (PDF) (in German). p. 487 & 1660. Retrieved 1 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf","url_text":"\"Reply to a parliamentary question about the Decoration of Honour\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prince Hassan receives medal from Hungary\". Jordan Times. Retrieved 25 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/prince-hassan-receives-medal-hungary","url_text":"\"Prince Hassan receives medal from Hungary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Times","url_text":"Jordan Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana\". Quirinale.it. 26 November 1983. Retrieved 25 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=15402","url_text":"\"Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1965\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.istiadat.gov.my/v8/images/stories/1965.pdf","url_text":"\"Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1965\""}]},{"reference":"\"SAR le Prince El Hassan Ibn Talal décoré\". 3 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://lematin.ma/express/2012/Maroc-Jordanie-_SAR-le-Prince-El-Hassan-Ibn-Talal-decore/168587.html","url_text":"\"SAR le Prince El Hassan Ibn Talal décoré\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jordan News Agency (Petra) |Prince El-Hassan receives Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland\". Petra.gov.jo. 15 March 2016. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170216045450/http://petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Site_Id=1&lang=2&NewsID=243366&CatID=13&Type=Home>ype=1","url_text":"\"Jordan News Agency (Petra) |Prince El-Hassan receives Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland\""},{"url":"http://petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Site_Id=1&lang=2&NewsID=243366&CatID=13&Type=Home>ype=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Prince Hassan receives Polish medal\". Jordan Times. Retrieved 25 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/prince-hassan-receives-polish-medal","url_text":"\"Prince Hassan receives Polish medal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Times","url_text":"Jordan Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 23 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131003084717/http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1977/04/07/pdfs/A07775-07775.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1977/04/07/pdfs/A07775-07775.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Two friends from afar\". Taiwan Today. 1 May 1973. Retrieved 4 April 2020. The evening's dinner was given by Vice President Yen at the Chungshan Building on Yangmingshan. In an earlier ceremony, Vice President Yen decorated the Crown Prince with the order of the Special Grand Cordon of the Order of Propitious Clouds.","urls":[{"url":"https://taiwantoday.tw/print.php?unit=4&post=5671","url_text":"\"Two friends from afar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_Today","url_text":"Taiwan Today"}]},{"reference":"\"SOAS Honorary Fellows\". SOAS.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soas.ac.uk/about/fellows/","url_text":"\"SOAS Honorary Fellows\""}]},{"reference":"\"HRH Prince El Hassan bin Talal of Jordan – Laureaat Freedom of Worship Award 2014 – Laureaten sinds 1982 – Four Freedoms Awards\". Fourfreedoms.nl. 21 April 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fourfreedoms.nl/nl/laureaten/year:2014/award:freedom-of-worship-award/laureates:hrh-prince-el-hassan-bin-talal-of-jordan.htm","url_text":"\"HRH Prince El Hassan bin Talal of Jordan – Laureaat Freedom of Worship Award 2014 – Laureaten sinds 1982 – Four Freedoms Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Abraham Geiger Award 2008\". Abraham Geiger College. 2 November 2007. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111002091931/http://www.abraham-geiger-kolleg.de/en/news/news_show.php?id=4","url_text":"\"Abraham Geiger Award 2008\""},{"url":"http://www.abraham-geiger-kolleg.de/en/news/news_show.php?id=4","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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Press Release\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UmNCDgAAQBAJ&q=Zaid+ibn+shaker&pg=PA774","external_links_name":"Political Handbook of the World 2016–2017"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J7HsiU7161kC&q=crown+Prince+Hassan+jordan+1965&pg=PA27","external_links_name":"Global Security Watch—Jordan"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qn8eSIifMmUC&q=prince+hassan+sarvath&pg=PT425","external_links_name":"The Clinton Tapes: Wrestling History in the White House"},{"Link":"http://ema-hamburg.org/pages/en/association/board/executive-committee.php","external_links_name":"Euro-Mediterranean Association for Cooperation and Development Executive Committee"},{"Link":"http://www.york.ac.uk/politics/centres/prdu/our-people/el-hassan-bin-talal/","external_links_name":"\"His Royal Highness Prince El Hassan bin Talal; Honorary Graduate & Patron\""},{"Link":"http://www.woolf.cam.ac.uk/about/patrons","external_links_name":"\"Patrons | The Woolf Institute\""},{"Link":"https://www.un.org/sg/spokesperson/highlights/index.asp?HighD=6/10/2013&d_month=6&d_year=2013","external_links_name":"\"Noon Briefing Highlight | United Nations Secretary-General\""},{"Link":"http://www.thelevantfoundation.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4:fiird&catid=7:continous&Itemid=3","external_links_name":"\"Foundation for Interreligious and Intercultural Research and Dialogue\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110526002533/http://www.elijah-interfaith.org/?id=574","external_links_name":"\"Elijah Interfaith: Muslim Leaders\""},{"Link":"http://www.elijah-interfaith.org/?id=574","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.stopecocide.earth/supporters","external_links_name":"\"Supporters of Ecocide Law\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4QNih4ZppQ","external_links_name":"HRH El Hassan bin Talal delivers personal reflections on ecocide at official ICC side event"},{"Link":"http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Reply to a parliamentary question about the Decoration of Honour\""},{"Link":"http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/prince-hassan-receives-medal-hungary","external_links_name":"\"Prince Hassan receives medal from Hungary\""},{"Link":"http://www.quirinale.it/elementi/DettaglioOnorificenze.aspx?decorato=15402","external_links_name":"\"Le onorificenze della Repubblica Italiana\""},{"Link":"http://www.istiadat.gov.my/v8/images/stories/1965.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1965\""},{"Link":"https://lematin.ma/express/2012/Maroc-Jordanie-_SAR-le-Prince-El-Hassan-Ibn-Talal-decore/168587.html","external_links_name":"\"SAR le Prince El Hassan Ibn Talal décoré\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170216045450/http://petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Site_Id=1&lang=2&NewsID=243366&CatID=13&Type=Home>ype=1","external_links_name":"\"Jordan News Agency (Petra) |Prince El-Hassan receives Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland\""},{"Link":"http://petra.gov.jo/Public_News/Nws_NewsDetails.aspx?Site_Id=1&lang=2&NewsID=243366&CatID=13&Type=Home>ype=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/prince-hassan-receives-polish-medal","external_links_name":"\"Prince Hassan receives Polish medal\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131003084717/http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1977/04/07/pdfs/A07775-07775.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1977/04/07/pdfs/A07775-07775.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://taiwantoday.tw/print.php?unit=4&post=5671","external_links_name":"\"Two friends from 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Succession"},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/video/news/audioplayer.html?clipid=1777526643","external_links_name":"Interview with Prince El Hassan"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111002091931/http://www.abraham-geiger-kolleg.de/en/news/news_show.php?id=4","external_links_name":"Abraham Geiger College – Abraham Geiger Award 2008 goes to HRH Prince Hassan bin Talal of 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Cornwall_(UK_Parliament_constituency)
|
East Cornwall (UK Parliament constituency)
|
["1 Boundaries","2 History","3 Members of Parliament","4 Election results","4.1 Elections in the 1830s","4.2 Elections in the 1840s","4.3 Elections in the 1850s","4.4 Elections in the 1860s","4.5 Elections in the 1870s","4.6 Elections in the 1880s","5 See also","6 References"]
|
East CornwallFormer County constituencyfor the House of Commons
Context of 1832-1868. Extract from 1837 result: the middle, striped area.
CountyCornwall1832–1885SeatsTwoCreated fromCornwall, Bossiney, Callington, Camelford, East Looe, Lostwithiel, St Germans, Saltash and West LooeReplaced byBodmin, Launceston and St Austell
East Cornwall was a county constituency in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected two Members of Parliament (MPs) by the bloc vote system of election.
Boundaries
In 1832 the county of Cornwall, in south west England, was split for parliamentary purposes into two county divisions. These were the East division (with a place of election at Bodmin) and West Cornwall (where voting took place at Truro). Each division returned two members to Parliament.
The parliamentary boroughs included in the East division, from 1832 to 1885 (whose non-resident 40 shilling freeholders voted in the county constituency), were Bodmin, Launceston and Liskeard.
1832–1885: The Hundreds of East, West, Lesnewth, Stratton, and Trigg, and in the hundred of Powder, the eastern division, i.e. the parishes of St Austell, St Blazey, St Dennis, St Ewe, Fowey, Gorran, Ladock, Lanlivery, Lostwithiel, Luxulyan, Mevagissey, St Mewan, St Michael Caerhays, Roche, St Sampson's, St Stephen-in-Brannel, and Tywardreath, and in the hundred of Pydar, the parishes of St Breock, Colan, St Columb Minor and St Columb Major, St Ervan, St Eval, St Issey, Lanhydrock, Lanivet, Mawgan, St Merryn, Padstow, Little Petherick, St Wenn, and Withiel.
History
In 1885 this division was abolished, when the East and West Cornwall county divisions were replaced by six new single-member county constituencies. These were Bodmin (the South-Eastern division), Camborne (North-Western division), Launceston (North-Eastern division), St Austell (Mid division), St Ives (the Western division) and Truro. In addition the last remaining Cornish borough constituency was Penryn and Falmouth.
Members of Parliament
Election
First member
First party
Second member
Second party
1832
Sir William Molesworth, Bt
Radical
Sir William Salusbury-Trelawny, Bt
Whig
1837
Lord Eliot
Conservative
Sir Hussey Vivian, Bt
Whig
1841
William Rashleigh
Conservative
1845 by-election
William Pole-Carew
Conservative
1847
Thomas Agar-Robartes
Whig
1852
Nicholas Kendall
Conservative
1859
Liberal
1868
Sir John Salusbury-Trelawney, Bt
Liberal
Edward Brydges Willyams
Liberal
1874
Sir Colman Rashleigh, Bt
Liberal
John Tremayne
Conservative
1880
Hon. Thomas Agar-Robartes
Liberal
William Copeland Borlase
Liberal
1882 by-election
Thomas Dyke Acland
Liberal
1885
Constituency abolished
Election results
Elections in the 1830s
General election 1832: East Cornwall (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Radical
William Molesworth
Unopposed
Whig
William Salusbury-Trelawny
Unopposed
Registered electors
4,462
Radical win (new seat)
Whig win (new seat)
General election 1835: East Cornwall (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Radical
William Molesworth
Unopposed
Whig
William Salusbury-Trelawny
Unopposed
Registered electors
4,392
Radical hold
Whig hold
General election 1837: East Cornwall (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Conservative
Edward Eliot
2,430
34.8
Whig
Hussey Vivian
2,294
32.9
Whig
William Salusbury-Trelawny
2,250
32.3
Turnout
4,648
85.0
Registered electors
5,469
Majority
136
1.9
Conservative gain from Radical
Majority
44
0.6
Whig hold
Elections in the 1840s
General election 1841: East Cornwall (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Edward Eliot
3,006
40.3
+22.9
Conservative
William Rashleigh
2,807
37.6
+20.2
Radical
John Trelawny
1,647
22.1
N/A
Majority
1,160
15.5
+13.6
Turnout
4,549
74.9
−10.1
Registered electors
6,076
Conservative hold
Swing
+22.9
Conservative gain from Whig
Swing
+20.2
Eliot was appointed Chief Secretary to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, requiring a by-election.
By-election, 22 September 1841: East Cornwall
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Edward Eliot
Unopposed
Conservative hold
Eliot was elevated to the peerage, becoming 3rd Earl of St Germans and causing a by-election.
By-election, 20 February 1845: East Cornwall
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
William Pole-Carew
Unopposed
Conservative hold
General election 1847: East Cornwall (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
William Pole-Carew
Unopposed
Whig
Thomas Agar-Robartes
Unopposed
Registered electors
6,270
Conservative hold
Whig gain from Conservative
Elections in the 1850s
General election 1852: East Cornwall (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Whig
Thomas Agar-Robartes
2,609
39.6
N/A
Conservative
Nicholas Kendall
1,996
30.3
N/A
Conservative
William Pole-Carew
1,979
30.1
N/A
Majority
613
9.3
N/A
Turnout
4,597 (est)
80.7 (est)
N/A
Registered electors
5,694
Whig hold
Swing
N/A
Conservative hold
Swing
N/A
General election 1857: East Cornwall (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Whig
Thomas Agar-Robartes
Unopposed
Conservative
Nicholas Kendall
Unopposed
Registered electors
6,261
Whig hold
Conservative hold
General election 1859: East Cornwall (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Thomas Agar-Robartes
Unopposed
Conservative
Nicholas Kendall
Unopposed
Registered electors
6,240
Liberal gain from Whig
Conservative hold
Elections in the 1860s
General election 1865: East Cornwall (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Nicholas Kendall
Unopposed
Liberal
Thomas Agar-Robartes
Unopposed
Registered electors
5,781
Conservative hold
Liberal hold
General election 1868: East Cornwall (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
John Salusbury-Trelawny
Unopposed
Liberal
Edward Brydges Willyams
Unopposed
Registered electors
8,701
Liberal hold
Liberal gain from Conservative
Elections in the 1870s
General election 1874: East Cornwall (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Colman Rashleigh
3,395
26.6
N/A
Conservative
John Tremayne
3,276
25.7
New
Conservative
William Pole-Carew
3,099
24.3
New
Liberal
Reginald Kelly
2,978
23.4
N/A
Turnout
6,374 (est)
71.0 (est)
N/A
Registered electors
8,982
Majority
296
2.3
N/A
Liberal hold
Swing
N/A
Majority
298
2.3
N/A
Conservative gain from Liberal
Swing
N/A
Elections in the 1880s
General election 1880: East Cornwall (2 seats)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Thomas Agar-Robartes
4,018
30.1
+3.5
Liberal
William Copeland Borlase
3,883
29.1
+5.7
Conservative
John Tremayne
3,033
22.7
-3.0
Conservative
Digby Collins
2,403
18.0
-6.3
Majority
850
6.4
N/A
Turnout
6,669 (est)
72.9 (est)
+1.9
Registered electors
9,150
Liberal hold
Swing
Liberal gain from Conservative
Swing
Robartes was elevated to the peerage, becoming Lord Robartes.
By-election, 3 Apr 1882: East Cornwall (1 seat)
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Thomas Dyke Acland
3,720
51.4
−7.8
Conservative
John Tremayne
3,520
48.6
+7.9
Majority
200
2.8
−3.6
Turnout
7,240
76.3
+3.4 (est)
Registered electors
9,484
Liberal hold
Swing
−7.9
There were 86 spoiled papers, which was considered an unusually high number.
See also
Cornwall portal
List of former United Kingdom Parliament constituencies
References
^ Writing about differences in dialects within Cornwall Thomas Q. Couch wrote in 1880: "If asked to define roughly a boundary, I know none better than the Parliamentary line from Crantock Bay, on St. George's Channel, to Veryan Bay, on the English Channel, which bisects the county."
^ Smith (1844) The Parliaments of England
^ "The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. 2 & 3 William IV. Cap. LXIV. An Act to settle and describe the Divisions of Counties, and the Limits of Cities and Boroughs, in England and Wales, in so far as respects the Election of Members to serve in Parliament". London: His Majesty's statute and law printers. 1832. pp. 300–383. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Stooks Smith, Henry. (1973) . Craig, F. W. S. (ed.). The Parliaments of England (2nd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. pp. 36–37. ISBN 0-900178-13-2.
^ Churton, Edward (1838). The Assembled Commons or Parliamentary Biographer: 1838. p. 161. Retrieved 15 November 2018 – via Google Books.
^ Dod, Charles Roger; Dod, Robert Phipps (1847). Dod's Parliamentary Companion, Volume 15. Dod's Parliamentary Companion. p. 209. Retrieved 15 November 2018 – via Google Books.
^ "Newcastle Journal". 6 September 1845. p. 2. Retrieved 23 October 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
^ "The Elections—Sunderland and Southwark". Coventry Herald. 5 September 1845. p. 4. Retrieved 23 October 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
^ "Election Intelligence". Bristol Mirror. 15 July 1837. p. 1. Retrieved 25 March 2019 – via British Newspaper Archive.
^ "Election Movements". The Examiner. 24 July 1847. pp. 8–10. Retrieved 29 July 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
^ "The General Election". Morning Post. 24 July 1847. p. 3. Retrieved 29 July 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Craig, F. W. S., ed. (1977). British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885 (e-book) (1st ed.). London: Macmillan Press. pp. 364–365. ISBN 978-1-349-02349-3.
^ a b c d e "East Cornwall Election". The Cornishman. No. 92. 15 April 1880. p. 6.
^ "General Election". London Evening Standard. 9 July 1841. p. 4. Retrieved 5 April 2019 – via British Newspaper Archive.
^ "Cornwall". Cornish & Devon Post. 3 April 1880. pp. 3–4. Retrieved 19 December 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.
^ "East Cornwall Election". The Cornishman. Vol. 195, no. 185. 6 April 1882. p. 7.
Boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies 1885-1972, compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (Parliamentary Reference Publications 1972)
British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885, compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (Macmillan Press 1977)
The Parliaments of England by Henry Stooks Smith (1st edition published in three volumes 1844–50), second edition edited (in one volume) by F.W.S. Craig (Political Reference Publications 1973)
Who's Who of British Members of Parliament: Volume I 1832-1885, edited by M. Stenton (The Harvester Press 1976)
Who's Who of British Members of Parliament, Volume II 1886-1918, edited by M. Stenton and S. Lees (Harvester Press 1978)
Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "C" (part 6)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_constituency"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Parliament of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Members of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"bloc vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality-at-large_voting"}],"text":"East Cornwall was a county constituency in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elected two Members of Parliament (MPs) by the bloc vote system of election.","title":"East Cornwall (UK Parliament constituency)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Bodmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodmin"},{"link_name":"West Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Cornwall_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Truro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truro"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"40 shilling freeholders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forty_Shilling_Freeholders"},{"link_name":"Bodmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodmin_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Launceston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launceston_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Liskeard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liskeard_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Wivelshire"},{"link_name":"West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Wivelshire"},{"link_name":"Lesnewth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesnewth_(hundred)"},{"link_name":"Stratton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratton,_Cornwall#Government"},{"link_name":"Trigg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triggshire"},{"link_name":"Powder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundreds_of_Cornwall#Powdershire"},{"link_name":"St Austell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Austell"},{"link_name":"St Blazey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Blazey"},{"link_name":"St Dennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Dennis,_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"St Ewe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Ewe"},{"link_name":"Fowey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowey"},{"link_name":"Gorran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Goran"},{"link_name":"Ladock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladock"},{"link_name":"Lanlivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanlivery"},{"link_name":"Lostwithiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lostwithiel"},{"link_name":"Luxulyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxulyan"},{"link_name":"Mevagissey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mevagissey"},{"link_name":"St Mewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mewan"},{"link_name":"St Michael Caerhays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Michael_Caerhays"},{"link_name":"Roche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roche,_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"St Sampson's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golant"},{"link_name":"St Stephen-in-Brannel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Stephen-in-Brannel"},{"link_name":"Tywardreath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tywardreath"},{"link_name":"Pydar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundreds_of_Cornwall#Pydarshire"},{"link_name":"St Breock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Breock"},{"link_name":"Colan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colan,_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"St Columb Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Columb_Minor"},{"link_name":"St Columb Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Columb_Major"},{"link_name":"St Ervan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Ervan"},{"link_name":"St Eval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Eval"},{"link_name":"St Issey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Issey"},{"link_name":"Lanhydrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanhydrock"},{"link_name":"Lanivet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanivet"},{"link_name":"Mawgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mawgan"},{"link_name":"St Merryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Merryn"},{"link_name":"Padstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padstow"},{"link_name":"Little Petherick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Petherick"},{"link_name":"St Wenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Wenn"},{"link_name":"Withiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withiel"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In 1832 the county of Cornwall, in south west England, was split for parliamentary purposes into two county divisions. These were the East division (with a place of election at Bodmin) and West Cornwall (where voting took place at Truro). Each division returned two members to Parliament.[1]The parliamentary boroughs included in the East division, from 1832 to 1885 (whose non-resident 40 shilling freeholders voted in the county constituency), were Bodmin, Launceston and Liskeard.[2]1832–1885: The Hundreds of East, West, Lesnewth, Stratton, and Trigg, and in the hundred of Powder, the eastern division, i.e. the parishes of St Austell, St Blazey, St Dennis, St Ewe, Fowey, Gorran, Ladock, Lanlivery, Lostwithiel, Luxulyan, Mevagissey, St Mewan, St Michael Caerhays, Roche, St Sampson's, St Stephen-in-Brannel, and Tywardreath, and in the hundred of Pydar, the parishes of St Breock, Colan, St Columb Minor and St Columb Major, St Ervan, St Eval, St Issey, Lanhydrock, Lanivet, Mawgan, St Merryn, Padstow, Little Petherick, St Wenn, and Withiel.[3]","title":"Boundaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bodmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodmin_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Camborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camborne_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Launceston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launceston_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"St Austell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Austell_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"St Ives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Ives_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Truro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truro_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Penryn and Falmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penryn_and_Falmouth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"}],"text":"In 1885 this division was abolished, when the East and West Cornwall county divisions were replaced by six new single-member county constituencies. These were Bodmin (the South-Eastern division), Camborne (North-Western division), Launceston (North-Eastern division), St Austell (Mid division), St Ives (the Western division) and Truro. In addition the last remaining Cornish borough constituency was Penryn and Falmouth.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1830s","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chief Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Lord Lieutenant of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Earl of St Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_St_Germans"}],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1840s","text":"Eliot was appointed Chief Secretary to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, requiring a by-election.Eliot was elevated to the peerage, becoming 3rd Earl of St Germans and causing a by-election.","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1850s","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1860s","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1870s","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Elections in the 1880s","text":"Robartes was elevated to the peerage, becoming Lord Robartes.There were 86 spoiled papers, which was considered an unusually high number.[16]","title":"Election results"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Cornwall portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Cornwall"},{"title":"List of former United Kingdom Parliament constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_former_United_Kingdom_Parliament_constituencies"}]
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ISBN 0-900178-13-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._S._Craig","url_text":"Craig, F. W. S."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/parliamentsofeng0000smit/page/36","url_text":"The Parliaments of England"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/parliamentsofeng0000smit/page/36","url_text":"36–37"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900178-13-2","url_text":"0-900178-13-2"}]},{"reference":"Churton, Edward (1838). The Assembled Commons or Parliamentary Biographer: 1838. p. 161. Retrieved 15 November 2018 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Churton","url_text":"Churton, Edward"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FVwEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA161","url_text":"The Assembled Commons or Parliamentary Biographer: 1838"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Dod, Charles Roger; Dod, Robert Phipps (1847). Dod's Parliamentary Companion, Volume 15. Dod's Parliamentary Companion. p. 209. Retrieved 15 November 2018 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Roger_Dod","url_text":"Dod, Charles Roger"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k1MNAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA209","url_text":"Dod's Parliamentary Companion, Volume 15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dod%27s_Parliamentary_Companion","url_text":"Dod's Parliamentary Companion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"\"Newcastle Journal\". 6 September 1845. p. 2. Retrieved 23 October 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000243/18450906/003/0002","url_text":"\"Newcastle Journal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive","url_text":"British Newspaper Archive"}]},{"reference":"\"The Elections—Sunderland and Southwark\". Coventry Herald. 5 September 1845. p. 4. Retrieved 23 October 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000384/18450905/016/0004","url_text":"\"The Elections—Sunderland and Southwark\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive","url_text":"British Newspaper Archive"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Intelligence\". Bristol Mirror. 15 July 1837. p. 1. Retrieved 25 March 2019 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001044/18370715/002/0001","url_text":"\"Election Intelligence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive","url_text":"British Newspaper Archive"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Movements\". The Examiner. 24 July 1847. pp. 8–10. Retrieved 29 July 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000054/18470724/008/0009","url_text":"\"Election Movements\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive","url_text":"British Newspaper Archive"}]},{"reference":"\"The General Election\". Morning Post. 24 July 1847. p. 3. Retrieved 29 July 2018 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18470724/014/0003","url_text":"\"The General Election\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive","url_text":"British Newspaper Archive"}]},{"reference":"Craig, F. W. S., ed. (1977). British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885 (e-book) (1st ed.). London: Macmillan Press. pp. 364–365. ISBN 978-1-349-02349-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._S._Craig","url_text":"Craig, F. W. 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Retrieved 19 December 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001690/18800403/043/0003","url_text":"\"Cornwall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_%26_Devon_Post","url_text":"Cornish & Devon Post"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive","url_text":"British Newspaper Archive"}]},{"reference":"\"East Cornwall Election\". The Cornishman. Vol. 195, no. 185. 6 April 1882. p. 7.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Maclean
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George Maclean
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["1 Life","2 Family","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]
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British colonial governor
For the Commissary General, see George Maclean (commissary general).
George Maclean, Governor of Gold Coast
George Maclean (24 February 1801 – 22 May 1847) was Governor of Gold Coast, now in Ghana, from 1830 until 1844.
Life
Born in Keith, Banffshire, Scotland, he was the son of the minister, Rev, James Maclean, and his wife Elizabeth Tod, daughter of George Tod of Elgin. In the period 1815–7 he was an ensign in the 27th Foot, and then in the 91st Foot. In poor health, he retired from the Army in 1821.
Maclean was a member of the Royal African Colonial Corps, stationed in British West Africa from 1826 until 1828. In 1830 he became the Governor of Cape Coast, a position he retained until 1844.
In 1842 he was investigated by Richard Robert Madden, following the 1839 discovery by activists that British merchants operated from the Gold Coast were supplying slaving vessels. Madden found that Maclean had unfairly imprisoned 91 local people, some for as long as four years, on dubious grounds and without even the formality of a trial; and he also reported that Maclean illegally claimed that he had the authority to inflict capital punishment. Madden's enquiries, and subsequent parliamentary select committee, also concluded that Maclean lacked formal powers to act effectively against the trade, and the Colonial Office stepped in. Under the influence of James Stephen, the Gold Coast forts were detached from Sierra Leone and governed as a separate crown colony. Maclean came out of the investigation with credit.
Maclean was buried at Cape Coast Castle.
Family
Maclean married poet Letitia Elizabeth Landon. They had no children. His half-brother, James (died 1877), a captain in the Gold Coast Corps, served under him.
References
^ a b c d "George Maclean". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 7 May 2007.
^ Keith is now located in Moray.
^ a b c d Flint, John. "Maclean, George". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37719. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ A genealogical and heraldic history of the landed gentry of Great Britain & Ireland (Volume 2)
^ Boyd, Andrew (2005). "The Life and Times of R. R. Madden". Seanchas Ardmhacha: Journal of the Armagh Diocesan Historical Society. 20 (2): 150. doi:10.2307/29742754. ISSN 0488-0196. JSTOR 29742754.
^ Curtin, Philip D. (1973). The Image of Africa: British Ideas and Action, 1780-1850. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 306. ISBN 9780299830267.
Further reading
Graham, Gerald S.; Metcalfe, G. E. (1962). MacLean of the Gold Coast: The Life and Times of George MacLean, 1801-1847. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 346 pages.
Watt, Julie, Poisoned Lives, The Regency Poet Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L.E.L.) and British Gold Coast Administrator George Maclean: Sussex Academic Press, Eastbourne, 2010. ISBN 978-1-84519-420-8
External links
Ghana@50 Official website
Government offices
Preceded byJohn Jackson
Governor of the Committee of Merchants of the Gold Coast 1830–1836
Succeeded byWilliam Topp
Preceded byWilliam Topp
Governor of the Committee of Merchants of the Gold Coast 1838–1843
Succeeded byR. M. Worsley Hillas Governor of the Gold Coast
Police appointments
New title
Inspector General of Constabulary, Gold Coast 1831–1844
Succeeded byChief Frank Gilbert
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Netherlands
Other
SNAC
IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Maclean (commissary general)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Maclean_(commissary_general)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Maclean.png"},{"link_name":"Gold Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eb-1"}],"text":"For the Commissary General, see George Maclean (commissary general).George Maclean, Governor of Gold CoastGeorge Maclean (24 February 1801 – 22 May 1847) was Governor of Gold Coast, now in Ghana, from 1830 until 1844.[1]","title":"George Maclean"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith,_Moray"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Banffshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banffshire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"27th Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_Foot"},{"link_name":"91st Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/91st_(Argyllshire_Highlanders)_Regiment_of_Foot"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-3"},{"link_name":"Royal African Colonial Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_African_Colonial_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"British West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_West_Africa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eb-1"},{"link_name":"Richard Robert Madden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Robert_Madden"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Colonial Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Office"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-3"},{"link_name":"James Stephen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Stephen_(civil_servant)"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNB-3"},{"link_name":"Cape Coast Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Coast_Castle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eb-1"}],"text":"Born in Keith,[2] Banffshire, Scotland, he was the son of the minister, Rev, James Maclean, and his wife Elizabeth Tod, daughter of George Tod of Elgin.[3][4] In the period 1815–7 he was an ensign in the 27th Foot, and then in the 91st Foot. In poor health, he retired from the Army in 1821.[3]Maclean was a member of the Royal African Colonial Corps, stationed in British West Africa from 1826 until 1828. In 1830 he became the Governor of Cape Coast, a position he retained until 1844.[1]In 1842 he was investigated by Richard Robert Madden, following the 1839 discovery by activists that British merchants operated from the Gold Coast were supplying slaving vessels. Madden found that Maclean had unfairly imprisoned 91 local people, some for as long as four years, on dubious grounds and without even the formality of a trial; and he also reported that Maclean illegally claimed that he had the authority to inflict capital punishment.[5] Madden's enquiries, and subsequent parliamentary select committee, also concluded that Maclean lacked formal powers to act effectively against the trade, and the Colonial Office stepped in.[3] Under the influence of James Stephen, the Gold Coast forts were detached from Sierra Leone and governed as a separate crown colony.[6] Maclean came out of the investigation with credit.[3]Maclean was buried at Cape Coast Castle.[1]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Letitia Elizabeth Landon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eb-1"}],"text":"Maclean married poet Letitia Elizabeth Landon.[1] They had no children. His half-brother, James (died 1877), a captain in the Gold Coast Corps, served under him.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MacLean of the Gold Coast: The Life and Times of George MacLean, 1801-1847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/macleanofgoldcoa0000metc"},{"link_name":"346","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/macleanofgoldcoa0000metc/page/346"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84519-420-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-420-8"}],"text":"Graham, Gerald S.; Metcalfe, G. E. (1962). MacLean of the Gold Coast: The Life and Times of George MacLean, 1801-1847. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 346 pages.\nWatt, Julie, Poisoned Lives, The Regency Poet Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L.E.L.) and British Gold Coast Administrator George Maclean: Sussex Academic Press, Eastbourne, 2010. ISBN 978-1-84519-420-8","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"George Maclean, Governor of Gold Coast","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/George_Maclean.png/220px-George_Maclean.png"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Rat_Scrap_Book
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Desert Rat Scrap Book
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["1 Structure","1.1 Format","1.2 Numbers","1.3 Layout","2 Impact","2.1 Themes","2.2 Ambiance","2.3 Influence","3 Issues","3.1 Dating","3.2 Contents","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Former humor publication in California (1945-1967)
Desert Rat Scrap Book
The Desert Rat Scrap Book (or DRSB) was a (roughly) quarterly, southwestern humor publication based in Thousand Palms, California. DRSB was published in editions of 10,000 to 20,000 copies, whenever its creator, Harry Oliver had sufficient material, and money enough to pay the printer. Forty-six issues were printed and distributed via Southern California bookstores and newsstands, and by mail worldwide. DRSB was devoted to lore, legends, lies and laughs of the American Southwest region, especially featuring prospectors and other desert rats. The publication was launched in late 1945 and ran through early 1967.
Structure
Format
The DRSB was published in a unique format, printed on both sides of heavy creme-colored stock of about 17 x 22 inches (43.3 x 55.5 centimetres) (Demy) paper size, folded double three times to yield "the smallest newspaper in the world and the only 5-page one... only newspaper in America you can open in the wind." Pages 1 and 5 (the front and back) are about 5.5 x 8.5 inches; page 2 is about 8.5 x 11 inches; page 3 is about 11 x 17 inches; page 5 is the full 17 x 22 inches. See these images, from the March 1953 issue of Arizona Highways magazine, for an illustration of the expansion.
Numbers
Each issue was a 'packet'; each volume was a 'pouch'. The first issue, dated FALL 1946 (but possibly printed on Oliver's birthday of 4 April 1946) was not numbered. The second issue, dated WINTER 1946–47, was numbered PACKET TWO OF POUCH ONE. All further editions were undated, and numbered as PACKET XXX OF POUCH YYY. Sometimes more than three months passed between editions, which is why PACKET TWO OF POUCH TWELVE (the final issue) appeared in 1967, over 20 years from the first.
Layout
PAGE ONE, rarely overprinted with one garish color, usually featured an Oliver woodcut or a cartoon (sometimes by Walt Disney or Hank Ketcham), and would often announce a theme for that issue – see Themes below. The issue contents might (or might not) generally follow that theme. In just a very few issues, a full-cover illustration would spread over both the first and last pages.
PAGE TWO would usually (but not always) contain the masthead and boilerplate, something like the following:
This paper is not entered as 2nd class mail.It's a first class newspaper.
Packet xxx of Pouch yyy
Smallest newspaper in the worldand the only 5 paged one.
Published at Fort Oliver
1000 Palms, California
Four Times a Year
ON THE NEWS STANDS 10¢ A COPY
But sometimes they don't have them.
ONE YEAR BY MAIL – 4 COPIES 50¢
Darned if I am going to the trouble of mailing it for nothing.
10 Years ..................... $5.00
100 Years .....................$50.00
This offer expires when I do.
Asbestos editions will be forwarded in case you don't make it.
Published by
HARRY OLIVER
1888–1999
Fort Commander, Publisher, Distributor, Lamp Lighter, Editor, Artist, Gardener, Janitor, Owner
Following would be an 'editorial', various 'news' items and gags and aphorisms or factoids (original or clipped from other sources) under old-time fonts headings, interspersed with small block prints and/or cartoons of desert characters.
PAGE THREE usually contained more of the same, with some slightly longer text pieces, by Oliver or other writers. Many of these items were recycled from previous Oliver publications – Oliver was his own best plagiarist.
PAGE FOUR had yet more of the same, often with even longer pieces (including a complete play once) that might address the issue's theme. Along the bottom of this largest page might be a few advertisements, for ghost towns and publications and date farms and rock shops.
PAGE FIVE, above the mailing address block, might contain a list of conversation starters, or more gags and news and quotes, or a promotion for Oliver's audio album of readings, or maybe just a large woodcut and an essay or mini-epic poem.
Just one issue, Packet Four of Pouch Four, named DESERT RAT HARRY OLIVER'S JOKE BOOK, did not follow the above formats. This is a 32-page book (plus covers), sized about 5.5 x 8.5 inches, folded and stapled. The contents are primarily the usual short gags. The heading on page one says FIRST DESERT JOKE BOOK. This was apparently an unsuccessful experiment.
Impact
Themes
Each issue bore on the front cover the name of a supposed theme for that issue, such as: Desert Burros, Death Valley, Good Old Desert Fun, Ghost Towns, Along the Border, Simplicity, Indians, Desert Folklore, Peg-Leg Smith's Gold, Lost Mines And Buried Treasure, Frontier Wild Women, Desert Rats & Hermits, Death Valley Scotty, etc. Besides these, Oliver would also deal with such themes as: The Lost Ship of the Desert; his Desert County secession movement and Keep the Desert Beautiful campaign; outlaws and lawmen; communicating with animals; and what others had written about him.
Ambiance
The above descriptions do nothing to convey the ambiance and attraction of the Desert Rat Scrap Book. It's like holding a booklet that becomes an old-time news sheet, filled with information old and new, real and imaginary, serious and hilarious, all informed by a strong and cantankerous personality. There's always another detail in another corner, another timeless tidbit waiting for a patient reader to stumble upon. Even when new, each issue is a small time machine.
Influence
Just as Oliver's design of Gold Gulch, at the San Diego World's Fair (California Pacific International Exposition) of 1935–36, strongly influenced the development of Western theme parks and frontier village reconstructions, so his DRSB can be seen to help shape subsequent Western Americana literary ephemera. The DRSB can also be seen as an ancestor of zine culture
Issues
Dating
Dating any specific issue has always been problematic. Postmarks on mailed issues are not always helpful. Harry Oliver produced all issues ('packets') of the first 11 pouches, often at very irregular intervals. Later issues depended heavily on reprinted items. Due to failing health and attitude, Oliver ceased publication in 1965. In 1967 he gave his operation to ex-merchant seaman Bill Powers, who produced two more issues (Packets One and Two of Pouch Twelve) and reprinted a few old issues, then abandoned the DRSB forever and disappeared, possibly returning to sea.
First packet was printed on 4 April 1946.
Packet 4, Pouch 5, printed on 4 April 1953.
Contents
NOTE: Following is a necessarily incomplete summary of DRSB 'articles'. This list may merely give a taste of the fractally-complex contents of each issue. Unless credited otherwise, text and art are presumably by Oliver.
Pouch One
"Packet One" (unnumbered), Camp Edition, Saddle Bag Size, Fall Edition 1946 – Will Rogers Says; Harry Oliver's Argument Starters; Toad Watson's Christmas; Rip Snortin'; Pack Rats and Dope; Fame For Nothin'; Adobe
Packet Two, Winter Edition 1946–47 – How to be a Desert Rat and Like It, by John Hilton; The Desert, by Don Blanding; Death Valley Scotty, Desert Rat, Showman; Wiffletree Carries the Mail; How to Build With Adobe; Indian Signs
Packet Three – What the Desert Rats are Doing Today; Petrified Pete; The Borego Calicoes; Yuma is an Interesting Town; Adobe; The Peak of Saint Hyacinth; Dog Eater, by Charles M. Russell; Desert Rat Ten Commandments
Packet Four, The Windy Number – Water Witches; Jose y el Burro; Chaparral; Captain Catnip Ashby; All's Not Gold That Glitters; That's 30, by Lloyd Smith, Director of the Palm Springs Desert Museum; Haywire Weather; Wind, Wind, and More Wind
Pouch Two
Packet One, The Burro Number (cover woodblock by Lon Megargee) – Jose and the Burro; Whiskers and Christmas; Burros, An Interview; The Barber of Calexico; Adobe, by John Hilton; Gold, $70.00 an Ounce; Squaw Wood
Packet Two (to be determined)
Packet Three, Along The Border Packet – No Burro, No Gold; Screwbean Benny; So You Are a Hermit; Hell in Texas (song), by George E. Hastings; Two Stories of Old Fort Oliver; The "Screaming Sands" of "Smuggler's Charybdis"; The Transplanted Ghosts at Knott's
Packet Four, 2nd Anniversary Packet – How Editors Get Rich; The Sad Tail of Arty Packrat; Low Down on Big Horn, by George Pipkin of Death Valley; Tarantula Hawks an' Aeroplanes; Brigham Young and His 20 Wives in Grand Melee; The Lord's Mine, by John C. Herr; Water Water; Chicken Gold; How to be a Desert Rat and Like It, by John Hilton
Pouch Three
Packet One, Hot Weather Packet (cover cartoon by Bob Dell) – Lost Mines; Gold Is Where You Find It; Boot Hill's of the Old West, by Herbert W. Kuhm; Our Good Neighbor, Texas, by S. Omar Barker; Your Editor's Prayer; The Chaparral Cock (poem), by Walt Beckwith; Mischievous Burros, by Erle Stanley Gardner; There's Gold in Them Thar Hills, by John C. Hebb; Squaw Wood
Packet Two, Death Valley Packet – Shorty Harris; Pay Dirt; Egg Packer of the Panamints, by George Palmer Putnam; Death Valley Scotty's Record-Breaking Dash on the Coyote Special, by Lee Shippey; Old Prumes, Colorado's Best-Loved Burro, by Mrs. James Rose Harvey; Death Valley and its Country, by George Palmer Putnam; Panamint Pete, by Leonard F. Murnane; Tall But Short Stories from Death Valley
Packet Three, Moonlight on the Colorado Packet – How the Spaniards Came to Think California Was an Island; The Spanish Galleon at the Bottom of the Salton Sea; Burros, What They Are Made Of, by Mrs. James Rose Harvey; Earthquakes & Horse Pants; Alligators in the Rio Colorado, by John Hilton; The Pack Rat's Nest; Irvin S. Cobb's Description of Grand Canyon; The River in Red, by Edwin Corle; Ribbons of Wood; A Ship in the Algodones, by David O. Woodbury; Yuma in 1776, by Father Fout
Packet Four, Treasure Packet – Dick Wick Hall's Mine Was Lost as Stockholders Look On; Wimmin and Cows, by Ken McClure; The Spanish Galleon of Salton Sea, by Antonio de Fierro; West Still Wild, by Harry Carr; Where Is Pegleg Smith's Lost Mine; Sidewalks of Silver, by John Hilton; Old Time Remedies; The James Boys Loot, by J. Frank Dobie; Gold, You Can Have It If You Get The Right Shovel
Pouch Four
Packet One, Good Old Desert Fun – Nevada, Bad Men Buried Alone; A True Desert Turtle Story, by John C. Herr; Fairplay Burro Race Denied Betting Permit; The Burro Led Men to Gold and Silver, by Lucile and Harold Weight; Lem's Fame For Nothin'; Rip's Jumpin' Cactus Drink; Desert Rat Circus, by Geo. A Stingle; Quicksilver Humor
Packet Two, Desert Magic Packet (cover cartoon by Bob Dell) – Singing Sands of Fort Oliver; Hermit Business; Telling About When a Man's Wealth Was Measured by the Size of His Bedroll; Pageant of Death Valley; The Magic of Desert Air, by George A. Stingle; Mirage; Desert Weather, Unusual as Usual; Whisky Joe, A Story With a Moral; More About Pegleg Smith, by W.T. Russell
Packet Three, Minnehaha's Tee-Hee Packet, Injun Stuff, Indian Packet (cover cartoon by Wilbur Timpe) – Indian Cradleboard, by Mrs. Ben Hicks; Death Valley and Peg Leg Too, by William Caruthers; Back to the Reservation; Indian Signs You Should Know; Gold in the Heart of Santa Rosa Mountain; Wampum
Packet Four, Desert Rat Harry Oliver's Joke Book (cover art by Art Loomer overprinted in red) – First Desert Joke Book; Hot Weather; Burros; Wind, Wind, and More Wind; My Dog Whiskers; Injun Stuff; Death Valley
Pouch Five
Packet One, Good Old Desert Fun, Kindness to Animals Packet (cover cartoon by Frank Adams) – I Am a Little Ashamed; Sinful Gold; Smart Roadrunner; The Pack Rat's Nest, by Allen J. Papen; U.S. Army Mule; Old Abe Died in 1881, by Chas. Lockwood; Being a Hero is a Lifetime Job; Walter (P.T. Barnum) Knott; Burros; Yuma's (Red Cross) Mosquitos
Packet Two, Frontier Wild Women Good & Bad, Wild Women Packet – Grass Valley's Lotta Crabtree; Lola Montez of the Roaring Fifties; Westward the Women, by Nancy Wilson Ross; Street of Red Lights in old Virginia City; Shorty Harris and the Primadonna; The Frozen Flame of Mt. San Jacinto; The Wages of Sin, by John Herr; This Is California, The Last Slice of La Ballona Rancho; My Old Dog, by Pancho
Packet Three, Death Valley & Nevada Packet – Nuts to Daylight Savings; A New Show is Born; Shoshone Minnie's First Aid Kit; The West's Most Western Town, by Stevens Gaugh; No More Frontier, by Bill Nye 1886; Critics Don't Agree on What is Wrong With my Book; The Withering Winds of the Mojave Desert; Be a One Page Desert Naturalist
Packet Four, Cool Desert Summer Packet (cover cartoon by Maggie Gerke overprinted in red) – My Dog Whiskers, Worse Than Death; Faith, by John Herr; Campaign For Burro Protection Mounting Throughout Desert Area, by L. Burr Belden; She Pinched Out, by Old Bill Williams; A Cousin Jack Paul Bunyan, by Chas. C. Bailey; Bourbon Spring, by Capt. R.A. Gibson; More Gold From Beatty; Bill Nye's Story of Big Steve; Let's Talk of Graves, of Worms, and Epitaths, by Walter S. Hughes; Current Americana
Pouch Six
Packet One, Don't Fret Packet (cover cartoon by Maggie Gerke) – The Alcalde's Report to the Cactus Nation; Conspiracy at Fort Oliver; The Last Chief of the Paiutes, Tecopah; My Twenty-Five Years With Peg Leg Smith; Culture Vultures at Old Adove Fort Oliver, by L. Burr Belden; Death Valley Scotty, Prospector and Showman, by Dane Coolidge; The Old Grouch, by John Herr; Lowdown on Western History
Packet Two, The Contentment Packet (cover art by Art Loomer) – Post Pourri, by Pancho; The Desert (poem), by Don Blanding; Mule Decides to Quit Army; Death Valley Scotty, Prospector and Showman, by Dane Coolidge, second installment; The Great Cat Race, by Guy Bogart
Packet Three, Mixed Up Packet (wraparound cover: The Old Depot, by C. D. Bass) – A Dog's Editorial; Life-Saving Snake Story; The Enchanted Station Wagon; Our Town, by John Weld; Death Valley Scotty, by Dane Coolidge (third installment)
Packet Four, Shaggy Dog Edition (cover cartoon by Maggie Gerke) – "Saint Frijole" Rids Mexico of Arthritis; Death Valley Scotty, Prospector and Showman, by Dane Coolidge, fourth installment; A Chinee Boy Buys a Mine, by Capt. R.A. Gibson; Tough Miner in a Tough Country, by Ca
Pouch Seven
Packet One, Jack Ass Edition – Old Prunes, by Everett Blair; The Burro As I Know Him; Burro Flapjack Race; Burros, What They Are Made Of, by Mrs. James Rose Harvey; Burro Love Saga, by Paul Wilhelm; Shorty Harris Burro Story, by George Pipkin; Death Valley Scotty, Prospector and Showman, by Dane Coolidge, fifth installment; What About the Burro? by Chas. Lockwood; No Burros, No Gold
Packet Two, Half Ass Edition (cover cartoon by Maggie Gerke) – Scotty's Castle; New Model Cockroaches; SHAME! Look What YOU Did! (Desert Beautification campaign); I AM A SECESSIONIST (Desert County campaign); Gold; Before the Jeep, They Tried to Replace the Burro; Death Valley Stories, by Capt. R.A. Gibson; I Killed a Burro, by Anonymous; Paul Wilhelm's Desert Column; Mulish Justice; Cremated Currency, by John Hilton
Packet Three, Haunted Ghost Towns Packet (cover art by Maggie Gerke overprinted in blue) – Randsburg's Dancin' Skeletons; Harry Oliver Swept Here; Colorado's Day Time Ghost; The Day They All (one-act play), by Robert Finch
Packet Four, The Pack Rat Edition (cover art by Maggie Gerke overprinted in orange) – Pioneer Yankee Traders; Toad Watson's Christmas; Shake Rattle & Rob, by Old Bill Williams; The Clown of the Rat Family, by Charles Lockwood; Paul Wilhelm's Desert Column; The Sad Tale of Arty Packrat; Pack Rats & Dope
Pouch Eight
Packet One, An Appetizer for Tourists, Bunk-House Edition (cover cartoon by Hank Ketcham) – All's Not Gold That Glitters; English Words in Southwest Spanish; Joost Playin'; Bewitched Sand, by J. Frank Dobie; Mischievous Burros; Pack Rat Arsonists, by Maidee Nelson; The Matador and the Burro; Souvenir of Mexico
Packet Two, How to Be a Full-Time Idealist, Don Quixote Edition (cover art by Maggie Gerke overprinted in purple) – How to Be a Local Wit; Animal Crackers; The Handsome Horned Toad, by Florence Emmons; Injun Stuff; The Fish That Carried Its Own Pond With It, by Snow Creek Bert; 'Cher Ami' Honored With D.S.C., by Chas. Lockwood; Flowery Tribute to an Old Saloon, by James L. Wright; Was His Grand Pappy a'dreamin?, by Old Bill Williams; The Brook (poem), after Tennyson
Packet Three, The Happy Scramble Edition (cover art by Maggie Gerke overprinted in amber) – Salton Sea Leaks; Colonel Phat's Fort Oliver Dispatches, by Phat Graettinger; Be One of My "Snoops"; Squeaky Springs; One Way of Proposing (poem); Gold Miners Make Strike in Sky, by Ray Henry; Outsmarted by a Burro, by Anne Evans Bancroft; Crow Made to Eat Crow; A Desert Fable
Packet Four, The Voice of the Desert Packet (cover art by Art Loomer overprinted in brown) – Mutiny at the Fort, by Ray Corliss; Desert Editor's Best (poems), by George Bideaux; Old Sky-Eye Jones; The Big Wind, by Snow Creek Bert; Peg Leg Smith at Palmas Blancas, by Horace Parker
Pouch Nine
Packet One, Power of Positive Bologna Packet (cover cartoon by Harry Mace overprinted in red) – With a Brood in His Beard; Abe Lincoln's Dry Wit; The Wit of Utah, by Rolfe Peterson; Romantic Desert Trade Rats, by S.F. "Snoop" Garside; The Last Man to Fight Buffalo Bill; Two Damns and a Hell; The Biggest Little Paper; The Cat's Whiskers; Eager Beavers
Packet Two, How Old Is Old? Second Childhood Packet (cover sketch by Roger Armstrong – Whip-Snapping; The Belled Burro; Wiffletree Carries the Mail; Famed Double-Barreled Whale of Great Salt Lake, by Rolfe Peterson; The Tumbleweed of Lordsburg, by Norman V. Christensen; Old Goldfield: A Town That Knew How – And How, by Frank Johnson; How Old Is Old?; "Oliver Rides Again" (words & sketch by Margo Gerke)
Packet Three, Your Animals And You (cover overprinted in cinnamon) – Calico Ghost Town, A Bit of History, from Ted Hutchinson; The Jerky Trial, from Rolly Canfield; Best Dam Builder Moves into Glen Canyon; To Dearest Helen – My Devoted Friend, by William Randolph Hearst; Smuggled Chinese Girls & A Mother Mountain Lion; A Walter Knott Project, Calico Restored (AP); Oliver Twists
Packet Four, Tepee (Etiquette) Packet (cover cartoon by Hank Ketcham) – Over Two Hundred Years of Vicious Propaganda: SHAME AMERICA; Mojave or Mohave? Death Valley; Tecopah, The Last Chief of the Paiutes; Only in California; Spring in His Britches, from Dr. Waldo Jones; Shoshone Indians First Aid Kit; Westward the Women, by Nancy Wilson Ross; 49er Gold Rush: Mystery Chief Showed the Good Side of the Indians, by Anonymous; Indian Signs
Pouch Ten
Packet One, Names and Places, Simple Lasting Desert Fun (cover woodblock overprinted in orange) – See the Old West in Festival & Pageant; Peg Leg Smith, The P.T. Barnum of Desert Ghosts; Peg-Leg Gets Applause: Under The Sun, by Bert Fireman; Studebaker Show, by Herb S. Hamlin; Dick Wick Hall Show; John B. Stetson Show; My Modesty Has Gone with the Wind
Packet Two, A Handbook for Rangers & Guides (cover cartoon by Lamb) – Museum Nonsense; The Pack Rats Nest; Wampum; Infant Science (from TIME); Press Agent for a Ghost, by Alfred JaCoby
Packet Three, Man and Animal in Tug-of-War (cover art by unknown, overprinted in orange) – Smart Animals and Stupid People; Mud in the Good Old Desert: My Dad Builds Historic Adobes, by Amy Oliver Vrooman; Galloping in From Another World; 17 Happy Years in the Life of a Desert Dog – As He Tells It (notes and obituaries re: Whiskers)
Packet Four, Editor's 75th Anniversary Edition (cover cartoon by Bob Barnes) – Restoration of an Antique, by Ed Ainsworth; Old Fort Oliver, by Jack Smith; My Year With Pancho Villa – How to Stage a Fast-Moving Revolution; Pipe Dreams, by Herb Caen; Writers, Reporters & Editors; The Stubborn Queen (history of a prairie yacht); Simple Life in Desert Castles
Pouch Eleven
Packet One, Editor's 75th Anniversary Edition – Peg-Leg Smith's Gold, Where it was found and where it was lost; Gold; More About Dick Wick Hall; The Spanish Galleon of the Salton Sea; More About Pegleg Smith; The James Boys Loot; Where Is Pegleg Smith's Lost Mine; West Still Wild, by Harry Carr; Peg-Leg Gets Applause From Arizonas Expert Bert Fireman
Packet Two, Desert Beautiful Edition, Raking Up The Past Edition (cover cartoon by Walt Disney) – SHAME! Look What YOU Did! (Desert Beautification campaign); I AM A SECESSIONIST (Desert County campaign); Press Agent For a Ghost; King of the Desert Rats, by Greenfield Lawrel; Let It Be Said We Died With Our Boots On (words & sketch by Margo Gerke)
Packet Three, I Become a Symbol (cover art by Art Loomer) – The Peak of Saint Hyacinth, by Tom Hughes; The Purple Knight of the Salton Sink, by Gov. Goodwin Knight; Old Harry (letter to Walt Disney from Mrs. Clifford Henderson); Dick Wick Hall Show; John B. Stetson Show; My Modesty Has Gone with the Wind; Press Agent for a Ghost, by Bert Fireman
Packet Four, Animal Intelligence (cover art by Maggie Gerke) – The Sad Tale of Arty Packrat; Nevada Bad Men Buried Alone; A True Desert Turtle Story; Shorty Harris, Jackass Prospector; Two Stories of Old Fort Oliver; The "Screaming Sands" of "Smuggler's Charybdis"; The True Story of Scotty, by George Palmer Putnam; Adobe, by John Hilton; Bourbon Springs, by Capt. R.A. Gibson
Pouch Twelve
Packet One, Teepee Tales – Council Fire; Death Valley; "Pioneers! O Pioneers!"; Indian Signs; Salton Sea Scrolls; Adult Western (poem) by W.C. Tuttle; Tumbleweeds; Injun Stuff; Prairie Feathers
Packet Two, 21st Anniversary Packet – Death Valley: Tales From Old Ballarat; The Golden Fleece, by John D. Mitchell; Gold in Them Hills, by C.B. Glasscock; The Desert Rat (poem) by Clyde Terrell; Sagebrush Sermon, by Duncan Emrich; Shorty Jones' Magic Tablets, by Vollie Tripp; Smart, Those Burros, by C.B. Glasscock; Pay Dirt, by Scoop Garside; At Cheyenne (poem) by Eugene Field
See also
Harry Oliver
Desert Steve Ragsdale
Jimmy Swinnerton (artist)
Desert Magazine
Tombstone Epitaph
Calico Print (magazine)
References
Oliver, Harry, ed. (1945–1967). Desert Rat Scrap Book. Quarterly. Thousand Palms, California: Hubbard Printing. OCLC 5577299. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
External links
Desert Rat Scrap Book archive
Desert Rat Scrap Book group
Harry Oliver Fandom Center site
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Desert_Rat_Scrap_Book.png"},{"link_name":"southwestern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_United_States"},{"link_name":"Thousand Palms, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thousand_Palms,_California"},{"link_name":"Harry Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Oliver"},{"link_name":"prospectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospectors"}],"text":"Desert Rat Scrap BookThe Desert Rat Scrap Book (or DRSB) was a (roughly) quarterly, southwestern humor publication based in Thousand Palms, California. DRSB was published in editions of 10,000 to 20,000 copies, whenever its creator, Harry Oliver had sufficient material, and money enough to pay the printer. Forty-six issues were printed and distributed via Southern California bookstores and newsstands, and by mail worldwide. DRSB was devoted to lore, legends, lies and laughs of the American Southwest region, especially featuring prospectors and other desert rats. The publication was launched in late 1945 and ran through early 1967.","title":"Desert Rat Scrap Book"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Demy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demy_(paper_size)"},{"link_name":"paper size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_size"},{"link_name":"these images","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.klaxo.net/hofc/other/other.htm#ariz"},{"link_name":"Arizona Highways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Highways"}],"sub_title":"Format","text":"The DRSB was published in a unique format, printed on both sides of heavy creme-colored stock of about 17 x 22 inches (43.3 x 55.5 centimetres) (Demy) paper size, folded double three times to yield \"the smallest newspaper in the world and the only 5-page one... only newspaper in America you can open in the wind.\" Pages 1 and 5 (the front and back) are about 5.5 x 8.5 inches; page 2 is about 8.5 x 11 inches; page 3 is about 11 x 17 inches; page 5 is the full 17 x 22 inches. See these images, from the March 1953 issue of Arizona Highways magazine, for an illustration of the expansion.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Numbers","text":"Each issue was a 'packet'; each volume was a 'pouch'. The first issue, dated FALL 1946 (but possibly printed on Oliver's birthday of 4 April 1946) was not numbered. The second issue, dated WINTER 1946–47, was numbered PACKET TWO OF POUCH ONE. All further editions were undated, and numbered as PACKET XXX OF POUCH YYY. Sometimes more than three months passed between editions, which is why PACKET TWO OF POUCH TWELVE (the final issue) appeared in 1967, over 20 years from the first.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"woodcut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodcut"},{"link_name":"cartoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney"},{"link_name":"Hank Ketcham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Ketcham"},{"link_name":"masthead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masthead_(American_publishing)"},{"link_name":"boilerplate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilerplate_(text)"},{"link_name":"fonts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonts"},{"link_name":"block prints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_print"},{"link_name":"cartoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoons"}],"sub_title":"Layout","text":"PAGE ONE, rarely overprinted with one garish color, usually featured an Oliver woodcut or a cartoon (sometimes by Walt Disney or Hank Ketcham), and would often announce a theme for that issue – see Themes below. The issue contents might (or might not) generally follow that theme. In just a very few issues, a full-cover illustration would spread over both the first and last pages.PAGE TWO would usually (but not always) contain the masthead and boilerplate, something like the following:This paper is not entered as 2nd class mail.It's a first class newspaper.\nPacket xxx of Pouch yyy\nSmallest newspaper in the worldand the only 5 paged one.\nPublished at Fort Oliver\n1000 Palms, California\nFour Times a Year\nON THE NEWS STANDS 10¢ A COPY\nBut sometimes they don't have them.\nONE YEAR BY MAIL – 4 COPIES 50¢\nDarned if I am going to the trouble of mailing it for nothing.\n10 Years ..................... $5.00\n100 Years .....................$50.00\nThis offer expires when I do.\nAsbestos editions will be forwarded in case you don't make it.\nPublished by\nHARRY OLIVER\n1888–1999\nFort Commander, Publisher, Distributor, Lamp Lighter, Editor, Artist, Gardener, Janitor, OwnerFollowing would be an 'editorial', various 'news' items and gags and aphorisms or factoids (original or clipped from other sources) under old-time fonts headings, interspersed with small block prints and/or cartoons of desert characters.PAGE THREE usually contained more of the same, with some slightly longer text pieces, by Oliver or other writers. Many of these items were recycled from previous Oliver publications – Oliver was his own best plagiarist.PAGE FOUR had yet more of the same, often with even longer pieces (including a complete play once) that might address the issue's theme. Along the bottom of this largest page might be a few advertisements, for ghost towns and publications and date farms and rock shops.PAGE FIVE, above the mailing address block, might contain a list of conversation starters, or more gags and news and quotes, or a promotion for Oliver's audio album of readings, or maybe just a large woodcut and an essay or mini-epic poem.Just one issue, Packet Four of Pouch Four, named DESERT RAT HARRY OLIVER'S JOKE BOOK, did not follow the above formats. This is a 32-page book (plus covers), sized about 5.5 x 8.5 inches, folded and stapled. The contents are primarily the usual short gags. The heading on page one says FIRST DESERT JOKE BOOK. This was apparently an unsuccessful experiment.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey"},{"link_name":"Death Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Valley"},{"link_name":"Ghost Towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_town"},{"link_name":"Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore"},{"link_name":"Peg-Leg Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_L._Smith"},{"link_name":"Lost Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_mines"},{"link_name":"Buried Treasure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buried_treasure"},{"link_name":"Hermits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit"},{"link_name":"Death Valley Scotty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_E._Scott"},{"link_name":"Lost Ship of the Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Ship_of_the_Desert"},{"link_name":"secession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession"},{"link_name":"outlaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlaw"},{"link_name":"lawmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff"}],"sub_title":"Themes","text":"Each issue bore on the front cover the name of a supposed theme for that issue, such as: Desert Burros, Death Valley, Good Old Desert Fun, Ghost Towns, Along the Border, Simplicity, Indians, Desert Folklore, Peg-Leg Smith's Gold, Lost Mines And Buried Treasure, Frontier Wild Women, Desert Rats & Hermits, Death Valley Scotty, etc. Besides these, Oliver would also deal with such themes as: The Lost Ship of the Desert; his Desert County secession movement and Keep the Desert Beautiful campaign; outlaws and lawmen; communicating with animals; and what others had written about him.","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"time machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_travel"}],"sub_title":"Ambiance","text":"The above descriptions do nothing to convey the ambiance and attraction of the Desert Rat Scrap Book. It's like holding a booklet that becomes an old-time news sheet, filled with information old and new, real and imaginary, serious and hilarious, all informed by a strong and cantankerous personality. There's always another detail in another corner, another timeless tidbit waiting for a patient reader to stumble upon. Even when new, each issue is a small time machine.","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gold Gulch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Gulch"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"World's Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Fair"},{"link_name":"California Pacific International Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Pacific_International_Exposition"},{"link_name":"theme parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_parks"},{"link_name":"literary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary"},{"link_name":"ephemera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemera"},{"link_name":"zine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zine"}],"sub_title":"Influence","text":"Just as Oliver's design of Gold Gulch, at the San Diego World's Fair (California Pacific International Exposition) of 1935–36, strongly influenced the development of Western theme parks and frontier village reconstructions, so his DRSB can be seen to help shape subsequent Western Americana literary ephemera. The DRSB can also be seen as an ancestor of zine culture","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"merchant seaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_Marine"}],"sub_title":"Dating","text":"Dating any specific issue has always been problematic. Postmarks on mailed issues are not always helpful. Harry Oliver produced all issues ('packets') of the first 11 pouches, often at very irregular intervals. Later issues depended heavily on reprinted items. Due to failing health and attitude, Oliver ceased publication in 1965. In 1967 he gave his operation to ex-merchant seaman Bill Powers, who produced two more issues (Packets One and Two of Pouch Twelve) and reprinted a few old issues, then abandoned the DRSB forever and disappeared, possibly returning to sea.First packet was printed on 4 April 1946.\nPacket 4, Pouch 5, printed on 4 April 1953.","title":"Issues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Will Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Rogers"},{"link_name":"Don Blanding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Blanding"},{"link_name":"Yuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Adobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe"},{"link_name":"Peak of Saint Hyacinth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_of_Saint_Hyacinth"},{"link_name":"Charles M. Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_M._Russell"},{"link_name":"Chaparral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral"},{"link_name":"Palm Springs Desert Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Springs_Desert_Museum"},{"link_name":"Lon Megargee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lon_Megargee"},{"link_name":"Calexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calexico,_California"},{"link_name":"George E. Hastings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_E._Hastings&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"George Pipkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Pipkin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brigham Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young"},{"link_name":"John C. Herr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_C._Herr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bob Dell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bob_Dell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Boot Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_Hill"},{"link_name":"Herbert W. Kuhm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbert_W._Kuhm&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"S. Omar Barker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Omar_Barker"},{"link_name":"Walt Beckwith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walt_Beckwith&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Erle Stanley Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erle_Stanley_Gardner"},{"link_name":"John C. Hebb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_C._Hebb&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"George Palmer Putnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_P._Putnam"},{"link_name":"Death Valley Scotty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Valley_Scotty"},{"link_name":"Lee Shippey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Shippey"},{"link_name":"James Rose Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Rose_Harvey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leonard F. Murnane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leonard_F._Murnane&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Salton Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salton_Sea"},{"link_name":"Rio Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River"},{"link_name":"Irvin S. Cobb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irvin_S._Cobb"},{"link_name":"Grand Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Edwin Corle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Corle"},{"link_name":"Algodones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algodones"},{"link_name":"David O. Woodbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=David_O._Woodbury&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Father Fout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Father_Fout&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dick Wick Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Wick_Hall"},{"link_name":"Ken McClure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_McClure"},{"link_name":"Spanish Galleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_galleon"},{"link_name":"Antonio de Fierro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antonio_de_Fierro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Harry Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Carr"},{"link_name":"Pegleg Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegleg_Smith"},{"link_name":"J. Frank Dobie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Frank_Dobie"},{"link_name":"Lucile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucile_Weight&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Harold Weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harold_Weight&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"George A. Stingle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_A._Stingle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mirage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirage"},{"link_name":"Minnehaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnehaha"},{"link_name":"Wilbur Timpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilbur_Timpe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Indian Cradleboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Cradleboard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Caruthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Caruthers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Art Loomer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Art_Loomer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frank Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Adams_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Roadrunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadrunner"},{"link_name":"Allen J. Papen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allen_J._Papen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Knott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Knott"},{"link_name":"Grass Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grass_Valley,_California"},{"link_name":"Lotta Crabtree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotta_Crabtree"},{"link_name":"Lola Montez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lola_Montez"},{"link_name":"Nancy Wilson Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Wilson_Ross"},{"link_name":"Red Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-light_district"},{"link_name":"Virginia City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_City"},{"link_name":"Shorty Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shorty_Harris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Primadonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primadonna"},{"link_name":"Mt. San Jacinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt._San_Jacinto"},{"link_name":"Daylight Savings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight_Savings"},{"link_name":"Stevens Gaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stevens_Gaugh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bill Nye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Wilson_Nye"},{"link_name":"Mojave Desert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_Desert"},{"link_name":"Maggie Gerke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maggie_Gerke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"L. Burr Belden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L._Burr_Belden&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cousin Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cousin_Jack"},{"link_name":"Paul Bunyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Bunyan"},{"link_name":"Beatty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatty,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Big Steve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Steve_Ragsdale"},{"link_name":"Walter S. Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walter_S._Hughes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Americana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americana_(culture)"},{"link_name":"Alcalde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcalde"},{"link_name":"Paiutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Paiute"},{"link_name":"Tecopah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecopa_(Paiute_leader)"},{"link_name":"Culture Vultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_Vultures"},{"link_name":"Dane Coolidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dane_Coolidge"},{"link_name":"Dane Coolidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dane_Coolidge"},{"link_name":"Guy Bogart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guy_Bogart&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. D. Bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C._D._Bass&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Station Wagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_Wagon"},{"link_name":"John Weld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Weld"},{"link_name":"Dane Coolidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dane_Coolidge"},{"link_name":"Arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthritis"},{"link_name":"Dane Coolidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dane_Coolidge"},{"link_name":"Everett Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Everett_Blair&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Half Ass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_Ass"},{"link_name":"Jeep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep"},{"link_name":"Burro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burro"},{"link_name":"Paul Wilhelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wilhelm"},{"link_name":"Randsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randsburg"},{"link_name":"Robert Finch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Finch_(author)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charles Lockwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lockwood_(author)"},{"link_name":"Maidee Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maidee_Nelson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Horned Toad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horned_Toad"},{"link_name":"Florence Emmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Florence_Emmons&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"James L. Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Wright"},{"link_name":"Tennyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Tennyson,_1st_Baron_Tennyson"},{"link_name":"Phat Graettinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phat_Graettinger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ray Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Henry&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anne Evans Bancroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anne_Evans_Bancroft&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ray Corliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Corliss&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"George Bideaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Bideaux&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Palmas Blancas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palmas_Blancas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Horace Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horace_Parker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Harry Mace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Mace"},{"link_name":"Rolfe Peterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rolfe_Peterson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bill"},{"link_name":"Roger Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Armstrong&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Great Salt Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Salt_Lake"},{"link_name":"Norman V. Christensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norman_V._Christensen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Goldfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldfield,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Calico Ghost Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calico_Ghost_Town"},{"link_name":"Ted Hutchinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ted_Hutchinson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Randolph Hearst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst"},{"link_name":"Bert Fireman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bert_Fireman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Herb S. Hamlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herb_S._Hamlin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alfred JaCoby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_JaCoby&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ed Ainsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ed_Ainsworth&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pancho Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancho_Villa"},{"link_name":"Herb Caen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Caen"},{"link_name":"Greenfield Lawrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greenfield_Lawrel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Salton Sink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salton_Sink"},{"link_name":"Goodwin Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodwin_Knight"},{"link_name":"John D. Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_D._Mitchell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Clyde Terrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clyde_Terrell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Duncan Emrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duncan_Emrich&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vollie Tripp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vollie_Tripp&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pay Dirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay_Dirt"},{"link_name":"Eugene Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Field"}],"sub_title":"Contents","text":"NOTE: Following is a necessarily incomplete summary of DRSB 'articles'. This list may merely give a taste of the fractally-complex contents of each issue. Unless credited otherwise, text and art are presumably by Oliver.Pouch One\n\"Packet One\" (unnumbered), Camp Edition, Saddle Bag Size, Fall Edition 1946 – Will Rogers Says; Harry Oliver's Argument Starters; Toad Watson's Christmas; Rip Snortin'; Pack Rats and Dope; Fame For Nothin'; Adobe\nPacket Two, Winter Edition 1946–47 – How to be a Desert Rat and Like It, by John Hilton; The Desert, by Don Blanding; Death Valley Scotty, Desert Rat, Showman; Wiffletree Carries the Mail; How to Build With Adobe; Indian Signs\nPacket Three – What the Desert Rats are Doing Today; Petrified Pete; The Borego Calicoes; Yuma is an Interesting Town; Adobe; The Peak of Saint Hyacinth; Dog Eater, by Charles M. Russell; Desert Rat Ten Commandments\nPacket Four, The Windy Number – Water Witches; Jose y el Burro; Chaparral; Captain Catnip Ashby; All's Not Gold That Glitters; That's 30, by Lloyd Smith, Director of the Palm Springs Desert Museum; Haywire Weather; Wind, Wind, and More Wind\nPouch Two\nPacket One, The Burro Number (cover woodblock by Lon Megargee) – Jose and the Burro; Whiskers and Christmas; Burros, An Interview; The Barber of Calexico; Adobe, by John Hilton; Gold, $70.00 an Ounce; Squaw Wood\nPacket Two (to be determined)\nPacket Three, Along The Border Packet – No Burro, No Gold; Screwbean Benny; So You Are a Hermit; Hell in Texas (song), by George E. Hastings; Two Stories of Old Fort Oliver; The \"Screaming Sands\" of \"Smuggler's Charybdis\"; The Transplanted Ghosts at Knott's\nPacket Four, 2nd Anniversary Packet – How Editors Get Rich; The Sad Tail of Arty Packrat; Low Down on Big Horn, by George Pipkin of Death Valley; Tarantula Hawks an' Aeroplanes; Brigham Young and His 20 Wives in Grand Melee; The Lord's Mine, by John C. Herr; Water Water; Chicken Gold; How to be a Desert Rat and Like It, by John Hilton\nPouch Three\nPacket One, Hot Weather Packet (cover cartoon by Bob Dell) – Lost Mines; Gold Is Where You Find It; Boot Hill's of the Old West, by Herbert W. Kuhm; Our Good Neighbor, Texas, by S. Omar Barker; Your Editor's Prayer; The Chaparral Cock (poem), by Walt Beckwith; Mischievous Burros, by Erle Stanley Gardner; There's Gold in Them Thar Hills, by John C. Hebb; Squaw Wood\nPacket Two, Death Valley Packet – Shorty Harris; Pay Dirt; Egg Packer of the Panamints, by George Palmer Putnam; Death Valley Scotty's Record-Breaking Dash on the Coyote Special, by Lee Shippey; Old Prumes, Colorado's Best-Loved Burro, by Mrs. James Rose Harvey; Death Valley and its Country, by George Palmer Putnam; Panamint Pete, by Leonard F. Murnane; Tall But Short Stories from Death Valley\nPacket Three, Moonlight on the Colorado Packet – How the Spaniards Came to Think California Was an Island; The Spanish Galleon at the Bottom of the Salton Sea; Burros, What They Are Made Of, by Mrs. James Rose Harvey; Earthquakes & Horse Pants; Alligators in the Rio Colorado, by John Hilton; The Pack Rat's Nest; Irvin S. Cobb's Description of Grand Canyon; The River in Red, by Edwin Corle; Ribbons of Wood; A Ship in the Algodones, by David O. Woodbury; Yuma in 1776, by Father Fout\nPacket Four, Treasure Packet – Dick Wick Hall's Mine Was Lost as Stockholders Look On; Wimmin and Cows, by Ken McClure; The Spanish Galleon of Salton Sea, by Antonio de Fierro; West Still Wild, by Harry Carr; Where Is Pegleg Smith's Lost Mine; Sidewalks of Silver, by John Hilton; Old Time Remedies; The James Boys Loot, by J. Frank Dobie; Gold, You Can Have It If You Get The Right Shovel\nPouch Four\nPacket One, Good Old Desert Fun – Nevada, Bad Men Buried Alone; A True Desert Turtle Story, by John C. Herr; Fairplay Burro Race Denied Betting Permit; The Burro Led Men to Gold and Silver, by Lucile and Harold Weight; Lem's Fame For Nothin'; Rip's Jumpin' Cactus Drink; Desert Rat Circus, by Geo. A Stingle; Quicksilver Humor\nPacket Two, Desert Magic Packet (cover cartoon by Bob Dell) – Singing Sands of Fort Oliver; Hermit Business; Telling About When a Man's Wealth Was Measured by the Size of His Bedroll; Pageant of Death Valley; The Magic of Desert Air, by George A. Stingle; Mirage; Desert Weather, Unusual as Usual; Whisky Joe, A Story With a Moral; More About Pegleg Smith, by W.T. Russell\nPacket Three, Minnehaha's Tee-Hee Packet, Injun Stuff, Indian Packet (cover cartoon by Wilbur Timpe) – Indian Cradleboard, by Mrs. Ben Hicks; Death Valley and Peg Leg Too, by William Caruthers; Back to the Reservation; Indian Signs You Should Know; Gold in the Heart of Santa Rosa Mountain; Wampum\nPacket Four, Desert Rat Harry Oliver's Joke Book (cover art by Art Loomer overprinted in red) – First Desert Joke Book; Hot Weather; Burros; Wind, Wind, and More Wind; My Dog Whiskers; Injun Stuff; Death Valley\nPouch Five\nPacket One, Good Old Desert Fun, Kindness to Animals Packet (cover cartoon by Frank Adams) – I Am a Little Ashamed; Sinful Gold; Smart Roadrunner; The Pack Rat's Nest, by Allen J. Papen; U.S. Army Mule; Old Abe Died in 1881, by Chas. Lockwood; Being a Hero is a Lifetime Job; Walter (P.T. Barnum) Knott; Burros; Yuma's (Red Cross) Mosquitos\nPacket Two, Frontier Wild Women Good & Bad, Wild Women Packet – Grass Valley's Lotta Crabtree; Lola Montez of the Roaring Fifties; Westward the Women, by Nancy Wilson Ross; Street of Red Lights in old Virginia City; Shorty Harris and the Primadonna; The Frozen Flame of Mt. San Jacinto; The Wages of Sin, by John Herr; This Is California, The Last Slice of La Ballona Rancho; My Old Dog, by Pancho\nPacket Three, Death Valley & Nevada Packet – Nuts to Daylight Savings; A New Show is Born; Shoshone Minnie's First Aid Kit; The West's Most Western Town, by Stevens Gaugh; No More Frontier, by Bill Nye 1886; Critics Don't Agree on What is Wrong With my Book; The Withering Winds of the Mojave Desert; Be a One Page Desert Naturalist\nPacket Four, Cool Desert Summer Packet (cover cartoon by Maggie Gerke overprinted in red) – My Dog Whiskers, Worse Than Death; Faith, by John Herr; Campaign For Burro Protection Mounting Throughout Desert Area, by L. Burr Belden; She Pinched Out, by Old Bill Williams; A Cousin Jack Paul Bunyan, by Chas. C. Bailey; Bourbon Spring, by Capt. R.A. Gibson; More Gold From Beatty; Bill Nye's Story of Big Steve; Let's Talk of Graves, of Worms, and Epitaths, by Walter S. Hughes; Current Americana\nPouch Six\nPacket One, Don't Fret Packet (cover cartoon by Maggie Gerke) – The Alcalde's Report to the Cactus Nation; Conspiracy at Fort Oliver; The Last Chief of the Paiutes, Tecopah; My Twenty-Five Years With Peg Leg Smith; Culture Vultures at Old Adove Fort Oliver, by L. Burr Belden; Death Valley Scotty, Prospector and Showman, by Dane Coolidge; The Old Grouch, by John Herr; Lowdown on Western History\nPacket Two, The Contentment Packet (cover art by Art Loomer) – Post Pourri, by Pancho; The Desert (poem), by Don Blanding; Mule Decides to Quit Army; Death Valley Scotty, Prospector and Showman, by Dane Coolidge, second installment; The Great Cat Race, by Guy Bogart\nPacket Three, Mixed Up Packet (wraparound cover: The Old Depot, by C. D. Bass) – A Dog's Editorial; Life-Saving Snake Story; The Enchanted Station Wagon; Our Town, by John Weld; Death Valley Scotty, by Dane Coolidge (third installment)\nPacket Four, Shaggy Dog Edition (cover cartoon by Maggie Gerke) – \"Saint Frijole\" Rids Mexico of Arthritis; Death Valley Scotty, Prospector and Showman, by Dane Coolidge, fourth installment; A Chinee Boy Buys a Mine, by Capt. R.A. Gibson; Tough Miner in a Tough Country, by Ca\nPouch Seven\nPacket One, Jack Ass Edition – Old Prunes, by Everett Blair; The Burro As I Know Him; Burro Flapjack Race; Burros, What They Are Made Of, by Mrs. James Rose Harvey; Burro Love Saga, by Paul Wilhelm; Shorty Harris Burro Story, by George Pipkin; Death Valley Scotty, Prospector and Showman, by Dane Coolidge, fifth installment; What About the Burro? by Chas. Lockwood; No Burros, No Gold\nPacket Two, Half Ass Edition (cover cartoon by Maggie Gerke) – Scotty's Castle; New Model Cockroaches; SHAME! Look What YOU Did! (Desert Beautification campaign); I AM A SECESSIONIST (Desert County campaign); Gold; Before the Jeep, They Tried to Replace the Burro; Death Valley Stories, by Capt. R.A. Gibson; I Killed a Burro, by Anonymous; Paul Wilhelm's Desert Column; Mulish Justice; Cremated Currency, by John Hilton\nPacket Three, Haunted Ghost Towns Packet (cover art by Maggie Gerke overprinted in blue) – Randsburg's Dancin' Skeletons; Harry Oliver Swept Here; Colorado's Day Time Ghost; The Day They All (one-act play), by Robert Finch\nPacket Four, The Pack Rat Edition (cover art by Maggie Gerke overprinted in orange) – Pioneer Yankee Traders; Toad Watson's Christmas; Shake Rattle & Rob, by Old Bill Williams; The Clown of the Rat Family, by Charles Lockwood; Paul Wilhelm's Desert Column; The Sad Tale of Arty Packrat; Pack Rats & Dope\nPouch Eight\nPacket One, An Appetizer for Tourists, Bunk-House Edition (cover cartoon by Hank Ketcham) – All's Not Gold That Glitters; English Words in Southwest Spanish; Joost Playin'; Bewitched Sand, by J. Frank Dobie; Mischievous Burros; Pack Rat Arsonists, by Maidee Nelson; The Matador and the Burro; Souvenir of Mexico\nPacket Two, How to Be a Full-Time Idealist, Don Quixote Edition (cover art by Maggie Gerke overprinted in purple) – How to Be a Local Wit; Animal Crackers; The Handsome Horned Toad, by Florence Emmons; Injun Stuff; The Fish That Carried Its Own Pond With It, by Snow Creek Bert; 'Cher Ami' Honored With D.S.C., by Chas. Lockwood; Flowery Tribute to an Old Saloon, by James L. Wright; Was His Grand Pappy a'dreamin?, by Old Bill Williams; The Brook (poem), after Tennyson\nPacket Three, The Happy Scramble Edition (cover art by Maggie Gerke overprinted in amber) – Salton Sea Leaks; Colonel Phat's Fort Oliver Dispatches, by Phat Graettinger; Be One of My \"Snoops\"; Squeaky Springs; One Way of Proposing (poem); Gold Miners Make Strike in Sky, by Ray Henry; Outsmarted by a Burro, by Anne Evans Bancroft; Crow Made to Eat Crow; A Desert Fable\nPacket Four, The Voice of the Desert Packet (cover art by Art Loomer overprinted in brown) – Mutiny at the Fort, by Ray Corliss; Desert Editor's Best (poems), by George Bideaux; Old Sky-Eye Jones; The Big Wind, by Snow Creek Bert; Peg Leg Smith at Palmas Blancas, by Horace Parker\nPouch Nine\nPacket One, Power of Positive Bologna Packet (cover cartoon by Harry Mace overprinted in red) – With a Brood in His Beard; Abe Lincoln's Dry Wit; The Wit of Utah, by Rolfe Peterson; Romantic Desert Trade Rats, by S.F. \"Snoop\" Garside; The Last Man to Fight Buffalo Bill; Two Damns and a Hell; The Biggest Little Paper; The Cat's Whiskers; Eager Beavers\nPacket Two, How Old Is Old? Second Childhood Packet (cover sketch by Roger Armstrong – Whip-Snapping; The Belled Burro; Wiffletree Carries the Mail; Famed Double-Barreled Whale of Great Salt Lake, by Rolfe Peterson; The Tumbleweed of Lordsburg, by Norman V. Christensen; Old Goldfield: A Town That Knew How – And How, by Frank Johnson; How Old Is Old?; \"Oliver Rides Again\" (words & sketch by Margo Gerke)\nPacket Three, Your Animals And You (cover overprinted in cinnamon) – Calico Ghost Town, A Bit of History, from Ted Hutchinson; The Jerky Trial, from Rolly Canfield; Best Dam Builder Moves into Glen Canyon; To Dearest Helen – My Devoted Friend, by William Randolph Hearst; Smuggled Chinese Girls & A Mother Mountain Lion; A Walter Knott Project, Calico Restored (AP); Oliver Twists\nPacket Four, Tepee (Etiquette) Packet (cover cartoon by Hank Ketcham) – Over Two Hundred Years of Vicious Propaganda: SHAME AMERICA; Mojave or Mohave? Death Valley; Tecopah, The Last Chief of the Paiutes; Only in California; Spring in His Britches, from Dr. Waldo Jones; Shoshone Indians First Aid Kit; Westward the Women, by Nancy Wilson Ross; 49er Gold Rush: Mystery Chief Showed the Good Side of the Indians, by Anonymous; Indian Signs\nPouch Ten\nPacket One, Names and Places, Simple Lasting Desert Fun (cover woodblock overprinted in orange) – See the Old West in Festival & Pageant; Peg Leg Smith, The P.T. Barnum of Desert Ghosts; Peg-Leg Gets Applause: Under The Sun, by Bert Fireman; Studebaker Show, by Herb S. Hamlin; Dick Wick Hall Show; John B. Stetson Show; My Modesty Has Gone with the Wind\nPacket Two, A Handbook for Rangers & Guides (cover cartoon by Lamb) – Museum Nonsense; The Pack Rats Nest; Wampum; Infant Science (from TIME); Press Agent for a Ghost, by Alfred JaCoby\nPacket Three, Man and Animal in Tug-of-War (cover art by unknown, overprinted in orange) – Smart Animals and Stupid People; Mud in the Good Old Desert: My Dad Builds Historic Adobes, by Amy Oliver Vrooman; Galloping in From Another World; 17 Happy Years in the Life of a Desert Dog – As He Tells It (notes and obituaries re: Whiskers)\nPacket Four, Editor's 75th Anniversary Edition (cover cartoon by Bob Barnes) – Restoration of an Antique, by Ed Ainsworth; Old Fort Oliver, by Jack Smith; My Year With Pancho Villa – How to Stage a Fast-Moving Revolution; Pipe Dreams, by Herb Caen; Writers, Reporters & Editors; The Stubborn Queen (history of a prairie yacht); Simple Life in Desert Castles\nPouch Eleven\nPacket One, Editor's 75th Anniversary Edition – Peg-Leg Smith's Gold, Where it was found and where it was lost; Gold; More About Dick Wick Hall; The Spanish Galleon of the Salton Sea; More About Pegleg Smith; The James Boys Loot; Where Is Pegleg Smith's Lost Mine; West Still Wild, by Harry Carr; Peg-Leg Gets Applause From Arizonas Expert Bert Fireman\nPacket Two, Desert Beautiful Edition, Raking Up The Past Edition (cover cartoon by Walt Disney) – SHAME! Look What YOU Did! (Desert Beautification campaign); I AM A SECESSIONIST (Desert County campaign); Press Agent For a Ghost; King of the Desert Rats, by Greenfield Lawrel; Let It Be Said We Died With Our Boots On (words & sketch by Margo Gerke)\nPacket Three, I Become a Symbol (cover art by Art Loomer) – The Peak of Saint Hyacinth, by Tom Hughes; The Purple Knight of the Salton Sink, by Gov. Goodwin Knight; Old Harry (letter to Walt Disney from Mrs. Clifford Henderson); Dick Wick Hall Show; John B. Stetson Show; My Modesty Has Gone with the Wind; Press Agent for a Ghost, by Bert Fireman\nPacket Four, Animal Intelligence (cover art by Maggie Gerke) – The Sad Tale of Arty Packrat; Nevada Bad Men Buried Alone; A True Desert Turtle Story; Shorty Harris, Jackass Prospector; Two Stories of Old Fort Oliver; The \"Screaming Sands\" of \"Smuggler's Charybdis\"; The True Story of Scotty, by George Palmer Putnam; Adobe, by John Hilton; Bourbon Springs, by Capt. R.A. Gibson\nPouch Twelve\nPacket One, Teepee Tales – Council Fire; Death Valley; \"Pioneers! O Pioneers!\"; Indian Signs; Salton Sea Scrolls; Adult Western (poem) by W.C. Tuttle; Tumbleweeds; Injun Stuff; Prairie Feathers\nPacket Two, 21st Anniversary Packet – Death Valley: Tales From Old Ballarat; The Golden Fleece, by John D. Mitchell; Gold in Them Hills, by C.B. Glasscock; The Desert Rat (poem) by Clyde Terrell; Sagebrush Sermon, by Duncan Emrich; Shorty Jones' Magic Tablets, by Vollie Tripp; Smart, Those Burros, by C.B. Glasscock; Pay Dirt, by Scoop Garside; At Cheyenne (poem) by Eugene Field","title":"Issues"}]
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[{"image_text":"Desert Rat Scrap Book","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Desert_Rat_Scrap_Book.png/220px-Desert_Rat_Scrap_Book.png"}]
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[{"title":"Harry Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Oliver"},{"title":"Desert Steve Ragsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Center,_California#History"},{"title":"Jimmy Swinnerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Swinnerton"},{"title":"Desert Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Magazine"},{"title":"Tombstone Epitaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombstone_Epitaph"},{"title":"Calico Print","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calico_Print"}]
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[{"reference":"Oliver, Harry, ed. (1945–1967). Desert Rat Scrap Book. Quarterly. Thousand Palms, California: Hubbard Printing. OCLC 5577299.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Oliver","url_text":"Oliver, Harry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thousand_Palms,_California","url_text":"Thousand Palms, California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5577299","url_text":"5577299"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.klaxo.net/hofc/other/other.htm#ariz","external_links_name":"these images"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5577299","external_links_name":"5577299"},{"Link":"http://www.phantomranch.net/hofc/drsb.htm","external_links_name":"Desert Rat Scrap Book archive"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130209180112/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/DRSB/","external_links_name":"Desert Rat Scrap Book group"},{"Link":"http://www.phantomranch.net/hofc/index.htm","external_links_name":"Harry Oliver Fandom Center site"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Mullett
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Aaron Mullett
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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Australian rules football player
Australian rules footballer
Aaron Mullett
Mullett playing for Carlton in April 2018Personal informationFull name
Aaron MullettDate of birth
(1992-02-23) 23 February 1992 (age 32)Original team(s)
Eastern Ranges (TAC Cup)Draft
No. 34, 2011 rookie draftHeight
184 cm (6 ft 0 in)Weight
82 kg (181 lb)Position(s)
MidfielderClub informationCurrent club
CarltonNumber
18Playing career1Years
Club
Games (Goals)2011–2017
North Melbourne
85 (31)2018
Carlton
13 0(2)Total
98 0(33)
1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 2018.Career highlights
22under22 team: 2013
AFL Rising Star nominee: 2013
Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com
Aaron Mullett (born 23 February 1992) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Carlton Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He also played for the North Melbourne Football Club from 2011 to 2017.
He was the 34th selection in the 2011 AFL Rookie Draft.
Originally from Mooroolbark, in Melbourne's outer eastern suburbs, he showed potential as a junior playing for the Mooroolbark Mustangs in the Eastern Football League. He then moved clubs where his playing ability for Vermont Football Club saw him progress to the Eastern Ranges, where he played as a winger.
He was elevated to North Melbourne's senior list in August 2011, after playing well for North Ballarat in the Victorian Football League and was named to make his AFL debut in Round 22 of the 2011 AFL season against Fremantle.
Mullett made his debut against Fremantle in number 41 and impressed with 17 touches.
Mullet was the round 2 nomination for the 2013 AFL Rising Star after a 20 possession and a goal against Geelong.
He later pulled in a career-high 31 disposals in round 10 later that year against St.Kilda.
Mullett was selected in the AFL Players' Association's inaugural 22under22 team in 2013.
At the conclusion of the 2017 season, Mullett was delisted by North Melbourne. He subsequently signed with Carlton as a delisted free agent. He played thirteen games for Carlton during 2018, then was delisted at the end of the season.
As of 2023, Mullet plays locally in the Outer East Football Netball League For the Wandin Bulldogs.
References
^ Ryan, Conor (13 December 2010). "Ranges draft tally to six". Herald Sun.
^ Roos to throw Mullett in deep end against Freo
^ "Mullett the round two rising star". AFL BigPond Network. 9 April 2013.
^ McInerney, Sam. "2013 22under22 Team Announced". AFL Players' Association. Retrieved 18 September 2013.
^ "Aaron Mullett, Corey Wagner depart". nmfc.com.au. Bigpond. 10 October 2017.
^ McGowan, Marc (1 November 2017). "From Roo to Blue: Axed defender joins Carlton". AFL.com.au. Bigpond.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aaron Mullett.
Aaron Mullett's profile on the official website of the Carlton Football Club
Aaron Mullett's playing statistics from AFL Tables
vte2013 AFL Rising Star nominees
Rd 1: Wines
Rd 2: Mullett
Rd 3: Anderson
Rd 4: Horlin-Smith
Rd 5: O'Meara
Rd 6: Hill
Rd 7: Vlastuin
Rd 8: Macrae
Rd 9: Kerridge
Rd 10: Whitfield
Rd 11: Mitchell
Rd 12: Mayes
Rd 13: Neade
Rd 14: Crouch
Rd 15: Talia
Rd 16: Nicholls
Rd 17: Tomlinson
Rd 18: M. Williams
Rd 19: Z. Williams
Rd 20: Laird
Rd 21: Viney
Rd 22: Grundy
Rd 23: Brown
Italics denote winner
vte2011 AFL rookie draftFirst round
1. Steve Clifton
2. Rhys Cooyou
3. Jonathan Giles
4. Andrew Phillips
5. Jimmi Savage
6. Isiah Stevens
9. Joel Tippett
10. Tim Houlihan
11. Ben Jakobi
12. Josh Jenkins
13. Brad Harvey
14. Daniel Nicholson
15. Timothy Milera
16. Tom Jonas
17. Cameron Pedersen
18. Ed Curnow
19. Sam Menegola
20. Gavin Roberts
21. Max Otten
22. Luke Dahlhaus
23. Josh Walker
24. Tom Curren
25. Thomas Gordon
Second round
27. Anton Hamp
28. Brad Miller
29. Jay Neagle
30. Bart McCulloch
31. Michael Evans
32. Jake von Bertouch
33. Callum Hay
34. Aaron Mullett
35. Rhys O'Keeffe
36. Thomas Schneider
37. Nick Lower
38. Ben Haren
39. Jason Johannisen
40. George Burbury
41. Warrick Andreoli
42. Declan Reilly
Third round
44. Jeremy McGovern
45. Tom Hislop
46. Tyson Slattery
47. Albert Proud
48. Kelvin Lawrence
49. Lachlan Roach
50. Jarrad Irons
51. Wayde Twomey
52. Derick Wanganeen
53. Ben Bucovaz
55. Ed Barlow
56. Jonathan Simpkin
57. Robert Eddy
58. Jack Perham
Fourth round
61. James Webster (NSWSE)
62. Broc McCauley
63. Cameron Johnston
64. Ian Callinan
65. Mitchell Curnow
66. Mitchell Carter
68. Tim Ruffles
70. Mitch Hahn
71. Ryan Bathie
72. Jackson Ferguson (NSWSE)
73. Jye Bolton
Fifth round
75. Robert Campbell
77. Matthew Westhoff
78. Blake Bray (NSWSE)
Sixth round
81. Paul Cribbin
82. Jake Crawford
83. Tom McNamara
84. Sam Martyn (NSWSE)
85. Will Langford (NSWSE)
Seventh round
87. Jack Mahony (NSWSE)
88. Eugene Krueger
vte2012 AFL national draftFirst round
1. Lachie Whitfield
2. Jonathan O'Rourke
3. Lachie Plowman
4. Jimmy Toumpas (Comp)
5. Jake Stringer
6. Jack Macrae (Comp)
7. Oliver Wines
8. Sam Mayes
9. Nick Vlastuin
10. Joe Daniher (F/S)
11. Troy Menzel
12. Kristian Jaksch
13. Jesse Lonergan (Comp)
14. Aidan Corr (Comp)
15. Taylor Garner
16. Jackson Thurlow
17. Josh Simpson
18. Brodie Grundy
19. Ben Kennedy
20. Tim Broomhead (Comp)
21. Nathan Hrovat
22. Dean Towers
23. Marco Paparone (Comp)
Second round
24. Nathan Wright
25. Spencer White
26. Jack Viney (F/S)
27. James Stewart
28. Tim O'Brien
29. Tom Clurey (Comp)
30. Mason Shaw (Comp)
31. Kamdyn McIntosh (Comp)
32. Michael Close
33. Liam McBean
34. Jason Ashby
35. Tom Temay
36. Tanner Smith
37. Ben Jacobs
38. Jackson Ramsay
39. Max Duffy
40. Brodie Murdoch
41. Mason Wood
42. Matthew McDonough
43. Josh Saunders
44. Harrison Marsh
Third round
45. Brant Colledge
46. Tim Membrey
47. Mitchell Wilkins
48. Dean Kent (Comp)
49. Lachie Hunter (F/S)
50. Josh Prudden (Comp)
51. Dylan Van Unen
52. Matt Jones
53. Martin Gleeson
54. Nick Graham
55. Tim Sumner
56. Daniel Currie
57. Kyal Horsley (RP)
58. Clay Cameron
59. Adam Carter
60. Mark Hutchings (Comp)
61. Taylor Hine
62. Sam Siggins
64. Matthew Dick
Fourth round
66. Kaiden Brand
68. Dean Terlich
70. Michael Osborne
71. Daniel Nicholson (RP)
72. Michael Evans (RP)
73. Nick Kommer
75. Lewis Pierce
76. Sam Gibson (RP)
77. Brad Hartman
78. Clancee Pearce (RP)
79. Brad Dick (RP)
81. Rory Atkins
Fifth round
83. Sam Frost (RP)
85. Tom Jonas (RP)
86. Jack Crisp (RP)
88. Sean Gregory
89. Levi Casboult (RP)
90. Sam Dunell (RP)
91. Aaron Mullett (RP)
92. Jesse Stringer (RP)
92. Lee Spurr (RP)
94. Marley Williams (RP)
95. Ian Callinan (RP)
Sixth round
97. Andrew Phillips (RP)
98. Tom Campbell (RP)
99. Niall McKeever (RP)
102. Zach Tuohy (RP)
103. Majak Daw (RP)
Seventh round
105. Jason Johannisen (RP)
106. Mark Baguley (RP)
107. Harry Cunningham (RP)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian rules footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"Carlton Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Australian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"North Melbourne Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Melbourne_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"AFL Rookie Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL_Rookie_Draft"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mooroolbark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooroolbark,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Eastern Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Football_League_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Vermont Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Eastern Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Ranges"},{"link_name":"North Ballarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Ballarat_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Victorian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Football_League"},{"link_name":"2011 AFL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_AFL_season"},{"link_name":"Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"2013 AFL Rising Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_AFL_Rising_Star"},{"link_name":"Geelong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"AFL Players' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFL_Players%27_Association"},{"link_name":"22under22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22under22"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"delisted free agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_agency_(sports)#Australian_Football_League_usage"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Outer East Football Netball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_East_Football_Netball_League"}],"text":"Australian rules footballerAaron Mullett (born 23 February 1992) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Carlton Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He also played for the North Melbourne Football Club from 2011 to 2017.He was the 34th selection in the 2011 AFL Rookie Draft.[1]Originally from Mooroolbark, in Melbourne's outer eastern suburbs, he showed potential as a junior playing for the Mooroolbark Mustangs in the Eastern Football League. He then moved clubs where his playing ability for Vermont Football Club saw him progress to the Eastern Ranges, where he played as a winger.He was elevated to North Melbourne's senior list in August 2011, after playing well for North Ballarat in the Victorian Football League and was named to make his AFL debut in Round 22 of the 2011 AFL season against Fremantle.[2]Mullett made his debut against Fremantle in number 41 and impressed with 17 touches.Mullet was the round 2 nomination for the 2013 AFL Rising Star after a 20 possession and a goal against Geelong.[3]He later pulled in a career-high 31 disposals in round 10 later that year against St.Kilda.Mullett was selected in the AFL Players' Association's inaugural 22under22 team in 2013.[4]At the conclusion of the 2017 season, Mullett was delisted by North Melbourne.[5] He subsequently signed with Carlton as a delisted free agent. He played thirteen games for Carlton during 2018, then was delisted at the end of the season.[6]As of 2023, Mullet plays locally in the Outer East Football Netball League For the Wandin Bulldogs.","title":"Aaron Mullett"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Ryan, Conor (13 December 2010). \"Ranges draft tally to six\". Herald Sun.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/afl/ranges-draft-tally-to-six/story-fn53kl8u-1225970117969","url_text":"\"Ranges draft tally to six\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mullett the round two rising star\". AFL BigPond Network. 9 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afl.com.au/news/2013-04-09/aaron-mullett-rising-star","url_text":"\"Mullett the round two rising star\""}]},{"reference":"McInerney, Sam. \"2013 22under22 Team Announced\". AFL Players' Association. Retrieved 18 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aflplayers.com.au/article/2013-22under22-team-announced/#.Ujk0J8anpbQ","url_text":"\"2013 22under22 Team Announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aaron Mullett, Corey Wagner depart\". nmfc.com.au. Bigpond. 10 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nmfc.com.au/news/2017-10-10/mullett-wagner-depart","url_text":"\"Aaron Mullett, Corey Wagner depart\""}]},{"reference":"McGowan, Marc (1 November 2017). \"From Roo to Blue: Axed defender joins Carlton\". AFL.com.au. Bigpond.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.afl.com.au/news/2017-11-01/from-roo-to-blue-axed-defender-joins-carlton","url_text":"\"From Roo to Blue: Axed defender joins Carlton\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://afltables.com/afl/stats/players/A/Aaron_Mullett.html","external_links_name":"AFL Tables"},{"Link":"https://australianfootball.com/players/player/Aaron+Mullett/15396","external_links_name":"AustralianFootball.com"},{"Link":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/afl/ranges-draft-tally-to-six/story-fn53kl8u-1225970117969","external_links_name":"\"Ranges draft tally to six\""},{"Link":"http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/sport/a/-/afl/10062677/roos-to-throw-mullett-in-deep-end-against-freo/","external_links_name":"Roos to throw Mullett in deep end against Freo"},{"Link":"http://www.afl.com.au/news/2013-04-09/aaron-mullett-rising-star","external_links_name":"\"Mullett the round two rising star\""},{"Link":"http://www.aflplayers.com.au/article/2013-22under22-team-announced/#.Ujk0J8anpbQ","external_links_name":"\"2013 22under22 Team Announced\""},{"Link":"http://www.nmfc.com.au/news/2017-10-10/mullett-wagner-depart","external_links_name":"\"Aaron Mullett, Corey Wagner depart\""},{"Link":"http://www.afl.com.au/news/2017-11-01/from-roo-to-blue-axed-defender-joins-carlton","external_links_name":"\"From Roo to Blue: Axed defender joins Carlton\""},{"Link":"http://www.carltonfc.com.au/players/","external_links_name":"Aaron Mullett's profile"},{"Link":"http://afltables.com/afl/stats/players/A/Aaron_Mullett.html","external_links_name":"Aaron Mullett's playing statistics"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktoriya_Tymoshenkova
|
Viktoriya Tymoshenkova
|
["1 Achievements","2 References"]
|
Ukrainian handball player
Viktoriya Tymoshenkova
Personal informationBorn
(1983-11-04) 4 November 1983 (age 40)Kolomyia, UkraineNationality
UkrainianHeight
1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)Playing position
GoalkeeperClub informationCurrent club
CS Dacia Mioveni 2012Number
16Senior clubsYears
Team2001–2008
HC Galychanka2008–2013
Dinamo Volgograd2013–2014
Istanbul Maltepe Bel.GSK2014–2018
CSM Roman (handball)2019–2020
Corona Brașov2021-2023
CSM Slatina (women's handball)2023-
CS Dacia Mioveni 2012National teamYears
Team
Apps
(Gls)2005-
Ukraine
36
(0)
Viktoriya Tymoshenkova (born 4 November 1983) is a Ukrainian handball player who plays as a goalkeeper for Liga Națională club CS Dacia Mioveni 2012 and the Ukrainian national team.
Achievements
Women's EHF Cup:
Semifinalist: 2009
Women's EHF Cup Winners' Cup:
Semifinalist: 2012
Russian Super League:
Winner: 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012
Carpathian Trophy:
2nd Place: 2008
3rd Place: 2010, 2012
Romanian Cup:
2nd Place: 2016
Romanian Super Cup:
2nd Place: 2016
GF World Cup:
Semifinalist: 2006
References
^ "2014 European Championship Roster" (PDF). EHF. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
^ "Viktoriya Tymoshenkova". EHF. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
vteCorona Brașov – current squad
1 Hosu
3 Ciuciulete
5 Soreanu
7 Buceschi
10 Pătuleanu
13 Laslo
14 M. Neagu
16 Tymoshenkova
17 Nolevska
18 Bucur
19 Gomes
27 Chiricuță
33 Lopătaru
39 Olaru
55 Pavićević
77 Gogîrlă
90 Petrescu
97 Bazaliu
99 Tîrcă
Head Coach: Ion Crăciun
vteUkraine squad – Women's handball – 2012 European Championship – 14th place
1 Vlasenko
2 Laiuk
4 Pidpalova
5 Shutska
6 Managarova
7 Borshchenko
8 Tsybulenko
9 Vashchuk
13 Turkalo
16 Parhomenko
17 Nikolayenko
21 Redka
22 Tymoshenkova
23 Glibko
33 Burlachenko
35 Stelmakh
Coach: Ratner
vteUkraine squad – Women's handball – 2014 European Championship – 16th place
1 Hilyazetdinova
2 Laiuk
3 Andriichuk
4 Pidpalova
5 Shutska
7 Borshchenko
12 Tymoshenkova
16 Parhomenko
17 Nikolayenko
18 Umanets
19 Zoria
21 Redka
23 Glibko
24 Smbatian
35 Stelmakh
44 Volovnyk
77 Peredery
Coach: Ratner
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"handball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handball"},{"link_name":"Liga Națională","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Na%C8%9Bional%C4%83_(women%27s_handball)"},{"link_name":"CS Dacia Mioveni 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CS_Dacia_Mioveni_2012&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine_women%27s_national_handball_team"}],"text":"Viktoriya Tymoshenkova (born 4 November 1983)[2] is a Ukrainian handball player who plays as a goalkeeper for Liga Națională club CS Dacia Mioveni 2012 and the Ukrainian national team.","title":"Viktoriya Tymoshenkova"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Women's EHF Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_EHF_Cup"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Women%27s_EHF_Cup"},{"link_name":"Women's EHF Cup Winners' Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EHF_Women%27s_Cup_Winners%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Women%27s_EHF_Cup_Winners%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"Russian Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Women%27s_Handball_Super_League"},{"link_name":"Carpathian Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Trophy_(women%27s_handball)"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trofeul_Carpa%C8%9Bi_(handbal_feminin)_-_Edi%C8%9Bia_a_45-a"},{"link_name":"Romanian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupa_Rom%C3%A2niei_(handbal_feminin)"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupa_Rom%C3%A2niei_la_handbal_feminin_2015-2016"},{"link_name":"Romanian Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercupa_Rom%C3%A2niei_(handbal_feminin)"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercupa_Rom%C3%A2niei_la_handbal_feminin_2015-2016"},{"link_name":"GF World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GF_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GF_World_Cup_%2706"}],"text":"Women's EHF Cup:\nSemifinalist: 2009\nWomen's EHF Cup Winners' Cup:\nSemifinalist: 2012\nRussian Super League:\nWinner: 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012\n Carpathian Trophy:\n2nd Place: 2008\n3rd Place: 2010, 2012\n Romanian Cup:\n2nd Place: 2016\n Romanian Super Cup:\n2nd Place: 2016\nGF World Cup:\nSemifinalist: 2006","title":"Achievements"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"2014 European Championship Roster\" (PDF). EHF. Retrieved 7 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://handball.sportresult.com/HBEM14W/PDF/UKR-R.pdf","url_text":"\"2014 European Championship Roster\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Handball_Federation","url_text":"EHF"}]},{"reference":"\"Viktoriya Tymoshenkova\". EHF. Retrieved 23 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eurohandball.com/ec/ehfc/women/2017-18/player/515850/ViktoriyaTymoshenkova","url_text":"\"Viktoriya Tymoshenkova\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Handball_Federation","url_text":"EHF"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://handball.sportresult.com/HBEM14W/PDF/UKR-R.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2014 European Championship Roster\""},{"Link":"http://www.eurohandball.com/ec/ehfc/women/2017-18/player/515850/ViktoriyaTymoshenkova","external_links_name":"\"Viktoriya Tymoshenkova\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muravey_class_patrol_boat
|
Muravey-class patrol boat
|
["1 Design","2 Ships","3 Variants","4 See also","5 References"]
|
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Two 133 "Antares" border guard ships in Novorossiysk
Class overview
NameMuravey class (Project 133 Antares)
Operators
Soviet Navy
Russian Navy
Ukrainian Navy
Preceded byTurya-class torpedo boat
Built1983-1989
In service1983- present day
Completed16
Active11?
General characteristics
TypehydrofoilPatrol boat
Displacement180 tons standard, 230 tons full load
Length40 m
Beam7.6 m
Draught1.9m (4 m foilborne)
Propulsion2 shaft gas turbines M-70 (M70FRU), 22,000 hp
Speed40 knots (60 knots in some sources)
Crew30
Sensors and processing systemsRadar: Pot Drum, Muff Cob, High Pole, Sonar: Foal Tail
Armament
1 × 76mm gun (single mounting forward
1 AK630 CIWS (aft)
2× 406 mm torpedo tubes
The Muravey-class is the NATO reporting name for a class of hydrofoil patrol boats built for the Soviet Navy between 1983 and 1989. The Soviet designation was Project 133 Antares.
Design
The boats were designed as patrol vessels and were built in Feodosiya for the Black Sea Fleet. They are powered by gas turbines in contrast to diesel engines used for most other Soviet fast attack craft to achieve higher speeds.
Ships
16 boats were built for the Soviet Navy between 1983 and 1989
10? are believed to be operated by the Russian Border guard
3 are believed to be operated by the Ukrainian Sea Guard
Variants
Project 133: basic hydrofoil
Project 133RA "Antares RA": stealth version, similar to Visby class, but (around) half the size
See also
List of ships of the Soviet Navy
List of ships of Russia by project number
References
Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1995). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. London: Conway Maritime. ISBN 0-85177-605-1. OCLC 34284130. Also published as Gardiner, Robert; Chumbley, Stephen; Budzbon, Przemysław (1995). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-132-7. OCLC 34267261.
Page in Russian Language
vteSoviet and Russian ship classes after 1945Aircraft carriers
Moskva
Project 1160P X
ORELP X
Kiev
Kuznetsov
UlyanovskX
Project 23000EP
Project LMAP
Battlecruisers
StalingradX
Kirov
Cruisers
Sverdlov
Kynda
Kresta I
Kresta II
Kara
Slava
Project 22350MKP
Project 21956MKP
Project 23560 Skval
Destroyers
Skory
Neustrashimy
Kotlin
Kildin
Krupny
Kanin
Kashin
Sovremenny
Udaloy
Project 22350M
Project 21956P
Frigates
Kola
Riga
Petya
Mirka
Koni
Burevestnik
Gepard
Neustrashimy
NovikP X
Admiral Grigorovich
Admiral Gorshkov
Rusich-1
Corvettes
Poti
Pauk
Parchim
Nanuchka
Tarantul
Bora
Grisha
Mukha
Buyan
Steregushchiy
Gremyashchiy
Karakurt
Derzky
BrizP
Rusich-1500P
P / M / T boats
Kronshtadt
P 6
Pr 123K
Komar
Osa
Shershen
Stenka
Turya
Pr 1204 Shmel
Zhuk
Mukha
Matka
MuraveyBG
Sarancha
SvetlyakBG
RubinBG
Project 22160
Project 23550
Pr 03160 Raptor
BrizP
OkeanBG
Rusich-2400P
Pr 133RA Antares-RA
Pr 21980 Grachonok
Pr 12260 Yastreb
Pr 14310 Mirazh
Pr 12150 Mangusta
Pr 02800 DShL
Minesweepers
T43
T58
Yurka
Natya
Gorya
Sasha
Vanya
Zhenya
Sonya
Yevgenya
Alexandrit
Amphibious ships
Nosorog
Tapir
Ropucha
Polnocny
Dyugon
Ondatra
Serna
Merkuryy Delfin LHD HC LAC P X
Project 10200 Khalzan P X
Project 11780P X
Ivan Gren ° Andreev ° Kajman
Priboy P
Lavina P X
Project 23900
Spy ships
Moma
Marshal Krylov
Primor'ye
Balzam
Vishnya
Yury Ivanov
Air-cushioned landing craft
Gus
Lebed
Tsaplya
Aist
Zubr
CzilimBG
Icebreaking patrol vessels
Ivan SusaninBG
PurgaBG
Project 23550
Other vessels
SSV-33
Don
Ugra
Smolnyy
Dunay
Lun
X
Cancelled
BG
Border Guard service
P
Project
P X
Project, Cancelled
vteUkrainian ship classesAircraft carriers
KuznetsovS
UlyanovskS,X
CruiserS
SlavaS
FrigateS
BurevestnikS
Corvette
GrishaS
Volodymyr VelykyiP
A / M / T boats
ZhukS
MuraveyBG,S
MukhaS
Gurza
Gurza-M
OrlanBG
KoralBG
Amphibious shipsFast assault craft
Ropucha
Polnocny
OndatraS
CentaurP
Air-cushioned landing craft
ZubrS
Other
GofriS
BG
Sea Guard service
P
Project
S
built in the Soviet Union
X
cancelled
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NATO reporting name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_reporting_name"},{"link_name":"hydrofoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofoil"},{"link_name":"patrol boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrol_boat"},{"link_name":"Soviet Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Navy"}],"text":"The Muravey-class is the NATO reporting name for a class of hydrofoil patrol boats built for the Soviet Navy between 1983 and 1989. The Soviet designation was Project 133 Antares.","title":"Muravey-class patrol boat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Feodosiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosiya"},{"link_name":"Black Sea Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet"}],"text":"The boats were designed as patrol vessels and were built in Feodosiya for the Black Sea Fleet. They are powered by gas turbines in contrast to diesel engines used for most other Soviet fast attack craft to achieve higher speeds.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian Border guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_FSB_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian Sea Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Sea_Guard"}],"text":"16 boats were built for the Soviet Navy between 1983 and 198910? are believed to be operated by the Russian Border guard\n3 are believed to be operated by the Ukrainian Sea Guard","title":"Ships"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Project 133: basic hydrofoil\nProject 133RA \"Antares RA\": stealth version, similar to Visby class, but (around) half the size","title":"Variants"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of ships of the Soviet Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_Soviet_Navy"},{"title":"List of ships of Russia by project number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ships_of_Russia_by_project_number"}]
|
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34284130","external_links_name":"34284130"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34267261","external_links_name":"34267261"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171121065010/http://warships.ru/Russia/Fighting_Ships/Patrol_Craft/133.htm","external_links_name":"Page in Russian Language"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_sweet_bread
|
Portuguese sweet bread
|
["1 History","2 Variations","3 Outside of Portugal","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Notes","6.2 Citation"]
|
Various Portuguese sweet breads
Portuguese sweet breadLoaves of folar de Chaves baking in a fornoTypeBread; pastryPlace of originPortugalMain ingredientsFlour, milk, sugar, eggs, yeast, sea salt, butter or olive oilIngredients generally usedCinnamon, lemon zest, portVariationsPão doce, arrufadas, folares, massa sovada, bolos, fogaça, regueifaSimilar dishesEaster bread, challah, Hawaiian rolls/bread, vada pav
Portuguese sweet bread refers to an enriched sweet bread or yeasted cake originating from Portugal. Historically, these sweet breads were generally reserved for festive occasions such as Easter or Pentecost and were typically given as gifts. However, in contemporary times, many varieties are made and consumed year round. Outside of Portugal, Portuguese "sweet bread" translated as "pão doce" is often associated with Azorean "massa sovada" which are similar but traditionally prepared differently.
History
See also: Pão de Ló
The pão doce is of Spanish origin derived from a Renaissance era sponge cake known as pão-de-ló. In French cuisine, it would later be known as génoise, after the city of Genoa, and in Italy pan di spagna (lit. 'Spanish bread'). The Portuguese would further develop this cake into what is now known today as pão doce.
Many traditional Portuguese sweet breads are defined by the associated region or by the convents, artisan bakers or religious confraternities (similar to a guild) that historically made them. Since many have deep historical and cultural significance to the area which they originate from, these breads are as well as other foods and ingredients are inventoried by the Portuguese governmental office Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development (DGARD), which collaborates with a collective of independent confraternities known as the Portuguese Federation of Gastronomic Confraternities (FPCG) throughout Portugal.
Pão doce evolved as a yeasted cake variation of the Pão de Ló, a type of sponge cake that relies on beaten eggs.
There are currently ninety-three confraternities that specializes in various gastronomies varying from specific dishes or ingredients to a particular region of Portugal. As an example, the Confraria Gastronómica As Sainhas de Vagos was given the responsibility of defining pão doce from Vagos, while the similar pão doce das-24-horas from the same region is defined by the "Directorate-General for Regional Development" (DGRD), while massa sovada from the Azores is defined by the Federação Portuguesa das Confrarias Gastronómicas.
Variations
Arrufada (wikt:arrufada) originates from Coimbra which were once made by nuns of the Santa Clara convent. Historically, this bread was enriched with surplus egg yolks left over from wine clarification. The bread is also enriched with milk, butter, sugar and sometimes cinnamon. The nuns would later incorporate coconut as an exotic ingredient brought back from Asia during Portuguese exploration. It is also known as pão de Deus or estaladinho. It was typically given to the poor on All Saints Day, typically by children as a tradition called Pão-por-Deus (lit. 'bread for God').
Bola doce Mirandesa (lit. 'sweet Mirandesa ball') is an artisanal yeast cake from Miranda do Douro similar to folar. It is enriched with eggs, butter and olive oil, and flavored with cinnamon. The dough is rolled out into a thin sheet and sprinkled with sugar and cinnamon. Unlike a cinnamon roll, it is layered like a cake with 6 to 7 layers before being baked.
Bolo das Alhadas is an artisanal yeast cake from Figueira da Foz created by the baker Leonor das Alhadas. It is enriched with sugar, eggs, lemon, butter, and cinnamon.
Scoring the bolo de Ançã in the middle of baking
Bolo de Ançã is a mildly sweet artisanal yeast cake enriched with eggs, butter, and scented with lemon zest. Halfway through baking, the bread is scored with a knife creating small pointed ridges on the top.
Bolo de Faca (lit. 'knife cake') is a large yeast cake from Algarve which incorporates margarine, lard, olive oil, eggs, walnuts (or almonds), lemon zest, cinnamon and fennel.
Bolo de S. Nicolau (lit. 'St. Nicholas Cake') from Santa Maria da Feira is a yeasted cake enriched with eggs, sugar, butter, and milk and flavored with cinnamon and port wine. The loaf is braided and sprinkled with chopped almonds.
Bolo Podre are mildly sweet, yeasted cakes from Castro Daire. It contains eggs, olive oil, butter, lard, and cinnamon. The dough takes 3 to 4 hours to rise, giving the name "rotten cake".
Bolo Lêvedo (lit. 'yeast cake') is a sweet sourdough muffin found in the Azores. It resembles a large English muffin but is much sweeter and chewier. This bread incorporates milk, eggs, and butter. Some recipes include lemon zest or cinnamon. This bread was traditionally grilled on a stone tile with a wood fire beneath it.
Bolo de Vesperas from the Azores is a yeasted cake using barley, lard, and butter prepared for Festa do Divino, a festival celebrating Pentecost. It is traditionally stamped with a symbols of the Cult of the Holy Ghost six times before baking, leaving dimples on the loaves after baking. Regular wheat flour can be used when barley flour is not available.
Members of several confraternities meeting during a festival in Santa Maria da Feira dressed in their distinct cloaks and headwear.
Bolo Rei (lit. 'king's cake') is a yeasted cake typically served on the Feast of the Three Kings, otherwise known as Epiphany. It is a ring-shaped bread that is mixed with candied fruits resembling gemstones on a golden crown, the nuts for myrrh, while the sweet aroma of cinnamon or port mimic the scent of frankincense, representing the gifts of the Three Magi to the baby Jesus. The recipe was imported to Portugal around 1869 by the French, known as gateau des roi. Like its French counterpart, charms are customarily incorporated into the dough as prizes for the finder, while a dried fava bean representing the baby Jesus, signified the person who would pay for the next cake. A bolo rainha (lit. 'queen's cake') is a modern, alternative yeasted cake that omits the candied fruits. Rather, it is filled generously with nuts such as pine nuts, hazelnuts, walnuts, or almonds, and sometimes raisins. Other modern versions include chocolate and walnuts.
Broa Mimosa do Boco from Vagos is a yeasted broa, a bread that include cornmeal in addition to wheat flour. This bread is enriched with eggs, brown sugar, flavored with cinnamon and lemon peel.
Esquecidos da Guarda (lit. 'the forgotten ones of Guarda') from the Central Region is a sweet bread that resembles a large cookie. It is simply made with just flour, eggs, sugar, salt and yeast.
Fogaça da Feira is from Santa Maria da Feira. This castle-shaped bread includes eggs, sugar, butter, lemons, and cinnamon. When the area was hit by a plague in 1505, the townspeople prayed to Saint Sebastian and made an offering by presenting in his honor this sweet bread. A festival is now celebrated every January 20th to commemorate the saint.
A bread oven in Algarve
Folar is a popular Easter bread enriched with eggs, sugar, milk and butter and often scented with aniseed, fennel seed, or cinnamon. The folar may have been influenced by the Marranos, ethnic Sephardic Jews. A variation of the Purim dish bourekas, which was also known as huevos de Haman or foulares, was a hard-boiled egg wrapped in dough (like a foulard) representing Haman in a jail cell. However in Alentejo, they are sometimes shaped like animals. There are folares stuffed with meats, such as the ones from Chaves, Valpaços and Trás-os-Montes.
Folar da Páscoa vary by region, many contain hard boiled eggs, held in place by a cross of bread dough alluding to the festivites surrounding Easter. Godparents traditionally gave each of their godchildren one of these cakes.
Folar de Vale de Ílhavo are scented with cinnamon. The eggs are dyed by boiling the eggs with onion skin.
In Centro and Beiras, folares are sweet and commonly scented with cinnamon or fennel, which wraps a painted egg.
Folar de Vouzela is enriched with a fair amount of butter and egg. Once the dough is prepared, it is filled with additional butter and sugar then shaped into a horseshoe then sprinkled with more sugar. These folares were traditionally given to godparents by their godchildren.
Folar de Olhão of the Algarve region is layered akin to monkey bread and is made with a combination of orange juice, butter, and Aguardente, port, brandy, or rum and topped with a combination of butter, honey, orange peel, cinnamon, and brown sugar.
Massa Sovada (lit. 'kneaded dough') is typically round loaves that are enriched with butter, eggs, milk, and sugar from the Azores traditionally eaten at Easter and on the Feast of the Holy Spirit. It is sometimes flavored with fennel or lemon zest. Sweet potato is traditionally used to activate the yeast. Massa sovada is often paired with arroz doce. It is also prepared for weddings, christenings, and anniversaries.
Pão doce (lit. 'sweet bread') is a sweet bread from the Central Region that traditionally required additional steps. An initial dough made of flour, yeast, butter, and salt was prepared. After resting, it is mixed with egg whites, olive oil (or butter), and lemon zest (or cinnamon) then baked after resting for twenty-four hours. It has a crust characteristic of wood oven bread since loaves were often baked upside down in order to develop a crescent-shaped split or crack. Historically, because of its ingredients and laborious preparation, it was expensive and made only for festive occasions although it is now made throughout the year.
Pão doce das 24-horas from the Centro is a sweet bread enriched with eggs, olive oil and lard. The dough is rolled out and folded in half to create an elongated loaf.
Pão de Leite (lit. 'milk bread') is a non-traditional bread made with milk and is slightly sweet similar to Japanese milk bread. It is a favorite of children because it is fluffy and soft.
Regueifa dance, brides with a loaf of bread on their heads.
Regueifa (wikt:regueifa) is traditionally a large round loaf with a hole enriched with eggs and sugar, and flavored with cinnamon and port wine, once given away as a prize. As such, it is now made exclusively for weddings, with an associated wedding dance ritual.
Regueifa da Pascoa (lit. 'Easter 'brioche'') from Santa Maria da Feira is enriched with eggs, butter, and milk and flavored with cinnamon and port wine. The dough is braided and formed into a round loaf with a hole in the center.
Viriato is named after the Lusitanian leader, Viriathus. It is a sweet bread from Viseu filled with an egg custard mixed with shredded coconut, and shaped into a "V". It was created in the 1940s by Delfim de Sousa.
Outside of Portugal
Portuguese sweet breads are common in areas with a large Portuguese diaspora population, such as New England, northern New Jersey, southern Florida, California, Ontario, and Toronto. They are also found in other former colonies including Brazil, Macau, India, Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe, and the island of Timor.
Bolos lêvedos are popular in the Cape Cod area with a large Portuguese population, including Rhode Island where they are sometimes known as "Portuguese muffins" or "pops". They are eaten for breakfast with butter and jam or used for sandwiches.
Massa sovada was brought to Hawaii by Portuguese immigrants from the Azores in the late 1800s and has since been adapted into Hawaiian cuisine. It was frequently called "stone bread" because of its habit of turning hard as a rock within one day of baking. Robert Taira of King's Hawaiian tweaked the recipe to manufacture a mass-produced shelf-stable product known as "Hawaiian rolls".
Gallery
Arrufadas de Coimbra
Arrufada, pão de Deus
Bola Doce Mirandesa
Bolo das Alhadas
Bolo de Ançã
Bolo Lêvedo
Bolo Podre
Bolo Rainha
Bolo Rei
Bolos de Vésperas
Broa Mimosa do Boco
Fogaça da Feira
Folar da Páscoa
Folar de Chaves
Folar de Vouzela
Folar de Olhão
Massa Sovada
Pão de Leite
Pão Doce
Requeifa - Wedding bread
Regueifa da Páscoa
Viriato
Portuguese sweet bread found in Massachusetts
See also
Portugal portalFood portal
Brioche – Type of French pastry
Easter bread – Bread traditionally eaten around Easter
Ensaïmada – Pastry product from Mallorca (Balearic Islands)
Pan dulce – General name for a wide variety of Hispanic pastries
Pandoro – Traditional Italian sweet bread
Paska (bread) – Easter bread native to Russia, Slovakia and Ukraine
List of sweet breads
References
Notes
^ Enriched breads and yeasted cakes are typically soft, sweet, yeasty, breadlike containing higher amounts of sugar, fats such as butter and oil (including eggs and milk), or flavorings such as cinnamon and lemon. Whereas lean breads only contain flour, salt, water and yeast and are hard and crusty. Instead of yeast, cakes like Pão-de-ló rely on egg whites to "lighten" the cake batter, while American pancakes require baking soda (or powder).
Citation
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ptt-8"},{"link_name":"Azorean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azorean"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dgadr-10"}],"text":"Portuguese sweet bread refers to an enriched sweet bread or yeasted cake originating from Portugal.[1][2][a] Historically, these sweet breads were generally reserved for festive occasions such as Easter or Pentecost and were typically given as gifts.[6] However, in contemporary times, many varieties are made and consumed year round.[7] Outside of Portugal, Portuguese \"sweet bread\" translated as \"pão doce\" is often associated with Azorean \"massa sovada\" which are similar but traditionally prepared differently.[8][9]","title":"Portuguese sweet bread"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pão de Ló","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A3o_de_L%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Renaissance era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_era"},{"link_name":"French cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cuisine"},{"link_name":"génoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9noise"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ines-11"},{"link_name":"convents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventual_sweets"},{"link_name":"confraternities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confraternity"},{"link_name":"guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P%C3%A3o-de-L%C3%B3_de_Miragaia.png"},{"link_name":"gastronomies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastronomy"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Vagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagos"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dgadr-10"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tfhora-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msdg-17"}],"text":"See also: Pão de LóThe pão doce is of Spanish origin derived from a Renaissance era sponge cake known as pão-de-ló. In French cuisine, it would later be known as génoise, after the city of Genoa, and in Italy pan di spagna (lit. 'Spanish bread'). The Portuguese would further develop this cake into what is now known today as pão doce.[10]Many traditional Portuguese sweet breads are defined by the associated region or by the convents, artisan bakers or religious confraternities (similar to a guild) that historically made them. Since many have deep historical and cultural significance to the area which they originate from, these breads are as well as other foods and ingredients are inventoried by the Portuguese governmental office Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development (DGARD), which collaborates with a collective of independent confraternities known as the Portuguese Federation of Gastronomic Confraternities (FPCG) throughout Portugal.[11][12]Pão doce evolved as a yeasted cake variation of the Pão de Ló, a type of sponge cake that relies on beaten eggs.There are currently ninety-three confraternities that specializes in various gastronomies varying from specific dishes or ingredients to a particular region of Portugal.[13][14] As an example, the Confraria Gastronómica As Sainhas de Vagos was given the responsibility of defining pão doce from Vagos,[9] while the similar pão doce das-24-horas from the same region is defined by the \"Directorate-General for Regional Development\" (DGRD),[15] while massa sovada from the Azores is defined by the Federação Portuguesa das Confrarias Gastronómicas.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wikt:arrufada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/arrufada"},{"link_name":"Coimbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbra"},{"link_name":"nuns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuns"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arruf-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"coconut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut"},{"link_name":"Portuguese exploration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_exploration"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arruf-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"All Saints Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Day"},{"link_name":"Pão-por-Deus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A3o-por-Deus"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Miranda do Douro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_do_Douro"},{"link_name":"folar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folar"},{"link_name":"cinnamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon"},{"link_name":"cinnamon roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon_roll"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Alhadas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhadas"},{"link_name":"Figueira da Foz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figueira_da_Foz"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boloancascoring.png"},{"link_name":"Ançã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%A7%C3%A3"},{"link_name":"Ançã","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%A7%C3%A3"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Algarve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algarve"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria da Feira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_da_Feira"},{"link_name":"port wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_wine"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Castro Daire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castro_Daire"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Azores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"English muffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_muffin"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atk-33"},{"link_name":"lemon zest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemon_zest"},{"link_name":"cinnamon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Azores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores"},{"link_name":"barley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley"},{"link_name":"Pentecost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecost"},{"link_name":"Cult of the Holy Ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_of_the_Holy_Spirit"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Confrariafogacadefeira.jpg"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria da Feira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_da_Feira"},{"link_name":"king's cake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_cake"},{"link_name":"Epiphany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)"},{"link_name":"candied fruits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candied_fruit"},{"link_name":"myrrh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrrh"},{"link_name":"port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_wine"},{"link_name":"frankincense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankincense"},{"link_name":"Three Magi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Magi"},{"link_name":"fava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fava"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"pine nuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_nuts"},{"link_name":"hazelnuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazelnuts"},{"link_name":"walnuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnuts"},{"link_name":"almonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almonds"},{"link_name":"raisins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raisins"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Vagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagos"},{"link_name":"broa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broa"},{"link_name":"cornmeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornmeal"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Guarda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarda,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Central Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Region,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"cookie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookie"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria da Feira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_da_Feira"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"plague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemic"},{"link_name":"Saint Sebastian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sebastian"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Algarve_-_bread_oven_(13366098525).jpg"},{"link_name":"Algarve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algarve"},{"link_name":"Folar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folar"},{"link_name":"aniseed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aniseed"},{"link_name":"fennel seed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fennel_seed"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"folar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folar"},{"link_name":"Marranos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marranos"},{"link_name":"Sephardic Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardic_Jews"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tct-49"},{"link_name":"Purim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim"},{"link_name":"bourekas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourekas"},{"link_name":"foulard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foulard"},{"link_name":"Haman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haman"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Alentejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alentejo"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ptt-8"},{"link_name":"Chaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaves,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Valpaços","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valpa%C3%A7os"},{"link_name":"Trás-os-Montes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A1s-os-Montes"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"hard boiled eggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_boiled_eggs"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Ílhavo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dlhavo"},{"link_name":"Centro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Region,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Beiras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beiras"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tct-49"},{"link_name":"Vouzela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vouzela"},{"link_name":"horseshoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoe"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Algarve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algarve"},{"link_name":"monkey bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_bread"},{"link_name":"Aguardente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aguardente"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Azores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores"},{"link_name":"Feast of the Holy Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_of_the_Holy_Spirit"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Sweet potato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_potato"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msdg-17"},{"link_name":"arroz doce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroz_doce"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cod-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Central Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Region,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dgadr-10"},{"link_name":"Centro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Region,_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tfhora-16"},{"link_name":"Japanese milk bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_milk_bread"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ptt-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Regueifa_Xacarandaina_Lorient_2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"wikt:regueifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/regueifa"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"port wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_wine"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria da Feira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_da_Feira"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Lusitanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusitanians"},{"link_name":"Viriathus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viriathus"},{"link_name":"Viseu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viseu"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"text":"Arrufada (wikt:arrufada) originates from Coimbra which were once made by nuns of the Santa Clara convent. Historically, this bread was enriched with surplus egg yolks left over from wine clarification.[17][18] The bread is also enriched with milk, butter, sugar and sometimes cinnamon.[19] The nuns would later incorporate coconut as an exotic ingredient brought back from Asia during Portuguese exploration.[17] It is also known as pão de Deus or estaladinho.[20] It was typically given to the poor on All Saints Day, typically by children as a tradition called Pão-por-Deus (lit. 'bread for God').[21]Bola doce Mirandesa (lit. 'sweet Mirandesa ball') is an artisanal yeast cake from Miranda do Douro similar to folar. It is enriched with eggs, butter and olive oil, and flavored with cinnamon. The dough is rolled out into a thin sheet and sprinkled with sugar and cinnamon. Unlike a cinnamon roll, it is layered like a cake with 6 to 7 layers before being baked.[22]Bolo das Alhadas is an artisanal yeast cake from Figueira da Foz created by the baker Leonor das Alhadas.[23] It is enriched with sugar, eggs, lemon, butter, and cinnamon.[24]Scoring the bolo de Ançã in the middle of bakingBolo de Ançã is a mildly sweet artisanal yeast cake enriched with eggs, butter, and scented with lemon zest. Halfway through baking, the bread is scored with a knife creating small pointed ridges on the top.[25][26]Bolo de Faca (lit. 'knife cake') is a large yeast cake from Algarve which incorporates margarine, lard, olive oil, eggs, walnuts (or almonds), lemon zest, cinnamon and fennel.[27]Bolo de S. Nicolau (lit. 'St. Nicholas Cake') from Santa Maria da Feira is a yeasted cake enriched with eggs, sugar, butter, and milk and flavored with cinnamon and port wine. The loaf is braided and sprinkled with chopped almonds.[28]Bolo Podre are mildly sweet, yeasted cakes from Castro Daire. It contains eggs, olive oil, butter, lard, and cinnamon. The dough takes 3 to 4 hours to rise, giving the name \"rotten cake\".[29]Bolo Lêvedo (lit. 'yeast cake') is a sweet sourdough muffin found in the Azores.[30] It resembles a large English muffin but is much sweeter and chewier.[31] This bread incorporates milk, eggs, and butter.[32] Some recipes include lemon zest or cinnamon. This bread was traditionally grilled on a stone tile with a wood fire beneath it.[33]Bolo de Vesperas from the Azores is a yeasted cake using barley, lard, and butter prepared for Festa do Divino, a festival celebrating Pentecost. It is traditionally stamped with a symbols of the Cult of the Holy Ghost six times before baking, leaving dimples on the loaves after baking.[34] Regular wheat flour can be used when barley flour is not available.[35]Members of several confraternities meeting during a festival in Santa Maria da Feira dressed in their distinct cloaks and headwear.Bolo Rei (lit. 'king's cake') is a yeasted cake typically served on the Feast of the Three Kings, otherwise known as Epiphany. It is a ring-shaped bread that is mixed with candied fruits resembling gemstones on a golden crown, the nuts for myrrh, while the sweet aroma of cinnamon or port mimic the scent of frankincense, representing the gifts of the Three Magi to the baby Jesus. The recipe was imported to Portugal around 1869 by the French, known as gateau des roi. Like its French counterpart, charms are customarily incorporated into the dough as prizes for the finder, while a dried fava bean representing the baby Jesus, signified the person who would pay for the next cake.[36][37] A bolo rainha (lit. 'queen's cake') is a modern, alternative yeasted cake that omits the candied fruits. Rather, it is filled generously with nuts such as pine nuts, hazelnuts, walnuts, or almonds, and sometimes raisins.[38] Other modern versions include chocolate and walnuts.[39]Broa Mimosa do Boco from Vagos is a yeasted broa, a bread that include cornmeal in addition to wheat flour. This bread is enriched with eggs, brown sugar, flavored with cinnamon and lemon peel.[40]Esquecidos da Guarda (lit. 'the forgotten ones of Guarda') from the Central Region is a sweet bread that resembles a large cookie.[41] It is simply made with just flour, eggs, sugar, salt and yeast.[42]Fogaça da Feira is from Santa Maria da Feira.[43] This castle-shaped bread includes eggs, sugar, butter, lemons, and cinnamon.[44] When the area was hit by a plague in 1505, the townspeople prayed to Saint Sebastian and made an offering by presenting in his honor this sweet bread. A festival is now celebrated every January 20th to commemorate the saint.[45]A bread oven in AlgarveFolar is a popular Easter bread enriched with eggs, sugar, milk and butter and often scented with aniseed, fennel seed, or cinnamon.[46][47] The folar may have been influenced by the Marranos, ethnic Sephardic Jews.[48] A variation of the Purim dish bourekas, which was also known as huevos de Haman or foulares, was a hard-boiled egg wrapped in dough (like a foulard) representing Haman in a jail cell.[49] However in Alentejo, they are sometimes shaped like animals.[7] There are folares stuffed with meats, such as the ones from Chaves, Valpaços and Trás-os-Montes.[50]\nFolar da Páscoa vary by region, many contain hard boiled eggs, held in place by a cross of bread dough alluding to the festivites surrounding Easter.[51] Godparents traditionally gave each of their godchildren one of these cakes.[52]\nFolar de Vale de Ílhavo are scented with cinnamon. The eggs are dyed by boiling the eggs with onion skin.\nIn Centro and Beiras, folares are sweet and commonly scented with cinnamon or fennel, which wraps a painted egg.[53][48]\nFolar de Vouzela is enriched with a fair amount of butter and egg. Once the dough is prepared, it is filled with additional butter and sugar then shaped into a horseshoe then sprinkled with more sugar.[54] These folares were traditionally given to godparents by their godchildren.[55]\nFolar de Olhão of the Algarve region is layered akin to monkey bread and is made with a combination of orange juice, butter, and Aguardente, port, brandy, or rum and topped with a combination of butter, honey, orange peel, cinnamon, and brown sugar.[56][57]Massa Sovada (lit. 'kneaded dough') is typically round loaves that are enriched with butter, eggs, milk, and sugar from the Azores traditionally eaten at Easter and on the Feast of the Holy Spirit.[58] It is sometimes flavored with fennel or lemon zest.[59] Sweet potato is traditionally used to activate the yeast.[16] Massa sovada is often paired with arroz doce.[60] It is also prepared for weddings, christenings, and anniversaries.[61]Pão doce (lit. 'sweet bread') is a sweet bread from the Central Region that traditionally required additional steps. An initial dough made of flour, yeast, butter, and salt was prepared. After resting, it is mixed with egg whites, olive oil (or butter), and lemon zest (or cinnamon) then baked after resting for twenty-four hours. It has a crust characteristic of wood oven bread since loaves were often baked upside down in order to develop a crescent-shaped split or crack. Historically, because of its ingredients and laborious preparation, it was expensive and made only for festive occasions although it is now made throughout the year.[9]Pão doce das 24-horas from the Centro is a sweet bread enriched with eggs, olive oil and lard. The dough is rolled out and folded in half to create an elongated loaf.[15]Pão de Leite (lit. 'milk bread') is a non-traditional bread made with milk and is slightly sweet similar to Japanese milk bread. It is a favorite of children because it is fluffy and soft.[7]Regueifa dance, brides with a loaf of bread on their heads.Regueifa (wikt:regueifa) is traditionally a large round loaf with a hole enriched with eggs and sugar,[62] and flavored with cinnamon and port wine, once given away as a prize.[63] As such, it is now made exclusively for weddings,[64] with an associated wedding dance ritual.[65]\nRegueifa da Pascoa (lit. 'Easter 'brioche'') from Santa Maria da Feira is enriched with eggs, butter, and milk and flavored with cinnamon and port wine. The dough is braided and formed into a round loaf with a hole in the center.[66]Viriato is named after the Lusitanian leader, Viriathus. It is a sweet bread from Viseu filled with an egg custard mixed with shredded coconut, and shaped into a \"V\".[67] It was created in the 1940s by Delfim de Sousa.[68]","title":"Variations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_people#Portuguese_diaspora"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Brazilians"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Macau"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_India"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Angola"},{"link_name":"Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Cape_Verde"},{"link_name":"Guinea-Bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique"},{"link_name":"São Tomé and Príncipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe"},{"link_name":"Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Timor"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Cape Cod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cod-61"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Portuguese immigrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_immigration_to_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"the Azores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Azores"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Robert Taira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Taira"},{"link_name":"King's Hawaiian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Hawaiian"},{"link_name":"shelf-stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelf-stable_food"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perry-75"}],"text":"Portuguese sweet breads are common in areas with a large Portuguese diaspora population, such as New England, northern New Jersey, southern Florida, California, Ontario, and Toronto. They are also found in other former colonies including Brazil, Macau, India, Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe, and the island of Timor.[69][70]Bolos lêvedos are popular in the Cape Cod area with a large Portuguese population, including Rhode Island where they are sometimes known as \"Portuguese muffins\" or \"pops\".[60][71] They are eaten for breakfast with butter and jam or used for sandwiches.[72]Massa sovada was brought to Hawaii by Portuguese immigrants from the Azores in the late 1800s and has since been adapted into Hawaiian cuisine.[73] It was frequently called \"stone bread\" because of its habit of turning hard as a rock within one day of baking. Robert Taira of King's Hawaiian tweaked the recipe to manufacture a mass-produced shelf-stable product known as \"Hawaiian rolls\". [74]","title":"Outside of Portugal"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coimbrasc.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arrufada.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slice_of_Bola_Doce_Mirandesa.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bolo_das_Alhadas.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:An%C3%A7%C3%A3%27s_cake.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bololevedo.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BoloPodreCasDair.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christmas-_Bolo-Rainha_(8431593121).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bolo_Rei_-_Natal.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vesperasbolo.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Broa_Mimosa_do_Boco.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fogaca_Sweet_Bread.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Folar_da_P%C3%A1scoa.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Folar_de_Chaves_(grande_plano).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Folarvouzela.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olhaofollar.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P%C3%A3o_doce.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paodeleite.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paodoce.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Regueifa_(wedding_bread).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Regueifapascoa.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boloviriatos.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portuguese_sweet_bread.jpg"}],"text":"Arrufadas de Coimbra\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArrufada, pão de Deus\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBola Doce Mirandesa\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBolo das Alhadas\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBolo de Ançã\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBolo Lêvedo\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBolo Podre\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBolo Rainha\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBolo Rei\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBolos de Vésperas\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBroa Mimosa do Boco\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFogaça da Feira\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFolar da Páscoa\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFolar de Chaves\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFolar de Vouzela\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFolar de Olhão\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMassa Sovada\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPão de Leite\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPão Doce\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRequeifa - Wedding bread\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRegueifa da Páscoa\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tViriato\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPortuguese sweet bread found in Massachusetts","title":"Gallery"}]
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[{"image_text":"Pão doce evolved as a yeasted cake variation of the Pão de Ló, a type of sponge cake that relies on beaten eggs.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/P%C3%A3o-de-L%C3%B3_de_Miragaia.png/250px-P%C3%A3o-de-L%C3%B3_de_Miragaia.png"},{"image_text":"Scoring the bolo de Ançã in the middle of baking","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Boloancascoring.png/220px-Boloancascoring.png"},{"image_text":"Members of several confraternities meeting during a festival in Santa Maria da Feira dressed in their distinct cloaks and headwear.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Confrariafogacadefeira.jpg/220px-Confrariafogacadefeira.jpg"},{"image_text":"A bread oven in Algarve","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Algarve_-_bread_oven_%2813366098525%29.jpg/250px-Algarve_-_bread_oven_%2813366098525%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Regueifa dance, brides with a loaf of bread on their heads.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Regueifa_Xacarandaina_Lorient_2019.jpg/250px-Regueifa_Xacarandaina_Lorient_2019.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Portugal portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Portugal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"title":"Food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"title":"Brioche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brioche"},{"title":"Easter bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_bread"},{"title":"Ensaïmada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensa%C3%AFmada"},{"title":"Pan dulce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_dulce"},{"title":"Pandoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandoro"},{"title":"Paska (bread)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paska_(bread)"},{"title":"List of sweet breads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sweet_breads"}]
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[{"reference":"Mills, Kyle Grace (19 September 2023). \"Bun Maska Is The Light And Buttery Treat To Pair With Chai\". Tasting Table. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tastingtable.com/1394082/bun-maska-light-buttery-pair-chai/","url_text":"\"Bun Maska Is The Light And Buttery Treat To Pair With Chai\""}]},{"reference":"Damat, Damat; Setyobudi, Roy Hendroko; Soni, Peeyush; Tain, Anas; Handjani, Hany; Chasanah, Uswatun (25 September 2020). \"Modified arrowroot starch and glucomannan for preserving physicochemical properties of sweet bread\". Ciência e Agrotecnologia (in Portuguese). 44: e014820. doi:10.1590/1413-7054202044014820. ISSN 1413-7054. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-7054202044014820","url_text":"\"Modified arrowroot starch and glucomannan for preserving physicochemical properties of sweet bread\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1590%2F1413-7054202044014820","url_text":"10.1590/1413-7054202044014820"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1413-7054","url_text":"1413-7054"}]},{"reference":"\"The secret to baking enriched breads at home\". theweek. 7 October 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://theweek.com/articles/443386/secret-baking-enriched-breads-home","url_text":"\"The secret to baking enriched breads at home\""}]},{"reference":"Tandoh, Ruby (7 August 2022). \"The Hard-Won Pleasures of a Yeasted Cake\". The New Yorker. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/culture/kitchen-notes/the-hard-won-pleasures-of-a-yeasted-cake","url_text":"\"The Hard-Won Pleasures of a Yeasted Cake\""}]},{"reference":"Vanderslice, Kendall (5 November 2016). \"Enriched Bread Dough: What It Is and How to Make It\". Foodal. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://foodal.com/knowledge/baking/enriched-bread-dough/","url_text":"\"Enriched Bread Dough: What It Is and How to Make It\""}]},{"reference":"Service, Kentucky Cooperative Extension. Circular - University of Kentucky. College of Agriculture. Cooperative Extension Service. University of Kentucky, College of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service. p. 12.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FEcnAQAAMAAJ&q=Pao+doce","url_text":"Circular - University of Kentucky. College of Agriculture. Cooperative Extension Service"}]},{"reference":"Bastos, Jorge (26 March 2023). \"Everything about the typical Portuguese sweet bread - Origins, traditions, and much more – Portugal Things\". Portugal Things. Retrieved 10 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.portugalthings.com/portuguese-sweet-bread/","url_text":"\"Everything about the typical Portuguese sweet bread - Origins, traditions, and much more – Portugal Things\""}]},{"reference":"\"Massa Sovada: Portuguese Sweet Bread - Portuguese Recipes\". liveluso. 9 April 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liveluso.com/post/massa-sovada-portuguese-sweet-bread","url_text":"\"Massa Sovada: Portuguese Sweet Bread - Portuguese Recipes\""}]},{"reference":"Fernandes, Daniel. \"Pão Doce\". Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses (in Portuguese). Direção-Geral de Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/en/categories/bread-and-bakery-products/6-pao-doce","url_text":"\"Pão Doce\""}]},{"reference":"Tavares, Inês. \"Pão Doce: The Sweet Bread That Tells the Story of Lisbon\". www.lisbon.vip. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lisbon.vip/en/lisbon-essentials/gastronomic-exploration/pao-doce","url_text":"\"Pão Doce: The Sweet Bread That Tells the Story of Lisbon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Introduction\". Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses. Direção-Geral de Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural. Retrieved 19 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/en/introduction","url_text":"\"Introduction\""}]},{"reference":"Ribeiro, Adriana Miranda (October 19, 2022). \"Confraternities of Portugal: culture and tradition at the table\". All About Portugal. Retrieved 19 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allaboutportugal.pt/en/articles/confraternities-of-portugal-culture-and-tradition-at-the-table","url_text":"\"Confraternities of Portugal: culture and tradition at the table\""}]},{"reference":"\"Confrarias\". Federação Portuguesa das Confrarias Gastronómicas (in Portuguese). Retrieved 19 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://fpcggeral.wixsite.com/fpcg/plants","url_text":"\"Confrarias\""}]},{"reference":"\"Confrarias\". Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses. Retrieved 19 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/en/references/gastronomic-fraternity","url_text":"\"Confrarias\""}]},{"reference":"Fernandes, Daniel. \"Pão Doce das 24 Horas\". Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses (in Portuguese). Direção-Geral de Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/en/categories/desserts-and-pastry/314-pao-doce-das-24-horas","url_text":"\"Pão Doce das 24 Horas\""}]},{"reference":"Fernandes, Daniel. \"Massa Sovada\". Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses. Direção-Geral de Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural. Retrieved 22 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/en/categories/desserts-and-pastry/700-massa-sovada","url_text":"\"Massa Sovada\""}]},{"reference":"Tavares, Inês. \"Arrufada de Coimbra: A Portuguese Sweet Tradition\". www.lisbon.vip. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lisbon.vip/en/lisbon-essentials/gastronomic-exploration/arrufada-de-coimbra","url_text":"\"Arrufada de Coimbra: A Portuguese Sweet Tradition\""}]},{"reference":"Fodor's Portugal. Fodor's Travel Publications. 2005. p. 252. ISBN 978-1-4000-1452-1. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9nG8pihbDVAC&dq=Arrufada&pg=PA252","url_text":"Fodor's Portugal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-1452-1","url_text":"978-1-4000-1452-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Sweet Rolls (Arrufadas)\". easyportugueserecipes.com. 4 October 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.easyportugueserecipes.com/arrufadas-sweet-rolls/","url_text":"\"Sweet Rolls (Arrufadas)\""}]},{"reference":"Abitbol, Vera (21 April 2018). \"Pão de Deus\". 196 flavors. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.196flavors.com/portugal-pao-de-deus/","url_text":"\"Pão de Deus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pão de Deus | Traditional Sweet Bread From Portugal\". www.tasteatlas.com. Retrieved 10 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tasteatlas.com/pao-de-deus","url_text":"\"Pão de Deus | Traditional Sweet Bread From Portugal\""}]},{"reference":"Fernandes, Daniel. \"Bola doce Mirandesa\". Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses. Direção-Geral de Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural. Retrieved 15 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/en/categories/desserts-and-pastry/965-bola-doce-mirandesa","url_text":"\"Bola doce Mirandesa\""}]},{"reference":"Fernandes, Daniel. \"Bolo das Alhadas\". Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses. Direção-Geral de Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/en/categories/desserts-and-pastry/705-bolo-das-alhadas","url_text":"\"Bolo das Alhadas\""}]},{"reference":"\"13 Tesouros da Gastronomia Tradicional da Figueira da Foz - Meet Figueira\". Meet Figueira (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://meetfigueira.com/artigos/13-tesouros-gastronomia-tradicional-figueira-da-foz/","url_text":"\"13 Tesouros da Gastronomia Tradicional da Figueira da Foz - Meet Figueira\""}]},{"reference":"Figueiredo, Lucia. \"Bolo de Ançã\". Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses (in Portuguese). Direção-Geral de Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/en/categories/desserts-and-pastry/998-bolo-de-anca","url_text":"\"Bolo de Ançã\""}]},{"reference":"Carvalheiro, Célia (15 September 2021). \"Receita de Bolo de Ançã - Momentos Doces e Salgados\". Momentos Doces e Salgados (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://momentosdocesesalgados.com/receita-de-bolo-de-anca/","url_text":"\"Receita de Bolo de Ançã - Momentos Doces e Salgados\""}]},{"reference":"Fernandes, Daniel. \"Bolo de Faca\". Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses (in Portuguese). Direção-Geral de Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/en/categories/desserts-and-pastry/164-bolo-de-faca","url_text":"\"Bolo de Faca\""}]},{"reference":"Fernandes, Daniel. \"Bolo de S Nicolau\". Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses (in Portuguese). Direção-Geral de Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/en/categories/desserts-and-pastry/129-bolo-de-s-nicolau","url_text":"\"Bolo de S Nicolau\""}]},{"reference":"Fernandes, Daniel. \"Bolo Podre\". Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses (in Portuguese). Direção-Geral de Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/en/categories/desserts-and-pastry/962-bolo-podre-2","url_text":"\"Bolo Podre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bolo Lêvedo (Sweet Muffin)\". easyportugueserecipes.com. 4 March 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.easyportugueserecipes.com/bolo-levedo-sweet-muffin/","url_text":"\"Bolo Lêvedo (Sweet Muffin)\""}]},{"reference":"Hippo, Orange, ed. (28 June 2022). The Little Book of Bread. Welbeck Publishing Group. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-80069-274-9. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HShgEAAAQBAJ&dq=Bolo+l%C3%AAvedo&pg=PA143","url_text":"The Little Book of Bread"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80069-274-9","url_text":"978-1-80069-274-9"}]},{"reference":"Kowit, Adam, ed. (16 November 2021). The Best of America's Test Kitchen 2022: Best Recipes, Equipment Reviews, and Tastings. America's Test Kitchen. ISBN 978-1-948703-78-9. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Els2EAAAQBAJ&dq=Bolo+levedo&pg=PA210","url_text":"The Best of America's Test Kitchen 2022: Best Recipes, Equipment Reviews, and Tastings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-948703-78-9","url_text":"978-1-948703-78-9"}]},{"reference":"Ortins, Ana Patuleia (20 October 2015). Authentic Portuguese Cooking: More Than 185 Classic Mediterranean-Style Recipes of the Azores, Madeira and Continental Portugal. Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-62414-194-2. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8weJCgAAQBAJ&dq=Bolo+levedo&pg=PA265","url_text":"Authentic Portuguese Cooking: More Than 185 Classic Mediterranean-Style Recipes of the Azores, Madeira and Continental Portugal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62414-194-2","url_text":"978-1-62414-194-2"}]},{"reference":"Fernandes, Daniel. \"Bolos de Vesperas\". Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses (in Portuguese). Direção-Geral de Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/en/categories/desserts-and-pastry/683-bolos-de-vesperas","url_text":"\"Bolos de Vesperas\""}]},{"reference":"Cheio, Patrícia (30 May 2020). \"Bolos de véspera\". Food With A Meaning (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://foodwithameaning.com/2020/05/30/bolos-de-vespera/","url_text":"\"Bolos de véspera\""}]},{"reference":"Goldstein, Darra, ed. (1 April 2015). The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 552. ISBN 978-0-19-931361-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R1bCBwAAQBAJ&dq=bolo+rei&pg=PA552","url_text":"The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-931361-7","url_text":"978-0-19-931361-7"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Lara; Bean, Rachel; Doe, Helen (2010). Portugal and Spain. London, UK: Marshall Cavendish Corp. p. 654. ISBN 978-0-7614-7892-8. 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Retrieved 10 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tasteatlas.com/fogaca-da-feira","url_text":"\"Fogaça da Feira | Traditional Sweet Bread From Santa Maria da Feira\""}]},{"reference":"Tavares, Inês. \"Fogaça de Santa Maria da Feira: A Culinary Delight with a Rich History\". www.lisbon.vip. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lisbon.vip/en/lisbon-essentials/gastronomic-exploration/fogaca-de-santa-maria-da-feira","url_text":"\"Fogaça de Santa Maria da Feira: A Culinary Delight with a Rich History\""}]},{"reference":"Turtle, Michael (18 September 2012). \"A bun each year keeps the plague away\". Time Travel Turtle. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timetravelturtle.com/portugal/fogacas/","url_text":"\"A bun each year keeps the plague away\""}]},{"reference":"M.D, Jeff Hertzberg; François, Zoë (6 November 2018). Holiday and Celebration Bread in Five Minutes a Day: Sweet and Decadent Baking for Every Occasion (Illustrated ed.). St. Martin's Press. p. 273. ISBN 978-1-250-07756-1. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B8xwDwAAQBAJ&dq=Folar+da+P%C3%A1scoa&pg=PA273","url_text":"Holiday and Celebration Bread in Five Minutes a Day: Sweet and Decadent Baking for Every Occasion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-07756-1","url_text":"978-1-250-07756-1"}]},{"reference":"Tavares, Inês. \"Folar de Páscoa: Embracing Easter Traditions with a Symbol of Rebirth\". www.lisbon.vip. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lisbon.vip/en/lisbon-essentials/gastronomic-exploration/folar-de-pascoa","url_text":"\"Folar de Páscoa: Embracing Easter Traditions with a Symbol of Rebirth\""}]},{"reference":"Brochado, Ricardo (26 March 2016). \"Folar, a Sephardic heritage?\". THE CITY TAILORS. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://thecitytailors.com/en/folar-a-sephardic-heritage/","url_text":"\"Folar, a Sephardic heritage?\""}]},{"reference":"Alhadeff, Ty (26 February 2015). \"Sephardic Purim Customs from the Old World to the Pacific Northwest\". UW Stroum Center for Jewish Studies. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://jewishstudies.washington.edu/sephardic-studies/sephardic-purim-customs-from-the-old-world-to-the-pacific-northwest/","url_text":"\"Sephardic Purim Customs from the Old World to the Pacific Northwest\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pão e Produtos de Panificação\". Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses. Direção-Geral de Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural. Retrieved 12 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/en/categories/bread-and-bakery-products","url_text":"\"Pão e Produtos de Panificação\""}]},{"reference":"Ragoonanan, Nita (31 March 2018). \"Folar da Pascoa\". 196 flavors. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.196flavors.com/portugal-folar-da-pascoa/","url_text":"\"Folar da Pascoa\""}]},{"reference":"Lacerda, I. J. (10 March 2015). Secrets of traditional Portuguese cookery: 2nd Edition, revised. BoD – Books on Demand. p. 12. ISBN 978-3-7347-7321-1. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LfR2BwAAQBAJ&dq=Folar+de+P%C3%A1scoa&pg=PA12","url_text":"Secrets of traditional Portuguese cookery: 2nd Edition, revised"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7347-7321-1","url_text":"978-3-7347-7321-1"}]},{"reference":"Poiares, M. (April 2023). \"Traditional Portuguese Easter food\". MSN.com. idealista pt. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.msn.com/en-xl/news/other/traditional-portuguese-easter-food/ar-AA19oMS2","url_text":"\"Traditional Portuguese Easter food\""}]},{"reference":"Fernandes, Daniel. \"Folar de Vouzela\". Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses (in Portuguese). Direção-Geral de Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/en/categories/desserts-and-pastry/760-folar-de-vouzela","url_text":"\"Folar de Vouzela\""}]},{"reference":"\"Doçaria Tradicional\". Câmara Municipal de Vouzela (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cm-vouzela.pt/visitar/saborear/docaria-tradicional/","url_text":"\"Doçaria Tradicional\""}]},{"reference":"\"Folar de Olhão | Traditional Sweet Bread From Olhão\". www.tasteatlas.com. 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ISBN 978-85-62946-96-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://run.unl.pt/bitstream/10362/66682/1/A_Festive_and_Celebratory_Sweet_Bread_of_Azores_Islands_From_the_Pledge_to_the_Sharing.pdf","url_text":"A Festive and Celebratory Sweet Bread of Azores Islands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-62946-96-7","url_text":"978-85-62946-96-7"}]},{"reference":"Fung, Kathy (9 April 2020). \"Easter Recipe: Massa Sovada, Portuguese Sweet Buns\". Smithsonian Folklife Festival. Retrieved 10 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://festival.si.edu/blog/recipe-massa-sovada-portuguese-sweet-buns","url_text":"\"Easter Recipe: Massa Sovada, Portuguese Sweet Buns\""}]},{"reference":"Atwood, Heather (15 July 2015). In Cod We Trust: From Sea to Shore, the Celebrated Cuisine of Coastal Massachusetts. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4930-2236-6. 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Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sEzEEAAAQBAJ&dq=massa+sovada&pg=PA422","url_text":"International Cookbook of Life-Cycle Celebrations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-016-4","url_text":"978-1-61069-016-4"}]},{"reference":"Azevedo, Tânia (22 May 2020). \"A Portuguese favorite: Regueifa doce recipe\". Taste Porto. Retrieved 10 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tasteporto.com/de/regueifa-doce-a-recipe-that-needs-to-be-made-with-love/","url_text":"\"A Portuguese favorite: Regueifa doce recipe\""}]},{"reference":"Dorson, Richard M. (12 May 2011). Folklore in the Modern World. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-080309-9. 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War, Peace, and Human Nature: The Convergence of Evolutionary and Cultural Views. Oxford University Press. p. 518. ISBN 978-0-19-023246-7. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RnIRDAAAQBAJ&dq=Regueifa&pg=PA518","url_text":"War, Peace, and Human Nature: The Convergence of Evolutionary and Cultural Views"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023246-7","url_text":"978-0-19-023246-7"}]},{"reference":"Fernandes, Daniel. \"Regueifa da Pascoa\". Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses (in Portuguese). Direção-Geral de Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/en/categories/desserts-and-pastry/128-regueifa-da-pascoa","url_text":"\"Regueifa da Pascoa\""}]},{"reference":"Fernandes, Daniel. \"Viriato\". Produtos Tradicionais Portugueses. Direção-Geral de Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural. Retrieved 15 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/en/categories/desserts-and-pastry/1120-viriato","url_text":"\"Viriato\""}]},{"reference":"Tomas Ferreira, Catarina (15 November 2018). \"Delfim de Sousa foi o \"pai\" do viriato, bolo criado em Viseu nos anos 40\". Diário de Coimbra (in Portuguese). Retrieved 15 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.diariocoimbra.pt/noticia/38410","url_text":"\"Delfim de Sousa foi o \"pai\" do viriato, bolo criado em Viseu nos anos 40\""}]},{"reference":"Sankari, Rathina (30 November 2017). \"How the Portuguese introduced oven-baked bread to India, Macau\". South China Morning Post. 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Panificação\""},{"Link":"https://www.196flavors.com/portugal-folar-da-pascoa/","external_links_name":"\"Folar da Pascoa\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LfR2BwAAQBAJ&dq=Folar+de+P%C3%A1scoa&pg=PA12","external_links_name":"Secrets of traditional Portuguese cookery: 2nd Edition, revised"},{"Link":"https://www.msn.com/en-xl/news/other/traditional-portuguese-easter-food/ar-AA19oMS2","external_links_name":"\"Traditional Portuguese Easter food\""},{"Link":"https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/en/categories/desserts-and-pastry/760-folar-de-vouzela","external_links_name":"\"Folar de Vouzela\""},{"Link":"https://www.cm-vouzela.pt/visitar/saborear/docaria-tradicional/","external_links_name":"\"Doçaria Tradicional\""},{"Link":"https://www.tasteatlas.com/folar-de-olhao","external_links_name":"\"Folar de Olhão | Traditional Sweet Bread From Olhão\""},{"Link":"https://portuguesecooking.com/2018/03/28/algarvian-easter-bread/","external_links_name":"\"Algarvian Easter Bread (Folar de Olhao)\""},{"Link":"https://run.unl.pt/bitstream/10362/66682/1/A_Festive_and_Celebratory_Sweet_Bread_of_Azores_Islands_From_the_Pledge_to_the_Sharing.pdf","external_links_name":"A Festive and Celebratory Sweet Bread of Azores Islands"},{"Link":"https://festival.si.edu/blog/recipe-massa-sovada-portuguese-sweet-buns","external_links_name":"\"Easter Recipe: Massa Sovada, Portuguese Sweet Buns\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hlEiCgAAQBAJ&dq=9781493022366&pg=PA131","external_links_name":"In Cod We Trust: From Sea to Shore, the Celebrated Cuisine of Coastal Massachusetts"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sEzEEAAAQBAJ&dq=massa+sovada&pg=PA422","external_links_name":"International Cookbook of Life-Cycle Celebrations"},{"Link":"https://tasteporto.com/de/regueifa-doce-a-recipe-that-needs-to-be-made-with-love/","external_links_name":"\"A Portuguese favorite: Regueifa doce recipe\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vY6t616eRAwC&dq=Regueifa&pg=PA284","external_links_name":"Folklore in the Modern World"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RnIRDAAAQBAJ&dq=Regueifa&pg=PA518","external_links_name":"War, Peace, and Human Nature: The Convergence of Evolutionary and Cultural Views"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RnIRDAAAQBAJ&dq=Regueifa&pg=PA518","external_links_name":"War, Peace, and Human Nature: The Convergence of Evolutionary and Cultural Views"},{"Link":"https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/en/categories/desserts-and-pastry/128-regueifa-da-pascoa","external_links_name":"\"Regueifa da Pascoa\""},{"Link":"https://tradicional.dgadr.gov.pt/en/categories/desserts-and-pastry/1120-viriato","external_links_name":"\"Viriato\""},{"Link":"https://www.diariocoimbra.pt/noticia/38410","external_links_name":"\"Delfim de Sousa foi o \"pai\" do viriato, bolo criado em Viseu nos anos 40\""},{"Link":"https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/food-drink/article/2122076/secrets-portuguese-oven-baked-bread-india-and-macau","external_links_name":"\"How the Portuguese introduced oven-baked bread to India, Macau\""},{"Link":"https://www.tastingtable.com/1394082/bun-maska-light-buttery-pair-chai/","external_links_name":"\"Bun Maska Is The Light And Buttery Treat To Pair With Chai\""},{"Link":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/food-dining/2016/04/25/from-family-garage-hands-celebrity-chefs-portuguese-muffin-unlikely-journey/L8pR8vhWE3A9XLN8yvwnRL/story.html","external_links_name":"\"From a family's garage to the hands of celebrity chefs: a Portuguese muffin's unlikely journey - The Boston Globe\""},{"Link":"https://www.kingarthurbaking.com/recipes/portuguese-muffins-bolo-levedo-recipe","external_links_name":"\"Portuguese Muffins (Bolo Levedo) Recipe\""},{"Link":"https://konahistorical.org/portuguese-stone-oven-baking/","external_links_name":"\"Portuguese Stone 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudauli
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Rudauli
|
["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 Governance and politics","3.1 Civic administration","4 Transportation","4.1 Road","4.2 Railway","4.3 Air","5 Notable people","6 References"]
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Coordinates: 26°45′N 81°45′E / 26.75°N 81.75°E / 26.75; 81.75For Vidhan Sabha, see Rudauli Assembly constituency.
Town in Uttar Pradesh, IndiaRudauliTownRudauliLocation in Uttar Pradesh, IndiaCoordinates: 26°45′N 81°45′E / 26.75°N 81.75°E / 26.75; 81.75Country IndiaStateUttar PradeshDistrictAyodhyaElevation105 m (344 ft)Population (2011) • Total43,091Language • OfficialHindi • Additional officialUrduTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)Vehicle registrationUP-42
Rudauli is a town, tehsil and a municipal board in Ayodhya district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Rudauli is 50 km west of the district headquarters Ayodhya.
Geography
Rudauli is located at 26°45′N 81°45′E / 26.75°N 81.75°E / 26.75; 81.75. It has an average elevation of 105 metres (344 feet).
Demographics
Religion in Rudauli (2011)
Religion
Percent
Islam
60.00%
Hinduism
40.00%
Sikhism
0.00%
Christianity
0.00%
Buddhism
0.00%
Jainism
0.03%
Others
0.00%
As of 2001 India census, Rudauli had a population of 36,804. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Rudauli has an average literacy rate of 47%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 53%, and female literacy is 40%. In Rudauli, 17% of the population is under 6 years of age.
Governance and politics
Civic administration
Rudauli is also a block in Ayodhya district in Uttar Pradesh. There is a police station in Rudauli.
Transportation
Road
Rudauli is well connected with nearby cities of Ayodhya, Barabanki and Lucknow, and also with Sohawal, Mawai, Milkipur, Kumarganj, Goshainganj and Bikapur towns of Ayodhya district, Uttar Pradesh.
Railway
Rudauli, Ayodhya Cantt, Ayodhya Junction and Goshainganj are the nearest railway stations.
Air
Ayodhya International Airport is the nearest airport to the town.
Notable people
Majaz, Urdu poet and maternal uncle of Javed Akhtar
Phoolchand Gupta, Hindi and Gujarati poet, writer and translator
Parwana Rudaulvi, Urdu Poet, Journalist, Writer and Translator
Hamida Salim, Urdu poet, teacher,
References
^ a b "52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India" (PDF). nclm.nic.in. Ministry of Minority Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
^ "Rudauli Town Area | District Ayodhya - Government of Uttar Pradesh | India". Retrieved 25 February 2021.
^ "Tehsil - There are five tehsils in the district. Sub Divisional Magistrate is Head of the office". ayodhya.nic.in. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
^ Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Rudauli
^ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 16 June 2004. Retrieved 1 November 2008.
^ "Subdivision & Blocks - District Ayodhya Consists of 11 Blocks". ayodhya.nic.in. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
^ "Police | District Ayodhya - Government of Uttar Pradesh | India". ayodhya.nic.in. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
^ Tyagi, Harshita (24 November 2020). "UP Cabinet clears proposal to rename Ayodhya Airport as Maryada Purushottam Sri Ram Airport". Times Now. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
vteCities and towns in Ayodhya districtAyodhya
Ayodhya
Amaniganj
Bhadarsa
Bikapur
Deokali
Fatehganj
Faizabad
Faizabad Cantonment
Gaddopur
Goshainganj
Gudri Bazar
Hastinganj
Kumarganj
Maya Bazar
Masodha
Milkipur
Mumtaj Nagar
Naka Muzzafra
Pura Bazar
Rani Bazar
Rikabganj
Rudauli
Sohawal
Sarairasi
Sahadatganj
Other districts
Agra
Aligarh
Ambedkar Nagar
Amethi
Amroha
Auraiya
Azamgarh
Badaun
Bagpat
Bahraich
Ballia
Balrampur
Banda
Barabanki
Bareilly
Basti
Bhimnagar
Bijnor
Bulandshahr
Chandauli
Chitrakoot
Deoria
Etah
Etawah
Farrukhabad
Fatehpur
Firozabad
Gautam Buddha Nagar
Ghaziabad
Ghazipur
Gonda
Gorakhpur
Hamirpur
Hardoi
Hathras
Jalaun
Jaunpur
Jhansi
Kannauj
Kanpur Nagar
Kanshi Ram Nagar
Kaushambi
Kushinagar
Lakhimpur Kheri
Lalitpur
Lucknow
Maharajganj
Mahoba
Mainpuri
Mathura
Mau
Meerut
Mirzapur
Moradabad
Muzaffarnagar
Panchsheel Nagar
Pilibhit
Prabuddhanagar
Pratapgarh
Prayagraj
Raebareli
Ramabai Nagar
Rampur
Saharanpur
Sant Kabir Nagar
Sant Ravidas Nagar
Shahjahanpur
Shravasti
Siddharthnagar
Sitapur
Sonbhadra
Sultanpur
Unnao
Varanasi
http://www.rudauli.co.in
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
|
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Rudauli is 50 km west of the district headquarters Ayodhya.","title":"Rudauli"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"26°45′N 81°45′E / 26.75°N 81.75°E / 26.75; 81.75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rudauli¶ms=26.75_N_81.75_E_"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Rudauli is located at 26°45′N 81°45′E / 26.75°N 81.75°E / 26.75; 81.75.[4] It has an average elevation of 105 metres (344 feet).","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Hinduism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism"},{"link_name":"Sikhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Jainism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudauli&action=edit"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Religion in Rudauli (2011)\n\nReligion\n\nPercent\n\n\nIslam\n \n60.00%\n\n\nHinduism\n \n40.00%\n\n\nSikhism\n \n0.00%\n\n\nChristianity\n \n0.00%\n\n\nBuddhism\n \n0.00%\n\n\nJainism\n \n0.03%\n\n\nOthers\n \n0.00%As of 2001[update] India census,[5] Rudauli had a population of 36,804. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Rudauli has an average literacy rate of 47%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 53%, and female literacy is 40%. In Rudauli, 17% of the population is under 6 years of age.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Governance and politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Civic administration","text":"Rudauli is also a block in Ayodhya district in Uttar Pradesh.[6] There is a police station in Rudauli.[7]","title":"Governance and politics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ayodhya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya"},{"link_name":"Sohawal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohawal"},{"link_name":"Milkipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milkipur"},{"link_name":"Kumarganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumarganj,_Ayodhya"},{"link_name":"Goshainganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goshainganj"},{"link_name":"Bikapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikapur"}],"sub_title":"Road","text":"Rudauli is well connected with nearby cities of Ayodhya, Barabanki and Lucknow, and also with Sohawal, Mawai, Milkipur, Kumarganj, Goshainganj and Bikapur towns of Ayodhya district, Uttar Pradesh.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Railway","text":"Rudauli, Ayodhya Cantt, Ayodhya Junction and Goshainganj are the nearest railway stations.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ayodhya International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayodhya_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Air","text":"Ayodhya International Airport is the nearest airport to the town.[8]","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Majaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majaz"},{"link_name":"Javed Akhtar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javed_Akhtar"},{"link_name":"Phoolchand Gupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoolchand_Gupta"},{"link_name":"Parwana Rudaulvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parwana_Rudaulvi"},{"link_name":"Hamida Salim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamida_Salim"}],"text":"Majaz, Urdu poet and maternal uncle of Javed Akhtar\nPhoolchand Gupta, Hindi and Gujarati poet, writer and translator\nParwana Rudaulvi, Urdu Poet, Journalist, Writer and Translator\nHamida Salim, Urdu poet, teacher,","title":"Notable people"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing
|
William Ellery Channing
|
["1 Life and work","1.1 Early life","1.2 As Theologian","1.3 Later years","1.4 Death","2 Legacy","3 Image gallery","4 See also","5 Footnotes","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
|
American Unitarian clergyman (1780–1842)
This article is about the Unitarian theologian. For the Transcendentalist poet, see William Ellery Channing (poet).
William Ellery ChanningBorn(1780-04-07)7 April 1780Newport, Rhode Island, U.S.Died2 October 1842(1842-10-02) (aged 62)Old Bennington, Vermont, U.S.Resting placeMount Auburn Cemetery Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.EducationHarvard UniversityOccupationUnitarian preacherParent(s)William ChanningLucy ElleryRelativesWilliam Ellery (grandfather)William Francis Channing (son)William Ellery Channing (nephew)William Henry Channing (nephew)Signature
Reverend William Ellery Channing by Gilbert Charles Stuart, c. 1815. Oil on canvas. Housed at De Young Museum.
William Ellery Channing (April 7, 1780 – October 2, 1842) was the foremost Unitarian preacher in the United States in the early nineteenth century and, along with Andrews Norton (1786–1853), one of Unitarianism's leading theologians. Channing was known for his articulate and impassioned sermons and public speeches, and as a prominent thinker in the liberal theology of the day. His religion and thought were among the chief influences on the New England Transcendentalists although he never countenanced their views, which he saw as extreme. His espousal of the developing philosophy and theology of Unitarianism was displayed especially in his "Baltimore Sermon" of May 5, 1819, given at the ordination of the theologian and educator Jared Sparks (1789–1866) as the first minister of the newly organized First Independent Church of Baltimore.
Life and work
Early life
Channing, the son of William Channing and Lucy Ellery, was born April 7, 1780, in Newport, Rhode Island. He was a grandson of William Ellery (1727–1820), a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, Deputy Governor of Rhode Island, Chief Justice, and influential citizen. As a child, he was cared for by the formerly enslaved woman Duchess Quamino, who later influenced his views on abolitionism. He became a New England liberal, rejecting the Calvinist doctrines of total depravity and divine election.
Channing enrolled at Harvard College at a troubled time, particularly because of the recent French Revolution. He later wrote of these years:
College was never in a worse state than when I entered it. Society was passing through a most critical stage. The French Revolution had diseased the imagination and unsettled the understanding of men everywhere. The old foundations of social order, loyalty, tradition, habit, reverence for antiquity, were everywhere shaken, if not subverted. The authority of the past was gone.
Graduating first in his class in 1798, he was elected commencement speaker though he was prohibited by the Harvard College faculty from mentioning the Revolution and other political subjects in his address.
As Theologian
In opposition to traditional American Calvinist orthodoxy, Channing preferred a gentle, loving relationship with God. He opposed Reformed Christianity for
... proclaiming a God who is to be dreaded. We are told to love and imitate God, but also that God does things we would consider most cruel in any human parent, "were he to bring his children into life totally depraved and then to pursue them with endless punishment"— Channing 1957: 56.
Channing's inner struggle continued through two years during which he lived in Richmond, Virginia, working as a tutor for David Meade Randolph. He came to his definitive faith only through much spiritual turmoil and difficulty. Channing was called as pastor of the Federal Street Church in Boston in 1803, where he remained for the rest of his life. He lived through the increasing tension between religious liberals and conservatives and took a moderate position, rejecting the extremes of both groups. In 1809 he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
In 1815, Channing engaged in a noted controversy on the principles of Unitarianism with Samuel Worcester, (1770–1821). A review of a pamphlet on American Unitarianism (American Unitarianism; or a Brief History of the Progress and Present State of the Unitarian Churches of America), attributed to Jeremiah Evarts, was published in The Panoplist in June 1815. Channing objected to the way Unitarians in the United States were portrayed in the review. Worcester replied to this objection, and an exchange of pamphlets followed.
Notwithstanding his moderate position, Channing later became the primary spokesman and interpreter of Unitarianism, after sixteen years at Boston's Federal Street Church. He was invited to come south again to Maryland to preach the ordination sermon of the future noted educator and theologian Jared Sparks (1789–1866), the first minister (1819–1823) called to the newly organized congregation (1817) in Baltimore known as the First Independent Church of Baltimore (located at West Franklin and North Charles Streets, in a landmark two-year-old structure designed by noted French émigré architect J. Maximilian M. Godefroy), later known, after a merger with Second Universalist Church in 1935, as the First Unitarian Church of Baltimore (Unitarian and Universalist), which was forever after known as "The Baltimore Sermon". The sermon, or address, was given on Wednesday, May 5, 1819, and was entitled "Unitarian Christianity". In it, he explicated the distinctive tenets of the developing Unitarian movement, one of which was the rejection of the Trinity. Other important tenets were the belief in human goodness and the subjection of theological ideas to the light of reason. (The anniversary of the address is celebrated and observed annually by the Maryland churches of the Unitarian Universalist Association and its Joseph Priestley District as "Union Sunday", with occasional ecumenical guests from other Christian bodies.)
In 1828, he gave another famous ordination sermon, entitled "Likeness to God". The idea of the human potential to be like God, which Channing advocated as grounded firmly in scripture, was seen as heretical by the Calvinist religious establishment of his day. It is in this address that Channing first advocated the possibility for revelation through reason rather than solely from Scripture. American Philosophy: An Encyclopedia classes him as one of several figures who "took a more pantheist or pandeist approach by rejecting views of God as separate from the world."
Even at the end of his life he adhered to the non-Socinian belief in the preexistence of Christ:
I have always inclined to the doctrine of the preexistence of Christ, though am not insensible to the weight of your objections— Boston, March 31, 1832
Later years
In later years, Channing addressed the topic of slavery although he was never an ardent abolitionist. Channing wrote a book in 1835 entitled Slavery. Channing has, however, been described as a romantic racist. He held a common American belief about the inferiority of African people and slaves and held a belief that once freed, Africans would need overseers. The overseers (largely former slave masters) were necessary because the slaves would lapse into laziness. Furthermore, he did not join the abolitionist movement because he did not agree with their way of conducting themselves, and he felt that voluntary associations limited a person's autonomy. Therefore, he often chose to remain separate from organizations and reform movements. This middle position characterized his attitude about most questions although his eloquence and strong influence on the religious world incurred the enmity of many extremists. Channing had an enormous influence over the religious (and social) life of New England, and America, in the nineteenth century.
Toward the end of his life, Channing embraced immediate abolitionism. His evolving view of abolitionism was fostered by the success of British abolition in the British West Indies in 1834 and the absence of the expected social and economic upheaval in the post-emancipated Caribbean.
In 1837, Channing published a pamphlet, in the form of an open letter to Senator Henry Clay, opposing the annexation of Texas, arguing that the revolution there was "criminal."
Channing wrote extensively about the emerging new national literature of the United States, saying that national literature is "the expression of a nation's mind in writing", and "the concentration of intellect for the purpose of spreading itself abroad and multiplying its energy".
Death
Channing died in Old Bennington, Vermont, where a cenotaph is placed in his memory. He is buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Legacy
LegacyStatue in Touro ParkStatue in Boston Public GardenChanning Memorial ChurchGrave at Mount Auburn Cemetery
Named in his honor, the Channing Home was founded by Harriet Ryan Albee in 1857 in the vestry of Channing's Federal Street Church.
In 1880, a young Unitarian minister in Newport, Charles Timothy Brooks, published a biography, William Ellery Channing, A Centennial Memory.
The Channing Memorial Church was built in Newport, Rhode Island in 1880 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of his birth.
A bronze statue of Channing by William Clark Noble was erected in 1892 in Newport's Touro Park across from the Channing Memorial Church.
A bronze statue of Channing by Herbert Adams was erected in 1903 on the edge of the Boston Public Garden, at Arlington St. and Boylston St. It stands across the street from the Arlington Street Church that he served (and from the Federal Street Church).
A portrait of him also hangs in the foyer of the First Unitarian Church of Baltimore (Unitarian and Universalist) at North Charles and West Franklin Streets in Baltimore, Maryland, along with the aforementioned "Union Sunday" annual commemoration services in May.
Channing School, an independent day school for girls at Highgate Hill in Highgate, North London, originally founded in 1885 for the daughters of Unitarian ministers, was named after him.
Channing had a profound impact on the Transcendentalism movement though he never officially subscribed to its views. However, two of Channing's nephews, Ellery Channing (1818–1901) and William Henry Channing (1810–1884), became prominent members of the movement.
Image gallery
Portrait of Channing by Henry Cheever Pratt, 1857
Portrait of Channing by Washington Allston, 1811
1930 photo of No. 83 Mt. Vernon Street, Boston, Channing's home, c. 1835–1842
Plaque outside of No. 83 Mt. Vernon Street, Boston
See also
Federal Street Church (Boston)
William Francis Channing, his son
Footnotes
^ a b "William Ellery Channing 1819 Speech". Unitarian Christianity. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
^ Mendelsohn, Jack (1971). Channing: The Reluctant Radical. Little, Brown & Co. p. 209. ISBN 0-933-840-28-4.
^ a b Broaddus, Dorothy C. Genteel Rhetoric: Writing High Culture in Nineteenth-Century Boston. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina, 1999: 22. ISBN 1-57003-244-0.
^ Channing, William Ellery. "The Moral Argument Against Calvinism". pp. 39–59 in Unitarian Christianity and Other Essays. Edited by Irving H. Bartlett. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill; 1957 . Cited in Finlan, Stephen. "Jesus in Atonement Theories". In The Blackwell Companion to Jesus. Edited by Delbert Burkett. London: Blackwell; 2010: 21.
^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter C" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
^ Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1889). "Worcester, Noah, clergyman" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
^ Harris Elwood Starr (1936). "Worcester, Samuel". Dictionary of American Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
^ John Lachs and Robert Talisse (2007). American Philosophy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 310. ISBN 978-0415939263.
^ Memoir of William Ellery Channing: with extracts from his correspondence, Volume 2 p. 416
^ SLAVERY
^ Black Abolitionism: A Quest for Human Dignity, Beverly Eileen Mitchell, pp. 133–38
^ Channing, William Ellery (1837). A letter to the Hon. Henry Clay, on the annexation of Texas to the United States. Boston: James Munroe and Company. pp. 7–10. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
^ Remarks on National Literature
^ Mount Auburn Cemetery
^ Channing Home (1913). Report (1913). Boston. pp. 3–4. Retrieved 6 January 2024.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Channing Memorial Church
Further reading
Amy Kittelstrom, The Religion of Democracy: Seven Liberals and the American Moral Tradition. New York: Penguin, 2015.
Prescott Browning Wintersteen, Christology in American Unitarianism: An Anthology of Outstanding Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Unitarian Theologians, with Commentary. Boston: The Unitarian Universalist Christian Fellowship, 1977.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to William Ellery Channing.
Wikiquote has quotations related to William Ellery Channing.
Wikisource has original works by or about:William Ellery Channing
Channing biography at the Unitarian Universalist Association
Channing Memorial Church in Newport, Rhode Island
First Unitarian Church of Baltimore (Unitarian and Universalist).
Works by William Ellery Channing at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about William Ellery Channing at Internet Archive
Making of America e-texts of Channing's collected works
Online works by Channing Archived 2005-10-23 at the Wayback Machine, including "Self-Culture," and "Likeness to God"
The personal papers including manuscripts, of William Ellery Channing along with papers related to his work at Federal Street Church (now known as Arlington Street Church) are in the Harvard Divinity School Library at Harvard Divinity School in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Portrait at National Portrait Gallery
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For the Transcendentalist poet, see William Ellery Channing (poet).Reverend William Ellery Channing by Gilbert Charles Stuart, c. 1815. Oil on canvas. Housed at De Young Museum.William Ellery Channing (April 7, 1780 – October 2, 1842) was the foremost Unitarian preacher in the United States in the early nineteenth century and, along with Andrews Norton (1786–1853), one of Unitarianism's leading theologians. Channing was known for his articulate and impassioned sermons and public speeches, and as a prominent thinker in the liberal theology of the day. His religion and thought were among the chief influences on the New England Transcendentalists although he never countenanced their views, which he saw as extreme. His espousal of the developing philosophy and theology of Unitarianism was displayed especially in his \"Baltimore Sermon\"[1] of May 5, 1819, given at the ordination of the theologian and educator Jared Sparks (1789–1866) as the first minister of the newly organized First Independent Church of Baltimore.","title":"William Ellery Channing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Life and work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newport, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"William Ellery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ellery"},{"link_name":"United States Declaration of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Duchess Quamino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_Quamino"},{"link_name":"abolitionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mendelsohn1971-2"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism"},{"link_name":"Calvinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism"},{"link_name":"total depravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_depravity"},{"link_name":"divine election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_election"},{"link_name":"Harvard College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Broaddus22-3"},{"link_name":"Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Broaddus22-3"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Channing, the son of William Channing and Lucy Ellery, was born April 7, 1780, in Newport, Rhode Island. He was a grandson of William Ellery (1727–1820), a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, Deputy Governor of Rhode Island, Chief Justice, and influential citizen. As a child, he was cared for by the formerly enslaved woman Duchess Quamino, who later influenced his views on abolitionism.[2] He became a New England liberal, rejecting the Calvinist doctrines of total depravity and divine election.Channing enrolled at Harvard College at a troubled time, particularly because of the recent French Revolution. He later wrote of these years:College was never in a worse state than when I entered it. Society was passing through a most critical stage. The French Revolution had diseased the imagination and unsettled the understanding of men everywhere. The old foundations of social order, loyalty, tradition, habit, reverence for antiquity, were everywhere shaken, if not subverted. 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He opposed Reformed Christianity for... proclaiming a God who is to be dreaded. We are told to love and imitate God, but also that God does things we would consider most cruel in any human parent, \"were he to bring his children into life totally depraved and then to pursue them with endless punishment\"— Channing 1957: 56.[4]Channing's inner struggle continued through two years during which he lived in Richmond, Virginia, working as a tutor for David Meade Randolph. He came to his definitive faith only through much spiritual turmoil and difficulty. Channing was called as pastor of the Federal Street Church in Boston in 1803, where he remained for the rest of his life. He lived through the increasing tension between religious liberals and conservatives and took a moderate position, rejecting the extremes of both groups. In 1809 he was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[5]In 1815, Channing engaged in a noted controversy on the principles of Unitarianism with Samuel Worcester, (1770–1821).[6] A review of a pamphlet on American Unitarianism (American Unitarianism; or a Brief History of the Progress and Present State of the Unitarian Churches of America), attributed to Jeremiah Evarts, was published in The Panoplist in June 1815. Channing objected to the way Unitarians in the United States were portrayed in the review. Worcester replied to this objection, and an exchange of pamphlets followed.[7]Notwithstanding his moderate position, Channing later became the primary spokesman and interpreter of Unitarianism, after sixteen years at Boston's Federal Street Church. He was invited to come south again to Maryland to preach the ordination sermon of the future noted educator and theologian Jared Sparks (1789–1866), the first minister (1819–1823) called to the newly organized congregation (1817) in Baltimore known as the First Independent Church of Baltimore (located at West Franklin and North Charles Streets, in a landmark two-year-old structure designed by noted French émigré architect J. Maximilian M. Godefroy), later known, after a merger with Second Universalist Church in 1935, as the First Unitarian Church of Baltimore (Unitarian and Universalist), which was forever after known as \"The Baltimore Sermon\".[1] The sermon, or address, was given on Wednesday, May 5, 1819, and was entitled \"Unitarian Christianity\". In it, he explicated the distinctive tenets of the developing Unitarian movement, one of which was the rejection of the Trinity. Other important tenets were the belief in human goodness and the subjection of theological ideas to the light of reason. (The anniversary of the address is celebrated and observed annually by the Maryland churches of the Unitarian Universalist Association and its Joseph Priestley District as \"Union Sunday\", with occasional ecumenical guests from other Christian bodies.)In 1828, he gave another famous ordination sermon, entitled \"Likeness to God\". The idea of the human potential to be like God, which Channing advocated as grounded firmly in scripture, was seen as heretical by the Calvinist religious establishment of his day. It is in this address that Channing first advocated the possibility for revelation through reason rather than solely from Scripture. American Philosophy: An Encyclopedia classes him as one of several figures who \"took a more pantheist or pandeist approach by rejecting views of God as separate from the world.\"[8]Even at the end of his life he adhered to the non-Socinian belief in the preexistence of Christ:I have always inclined to the doctrine of the preexistence of Christ, though am not insensible to the weight of your objections— Boston, March 31, 1832[9]","title":"Life and work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery"},{"link_name":"abolitionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"romantic racist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_racism"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"abolition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"British West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_West_Indies"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Sea"},{"link_name":"open letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_letter"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Later years","text":"In later years, Channing addressed the topic of slavery although he was never an ardent abolitionist. Channing wrote a book in 1835 entitled Slavery.[10] Channing has, however, been described as a romantic racist.[11] He held a common American belief about the inferiority of African people and slaves and held a belief that once freed, Africans would need overseers. The overseers (largely former slave masters) were necessary because the slaves would lapse into laziness. Furthermore, he did not join the abolitionist movement because he did not agree with their way of conducting themselves, and he felt that voluntary associations limited a person's autonomy. Therefore, he often chose to remain separate from organizations and reform movements. This middle position characterized his attitude about most questions although his eloquence and strong influence on the religious world incurred the enmity of many extremists. Channing had an enormous influence over the religious (and social) life of New England, and America, in the nineteenth century.Toward the end of his life, Channing embraced immediate abolitionism. His evolving view of abolitionism was fostered by the success of British abolition in the British West Indies in 1834 and the absence of the expected social and economic upheaval in the post-emancipated Caribbean.In 1837, Channing published a pamphlet, in the form of an open letter to Senator Henry Clay, opposing the annexation of Texas, arguing that the revolution there was \"criminal.\"[12]Channing wrote extensively about the emerging new national literature of the United States, saying that national literature is \"the expression of a nation's mind in writing\", and \"the concentration of intellect for the purpose of spreading itself abroad and multiplying its energy\".[13]","title":"Life and work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old Bennington, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Bennington,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"cenotaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenotaph"},{"link_name":"Mount Auburn Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Auburn_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Cambridge, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Death","text":"Channing died in Old Bennington, Vermont, where a cenotaph is placed in his memory. He is buried in Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Massachusetts.[14]","title":"Life and work"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Channing_statue_in_Touro_Park,_Newport_Rhode_Island.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Ellery_Channing_statue_by_Adams.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boston Public Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Public_Garden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Channing_Memorial_Church_in_Newport,_Rhode_Island.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WilliamEChanningGrave.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mount Auburn Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Auburn_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Harriet Ryan Albee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Ryan_Albee"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Report1913-15"},{"link_name":"Charles Timothy Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Timothy_Brooks"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Newport, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"William Clark Noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Clark_Noble"},{"link_name":"bronze statue of Channing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_William_Ellery_Channing"},{"link_name":"Herbert Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Adams_(sculptor)"},{"link_name":"Boston Public Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Public_Garden"},{"link_name":"Boylston St.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boylston_Street"},{"link_name":"Arlington Street Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_Street_Church"},{"link_name":"Federal Street Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Street_Church_(Boston)"},{"link_name":"First Unitarian Church of Baltimore (Unitarian and Universalist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Unitarian_Church_(Baltimore,_Maryland)"},{"link_name":"Baltimore, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Channing School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channing_School"},{"link_name":"Highgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate"},{"link_name":"North London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_London"},{"link_name":"Transcendentalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalism"},{"link_name":"Ellery Channing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing_(poet)"},{"link_name":"William Henry Channing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Channing"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"LegacyStatue in Touro ParkStatue in Boston Public GardenChanning Memorial ChurchGrave at Mount Auburn CemeteryNamed in his honor, the Channing Home was founded by Harriet Ryan Albee in 1857 in the vestry of Channing's Federal Street Church.[15]\nIn 1880, a young Unitarian minister in Newport, Charles Timothy Brooks, published a biography, William Ellery Channing, A Centennial Memory.\nThe Channing Memorial Church[16] was built in Newport, Rhode Island in 1880 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of his birth.\nA bronze statue of Channing by William Clark Noble was erected in 1892 in Newport's Touro Park across from the Channing Memorial Church.\nA bronze statue of Channing by Herbert Adams was erected in 1903 on the edge of the Boston Public Garden, at Arlington St. and Boylston St. It stands across the street from the Arlington Street Church that he served (and from the Federal Street Church).\nA portrait of him also hangs in the foyer of the First Unitarian Church of Baltimore (Unitarian and Universalist) at North Charles and West Franklin Streets in Baltimore, Maryland, along with the aforementioned \"Union Sunday\" annual commemoration services in May.[citation needed]\nChanning School, an independent day school for girls at Highgate Hill in Highgate, North London, originally founded in 1885 for the daughters of Unitarian ministers, was named after him.\nChanning had a profound impact on the Transcendentalism movement though he never officially subscribed to its views. However, two of Channing's nephews, Ellery Channing (1818–1901) and William Henry Channing (1810–1884), became prominent members of the movement.[citation needed]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Ellery_Channing_by_Henry_Cheever_Pratt_1857.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry Cheever Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cheever_Pratt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Ellery_Channing_by_Allston.jpg"},{"link_name":"Washington Allston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Allston"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1930_MtVernonSt_Boston_2590385078.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Ellery_Channing_Plaque_At_83_Mount_Vernon_Street,_Boston,_MA_02108.jpg"}],"text":"Portrait of Channing by Henry Cheever Pratt, 1857\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPortrait of Channing by Washington Allston, 1811\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1930 photo of No. 83 Mt. Vernon Street, Boston, Channing's home, c. 1835–1842\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPlaque outside of No. 83 Mt. Vernon Street, Boston","title":"Image gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-American_Unitarian_Conference_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-American_Unitarian_Conference_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"William Ellery Channing 1819 Speech\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.channingmc.org/wp/unitarian-christianity/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Mendelsohn1971_2-0"},{"link_name":"Channing: The Reluctant Radical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=qjaiBZFRsw8C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-933-840-28-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933-840-28-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Broaddus22_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Broaddus22_3-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-57003-244-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57003-244-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Channing39_4-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-AAAS_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter C\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterC.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-acab_6-0"},{"link_name":"Wilson, J. G.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Grant_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Fiske, J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fiske_(philosopher)"},{"link_name":"\"Worcester, Noah, clergyman\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Worcester,_Noah_(clergyman)"},{"link_name":"Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dab_7-0"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of American Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Biography"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"John Lachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lachs"},{"link_name":"Robert Talisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Talisse"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0415939263","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415939263"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"SLAVERY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/slavery02changoog"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"A letter to the Hon. Henry Clay, on the annexation of Texas to the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015025900153&view=2up&seq=10&size=125"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Remarks on National Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=F_MilVnnDugC&pg=PA1242"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Mount Auburn Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dev.mountauburn.org/william-ellery-channing-1780-1842/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Report1913_15-0"},{"link_name":"Report (1913)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=0CjKAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Channing Memorial Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.channingchurch.org"}],"text":"^ a b \"William Ellery Channing 1819 Speech\". Unitarian Christianity. Retrieved 25 July 2023.\n\n^ Mendelsohn, Jack (1971). Channing: The Reluctant Radical. Little, Brown & Co. p. 209. ISBN 0-933-840-28-4.\n\n^ a b Broaddus, Dorothy C. Genteel Rhetoric: Writing High Culture in Nineteenth-Century Boston. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina, 1999: 22. ISBN 1-57003-244-0.\n\n^ Channing, William Ellery. \"The Moral Argument Against Calvinism\". pp. 39–59 in Unitarian Christianity and Other Essays. Edited by Irving H. Bartlett. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill; 1957 [1820]. Cited in Finlan, Stephen. \"Jesus in Atonement Theories\". In The Blackwell Companion to Jesus. Edited by Delbert Burkett. London: Blackwell; 2010: 21.\n\n^ \"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter C\" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved September 9, 2016.\n\n^ Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1889). \"Worcester, Noah, clergyman\" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.\n\n^ Harris Elwood Starr (1936). \"Worcester, Samuel\". Dictionary of American Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.\n\n^ John Lachs and Robert Talisse (2007). American Philosophy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 310. ISBN 978-0415939263.\n\n^ Memoir of William Ellery Channing: with extracts from his correspondence, Volume 2 p. 416\n\n^ SLAVERY\n\n^ Black Abolitionism: A Quest for Human Dignity, Beverly Eileen Mitchell, pp. 133–38\n\n^ Channing, William Ellery (1837). A letter to the Hon. Henry Clay, on the annexation of Texas to the United States. Boston: James Munroe and Company. pp. 7–10. Retrieved 26 February 2021.\n\n^ Remarks on National Literature\n\n^ Mount Auburn Cemetery\n\n^ Channing Home (1913). Report (1913). Boston. pp. 3–4. Retrieved 6 January 2024.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.\n\n^ Channing Memorial Church","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Amy Kittelstrom, The Religion of Democracy: Seven Liberals and the American Moral Tradition. New York: Penguin, 2015.Prescott Browning Wintersteen, Christology in American Unitarianism: An Anthology of Outstanding Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Unitarian Theologians, with Commentary. Boston: The Unitarian Universalist Christian Fellowship, 1977.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Reverend William Ellery Channing by Gilbert Charles Stuart, c. 1815. Oil on canvas. Housed at De Young Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Reverend_William_Ellery_Channing_by_Gilbert_Charles_Stuart.JPG/220px-Reverend_William_Ellery_Channing_by_Gilbert_Charles_Stuart.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"Federal Street Church (Boston)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Street_Church_(Boston)"},{"title":"William Francis Channing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Francis_Channing&action=edit&redlink=1"}]
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[{"reference":"\"William Ellery Channing 1819 Speech\". Unitarian Christianity. Retrieved 25 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.channingmc.org/wp/unitarian-christianity/","url_text":"\"William Ellery Channing 1819 Speech\""}]},{"reference":"Mendelsohn, Jack (1971). Channing: The Reluctant Radical. Little, Brown & Co. p. 209. ISBN 0-933-840-28-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qjaiBZFRsw8C","url_text":"Channing: The Reluctant Radical"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933-840-28-4","url_text":"0-933-840-28-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter C\" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved September 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterC.pdf","url_text":"\"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter C\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1889). \"Worcester, Noah, clergyman\" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Grant_Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, J. G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fiske_(philosopher)","url_text":"Fiske, J."},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Worcester,_Noah_(clergyman)","url_text":"\"Worcester, Noah, clergyman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography","url_text":"Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography"}]},{"reference":"Harris Elwood Starr (1936). \"Worcester, Samuel\". Dictionary of American Biography. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of American Biography"}]},{"reference":"John Lachs and Robert Talisse (2007). American Philosophy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 310. ISBN 978-0415939263.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lachs","url_text":"John Lachs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Talisse","url_text":"Robert Talisse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415939263","url_text":"978-0415939263"}]},{"reference":"Channing, William Ellery (1837). A letter to the Hon. Henry Clay, on the annexation of Texas to the United States. Boston: James Munroe and Company. pp. 7–10. Retrieved 26 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015025900153&view=2up&seq=10&size=125","url_text":"A letter to the Hon. Henry Clay, on the annexation of Texas to the United States"}]},{"reference":"Channing Home (1913). Report (1913). Boston. pp. 3–4. Retrieved 6 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0CjKAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Report (1913)"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N184_highway_(Philippines)
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Ortigas Avenue
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["1 Etymology","2 Route description","2.1 Bicycle lanes","3 Intersections","4 References","5 See also"]
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Coordinates: 14°35′45″N 121°3′17″E / 14.59583°N 121.05472°E / 14.59583; 121.05472Major Metro Manila-Rizal arterial
R-5
Ortigas AvenueLooking west towards Ortigas Center from IPIRoute informationMaintained by Department of Public Works and HighwaysLength12.1 km (7.5 mi)Including extension from Pasig to TaytayComponenthighways
R-5 R-5 from Quezon City to Pasig
N60 from Quezon City to Taytay
N184 in San Juan and Mandaluyong
Major junctionsWest end N184 (Bonny Serrano Avenue) at the Quezon City–San Juan boundaryMajor intersections
AH 26 (N1) (Epifanio de los Santos Avenue)
N11 (Circumferential Road 5)
N601 (Bonifacio Avenue) / Felix Avenue
East end N60 (Corazon C. Aquino Avenue) / Taytay Diversion Road / L. Wood Street in Taytay
LocationCountryPhilippinesRegionsMetro Manila, CalabarzonProvincesRizalMajor citiesSan Juan, Mandaluyong, Quezon City, PasigTownsCainta, Taytay
Highway system
Roads in the Philippines
Highways
Expressways
List
Ortigas Avenue is a 12.1 km (7.5 mi) highway running from eastern Metro Manila to western Rizal in the Philippines. It is one of the busiest highways in Metro Manila, serving as the main thoroughfare of the metro's east–west corridor, catering mainly to the traffic to and from Rizal.
The western terminus of the highway is at the boundary of San Juan and Quezon City. The highway then traverses through Ortigas Center and along the cities of Mandaluyong, Quezon City, and Pasig, followed by the municipality of Cainta, and finally ending in the municipality of Taytay.
The portion of Ortigas Avenue from EDSA–Ortigas Interchange, Quezon City to the Buli Bridge at the Pasig–Cainta boundary is designated as Radial Road 5 (R-5). The highway is also designated as National Route 60 (N60) and National Route 184 (N184) of the Philippine highway network, respectively.
Etymology
The highway is named after Filipino lawyer and businessman Don Francisco Emilio Barcinas Ortigas Sr. (1875–1935), who was popularly known as "Don Paco", or simply as Francisco Ortigas. Ortigas is known for establishing a partnership between him and several businessmen (now Ortigas & Company) to purchase the 4,033 hectares (40.33 km2) Hacienda de Mandaluyon from the Augustinian Order in 1931, which now spans the cities of San Juan, Mandaluyong, Pasig, and Quezon City.
Route description
View of the avenue east towards Cainta from Rosario pedestrian overpass
Ortigas Avenue cuts eastwards from the city boundary of San Juan and Quezon City in Metro Manila to Antipolo in Rizal, passing through residential, industrial, and commercial areas, including Ortigas Center, its namesake central business district. Its section from Bonny Serrano Avenue to EDSA forms part of National Route 184 (N184), a secondary national road under the Philippine highway network. Meanwhile, the rest of the route east of EDSA forms part of National Route 60 (N60), a primary national road. Eastwards past the C5–Ortigas Interchange in Pasig, the avenue is called Ortigas Avenue Extension. Its section from Dr. Sixto Antonio Avenue in Pasig to Felix Avenue at the Cainta Junction is officially known as Pasig–Cainta Road and forms part of the Manila East Road. From Cainta Junction to Kaytikling Rotunda in Taytay, it is alternatively known as Cainta-Kayticling-Antipolo-Teresa-Morong Road.
Ortigas Avenue starts as a physical continuation of Granada Street past Bonny Serrano Avenue at the boundary of San Juan and Quezon City. It then cuts through Greenhills, San Juan and northeast of Wack Wack Golf and Country Club in Mandaluyong. It crosses EDSA at the EDSA–Ortigas Interchange at the boundary of Mandaluyong and Quezon City, making the highway goes back to Quezon City after it goes far away from San Juan-Quezon City border in Bonny Serrano Street, and runs through Ortigas Center, making a slight curve on Meralco Avenue. The avenue soon cuts through Ugong, enters Pasig, and crosses Circumferential Road 5 at the C5–Ortigas Interchange where the Bridgetowne is located. It soon crosses Marikina River and Manggahan Floodway which enters the barangay of Rosario, still in Pasig. The avenue partially becomes a single carriageway and changing back into a dual carriageway, and then enters the province of Rizal at Cainta, past SM City East Ortigas (formerly Ever Gotesco Ortigas).
It crosses Bonifacio and Felix Avenues at Cainta Junction. It then continues to Taytay and passes over the Kaytikling Rotunda with Taytay Diversion Road in Taytay, Rizal before continuing as Manila East Road.
Bicycle lanes
Most of the road from its intersection with Bonny Serrano Avenue to the Pasig–Cainta borde has Class II paint-separated one-way bicycle lanes as part of the Metropolitan Bike Lane Network. Additionally, the entire span of Ortigas Avenue from Bonny Serrano Avenue to Connecticut Street in San Juan has bollards as protection. However, these bollards are frequently damaged by motorists that intrude into the bicycle lanes, as the San Juan city government struggles to regularly replace damaged bollards since its implementation in 2020.
On August 18, 2023, San Juan Mayor Francis Zamora issued an advisory stating that the city has removed the bollards along the Ortigas Avenue bicycle lanes, to be replaced with cat eye markers. The advisory stated that this was done following a "thorough evaluation" conducted by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority to "restore roads to their optimal capacity" due to "congestion and a reduction in road capacity".
Intersections
Kaytikling Rotunda in Taytay, Rizal
ProvinceCity/MunicipalitykmmiDestinationsNotes
Quezon City–San Juan boundary95.6Bonny Serrano AvenueTraffic light intersection. Western terminus. Continues west as Granada Street.
San JuanXavier StreetRestricted eastbound access for North Greenhills. Former westbound access for heavy traffic in the Xavier School vicinity.
95.6Madison StreetTraffic light intersection. Access for North Greenhills and the Xavier School-ICA vicinity.
Roosevelt StreetTraffic light intersection. No left turn on both sides. Access for North Greenhills and West Greenhills.
Club Filipino DriveTraffic light intersection. Provides access to the Greenhills Shopping Center.
106.2Wilson StreetTraffic light intersection. Provides access to the Greenhills Shopping Center.
San Juan–Mandaluyong boundaryConnecticut StreetTraffic light intersection. Access for West Greenhills and the Greenhills Shopping Center.
MandaluyongLa Salle StreetFormer westbound access to Greenhills East.
Holy Cross StreetFormer westbound access to Greenhills East.
116.8Notre Dame StreetEastbound access only. Access for Wack-Wack Village.
Columbia StreetEastbound access served by a U-turn slot. Access for Greenhills East.
Mandaluyong–Quezon City boundary AH 26 (N1) (Epifanio de los Santos Avenue)EDSA–Ortigas Interchange. Traffic light intersection below interchange. Route number change from N184 to N60. Start of R-5 concurrency.
Quezon CityArcadia AvenueWestbound access only. Access for Arcadia Village.
ADB AvenueEastbound access only. Traffic light intersection on the eastbound side.
Zalameda StreetWestbound access only. Access for Corinthian Gardens.
Quezon City–Pasig boundaryE. Abello StreetWestbound access only.
Pasig12.17.5F. Ortigas Jr. RoadEastbound access only.
Meralco AvenueTraffic light intersection.
Gardner StreetWestbound access only. Access for Meralco Sports Club.
138.1Royal Palm StreetEastbound access only. Access for Valle Verde IV.
M. D. Camacho RoadWestbound access only.
Lanuza AvenueTraffic light intersection.
Green Meadows AvenueTraffic light intersection.
Central AvenueEastbound access only.
148.7 N11 (Eulogio Rodriguez Jr. Avenue)Traffic light intersection under interchange.
West DriveAccess from westbound service road only.
Rosario Bridge over Marikina River
Dr. Sixto Antonio Avenue / ROTC StreetLeft turns from westbound provided by U-turn under Rosario Bridge. Start of Manila East Road.
Eulogio Amang Rodriguez AvenueRight-in, right out. Left turns via U-turn slots.
159.3C. Raymundo Avenue / Tramo StreetLeft turns provided by U-turn locations
15.59.6West Bank RoadEastbound exit and westbound entrance. U-turn location used for left turns from Sixto Antonio and C. Raymundo intersections.
Ortigas Bridge over Manggahan Floodway
East Bank RoadWestbound exit and eastbound entrance.
President Quezon StreetWestbound access only.
De Castro AvenueEastbound access only.
Pearl Street
Melbourne Street
Countryside Avenue
Monaco Street
Riverside Drive
Saint Joseph Drive
Kamagong Sur StreetRestricted westbound access.
5th Avenue
Buli CreekCainta-Buli Bridge (End of R-5 concurrency)
RizalCaintaMalinis StreetWestbound access only.
Gloria ExtensionEastbound access only.
1811 N601 (Bonifacio Avenue) / Felix AvenueCainta Crossing. Traffic light intersection. End of Manila East Road (Rosario–Cainta Road) segment.
Brookside DriveUnsignaled intersection.
Sunrise Drive
Marlo DriveEastbound access only.
Sunset Drive / J.G. Garcia Sr. StreetAccess from opposite directions accessible via U-turn slot. Former traffic light intersection.
Robin Street
2012Hunters ROTC Guerilla Street
Eagle StreetWestbound access only.
Cainta–Taytay boundaryGeneral A. Ricarte Street / Don Celso Tuason StreetTraffic light intersection.
Sampaloc StreetEastbound access only.
Santol StreetEasttbound access only.
Tanguille StreetEastbound access only.
Suburban DriveUnsignaled intersection
TaytayDao StreetEastbound access only.
Narra Street
E. Rodriguez AvenueTraffic light intersection.
N. Pascual StreetEastbound access only.
Baltao Street
Pearl AvenueEastbound access only.
Palmera Avenue
2113 N60 (Corazon C. Aquino Avenue) / Taytay Diversion Road / L. Wood StreetRoundabout (Kaytiking Rotunda). Eastern terminus. End of N60 and R-5 designations.
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Closed/former Concurrency terminus Incomplete access Route transition
References
^ "Latest alignment of all radial and circumferential roads in Metro Manila". Freedom of Information Philippines. Department of Public Works and Highways. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
^ "Francisco Emilio Ortigas y Barcinas". Geni.com. Archived from the original on December 1, 2022.
^ "The Most Influential and Enduring Families of the Philippines". Town and Country Magazine. November 24, 2016. Archived from the original on July 29, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2022.
^ Calero, Javier (June 9, 2016). "The men behind Heneral Luna". Business World Online.
^ "List of all bike lanes based on DPWH classifications". Freedom of Information Philippines. August 25, 2022. Retrieved August 11, 2023.
^ Luna, Franco (April 8, 2022). "The Road Ahead: In San Juan, 'culture shift' among drivers needed for cyclists to thrive". The Philippine Star. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
^ Zamora, Francis (August 18, 2023). "Public Advisory". Facebook. Retrieved August 18, 2023.
^ "Road and Bridge Inventory". Department of Public Works and Highways. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
See also
List of roads in Metro Manila
vte Philippine highway networkNational primary roadsLuzon
N1
N2
N3
N4
N11
N51
N52
N53
N54
N55
N56
N57
N58
N59
N60
N61
N62
N63
N64
N65
N66
N67
N68
Visayas
N1
N5
N6
N7
N8
N69
N70
N81
N82
N83
Mindanao
N1
N9
N10
N73
N74
N75
N76
N77
N78
N79
N80
National secondary roadsLuzon
N100
N101
N102
N103
N104
N105
N106
N107
N108
N109
N110
N111
N112
N113
N114
N115
N116
N117
N118
N119
N120
N121
N122
N127
N128
N129
N130
N140
N141
N142
N143
N144
N145
N150
N151
N155
N156
N157
N160
N161
N162
N170
N171
N172
N173
N174
N175
N180
N181
N182
N183
N184
N185
N190
N191
N192
N193
N194
N195
N204
N205
N206
N207
N208
N209
N210
N211
N212
N213
N214
N215
N216
N217
N218
N219
N221
N222
N223
N224
N231
N232
N233
N234
N241
N242
N243
N301
N302
N303
N304
N305
N306
N307
N308
N309
N310
N401
N402
N403
N404
N405
N406
N407
N408
N409
N410
N411
N413
N419
N420
N421
N422
N431
N432
N433
N434
N435
N436
N437
N438
N439
N450
N451
N452
N453
N454
N455
N460
N461
N462
N470
N475
N480
N490
N491
N492
N493
N494
N495
N600
N601
N602
N603
N604
N605
N606
N607
N608
N609
N610
N612
N613
N614
N615
N620
N621
N622
N623
N630
N631
N632
N633
N634
N635
N636
N637
N638
N639
N640
N641
N642
N643
N644
N645
N646
N647
N648
N649
N650
N651
N652
N653
N654
N656
N657
N658
N660
N661
N662
N663
N664
N665
N672
N673
Visayas
N501
N502
N503
N504
N505
N506
N507
N508
N509
N510
N512
N513
N514
N515
N521
N522
N523
N525
N532
N540
N541
N542
N655
N670
N671
N672
N673
N674
N675
N676
N677
N680
N681
N682
N683
N684
N686
N687
N690
N691
N692
N693
N695
N701
N702
N703
N704
N705
N706
N707
N708
N709
N710
N711
N712
N713
N714
N715
N716
N717
N810
N811
N812
N813
N814
N815
N816
N817
N818
N819
N820
N821
N822
N823
N824
N825
N826
N827
N828
N829
N830
N831
N832
N833
N834
N835
N836
N837
N838
N839
N840
N841
N842
N843
N844
N845
N846
N847
N848
N849
N850
N851
N852
N853
N854
N855
N856
N857
N858
N859
N860
N861
N862
N863
N864
N865
N866
N867
N868
N869
Mindanao
N870
N871
N872
N873
N874
N875
N876
N877
N878
N879
N880
N881
N890
N891
N900
N901
N902
N903
N904
N905
N906
N907
N908
N909
N910
N911
N912
N913
N914
N915
N916
N917
N918
N919
N920
N921
N922
N923
N924
N926
N930
N931
N932
N933
N935
N940
N941
N942
N943
N944
N945
N946
N947
N951
N952
N953
N954
N955
N956
N957
N958
N959
N960
N961
N962
N963
N964
N965
N966
N968
N969
N970
N980
See also: Philippine expressway network
vteMajor roads in Metro ManilaExpressway routes
E1/AH26
North Luzon Expressway
E2
South Luzon Expressway (AH26)
Metro Manila Skyway (AH26)
C-5 Southlink Expressway
Muntinlupa–Cavite Expressway
E3
Manila–Cavite Expressway
E5
North Luzon Expressway Harbor Link
E6
NAIA Expressway
Unnumbered
NLEX Connector
Highway routesPrimary roads
N1
MacArthur Highway
Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (AH26)
Manila South Road
N11
Carlos P. Garcia Avenue
Eulogio Rodriguez Jr. Avenue
Bonny Serrano Avenue
Katipunan Avenue
N59
Aurora Boulevard
Marikina–Infanta Highway
N60
Ortigas Avenue
N61
Roxas Boulevard
N62
Elpidio Quirino Avenue
Diego Cera Avenue
N63
Dr. A. Santos Avenue
Secondary roads
N118
Maysan Road
Paso de Blas Road
Bagbaguin Road
General Luis Street
N120/AH26
Samson Road
General San Miguel Street
C-4 Road
Radial Road 10
Mel Lopez Boulevard
Bonifacio Drive
Roxas Boulevard
N127
Quirino Highway
N128
Mindanao Avenue
N129
Congressional Avenue
Luzon Avenue
Tandang Sora Avenue
Katipunan Avenue
N130
C-3 Road
5th Avenue
Sergeant Rivera Street
Gregorio Araneta Avenue
N140
C-2 Road
Tayuman Street
Lacson Avenue
Nagtahan Street
Quirino Avenue
N141
Tomas Claudio Street
Valenzuela Street
V. Mapa Street
P. Sanchez Street
Shaw Boulevard
Pasig Boulevard
Eulogio Rodriguez Jr. Avenue
N142
Pasig Boulevard Extension
Dr. Sixto Antonio Avenue
A. Mabini Street
A. Luna Street
Ramon Jabson Street
M. Almeda Street
General Luna Street
M.L. Quezon Street
Montillano Street
N143
General Santos Avenue
N144
Segment 1: Meralco Road
Segment 2: Parañaque–Sucat Road
N145
Segment 1: Recto Avenue
Segment 2: Osmeña Highway
N150
Rizal Avenue
Ronquillo Street
Carriedo Street
Plaza Santa Cruz
Padre Burgos Avenue
N151
Abad Santos Avenue
N155
Kalaw Avenue
N156
Plaza Dilao Road
Quirino Avenue Extension
United Nations Avenue
N157
Padre Faura Street
N160
North Luzon Expressway
A. Bonifacio Avenue
Blumentritt Road
N161
Blumentritt Road
N162
Dimasalang Street
N170
Commonwealth Avenue
Elliptical Road
Quezon Avenue
España Boulevard
Lerma Street
Quezon Boulevard
Padre Burgos Avenue
Taft Avenue
N171
Segment 1: West Avenue
Segment 2: Aurora Boulevard
N172
Timog Avenue
N173
North Avenue
N174
East Avenue
N175
University Avenue
N180
Finance Road
Ayala Boulevard
P. Casal Street
Nepomuceno Street
Legarda Street
Magsaysay Boulevard
Aurora Boulevard
N181
San Marcelino Street
N182
Romualdez Street
N183
V. Mapa Street
N184
Gilmore Avenue
Granada Street
Ortigas Avenue
N185
Bonny Serrano Avenue
N190
Gil Puyat Avenue
Kalayaan Avenue
M. Concepcion Avenue
N191
Kalayaan Flyover
N192
Andrews Avenue
N193
Domestic Road
N194
NAIA Road
N195
Ninoy Aquino Avenue
N411
Alabang–Zapote Road
Arterial routes
C-1
C-2
C-3
C-4
C-5
C-6
R-1
R-2
R-3
R-4
R-5
R-6
R-7
R-8
R-9
R-10
Major interchanges
Balintawak Interchange
C-5–Kalayaan Interchange
C-5–Ortigas Interchange
Estrella Flyover
Harbor Link Interchange
Kalayaan Flyover
Magallanes Interchange
Nagtahan Interchange
Ortigas Interchange
Sales Interchange
Bridges
Ayala Bridge
Binondo–Intramuros Bridge
Estrella–Pantaleon Bridge
Guadalupe Bridge
Jones Bridge
Mabini Bridge
MacArthur Bridge
Makati–Mandaluyong Bridge
Marcos Bridge
Nagtahan Link Bridge
Otis Bridge
Quezon Bridge
San Juan River Bridge
Santa Monica–Lawton Bridge
Zapote Bridge
Roundabouts
11th World Scout Jamboree Memorial Rotonda
Agrifina Circle
Anda Circle
Burgos Circle
Elliptical Road
Monumento
Philippines–Thailand Friendship Circle
Remedios Circle
Welcome Rotonda
Planned
Laguna Lakeshore Expressway Dike
North Luzon East Expressway
North–South Harbor Bridge
R-7 Expressway
Under construction
CAVITEX C-5 Link
Southeast Metro Manila Expressway
Other roads in Metro ManilaCapital District
Abad Santos Avenue
Adriatico Street
Blumentritt Road
Bonifacio Drive
Del Pilar Street
Escolta Street
España Boulevard
Hidalgo Street
Jose Laurel Street
Kalaw Avenue
Lacson Avenue
Legarda Street
Magsaysay Boulevard
Mel Lopez Boulevard
Mendiola Street
Osmeña Highway
Pablo Ocampo Street
Padre Burgos Avenue
Padre Faura Street
Pedro Gil Street
Quezon Boulevard
Quirino Avenue
Recto Avenue
Rizal Avenue
Roxas Boulevard
Taft Avenue
Tayuman Street
United Nations Avenue
Victorino Mapa Street
Eastern Manila District
Andres Bonifacio Avenue (Quezon City)
Aurora Boulevard
Balete Drive
Batasan Road
Batasan–San Mateo Road
Betty Go-Belmonte Street
Boni Avenue
Bonny Serrano Avenue
Commonwealth Avenue
Congressional Avenue
East Avenue
Elliptical Road
Fernando Poe Jr. Avenue
Gilmore Avenue
Granada Street
Gregorio Araneta Avenue
Julia Vargas Avenue
Katipunan Avenue
Meralco Avenue
Mindanao Avenue
North Avenue
Ortigas Avenue
Pioneer Street
Quezon Avenue
Regalado Highway
Shaw Boulevard
Sumulong Highway
Tandang Sora Avenue
Timog Avenue
Tomas Morato Avenue
West Avenue
Northern Manila District
10th Avenue
General Luis Street
Governor Pascual Avenue
Maysan Road
North Bay Boulevard
Paterio Aquino Avenue
Samson Road
Southern Manila District
Alabang–Zapote Road
Andrews Avenue
Arnaiz Avenue
Ayala Avenue
Chino Roces Avenue
Daang Hari
Diego Cera Avenue
Domestic Road
Doña Soledad Avenue
Dr. Santos Avenue
Elpidio Quirino Avenue
Gil Puyat Avenue
Harrison Avenue
J. P. Rizal Avenue
Jose Diokno Boulevard
Kalayaan Avenue
Lawton Avenue
Macapagal Boulevard
Makati Avenue
McKinley Road
Nicanor Garcia Street
Ninoy Aquino Avenue
Paseo de Roxas
South Avenue
Tramo Street
vte Major roads in RizalExpresswaysProposed/under construction
Pasig River Expressway
Southeast Metro Manila Expressway
National RoadsPrimary
N59
Marikina–Infanta Highway
Sumulong Highway
N60
Ortigas Avenue
P. Oliveros Street
Secondary
N600
Sen. L. Sumulong Memorial Circle
Daang Bakal Road
Pinagmisahan Street
N601
Manila East Road
Tertiary
Angono Diversion Road
Batasan–San Mateo Road
Binangonan Diversion Road
Cabrera Road
Cainta-Tikling-Antipolo-Teresa-Morong Road
Cardona Diversion Road
E. Rodriguez Highway
Felix Avenue
General Antonio Luna Avenue
Highway 2000
Marikina–Infanta Highway
Payatas Road
Pililla-Jala Jala Road
Sagbat-Pililla Diversion Road
Taytay Diversion Road
vteOrtigas CenterTowers
BDO Corporate Center
Crowne Plaza Manila Galleria
Edsa Shangri-La, Manila
Galleria Corporate Center
Joy-Nostalg Center
Marco Polo Ortigas Manila
One Corporate Centre
One Galleon Place
One San Miguel Avenue
One Shangri-La Place Towers
Orient Square
Robinsons Cyberscape
Robinsons Equitable Tower
St. Francis Square
Taipan Place
The St. Francis Shangri-La Place
UnionBank Plaza
Wynsum Corporate Plaza
Shopping centers
Ayala Malls The 30th
Metrowalk
Robinsons Galleria
Shangri-La Plaza
SM Center Pasig
SM City East Ortigas
SM Megamall
St. Francis Square Mall
The Podium
Tiendesitas
Other landmarks
Asian Development Bank
Benpres Building
Bonaventure Plaza (National Grid Corporation of the Philippines secondary or alternate office)
Capitol Commons
Department of Education
EDSA Shrine
Lopez Museum
Meralco Theater
Octagon
PhilSports Complex
PhilSports Arena
PhilSports Football and Athletics Stadium
The Medical City
Ynares Sports Arena
Education
Ateneo School of Medicine and Public Health
Lourdes School of Mandaluyong
Saint Paul College Pasig
Saint Pedro Poveda College
University of Asia and the Pacific
TransportationRoads
ADB Avenue
Julia Vargas Avenue
Meralco Avenue
Ortigas Avenue
Shaw Boulevard
Rail
Lourdes station
Ortigas station
Ortigas North station
Ortigas South station
Shaw Boulevard station
Italics denote buildings under construction or planned.
14°35′45″N 121°3′17″E / 14.59583°N 121.05472°E / 14.59583; 121.05472
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metro Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila"},{"link_name":"Rizal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal_(province)"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"San Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_Metro_Manila"},{"link_name":"Quezon City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quezon_City"},{"link_name":"Ortigas Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortigas_Center"},{"link_name":"Mandaluyong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaluyong"},{"link_name":"Pasig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasig"},{"link_name":"Cainta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cainta"},{"link_name":"Taytay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taytay,_Rizal"},{"link_name":"EDSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDSA"},{"link_name":"Ortigas Interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortigas_Interchange"},{"link_name":"Radial Road 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_Road_5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Philippine highway network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_highway_network"}],"text":"Major Metro Manila-Rizal arterialOrtigas Avenue is a 12.1 km (7.5 mi) highway running from eastern Metro Manila to western Rizal in the Philippines. It is one of the busiest highways in Metro Manila, serving as the main thoroughfare of the metro's east–west corridor, catering mainly to the traffic to and from Rizal.The western terminus of the highway is at the boundary of San Juan and Quezon City. The highway then traverses through Ortigas Center and along the cities of Mandaluyong, Quezon City, and Pasig, followed by the municipality of Cainta, and finally ending in the municipality of Taytay.The portion of Ortigas Avenue from EDSA–Ortigas Interchange, Quezon City to the Buli Bridge at the Pasig–Cainta boundary is designated as Radial Road 5 (R-5).[1] The highway is also designated as National Route 60 (N60) and National Route 184 (N184) of the Philippine highway network, respectively.","title":"Ortigas Avenue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Augustinian Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinians"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FranciscoOrtigas-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TownAndCountryOrtigas-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HeneralLuna-4"}],"text":"The highway is named after Filipino lawyer and businessman Don Francisco Emilio Barcinas Ortigas Sr. (1875–1935), who was popularly known as \"Don Paco\", or simply as Francisco Ortigas. Ortigas is known for establishing a partnership between him and several businessmen (now Ortigas & Company) to purchase the 4,033 hectares (40.33 km2) Hacienda de Mandaluyon from the Augustinian Order in 1931, which now spans the cities of San Juan, Mandaluyong, Pasig, and Quezon City.[2][3][4]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pasig-ortigas-rosario-2012-01.JPG"},{"link_name":"Cainta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cainta"},{"link_name":"San Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_Metro_Manila"},{"link_name":"Quezon City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quezon_City"},{"link_name":"Metro Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila"},{"link_name":"Antipolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipolo"},{"link_name":"Rizal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal_(province)"},{"link_name":"Ortigas Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortigas_Center"},{"link_name":"Bonny Serrano Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonny_Serrano_Avenue"},{"link_name":"EDSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDSA"},{"link_name":"Philippine highway network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_highway_network"},{"link_name":"C5–Ortigas Interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumferential_Road_5%E2%80%93Ortigas_Avenue_Interchange"},{"link_name":"Pasig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasig"},{"link_name":"Felix Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Cainta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cainta"},{"link_name":"Manila East Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_East_Road"},{"link_name":"Taytay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taytay,_Rizal"},{"link_name":"Granada Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_Street"},{"link_name":"Bonny Serrano Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonny_Serrano_Avenue"},{"link_name":"San Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_Metro_Manila"},{"link_name":"Quezon City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quezon_City"},{"link_name":"Greenhills, San Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhills,_San_Juan"},{"link_name":"Wack Wack Golf and Country Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wack_Wack_Golf_and_Country_Club"},{"link_name":"Mandaluyong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaluyong"},{"link_name":"EDSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDSA"},{"link_name":"EDSA–Ortigas Interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortigas_Interchange"},{"link_name":"Ortigas Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortigas_Center"},{"link_name":"Meralco Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meralco_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Ugong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugong,_Pasig"},{"link_name":"Circumferential Road 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumferential_Road_5"},{"link_name":"C5–Ortigas Interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumferential_Road_5%E2%80%93Ortigas_Avenue_Interchange"},{"link_name":"Bridgetowne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgetowne"},{"link_name":"Marikina River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marikina_River"},{"link_name":"Manggahan Floodway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manggahan_Floodway"},{"link_name":"single carriageway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_carriageway"},{"link_name":"dual carriageway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_carriageway"},{"link_name":"Rizal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal_(province)"},{"link_name":"Cainta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cainta,_Rizal"},{"link_name":"Felix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Taytay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taytay,_Rizal"},{"link_name":"Taytay, Rizal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taytay,_Rizal"},{"link_name":"Manila East Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_East_Road"}],"text":"View of the avenue east towards Cainta from Rosario pedestrian overpassOrtigas Avenue cuts eastwards from the city boundary of San Juan and Quezon City in Metro Manila to Antipolo in Rizal, passing through residential, industrial, and commercial areas, including Ortigas Center, its namesake central business district. Its section from Bonny Serrano Avenue to EDSA forms part of National Route 184 (N184), a secondary national road under the Philippine highway network. Meanwhile, the rest of the route east of EDSA forms part of National Route 60 (N60), a primary national road. Eastwards past the C5–Ortigas Interchange in Pasig, the avenue is called Ortigas Avenue Extension. Its section from Dr. Sixto Antonio Avenue in Pasig to Felix Avenue at the Cainta Junction is officially known as Pasig–Cainta Road and forms part of the Manila East Road. From Cainta Junction to Kaytikling Rotunda in Taytay, it is alternatively known as Cainta-Kayticling-Antipolo-Teresa-Morong Road.Ortigas Avenue starts as a physical continuation of Granada Street past Bonny Serrano Avenue at the boundary of San Juan and Quezon City. It then cuts through Greenhills, San Juan and northeast of Wack Wack Golf and Country Club in Mandaluyong. It crosses EDSA at the EDSA–Ortigas Interchange at the boundary of Mandaluyong and Quezon City, making the highway goes back to Quezon City after it goes far away from San Juan-Quezon City border in Bonny Serrano Street, and runs through Ortigas Center, making a slight curve on Meralco Avenue. The avenue soon cuts through Ugong, enters Pasig, and crosses Circumferential Road 5 at the C5–Ortigas Interchange where the Bridgetowne is located. It soon crosses Marikina River and Manggahan Floodway which enters the barangay of Rosario, still in Pasig. The avenue partially becomes a single carriageway and changing back into a dual carriageway, and then enters the province of Rizal at Cainta, past SM City East Ortigas (formerly Ever Gotesco Ortigas).It crosses Bonifacio and Felix Avenues at Cainta Junction. It then continues to Taytay and passes over the Kaytikling Rotunda with Taytay Diversion Road in Taytay, Rizal before continuing as Manila East Road.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bicycle lanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bike_lane"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Bike Lane Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Bike_Lane_Network"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MetroManilaBikeLaneClasses-5"},{"link_name":"bollards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollard"},{"link_name":"protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_track"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SanJuanBikeLanes-6"},{"link_name":"San Juan Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_San_Juan,_Metro_Manila"},{"link_name":"Francis Zamora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Zamora"},{"link_name":"cat eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%27s_eye_(road)"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Manila Development Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Manila_Development_Authority"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BollardsAdvisory-7"}],"sub_title":"Bicycle lanes","text":"Most of the road from its intersection with Bonny Serrano Avenue to the Pasig–Cainta borde has Class II paint-separated one-way bicycle lanes as part of the Metropolitan Bike Lane Network.[5] Additionally, the entire span of Ortigas Avenue from Bonny Serrano Avenue to Connecticut Street in San Juan has bollards as protection. However, these bollards are frequently damaged by motorists that intrude into the bicycle lanes, as the San Juan city government struggles to regularly replace damaged bollards since its implementation in 2020.[6]On August 18, 2023, San Juan Mayor Francis Zamora issued an advisory stating that the city has removed the bollards along the Ortigas Avenue bicycle lanes, to be replaced with cat eye markers. The advisory stated that this was done following a \"thorough evaluation\" conducted by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority to \"restore roads to their optimal capacity\" due to \"congestion and a reduction in road capacity\".[7]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:9766Taytay,_Rizal_Roads_Landmarks_Buildings_24.jpg"},{"link_name":"Taytay, Rizal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taytay,_Rizal"}],"text":"Kaytikling Rotunda in Taytay, Rizal","title":"Intersections"}]
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[{"image_text":"View of the avenue east towards Cainta from Rosario pedestrian overpass","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Pasig-ortigas-rosario-2012-01.JPG/220px-Pasig-ortigas-rosario-2012-01.JPG"},{"image_text":"Kaytikling Rotunda in Taytay, Rizal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/9766Taytay%2C_Rizal_Roads_Landmarks_Buildings_24.jpg/220px-9766Taytay%2C_Rizal_Roads_Landmarks_Buildings_24.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of roads in Metro Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Metro_Manila"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Philippine_highway_network"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Philippine_highway_network"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine_highway_network"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"title":"Philippine highway 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P. 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Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhilSports_Complex"},{"title":"PhilSports Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhilSports_Arena"},{"title":"PhilSports Football and Athletics Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhilSports_Football_and_Athletics_Stadium"},{"title":"The Medical City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Medical_City_%E2%80%93_Ortigas"},{"title":"Ynares Sports Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynares_Sports_Arena"},{"title":"Ateneo School of Medicine and Public Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateneo_School_of_Medicine_and_Public_Health"},{"title":"Lourdes School of Mandaluyong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lourdes_School_of_Mandaluyong"},{"title":"Saint Paul College Pasig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul_College,_Pasig"},{"title":"Saint Pedro Poveda College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Pedro_Poveda_College"},{"title":"University of Asia and the Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Asia_and_the_Pacific"},{"title":"ADB Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADB_Avenue"},{"title":"Julia Vargas Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Vargas_Avenue"},{"title":"Meralco Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meralco_Avenue"},{"title":"Ortigas Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Shaw Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaw_Boulevard"},{"title":"Ortigas station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortigas_station"},{"title":"Shaw Boulevard station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaw_Boulevard_station"},{"title":"14°35′45″N 121°3′17″E / 14.59583°N 121.05472°E / 14.59583; 121.05472","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ortigas_Avenue¶ms=14_35_45_N_121_3_17_E_type:landmark"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Latest alignment of all radial and circumferential roads in Metro Manila\". Freedom of Information Philippines. Department of Public Works and Highways. Retrieved April 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foi.gov.ph/requests/latest-alignment-of-all-radial-and-circumferential-roads-in-metro-manila/","url_text":"\"Latest alignment of all radial and circumferential roads in Metro Manila\""}]},{"reference":"\"Francisco Emilio Ortigas y Barcinas\". Geni.com. Archived from the original on December 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221201100421/https://www.geni.com/people/Francisco-Ortigas/6000000138533448116","url_text":"\"Francisco Emilio Ortigas y Barcinas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geni.com","url_text":"Geni.com"},{"url":"https://www.geni.com/people/Francisco-Ortigas/6000000138533448116","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Most Influential and Enduring Families of the Philippines\". Town and Country Magazine. November 24, 2016. Archived from the original on July 29, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190729050643/https://www.townandcountry.ph/people/heritage/who-are-the-most-generous-enduring-families-of-the-philippines-a1590-20161104-lfrm2","url_text":"\"The Most Influential and Enduring Families of the Philippines\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_Media","url_text":"Town and Country Magazine"},{"url":"https://www.townandcountry.ph/people/heritage/who-are-the-most-generous-enduring-families-of-the-philippines-a1590-20161104-lfrm2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Calero, Javier (June 9, 2016). \"The men behind Heneral Luna\". Business World Online.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Opinion&title=the-men-behind-heneral-luna&id=128720","url_text":"\"The men behind Heneral Luna\""}]},{"reference":"\"List of all bike lanes based on DPWH classifications\". Freedom of Information Philippines. August 25, 2022. Retrieved August 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foi.gov.ph/requests/aglzfmVmb2ktcGhyHgsSB0NvbnRlbnQiEURPVHItODU5Nzg2ODI4MDY4DA","url_text":"\"List of all bike lanes based on DPWH classifications\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Order_(Philippines)","url_text":"Freedom of Information Philippines"}]},{"reference":"Luna, Franco (April 8, 2022). \"The Road Ahead: In San Juan, 'culture shift' among drivers needed for cyclists to thrive\". The Philippine Star. Retrieved August 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.philstar.com/nation/2022/04/08/2173187/road-ahead-san-juan-culture-shift-among-drivers-needed-cyclists-thrive","url_text":"\"The Road Ahead: In San Juan, 'culture shift' among drivers needed for cyclists to thrive\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philippine_Star","url_text":"The Philippine Star"}]},{"reference":"Zamora, Francis (August 18, 2023). \"Public Advisory\". Facebook. Retrieved August 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Zamora","url_text":"Zamora, Francis"},{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/MayorFrancisZamora/posts/pfbid02wvKLzkDZpyqDBBS7fpQq4swBMiv1W9E3da1cARjqyt9K7zGN2VY36uDUNQxfvXnjl","url_text":"\"Public Advisory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"\"Road and Bridge Inventory\". Department of Public Works and Highways. Retrieved July 31, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dpwh.gov.ph/dpwh/gis","url_text":"\"Road and Bridge Inventory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Public_Works_and_Highways","url_text":"Department of Public Works and Highways"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha2-agonist
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Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor
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["1 Cellular localization","2 Effects","2.1 General","2.2 Individual","3 Signaling cascade","3.1 Agonists","3.2 Antagonists","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Protein family
See also: Adrenergic receptor
The alpha-2 (α2) adrenergic receptor (or adrenoceptor) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) associated with the Gi heterotrimeric G-protein. It consists of three highly homologous subtypes, including α2A-, α2B-, and α2C-adrenergic. Some species other than humans express a fourth α2D-adrenergic receptor as well. Catecholamines like norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) signal through the α2-adrenergic receptor in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Cellular localization
The α2A adrenergic receptor is localised in the following central nervous system (CNS) structures:
Brainstem (especially the locus coeruleus as presynaptic & somatodendritic autoreceptor )
Midbrain
Hypothalamus
Olfactory system
Hippocampus
Spinal cord
Cerebral cortex
Cerebellum
Septum
Whereas the α2B adrenergic receptor is localised in the following CNS structures:
Thalamus
Pyramidal layer of the hippocampus
Cerebellar Purkinje layer
and the α2C adrenergic receptor is localised in the CNS structures:
Midbrain
Thalamus
Amygdala
Dorsal root ganglia
Olfactory system
Hippocampus
Cerebral cortex
Basal ganglia
Substantia nigra
Ventral tegmentum
Effects
The α2-adrenergic receptor is classically located on vascular prejunctional terminals where it inhibits the release of norepinephrine (noradrenaline) in a form of negative feedback. It is also located on the vascular smooth muscle cells of certain blood vessels, such as those found in skin arterioles or on veins, where it sits alongside the more plentiful α1-adrenergic receptor. The α2-adrenergic receptor binds both norepinephrine released by sympathetic postganglionic fibers and epinephrine (adrenaline) released by the adrenal medulla, binding norepinephrine with slightly higher affinity. It has several general functions in common with the α1-adrenergic receptor, but also has specific effects of its own. Agonists (activators) of the α2-adrenergic receptor are frequently used in anaesthesia where they affect sedation, muscle relaxation and analgesia through effects on the central nervous system (CNS).
In the brain, α2-adrenergic receptors can be localized either pre- or post-synaptically, and the majority of receptors appear to be post-synaptic. For example, the α2A adrenergic receptor subtype is post-synaptic in the prefrontal cortex and these receptors strengthen cognitive and executive functions by inhibiting cAMP opening of potassium channels, thus enhancing prefrontal connections and neuronal firing. The α2A-adrenergic agonist, guanfacine, is now used to treat prefrontal cortical cognitive disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
General
Common effects include:
Suppression of release of norepinephrine (noradrenaline) by negative feedback
Transient hypertension (increase in blood pressure), followed by a sustained hypotension (decrease in blood pressure)
Vasoconstriction of certain arteries
Vasoconstriction of arteries to heart (coronary artery); however, the extent of this effect may be limited and may be negated by the vasodilatory effect from β2 receptors
Constriction of some vascular smooth muscle
Venoconstriction of veins
Decrease motility of smooth muscle in gastrointestinal tract
Inhibition of lipolysis
Facilitation of the cognitive functions associated with the prefrontal cortex (PFC; working memory, attention, executive functioning, etc.)
Sedation
Analgesia
Individual
Individual actions of the α2 receptor include:
Mediates synaptic transmission in pre- and postsynaptic nerve terminals
Decrease release of acetylcholine
Decrease release of norepinephrine
Inhibit norepinephrine system in brain
Inhibition of lipolysis in adipose tissue
Inhibition of insulin release in pancreas
Induction of glucagon release from pancreas
platelet aggregation
Contraction of sphincters of the gastrointestinal tract
Decreased secretion from salivary gland
Relax gastrointestinal tract (presynaptic effect)
Decreased aqueous humor fluid production from the ciliary body
Signaling cascade
The α subunit of an inhibitory G protein - Gi dissociates from the G protein, and associates with adenylyl cyclase. This causes the inactivation of adenylyl cyclase, resulting in a decrease of cAMP produced from ATP, which leads to a decrease of intracellular cAMP. PKA is not able to be activated by cAMP, so proteins such as phosphorylase kinase cannot be phosphorylated by PKA. In particular, phosphorylase kinase is responsible for the phosphorylation and activation of glycogen phosphorylase, an enzyme necessary for glycogen breakdown. Thus in this pathway, the downstream effect of adenylyl cyclase inactivation is decreased breakdown of glycogen.
The relaxation of gastrointestinal tract motility is by presynaptic inhibition, where transmitters inhibit further release by homotropic effects.
Agonists
4-NEMD
7-Me-marsanidine (also I1 agonist)
Agmatine (also I agonist, NMDA, 5-HT3, nicotinic antagonist and NOS inhibitor)
Apraclonidine
Brimonidine
Cannabigerol (also acts as a moderate affinity 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, and low affinity CB1 receptor antagonist).
Clonidine (also I1 agonist)
Detomidine
Dexmedetomidine
Fadolmidine
Guanabenz
Guanfacine
Lofexidine
Marsanidine
Medetomidine
Methyldopa
Mivazerol
Rilmenidine (also I agonist)
Romifidine
Talipexole (also dopamine agonist)
Tiamenidine
Tizanidine
Tolonidine
Xylazine
Xylometazoline
Partial agonists
Oxymetazoline (also α1 agonist)
TDIQ
Antagonists
1-PP (active metabolite of buspirone and gepirone)
Aripiprazole
Asenapine
Atipamezole
Cirazoline
Clozapine
Efaroxan
Idazoxan
Lurasidone
Melperone
Mianserin
Mirtazapine
Napitane
Olanzapine
Paliperidone (also primary active metabolite of risperidone)
Phenoxybenzamine
Phentolamine
Piribedil
Rauwolscine
Risperidone
Rotigotine (α2B antagonist, non-selective)
Quetiapine
Norquetiapine (primary active metabolite of quetiapine)
Setiptiline
Tolazoline
Yohimbine
Ziprasidone
Zotepine (discontinued)
Binding affinity (Ki in nM) and clinical data on a number of alpha-2 ligands
Drug
α1A
α1B
α1D
α2A
α2B
α2C
Indication(s)
Route of Administration
Bioavailability
Elimination half-life
Metabolising enzymes
Protein binding
Agonists
Clonidine
316.23
316.23
125.89
42.92
106.31
233.1
Hypertension, ADHD, analgesia, sedation
Oral, epidural, transdermal
75–85% (IR), 89% (XR)
12–16 h
CYP2D6
20–40%
Dexmedetomidine
199.53
316.23
79.23
6.13
18.46
37.72
Procedural and ICU sedation
IV
100%
6 minutes
94%
Guanfacine
?
?
?
71.81
1200.2
2505.2
Hypertension, ADHD
Oral
80–100% (IR), 58% (XR)
17 h (IR), 18 h (XR)
CYP3A4
70%
Xylazine
?
?
?
5754.4
3467.4
>10000
Veterinary sedation
?
?
?
?
?
Xylometazoline
?
?
?
15.14
1047.13
128.8
Nasal congestion
Intranasal
?
?
?
?
Antagonists
Asenapine
1.2
?
?
1.2
0.32
1.2
Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder
Sublingual
35%
24 h
CYP1A2 & UGT1A4
95%
Clozapine
1.62
7
?
37
25
6
Treatment-resistant schizophrenia
Oral
50–60%
12 h
CYP1A2, CYP3A4, CYP2D6
97%
Mianserin
74
?
?
4.8
27
3.8
Depression
Oral
20%
21–61 h
CYP3A4
95%
Mirtazapine
500
?
?
20
?
18
Depression
Oral
50%
20–40 h
CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP3A4
85%
Agonists
Main article: alpha-adrenergic agonist
Norepinephrine has higher affinity for the α2 receptor than epinephrine does, and therefore relates less to the latter's functions. Nonselective α2 agonists include the antihypertensive drug clonidine, which can be used to lower blood pressure and to reduce hot flashes associated with menopause. Clonidine has also been successfully used in indications that exceed what would be expected from a simple blood-pressure lowering drug: it has shown positive results in children with ADHD who have tics resulting from the treatment with a CNS stimulant drug, such as Adderall XR or methylphenidate; clonidine also helps alleviate symptoms of opioid withdrawal. The hypotensive effect of clonidine was initially attributed through its agonist action on presynaptic α2 receptors, which act as a down-regulator on the amount of norepinephrine released in the synaptic cleft, an example of autoreceptor. However, it is now known that clonidine binds to imidazoline receptors with a much greater affinity than α2 receptors, which would account for its applications outside the field of hypertension alone. Imidazoline receptors occur in the nucleus tractus solitarii and also the centrolateral medulla. Clonidine is now thought to decrease blood pressure via this central mechanism. Other nonselective agonists include dexmedetomidine, lofexidine (another antihypertensive), TDIQ (partial agonist), tizanidine (in spasms, cramping) and xylazine. Xylazine has veterinary use.
In the European Union, dexmedetomidine received a marketing authorization from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) on August 10, 2012, under the brand name of Dexdor. It is indicated for sedation in the ICU for patients needing mechanical ventilation.
In non-human species this is an immobilizing and anesthetic drug, presumptively also mediated by α2 adrenergic receptors because it is reversed by yohimbine, an α2 antagonist.
α2A selective agonists include guanfacine (an antihypertensive) and brimonidine (UK 14,304).
(R)-3-nitrobiphenyline is an α2C selective agonist as well as being a weak antagonist at the α2A and α2B subtypes.
Antagonists
Main article: alpha blocker
Nonselective α blockers include, A-80426, atipamezole, phenoxybenzamine, efaroxan, idazoxan (experimental), and SB-269,970.
Yohimbine is a relatively selective α2 blocker that has been investigated as a treatment for erectile dysfunction.
Tetracyclic antidepressants mirtazapine and mianserin are also potent α antagonists with mirtazapine being more selective for α2 subtype (~30-fold selective over α1) than mianserin (~17-fold).
α2A selective blockers include BRL-44408 and RX-821,002.
α2B selective blockers include ARC-239 and imiloxan.
α2C selective blockers include JP-1302 and spiroxatrine, the latter also being a serotonin 5-HT1A antagonist.
See also
Adrenergic receptor
References
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^ "Therapeutic Goods Administration – Home page". Department of Health (Australia). Retrieved 27 November 2013.
^ "Daily Med – Home page". U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 27 November 2013.
^ National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (2002). "Methylphenidate and Clonidine Help Children With ADHD and Tics".
^ "Clonidine Oral Uses". Web MD.
^ "EPAR summary for the public: Dexdomitor" (PDF). www.ema.europa.eu/ema/. European Medicines Agency. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
^ Crassous PA, Cardinaletti C, Carrieri A, Bruni B, Di Vaira M, Gentili F, Ghelfi F, Giannella M, Paris H, Piergentili A, Quaglia W, Schaak S, Vesprini C, Pigini M (August 2007). "Alpha2-adrenoreceptors profile modulation. 3.1 (R)-(+)-m-nitrobiphenyline, a new efficient and alpha2C-subtype selective agonist". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 50 (16): 3964–8. doi:10.1021/jm061487a. PMID 17630725.
^ Del Bello, Fabio; Mattioli, Laura; Ghelfi, Francesca; Giannella, Mario; Piergentili, Alessandro; Quaglia, Wilma; Cardinaletti, Claudia; Perfumi, Marina; Thomas, Russell J.; Zanelli, Ugo; Marchioro, Carla; Dal Cin, Michele; Pigini, Maria (11 November 2010). "Fruitful Adrenergic α2C-Agonism/α2A-Antagonism Combination to Prevent and Contrast Morphine Tolerance and Dependence". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 53 (21): 7825–7835. doi:10.1021/jm100977d. PMID 20925410.
^ "online-medical-dictionary.org". Archived from the original on 2007-08-24. Retrieved 2007-12-26.
External links
"Adrenoceptors". IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.
vteCell surface receptor: G protein-coupled receptorsClass A: Rhodopsin-likeNeurotransmitterAdrenergic
α1 (A
B
D)
α2 (A
B
C)
β1
β2
β3
Purinergic
Adenosine (A1
A2A
A2B
A3)
P2Y (1
2
4
5
6
8
9
10
11
12
13
14)
Serotonin
(all but 5-HT3) 5-HT1 (A
B
D
E
F)
5-HT2 (A
B
C)
5-HT (4
5A
6
7)
Other
Acetylcholine (M1
M2
M3
M4
M5)
Dopamine
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
GHB receptor
Histamine
H1
H2
H3
H4
Melatonin (1A
1B
1C)
TAAR (1
2
5
6
8
9)
Metabolites andsignaling moleculesEicosanoid
CysLT (1
2)
LTB4
1
2
FPRL1
OXE
Prostaglandin
DP (1
2), EP (1
2
3
4), FP
Prostacyclin
Thromboxane
Other
Bile acid
Cannabinoid (CB1
CB2, GPR (18
55
119))
EBI2
Estrogen
Free fatty acid (1
2
3
4)
Hydroxycarboxylic acids
1
2
3
Lysophosphatidic acid (1
2
3
4
5
6)
Lysophospholipid (1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8)
Oxoglutarate
PAF
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (1
2
3
4
5)
Succinate
PeptideNeuropeptide
B/W (1
2)
FF (1
2)
S
Y (1
2
4
5)
Neuromedin (B
U (1
2))
Neurotensin (1
2)
Other
Anaphylatoxin (C3a
C5a (1
2))
Angiotensin (1
2)
Apelin
Bombesin
BRS3
GRPR
NMBR)
Bradykinin (B1
B2)
Chemokine
Cholecystokinin (A
B)
Endothelin
A
B
Formyl peptide (1
2
3)
FSH
Galanin (1
2
3)
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (1
2)
Ghrelin
Kisspeptin
Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin
MAS (1
1L
D
E
F
G
X1
X2
X3
X4)
Melanocortin (1
2
3
4
5)
MCHR (1
2)
Motilin
Opioid (Delta
Kappa
Mu
Nociceptin & Zeta, but not Sigma)
Orexin (1
2)
Oxytocin
Prokineticin (1
2)
Prolactin-releasing peptide
Relaxin (1
2
3
4)
Somatostatin (1
2
3
4
5)
Tachykinin (1
2
3)
Thyrotropin
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
Urotensin-II
Vasopressin (1A
1B
2)
MiscellaneousTaste, bitter
TAS2R
1
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
13
14
16
19
20
30
31
38
39
40
41
42
43
45
46
50
60
Vomeronasal receptor type 1
Orphan
GPR (1
3
4
6
12
15
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
25
26
27
31
32
33
34
35
37
39
42
44
45
50
52
55
61
62
63
65
68
75
78
81
82
83
84
85
87
88
92
101
103
109A
109B
119
120
132
135
137B
139
141
142
146
148
149
150
151
152
153
160
161
162
171
173
174
176
177
182
183)
Other
Adrenomedullin
Olfactory
Opsin (3
4
5
1LW
1MW
1SW
RGR
RRH)
Protease-activated (1
2
3
4)
SREB (1
2
3)
Class B: Secretin-likeAdhesion
ADGRB
Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor
1
2
3
ADGRC
Cadherin
1
2
3
ADGRE
EMR
1
2
3
CD97
ADGRG
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
ADGRL
Latrophilin
1
2
3
ELTD1
Orphan
GPR (56
64
97
98
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
123
124
125
126
128
133
143
144
155
157)
Other
Calcitonin
CALCRL
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (1
2)
Glucagon (GR
GIPR
GLP1R
GLP2R)
Growth-hormone-releasing hormone
PACAPR1
GPR
Methuselah-like proteins
Parathyroid hormone (1
2)
Secretin
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (1
2)
Class C: Metabotropic glutamate / pheromoneTaste, sweet
TAS1R
1
2
3
Vomeronasal receptor, type 2
Other
Calcium-sensing receptor
GABAB (1
2)
Glutamate receptor (Metabotropic glutamate (1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8))
GPRC6A
GPR (156
158
179)
RAIG (1
2
3
4)
Class F: Frizzled & SmoothenedFrizzled
Frizzled (1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10)
Smoothened
Smoothened
vteAdrenergic receptor modulatorsα1Agonists
6-FNE
Amidephrine
Buspirone
Cirazoline
Corbadrine
Deoxyepinephrine (epinine, N-methyldopamine)
Desglymidodrine
Dexisometheptene
Dipivefrine
Dopamine
Droxidopa (L-DOPS)
Epinephrine
Etilefrine
Etilevodopa
Ethylnorepinephrine
Ibopamine
Indanidine
Isometheptene
L-DOPA (levodopa)
L-Phenylalanine
L-Tyrosine
Melevodopa
Metaraminol
Methoxamine
Methyldopa
Midodrine
Naphazoline
Norepinephrine
Octopamine
Oxymetazoline
Phenylephrine
Phenylpropanolamine
Synephrine
Tetryzoline
Tiamenidine
XP21279
Xylometazoline
Antagonists
Abanoquil
Ajmalicine
Alfuzosin
Anisodamine
Anisodine
Atiprosin
Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., brexpiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone)
Benoxathian
Beta blockers (e.g., adimolol, amosulalol, arotinolol, carvedilol, eugenodilol, labetalol)
Buflomedil
Bunazosin
Corynanthine
Dapiprazole
Domesticine
Doxazosin
Ergolines (e.g., acetergamine, ergotamine, dihydroergotamine, lisuride, nicergoline, terguride)
Etoperidone
Fenspiride
Hydroxyzine
Indoramin
Ketanserin
L-765,314
mCPP
Mepiprazole
Metazosin
Monatepil
Moxisylyte
Naftopidil
Nantenine
Neldazosin
Niaprazine
Niguldipine
Pardoprunox
Pelanserin
Perlapine
Phendioxan
Phenoxybenzamine
Phentolamine
Phenylpiperazine antidepressants (e.g., hydroxynefazodone, nefazodone, trazodone, triazoledione)
Piperoxan
Prazosin
Quinazosin
Quinidine
Silodosin
Spegatrine
Spiperone
Talipexole
Tamsulosin
Terazosin
Tiodazosin
Tolazoline
Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin)
Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, imipramine, trimipramine)
Trimazosin
Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, loxapine, thioridazine)
Urapidil
WB-4101
Zolertine
α2Agonists
(R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline
4-NEMD
6-FNE
Amitraz
Apraclonidine
Brimonidine
Clonidine
Corbadrine
Deoxyepinephrine (epinine, N-methyldopamine)
Detomidine
Dexmedetomidine
Dihydroergotamine
Dipivefrine
Dopamine
Droxidopa (L-DOPS)
Etilevodopa
Ergotamine
Epinephrine
Etilefrine
Ethylnorepinephrine
Guanabenz
Guanfacine
Guanoxabenz
L-DOPA (levodopa)
L-Phenylalanine
L-Tyrosine
Ibopamine
Lofexidine
Medetomidine
Melevodopa
Methyldopa
Mivazerol
Moxonidine
Naphazoline
Norepinephrine
Oxymetazoline
Phenylpropanolamine
Piperoxan
PS75
Rezatomidine
Rilmenidine
Romifidine
Talipexole
Tasipimidine
Tetryzoline
Tiamenidine
Tizanidine
Tolonidine
Urapidil
Vatinoxan
XP21279
Xylazine
Xylometazoline
Antagonists
1-PP
Adimolol
Amesergide
Aptazapine
Atipamezole
Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., asenapine, brexpiprazole, clozapine, lurasidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, zotepine)
Azapirones (e.g., buspirone, gepirone, ipsapirone, tandospirone)
BRL-44408
Buflomedil
Cirazoline
Efaroxan
Esmirtazapine
Fenmetozole
Fluparoxan
Idazoxan
Ketanserin
Lisuride
mCPP
Mianserin
Mirtazapine
NAN-190
Pardoprunox
Phentolamine
Phenoxybenzamine
Piperoxan
Piribedil
Rauwolscine
Rotigotine
Setiptiline
Spegatrine
Spiroxatrine
Sunepitron
Terguride
Tolazoline
Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, loxapine, thioridazine)
Yohimbine
βAgonists
Abediterol
Alifedrine
Amibegron
Arbutamine
Arformoterol
Arotinolol
BAAM
Bambuterol
Befunolol
Bitolterol
Broxaterol
Buphenine
Carbuterol
Carmoterol
Cimaterol
Clenbuterol
Colterol
Corbadrine
Denopamine
Deoxyepinephrine (epinine, N-methyldopamine)
Dipivefrine
Dobutamine
Dopamine
Dopexamine
Droxidopa (L-DOPS)
Epinephrine
Etafedrine
Etilefrine
Etilevodopa
Ethylnorepinephrine
Eugenodilol
Fenoterol
Formoterol
Hexoprenaline
Higenamine
Ibopamine
Indacaterol
Isoetarine
Isoprenaline
Isoxsuprine
L-DOPA (levodopa)
L-Phenylalanine
L-Tyrosine
Levosalbutamol
Lubabegron
Mabuterol
Melevodopa
Methoxyphenamine
Methyldopa
Mirabegron
Norepinephrine
Orciprenaline
Oxyfedrine
PF-610355
Phenylpropanolamine
Pirbuterol
Prenalterol
Ractopamine
Procaterol
Reproterol
Rimiterol
Ritodrine
Salbutamol
Salmeterol
Solabegron
Terbutaline
Tretoquinol
Tulobuterol
Vibegron
Vilanterol
Xamoterol
XP21279
Zilpaterol
Zinterol
Antagonists
Acebutolol
Adaprolol
Adimolol
Afurolol
Alprenolol
Alprenoxime
Amosulalol
Ancarolol
Arnolol
Arotinolol
Atenolol
Befunolol
Betaxolol
Bevantolol
Bisoprolol
Bopindolol
Bornaprolol
Brefonalol
Bucindolol
Bucumolol
Bufetolol
Bufuralol
Bunitrolol
Bunolol
Bupranolol
Butaxamine
Butidrine
Butofilolol
Capsinolol
Carazolol
Carpindolol
Carteolol
Carvedilol
Celiprolol
Cetamolol
Cicloprolol
Cinamolol
Cloranolol
Cyanopindolol
Dalbraminol
Dexpropranolol
Diacetolol
Dichloroisoprenaline
Dihydroalprenolol
Dilevalol
Diprafenone
Draquinolol
Ecastolol
Epanolol
Ericolol
Ersentilide
Esatenolol
Esprolol
Eugenodilol
Exaprolol
Falintolol
Flestolol
Flusoxolol
Hydroxycarteolol
Hydroxytertatolol
ICI-118,551
Idropranolol
Indenolol
Indopanolol
Iodocyanopindolol
Iprocrolol
Isoxaprolol
Isamoltane
Labetalol
Landiolol
Levobetaxolol
Levobunolol
Levomoprolol
Medroxalol
Mepindolol
Metipranolol
Metoprolol
Moprolol
Nadolol
Nadoxolol
Nebivolol
Nifenalol
Nipradilol
Oxprenolol
Pacrinolol
Pafenolol
Pamatolol
Pargolol
Penbutolol
Pindolol
Practolol
Primidolol
Procinolol
Pronethalol
Propafenone
Propranolol
Ridazolol
Ronactolol
Soquinolol
Sotalol
Spirendolol
SR 59230A
Sulfinalol
Talinolol
Tazolol
Tertatolol
Tienoxolol
Tilisolol
Timolol
Tiprenolol
Tolamolol
Toliprolol
Xibenolol
Xipranolol
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators
Dopaminergics
Serotonergics
Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
Monoamine releasing agents
Monoamine metabolism modulators
Monoamine neurotoxins
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adrenergic receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor"},{"link_name":"G protein-coupled receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor"},{"link_name":"Gi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi_alpha_subunit"},{"link_name":"heterotrimeric G-protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotrimeric_G-protein"},{"link_name":"α2A-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%912A-adrenergic"},{"link_name":"α2B-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%912B-adrenergic"},{"link_name":"α2C-adrenergic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%912C-adrenergic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12949138-1"},{"link_name":"Catecholamines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catecholamine"},{"link_name":"norepinephrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine"},{"link_name":"epinephrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine"},{"link_name":"central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_system"},{"link_name":"peripheral nervous systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system"}],"text":"See also: Adrenergic receptorThe alpha-2 (α2) adrenergic receptor (or adrenoceptor) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) associated with the Gi heterotrimeric G-protein. It consists of three highly homologous subtypes, including α2A-, α2B-, and α2C-adrenergic. Some species other than humans express a fourth α2D-adrenergic receptor as well.[1] Catecholamines like norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) signal through the α2-adrenergic receptor in the central and peripheral nervous systems.","title":"Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"α2A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-2A_adrenergic_receptor"},{"link_name":"central nervous system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_system"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cell-2"},{"link_name":"Brainstem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstem"},{"link_name":"locus coeruleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_coeruleus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cell-2"},{"link_name":"Midbrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midbrain"},{"link_name":"Hypothalamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamus"},{"link_name":"Hippocampus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocampus"},{"link_name":"Spinal cord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord"},{"link_name":"Cerebral cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_cortex"},{"link_name":"Cerebellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellum"},{"link_name":"Septum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septum"},{"link_name":"α2B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-2B_adrenergic_receptor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cell-2"},{"link_name":"α2C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-2C_adrenergic_receptor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cell-2"},{"link_name":"Amygdala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amygdala"},{"link_name":"Dorsal root ganglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_root_ganglia"},{"link_name":"Basal ganglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_ganglia"},{"link_name":"Substantia nigra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substantia_nigra"},{"link_name":"Ventral tegmentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_tegmentum"}],"text":"The α2A adrenergic receptor is localised in the following central nervous system (CNS) structures:[2]Brainstem (especially the locus coeruleus as presynaptic & somatodendritic autoreceptor [2])\nMidbrain\nHypothalamus\nOlfactory system\nHippocampus\nSpinal cord\nCerebral cortex\nCerebellum\nSeptumWhereas the α2B adrenergic receptor is localised in the following CNS structures:[2]Thalamus\nPyramidal layer of the hippocampus\nCerebellar Purkinje layerand the α2C adrenergic receptor is localised in the CNS structures:[2]Midbrain\nThalamus\nAmygdala\nDorsal root ganglia\nOlfactory system\nHippocampus\nCerebral cortex\nBasal ganglia\nSubstantia nigra\nVentral tegmentum","title":"Cellular localization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levick-3"},{"link_name":"vascular smooth muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_smooth_muscle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levick-3"},{"link_name":"sympathetic postganglionic fibers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system"},{"link_name":"adrenal medulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_medulla"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"α1-adrenergic receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor"},{"link_name":"Agonists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonists"},{"link_name":"anaesthesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaesthesia"},{"link_name":"sedation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedation"},{"link_name":"analgesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analgesia"},{"link_name":"central nervous system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_system"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10215710-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U'Prichard-6"},{"link_name":"α2A adrenergic receptor subtype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-2A_adrenergic_receptor"},{"link_name":"prefrontal cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wang-7"},{"link_name":"guanfacine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanfacine"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arnsten-8"}],"text":"The α2-adrenergic receptor is classically located on vascular prejunctional terminals where it inhibits the release of norepinephrine (noradrenaline) in a form of negative feedback.[3] It is also located on the vascular smooth muscle cells of certain blood vessels, such as those found in skin arterioles or on veins, where it sits alongside the more plentiful α1-adrenergic receptor.[3] The α2-adrenergic receptor binds both norepinephrine released by sympathetic postganglionic fibers and epinephrine (adrenaline) released by the adrenal medulla, binding norepinephrine with slightly higher affinity.[4] It has several general functions in common with the α1-adrenergic receptor, but also has specific effects of its own. Agonists (activators) of the α2-adrenergic receptor are frequently used in anaesthesia where they affect sedation, muscle relaxation and analgesia through effects on the central nervous system (CNS).[5]In the brain, α2-adrenergic receptors can be localized either pre- or post-synaptically, and the majority of receptors appear to be post-synaptic.[6] For example, the α2A adrenergic receptor subtype is post-synaptic in the prefrontal cortex and these receptors strengthen cognitive and executive functions by inhibiting cAMP opening of potassium channels, thus enhancing prefrontal connections and neuronal firing.[7] The α2A-adrenergic agonist, guanfacine, is now used to treat prefrontal cortical cognitive disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).[8]","title":"Effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"norepinephrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine"},{"link_name":"noradrenaline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noradrenaline"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levick-3"},{"link_name":"hypertension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension"},{"link_name":"hypotension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotension"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10215710-5"},{"link_name":"Vasoconstriction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasoconstriction"},{"link_name":"arteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteries"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart"},{"link_name":"coronary artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_artery"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid2887122-10"},{"link_name":"β2 receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta-2_adrenergic_receptor"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12147535-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Katzung-12"},{"link_name":"veins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veins"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9280371-13"},{"link_name":"smooth muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_muscle"},{"link_name":"gastrointestinal tract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid2889649-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Katzung-12"},{"link_name":"prefrontal cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSN-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSN-15"}],"sub_title":"General","text":"Common effects include:Suppression of release of norepinephrine (noradrenaline) by negative feedback[3]\nTransient hypertension (increase in blood pressure), followed by a sustained hypotension (decrease in blood pressure)[5]\nVasoconstriction of certain arteries[9]\nVasoconstriction of arteries to heart (coronary artery);[10] however, the extent of this effect may be limited and may be negated by the vasodilatory effect from β2 receptors[11]\nConstriction of some vascular smooth muscle[12]\nVenoconstriction of veins[13]\nDecrease motility of smooth muscle in gastrointestinal tract[14]\nInhibition of lipolysis[12]\nFacilitation of the cognitive functions associated with the prefrontal cortex (PFC; working memory, attention, executive functioning, etc.)[15]\nSedation[15]\nAnalgesia","title":"Effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"synaptic transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptic_transmission"},{"link_name":"nerve terminals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapse"},{"link_name":"acetylcholine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rang163-16"},{"link_name":"norepinephrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rang163-16"},{"link_name":"norepinephrine system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine_system"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid6119348-17"},{"link_name":"lipolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipolysis"},{"link_name":"adipose tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adipose_tissue"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-purves-18"},{"link_name":"insulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin"},{"link_name":"pancreas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-purves-18"},{"link_name":"glucagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucagon"},{"link_name":"platelet aggregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelet_aggregation"},{"link_name":"sphincters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphincter"},{"link_name":"gastrointestinal tract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract"},{"link_name":"salivary gland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salivary_gland"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid10215710-5"},{"link_name":"gastrointestinal tract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract"}],"sub_title":"Individual","text":"Individual actions of the α2 receptor include:Mediates synaptic transmission in pre- and postsynaptic nerve terminals\nDecrease release of acetylcholine[16]\nDecrease release of norepinephrine[16]\nInhibit norepinephrine system in brain\nInhibition[17] of lipolysis in adipose tissue[18]\nInhibition of insulin release in pancreas[18]\nInduction of glucagon release from pancreas\nplatelet aggregation\nContraction of sphincters of the gastrointestinal tract\nDecreased secretion from salivary gland[5]\nRelax gastrointestinal tract (presynaptic effect)\nDecreased aqueous humor fluid production from the ciliary body","title":"Effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"G protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein"},{"link_name":"Gi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi_alpha_subunit"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid=18434433-19"},{"link_name":"adenylyl cyclase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenylyl_cyclase"},{"link_name":"cAMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate"},{"link_name":"PKA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_kinase_A"},{"link_name":"phosphorylase kinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylase_kinase"},{"link_name":"glycogen phosphorylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen_phosphorylase"},{"link_name":"presynaptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presynaptic"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rang163-16"},{"link_name":"homotropic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homotropic_modulation"},{"link_name":"4-NEMD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-NEMD"},{"link_name":"7-Me-marsanidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7-Me-marsanidine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"I1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidazoline_receptor"},{"link_name":"agonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_agonist"},{"link_name":"Agmatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agmatine"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidazoline_receptor"},{"link_name":"agonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_agonist"},{"link_name":"NMDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_antagonist"},{"link_name":"5-HT3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT3_receptor"},{"link_name":"nicotinic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor"},{"link_name":"antagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_antagonist"},{"link_name":"NOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxide_synthase"},{"link_name":"Apraclonidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apraclonidine"},{"link_name":"Brimonidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brimonidine"},{"link_name":"Cannabigerol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabigerol"},{"link_name":"5-HT1A receptor antagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT1A_receptor"},{"link_name":"CB1 receptor antagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CB1_receptor"},{"link_name":"Clonidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonidine"},{"link_name":"I1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidazoline_receptor"},{"link_name":"agonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_agonist"},{"link_name":"Detomidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detomidine"},{"link_name":"Dexmedetomidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexmedetomidine"},{"link_name":"Fadolmidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fadolmidine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guanabenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanabenz"},{"link_name":"Guanfacine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanfacine"},{"link_name":"Lofexidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofexidine"},{"link_name":"Marsanidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marsanidine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Medetomidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medetomidine"},{"link_name":"Methyldopa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyldopa"},{"link_name":"Mivazerol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mivazerol"},{"link_name":"Rilmenidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rilmenidine"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidazoline_receptor"},{"link_name":"agonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_agonist"},{"link_name":"Romifidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romifidine"},{"link_name":"Talipexole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talipexole"},{"link_name":"Tiamenidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamenidine"},{"link_name":"Tizanidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tizanidine"},{"link_name":"Tolonidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolonidine"},{"link_name":"Xylazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylazine"},{"link_name":"Xylometazoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylometazoline"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xyloOxy-20"},{"link_name":"Oxymetazoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxymetazoline"},{"link_name":"α1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor"},{"link_name":"agonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_agonist"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xyloOxy-20"},{"link_name":"TDIQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDIQ"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"1-PP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-PP"},{"link_name":"buspirone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buspirone"},{"link_name":"gepirone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gepirone"},{"link_name":"Aripiprazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aripiprazole"},{"link_name":"Asenapine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenapine"},{"link_name":"Atipamezole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atipamezole"},{"link_name":"Cirazoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirazoline"},{"link_name":"Clozapine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clozapine"},{"link_name":"Efaroxan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efaroxan"},{"link_name":"Idazoxan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idazoxan"},{"link_name":"Lurasidone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurasidone"},{"link_name":"Melperone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melperone"},{"link_name":"Mianserin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianserin"},{"link_name":"Mirtazapine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtazapine"},{"link_name":"Napitane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Napitane&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olanzapine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olanzapine"},{"link_name":"Paliperidone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paliperidone"},{"link_name":"risperidone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risperidone"},{"link_name":"Phenoxybenzamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenoxybenzamine"},{"link_name":"Phentolamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phentolamine"},{"link_name":"Piribedil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piribedil"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11356907-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid12649387-23"},{"link_name":"Rauwolscine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauwolscine"},{"link_name":"Risperidone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risperidone"},{"link_name":"Rotigotine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotigotine"},{"link_name":"α2B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-2B_adrenergic_receptor"},{"link_name":"Quetiapine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetiapine"},{"link_name":"Norquetiapine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norquetiapine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"quetiapine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetiapine"},{"link_name":"Setiptiline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setiptiline"},{"link_name":"Tolazoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolazoline"},{"link_name":"Yohimbine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohimbine"},{"link_name":"Ziprasidone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziprasidone"},{"link_name":"Zotepine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zotepine"}],"text":"The α subunit of an inhibitory G protein - Gi dissociates from the G protein,[19] and associates with adenylyl cyclase. This causes the inactivation of adenylyl cyclase, resulting in a decrease of cAMP produced from ATP, which leads to a decrease of intracellular cAMP. PKA is not able to be activated by cAMP, so proteins such as phosphorylase kinase cannot be phosphorylated by PKA. In particular, phosphorylase kinase is responsible for the phosphorylation and activation of glycogen phosphorylase, an enzyme necessary for glycogen breakdown. Thus in this pathway, the downstream effect of adenylyl cyclase inactivation is decreased breakdown of glycogen.The relaxation of gastrointestinal tract motility is by presynaptic inhibition,[16] where transmitters inhibit further release by homotropic effects.Agonists4-NEMD\n7-Me-marsanidine (also I1 agonist)\nAgmatine (also I agonist, NMDA, 5-HT3, nicotinic antagonist and NOS inhibitor)\nApraclonidine\nBrimonidine\nCannabigerol (also acts as a moderate affinity 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, and low affinity CB1 receptor antagonist).\nClonidine (also I1 agonist)\nDetomidine\nDexmedetomidine\nFadolmidine\nGuanabenz\nGuanfacine\nLofexidine\nMarsanidine\nMedetomidine\nMethyldopa\nMivazerol\nRilmenidine (also I agonist)\nRomifidine\nTalipexole (also dopamine agonist)\nTiamenidine\nTizanidine\nTolonidine\nXylazine\nXylometazoline[20]Partial agonistsOxymetazoline (also α1 agonist)[20]\nTDIQ[21]Antagonists1-PP (active metabolite of buspirone and gepirone)\nAripiprazole\nAsenapine\nAtipamezole\nCirazoline\nClozapine\nEfaroxan\nIdazoxan\nLurasidone\nMelperone\nMianserin\nMirtazapine\nNapitane\nOlanzapine\nPaliperidone (also primary active metabolite of risperidone)\nPhenoxybenzamine\nPhentolamine\nPiribedil[22][23]\nRauwolscine\nRisperidone\nRotigotine (α2B antagonist, non-selective)\nQuetiapine\nNorquetiapine (primary active metabolite of quetiapine)\nSetiptiline\nTolazoline\nYohimbine\nZiprasidone\nZotepine (discontinued)","title":"Signaling cascade"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norepinephrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine"},{"link_name":"epinephrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rang163-16"},{"link_name":"antihypertensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihypertensive"},{"link_name":"clonidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonidine"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rang163-16"},{"link_name":"ADHD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADHD"},{"link_name":"tics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tics"},{"link_name":"CNS stimulant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNS_stimulant"},{"link_name":"Adderall XR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphetamine_mixed_salts_(medication)"},{"link_name":"methylphenidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylphenidate"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"opioid withdrawal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid_withdrawal"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Web_MD-29"},{"link_name":"synaptic cleft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptic_cleft"},{"link_name":"autoreceptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoreceptor"},{"link_name":"imidazoline receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imidazoline_receptor"},{"link_name":"nucleus tractus solitarii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitary_nucleus"},{"link_name":"centrolateral medulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medulla_oblongata"},{"link_name":"dexmedetomidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexmedetomidine"},{"link_name":"lofexidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofexidine"},{"link_name":"TDIQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDIQ"},{"link_name":"tizanidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tizanidine"},{"link_name":"spasms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spasm"},{"link_name":"cramping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cramping"},{"link_name":"xylazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylazine"},{"link_name":"veterinary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary"},{"link_name":"European Medicines Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency"},{"link_name":"Dexdor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexdor"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EMA-30"},{"link_name":"ICU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_Care_Unit"},{"link_name":"guanfacine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanfacine"},{"link_name":"(R)-3-nitrobiphenyline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(R)-3-Nitrobiphenyline"},{"link_name":"antagonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antagonist_(pharmacology)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17630725-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Agonists","text":"Norepinephrine has higher affinity for the α2 receptor than epinephrine does, and therefore relates less to the latter's functions.[16] Nonselective α2 agonists include the antihypertensive drug clonidine,[16] which can be used to lower blood pressure and to reduce hot flashes associated with menopause. Clonidine has also been successfully used in indications that exceed what would be expected from a simple blood-pressure lowering drug: it has shown positive results in children with ADHD who have tics resulting from the treatment with a CNS stimulant drug, such as Adderall XR or methylphenidate;[28] clonidine also helps alleviate symptoms of opioid withdrawal.[29] The hypotensive effect of clonidine was initially attributed through its agonist action on presynaptic α2 receptors, which act as a down-regulator on the amount of norepinephrine released in the synaptic cleft, an example of autoreceptor. However, it is now known that clonidine binds to imidazoline receptors with a much greater affinity than α2 receptors, which would account for its applications outside the field of hypertension alone. Imidazoline receptors occur in the nucleus tractus solitarii and also the centrolateral medulla. Clonidine is now thought to decrease blood pressure via this central mechanism. Other nonselective agonists include dexmedetomidine, lofexidine (another antihypertensive), TDIQ (partial agonist), tizanidine (in spasms, cramping) and xylazine. Xylazine has veterinary use.In the European Union, dexmedetomidine received a marketing authorization from the European Medicines Agency (EMA) on August 10, 2012, under the brand name of Dexdor.[30] It is indicated for sedation in the ICU for patients needing mechanical ventilation.In non-human species this is an immobilizing and anesthetic drug, presumptively also mediated by α2 adrenergic receptors because it is reversed by yohimbine, an α2 antagonist.α2A selective agonists include guanfacine (an antihypertensive) and brimonidine (UK 14,304).(R)-3-nitrobiphenyline is an α2C selective agonist as well as being a weak antagonist at the α2A and α2B subtypes.[31][32]","title":"Signaling cascade"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"α blockers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_blocker"},{"link_name":"atipamezole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atipamezole"},{"link_name":"phenoxybenzamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenoxybenzamine"},{"link_name":"efaroxan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efaroxan"},{"link_name":"idazoxan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idazoxan"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rang163-16"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"SB-269,970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SB-269,970"},{"link_name":"Yohimbine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohimbine"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rang163-16"},{"link_name":"Tetracyclic antidepressants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetracyclic_antidepressant"},{"link_name":"mirtazapine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirtazapine"},{"link_name":"mianserin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianserin"},{"link_name":"BRL-44408","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRL-44408"},{"link_name":"imiloxan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imiloxan"},{"link_name":"spiroxatrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiroxatrine"},{"link_name":"serotonin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin"}],"sub_title":"Antagonists","text":"Nonselective α blockers include, A-80426, atipamezole, phenoxybenzamine, efaroxan, idazoxan[16] (experimental),[33] and SB-269,970.Yohimbine[16] is a relatively selective α2 blocker that has been investigated as a treatment for erectile dysfunction.Tetracyclic antidepressants mirtazapine and mianserin are also potent α antagonists with mirtazapine being more selective for α2 subtype (~30-fold selective over α1) than mianserin (~17-fold).α2A selective blockers include BRL-44408 and RX-821,002.α2B selective blockers include ARC-239 and imiloxan.α2C selective blockers include JP-1302 and spiroxatrine, the latter also being a serotonin 5-HT1A antagonist.","title":"Signaling cascade"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Adrenergic receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor"}]
|
[{"reference":"Ruuskanen JO, Xhaard H, Marjamäki A, Salaneck E, Salminen T, Yan YL, Postlethwait JH, Johnson MS, Larhammar D, Scheinin M (January 2004). \"Identification of duplicated fourth alpha2-adrenergic receptor subtype by cloning and mapping of five receptor genes in zebrafish\". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 21 (1): 14–28. doi:10.1093/molbev/msg224. PMID 12949138.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsg224","url_text":"\"Identification of duplicated fourth alpha2-adrenergic receptor subtype by cloning and mapping of five receptor genes in zebrafish\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsg224","url_text":"10.1093/molbev/msg224"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12949138","url_text":"12949138"}]},{"reference":"Saunders, C; Limbird, LE (November 1999). \"Localization and trafficking of alpha2-adrenergic receptor subtypes in cells and tissues\". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 84 (2): 193–205. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(99)00032-7. PMID 10596906.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0163-7258%2899%2900032-7","url_text":"10.1016/S0163-7258(99)00032-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10596906","url_text":"10596906"}]},{"reference":"Boron, Walter F. (2012). Medical Physiology: A Cellular and Molecular Approach. p. 360.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Khan, ZP; Ferguson, CN; Jones, RM (February 1999). \"alpha-2 and imidazoline receptor agonists. Their pharmacology and therapeutic role\". Anaesthesia. 54 (2): 146–65. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2044.1999.00659.x. PMID 10215710.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2044.1999.00659.x","url_text":"\"alpha-2 and imidazoline receptor agonists. 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R.; Marboe, C. C.; Addonizio, L. J.; Michler, R. E.; Koller, A.; Hintze, T. H.; Kaley, G. (2002). \"Norepinephrine elicits beta2-receptor-mediated dilation of isolated human coronary arterioles\". Circulation. 106 (5): 550–555. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000023896.70583.9F. PMID 12147535.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.CIR.0000023896.70583.9F","url_text":"\"Norepinephrine elicits beta2-receptor-mediated dilation of isolated human coronary arterioles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1161%2F01.CIR.0000023896.70583.9F","url_text":"10.1161/01.CIR.0000023896.70583.9F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12147535","url_text":"12147535"}]},{"reference":"Elliott J (1997). \"Alpha-adrenoceptors in equine digital veins: evidence for the presence of both α1 and α2-receptors mediating vasoconstriction\". J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther. 20 (4): 308–17. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2885.1997.00078.x. PMID 9280371.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2885.1997.00078.x","url_text":"10.1046/j.1365-2885.1997.00078.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9280371","url_text":"9280371"}]},{"reference":"Sagrada A, Fargeas MJ, Bueno L (1987). \"Involvement of α1 and α2 adrenoceptors in the postlaparotomy intestinal motor disturbances in the rat\". Gut. 28 (8): 955–9. doi:10.1136/gut.28.8.955. PMC 1433140. PMID 2889649.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1433140","url_text":"\"Involvement of α1 and α2 adrenoceptors in the postlaparotomy intestinal motor disturbances in the rat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fgut.28.8.955","url_text":"10.1136/gut.28.8.955"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1433140","url_text":"1433140"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2889649","url_text":"2889649"}]},{"reference":"Arnsten, AFT (26 July 2007). \"Alpha-2 Agonists in the Treatment of ADHD\". Medscape Psychiatry. WebMD. Retrieved 13 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/560074","url_text":"\"Alpha-2 Agonists in the Treatment of ADHD\""}]},{"reference":"Rang, H. P. (2003). Pharmacology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-443-07145-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-443-07145-4","url_text":"978-0-443-07145-4"}]},{"reference":"Wright EE, Simpson ER (1981). \"Inhibition of the lipolytic action of beta-adrenergic agonists in human adipocytes by alpha-adrenergic agonists\". J. Lipid Res. 22 (8): 1265–70. doi:10.1016/S0022-2275(20)37319-3. 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Lambert (August 2008). \"Abundance and stability of complexes containing inactive G protein-coupled receptors and G proteins\". The FASEB Journal. 22 (8): 2920–2927. doi:10.1096/fj.08-105775. PMC 2493464. PMID 18434433.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fasebj.org/content/22/8/2920.long","url_text":"\"Abundance and stability of complexes containing inactive G protein-coupled receptors and G proteins\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1096%2Ffj.08-105775","url_text":"10.1096/fj.08-105775"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2493464","url_text":"2493464"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18434433","url_text":"18434433"}]},{"reference":"Haenisch, B.; Walstab, J.; Herberhold, S.; Bootz, F.; Tschaikin, M.; Ramseger, R.; Bönisch, H. (2009). \"Alpha-adrenoceptor agonistic activity of oxymetazoline and xylometazoline\". Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology. 24 (6): 729–739. doi:10.1111/j.1472-8206.2009.00805.x. PMID 20030735. S2CID 25064699.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1472-8206.2009.00805.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1472-8206.2009.00805.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20030735","url_text":"20030735"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25064699","url_text":"25064699"}]},{"reference":"Young, R; CNS Drug Rev. (2007); et al. (2007). \"TDIQ (5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,3-dioxolo [4,5-g]isoquinoline): discovery, pharmacological effects, and therapeutic potential\". CNS Drug Reviews. 13 (4): 405–22. doi:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2007.00022.x. PMC 6494129. PMID 18078426.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6494129","url_text":"\"TDIQ (5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,3-dioxolo [4,5-g]isoquinoline): discovery, pharmacological effects, and therapeutic potential\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1527-3458.2007.00022.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1527-3458.2007.00022.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6494129","url_text":"6494129"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18078426","url_text":"18078426"}]},{"reference":"Millan MJ, Cussac D, Milligan G, et al. (June 2001). \"Antiparkinsonian agent piribedil displays antagonist properties at native, rat, and cloned, human alpha(2)-adrenoceptors: cellular and functional characterization\". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 297 (3): 876–87. PMID 11356907. Archived from the original on 2019-12-14. Retrieved 2013-08-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191214105629/http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11356907","url_text":"\"Antiparkinsonian agent piribedil displays antagonist properties at native, rat, and cloned, human alpha(2)-adrenoceptors: cellular and functional characterization\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11356907","url_text":"11356907"},{"url":"http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11356907","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gobert A, Di Cara B, Cistarelli L, Millan MJ (April 2003). \"Piribedil enhances frontocortical and hippocampal release of acetylcholine in freely moving rats by blockade of alpha 2A-adrenoceptors: a dialysis comparison to talipexole and quinelorane in the absence of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors\". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 305 (1): 338–46. doi:10.1124/jpet.102.046383. PMID 12649387. S2CID 29234876.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1124%2Fjpet.102.046383","url_text":"10.1124/jpet.102.046383"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12649387","url_text":"12649387"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29234876","url_text":"29234876"}]},{"reference":"Roth, BL; Driscol, J (12 January 2011). \"PDSP Ki Database\". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Archived from the original on 8 November 2013. 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U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 27 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/index.cfm","url_text":"\"Daily Med – Home page\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine","url_text":"U.S. National Library of Medicine"}]},{"reference":"\"Clonidine Oral Uses\". Web MD.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.webmd.com/drugs/mono-24-CLONIDINE+-+ORAL.aspx?drugid=11754&drugname=Clonidine","url_text":"\"Clonidine Oral Uses\""}]},{"reference":"\"EPAR summary for the public: Dexdomitor\" (PDF). www.ema.europa.eu/ema/. European Medicines Agency. Retrieved July 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emea.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Summary_for_the_public/veterinary/000070/WC500062498.pdf","url_text":"\"EPAR summary for the public: Dexdomitor\""}]},{"reference":"Crassous PA, Cardinaletti C, Carrieri A, Bruni B, Di Vaira M, Gentili F, Ghelfi F, Giannella M, Paris H, Piergentili A, Quaglia W, Schaak S, Vesprini C, Pigini M (August 2007). \"Alpha2-adrenoreceptors profile modulation. 3.1 (R)-(+)-m-nitrobiphenyline, a new efficient and alpha2C-subtype selective agonist\". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 50 (16): 3964–8. doi:10.1021/jm061487a. PMID 17630725.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjm061487a","url_text":"10.1021/jm061487a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17630725","url_text":"17630725"}]},{"reference":"Del Bello, Fabio; Mattioli, Laura; Ghelfi, Francesca; Giannella, Mario; Piergentili, Alessandro; Quaglia, Wilma; Cardinaletti, Claudia; Perfumi, Marina; Thomas, Russell J.; Zanelli, Ugo; Marchioro, Carla; Dal Cin, Michele; Pigini, Maria (11 November 2010). \"Fruitful Adrenergic α2C-Agonism/α2A-Antagonism Combination to Prevent and Contrast Morphine Tolerance and Dependence\". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 53 (21): 7825–7835. doi:10.1021/jm100977d. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_%22Turtle%22_Smith_Stadium
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Bob "Turtle" Smith Stadium
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["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
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Coordinates: 38°59′21″N 76°56′39″W / 38.98917°N 76.94417°W / 38.98917; -76.94417Baseball stadium at the University of Maryland
Bob "Turtle" Smith StadiumShipley Field, as viewed from Byrd Stadium, October 2013Bob "Turtle" Smith StadiumLocation within MarylandShow map of MarylandBob "Turtle" Smith StadiumBob "Turtle" Smith Stadium (the United States)Show map of the United StatesFull nameShipley Field at Bob "Turtle" Smith StadiumFormer namesShipley Field (1956–2009)Address4122 Fieldhouse DriveCollege Park, MarylandCoordinates38°59′21″N 76°56′39″W / 38.98917°N 76.94417°W / 38.98917; -76.94417OwnerUniversity of Maryland, College ParkOperatorUniversity of Maryland, College ParkTypeStadiumGenre(s)BaseballCapacity2,500Field sizeLF: 320 ft (97.5 m)CF: 385 ft (117.3 m)RF: 325 ft (99.1 m)SurfaceFieldTurfScoreboardDigitalConstructionBuilt1953–54OpenedApril 3, 1954 (1954 -04-03)Renovated2004, 2015Construction cost$40,000 (1954); $150,000 (2004)TenantsMaryland Terrapins baseball (NCAA) 1954–presentBowie Baysox (EL) 1994College Park Bombers (CRSCBL) 2009WebsiteOfficial website
Shipley Field at Bob "Turtle" Smith Stadium is a baseball stadium in College Park, Maryland. It has served as the home field of the Maryland Terrapins baseball team at the University of Maryland since 1954. Shipley Field was formerly the home of the College Park Bombers of the Cal Ripken, Sr. Collegiate Baseball League, and was also used as a baseball venue by the Bowie Baysox during the 1994 season. The major league Washington Senators held a practice at Shipley Field on April 8, 1968, when their Opening Day game was postponed in the aftermath of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
The stadium holds 2,500 people and opened on April 3, 1954. It was dedicated as Shipley Field to former Maryland baseball coach Burton Shipley on March 28, 1956. On May 8, 2010, it was re-dedicated as Bob "Turtle" Smith Stadium.
In 2004, a new artificial turf replaced an older turf installation in the stadium's infield, and improvements were made to the under field drainage system. After the 2015 season, the artificial turf infield and bermuda grass outfield were replaced with a FieldTurf surface; new drainage was installed underneath; a home team closed off bullpen was created in left field foul territory; both bullpens received FieldTurf surfaces; and the outfield wall was moved father out.
See also
List of NCAA Division I baseball venues
References
^ "Cal Ripken, Sr. Collegiate Baseball League Ballparks". ripkenscollegebaseball.org. Archived from the original on February 27, 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2009.
^ Baker, Kent (February 24, 1994). "Baysox eye home away from home". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on May 16, 2021.
^ Allen, Scott (March 29, 2018). "Fifty years ago, Nats' Opening Day was postponed after assassination of Martin Luther King Jr". D.C. Sports Bog. The Washington Post. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
^ a b c d "Bob "Turtle" Smith Stadium". University of Maryland Athletics. University of Maryland. June 18, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
^ "Colleges & Universities - University of Maryland; College Park, Maryland". Lloyd Civil & Sports Engineering. Archived from the original on August 31, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2013.
External links
"Bob "Turtle" Smith Stadium". University of Maryland Athletics.
vteBaseball parks of the Big Ten Conference
Illinois Field (Illinois)
Bart Kaufman Field (Indiana)
Duane Banks Field (Iowa)
Bob "Turtle" Smith Stadium (Maryland)
Ray Fisher Stadium (Michigan)
McLane Stadium & Jackson Field (Michigan State)
U.S. Bank Stadium & Siebert Field (Minnesota)
Hawks Field (Nebraska)
Rocky Miller Park (Northwestern)
Bill Davis Stadium (Ohio State)
Medlar Field (Penn State)
Alexander Field (Purdue)
Bainton Field (Rutgers)
vteMaryland Terrapins baseballVenue
Bob "Turtle" Smith Stadium (1952–present)
People
Notable players
Seasons
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vteUniversity of Maryland, College ParkLocated in: College Park, MarylandAcademics
A. James Clark School of Engineering
College of Agriculture and Natural Resources
School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation
College of Arts and Humanities
Maryland Institute for Technology in the Humanities
College of Behavioral and Social Sciences
College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences
College of Education
College of Information Studies
Philip Merrill College of Journalism
Robert H. Smith School of Business
School of Music
School of Public Health
School of Public Policy
College Park Scholars
Honors College
Athletics
Teams
Baseball
Field hockey
Football
Men's basketball
Men's lacrosse
Men's soccer
Softball
Women's basketball
Women's lacrosse
Women's volleyball
Facilities
Xfinity Center
SECU Stadium
Cole Field House
Bob "Turtle" Smith Stadium
Ludwig Field
Golf Course
Taylor Stadium
Ritchie Coliseum
Old Byrd Stadium
Rivalries
Duke
Johns Hopkins
Navy
lacrosse
Penn State
Virginia
lacrosse
West Virginia
University of Maryland Athletic Hall of Fame
Midnight Madness
Campus
Landmarks
Adele H. Stamp Student Union
"M" Circle
McKeldin Mall
Memorial Chapel
Morrill Hall
The Rossborough Inn
Arts and recreation
Arboretum & Botanical Garden
The Art Gallery
Clarice Smith Performing Arts Center
David C. Driskell Center
Observatory
Tawes Theatre
Facilities
Libraries
Iribe Center
Space Systems Laboratory
Transportation
Shuttle-UM
College Park–University of Maryland Station
Events
Maryland Day
People
Alumni
Faculty
Benefactors
Presidents
Student life
Student groups
List of student organizations
Greek life
Mighty Sound of Maryland
Monarchy Party
Media
Capital News Service
The Diamondback
UMTV
WMUC-FM
Related
Sadat Lectures
Founded: 1856
vteNCAA Division I college baseball venues in MarylandAEC
The Baseball Factory Field at UMBC (UMBC)
Big East
Shirley Povich Field (Georgetown)
Big Ten
Bob "Turtle" Smith Stadium (Maryland)
CAA
John B. Schuerholz Baseball Complex (Towson)
MAAC
Straw Family Stadium (Mount St. Mary's)
NEC
Joe Cannon Stadium (Coppin State)
Hawk Stadium (Maryland Eastern Shore)
Patriot
Terwilliger Brothers Field at Max Bishop Stadium (Navy)
This article about a baseball venue in Maryland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahal_Oz
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Kibbutz Nahal Oz
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["1 History","1.1 Establishment","1.2 Murder of Ro'i Rothberg and Moshe Dayan's eulogy","1.3 1997-2023 events","1.4 2023 Hamas-led attack","2 Economy","3 Notable residents","4 Gallery","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 31°28′21″N 34°29′50″E / 31.47250°N 34.49722°E / 31.47250; 34.49722
This article is about this is about the Kibbutz. For the military base, see Nahal Oz attack.
Place in Southern, IsraelNahal Oz
נחל עוזناحل عوزNahal OzShow map of Northwest Negev region of IsraelNahal OzShow map of IsraelCoordinates: 31°28′21″N 34°29′50″E / 31.47250°N 34.49722°E / 31.47250; 34.49722Country IsraelDistrictSouthernCouncilSha'ar HaNegevAffiliationKibbutz MovementFounded1951Founded byNahalPopulation (2022)479Websitewww.nahaloz.org.il (in Hebrew)
Nahal Oz (Hebrew: נחל עוז, lit. "Mighty Stream") is a kibbutz in southern Israel. Located in the northwestern part of the Negev desert close to the border with the Gaza Strip and near the development towns of Sderot and Netivot, it is under the jurisdiction of Sha'ar HaNegev Regional Council. In 2022, it had a population of 479. A nearby IDF military base is known by the same name.
History
Establishment
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The kibbutz was founded in 1951 as the country's first Nahal settlement. It was initially referred to as Nahlayim Mul Aza (Hebrew: נחלאים מול עזה, lit. Nahal soldiers across from Gaza). In 1953 it became a civilian community.
Murder of Ro'i Rothberg and Moshe Dayan's eulogy
Main article: Death and eulogy of Ro'i Rothberg
In April 1956, the kibbutz security officer Ro'i Rothberg was ambushed and killed by infiltrators from Gaza. Rutenberg's funeral was attended by Moshe Dayan, then Chief of Staff, who gave a widely acclaimed eulogy which called upon Israel to search its soul and probe the national mindset.
"Early yesterday morning Roi was murdered. The quiet of the spring morning dazzled him and he did not see those waiting in ambush for him, at the edge of the furrow. Let us not cast the blame on the murderers today. Why should we declare their burning hatred for us? For eight years they have been sitting in the refugee camps in Gaza, and before their eyes we have been transforming the lands and the villages, where they and their fathers dwelt, into our estate. It is not among the Arabs in Gaza, but in our own midst that we must seek Roi's blood. How did we shut our eyes and refuse to look squarely at our fate, and see, in all its brutality, the destiny of our generation? Have we forgotten that this group of young people dwelling at Nahal Oz is bearing the heavy gates of Gaza on its shoulders? Beyond the furrow of the border, a sea of hatred and desire for revenge is swelling, awaiting the day when serenity will dull our path, for the day when we will heed the ambassadors of malevolent hypocrisy who call upon us to lay down our arms. Roi's blood is crying out to us and only to us from his torn body. Although we have sworn a thousandfold that our blood shall not flow in vain, yesterday again we were tempted, we listened, we believed.
We will make our reckoning with ourselves today; we are a generation that settles the land and without the steel helmet and the cannon's maw, we will not be able to plant a tree and build a home. Let us not be deterred from seeing the loathing that is inflaming and filling the lives of the hundreds of thousands of Arabs who live around us. Let us not avert our eyes lest our arms weaken. This is the fate of our generation. This is our life's choice—to be prepared and armed, strong and determined, lest the sword be stricken from our fist and our lives cut down. The young Roi who left Tel Aviv to build his home at the gates of Gaza to be a wall for us was blinded by the light in his heart and he did not see the flash of the sword. The yearning for peace deafened his ears and he did not hear the voice of murder waiting in ambush. The gates of Gaza weighed too heavily on his shoulders and overcame him."
1997-2023 events
Privatization of the kibbutz began in 1997.
After the 2006 Lebanon War, Israeli novelist David Grossman, who lost his son in the war, delivered a eulogy that was compared to Dayan's eulogy for Ro'i Rothberg.
On 22 August 2014, during Operation Protective Edge, four-year-old resident of the kibbutz Daniel Tregerman was killed by mortar fire from the Gaza Strip.
2023 Hamas-led attack
Main article: Nahal Oz attack
In October 2023, dozens of Hamas militants entered Nahal Oz during the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel. The militants attacked the nearby military post, killing 41 members of the Golani Brigade and 20 soldiers in the Combat Intelligence Collection Corps. The militants deployed a flammable substance against the soldiers at the base, which also released toxic gases that caused suffocation. Aftermath of the attack Some of the militants also broke into the houses, killing 12 residents and taking others hostage. The kibbutz was held by Hamas for 12 hours, until the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) killed the militants and took back control of the kibbutz. Hamas also took hostage a family of five, both parents and their three children, and retreated with them to Gaza. The kidnapping was livestreamed by militants using the mother's phone, alerting the rest of the family of the kidnapping. Arson and vandalism carried out by Hamas militants left a significant number of homes destroyed or uninhabitable, leading to the displacement of the residents of the kibbutz.
Economy
The kibbutz grows carrots, cotton and wheat, and operates a dairy with 600 cows. Past sources of income include a metal works factory that produced industrial-sized ratchet bits and a high tech firm, OzVision, that links security cameras to the Web.
In February 2023, a team from Israel’s National Infrastructure Committee came to inspect the area in preparation for building a 1,720-hectare (4,250-acre) solar panel field along the border.
Notable residents
Amir Tibon, journalist
Gallery
Dining Room
Memorial site
Memorial site
Notes
^ The name ""Mighty Stream, Hebrew: נחל עוז is a pun with Hebrew: נַחַ"ל עֹז, lit. "Mighty Nahal"
References
^ a b "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
^ Morris, Benny (1997) . Israel's Border Wars, 1949-1956: Arab Infiltration, Israeli Retaliation, and the Countdown to the Suez War (Revised ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 393–396. ISBN 9780198292623.
^ Eyadat, Fadi (4 June 2008). "Nahal Oz Hopes to Outsmart Gaza Attackers". Haaretz. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
^ Shapira, Anita (2012). Israel: A History. Translated by Berris, Anthony. Lebanon, New Hampshire: University Press of New England. p. 271. ISBN 9781611683530. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
^ Tzuri, Matan (23 August 2014). "Israelis seek response from Messi: 'You were Daniel's Hero'". Ynetnews. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
^ McKernan, Bethan; Kierszenbaum, Quique (9 October 2023). "'They are in my house': kibbutz survivors tell of Hamas attack". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
^ Beaule, Victoria. "A detailed look at how Hamas secretly crossed into Israel". ABC News. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
^ Zuri, Matan (8 October 2023). "The fierce battle of Kfar Aza continues: " The biggest nightmare of the gaza envelope residents came true"". Ynet (in Hebrew). Retrieved 11 October 2023.
^ "Seven communities under Hamas control: report". The Guardian. 7 October 2023.
^ "Authorities name 425 soldiers, 59 police officers killed in Gaza war". Times of Israel.
^ "המג"ד שאיבד 41 לוחמים ביום אחד: "חשבתי רק על היישובים" | חדשות 13". רשת 13 (in Hebrew). Retrieved 9 December 2023.
^ Hamas used toxic substance to kill Nahal Oz troops on Oct. 7, IDF probe said to show. For Times of Israel by TOI staff, 13 Dec 2023 (posted & accessed).
^ "Retired Israeli general saves family after Hamas swarms home". NewsNation. 17 October 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
^ "Surprise attack on Israel: 250 murdered, dozens of hostages taken". Globes. 7 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
^ "Hamas Leaves Trail of Terror in Israel". The New York Times. 10 October 2023. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
^ "Stav was horrified to see his family kidnapped to Gaza: "The terrorists took everyone - my sister is only 8 years old"". Walla! (in Hebrew). 8 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
^ "Five members of Nitzan family have been kidnapped to Gaza: "Do everything to find a life signal"". Israel Hayom. 8 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
^ "The Evacuated Kibbutzniks' Journey to a New Life"". Calcalist. 7 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
^ Living on the Edge in Kibbutz Nahal Oz
^ Turmoil and tears: A gritty glimpse into Gaza border riots
External links
Nahal Oz Negev Information Centre
Nahal Oz Facebook page
vteSha'ar HaNegev Regional CouncilKibbutzim
Bror Hayil
Dorot
Erez
Gevim
Kfar Aza
Mefalsim
Nahal Oz
Nir Am
Or HaNer
Ruhama
Moshavim
Yakhini
Other villages
Ibim
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kibbutz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibbutz"},{"link_name":"Nahal Oz attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahal_Oz_attack"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Hebrew_toponyms#N"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"kibbutz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibbutz"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Negev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negev"},{"link_name":"Gaza Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_Strip"},{"link_name":"development towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_town"},{"link_name":"Sderot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sderot"},{"link_name":"Netivot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netivot"},{"link_name":"Sha'ar HaNegev Regional Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha%27ar_HaNegev_Regional_Council"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Israelpopulations-1"},{"link_name":"IDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"}],"text":"This article is about this is about the Kibbutz. For the military base, see Nahal Oz attack.Place in Southern, IsraelNahal Oz (Hebrew: נחל עוז, lit. \"Mighty Stream\"[a]) is a kibbutz in southern Israel. Located in the northwestern part of the Negev desert close to the border with the Gaza Strip and near the development towns of Sderot and Netivot, it is under the jurisdiction of Sha'ar HaNegev Regional Council. In 2022, it had a population of 479.[1] A nearby IDF military base is known by the same name.","title":"Kibbutz Nahal Oz"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nahal settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahal_settlement"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"}],"sub_title":"Establishment","text":"The kibbutz was founded in 1951 as the country's first Nahal settlement. It was initially referred to as Nahlayim Mul Aza (Hebrew: נחלאים מול עזה, lit. Nahal soldiers across from Gaza). In 1953 it became a civilian community.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Moshe Dayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Dayan"},{"link_name":"Chief of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramatkal"},{"link_name":"Arabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs"},{"link_name":"Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_City"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Murder of Ro'i Rothberg and Moshe Dayan's eulogy","text":"In April 1956, the kibbutz security officer Ro'i Rothberg was ambushed and killed by infiltrators from Gaza.[2][3] Rutenberg's funeral was attended by Moshe Dayan, then Chief of Staff, who gave a widely acclaimed eulogy which called upon Israel to search its soul and probe the national mindset.\"Early yesterday morning Roi was murdered. The quiet of the spring morning dazzled him and he did not see those waiting in ambush for him, at the edge of the furrow. Let us not cast the blame on the murderers today. Why should we declare their burning hatred for us? For eight years they have been sitting in the refugee camps in Gaza, and before their eyes we have been transforming the lands and the villages, where they and their fathers dwelt, into our estate. It is not among the Arabs in Gaza, but in our own midst that we must seek Roi's blood. How did we shut our eyes and refuse to look squarely at our fate, and see, in all its brutality, the destiny of our generation? Have we forgotten that this group of young people dwelling at Nahal Oz is bearing the heavy gates of Gaza on its shoulders? Beyond the furrow of the border, a sea of hatred and desire for revenge is swelling, awaiting the day when serenity will dull our path, for the day when we will heed the ambassadors of malevolent hypocrisy who call upon us to lay down our arms. Roi's blood is crying out to us and only to us from his torn body. Although we have sworn a thousandfold that our blood shall not flow in vain, yesterday again we were tempted, we listened, we believed.\nWe will make our reckoning with ourselves today; we are a generation that settles the land and without the steel helmet and the cannon's maw, we will not be able to plant a tree and build a home. Let us not be deterred from seeing the loathing that is inflaming and filling the lives of the hundreds of thousands of Arabs who live around us. Let us not avert our eyes lest our arms weaken. This is the fate of our generation. This is our life's choice—to be prepared and armed, strong and determined, lest the sword be stricken from our fist and our lives cut down. The young Roi who left Tel Aviv to build his home at the gates of Gaza to be a wall for us was blinded by the light in his heart and he did not see the flash of the sword. The yearning for peace deafened his ears and he did not hear the voice of murder waiting in ambush. The gates of Gaza weighed too heavily on his shoulders and overcame him.\"[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"2006 Lebanon War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War"},{"link_name":"David Grossman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Grossman"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Operation Protective Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Protective_Edge"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daniel's_Hero-6"}],"sub_title":"1997-2023 events","text":"Privatization of the kibbutz began in 1997.[citation needed]After the 2006 Lebanon War, Israeli novelist David Grossman, who lost his son in the war, delivered a eulogy that was compared to Dayan's eulogy for Ro'i Rothberg.[citation needed]On 22 August 2014, during Operation Protective Edge, four-year-old resident of the kibbutz Daniel Tregerman was killed by mortar fire from the Gaza Strip.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas"},{"link_name":"2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Golani Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golani_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Combat Intelligence Collection Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Intelligence_Collection_Corps"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gas-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gaza_envelope_after_coordinated_surprise_offensive_on_Israel,_October_2023_(KBG_GPO11).jpg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Israel Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"livestreamed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestreaming"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"2023 Hamas-led attack","text":"In October 2023, dozens of Hamas militants entered Nahal Oz during the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel.[6][7][8][9] The militants attacked the nearby military post, killing 41 members of the Golani Brigade and 20 soldiers in the Combat Intelligence Collection Corps.[10][11] The militants deployed a flammable substance against the soldiers at the base, which also released toxic gases that caused suffocation.[12]Aftermath of the attackSome of the militants also broke into the houses, killing 12 residents and taking others hostage.[13] The kibbutz was held by Hamas for 12 hours, until the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) killed the militants and took back control of the kibbutz.[14][15] Hamas also took hostage a family of five, both parents and their three children, and retreated with them to Gaza. The kidnapping was livestreamed by militants using the mother's phone, alerting the rest of the family of the kidnapping.[16][17] Arson and vandalism carried out by Hamas militants left a significant number of homes destroyed or uninhabitable, leading to the displacement of the residents of the kibbutz.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The kibbutz grows carrots, cotton and wheat, and operates a dairy with 600 cows. Past sources of income include a metal works factory that produced industrial-sized ratchet bits and a high tech firm, OzVision, that links security cameras to the Web.[19] \nIn February 2023, a team from Israel’s National Infrastructure Committee came to inspect the area in preparation for building a 1,720-hectare (4,250-acre) solar panel field along the border.[20]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amir Tibon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Tibon"}],"text":"Amir Tibon, journalist","title":"Notable residents"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NahalOz-DiningRoom.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NahalOz-Memorial.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NahalOz-Memorial23.jpg"}],"text":"Dining Room\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMemorial site\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMemorial site","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Nahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahal"}],"text":"^ The name \"\"Mighty Stream, Hebrew: נחל עוז is a pun with Hebrew: נַחַ\"ל עֹז, lit. \"Mighty Nahal\"","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Aftermath of the attack","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gaza_envelope_after_coordinated_surprise_offensive_on_Israel%2C_October_2023_%28KBG_GPO11%29.jpg/220px-Gaza_envelope_after_coordinated_surprise_offensive_on_Israel%2C_October_2023_%28KBG_GPO11%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Regional Statistics\". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbs.gov.il/en/settlements/Pages/default.aspx?mode=Yeshuv","url_text":"\"Regional Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"Morris, Benny (1997) [first published 1993]. Israel's Border Wars, 1949-1956: Arab Infiltration, Israeli Retaliation, and the Countdown to the Suez War (Revised ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 393–396. ISBN 9780198292623.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Morris","url_text":"Morris, Benny"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YUthqHRF-m8C","url_text":"Israel's Border Wars, 1949-1956: Arab Infiltration, Israeli Retaliation, and the Countdown to the Suez War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford","url_text":"Oxford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press#Clarendon_Press","url_text":"Clarendon Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198292623","url_text":"9780198292623"}]},{"reference":"Eyadat, Fadi (4 June 2008). \"Nahal Oz Hopes to Outsmart Gaza Attackers\". Haaretz. Retrieved 17 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.haaretz.com/1.4988224","url_text":"\"Nahal Oz Hopes to Outsmart Gaza Attackers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haaretz","url_text":"Haaretz"}]},{"reference":"Shapira, Anita (2012). Israel: A History. Translated by Berris, Anthony. Lebanon, New Hampshire: University Press of New England. p. 271. ISBN 9781611683530. Retrieved 17 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Nh9okmg63ssC&q=%22nahal+oz%22++%22Moshe+dayan%22+++yearning+for+peace&pg=PA271","url_text":"Israel: A History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon,_New_Hampshire","url_text":"Lebanon, New Hampshire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_New_England","url_text":"University Press of New England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611683530","url_text":"9781611683530"}]},{"reference":"Tzuri, Matan (23 August 2014). \"Israelis seek response from Messi: 'You were Daniel's Hero'\". Ynetnews. Retrieved 17 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4562407,00.html","url_text":"\"Israelis seek response from Messi: 'You were Daniel's Hero'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynetnews","url_text":"Ynetnews"}]},{"reference":"McKernan, Bethan; Kierszenbaum, Quique (9 October 2023). \"'They are in my house': kibbutz survivors tell of Hamas attack\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 9 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/09/they-are-in-my-house-kibbutz-survivors-tell-of-hamas-attack","url_text":"\"'They are in my house': kibbutz survivors tell of Hamas attack\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"Beaule, Victoria. \"A detailed look at how Hamas secretly crossed into Israel\". ABC News. Retrieved 9 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/International/detailed-hamas-secretly-crossed-israel/story?id=103917182","url_text":"\"A detailed look at how Hamas secretly crossed into Israel\""}]},{"reference":"Zuri, Matan (8 October 2023). \"The fierce battle of Kfar Aza continues: \" The biggest nightmare of the gaza envelope residents came true\"\". Ynet (in Hebrew). Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/ryczojxwa","url_text":"\"The fierce battle of Kfar Aza continues: \" The biggest nightmare of the gaza envelope residents came true\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynet","url_text":"Ynet"}]},{"reference":"\"Seven communities under Hamas control: report\". The Guardian. 7 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-attack-on-israel-with-5000-rockets-live?page=with:block-652121a48f0880e74add7755&filterKeyEvents=false#liveblog-navigation","url_text":"\"Seven communities under Hamas control: report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Authorities name 425 soldiers, 59 police officers killed in Gaza war\". Times of Israel.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/authorities-name-44-soldiers-30-police-officers-killed-in-hamas-attack/","url_text":"\"Authorities name 425 soldiers, 59 police officers killed in Gaza war\""}]},{"reference":"\"המג\"ד שאיבד 41 לוחמים ביום אחד: \"חשבתי רק על היישובים\" | חדשות 13\". רשת 13 (in Hebrew). Retrieved 9 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://13tv.co.il/item/news/politics/security/golani-903757644/","url_text":"\"המג\"ד שאיבד 41 לוחמים ביום אחד: \"חשבתי רק על היישובים\" | חדשות 13\""}]},{"reference":"\"Retired Israeli general saves family after Hamas swarms home\". NewsNation. 17 October 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsnationnow.com/world/war-in-israel/israel-grandpa-general-saves-family-hamas/","url_text":"\"Retired Israeli general saves family after Hamas swarms home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Surprise attack on Israel: 250 murdered, dozens of hostages taken\". Globes. 7 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?did=1001459573","url_text":"\"Surprise attack on Israel: 250 murdered, dozens of hostages taken\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hamas Leaves Trail of Terror in Israel\". The New York Times. 10 October 2023. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/10/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-war-hamas-deaths-killings.html","url_text":"\"Hamas Leaves Trail of Terror in Israel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Stav was horrified to see his family kidnapped to Gaza: \"The terrorists took everyone - my sister is only 8 years old\"\". Walla! (in Hebrew). 8 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.walla.co.il/item/3614451","url_text":"\"Stav was horrified to see his family kidnapped to Gaza: \"The terrorists took everyone - my sister is only 8 years old\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walla!_Communications_Ltd","url_text":"Walla!"}]},{"reference":"\"Five members of Nitzan family have been kidnapped to Gaza: \"Do everything to find a life signal\"\". Israel Hayom. 8 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/local/article/14684961","url_text":"\"Five members of Nitzan family have been kidnapped to Gaza: \"Do everything to find a life signal\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Hayom","url_text":"Israel Hayom"}]},{"reference":"\"The Evacuated Kibbutzniks' Journey to a New Life\"\". Calcalist. 7 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://newmedia.calcalist.co.il/magazine-07-12-23/m01.html","url_text":"\"The Evacuated Kibbutzniks' Journey to a New Life\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcalist","url_text":"Calcalist"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kibbutz_Nahal_Oz¶ms=31_28_21_N_34_29_50_E_type:city(479)_region:IL","external_links_name":"31°28′21″N 34°29′50″E / 31.47250°N 34.49722°E / 31.47250; 34.49722"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kibbutz_Nahal_Oz¶ms=31_28_21_N_34_29_50_E_type:city(479)_region:IL","external_links_name":"31°28′21″N 34°29′50″E / 31.47250°N 34.49722°E / 31.47250; 34.49722"},{"Link":"https://www.nahaloz.org.il/","external_links_name":"www.nahaloz.org.il"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://www.cbs.gov.il/en/settlements/Pages/default.aspx?mode=Yeshuv","external_links_name":"\"Regional Statistics\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YUthqHRF-m8C","external_links_name":"Israel's Border Wars, 1949-1956: Arab Infiltration, Israeli Retaliation, and the Countdown to the Suez War"},{"Link":"https://www.haaretz.com/1.4988224","external_links_name":"\"Nahal Oz Hopes to Outsmart Gaza Attackers\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Nh9okmg63ssC&q=%22nahal+oz%22++%22Moshe+dayan%22+++yearning+for+peace&pg=PA271","external_links_name":"Israel: A History"},{"Link":"https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4562407,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Israelis seek response from Messi: 'You were Daniel's Hero'\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/09/they-are-in-my-house-kibbutz-survivors-tell-of-hamas-attack","external_links_name":"\"'They are in my house': kibbutz survivors tell of Hamas attack\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","external_links_name":"0261-3077"},{"Link":"https://abcnews.go.com/International/detailed-hamas-secretly-crossed-israel/story?id=103917182","external_links_name":"\"A detailed look at how Hamas secretly crossed into Israel\""},{"Link":"https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/ryczojxwa","external_links_name":"\"The fierce battle of Kfar Aza continues: \" The biggest nightmare of the gaza envelope residents came true\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/oct/07/hamas-launches-attack-on-israel-with-5000-rockets-live?page=with:block-652121a48f0880e74add7755&filterKeyEvents=false#liveblog-navigation","external_links_name":"\"Seven communities under Hamas control: report\""},{"Link":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/authorities-name-44-soldiers-30-police-officers-killed-in-hamas-attack/","external_links_name":"\"Authorities name 425 soldiers, 59 police officers killed in Gaza war\""},{"Link":"https://13tv.co.il/item/news/politics/security/golani-903757644/","external_links_name":"\"המג\"ד שאיבד 41 לוחמים ביום אחד: \"חשבתי רק על היישובים\" | חדשות 13\""},{"Link":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/nahal-oz-troops-killed-by-toxic-gas-during-oct-7-hamas-attack-idf-probe-said-to-show/","external_links_name":"Hamas used toxic substance to kill Nahal Oz troops on Oct. 7, IDF probe said to show"},{"Link":"https://www.newsnationnow.com/world/war-in-israel/israel-grandpa-general-saves-family-hamas/","external_links_name":"\"Retired Israeli general saves family after Hamas swarms home\""},{"Link":"https://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?did=1001459573","external_links_name":"\"Surprise attack on Israel: 250 murdered, dozens of hostages taken\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/10/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-war-hamas-deaths-killings.html","external_links_name":"\"Hamas Leaves Trail of Terror in Israel\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://news.walla.co.il/item/3614451","external_links_name":"\"Stav was horrified to see his family kidnapped to Gaza: \"The terrorists took everyone - my sister is only 8 years old\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/local/article/14684961","external_links_name":"\"Five members of Nitzan family have been kidnapped to Gaza: \"Do everything to find a life signal\"\""},{"Link":"https://newmedia.calcalist.co.il/magazine-07-12-23/m01.html","external_links_name":"\"The Evacuated Kibbutzniks' Journey to a New Life\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldpress.org/Mideast/2213.cfm","external_links_name":"Living on the Edge in Kibbutz Nahal Oz"},{"Link":"https://www.ynetnews.com/magazine/article/r1na8v00lp","external_links_name":"Turmoil and tears: A gritty glimpse into Gaza border riots"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130722205752/http://eng.negev-net.org.il/HTMLs/article.aspx?C2004=12747","external_links_name":"Nahal Oz"},{"Link":"https://m.facebook.com/nahaloz","external_links_name":"Nahal Oz Facebook page"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007545029605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97089578","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Ozama_(1916)
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USS Ozama
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["1 References"]
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Cargo ship of the United States Navy
History
United States
NameUSS Ozama
NamesakePrevious name retained
BuilderDetroit Shipbuilding Company, Wyandotte, Michigan
Launched7 October 1916
Completed1916
Acquired24 December 1917
Commissioned24 December 1917
Decommissioned13 February 1919
FateReturned to owners 13 February 1919
NotesIn commercial service as SS Ozama 1916-1917 and from 1919
General characteristics
TypeNaval mine carrier
Displacement4,300 tons (nominal)
Length261 ft (80 m)
Beam43 ft 6 in (13.26 m)
Draft18 ft 6 in (5.64 m) (mean)
Speed9 knots
Complement59
Armament2 × 3-inch (76.2-millimeter) guns
USS Ozama was a naval mine carrier that served in the United States Navy from 1917 to 1919.
SS Ozama was built as a commercial cargo ship by the Detroit Shipbuilding Company at Wyandotte, Michigan, in 1916. The U.S. Navy acquired her from the Atlantic, Gulf, and West Indies Steamship Line on 24 December 1917 for World War I service and commissioned her the same day as USS Ozama. Unlike many of the former merchant ships the Navy acquired in 1917 and 1918 for use in the war, Ozama did not receive a Navy identification number (Id. No.).
Fitted out at Norfolk, Virginia, as a naval mine carrier, Ozama cleared Hampton Roads, Virginia, for Scotland early in 1918. On 15 February 1918, she arrived in the Firth of Clyde with a cargo of nava; minelaying equipment to be used on the North Sea Mine Barrage.
On 3 April 1918, Ozama she returned to Norfolk and for the remainder of the war continued to ply the Atlantic Ocean to keep naval mine bases in Scotland supplied with their specialized equipment.
Following the Armistice with Germany that ended the war on 11 November 1918, Ozama supported mine clearance operations in the North Sea.
Ozama returned to Norfolk for the last time in her naval career on 28 January 1919. On 13 February 1919 she was decommissioned and returned to the Atlantic, Gulf, and West Indies Steamship Line.
References
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.
NavSource Online NavSource Online: Section Patrol Craft Photo Archive: Ozama
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"naval mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"cargo ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"Detroit Shipbuilding Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Shipbuilding_Company"},{"link_name":"Wyandotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyandotte,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Atlantic, Gulf, and West Indies Steamship Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic,_Gulf,_and_West_Indies_Steamship_Line&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"},{"link_name":"merchant ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_ship"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"naval mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine"},{"link_name":"Hampton Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Roads"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Firth of Clyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firth_of_Clyde"},{"link_name":"minelaying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minelaying"},{"link_name":"North Sea Mine Barrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea_Mine_Barrage"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Armistice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany_(Compi%C3%A8gne)"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_decommissioning"}],"text":"USS Ozama was a naval mine carrier that served in the United States Navy from 1917 to 1919.SS Ozama was built as a commercial cargo ship by the Detroit Shipbuilding Company at Wyandotte, Michigan, in 1916. The U.S. Navy acquired her from the Atlantic, Gulf, and West Indies Steamship Line on 24 December 1917 for World War I service and commissioned her the same day as USS Ozama. Unlike many of the former merchant ships the Navy acquired in 1917 and 1918 for use in the war, Ozama did not receive a Navy identification number (Id. No.).Fitted out at Norfolk, Virginia, as a naval mine carrier, Ozama cleared Hampton Roads, Virginia, for Scotland early in 1918. On 15 February 1918, she arrived in the Firth of Clyde with a cargo of nava; minelaying equipment to be used on the North Sea Mine Barrage.On 3 April 1918, Ozama she returned to Norfolk and for the remainder of the war continued to ply the Atlantic Ocean to keep naval mine bases in Scotland supplied with their specialized equipment.Following the Armistice with Germany that ended the war on 11 November 1918, Ozama supported mine clearance operations in the North Sea.Ozama returned to Norfolk for the last time in her naval career on 28 January 1919. On 13 February 1919 she was decommissioned and returned to the Atlantic, Gulf, and West Indies Steamship Line.","title":"USS Ozama"}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/o5/ozama.htm","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/12/179939.htm","external_links_name":"NavSource Online NavSource Online: Section Patrol Craft Photo Archive: Ozama"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Radiators_(Australian_band)
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The Radiators (Australian band)
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["1 History","2 Members","2.1 Current Lineup","2.2 Past members","3 Discography","3.1 Studio albums","3.2 Live albums","3.3 Compilation albums","3.4 Extended plays","3.5 Singles","4 Awards","4.1 Mo Awards","5 References","6 External links"]
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Australian pub rock band
For other bands called The Radiators, see The Radiators (American band) and The Radiators from Space.
The RadiatorsAlso known asThe RadsOriginSydney, New South Wales, AustraliaGenresPub rockYears active1978 (1978)–presentLabelsWEA, Powderworks, EMI, MercuryMembersBrian NicholGeoff TurnerMark LucasMartin CiliaPast membersBrent DehnBrendan CallinanChris TaggMick BuckleyBrad HeaneyStephen "Fess" ParkerWebsitetheradiators.com
The Radiators are an Australian pub rock band formed in September 1978. Mainstay members are Brian Nichol on lead vocals, Stephen "Fess" Parker on guitar and Geoff Turner on bass. In 1989 they were joined by Mark Lucas on drums. Their most popular albums are Feel the Heat (March 1980) and Scream of the Real (May 1983), which both peaked in the top 25 of the Australian Kent Music Report Albums Chart. Their best known songs are "Comin' Home", "No Tragedy" and "Gimme Head". Rock music historian, Ian McFarlane described the group as "an archetypal, hard-working pub-rock band capable of delivering tightly crafted, well-executed, hard-hitting metal-pop anthems backed by a playful sense of humour. The band toured constantly, racking up over 2500 gigs by the early 1990s". They continue to please crowds all across Australia.
History
The Radiators were formed in Western Sydney in September 1978 as a pub rock band with Brendan Callinan on keyboards and vocals, Brian Nichol on lead vocals, Stephen "Fess" Parker on guitar, Chris Tagg on drums and Geoff Turner on bass. Nichol and Parker grew up in Bega where they attended the local high school. They formed a local group, Undecided, and in 1969 they relocated to Sydney. Callinan, Nichol, Parker and Tagg were all ex-members of hard rockers, Big Swifty which had formed in 1975. Turner had been in Twister which had issued two singles in 1977 before disbanding. The Radiators signed with WEA Records and issued their debut single, "Comin' Home" in September 1979. It peaked at No. 33 on the Australian Kent Music Report Singles Chart. A second single, "Fess' Song/Gimme Head" was released in February 1980. In March 1980 the group released their first album, Feel the Heat, which was produced by Charles Fisher (Radio Birdman, Ol' 55). They supported the Australian leg of a tour by United Kingdom rock group, The Police.
In 1981 Powderworks Records released Up for Grabs in August, which reached the top 40. The Radiators signed with EMI Records and, in May 1983, released the album, Scream of the Real, which peaked at No. 15 on the Australian Kent Music Report Albums Chart. That month its lead single, "No Tragedy" reached the top 30. In 1984 they released Life's a Gamble, which became their third platinum album. In June Tagg was replaced on drums by Mick Buckley. The group toured constantly, averaging 200 gigs a year and by 1985 had performed an estimated 1500 times, Turner explained, "Your fingers and throat start hurting ... It's a bit of a grind and it seems never-ending... there's nothing else we'd rather do than play rock and roll. I can't imagine life without the Rads".
In late 1986, they signed with Mercury Records and released Nasty Habits in Nice Children in March 1987, which was produced by Peter Blyton (Chain). That June, Buckley was replaced on drums by Brad Heaney. Heaney was replaced in turn by Mark Lucas and then in 1988 Callinan left without being replaced. In January 1989 Heaney was a founding member of hard rock group, The Screaming Jets.
By the early 1990s, the band's "boogie rock" style was outmoded and Turner noted that media referred to their fans as "mindless yobbos from the west". However, rock music author, James Cockington, felt "art of their appeal is their refusal to change their style, so that a 1978 gig and a 1998 gig are strangely similar experiences". Further albums include Radiators (October 1993), Stone (September 1995), In the Roar (1997) and Smoke and Mirrors (2000). In 2001 veteran Australian guitarist Ted Mulry was diagnosed with terminal brain cancer and a series of tribute concerts, Gimme Ted, were organised. The Radiators' performance on 10 March was recorded with seven-tracks issued on a 2× DVD as Gimme Ted – The Ted Mulry Benefit Concerts by Various Artists (2003).
The Radiators appeared in the Countdown Spectacular 2 concert series in Australia between late-August and early-September 2007. They sang two songs including "Comin' Home", which was issued on the associated 3× CD set, Countdown Spectacular Live – Volume Two (2007).
According to the band's website, as of 2008, the line up of Lucas, Nichol, Parker and Turner celebrated the group's 30th anniversary and toured throughout Australia. In June 2009 they performed at the 31st Annual Golden Stave Charity Luncheon at Sydney's Hordern Pavilion. Rock music historian, Ian McFarlane described the group as "an archetypal, hard-working pub-rock band capable of delivering tightly crafted, well-executed, hard-hitting metal-pop anthems backed by a playful sense of humour. The band toured constantly, racking up over 2500 gigs by the early 1990s".
Aside from his work with The Radiators, Lucas has taught drumming since the mid-1980s including students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). As of 2008, Callinan is a sales and marketing manager of Roland Corporation and an executive committee member of Support Act Limited; his son is Australian musician Kirin J. Callinan. In May 2008, Buckley was a member of country music group, The Yeehaa Boys – alongside Steve Balbi (Noiseworks) – which issued a self-titled album.
Members
Current Lineup
Brian Nichol – lead vocals (1978–present)
Martin Cilia – guitar (2021–present)
Geoff Turner – bass (1978–present)
Mark Lucas – drums (1989–present)
Past members
Tony Mollo (1978 - 1979)
Brendan Callinan – keyboards (1979–1988)
Stephen "Fess" Parker – guitar (1978–2013)
Chris Tagg – drums (1978–1984)
Mick Buckley – drums (1984–1987)
Brad Heaney – drums (1987–1988)
Brent Dehn – guitar (2013–2021)
Timeline
Discography
Studio albums
Year
Title
Peak chart positions
Certifications
AUS (Kent)
1980
Feel the Heat
Released: March 1980
Label: WEA(600059)
22
AUS: Platinum
1981
Up for Grabs
Released: August 1981
Label: Powderworks (MLF 441)
29
AUS: Gold
1983
Scream of the Real
Released: May 1983
Label: EMI Music (EMX-121)
15
AUS: Gold
1984
Life's a Gamble
Released: December 1984
Label: EMI Music (EMX-430024)
47
1987
Nasty Habits in Nice Children
Released: March 1987
Label: Mercury Records (830892-1)
68
1991
Hard Core
Released: 1991
Label: M Records (M001-CD)
-
1993
Radiators
Released: 1993
Label: M Records (MOO3-CD)
–
1995
Stone
Released: 1995
Label: M Records (M005-CD)
–
2000
Smoke and Mirrors
Released: 2000
Label: The Radiators (RADS001)
–
Live albums
Year
Title
Peak chart positions
AUS (Kent)
1988
Gimme .... Live
Released: March 1988
Label: Mercury (834143-1)
50
1997
In the Roar
Released: 1997
Label: M Records (M007-CD)
–
Compilation albums
Year
Title
1995
In Their Element
Released: 1995
Label: EMI Music (8146242)
2000
Radiology - The Complete Anthology
Released: 2000
Label: WEA (8573816362)
2004
25th Anniversary CD
Released: 2004
Label: Warner Music Australia (8573816362)
Extended plays
Year
Title
Peak chart positions
Certifications
AUS (Kent)
1981
You Have the Right to Remain Silent
Released: June 1981
Label: WEA (RADI 722)
58
AUS: Platinum
1981
Four Grabs
Released: 1981 (promotion release)
Label: Powderworks (POWT 2014)
N/A
Singles
Year
Single
Peak chart positions
Album
AUS (Kent)
1979
"Comin' Home"
33
Feel the Heat
1980
"Fess' Song"/"Gimme Head"
-
"Hit and Run"
-
1981
"Room Full of Diamonds"
90
Up For Grabs
"Up for Grabs"
-
1982
"Nothing's Changed"
-
1983
"No Tragedy"
27
Scream of the Real
"You"
82
"How Does it Feel" (European release)
-
1984
"Revolution"
41
non-album single
"Life's a Gamble"
47
Life's a Gamble
1985
"A Bit of Pain Never Hurts"
-
1986
"One Touch"
58
Nasty Habits in Nice Children
"Bring on the Crazy"
65
1987
"Dreaming"
91
"Love Ain't Love"
-
1988
"Summer Holiday" (live)
-
Gimme .... Live
1994
"Ain't That Just Like Me"
-
Radiators
Awards
Mo Awards
The Australian Entertainment Mo Awards (commonly known informally as the Mo Awards), were annual Australian entertainment industry awards. They recognise achievements in live entertainment in Australia from 1975 to 2016. The Radiators won two awards in that time.
Year
Nominee / work
Award
Result (wins only)
2013
The Radiators
Best Rock Band/ Performer of the Year
Won
2015
The Radiators
Rock Act of the Year
Won
References
General
McFarlane, Ian (1999). "Whammo Homepage". Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-865-08072-1. Archived from the original on 5 April 2004. Retrieved 16 March 2012. Note: Archived copy has limited functionality.
Specific
^ "The Radiators Gig Guide". Radiators. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q McFarlane 'The Radiators' entry. Archived from the original on 13 August 2004. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
^ "The boys are back in town". Bega District News. 4 January 2008. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
^ a b c d e f g h Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, NSW: Australian Chart Book Ltd. ISBN 0646119176. Note: Used for Australian Singles and Albums charting from 1974 until Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) created their own charts in mid-1988. In 1992, Kent back calculated chart positions for 1970–1974.
^ a b c d e f Holmgren, Magnus. "The Radiators". Passagen.se. Australian Rock Database (Magnus Holmgren). Archived from the original on 31 August 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
^ a b c Cockington, James (August 2001). "Pub Rock Rules, OK". Long Way to the Top. Sydney, NSW: ABC Books (Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)). pp. 185–187, 194. ISBN 0-73330-750-7.
^ McFarlane 'The Screaming Jets' entry. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
^ Holmgren, Magnus. "Gimme Ted – The Ted Mulry Benefit Concerts". Passagen.se. Australian Rock Database (Magnus Holmgren). Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
^ Zuel, Bernard (21 August 2007). "Ageing Rockers Show How to Pack a Paunch". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
^ "The Radiators – 3 Decades of Radiation!". The Radiators Official Website. 2008. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
^ "Lunch Day 2009 – The 31st Annual Golden Stave Charity Luncheon!". The Golden Stave. 26 June 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
^ Taffel, Jacqui (31 August 2006). "Drum Up Support". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
^ "Australian Music Association Helps Support Act". Support Act Limited. 30 August 2008. Archived from the original on 12 September 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
^ Jarvis, Susan (May 2008). "The Yeehaa Boys". Capital News. Rural Press Limited. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
^ a b Ryan (bulion), Gary (8 April 2012). "Albums Pre 1989 Part 2 – Radiators". Australian Charts Portal. Hung Medien (Steffen Hung). Retrieved 9 April 2012.
^ a b "The Radiators return to Newcastle". Newcastle Live. 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
^ a b c d "THE RADIATORS AUSTRALIA". Australian Network Entertainment. 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
^ "MO Award Winners". Mo Awards. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
External links
Official website
vteThe RadiatorsStudio albums
Feel the Heat (1980)
Up for Grabs (1981)
Scream of the Real (1983)
Life's a Gamble (1984)
Nasty Habits in Nice Children (1987)
Live albums
Gimme .... Live (1988)
Extended plays
You Have the Right to Remain Silent
Singles
"Comin' Home"
"Revolution"
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
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Mainstay members are Brian Nichol on lead vocals, Stephen \"Fess\" Parker on guitar and Geoff Turner on bass. In 1989 they were joined by Mark Lucas on drums. Their most popular albums are Feel the Heat (March 1980) and Scream of the Real (May 1983), which both peaked in the top 25 of the Australian Kent Music Report Albums Chart. Their best known songs are \"Comin' Home\", \"No Tragedy\" and \"Gimme Head\". Rock music historian, Ian McFarlane described the group as \"an archetypal, hard-working pub-rock band capable of delivering tightly crafted, well-executed, hard-hitting metal-pop anthems backed by a playful sense of humour. The band toured constantly, racking up over 2500 gigs by the early 1990s\". They continue to please crowds all across Australia.[1]","title":"The Radiators (Australian band)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sydney"},{"link_name":"pub rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub_rock_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-2"},{"link_name":"Bega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bega,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bega-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-2"},{"link_name":"WEA Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"Comin' Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comin%27_Home_(The_Radiators_song)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McFarlane-2"},{"link_name":"Kent Music 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Callinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirin_J._Callinan"},{"link_name":"Steve Balbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Balbi"},{"link_name":"Noiseworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noiseworks"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jarvis-14"}],"text":"The Radiators were formed in Western Sydney in September 1978 as a pub rock band with Brendan Callinan on keyboards and vocals, Brian Nichol on lead vocals, Stephen \"Fess\" Parker on guitar, Chris Tagg on drums and Geoff Turner on bass.[2] Nichol and Parker grew up in Bega where they attended the local high school. They formed a local group, Undecided, and in 1969 they relocated to Sydney.[3] Callinan, Nichol, Parker and Tagg were all ex-members of hard rockers, Big Swifty which had formed in 1975.[2] Turner had been in Twister which had issued two singles in 1977 before disbanding.[2] The Radiators signed with WEA Records and issued their debut single, \"Comin' Home\" in September 1979.[2] It peaked at No. 33 on the Australian Kent Music Report Singles Chart.[4] A second single, \"Fess' Song/Gimme Head\" was released in February 1980.[2] In March 1980 the group released their first album, Feel the Heat, which was produced by Charles Fisher (Radio Birdman, Ol' 55).[5] They supported the Australian leg of a tour by United Kingdom rock group, The Police.[2]In 1981 Powderworks Records released Up for Grabs in August, which reached the top 40.[2][4] The Radiators signed with EMI Records and, in May 1983, released the album, Scream of the Real, which peaked at No. 15 on the Australian Kent Music Report Albums Chart.[2][4] That month its lead single, \"No Tragedy\" reached the top 30.[2][4] In 1984 they released Life's a Gamble, which became their third platinum album.[2] In June Tagg was replaced on drums by Mick Buckley.[2][5] The group toured constantly, averaging 200 gigs a year and by 1985 had performed an estimated 1500 times, Turner explained, \"Your fingers and throat start hurting ... It's a bit of a grind and it seems never-ending... [but] there's nothing else we'd rather do than play rock and roll. I can't imagine life without the Rads\".[6]In late 1986, they signed with Mercury Records and released Nasty Habits in Nice Children in March 1987, which was produced by Peter Blyton (Chain).[2][5] That June, Buckley was replaced on drums by Brad Heaney.[2][5] Heaney was replaced in turn by Mark Lucas and then in 1988 Callinan left without being replaced.[2][5] In January 1989 Heaney was a founding member of hard rock group, The Screaming Jets.[7]By the early 1990s, the band's \"boogie rock\" style was outmoded and Turner noted that media referred to their fans as \"mindless yobbos from the west\".[2][6] However, rock music author, James Cockington, felt \"[p]art of their appeal is their refusal to change their style, so that a 1978 gig and a 1998 gig are strangely similar experiences\".[6] Further albums include Radiators (October 1993), Stone (September 1995), In the Roar (1997) and Smoke and Mirrors (2000).[2][5] In 2001 veteran Australian guitarist Ted Mulry was diagnosed with terminal brain cancer and a series of tribute concerts, Gimme Ted, were organised. The Radiators' performance on 10 March was recorded with seven-tracks issued on a 2× DVD as Gimme Ted – The Ted Mulry Benefit Concerts by Various Artists (2003).[8]The Radiators appeared in the Countdown Spectacular 2 concert series in Australia between late-August and early-September 2007.[9] They sang two songs including \"Comin' Home\", which was issued on the associated 3× CD set, Countdown Spectacular Live – Volume Two (2007).According to the band's website, as of 2008, the line up of Lucas, Nichol, Parker and Turner celebrated the group's 30th anniversary and toured throughout Australia.[10] In June 2009 they performed at the 31st Annual Golden Stave Charity Luncheon at Sydney's Hordern Pavilion.[11] Rock music historian, Ian McFarlane described the group as \"an archetypal, hard-working pub-rock band capable of delivering tightly crafted, well-executed, hard-hitting metal-pop anthems backed by a playful sense of humour. The band toured constantly, racking up over 2500 gigs by the early 1990s\".[2]Aside from his work with The Radiators, Lucas has taught drumming since the mid-1980s including students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).[12] As of 2008, Callinan is a sales and marketing manager of Roland Corporation and an executive committee member of Support Act Limited;[13] his son is Australian musician Kirin J. Callinan. In May 2008, Buckley was a member of country music group, The Yeehaa Boys – alongside Steve Balbi (Noiseworks) – which issued a self-titled album.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martin Cilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Cilia"}],"sub_title":"Current Lineup","text":"Brian Nichol – lead vocals (1978–present)\nMartin Cilia – guitar (2021–present)\nGeoff Turner – bass (1978–present)\nMark Lucas – drums (1989–present)","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Past members","text":"Tony Mollo (1978 - 1979)\nBrendan Callinan – keyboards (1979–1988)\nStephen \"Fess\" Parker – guitar (1978–2013)\nChris Tagg – drums (1978–1984)\nMick Buckley – drums (1984–1987)\nBrad Heaney – drums (1987–1988)\nBrent Dehn – guitar (2013–2021)Timeline","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Live albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Compilation albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Extended plays","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mo Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo_Awards"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Mo Awards","text":"The Australian Entertainment Mo Awards (commonly known informally as the Mo Awards), were annual Australian entertainment industry awards. They recognise achievements in live entertainment in Australia from 1975 to 2016. The Radiators won two awards in that time.[18]","title":"Awards"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"McFarlane, Ian (1999). \"Whammo Homepage\". Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-865-08072-1. Archived from the original on 5 April 2004. Retrieved 16 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_McFarlane","url_text":"McFarlane, Ian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040405231007/http://www.whammo.com.au/index.asp","url_text":"\"Whammo Homepage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Australian_Rock_and_Pop","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Australian Rock and Pop"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Leonards,_New_South_Wales","url_text":"St Leonards, NSW"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin","url_text":"Allen & Unwin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-865-08072-1","url_text":"1-865-08072-1"},{"url":"http://www.whammo.com.au/index.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Radiators Gig Guide\". Radiators. Retrieved 10 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://theradiators.com/event-directory/","url_text":"\"The Radiators Gig Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"The boys are back in town\". Bega District News. 4 January 2008. Retrieved 24 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.begadistrictnews.com.au/news/local/news/entertainment/the-boys-are-back-in-town/757396.aspx?storypage=0","url_text":"\"The boys are back in town\""}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. St Ives, NSW: Australian Chart Book Ltd. ISBN 0646119176.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent_Music_Report","url_text":"Australian Chart Book 1970–1992"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Ives,_New_South_Wales","url_text":"St Ives, NSW"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0646119176","url_text":"0646119176"}]},{"reference":"Holmgren, Magnus. \"The Radiators\". Passagen.se. Australian Rock Database (Magnus Holmgren). Archived from the original on 31 August 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110831112042/http://hem.passagen.se/honga/database/r/radiators.html","url_text":"\"The Radiators\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Rock_Database","url_text":"Australian Rock Database"},{"url":"http://hem.passagen.se/honga/database/r/radiators.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cockington, James (August 2001). \"Pub Rock Rules, OK\". Long Way to the Top. Sydney, NSW: ABC Books (Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)). pp. 185–187, 194. ISBN 0-73330-750-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Commercial","url_text":"ABC Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-73330-750-7","url_text":"0-73330-750-7"}]},{"reference":"Holmgren, Magnus. \"Gimme Ted – The Ted Mulry Benefit Concerts\". Passagen.se. Australian Rock Database (Magnus Holmgren). Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131031081143/http://hem.passagen.se/honga/database/comp/gimmeted.html","url_text":"\"Gimme Ted – The Ted Mulry Benefit Concerts\""},{"url":"http://hem.passagen.se/honga/database/comp/gimmeted.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zuel, Bernard (21 August 2007). \"Ageing Rockers Show How to Pack a Paunch\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 23 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/news/music/ageing-rockers-show-how-to-pack-a-paunch/2007/08/20/1187462176526.html","url_text":"\"Ageing Rockers Show How to Pack a Paunch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"The Radiators – 3 Decades of Radiation!\". The Radiators Official Website. 2008. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140223173605/http://www.theradiators.com/band.php","url_text":"\"The Radiators – 3 Decades of Radiation!\""},{"url":"http://www.theradiators.com/band.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lunch Day 2009 – The 31st Annual Golden Stave Charity Luncheon!\". The Golden Stave. 26 June 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goldenstave.com.au/events/detail.aspx?ParentPageID=60&EventGroupID=54","url_text":"\"Lunch Day 2009 – The 31st Annual Golden Stave Charity Luncheon!\""}]},{"reference":"Taffel, Jacqui (31 August 2006). \"Drum Up Support\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 24 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/news/alternative-health/drum-up-support/2006/08/30/1156816964492.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1","url_text":"\"Drum Up Support\""}]},{"reference":"\"Australian Music Association Helps Support Act\". Support Act Limited. 30 August 2008. Archived from the original on 12 September 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090912160432/http://www.supportact.com.au/ss/australian-music-association-helps-support-act/","url_text":"\"Australian Music Association Helps Support Act\""},{"url":"http://www.supportact.com.au/ss/australian-music-association-helps-support-act/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jarvis, Susan (May 2008). \"The Yeehaa Boys\". Capital News. Rural Press Limited. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 25 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.capitalnews.com.au/editorial.asp?editorial_id=1391&issue=102","url_text":"\"The Yeehaa Boys\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Press","url_text":"Rural Press Limited"}]},{"reference":"Ryan (bulion), Gary (8 April 2012). \"Albums Pre 1989 Part 2 – Radiators\". Australian Charts Portal. Hung Medien (Steffen Hung). Retrieved 9 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://australian-charts.com/forum.asp?todo=viewthread&search=Radiators&id=35319&pages=#1052438","url_text":"\"Albums Pre 1989 Part 2 – Radiators\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Radiators return to Newcastle\". Newcastle Live. 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://newcastlelive.com.au/the-radiators-return-to-newcastle-newcastle-live/","url_text":"\"The Radiators return to Newcastle\""}]},{"reference":"\"THE RADIATORS AUSTRALIA\". Australian Network Entertainment. 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.australiannetworkentertainment.com.au/the-radiators/","url_text":"\"THE RADIATORS AUSTRALIA\""}]},{"reference":"\"MO Award Winners\". Mo Awards. Retrieved 16 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.moawards.com.au/awardwinners","url_text":"\"MO Award Winners\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC_Oluomo
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MC Oluomo
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["1 Controversies","2 Personal life","3 References"]
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Nigerian politician
MC OluomoBornMusiliu Akinsanya (1975-03-14) 14 March 1975 (age 49)Oshodi, Lagos
Musiliu Akinsanya (born 14 March 1975) popularly known as MC Oluomo is the head of the Lagos state branch of the National Union of Road Transport Workers. He is regarded as Lagos state's richest and illustrious thug agbero.
MC Oluomo was born in Oshodi, Lagos, Nigeria. He originally hails from Kwara State. He had primary level of education and dropped out of school because of his father's death. He ran away from home at the age of 13 and started working as a bus driver. He became the head of a motor park in Oshodi and finally rose to become the most influential agbero in Oshodi before he emerged as the chairman of the National Union of Road Transport Workers in Lagos.
At an All Progressives Congress campaign event in Lagos in 2019, MC Oluomo was stabbed by someone thought to be loyal to the then outgoing Lagos State governor, Akinwumi Ambode whose re-election bid had been thwarted.
Controversies
On 25 February 2023, in a series of videos on social media during the 2023 Nigerian presidential election in Lagos, Nigeria Musiliu Akinsanya (MC Oluomo) was accused of allegedly intimidating and preventing the Igbo people from voting Peter Obi at his polling unit. also, for allegedly using (agbero) to disrupt the Nigerian presidential election in lagos.
Personal life
MC Oluomo has three wives and nine children.
References
^ a b c "Wo ǹkan tó yẹ kí o mọ̀ nípa MC Oluomo àti ìdí tí ọ̀pọ̀ ṣe gbàgbọ́ pé alágbára ni". BBC News Yorùbá (in Yoruba). 12 March 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
^ "Wetin we know about MC Oluomo plan to release 'Service to Humanity' book". BBC News Pidgin. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
^ "MC Oluomo you didn't know". Daily Trust. 13 March 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
^ a b "Exaltation of an area boy: MC Oluomo and the rest of us". Punch Newspapers. 12 April 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
^ "MC Oluomo is Coming For Us All – THISDAYLIVE". www.thisdaylive.com. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
^ Egbas, Jude (9 January 2019). "This is the full story of how MC Oluomo was stabbed with a poisoned knife at Lagos APC campaign rally". Pulse Nigeria. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
^ Uchechukwu, Oghenekevwe (25 February 2023). "MC Oluomo caught on camera intimidating, discriminating against non-indigenes of Lagos". The ICIR- Latest News, Politics, Governance, Elections, Investigation, Factcheck, Covid-19. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
^ Busari, Biodun (26 February 2023). "Police react to alleged MC Oluomo's viral video threatening Igbos". Vanguard. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Union of Road Transport Workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_of_Road_Transport_Workers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"agbero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_boys"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Oshodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshodi-Isolo"},{"link_name":"Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Kwara State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwara_State"},{"link_name":"bus driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_driver"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Oshodi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshodi-Isolo"},{"link_name":"agbero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_boys"},{"link_name":"National Union of Road Transport Workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_of_Road_Transport_Workers"},{"link_name":"Lagos.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos_State"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"All Progressives Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Progressives_Congress"},{"link_name":"Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos_State"},{"link_name":"Lagos State governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Lagos_State"},{"link_name":"Akinwumi Ambode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akinwunmi_Ambode"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Musiliu Akinsanya (born 14 March 1975) popularly known as MC Oluomo is the head of the Lagos state branch of the National Union of Road Transport Workers.[1][2] He is regarded as Lagos state's richest and illustrious thug agbero.[3][4][5]MC Oluomo was born in Oshodi, Lagos, Nigeria. He originally hails from Kwara State. He had primary level of education and dropped out of school because of his father's death. He ran away from home at the age of 13 and started working as a bus driver.[1] He became the head of a motor park in Oshodi and finally rose to become the most influential agbero in Oshodi before he emerged as the chairman of the National Union of Road Transport Workers in Lagos.[4]At an All Progressives Congress campaign event in Lagos in 2019, MC Oluomo was stabbed by someone thought to be loyal to the then outgoing Lagos State governor, Akinwumi Ambode whose re-election bid had been thwarted.[6]","title":"MC Oluomo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"2023 Nigerian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Nigerian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos_State"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Igbo people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_people"},{"link_name":"Peter Obi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Obi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"agbero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_boys"},{"link_name":"Nigerian presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Nigerian_presidential_election_in_Lagos_State"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"On 25 February 2023, in a series of videos on social media during the 2023 Nigerian presidential election in Lagos, Nigeria Musiliu Akinsanya (MC Oluomo) was accused of allegedly intimidating and preventing the Igbo people from voting Peter Obi at his polling unit.[7] also, for allegedly using (agbero) to disrupt the Nigerian presidential election in lagos.[8]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"MC Oluomo has three wives and nine children.[1]","title":"Personal life"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Wo ǹkan tó yẹ kí o mọ̀ nípa MC Oluomo àti ìdí tí ọ̀pọ̀ ṣe gbàgbọ́ pé alágbára ni\". BBC News Yorùbá (in Yoruba). 12 March 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/yoruba/afrika-60703492","url_text":"\"Wo ǹkan tó yẹ kí o mọ̀ nípa MC Oluomo àti ìdí tí ọ̀pọ̀ ṣe gbàgbọ́ pé alágbára ni\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wetin we know about MC Oluomo plan to release 'Service to Humanity' book\". BBC News Pidgin. Retrieved 2 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-55910593","url_text":"\"Wetin we know about MC Oluomo plan to release 'Service to Humanity' book\""}]},{"reference":"\"MC Oluomo you didn't know\". Daily Trust. 13 March 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailytrust.com/mc-oluomo-you-didnt-know","url_text":"\"MC Oluomo you didn't know\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exaltation of an area boy: MC Oluomo and the rest of us\". Punch Newspapers. 12 April 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://punchng.com/exaltation-of-an-area-boy-mc-oluomo-and-the-rest-of-us/","url_text":"\"Exaltation of an area boy: MC Oluomo and the rest of us\""}]},{"reference":"\"MC Oluomo is Coming For Us All – THISDAYLIVE\". www.thisdaylive.com. Retrieved 2 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/01/02/mc-oluomo-is-coming-for-us-all/","url_text":"\"MC Oluomo is Coming For Us All – THISDAYLIVE\""}]},{"reference":"Egbas, Jude (9 January 2019). \"This is the full story of how MC Oluomo was stabbed with a poisoned knife at Lagos APC campaign rally\". Pulse Nigeria. Retrieved 2 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pulse.ng/news/politics/mc-oluomo-how-notorious-nurtw-official-was-stabbed-with-poisoned-knife/1gh9279","url_text":"\"This is the full story of how MC Oluomo was stabbed with a poisoned knife at Lagos APC campaign rally\""}]},{"reference":"Uchechukwu, Oghenekevwe (25 February 2023). \"MC Oluomo caught on camera intimidating, discriminating against non-indigenes of Lagos\". The ICIR- Latest News, Politics, Governance, Elections, Investigation, Factcheck, Covid-19. Retrieved 26 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icirnigeria.org/mc-oluomo-caught-on-camera-intimidating-discriminating-against-non-indigenes-of-lagos/","url_text":"\"MC Oluomo caught on camera intimidating, discriminating against non-indigenes of Lagos\""}]},{"reference":"Busari, Biodun (26 February 2023). \"Police react to alleged MC Oluomo's viral video threatening Igbos\". Vanguard. Retrieved 26 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/police-react-to-alleged-mc-oluomos-viral-video-threatening-igbos/","url_text":"\"Police react to alleged MC Oluomo's viral video threatening Igbos\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/yoruba/afrika-60703492","external_links_name":"\"Wo ǹkan tó yẹ kí o mọ̀ nípa MC Oluomo àti ìdí tí ọ̀pọ̀ ṣe gbàgbọ́ pé alágbára ni\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-55910593","external_links_name":"\"Wetin we know about MC Oluomo plan to release 'Service to Humanity' book\""},{"Link":"https://dailytrust.com/mc-oluomo-you-didnt-know","external_links_name":"\"MC Oluomo you didn't know\""},{"Link":"https://punchng.com/exaltation-of-an-area-boy-mc-oluomo-and-the-rest-of-us/","external_links_name":"\"Exaltation of an area boy: MC Oluomo and the rest of us\""},{"Link":"https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/01/02/mc-oluomo-is-coming-for-us-all/","external_links_name":"\"MC Oluomo is Coming For Us All – THISDAYLIVE\""},{"Link":"https://www.pulse.ng/news/politics/mc-oluomo-how-notorious-nurtw-official-was-stabbed-with-poisoned-knife/1gh9279","external_links_name":"\"This is the full story of how MC Oluomo was stabbed with a poisoned knife at Lagos APC campaign rally\""},{"Link":"https://www.icirnigeria.org/mc-oluomo-caught-on-camera-intimidating-discriminating-against-non-indigenes-of-lagos/","external_links_name":"\"MC Oluomo caught on camera intimidating, discriminating against non-indigenes of Lagos\""},{"Link":"https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/police-react-to-alleged-mc-oluomos-viral-video-threatening-igbos/","external_links_name":"\"Police react to alleged MC Oluomo's viral video threatening Igbos\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawel_Janas
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Paweł Janas
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["1 Career","1.1 Club","1.2 National team","2 Manager career","3 Honours","3.1 Player","3.2 Manager","4 References","5 External links"]
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Polish footballer and manager
Paweł Janas
Janas in 2005Personal informationDate of birth
(1953-03-04) 4 March 1953 (age 71)Place of birth
Pabianice, Polish People's RepublicHeight
1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)Position(s)
DefenderYouth career1965–1971
Włókniarz PabianiceSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1973–1977
Widzew Łódź
70
(2)1978–1982
Legia Warsaw
108
(0)1982–1986
Auxerre
135
(1)1986–1988
Legia Warsaw
49
(0)Total
362
(3)International career1976–1984
Poland
53
(1)Managerial career1994–1996
Legia Warsaw1996–1999
Poland Olympic2001
Amica Wronki2003–2006
Poland2008–2009
GKS Bełchatów2009–2010
Widzew Łódź2010
Polonia Warsaw2011
GKS Bełchatów2011–2012
Lechia Gdańsk2013–2015
Bytovia Bytów
Medal record
Representing Poland
FIFA World Cup
1982 Spain
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Paweł Janas (; born 4 March 1953) is a Polish former football manager and former player who played as a defender.
Career
Club
He began his playing career for the Włókniarz Pabianice team in 1965, but later left the club in 1973.
National team
From 1976 to 1984, he won 53 international caps for Poland. Janas played at centre-back in all seven of Poland's games at the 1982 World Cup in Spain where the team achieved an unexpected third place.
Manager career
Janas' coaching career started as an assistant at Legia Warszawa in 1988. He later ended his work at Legia Warszawa in 1990, and took up a post helping Władysław Stachurski lead the Polish youth squad. He was assistant to Janusz Wójcik at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona where Poland won the silver medal. In the same year he again became Wójcik's assistant, this time at Legia.
From 1994 to 1996, Janas was the head coach at Legia where he and his team won the Championship (1994, 1995), Polish Cup (1994, 1995), Polish Supercup (1994), as well as advanced to the quarter finals of the UEFA Champions' Cup (1995–96 season).
From 1996 to 1999, Janas coached the Polish youth/Olympic squad, which advanced to the quarter finals of the European Championships. From 1999 he worked as the manager and vice-president of sport at Amica Wronki until 2002.
On 20 December 2002, he officially took charge of the Polish national team. He was heavily criticized in the beginning of his national team spell, despite achieving good results. Nonetheless, under Janas the Poland team qualified for the 2006 World Cup, finishing second in a qualifying group behind England. They qualified as the best second placed team, scoring 27 goals in the qualifiers, 10 more than the group leaders England.
In the final tournament, Poland were drawn with Ecuador, hosts Germany and Costa Rica. Their first game, against Ecuador in Gelsenkirchen, ended in a disappointing 2–0 defeat, and Janas received criticism from the Polish press for his team selection and tactics, which involved leaving striker Maciej Żurawski alone and unsupported up front. He played a 4–5–1 formation, which he said "safety first". Poland played well with 4–4–2 in the qualifiers, which resulted in flowing football.
Poland played much better in their second game, against the Germans in Dortmund, but again lost, this time 1–0 to a late goal by Oliver Neuville, despite a magnificent performance by their goalkeeper Artur Boruc. This meant that the third match, against Costa Rica in Hamburg, was meaningless; Poland won 2–1 with two goals by defender Bartosz Bosacki. Janas was sacked from his post by the Polish FA after the tournament.
In 2008, he became manager of Ekstraklasa side GKS Bełchatów, leading them to a 5th place standing at the half-way point of the 2008–09 season but resigned during the winter break, citing lack of squad depth which would not allow the team to challenge for a higher position.
In January 2009, he accepted the managerial position at Widzew Łódź. In June, the club won the second division but was not allowed to advance by the PZPN. After winning the title again in 2010, Janas decided to leave the club in June.
In September, he became a manager at Polonia Warsaw.
In August 2013, he was appointed as manager at Bytovia Bytów. On 24 May 2014 his club was promoted to Polish I liga.
Honours
Player
Legia Warsaw
Polish Cup: 1979–80, 1980–81
Manager
Legia Warsaw
Ekstraklasa: 1993–94, 1994–95
Polish Cup: 1993–94, 1994–95
Polish Super Cup: 1994
Widzew Łódź
I liga: 2008–09, 2009–10
Individual
Polish Manager of the Year: 1994, 1995, 2004, 2005
References
^ "Janas rozwiązał umowę z GKS-em Bełchatów". 90minut.pl. 5 January 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
^ "Paweł Janas trenerem Widzewa". 90minut.pl. 9 January 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
^ "Janas wykupił kontrakt i odszedł z Widzewa". Przeglad Sportowy (in Polish). 22 June 2010. Archived from the original on 24 June 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2010.
^ "Paweł Janas nowym trenerem Polonii" (in Polish). sportowefakty.pl. 13 September 2010. Archived from the original on 16 September 2010. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
^ "Paweł Janas nowym trenerem DRUTEX-Bytovii" (in Polish). drutexbytovia.pl. 1 August 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2013.
^ a b c "Paweł Janas". laczynaspilka.pl (in Polish). 4 March 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
^ "I liga 2008/2009". 90minut.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 17 December 2023.
^ "I liga 2009/2010". 90minut.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 17 December 2023.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paweł Janas.
Paweł Janas at 90minut.pl (in Polish)
Paweł Janas international tournaments
vtePoland squad – 1982 FIFA World Cup third place
1 Młynarczyk
2 Dziuba
3 Kupcewicz
4 Dolny
5 Janas
6 Skrobowski
7 Jałocha
8 Matysik
9 Żmuda (c)
10 Majewski
11 Smolarek
12 Wójcicki
13 Buncol
14 Pałasz
15 Ciołek
16 Lato
17 Szarmach
18 Kusto
19 Iwan
20 Boniek
21 Kazimierski
22 Mowlik
Coach: Piechniczek
vtePoland squad – 2006 FIFA World Cup
1 Boruc
2 Jop
3 Gancarczyk
4 Baszczyński
5 Kosowski
6 Bąk (c)
7 Sobolewski
8 Krzynówek
9 Żurawski
10 Szymkowiak
11 Rasiak
12 Kuszczak
13 Mila
14 Żewłakow
15 Smolarek
16 Radomski
17 Dudka
18 Lewandowski
19 Bosacki
20 Giza
21 Jeleń
22 Fabiański
23 Brożek
Coach: Janas
vtePolish Coach of the Year
1975: Jezierski
1976: Jezierski
1977: Hajdas
1978: Piechniczek
1979: Kostka
1980: Kostka
1981: Kopa
1982: Żmuda
1983: Łazarek
1984: Łazarek
1985: Kostka
1986: Łysko
1987: Jezierski
1988: Bochynek
1989: Wyrobek
1990: Lenczyk
1991: Musiał
1992: Wójcik
1993: Zamilski
1994: Janas & Piotr Piekarczyk
1995: Janas
1996: Smuda
1997: Smuda
1998: Wójcik
1999: Smuda
2000: Engel
2001: Engel
2002: Kasperczak
2003: not awarded
2004: Janas
2005: Janas
2006: Lenczyk
2007: Skorża
2008: Smuda
2009: Fornalik
2010: Probierz
2011: Skorża
2012: Fornalik
2013: Urban
2014: Pawłowski
2015: Nawałka
2016: Nawałka
2017: Nawałka
2018: Michniewicz & Stokowiec
2019: Fornalik
2020: Papszun
2021: Papszun
2022: Papszun & Michniewicz
2023: Papszun
Paweł Janas managerial positions
vteLegia Warsaw – managers
Ferenczi (1922–23)
Fischer (1927)
Kovács (1928–29)
Kałuża (1930)
Mielech (1933)
Wieser (1933–34)
Hanke (1936)
Dembický (1947)
Drabiński (1948)
Schaller (1949)
Kuchar (1949–53)
Steiner (1954–55)
Koncewicz (1956–58)
Górski (1959)
Bobek (1959)
Górski (1960–62)
Janeczek (1962–63)
Popescu (1964–65)
Janeczek (1965–66)
Vejvoda (1966–69)
Zientara (1969–71)
Chruściński (1971–72)
Brychczy (1972–73)
Vejvoda (1973–75)
Strejlau (1975–79)
Brychczy (1979–80)
Ordon (1980–81)
Górski (1981–82)
Kopa (1982–85)
Engel (1985–87)
Brychczy (1987)
Strejlau (1987–89)
Kapera (1989–90)
Brychczy (1990)
Stachurski (1990–91)
Etmanowicz (1991–92)
Wójcik (1992–94)
Janas (1994–96)
Stachurski (1996–97)
Jabłoński (1997–98)
Kopa (1998–99)
Kubicki (1999)
Smuda (1999–2001)
Gawara (2001)
Okuka (2001–03)
Kubicki (2003–04)
Zieliński (2004–05)
Wdowczyk (2005–07)
Zieliński (2007)
Urban (2007–2010)
Białas (2010)
Skorża (2010–12)
Urban (2012–13)
Berg (2013–15)
Cherchesov (2015–16)
Hasi (2016)
Vukovićc (2016)
Magiera (2016–17)
Jozak (2017–18)
Klafurić (2018)
Vukovićc (2018)
Sá Pinto (2018–19)
Vuković (2019–20)
Michniewicz (2020–21)
Gołębiewski (2021)
Vuković (2021–22)
Runjaić (2022–24)
Feio (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vtePoland national football team – managers
Matyas (1966–67)
Koncewicz (1968–70)
Górski (1971–76)
Gmoch (1976–78)
Kulesza (1978–80)
Piechniczek (1981–86)
Łazarek (1986–89)
Strejlau (1989–93)
Ćmikiewiczc (1993)
Apostel (1994–95)
Stachurski (1996)
Piechniczek (1996–97)
Pawlakc (1997)
Wójcik (1997–99)
Engel (2000–02)
Boniek (2002)
Janas (2003–06)
Beenhakker (2006–09)
Majewskic (2009)
Smuda (2009–12)
Fornalik (2012–13)
Nawałka (2013–18)
Brzęczek (2018–21)
Sousa (2021)
Michniewicz (2022)
Santos (2023)
Probierz (2023–)
vteLechia Gdańsk – managers
Czyżewski (1945–46)
Koncewicz (1949)
Křížek (1949)
Bartolik (1950–53)
Fritsch (1953)
Foryś (1953–57)
Goździk (1958)
Serafin (1959–60)
Nierychło (1960–61)
Szolár (1961)
Drabiński (1962)
Rogocz (1963)
Lemiszko (1964)
Wrzos (1964–66)
R. Gronowski (1966)
Brzozowski (1967)
Gozdur (1968–70)
Słaboszowski (1970–71)
Rogocz (1971–72)
Kulesza (1972–74)
Łazarek (1974–75)
Polakow (1976)
Geszke (1976)
Walczak (1976–78)
Pekowski (1978–79)
Przybylski (1979–80)
Brzyski (1981)
Globisz (1981–82)
Wojewódzki (1982)
Jastrzębowski (1982–84)
Globisz (1984)
Łazarek (1984–86)
Globisz (1986)
Geszke (1986–87)
Kociołek (1987–88)
Stachura (1988–89)
B. Kaczmarek (1989–92)
Musiał (1992–1993)
Tymiński (1993)
Geszke (1993–94)
Kupcewicz (1995)
Kostka (OLG) (1995–96)
Stachura (OLG) (1996)
Gładysz (1996–97)
Bikiewicz (1997–98)
Kulik & Stachura (LPG) (1998–99)
Jastrzębowski (LPG) (1999–2000)
Wika & Kulwicki (LPG) (2000)
Szukiełowicz (LPG) (2000)
Stachura (LPG) (2000–02)
Globisz (2001)
Małolepszy (2001–02)
Jastrzębowski (2003–04)
M. Kaczmarek (2004–06)
Borkowski (2006–07)
Kubicki (2007–08)
Zieliński (2008–09)
Kafarski (2009–11)
Ulatowski (2011)
Janas (2012)
B. Kaczmarek (2012–13)
Probierz (2013–14)
Moniz (2014)
Machado (2014)
Untonc (2014)
Brzęczek (2014–15)
von Heesen (2015)
Banaczekc (2015)
Nowak (2016–17)
Owen (2017–18)
Stokowiec (2018–21)
T. Kaczmarek (2021–22)
Kalkowskic (2022)
M. Kaczmarek (2022–23)
Badía (2023)
Grabowski (2023–)
(c) = caretaker manager, (OLG) = Olimpia-Lechia Gdańsk, (LPG) = Lechia-Polonia Gdańsk
vteWidzew Łódź – managers
Otto (1948)
Kaménař (1948)
Pegza (1949)
Król (1950–51)
no manager (1951–52)
Zgoll (1953–54)
Kaménař (1954)
Rotte (1954–55)
Maslovarić (1956)
Skwierczyński (1956)
Doryń (1957)
Radwański (1958–59)
Kozłowski (1960–61)
Kołpa (1961–63)
Koczewski (1963–64)
Kowalski (1964)
Chojnacki (1964–65)
Kołpa (1965–66)
Kowalski (1966–68)
Goździk (1969)
Grzywocz (1969)
Jezierski (1969–76)
Pekowski (1976)
Kowalski (1977)
Waligóra (1978)
Świerk (1979)
Machciński (1980–81)
Żmuda (1981–84)
Waligóra (1985–86)
Lenczyk (1987–88)
Grębosz (1988)
Waligóra (1989)
Tomaszewski (1989)
Fudalej (1989)
Kowalski (1990–91)
Żmuda (1992)
Jezierski (1993)
Woziński (1993)
Stachurski (1994)
Polak (1994)
Smuda (1995–98)
Pyrdoł (1998)
Łazarek (1998)
Dziuba (1999)
Lato (1999)
Lenczyk (1999–2000)
Pyrdoł (2000)
Żurek (2000)
Kushlyk (2000)
Koniarek (2001)
Kusto (2001)
Wdowczyk (2002)
Smuda (2002)
Němec (2002)
Muchiński (2003)
Smuda (2003)
Kretek (2003)
Łapiński (2003)
Kasalik (2003)
Łapiński (2003)
Smuda (2004)
Majewski (2004–06)
Probierz (2006–07)
Zub (2007–08)
Wójcik (2008)
Fornalik (2009)
Janas (2009–10)
Kretek (2010)
Michniewicz (2010–11)
Mroczkowski (2011–13)
Pawlak (2013–14)
Skowronek (2014)
Tylak (2014)
Pawlak (2014)
Stawowy (2014–15)
Obarek (2015)
Płuska (2015–16)
Muchiński (2016)
Cecherz (2016–17)
Smuda (2017–18)
Mroczkowski (2018–2019)
Paszulewicz (2019)
Smółka (2019)
M. Kaczmarek (2019–20)
Dobi (2020–21)
Broniszewski (2021)
Niedźwiedź (2021–23)
Myśliwiec (2023–)
vtePolonia Warsaw – managers
Burford (1921)
Kimpton (1921–22)
Šmid (1923–24)
Tauber (1925)
Koželuh (1928–29)
Steyskal (1929)
Śliwiński (1930–31)
Ferenczi (1934)
Bulanow (1935–38)
Kossok (1938–39)
Pieniążek (1945–47)
Fogl (1947–48)
Foryś (1948–49)
Brzozowski (1949–50)
Foryś (1950–51)
Szczepaniak (1951–53)
Wiśniewski (1953)
Szczepaniak (1953)
Kuchar (1953–57)
Popiołek (1957–58)
Szularz (1958–60)
Brzozowski (1960–61)
Gierwatowski (1961)
Sowiński (1961)
Gierwatowski (1962)
Łabęda (1962–63)
unknown (1963–66)
Gierwatowski (1966–68)
Kurżak (1968)
Brzozowski (1968–71)
Siech (1971–72)
Misiak (1972–74)
Brzozowski (1974)
Zamilski (1974–76)
Obrębski (1976–77)
Szymczak (1977–78)
Engel (1978–79)
Kapera (1979–82)
Szrama (1982–83)
Kapera (1983)
Szymczak (1983–84)
Piętka (1984–85)
Pieszko (1985–88)
Dawidczyński (1988–92)
Jabłoński (1992–93)
Wiśnik (1993)
Giedrys (1993–94)
Majewski (1994)
Jabłoński (1994–95)
Kraska (1995)
Bakalarczyk (1995–96)
Majewski (1996)
Broniszewski (1996–97)
Małowiejski (1997–98)
Podedworny (1998)
Engel & Wdowczyk (1998–99)
Wdowczyk (2000)
Mikulski (2001)
Lička (2001–02)
Białek (2002)
Chrobak (2002–04)
Broniszewski (2004)
Motyka (2004–05)
Kubicki (2005)
Moleda (2005–06)
Żurek (2006)
Wiśniewski (2006)
Engel Jr. (2006)
Fornalik (2006–07)
Wdowczyk (2007–08)
Strejlau (2008)
Kowalik (2008)
Zieliński (2008–09)
Kaczmarek (2009)
Grembocki (2009)
Radolský (2009)
Libich (2009)
Bakero (2009–10)
Janas (2010)
Bos (2011)
Stokowiec (2011)
Zieliński (2011–12)
Michniewicz (2012)
Stokowiec (2012–13)
Dziewicki (2013–14)
Szczechowicz (2014)
Dźwigała (2014)
Końko (2015)
Gołaszewski (2015–17)
Szymanek (2017)
Chrobak (2017–19)
Szymanek (2020–21)
Smalec (2021–)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Poland
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈpavɛw ˈjanas]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"football manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_player"},{"link_name":"defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(association_football)"}],"text":"Paweł Janas ([ˈpavɛw ˈjanas]; born 4 March 1953) is a Polish former football manager and former player who played as a defender.","title":"Paweł Janas"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Club","text":"He began his playing career for the Włókniarz Pabianice team in 1965, but later left the club in 1973.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1982 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"}],"sub_title":"National team","text":"From 1976 to 1984, he won 53 international caps for Poland. Janas played at centre-back in all seven of Poland's games at the 1982 World Cup in Spain where the team achieved an unexpected third place.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Legia Warszawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legia_Warszawa"},{"link_name":"Władysław Stachurski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Stachurski"},{"link_name":"Janusz Wójcik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_W%C3%B3jcik"},{"link_name":"1992 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions' Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Amica Wronki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amica_Wronki"},{"link_name":"2006 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Gelsenkirchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelsenkirchen"},{"link_name":"Maciej Żurawski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maciej_%C5%BBurawski"},{"link_name":"Dortmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dortmund"},{"link_name":"Oliver Neuville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Neuville"},{"link_name":"Artur Boruc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_Boruc"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Bartosz Bosacki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartosz_Bosacki"},{"link_name":"Ekstraklasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstraklasa"},{"link_name":"GKS Bełchatów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GKS_Be%C5%82chat%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"2008–09 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Ekstraklasa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-contcanc-1"},{"link_name":"Widzew Łódź","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widzew_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Widzew-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Polonia Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia_Warsaw"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bytovia Bytów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bytovia_Byt%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Janas' coaching career started as an assistant at Legia Warszawa in 1988. He later ended his work at Legia Warszawa in 1990, and took up a post helping Władysław Stachurski lead the Polish youth squad. He was assistant to Janusz Wójcik at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona where Poland won the silver medal. In the same year he again became Wójcik's assistant, this time at Legia.From 1994 to 1996, Janas was the head coach at Legia where he and his team won the Championship (1994, 1995), Polish Cup (1994, 1995), Polish Supercup (1994), as well as advanced to the quarter finals of the UEFA Champions' Cup (1995–96 season).From 1996 to 1999, Janas coached the Polish youth/Olympic squad, which advanced to the quarter finals of the European Championships. From 1999 he worked as the manager and vice-president of sport at Amica Wronki until 2002.On 20 December 2002, he officially took charge of the Polish national team. He was heavily criticized in the beginning of his national team spell, despite achieving good results. Nonetheless, under Janas the Poland team qualified for the 2006 World Cup, finishing second in a qualifying group behind England. They qualified as the best second placed team, scoring 27 goals in the qualifiers, 10 more than the group leaders England.In the final tournament, Poland were drawn with Ecuador, hosts Germany and Costa Rica. Their first game, against Ecuador in Gelsenkirchen, ended in a disappointing 2–0 defeat, and Janas received criticism from the Polish press for his team selection and tactics, which involved leaving striker Maciej Żurawski alone and unsupported up front. He played a 4–5–1 formation, which he said \"safety first\". Poland played well with 4–4–2 in the qualifiers, which resulted in flowing football.Poland played much better in their second game, against the Germans in Dortmund, but again lost, this time 1–0 to a late goal by Oliver Neuville, despite a magnificent performance by their goalkeeper Artur Boruc. This meant that the third match, against Costa Rica in Hamburg, was meaningless; Poland won 2–1 with two goals by defender Bartosz Bosacki. Janas was sacked from his post by the Polish FA after the tournament.In 2008, he became manager of Ekstraklasa side GKS Bełchatów, leading them to a 5th place standing at the half-way point of the 2008–09 season but resigned during the winter break, citing lack of squad depth which would not allow the team to challenge for a higher position.[1]In January 2009, he accepted the managerial position at Widzew Łódź.[2] In June, the club won the second division but was not allowed to advance by the PZPN. After winning the title again in 2010, Janas decided to leave the club in June.[3]In September, he became a manager at Polonia Warsaw.[4]In August 2013, he was appointed as manager at Bytovia Bytów.[5] On 24 May 2014 his club was promoted to Polish I liga.","title":"Manager career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LNP-6"},{"link_name":"Polish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Player","text":"Legia Warsaw[6]Polish Cup: 1979–80, 1980–81","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LNP-6"},{"link_name":"Ekstraklasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstraklasa"},{"link_name":"1993–94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_Ekstraklasa"},{"link_name":"1994–95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Ekstraklasa"},{"link_name":"I liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_liga"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_I_liga"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_I_liga"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LNP-6"},{"link_name":"Polish Manager of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C5%82ka_no%C5%BCna_magazine_plebiscite"}],"sub_title":"Manager","text":"Legia Warsaw[6]Ekstraklasa: 1993–94, 1994–95\nPolish Cup: 1993–94, 1994–95\nPolish Super Cup: 1994Widzew ŁódźI liga: 2008–09,[7] 2009–10[8]Individual[6]Polish Manager of the Year: 1994, 1995, 2004, 2005","title":"Honours"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirogoj_cemetery
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Mirogoj Cemetery
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["1 History","2 Notable interments","3 Memorials","4 Location and access","5 Gallery","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
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Coordinates: 45°50′06″N 15°59′10″E / 45.835°N 15.986°E / 45.835; 15.986Cemetery in the city of Zagreb
Mirogoj CemeteryPanoramic view of MirogojDetailsEstablished6 November 1876LocationGornji Grad–Medveščak, ZagrebCountryCroatiaCoordinates45°50′06″N 15°59′10″E / 45.835°N 15.986°E / 45.835; 15.986TypePublicOwned byCity of ZagrebWebsitewww.gradskagroblja.hrFind a GraveMirogoj Cemetery
The Mirogoj City Cemetery (pronounced , Croatian: Gradsko groblje Mirogoj), also known as Mirogoj Cemetery (Croatian: Groblje Mirogoj), is a cemetery park that is considered to be among the more noteworthy landmarks in the city of Zagreb. The cemetery inters members of all religious groups: Catholic, Orthodox, Muslim, Jewish, Protestant, Latter Day Saints; irreligious graves can all be found. In the arcades are the last resting places of many famous Croats.
History
Mirogoj arcade
Christ the King Church from inside the cemetery
The Mirogoj Cemetery was built on a plot of land owned by the linguist Ljudevit Gaj, purchased by the city in 1872, after his death. Architect Hermann Bollé designed the main building. The new cemetery was inaugurated on 6 November 1876.
The construction of the arcades, the cupolas, and the church in the entryway was begun in 1879. Due to lack of funding, work was finished only in 1929.
Unlike the older cemeteries, which were church-owned, Mirogoj was owned by the city, and accepted burials from all religious backgrounds.
On 22 March 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Zagreb was hit by a 5.5 magnitude earthquake that caused significant damage across the city, including the damage on the famous arcades of the Mirogoj cemetery.
Notable interments
See also: Category:Burials at Mirogoj Cemetery
Zlatko Baloković (1895–1965), violinist
Milan Bandić (1955–2021), longest-serving mayor of Zagreb
Ena Begović (1960–2000), actress
Miroslav Blažević (1935–2023), football player and later manager
Hermann Bollé (1845–1926), architect
Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić (1874–1938), writer
Ferdinand Budicki (1871–1951), automotive and air travel pioneer of Zagreb, introduced cars to the city
Krešimir Ćosić (1948–1995), basketball player and coach, member of both the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame and FIBA Hall of Fame
Tošo Dabac (1907–1970), photographer
Arsen Dedić (1938–2015), singer-songwriter and composer
Dimitrija Demeter (1811–1872), Greek–Croatian who played a major role in the movement for the national awakening of the Croatian nation
Filip Deutsch (1828–1919), nobleman and industrialist
Julio Deutsch (1859–1922), architect and co-owner of the architecture studio Hönigsberg & Deutsch
Janko Drašković (1770–1856), nobleman, national reformer, politician and poet
Rajko Dujmić, songwriter and composer (1954–2020)
Hugo Ehrlich (1879–1936), architect
Aleksandar Ehrmann (1879–1965), industrialist, philanthropist and diplomat
Ljudevit Gaj (1809–1872), co-founder of the Illyrian movement
Leo Hönigsberg (1861–1911), architect and co-owner of the architecture studio Hönigsberg & Deutsch
Hosea Jacobi (1841–1925), Chief Rabbi of Zagreb
Miroslav Krleža (1893–1981), writer
Oton Kučera (1857–1931), astronomer
Zinka Kunc-Milanov (1906–1989), famous soprano
Svetozar Kurepa (1929–2010), mathematician
Ante Kovačić (1854–1889), writer
Vatroslav Lisinski (1819–1854), composer
Vladko Maček (1879–1964), politician
Savić Marković Štedimlija (1906–1971), publicist
Anđelka Martić (1924–2000), writer
Antun Gustav Matoš (1873–1914), writer
Andrija Mohorovičić (1857–1936), seismologist
Edo Murtić (1921–2005), painter
Vladimir Nazor (1876–1949), writer
Maximilian Njegovan (1858–1930), Commander-in-chief and admiral of the Austro-Hungarian Navy
Slavoljub Eduard Penkala (1871–1922), inventor
Dražen Petrović (1964–1993), basketball player, member of both the Naismith and FIBA Halls of Fame
Milka Planinc (1924–2010), first and only female prime minister of Yugoslavia
Vladimir Prelog (1906–1998), Nobel prize-winning chemist
Petar Preradović (1818–1872), poet
Stjepan Radić (1871–1928), leader of the Croatian Peasants Party
August Šenoa (1838–1881), writer
Ivica Šerfezi (1935–2004), singer and politician supporter of Croatian Peasant Party
Ivan Šubašić (1892–1955), last Ban of Croatia
Milka Ternina (1863–1941), famous soprano
Franjo Tuđman (1922–1999), the first president of Croatia
Vice Vukov (1936–2008), singer and politician
Tin Ujević (1891–1955), poet
Emil Uzelac (1867–1954), head of the Austro-Hungarian air force
Ivan Zajc (1832–1914), composer
Memorials
Monument to Fallen Croatian Soldiers in World War I (1919)
Monument to the children from the Kozara mountain
Tomb of the People's Heroes (1968)
Memorial Cross to Croatian Home Guard Soldiers (1993)
Monument to the Victims of Bleiburg and the Way of the Cross (1994)
German military cemetery (1996) for more than 4.430 deaths
Monument of the "Voice of Croatian Victims - Wall of Pain" (to Croatian victims of the Croatian War of Independence)
Location and access
It is located today in the Gornji Grad–Medveščak city district, on Mirogojska road and Hermann Bollé street.
ZET bus line 106 runs between the cemetery and the Kaptol bus terminal in the heart of Zagreb every 20 minutes during the cemetery's opening hours.
A less frequent line, 203 (every 20–25 minutes), also starts from Kaptol by the same route, but continues further east to Svetice terminal, directly connecting to the Maksimir Park.
Also, the line 226 goes by a similar route as the line 203, but goes through Remete. Also, it’s less frequent (every 35-40 minutes).
Gallery
Monument to the 119 victims of fascist terror
Antun Gustav Matoš's grave
Andrija Hebrang's grave
August Šenoa's grave monument
Memorial to the Yugoslav death march of Nazi collaborators
Bruno Bušić's grave
Monument to dead, missing and detained Croatian soldiers
Monument near Edo Murtić's grave
Eugen Kumičić's grave
Tomb of the People's Heroes
Monument to the children from Kozara; about 400 children who died in Ustaše concentration camps during World War II
Hermann Bollé's grave
Ivo Kerdić's grave
Matija Ljubek's grave
Mirko Rački's grave
Petar Preradović's grave
Monument to the fallen Croatian soldiers in World War I
Rudolf Perešin's grave
Stjepan Radić's grave
Monument to the July victims
Dražen Petrović's grave
Franjo Tuđman's grave
See also
History of Zagreb
References
^ "Beautiful cemetery worth a visit - Mirogoj Cemetery, Zagreb Traveller Reviews".
^ Švigir 2010, p. 10.
^ Švigir 2010, p. 12.
^ a b c d e Švigir 2010, cited in Polić 2011
^ Kiš, Patricia (24 March 2020). "FOTO: NADREALNI PRIZORI S MIROGOJA Potres je izazvao milijunsku štetu: ugrožene su čuvene Bolléove arkade, a crkvi Krista Kralja prijeti urušavanje". Jutarnji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 3 March 2021.
^ "Milan Bandić pokopan na Mirogoju: Ispraćen uz pjesmu Pod brajde, okupilo se jako puno ljudi. Emotivne govore održali Ljubo Jurčić i Jelena Pavičić Vukičević". Dnevnik.hr (in Croatian). 3 March 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
^ "UŽIVO Oproštaj od Ćire: Evo tko će sve stajati uz lijes, u tijeku je komemoracija, stigle brojne legende". Gol.hr (in Croatian). 2023-02-15. Retrieved 2023-02-15.
^ Švigir 2010, p. 38.
^ Švigir 2010, p. 64.
^ Švigir 2010, p. 71.
^ "Arsen Dedić pokopan na Mirogoju". Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). 25 August 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
^ "Umro Rajko Dujmić: Legendarni glazbenik podlegao teškim ozljedama nakon nesreće". Jutarnji list (in Croatian). 4 August 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
^ Švigir 2010, p. 34.
^ a b Švigir 2010, p. 60.
^ Švigir 2010, p. 27.
^ Švigir 2010, p. 35.
^ Švigir 2010, p. 78.
^ Švigir 2010, p. 81.
^ Maximilian Njegovan Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine
^ Švigir 2010, p. 77.
^ Švigir 2010, p. 36.
^ Švigir 2010, p. 32.
^ Švigir 2010, p. 53.
^ Švigir 2010, p. 37.
^ kriegsgraeberstaetten.volksbund.de: click suchen, select 'Kroatien', click on Friedhof suchen and select Zagreb-Mirogoi
Further reading
Polić, Maja (March 2011). "Mirogoj, Panteon hrvatske povijesti, Zagreb, 2010" (PDF). Rijeka (in Croatian). 16 (1): 89–90. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
Švigir, Mihovil, ed. (2010). Mirogoj (PDF). Zagreb Tourist Board. ISBN 978-953-228-055-5. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mirogoj Cemetery.
Official website (in Croatian)
Mirogoj Cemetery at Association of Significant Cemeteries in Europe
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Medvednica
Zagreb Zoo
Places ofworship
Zagreb Cathedral
St. Mark's Church
St. Catherine's Church
Orthodox Cathedral
Zagreb Mosque
Zagreb Synagogue
Evangelical Church
Greek Catholic Co-cathedral
Basilica of the Heart of Jesus
Church of Saint Blaise
Culture
Croatian National Theatre
Gavella Drama Theatre
Mala Scena Theatre
Vatroslav Lisinski Concert Hall
National and University Library
Zagreb Philharmonic Orchestra
The Cravat Regiment
Zagreb Film
Zagreb school of animated films
Galleries and museums
Archaeological Museum
Art Pavilion
Croatian History Museum
Croatian Museum of Naïve Art
Croatian Natural History Museum
Croatian Railway Museum
Ethnographic Museum
Glyptotheque
Klovićevi Dvori Gallery
Lauba
Mimara Museum
Modern Gallery
Museum of Arts and Crafts
Museum of Broken Relationships
Museum of Contemporary Art
Strossmayer Gallery
Technical Museum
Zagreb City Museum
Education
High schools in Zagreb
Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts
University of Zagreb
Academies: Dramatic Art
Fine Arts
Music
Faculties: Architecture
Chemical Engineering
Dental Medicine
Economics and Business
Electrical Engineering and Computing
Geodesy
Humanities and Social Sciences
Medicine
Science
Teacher Education
Sports venues
Arena Zagreb
Dom Sportova
Dražen Petrović Basketball Hall
Maksimir Stadium
Kranjčevićeva Stadium
ŠRC Sesvete Stadium
NŠC Stjepan Spajić Stadium
Transport
Zagreb International Airport
Zagreb Glavni kolodvor
Zagreb Zapadni railway station
Funicular
Trams
Commuter Rail
Metro (proposed)
Events
Animafest Zagreb
INmusic Festival
Interliber
Music Biennale Zagreb
Zagreb Film Festival
ZagrebDox
Zagreb Fair
Subversive Festival
Sport events
Golden Spin (ice skating)
Hanžeković Memorial (track and field athletics)
Snow Queen Trophy (skiing)
Zagreb Indoors (tennis)
Zagreb Marathon
Media
Jutarnji list
Večernji list
Sportske novosti
Jabuka TV
Z1 TV
Zagreb TV Tower
Category:Zagreb
vteGornji Grad–Medveščak
Dolac
Gornji Grad
Gupčeva zvijezda
Kaptol
Kraljevec
Medveščak
Mirogoj
Nova Ves
Pantovčak
Petrova Street
Ribnjak
Šalata
Tkalčićeva Street
Tuškanac
Voćarska Street
Zelengaj
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[mîrɔɡɔːj]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemetery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"landmarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmarks"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"religious groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religions"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam"},{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant"},{"link_name":"Latter Day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"irreligious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion"},{"link_name":"Croats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croats"}],"text":"Cemetery in the city of ZagrebThe Mirogoj City Cemetery (pronounced [mîrɔɡɔːj], Croatian: Gradsko groblje Mirogoj), also known as Mirogoj Cemetery (Croatian: Groblje Mirogoj), is a cemetery park that is considered[1] to be among the more noteworthy landmarks in the city of Zagreb. The cemetery inters members of all religious groups: Catholic, Orthodox, Muslim, Jewish, Protestant, Latter Day Saints; irreligious graves can all be found. In the arcades are the last resting places of many famous Croats.","title":"Mirogoj Cemetery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mirogoj_Cemetery_Arcade.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mirogoj_Cemetery_Gate.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ljudevit Gaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljudevit_Gaj"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C5%A0vigir201010-2"},{"link_name":"Hermann Bollé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Boll%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C5%A0vigir201012-3"},{"link_name":"arcades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"cupolas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupola"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poli%C4%87-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poli%C4%87-4"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagreb"},{"link_name":"earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Zagreb_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Mirogoj arcadeChrist the King Church from inside the cemeteryThe Mirogoj Cemetery was built on a plot of land owned by the linguist Ljudevit Gaj, purchased by the city in 1872, after his death.[2] Architect Hermann Bollé designed the main building. The new cemetery was inaugurated on 6 November 1876.[3]The construction of the arcades, the cupolas, and the church in the entryway was begun in 1879. Due to lack of funding, work was finished only in 1929.[4]Unlike the older cemeteries, which were church-owned, Mirogoj was owned by the city, and accepted burials from all religious backgrounds.[4]On 22 March 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Zagreb was hit by a 5.5 magnitude earthquake that caused significant damage across the city, including the damage on the famous arcades of the Mirogoj cemetery.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Burials at Mirogoj Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Mirogoj_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Zlatko Baloković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatko_Balokovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Milan Bandić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Bandi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"mayor of Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Zagreb"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ena Begović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ena_Begovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Miroslav Blažević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miroslav_Bla%C5%BEevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hermann Bollé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Boll%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C5%A0vigir201038-8"},{"link_name":"Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivana_Brli%C4%87-Ma%C5%BEurani%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C5%A0vigir201064-9"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Budicki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Budicki"},{"link_name":"Krešimir Ćosić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kre%C5%A1imir_%C4%86osi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_players_in_the_Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"FIBA Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_Hall_of_Famer"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C5%A0vigir201071-10"},{"link_name":"Tošo Dabac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C5%A1o_Dabac"},{"link_name":"Arsen Dedić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsen_Dedi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Dimitrija Demeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrija_Demeter"},{"link_name":"Filip Deutsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_Deutsch"},{"link_name":"Julio Deutsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Deutsch"},{"link_name":"Hönigsberg & Deutsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6nigsberg_%26_Deutsch"},{"link_name":"Janko Drašković","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janko_Dra%C5%A1kovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poli%C4%87-4"},{"link_name":"Rajko Dujmić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajko_Dujmi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jutarnji-12"},{"link_name":"Hugo Ehrlich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ehrlich"},{"link_name":"Aleksandar Ehrmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Ehrmann"},{"link_name":"Ljudevit Gaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljudevit_Gaj"},{"link_name":"Illyrian movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_movement"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poli%C4%87-4"},{"link_name":"Leo Hönigsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_H%C3%B6nigsberg"},{"link_name":"Hönigsberg & Deutsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6nigsberg_%26_Deutsch"},{"link_name":"Hosea Jacobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosea_Jacobi"},{"link_name":"Miroslav Krleža","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miroslav_Krle%C5%BEa"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C5%A0vigir201034-13"},{"link_name":"Oton Kučera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oton_Ku%C4%8Dera"},{"link_name":"Zinka Kunc-Milanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinka_Milanov"},{"link_name":"Svetozar Kurepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetozar_Kurepa"},{"link_name":"Ante Kovačić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ante_Kova%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C5%A0vigir201060-14"},{"link_name":"Vatroslav Lisinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatroslav_Lisinski"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C5%A0vigir201027-15"},{"link_name":"Vladko Maček","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladko_Ma%C4%8Dek"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C5%A0vigir201035-16"},{"link_name":"Savić Marković Štedimlija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savi%C4%87_Markovi%C4%87_%C5%A0tedimlija"},{"link_name":"Anđelka Martić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C4%91elka_Marti%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Antun Gustav Matoš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antun_Gustav_Mato%C5%A1"},{"link_name":"Andrija Mohorovičić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrija_Mohorovi%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Edo Murtić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_Murti%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C5%A0vigir201078-17"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Nazor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Nazor"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C5%A0vigir201081-18"},{"link_name":"Maximilian Njegovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_Njegovan"},{"link_name":"Commander-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chief"},{"link_name":"admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Slavoljub Eduard Penkala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavoljub_Eduard_Penkala"},{"link_name":"Dražen Petrović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dra%C5%BEen_Petrovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C5%A0vigir201077-20"},{"link_name":"Milka Planinc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milka_Planinc"},{"link_name":"prime minister of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Prelog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Prelog"},{"link_name":"Nobel prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_prize"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C5%A0vigir201036-21"},{"link_name":"Petar Preradović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Preradovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Stjepan Radić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjepan_Radi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Croatian Peasants Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Peasants_Party"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C5%A0vigir201032-22"},{"link_name":"August Šenoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_%C5%A0enoa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poli%C4%87-4"},{"link_name":"Ivica Šerfezi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivica_%C5%A0erfezi"},{"link_name":"Croatian Peasant Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Peasant_Party"},{"link_name":"Ivan Šubašić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_%C5%A0uba%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Ban of Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Milka Ternina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milka_Ternina"},{"link_name":"Franjo Tuđman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man"},{"link_name":"president of Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Vice Vukov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Vukov"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C5%A0vigir201060-14"},{"link_name":"Tin Ujević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Ujevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C5%A0vigir201053-23"},{"link_name":"Emil Uzelac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Uzelac"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian air force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Imperial_and_Royal_Aviation_Troops"},{"link_name":"Ivan Zajc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Zajc"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C5%A0vigir201037-24"}],"text":"See also: Category:Burials at Mirogoj CemeteryZlatko Baloković (1895–1965), violinist\nMilan Bandić (1955–2021), longest-serving mayor of Zagreb[6]\nEna Begović (1960–2000), actress\nMiroslav Blažević (1935–2023), football player and later manager[7]\nHermann Bollé (1845–1926), architect[8]\nIvana Brlić-Mažuranić (1874–1938), writer[9]\nFerdinand Budicki (1871–1951), automotive and air travel pioneer of Zagreb, introduced cars to the city\nKrešimir Ćosić (1948–1995), basketball player and coach, member of both the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame and FIBA Hall of Fame[10]\nTošo Dabac (1907–1970), photographer\nArsen Dedić (1938–2015), singer-songwriter and composer[11]\nDimitrija Demeter (1811–1872), Greek–Croatian who played a major role in the movement for the national awakening of the Croatian nation\nFilip Deutsch (1828–1919), nobleman and industrialist\nJulio Deutsch (1859–1922), architect and co-owner of the architecture studio Hönigsberg & Deutsch\nJanko Drašković (1770–1856), nobleman, national reformer, politician and poet[4]\nRajko Dujmić, songwriter and composer (1954–2020)[12]\nHugo Ehrlich (1879–1936), architect\nAleksandar Ehrmann (1879–1965), industrialist, philanthropist and diplomat\nLjudevit Gaj (1809–1872), co-founder of the Illyrian movement[4]\nLeo Hönigsberg (1861–1911), architect and co-owner of the architecture studio Hönigsberg & Deutsch\nHosea Jacobi (1841–1925), Chief Rabbi of Zagreb\nMiroslav Krleža (1893–1981), writer[13]\nOton Kučera (1857–1931), astronomer\nZinka Kunc-Milanov (1906–1989), famous soprano\nSvetozar Kurepa (1929–2010), mathematician\nAnte Kovačić (1854–1889), writer[14]\nVatroslav Lisinski (1819–1854), composer[15]\nVladko Maček (1879–1964), politician[16]\nSavić Marković Štedimlija (1906–1971), publicist\nAnđelka Martić (1924–2000), writer\nAntun Gustav Matoš (1873–1914), writer\nAndrija Mohorovičić (1857–1936), seismologist\nEdo Murtić (1921–2005), painter[17]\nVladimir Nazor (1876–1949), writer[18]\nMaximilian Njegovan (1858–1930), Commander-in-chief and admiral of the Austro-Hungarian Navy[19]\nSlavoljub Eduard Penkala (1871–1922), inventor\nDražen Petrović (1964–1993), basketball player, member of both the Naismith and FIBA Halls of Fame[20]\nMilka Planinc (1924–2010), first and only female prime minister of Yugoslavia\nVladimir Prelog (1906–1998), Nobel prize-winning chemist[21]\nPetar Preradović (1818–1872), poet\nStjepan Radić (1871–1928), leader of the Croatian Peasants Party[22]\nAugust Šenoa (1838–1881), writer[4]\nIvica Šerfezi (1935–2004), singer and politician supporter of Croatian Peasant Party\nIvan Šubašić (1892–1955), last Ban of Croatia\nMilka Ternina (1863–1941), famous soprano\nFranjo Tuđman (1922–1999), the first president of Croatia\nVice Vukov (1936–2008), singer and politician[14]\nTin Ujević (1891–1955), poet[23]\nEmil Uzelac (1867–1954), head of the Austro-Hungarian air force\nIvan Zajc (1832–1914), composer[24]","title":"Notable interments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fallen Croatian Soldiers in World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia_during_World_War_I#Croats_on_the_battlefield"},{"link_name":"Kozara mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozara_Offensive#Operation"},{"link_name":"Tomb of the People's Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_the_People%27s_Heroes,_Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Croatian Home Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Home_Guard_(World_War_II)"},{"link_name":"Victims of Bleiburg and the Way of the Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_death_march_of_Nazi_collaborators"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Croatian War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence"}],"text":"Monument to Fallen Croatian Soldiers in World War I (1919)\nMonument to the children from the Kozara mountain\nTomb of the People's Heroes (1968)\nMemorial Cross to Croatian Home Guard Soldiers (1993)\nMonument to the Victims of Bleiburg and the Way of the Cross (1994)\nGerman military cemetery (1996) for more than 4.430 deaths[25]\nMonument of the \"Voice of Croatian Victims - Wall of Pain\" (to Croatian victims of the Croatian War of Independence)","title":"Memorials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gornji Grad–Medveščak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gornji_Grad%E2%80%93Medve%C5%A1%C4%8Dak"},{"link_name":"ZET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZET"},{"link_name":"Kaptol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaptol,_Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Maksimir Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksimir_Park"},{"link_name":"Remete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remete,_Zagreb&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"It is located today in the Gornji Grad–Medveščak city district, on Mirogojska road and Hermann Bollé street.ZET bus line 106 runs between the cemetery and the Kaptol bus terminal in the heart of Zagreb every 20 minutes during the cemetery's opening hours.\nA less frequent line, 203 (every 20–25 minutes), also starts from Kaptol by the same route, but continues further east to Svetice terminal, directly connecting to the Maksimir Park.\nAlso, the line 226 goes by a similar route as the line 203, but goes through Remete. Also, it’s less frequent (every 35-40 minutes).","title":"Location and access"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:119_%C5%BErtava.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_G_Mato%C5%A1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Antun Gustav Matoš","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antun_Gustav_Mato%C5%A1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andrija_Hebrang_Mirogoj_srpanj_2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"Andrija Hebrang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrija_Hebrang_(father)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:August_%C5%A0enoa_spomenik_(Mirogoj).jpg"},{"link_name":"August Šenoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_%C5%A0enoa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Denkmal_f%C3%BCr_kommunistische_Nachkriegsverbrechen,_Mirogoj,_Zagreb.JPG"},{"link_name":"Yugoslav death march of Nazi collaborators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_death_march_of_Nazi_collaborators"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bruno_Busic_1007.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bruno Bušić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Bu%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Du%C5%A1an_D%C5%BEamonja_spomenik_Mirogoj_srpanj_2008.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mirogoj_Zagreb,_Murtic.JPG"},{"link_name":"Edo Murtić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_Murti%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eugen_Kumicic_1007.JPG"},{"link_name":"Eugen Kumičić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Kumi%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grobnica_narodnih_heroja_Zagreb.JPG"},{"link_name":"Tomb of the People's Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_the_People%27s_Heroes,_Zagreb"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grobnica_djece_sa_Kozare_Mirogoj.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kozara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozara"},{"link_name":"Ustaše concentration camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration_camps_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hermann_Boll%C3%A9_1139x2168.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hermann Bollé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Boll%C3%A9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ivo_Kerdi%C4%87_Matko.JPG"},{"link_name":"Ivo Kerdić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo_Kerdi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Matija_Ljubek_1007.JPG"},{"link_name":"Matija Ljubek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matija_Ljubek"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mirko_Ra%C4%8Dki_Tarnik.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mirko Rački","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirko_Ra%C4%8Dki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petar_Preradovi%C4%87_Mirogoj.jpg"},{"link_name":"Petar Preradović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Preradovi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palim_hrvatskim_vojnicima_u_Prvom_svjetskom_ratu_Mirogoj.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rudolf_Peresin_1007.JPG"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Perešin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Pere%C5%A1in"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stjepan_Radic,_Mirogoj_Cemetery,_Zagreb.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stjepan Radić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjepan_Radi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Srpanjske_zrtve_1007.JPG"},{"link_name":"July victims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_victims"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grave_Drazen_Petrovic_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dražen Petrović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dra%C5%BEen_Petrovi%C4%87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mirogoj_Cemetery,_Zagreb_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"Franjo Tuđman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franjo_Tu%C4%91man"}],"text":"Monument to the 119 victims of fascist terror\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAntun Gustav Matoš's grave\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAndrija Hebrang's grave\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAugust Šenoa's grave monument\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMemorial to the Yugoslav death march of Nazi collaborators\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBruno Bušić's grave\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMonument to dead, missing and detained Croatian soldiers\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMonument near Edo Murtić's grave\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEugen Kumičić's grave\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTomb of the People's Heroes\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMonument to the children from Kozara; about 400 children who died in Ustaše concentration camps during World War II\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHermann Bollé's grave\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIvo Kerdić's grave\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMatija Ljubek's grave\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMirko Rački's grave\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPetar Preradović's grave\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMonument to the fallen Croatian soldiers in World War I\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRudolf Perešin's grave\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStjepan Radić's grave\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMonument to the July victims\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDražen Petrović's grave\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFranjo Tuđman's grave","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Mirogoj, Panteon hrvatske povijesti, Zagreb, 2010\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hrcak.srce.hr/67892"},{"link_name":"Mirogoj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.infozagreb.hr/media/documents/mirogoj_engleski.pdf"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-953-228-055-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-228-055-5"}],"text":"Polić, Maja (March 2011). \"Mirogoj, Panteon hrvatske povijesti, Zagreb, 2010\" (PDF). Rijeka (in Croatian). 16 (1): 89–90. Retrieved 13 February 2017.\nŠvigir, Mihovil, ed. (2010). Mirogoj (PDF). Zagreb Tourist Board. ISBN 978-953-228-055-5. Retrieved 26 February 2017.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Mirogoj arcade","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Mirogoj_Cemetery_Arcade.jpg/200px-Mirogoj_Cemetery_Arcade.jpg"},{"image_text":"Christ the King Church from inside the cemetery","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Mirogoj_Cemetery_Gate.jpg/200px-Mirogoj_Cemetery_Gate.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coat of arms of Zagreb","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Zagreb.svg/64px-Coat_of_arms_of_Zagreb.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Coat of arms of Zagreb","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Zagreb.svg/64px-Coat_of_arms_of_Zagreb.svg.png"}]
|
[{"title":"History of Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Zagreb"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Beautiful cemetery worth a visit - Mirogoj Cemetery, Zagreb Traveller Reviews\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tripadvisor.com.au/ShowUserReviews-g294454-d316812-r146556614-Mirogoj_Cemetery-Zagreb.html","url_text":"\"Beautiful cemetery worth a visit - Mirogoj Cemetery, Zagreb Traveller Reviews\""}]},{"reference":"Kiš, Patricia (24 March 2020). \"FOTO: NADREALNI PRIZORI S MIROGOJA Potres je izazvao milijunsku štetu: ugrožene su čuvene Bolléove arkade, a crkvi Krista Kralja prijeti urušavanje\". Jutarnji list (in Croatian). Retrieved 3 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/zagreb/foto-nadrealni-prizori-s-mirogoja-potres-je-izazvao-milijunsku-stetu-ugrozene-su-cuvene-bollove-arkade-a-crkvi-krista-kralja-prijeti-urusavanje/10127125/","url_text":"\"FOTO: NADREALNI PRIZORI S MIROGOJA Potres je izazvao milijunsku štetu: ugrožene su čuvene Bolléove arkade, a crkvi Krista Kralja prijeti urušavanje\""}]},{"reference":"\"Milan Bandić pokopan na Mirogoju: Ispraćen uz pjesmu Pod brajde, okupilo se jako puno ljudi. Emotivne govore održali Ljubo Jurčić i Jelena Pavičić Vukičević\". Dnevnik.hr (in Croatian). 3 March 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://dnevnik.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/posljednji-ispracaj-gradonacelnika-milana-bandica-na-mirogoju---642280.html","url_text":"\"Milan Bandić pokopan na Mirogoju: Ispraćen uz pjesmu Pod brajde, okupilo se jako puno ljudi. Emotivne govore održali Ljubo Jurčić i Jelena Pavičić Vukičević\""}]},{"reference":"\"UŽIVO Oproštaj od Ćire: Evo tko će sve stajati uz lijes, u tijeku je komemoracija, stigle brojne legende\". Gol.hr (in Croatian). 2023-02-15. Retrieved 2023-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://gol.dnevnik.hr/clanak/rubrika/nogomet/oprostaj-od-cire-sprovod-na-mirogoju-od-14-sati---766337.html","url_text":"\"UŽIVO Oproštaj od Ćire: Evo tko će sve stajati uz lijes, u tijeku je komemoracija, stigle brojne legende\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gol.hr","url_text":"Gol.hr"}]},{"reference":"\"Arsen Dedić pokopan na Mirogoju\". Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). 25 August 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://slobodnadalmacija.hr/mozaik/zivot/arsen-dedic-pokopan-na-mirogoju-284196","url_text":"\"Arsen Dedić pokopan na Mirogoju\""}]},{"reference":"\"Umro Rajko Dujmić: Legendarni glazbenik podlegao teškim ozljedama nakon nesreće\". Jutarnji list (in Croatian). 4 August 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/glazba/umro-rajko-dujmic-legendarni-glazbenik-podlegao-teskim-ozljedama-nakon-nesrece-15011919","url_text":"\"Umro Rajko Dujmić: Legendarni glazbenik podlegao teškim ozljedama nakon nesreće\""}]},{"reference":"Polić, Maja (March 2011). \"Mirogoj, Panteon hrvatske povijesti, Zagreb, 2010\" (PDF). Rijeka (in Croatian). 16 (1): 89–90. Retrieved 13 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://hrcak.srce.hr/67892","url_text":"\"Mirogoj, Panteon hrvatske povijesti, Zagreb, 2010\""}]},{"reference":"Švigir, Mihovil, ed. (2010). Mirogoj (PDF). Zagreb Tourist Board. ISBN 978-953-228-055-5. Retrieved 26 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.infozagreb.hr/media/documents/mirogoj_engleski.pdf","url_text":"Mirogoj"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-228-055-5","url_text":"978-953-228-055-5"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mirogoj_Cemetery¶ms=45.835_N_15.986_E_type:landmark_region:HR","external_links_name":"45°50′06″N 15°59′10″E / 45.835°N 15.986°E / 45.835; 15.986"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mirogoj_Cemetery¶ms=45.835_N_15.986_E_type:landmark_region:HR","external_links_name":"45°50′06″N 15°59′10″E / 45.835°N 15.986°E / 45.835; 15.986"},{"Link":"http://www.gradskagroblja.hr/","external_links_name":"www.gradskagroblja.hr"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/cemetery/639902","external_links_name":"Mirogoj Cemetery"},{"Link":"http://www.tripadvisor.com.au/ShowUserReviews-g294454-d316812-r146556614-Mirogoj_Cemetery-Zagreb.html","external_links_name":"\"Beautiful cemetery worth a visit - Mirogoj Cemetery, Zagreb Traveller Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/zagreb/foto-nadrealni-prizori-s-mirogoja-potres-je-izazvao-milijunsku-stetu-ugrozene-su-cuvene-bollove-arkade-a-crkvi-krista-kralja-prijeti-urusavanje/10127125/","external_links_name":"\"FOTO: NADREALNI PRIZORI S MIROGOJA Potres je izazvao milijunsku štetu: ugrožene su čuvene Bolléove arkade, a crkvi Krista Kralja prijeti urušavanje\""},{"Link":"https://dnevnik.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/posljednji-ispracaj-gradonacelnika-milana-bandica-na-mirogoju---642280.html","external_links_name":"\"Milan Bandić pokopan na Mirogoju: Ispraćen uz pjesmu Pod brajde, okupilo se jako puno ljudi. Emotivne govore održali Ljubo Jurčić i Jelena Pavičić Vukičević\""},{"Link":"https://gol.dnevnik.hr/clanak/rubrika/nogomet/oprostaj-od-cire-sprovod-na-mirogoju-od-14-sati---766337.html","external_links_name":"\"UŽIVO Oproštaj od Ćire: Evo tko će sve stajati uz lijes, u tijeku je komemoracija, stigle brojne legende\""},{"Link":"https://slobodnadalmacija.hr/mozaik/zivot/arsen-dedic-pokopan-na-mirogoju-284196","external_links_name":"\"Arsen Dedić pokopan na Mirogoju\""},{"Link":"https://www.jutarnji.hr/kultura/glazba/umro-rajko-dujmic-legendarni-glazbenik-podlegao-teskim-ozljedama-nakon-nesrece-15011919","external_links_name":"\"Umro Rajko Dujmić: Legendarni glazbenik podlegao teškim ozljedama nakon nesreće\""},{"Link":"http://www.gradskagroblja.hr/Trazilica/MapPreview.aspx?CemeteryID=1&Field=47&DeptID=1&PersonID=32558","external_links_name":"Maximilian Njegovan"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718134647/http://www.gradskagroblja.hr/Trazilica/MapPreview.aspx?CemeteryID=1&Field=47&DeptID=1&PersonID=32558","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://kriegsgraeberstaetten.volksbund.de/karte","external_links_name":"click suchen, select 'Kroatien', click on Friedhof suchen and select Zagreb-Mirogoi"},{"Link":"http://hrcak.srce.hr/67892","external_links_name":"\"Mirogoj, Panteon hrvatske povijesti, Zagreb, 2010\""},{"Link":"http://www.infozagreb.hr/media/documents/mirogoj_engleski.pdf","external_links_name":"Mirogoj"},{"Link":"https://www.gradskagroblja.hr/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.significantcemeteries.org/2011/11/monumental-cemetery-mirogoj-zagreb.html","external_links_name":"Mirogoj Cemetery"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_triple
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Prime triplet
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["1 Examples","2 Subpairs of primes","3 Higher-order versions","4 Conjecture on prime triplets","5 References","6 External links"]
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Set of 3 prime numbers whose largest and smallest differ by 6
In number theory, a prime triplet is a set of three prime numbers in which the smallest and largest of the three differ by 6. In particular, the sets must have the form (p, p + 2, p + 6) or (p, p + 4, p + 6). With the exceptions of (2, 3, 5) and (3, 5, 7), this is the closest possible grouping of three prime numbers, since one of every three sequential odd numbers is a multiple of three, and hence not prime (except for 3 itself).
Examples
The first prime triplets (sequence A098420 in the OEIS) are
(5, 7, 11), (7, 11, 13), (11, 13, 17), (13, 17, 19), (17, 19, 23), (37, 41, 43), (41, 43, 47), (67, 71, 73), (97, 101, 103), (101, 103, 107), (103, 107, 109), (107, 109, 113), (191, 193, 197), (193, 197, 199), (223, 227, 229), (227, 229, 233), (277, 281, 283), (307, 311, 313), (311, 313, 317), (347, 349, 353), (457, 461, 463), (461, 463, 467), (613, 617, 619), (641, 643, 647), (821, 823, 827), (823, 827, 829), (853, 857, 859), (857, 859, 863), (877, 881, 883), (881, 883, 887)
Subpairs of primes
A prime triplet contains a single pair of:
Twin primes: (p, p + 2) or (p + 4, p + 6);
Cousin primes: (p, p + 4) or (p + 2, p + 6); and
Sexy primes: (p, p + 6).
Higher-order versions
A prime can be a member of up to three prime triplets - for example, 103 is a member of (97, 101, 103), (101, 103, 107) and (103, 107, 109). When this happens, the five involved primes form a prime quintuplet.
A prime quadruplet (p, p + 2, p + 6, p + 8) contains two overlapping prime triplets, (p, p + 2, p + 6) and (p + 2, p + 6, p + 8).
Conjecture on prime triplets
Similarly to the twin prime conjecture, it is conjectured that there are infinitely many prime triplets. The first known gigantic prime triplet was found in 2008 by Norman Luhn and François Morain. The primes are (p, p + 2, p + 6) with p = 2072644824759 × 233333 − 1. As of October 2020 the largest known proven prime triplet contains primes with 20008 digits, namely the primes (p, p + 2, p + 6) with p = 4111286921397 × 266420 − 1.
The Skewes number for the triplet (p, p + 2, p + 6) is 87613571, and for the triplet (p, p + 4, p + 6) it is 337867.
References
^ Chris Caldwell. The Prime Glossary: prime triple from the Prime Pages. Retrieved on 2010-03-22.
^ The Top Twenty: Triplet from the Prime Pages. Retrieved on 2013-05-06.
^ Tóth, László (2019). "On The Asymptotic Density Of Prime k-tuples and a Conjecture of Hardy and Littlewood" (PDF). Computational Methods in Science and Technology. 25 (3): 143–148. doi:10.12921/cmst.2019.0000033. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
External links
Weisstein, Eric W. "Prime Triplet". MathWorld.
OEIS sequence A022004 (Initial members of prime triples (p, p+2, p+6))
OEIS sequence A022005 (Initial members of prime triples (p, p+4, p+6))
vtePrime number classesBy formula
Fermat (22n + 1)
Mersenne (2p − 1)
Double Mersenne (22p−1 − 1)
Wagstaff (2p + 1)/3
Proth (k·2n + 1)
Factorial (n! ± 1)
Primorial (pn# ± 1)
Euclid (pn# + 1)
Pythagorean (4n + 1)
Pierpont (2m·3n + 1)
Quartan (x4 + y4)
Solinas (2m ± 2n ± 1)
Cullen (n·2n + 1)
Woodall (n·2n − 1)
Cuban (x3 − y3)/(x − y)
Leyland (xy + yx)
Thabit (3·2n − 1)
Williams ((b−1)·bn − 1)
Mills (⌊A3n⌋)
By integer sequence
Fibonacci
Lucas
Pell
Newman–Shanks–Williams
Perrin
By property
Wieferich (pair)
Wall–Sun–Sun
Wolstenholme
Wilson
Lucky
Fortunate
Ramanujan
Pillai
Regular
Strong
Stern
Supersingular (elliptic curve)
Supersingular (moonshine theory)
Good
Super
Higgs
Highly cototient
Unique
Base-dependent
Palindromic
Emirp
Repunit (10n − 1)/9
Permutable
Circular
Truncatable
Minimal
Delicate
Primeval
Full reptend
Unique
Happy
Self
Smarandache–Wellin
Strobogrammatic
Dihedral
Tetradic
Patterns
Twin (p, p + 2)
Bi-twin chain (n ± 1, 2n ± 1, 4n ± 1, …)
Triplet (p, p + 2 or p + 4, p + 6)
Quadruplet (p, p + 2, p + 6, p + 8)
k-tuple
Cousin (p, p + 4)
Sexy (p, p + 6)
Chen
Sophie Germain/Safe (p, 2p + 1)
Cunningham (p, 2p ± 1, 4p ± 3, 8p ± 7, ...)
Arithmetic progression (p + a·n, n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ...)
Balanced (consecutive p − n, p, p + n)
By size
Mega (1,000,000+ digits)
Largest known
list
Complex numbers
Eisenstein prime
Gaussian prime
Composite numbers
Pseudoprime
Catalan
Elliptic
Euler
Euler–Jacobi
Fermat
Frobenius
Lucas
Perrin
Somer–Lucas
Strong
Carmichael number
Almost prime
Semiprime
Sphenic number
Interprime
Pernicious
Related topics
Probable prime
Industrial-grade prime
Illegal prime
Formula for primes
Prime gap
First 60 primes
2
3
5
7
11
13
17
19
23
29
31
37
41
43
47
53
59
61
67
71
73
79
83
89
97
101
103
107
109
113
127
131
137
139
149
151
157
163
167
173
179
181
191
193
197
199
211
223
227
229
233
239
241
251
257
263
269
271
277
281
List of prime numbers
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"number theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_theory"},{"link_name":"prime numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"grouping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_k-tuple"},{"link_name":"odd numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd_number"}],"text":"In number theory, a prime triplet is a set of three prime numbers in which the smallest and largest of the three differ by 6. In particular, the sets must have the form (p, p + 2, p + 6) or (p, p + 4, p + 6).[1] With the exceptions of (2, 3, 5) and (3, 5, 7), this is the closest possible grouping of three prime numbers, since one of every three sequential odd numbers is a multiple of three, and hence not prime (except for 3 itself).","title":"Prime triplet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A098420","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//oeis.org/A098420"},{"link_name":"OEIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences"}],"text":"The first prime triplets (sequence A098420 in the OEIS) are(5, 7, 11), (7, 11, 13), (11, 13, 17), (13, 17, 19), (17, 19, 23), (37, 41, 43), (41, 43, 47), (67, 71, 73), (97, 101, 103), (101, 103, 107), (103, 107, 109), (107, 109, 113), (191, 193, 197), (193, 197, 199), (223, 227, 229), (227, 229, 233), (277, 281, 283), (307, 311, 313), (311, 313, 317), (347, 349, 353), (457, 461, 463), (461, 463, 467), (613, 617, 619), (641, 643, 647), (821, 823, 827), (823, 827, 829), (853, 857, 859), (857, 859, 863), (877, 881, 883), (881, 883, 887)","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Twin primes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_prime"},{"link_name":"Cousin primes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cousin_prime"},{"link_name":"Sexy primes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexy_prime"}],"text":"A prime triplet contains a single pair of:Twin primes: (p, p + 2) or (p + 4, p + 6);\nCousin primes: (p, p + 4) or (p + 2, p + 6); and\nSexy primes: (p, p + 6).","title":"Subpairs of primes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prime quintuplet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_quintuplet"},{"link_name":"prime quadruplet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_quadruplet"}],"text":"A prime can be a member of up to three prime triplets - for example, 103 is a member of (97, 101, 103), (101, 103, 107) and (103, 107, 109). When this happens, the five involved primes form a prime quintuplet.A prime quadruplet (p, p + 2, p + 6, p + 8) contains two overlapping prime triplets, (p, p + 2, p + 6) and (p + 2, p + 6, p + 8).","title":"Higher-order versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twin prime conjecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_prime_conjecture"},{"link_name":"gigantic prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigantic_prime"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prime_triplet&action=edit"},{"link_name":"proven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provable_prime"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Skewes number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skewes%27s_number#Equivalent_for_prime_k-tuples"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Similarly to the twin prime conjecture, it is conjectured that there are infinitely many prime triplets. The first known gigantic prime triplet was found in 2008 by Norman Luhn and François Morain. The primes are (p, p + 2, p + 6) with p = 2072644824759 × 233333 − 1. As of October 2020[update] the largest known proven prime triplet contains primes with 20008 digits, namely the primes (p, p + 2, p + 6) with p = 4111286921397 × 266420 − 1.[2]The Skewes number for the triplet (p, p + 2, p + 6) is 87613571, and for the triplet (p, p + 4, p + 6) it is 337867.[3]","title":"Conjecture on prime triplets"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Tóth, László (2019). \"On The Asymptotic Density Of Prime k-tuples and a Conjecture of Hardy and Littlewood\" (PDF). Computational Methods in Science and Technology. 25 (3): 143–148. doi:10.12921/cmst.2019.0000033. Retrieved 10 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://cmst.eu/wp-content/uploads/files/10.12921_cmst.2019.0000033_TOTH.pdf","url_text":"\"On The Asymptotic Density Of Prime k-tuples and a Conjecture of Hardy and Littlewood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.12921%2Fcmst.2019.0000033","url_text":"10.12921/cmst.2019.0000033"}]},{"reference":"Weisstein, Eric W. \"Prime Triplet\". MathWorld.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weisstein","url_text":"Weisstein, Eric W."},{"url":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/PrimeTriplet.html","url_text":"\"Prime Triplet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorld","url_text":"MathWorld"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prime_triplet&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://primes.utm.edu/glossary/page.php?sort=PrimeTriple","external_links_name":"The Prime Glossary: prime triple"},{"Link":"http://primes.utm.edu/top20/page.php?id=61","external_links_name":"The Top Twenty: Triplet"},{"Link":"http://cmst.eu/wp-content/uploads/files/10.12921_cmst.2019.0000033_TOTH.pdf","external_links_name":"\"On The Asymptotic Density Of Prime k-tuples and a Conjecture of Hardy and Littlewood\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.12921%2Fcmst.2019.0000033","external_links_name":"10.12921/cmst.2019.0000033"},{"Link":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/PrimeTriplet.html","external_links_name":"\"Prime Triplet\""},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A022004","external_links_name":"sequence A022004 (Initial members of prime triples (p, p+2, p+6))"},{"Link":"https://oeis.org/A022005","external_links_name":"sequence A022005 (Initial members of prime triples (p, p+4, p+6))"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAG_InnoVision
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MAG InnoVision
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["1 References"]
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This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: Does this company still exist?. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2024)
MAG InnoVision is a Taiwan-headquartered manufacturer and provider of visual technology, specifically CRT monitors, liquid crystal displays, projectors, plasma displays, and HDTV technology. The company was founded by William Wang when he was 26 years old.
In the early to mid-1990s, its products were one of the top-rated in the market for computer CRT monitors in the North American market, alongside Sony, NEC, and Panasonic. Since the late 1990s and 2000s, these companies have been displaced by ViewSonic, and more recently by Samsung and LG, as the latter were at the forefront of fledgling LCD technology.
References
^ Lacter, Mark (1 June 2007). "How I Did It: William Wang, CEO, Vizio". Inc. Retrieved 30 October 2014.
Mag InnoVision 996PF review
This article related to a manufacturing company is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a Taiwanese corporation or company is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"CRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube"},{"link_name":"liquid crystal displays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display"},{"link_name":"projectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_projector"},{"link_name":"plasma displays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_display"},{"link_name":"HDTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television"},{"link_name":"William Wang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wang"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitron"},{"link_name":"NEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEC"},{"link_name":"Panasonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panasonic"},{"link_name":"ViewSonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ViewSonic"},{"link_name":"Samsung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung"},{"link_name":"LG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LG_Group"}],"text":"MAG InnoVision is a Taiwan-headquartered manufacturer and provider of visual technology, specifically CRT monitors, liquid crystal displays, projectors, plasma displays, and HDTV technology. The company was founded by William Wang when he was 26 years old.[1]In the early to mid-1990s, its products were one of the top-rated in the market for computer CRT monitors in the North American market, alongside Sony, NEC, and Panasonic. Since the late 1990s and 2000s, these companies have been displaced by ViewSonic, and more recently by Samsung and LG, as the latter were at the forefront of fledgling LCD technology.","title":"MAG InnoVision"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Lacter, Mark (1 June 2007). \"How I Did It: William Wang, CEO, Vizio\". Inc. Retrieved 30 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inc.com/magazine/20070601/hidi-wang.html","url_text":"\"How I Did It: William Wang, CEO, Vizio\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.inc.com/magazine/20070601/hidi-wang.html","external_links_name":"\"How I Did It: William Wang, CEO, Vizio\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnet.com/reviews/mag-innovision-996pf-review/","external_links_name":"Mag InnoVision 996PF review"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MAG_InnoVision&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MAG_InnoVision&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajesh_Joshi
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Rajesh Joshi
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["1 Biography","2 Bibliography","3 References","4 External links"]
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For Hindi film actor, see Rajesh Joshi (actor).
Rajesh Joshi at his home in Nirala Nagar, Bhopal, July 2017
Rajesh Joshi (born 18 July 1946) is a Hindi writer, poet, journalist and a playwright, who was the recipient of 2002 Sahitya Akademi Award in Hindi for his anthology of poems - 'Do Panktiyon Ke Beech' (Between Two Lines), given by Sahitya Akademi, India's National Academy of Letters. He presently resides in Bhopal and continues to work as a freelance writer. His poems have been translated into English, German, Russian, Urdu and into many other Indian languages. Recipient of Muktibodh Puraskar, Makhan Lal Chaturvedi Puraskar, Srikant Verma Smriti Samman, Shikhar Samman and others.
Biography
Rajesh Joshi was born in 1946 in Narsinghgarh, Madhya Pradesh and graduated in 1966 with Biology, and thereafter took up a job as a school teacher in Ujjain and Indore, he also served as a bank clerk for a while, before leaving the profession in 1972, and starting his literary career as a freelance writer for journals like "Vatayan", "Lahar", "Pahal", "Dharamyug", "Saptahik Hindustan", "Sarika", etc. and later went on to edit magazines like "Naya Vikalp", "Naya Path" and "Vartman Sahitya". Over the years he has authored twelve books including four collections of poetry - "Ek Din Bolenge Ped", "Do Panktiyon Ke Beech" and others - with one long poem "Samargatha" and two short story collections "Samwar Aur Anya Kahaniyan" and "Kapil ka Ped", four plays and one collection of children's rhymes "Gend Nirali Mithoo Ki".
Bibliography
Nagarjuna Rachna Sanchayan (Hindi): An anthology of selected writings of Nagarjuna in Hindi, Compiled and edited by Rajesh Joshi, 2005, Sahitya Akademi, Delhi. ISBN 81-260-1907-7.
References
^ Profile of Rajesh Joshi
^ https://www.rajkamalprakashan.com/index.php/default/jmproducts/filter/index/?author=153
^ Sahitya Akademi Awards 1955-2007 Archived 4 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine Sahitya Akademi Award Official website.
^ Hindi Literature The Tribune, 10 September 2000.
^ First pay spent on repaying loan www.centralchronicle.com.
^ Penning songs of true freedom The Hindu, 27 February 2003.
^ Sahitya Akademi booklist 2005 Archived 2008-04-15 at the Wayback Machine
External links
Rajesh Joshi at Kavita Kosh Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine (Hindi)
vteSahitya Akademi Award for Hindi1955–1959
Makhanlal Chaturvedi (1955)
Vasudeva Saran Agrawal (1956)
Acharya Narendra Dev (1957)
Rahul Sankrityayan (1958)
Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar' (1959)
1960–1979
Sumitranandan Pant (1960)
Bhagwati Charan Verma (1961)
Not awarded (1962)
Amrit Rai (1963)
S. H. V. Agyeya (1964)
Nagendra (1965)
Jainendra Kumar (1966)
Amritlal Nagar (1967)
Harivansh Rai Bachchan (1968)
Shrilal Shukla (1969)
Ram Vilas Sharma (1970)
Namvar Singh (1971)
Bhawani Prasad Mishra (1972)
Hazari Prasad Dwivedi (1973)
Shivmangal Singh Suman (1974)
Bhisham Sahni (1975)
Yashpal (1976)
Shamsher Bahadur Singh (1977)
Bharat Bhushan Agarwal (1978)
Sudama Panday 'Dhoomil' (1979)
1980–1999
Krishna Sobti (1980)
Trilochan (1981)
Harishankar Parsai (1982)
Sarveshwar Dayal Saxena (1983)
Raghuvir Sahay (1984)
Nirmal Verma (1985)
Kedarnath Agarwal (1986)
Shrikant Verma (1987)
Naresh Mehta (1988)
Kedarnath Singh (1989)
Shiv Prasad Singh (1990)
Girija Kumar Mathur (1991)
Giriraj Kishore (1992)
Vishnu Prabhakar (1993)
Ashok Vajpeyi (1994)
Kunwar Narayan (1995)
Surendra Verma (1996)
Leeladhar Jagudi (1997)
Arun Kamal (1998)
Vinod Kumar Shukla (1999)
2000–2019present
Manglesh Dabral (2000)
Alka Saraogi (2001)
Rajesh Joshi (2002)
Kamleshwar (2003)
Viren Dangwal (2004)
Manohar Shyam Joshi (2005)
Gyanendrapati (2006)
Amarkant (2007)
Govind Mishra (2008)
Kailash Vajpeyi (2009)
Uday Prakash (2010)
Kashinath Singh (2011)
Chandrakant Devtale (2012)
Mridula Garg (2013)
Ramesh Chandra Shah (2014)
Ramdarash Mishra (2015)
Nasira Sharma (2016)
Ramesh Kuntal Megh (2017)
Chitra Mudgal (2018)
Nand Kishore Acharya (2019)
2020–present
Anamika (2020)
Daya Prakash Sinha (2021)
Badri Narayan (2022)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Other
IdRef
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=d6uoDNY7B40C&dq=Rajesh+Joshi+18+%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%88%2C+1946&pg=PA109","external_links_name":"Profile of Rajesh Joshi"},{"Link":"https://www.rajkamalprakashan.com/index.php/default/jmproducts/filter/index/?author=153","external_links_name":"https://www.rajkamalprakashan.com/index.php/default/jmproducts/filter/index/?author=153"},{"Link":"http://www.sahitya-akademi.org/sahitya-akademi/awa10306.htm#hindi","external_links_name":"Sahitya Akademi Awards 1955-2007"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070704045555/http://www.sahitya-akademi.org/sahitya-akademi/awa10306.htm#hindi","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000910/spectrum/books.htm","external_links_name":"Hindi Literature"},{"Link":"http://www.centralchronicle.com/20070814/1408033.htm","external_links_name":"First pay spent on repaying loan"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030801045209/http://hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/02/27/stories/2003022700020300.htm","external_links_name":"Penning songs of true freedom"},{"Link":"http://www.sahitya-akademi.org/sahitya-akademi/bklst29.htm","external_links_name":"Sahitya Akademi booklist 2005"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080415125641/http://www.sahitya-akademi.org/sahitya-akademi/bklst29.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.kavitakosh.org/kk/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80","external_links_name":"Rajesh Joshi at Kavita Kosh"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171910/http://www.kavitakosh.org/kk/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1942477/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000021155408","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/39786522","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJk4yKkH4vQph4C4kFB9Dq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1146011091","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80083491","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/123310229","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Salles-du-Gardon
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Les Salles-du-Gardon
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["1 Population","2 Notable people","3 See also","4 References"]
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Coordinates: 44°12′29″N 4°02′08″E / 44.2081°N 4.0356°E / 44.2081; 4.0356
Commune in Occitania, FranceLes Salles-du-GardonCommuneTown hallLocation of Les Salles-du-Gardon
Les Salles-du-GardonShow map of FranceLes Salles-du-GardonShow map of OccitanieCoordinates: 44°12′29″N 4°02′08″E / 44.2081°N 4.0356°E / 44.2081; 4.0356CountryFranceRegionOccitaniaDepartmentGardArrondissementAlèsCantonLa Grand-CombeIntercommunalityAlès AgglomérationGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Georges BrioudesArea121.09 km2 (8.14 sq mi)Population (2021)2,455 • Density120/km2 (300/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code30307 /30110Elevation145–723 m (476–2,372 ft) (avg. 300 m or 980 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Les Salles-du-Gardon (French pronunciation: ; Occitan: Las Salas de Gardon) is a commune in the Gard department in southern France.
Population
Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1831 1,188— 1846 1,041−0.88%1872 1,035−0.02%1901 1,523+1.34%1926 1,831+0.74%1946 2,494+1.56%1962 5,357+4.89%1968 4,548−2.69%YearPop.±% p.a.1975 3,904−2.16%1982 3,534−1.41%1990 3,063−1.77%1999 2,571−1.93%2007 2,585+0.07%2012 2,547−0.30%2017 2,600+0.41%Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968–2017)
Notable people
David Giraudo (born 1970), footballer
See also
Communes of the Gard department
References
^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.
^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
^ Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Les Salles-du-Gardon, EHESS (in French).
^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Les Salles-du-Gardon.
vte Communes of the Gard department
Aigaliers
Aigremont
Aigues-Mortes
Aigues-Vives
Aiguèze
Aimargues
Alèssubpr
Allègre-les-Fumades
Alzon
Anduze
Les Angles
Aramon
Argilliers
Arpaillargues-et-Aureillac
Arphy
Arre
Arrigas
Aspères
Aubais
Aubord
Aubussargues
Aujac
Aujargues
Aulas
Aumessas
Avèze
Bagard
Bagnols-sur-Cèze
Barjac
Baron
La Bastide-d'Engras
Beaucaire
Beauvoisin
Bellegarde
Belvézet
Bernis
Bessèges
Bez-et-Esparon
Bezouce
Blandas
Blauzac
Boisset-et-Gaujac
Boissières
Bonnevaux
Bordezac
Boucoiran-et-Nozières
Bouillargues
Bouquet
Bourdic
Bragassargues
Branoux-les-Taillades
Bréau-Mars
Brignon
Brouzet-lès-Alès
Brouzet-lès-Quissac
La Bruguière
Cabrières
La Cadière-et-Cambo
Le Cailar
Caissargues
La Calmette
Calvisson
Campestre-et-Luc
Canaules-et-Argentières
Cannes-et-Clairan
La Capelle-et-Masmolène
Cardet
Carnas
Carsan
Cassagnoles
Castelnau-Valence
Castillon-du-Gard
Causse-Bégon
Caveirac
Cavillargues
Cendras
Chambon
Chamborigaud
Chusclan
Clarensac
Codognan
Codolet
Collias
Collorgues
Colognac
Combas
Comps
Concoules
Congénies
Connaux
Conqueyrac
Corbès
Corconne
Cornillon
Courry
Crespian
Cros
Cruviers-Lascours
Deaux
Dions
Domazan
Domessargues
Dourbies
Durfort-et-Saint-Martin-de-Sossenac
Estézargues
L'Estréchure
Euzet
Flaux
Foissac
Fons
Fons-sur-Lussan
Fontanès
Fontarèches
Fournès
Fourques
Fressac
Gagnières
Gailhan
Gajan
Gallargues-le-Montueux
Le Garn
Garons
Garrigues-Sainte-Eulalie
Gaujac
Générac
Générargues
Génolhac
Goudargues
La Grand-Combe
Le Grau-du-Roi
Issirac
Jonquières-Saint-Vincent
Junas
Lamelouze
Langlade
Lanuéjols
Lasalle
Laudun-l'Ardoise
Laval-Pradel
Laval-Saint-Roman
Lecques
Lédenon
Lédignan
Lézan
Liouc
Lirac
Logrian-Florian
Lussan
Les Mages
Malons-et-Elze
Mandagout
Manduel
Marguerittes
Martignargues
Le Martinet
Maruéjols-lès-Gardon
Massanes
Massillargues-Attuech
Mauressargues
Méjannes-le-Clap
Méjannes-lès-Alès
Meynes
Meyrannes
Mialet
Milhaud
Molières-Cavaillac
Molières-sur-Cèze
Monoblet
Mons
Montagnac
Montaren-et-Saint-Médiers
Montclus
Montdardier
Monteils
Montfaucon
Montfrin
Montignargues
Montmirat
Montpezat
Moulézan
Moussac
Mus
Nages-et-Solorgues
Navacelles
Ners
Nîmespref
Orsan
Orthoux-Sérignac-Quilhan
Parignargues
Peyremale
Peyrolles
Le Pin
Les Plans
Les Plantiers
Pommiers
Pompignan
Ponteils-et-Brésis
Pont-Saint-Esprit
Portes
Potelières
Pougnadoresse
Poulx
Pouzilhac
Puechredon
Pujaut
Quissac
Redessan
Remoulins
Revens
Ribaute-les-Tavernes
Rivières
Robiac-Rochessadoule
Rochefort-du-Gard
Rochegude
Rodilhan
Rogues
Roquedur
Roquemaure
La Roque-sur-Cèze
Rousson
La Rouvière
Sabran
Saint-Alexandre
Saint-Ambroix
Saint-André-de-Majencoules
Saint-André-de-Roquepertuis
Saint-André-de-Valborgne
Saint-André-d'Olérargues
Saint-Bauzély
Saint-Bénézet
Saint-Bonnet-de-Salendrinque
Saint-Bonnet-du-Gard
Saint-Brès
Saint-Bresson
Saint-Césaire-de-Gauzignan
Saint-Chaptes
Saint-Christol-de-Rodières
Saint-Christol-lès-Alès
Saint-Clément
Saint-Côme-et-Maruéjols
Saint-Denis
Saint-Dézéry
Saint-Dionisy
Sainte-Anastasie
Sainte-Cécile-d'Andorge
Sainte-Croix-de-Caderle
Saint-Étienne-de-l'Olm
Saint-Étienne-des-Sorts
Saint-Félix-de-Pallières
Saint-Florent-sur-Auzonnet
Saint-Geniès-de-Comolas
Saint-Geniès-de-Malgoirès
Saint-Gervais
Saint-Gervasy
Saint-Gilles
Saint-Hilaire-de-Brethmas
Saint-Hilaire-d'Ozilhan
Saint-Hippolyte-de-Caton
Saint-Hippolyte-de-Montaigu
Saint-Hippolyte-du-Fort
Saint-Jean-de-Ceyrargues
Saint-Jean-de-Crieulon
Saint-Jean-de-Maruéjols-et-Avéjan
Saint-Jean-de-Serres
Saint-Jean-de-Valériscle
Saint-Jean-du-Gard
Saint-Jean-du-Pin
Saint-Julien-de-Cassagnas
Saint-Julien-de-la-Nef
Saint-Julien-de-Peyrolas
Saint-Julien-les-Rosiers
Saint-Just-et-Vacquières
Saint-Laurent-d'Aigouze
Saint-Laurent-de-Carnols
Saint-Laurent-des-Arbres
Saint-Laurent-la-Vernède
Saint-Laurent-le-Minier
Saint-Mamert-du-Gard
Saint-Marcel-de-Careiret
Saint-Martial
Saint-Martin-de-Valgalgues
Saint-Maurice-de-Cazevieille
Saint-Maximin
Saint-Michel-d'Euzet
Saint-Nazaire
Saint-Nazaire-des-Gardies
Saint-Paulet-de-Caisson
Saint-Paul-la-Coste
Saint-Paul-les-Fonts
Saint-Pons-la-Calm
Saint-Privat-de-Champclos
Saint-Privat-des-Vieux
Saint-Quentin-la-Poterie
Saint-Roman-de-Codières
Saint-Sauveur-Camprieu
Saint-Sébastien-d'Aigrefeuille
Saint-Siffret
Saint-Théodorit
Saint-Victor-de-Malcap
Saint-Victor-des-Oules
Saint-Victor-la-Coste
Salazac
Salindres
Salinelles
Les Salles-du-Gardon
Sanilhac-Sagriès
Sardan
Saumane
Sauve
Sauveterre
Sauzet
Savignargues
Saze
Sénéchas
Sernhac
Servas
Serviers-et-Labaume
Seynes
Sommières
Soudorgues
Soustelle
Souvignargues
Sumène
Tavel
Tharaux
Théziers
Thoiras
Tornac
Tresques
Trèves
Uchaud
Uzès
Vabres
Val-d'Aigoual
Vallabrègues
Vallabrix
Vallérargues
Valliguières
Vauvert
Vénéjan
Verfeuil
Vergèze
La Vernarède
Vers-Pont-du-Gard
Vestric-et-Candiac
Vézénobres
Vic-le-Fesq
Le Vigansubpr
Villeneuve-lès-Avignon
Villevieille
Vissec
pref: prefecture
subpr: subprefecture
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Israel
United States
This Gard geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[le sal dy ɡaʁdɔ̃]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Occitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitan_language"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Gard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gard"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Commune in Occitania, FranceLes Salles-du-Gardon (French pronunciation: [le sal dy ɡaʁdɔ̃]; Occitan: Las Salas de Gardon) is a commune in the Gard department in southern France.","title":"Les Salles-du-Gardon"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Giraudo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Giraudo"}],"text":"David Giraudo (born 1970), footballer","title":"Notable people"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Communes of the Gard department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Gard_department"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-30307","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Les_Salles-du-Gardon¶ms=44.2081_N_4.0356_E_type:city(2455)_region:FR-30","external_links_name":"44°12′29″N 4°02′08″E / 44.2081°N 4.0356°E / 44.2081; 4.0356"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Les_Salles-du-Gardon¶ms=44.2081_N_4.0356_E_type:city(2455)_region:FR-30","external_links_name":"44°12′29″N 4°02′08″E / 44.2081°N 4.0356°E / 44.2081; 4.0356"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-30307","external_links_name":"30307"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-30307","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"http://cassini.ehess.fr/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=35163","external_links_name":"Commune data sheet Les Salles-du-Gardon"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-30307#ancre-POP_T1","external_links_name":"Population en historique depuis 1968"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/129074801","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15254947b","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15254947b","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560051705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85207798","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Les_Salles-du-Gardon&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techonomy_Media
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Techonomy Media
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["1 Background","2 Events","2.1 Techonomy Flagship Conferences","2.2 Techonomy Detroit","2.3 Techonomy Lab","2.4 Techonomy Campus","2.5 Techonomy Bio","2.6 Techonomy Policy","3 References"]
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This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article contains wording that promotes the subject through exaggeration of unnoteworthy facts. Please help improve it by removing or replacing such wording. (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Techonomy Media, Inc.Company typePrivately heldIndustryInternet, Media, ConferencesFoundedNew York, United States (2011 (2011))FounderDavid KirkpatrickHeadquartersNew York, New York, U.S.Key peopleDavid Kirkpatrick (CEO)Simone Ross (EVP, Chief Program Officer)Josh Kampel (President)WebsiteTechonomy Media, Inc.
Techonomy 2010
Techonomy Media Inc. is an American conference and media company founded in 2011 and headquartered in New York. Techonomy organizes the annual invitation-only thought leadership Techonomy conference.
Background
Techonomy's name combines "technology" and "economy" to suggest that technology is entwined with society. The company's events and media generally argue that tech, if applied productively, can result in tremendous social progress. The company's programs discuss how businesses in almost every industry are faced with the choice of adapting to take advantage of technology or being rendered extinct as the pace of change quickens.
The first Techonomy conference, in 2010, was organized by a partnership that included Kirkpatrick along with former Fortune editors Peter Petre and Brent Schlender, as well as Michael Christman and Carrie Van Heyst. Techonomy Media was created in early 2011 to continue the annual conference and develop editorial content, including video journalism. Simone Ross, former program director for Fortune's conference division, served as program director for the initial Techonomy conference in 2010, and co-founded Techonomy Media as COO and Chief Program Officer for the company. Michael Federle also was a co-founder of the company. Forbes Media, which includes Forbes and Forbes.com, became a minority investor in the company in July 2011.
Events
Techonomy Flagship Conferences
2010: Lake Tahoe in Truckee, California
2011: Tucson, Arizona
Revolutions in Progress — The growing mismatch between the desires and capabilities of technology-empowered individuals and the habits and practices of the institutions, corporations and governments that serve them.
2012: Tucson, Arizona
Insurgency and Opportunity: Companies, Countries, and Communities
2013: Tucson, Arizona
The Business of Revolution
2014: Half Moon Bay, California
Techonomy Detroit
2012: Detroit
Participants: Angela Benton, Steve Case, Jack Dorsey, Timothy C. Draper, Justin Fox, Dan Gilbert, Bruce J. Katz, David Kirkpatrick, Vivek Kundra, Josh Linkner, Carlo Ratti, Michael Teitelbaum
2013: Detroit
Competitiveness, Jobs, and the Urban Future in an Age of Technology — The national challenge of inadequate and inequitable education.
Participants: Jocelyn Benson, Rodney Brooks, Jean Case, Emily Chang, John Wm. Covington, Jack Dorsey, Keith Ferrazzi, Dan Gilbert, Bruce J. Katz, David Kirkpatrick, Josh Linkner, Edward Luce, Larry Morrissey, Marlin Page, Hector Ruiz, Rick Snyder, M. Roy Wilson
2014: Detroit
Participants: Jocelyn Benson, Jean Case, Susan P. Crawford, Dickson Despommier, Jack Dorsey, Justin Fox, Dan Gilbert, Andrew Keen, David Kirkpatrick, Josh Linkner, Arun Sundararajan, Philip D. Zelikow
Techonomy Lab
2013: Menlo Park
Techonomy Campus
2013: Tel Aviv
Techonomy Bio
2015: Mountain View, California
Participants: Marc Benioff, Walter De Brouwer, Drew Endy, Juan Enríquez, David Kirkpatrick, Terry Sejnowski
Techonomy Policy
2015: Washington, DC
Participants: Cory Booker, Julie Brill, Steve Case, Vint Cerf, Fadi Chehade, Michael R. Cote, Victoria Espinel, Deb Fischer, Brian Forde, Shane Harris, David Kirkpatrick, Jinyoung Lee Englund, Peter L. Levin, Craig Mundie, Nuala O'Connor, Michael O'Rielly, David O'Sullivan, Sean Parker, Andrew Rasiej, Jessica Rosenworcel, Miriam Sapiro, Arun Sundararajan, Philip D. Zelikow.
References
^ a b "NYS Division of Corporations, State Records, & UCC - Corporation Search Results: TECHONOMY MEDIA, INC". New York Department of State. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
^ a b "Ex-Fortune trio aims to spark new dialogue". CNET. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
^ "Businessweek Company Overview of Techonomy Media, Inc". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on March 30, 2014. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
^ "Google's Eric Schmidt Kicks Off 'Techonomy' Conference". CNBC. 4 August 2010. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
^ Fried, Ina. "Ex-Fortune trio aims to spark new dialogue." CNET. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
^ "Fortune editors launch Techonomy, a media company that preaches technology can solve all ills". VentureBeat. 25 May 2010. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
^ "Techonomy, LLC, Launches Media Business; Announces Inaugural Conference; HP, McKinsey, Chevron and Intel are Sponsors". EON. Retrieved 2013-07-16.
^ Larson, Christine (2012-09-15). "Mining the Power (and the Profit) of Conversation". New York Times. Retrieved 2013-07-16.
^ "Simone Ross". Forbes. Archived from the original on September 24, 2011.
^ a b Kinsman, Matt (21 July 2011). "Forbes Media Makes Minority Investment in Startup of Ex-Fortune Editor". Folio Mag. Retrieved 6 August 2012.
^ "Company Overview of Techonomy Media Inc". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on March 30, 2014. Retrieved 2013-07-09.
^ "Seeing the World Through the Lens of Techonomy". Tech Page One of Dell. Retrieved 2013-07-09.
^ "Twitter founder returns to headline Techonomy Detroit conference". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
^ a b c "Techonomy Policy Conference: Two Senators and a Geek Make the Case Against Regulation". Off the Leash. June 10, 2015.
^ McCabe, David (June 9, 2015). "Napster creator's political startup gears up for product launch". The Hill.
^ Ruiz, Rebecca (June 9, 2015). "Washington Scrutinizes the Sharing Economy". The New York Times.
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The company's events and media generally argue that tech, if applied productively, can result in tremendous social progress. The company's programs discuss how businesses in almost every industry are faced with the choice of adapting to take advantage of technology or being rendered extinct as the pace of change quickens.[4][5]The first Techonomy conference, in 2010, was organized by a partnership that included Kirkpatrick along with former Fortune editors Peter Petre and Brent Schlender, as well as Michael Christman and Carrie Van Heyst.[6][7][8] Techonomy Media was created in early 2011 to continue the annual conference and develop editorial content, including video journalism. Simone Ross, former program director for Fortune's conference division, served as program director for the initial Techonomy conference in 2010, and co-founded Techonomy Media as COO and Chief Program Officer for the company.[9] Michael Federle also was a co-founder of the company.[10] Forbes Media, which includes Forbes and Forbes.com, became a minority investor in the company in July 2011.[10][11]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lake Tahoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tahoe"},{"link_name":"Truckee, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truckee,_California"},{"link_name":"Tucson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Half Moon Bay, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_Moon_Bay,_California"}],"sub_title":"Techonomy Flagship Conferences","text":"2010: Lake Tahoe in Truckee, California\n2011: Tucson, Arizona\nRevolutions in Progress — The growing mismatch between the desires and capabilities of technology-empowered individuals and the habits and practices of the institutions, corporations and governments that serve them.[12]\n2012: Tucson, Arizona\nInsurgency and Opportunity: Companies, Countries, and Communities\n2013: Tucson, Arizona\nThe Business of Revolution\n2014: Half Moon Bay, California","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"Angela Benton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Benton"},{"link_name":"Steve Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Case"},{"link_name":"Jack Dorsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Dorsey"},{"link_name":"Timothy C. Draper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_C._Draper"},{"link_name":"Justin Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Fox"},{"link_name":"Dan Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Gilbert_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"Bruce J. Katz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_J._Katz"},{"link_name":"David Kirkpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kirkpatrick_(author)"},{"link_name":"Vivek Kundra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivek_Kundra"},{"link_name":"Josh Linkner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Linkner"},{"link_name":"Carlo Ratti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Ratti"},{"link_name":"Michael Teitelbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Teitelbaum"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"Jocelyn Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jocelyn_Benson"},{"link_name":"Rodney Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Brooks"},{"link_name":"Jean Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Case"},{"link_name":"Emily Chang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Chang_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"John Wm. Covington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Wm._Covington&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jack Dorsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Dorsey"},{"link_name":"Keith Ferrazzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Ferrazzi"},{"link_name":"Dan Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Gilbert_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"Bruce J. Katz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_J._Katz"},{"link_name":"David Kirkpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kirkpatrick_(author)"},{"link_name":"Josh Linkner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Linkner"},{"link_name":"Edward Luce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Luce"},{"link_name":"Larry Morrissey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Morrissey"},{"link_name":"Marlin Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marlin_Page&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hector Ruiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Ruiz"},{"link_name":"Rick Snyder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Snyder"},{"link_name":"M. Roy Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Roy_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Jocelyn Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jocelyn_Benson"},{"link_name":"Jean Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Case"},{"link_name":"Susan P. Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_P._Crawford"},{"link_name":"Dickson Despommier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickson_Despommier"},{"link_name":"Jack Dorsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Dorsey"},{"link_name":"Justin Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Fox"},{"link_name":"Dan Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Gilbert_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Keen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Keen"},{"link_name":"David Kirkpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kirkpatrick_(author)"},{"link_name":"Josh Linkner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Linkner"},{"link_name":"Arun Sundararajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arun_Sundararajan"},{"link_name":"Philip D. Zelikow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_D._Zelikow"}],"sub_title":"Techonomy Detroit","text":"2012: DetroitParticipants: Angela Benton, Steve Case, Jack Dorsey, Timothy C. Draper, Justin Fox, Dan Gilbert, Bruce J. Katz, David Kirkpatrick, Vivek Kundra, Josh Linkner, Carlo Ratti, Michael Teitelbaum2013: Detroit\nCompetitiveness, Jobs, and the Urban Future in an Age of Technology — The national challenge of inadequate and inequitable education.[13]Participants: Jocelyn Benson, Rodney Brooks, Jean Case, Emily Chang, John Wm. Covington, Jack Dorsey, Keith Ferrazzi, Dan Gilbert, Bruce J. Katz, David Kirkpatrick, Josh Linkner, Edward Luce, Larry Morrissey, Marlin Page, Hector Ruiz, Rick Snyder, M. Roy Wilson2014: DetroitParticipants: Jocelyn Benson, Jean Case, Susan P. Crawford, Dickson Despommier, Jack Dorsey, Justin Fox, Dan Gilbert, Andrew Keen, David Kirkpatrick, Josh Linkner, Arun Sundararajan, Philip D. Zelikow","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Menlo Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California"}],"sub_title":"Techonomy Lab","text":"2013: Menlo Park","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Aviv"}],"sub_title":"Techonomy Campus","text":"2013: Tel Aviv","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mountain View, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California"},{"link_name":"Marc Benioff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Benioff"},{"link_name":"Walter De Brouwer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_De_Brouwer"},{"link_name":"Drew Endy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Endy"},{"link_name":"Juan Enríquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Enr%C3%ADquez"},{"link_name":"David Kirkpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kirkpatrick_(author)"},{"link_name":"Terry Sejnowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Sejnowski"}],"sub_title":"Techonomy Bio","text":"2015: Mountain View, CaliforniaParticipants: Marc Benioff, Walter De Brouwer, Drew Endy, Juan Enríquez, David Kirkpatrick, Terry Sejnowski","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington, DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_DC"},{"link_name":"Cory Booker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory_Booker"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-offtheleash-14"},{"link_name":"Julie Brill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Brill"},{"link_name":"Steve Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Case"},{"link_name":"Vint Cerf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vint_Cerf"},{"link_name":"Fadi Chehade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadi_Chehade"},{"link_name":"Michael R. Cote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secureworks"},{"link_name":"Victoria Espinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Espinel"},{"link_name":"Deb Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deb_Fischer"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-offtheleash-14"},{"link_name":"Brian Forde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Forde"},{"link_name":"Shane Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Harris"},{"link_name":"David Kirkpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kirkpatrick_(author)"},{"link_name":"Jinyoung Lee Englund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jinyoung_Lee_Englund&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Craig Mundie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Mundie"},{"link_name":"Nuala O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuala_O%27Connor_(technologist)"},{"link_name":"Michael O'Rielly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_O%27Rielly"},{"link_name":"David O'Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_O%27Sullivan_(civil_servant)"},{"link_name":"Sean Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Parker"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-offtheleash-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Andrew Rasiej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Rasiej&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jessica Rosenworcel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Rosenworcel"},{"link_name":"Miriam Sapiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_Sapiro"},{"link_name":"Arun Sundararajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arun_Sundararajan"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Philip D. Zelikow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_D._Zelikow"}],"sub_title":"Techonomy Policy","text":"2015: Washington, DCParticipants: Cory Booker,[14] Julie Brill, Steve Case, Vint Cerf, Fadi Chehade, Michael R. Cote, Victoria Espinel, Deb Fischer,[14] Brian Forde, Shane Harris, David Kirkpatrick, Jinyoung Lee Englund, Peter L. Levin, Craig Mundie, Nuala O'Connor, Michael O'Rielly, David O'Sullivan, Sean Parker,[14][15] Andrew Rasiej, Jessica Rosenworcel, Miriam Sapiro, Arun Sundararajan,[16] Philip D. Zelikow.","title":"Events"}]
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[{"reference":"\"NYS Division of Corporations, State Records, & UCC - Corporation Search Results: TECHONOMY MEDIA, INC\". New York Department of State. Retrieved 2013-07-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://appext20.dos.ny.gov/corp_public/CORPSEARCH.ENTITY_INFORMATION?p_nameid=4062629&p_corpid=4060088&p_entity_name=%74%65%63%68%6F%6E%6F%6D%79&p_name_type=%41&p_search_type=%42%45%47%49%4E%53&p_srch_results_page=0","url_text":"\"NYS Division of Corporations, State Records, & UCC - Corporation Search Results: TECHONOMY MEDIA, INC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-Fortune trio aims to spark new dialogue\". CNET. Retrieved 2013-07-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.cnet.com/8301-13860_3-20005803-56.html","url_text":"\"Ex-Fortune trio aims to spark new dialogue\""}]},{"reference":"\"Businessweek Company Overview of Techonomy Media, Inc\". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on March 30, 2014. Retrieved 2013-07-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140330161829/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=138258679","url_text":"\"Businessweek Company Overview of Techonomy Media, Inc\""},{"url":"http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapid=138258679","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Google's Eric Schmidt Kicks Off 'Techonomy' Conference\". CNBC. 4 August 2010. Retrieved 2013-07-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/id/38565740","url_text":"\"Google's Eric Schmidt Kicks Off 'Techonomy' Conference\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fortune editors launch Techonomy, a media company that preaches technology can solve all ills\". VentureBeat. 25 May 2010. Retrieved 2013-07-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2010/05/25/fortune-editors-launch-techonomy-a-media-company-that-preaches-technology-can-solve-all-ills/","url_text":"\"Fortune editors launch Techonomy, a media company that preaches technology can solve all ills\""}]},{"reference":"\"Techonomy, LLC, Launches Media Business; Announces Inaugural Conference; HP, McKinsey, Chevron and Intel are Sponsors\". EON. Retrieved 2013-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://eon.businesswire.com/news/eon/20100525005843/en","url_text":"\"Techonomy, LLC, Launches Media Business; Announces Inaugural Conference; HP, McKinsey, Chevron and Intel are Sponsors\""}]},{"reference":"Larson, Christine (2012-09-15). \"Mining the Power (and the Profit) of Conversation\". New York Times. Retrieved 2013-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/16/business/van-heyst-group-aims-to-turn-company-events-into-media-gold.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0","url_text":"\"Mining the Power (and the Profit) of Conversation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Simone Ross\". Forbes. Archived from the original on September 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110924050631/http://blogs.forbes.com/people/simoneross/","url_text":"\"Simone Ross\""},{"url":"https://blogs.forbes.com/people/simoneross/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kinsman, Matt (21 July 2011). \"Forbes Media Makes Minority Investment in Startup of Ex-Fortune Editor\". Folio Mag. Retrieved 6 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foliomag.com/2011/forbes-media-takes-minority-investment-startup-founded-ex-fortune-editors","url_text":"\"Forbes Media Makes Minority Investment in Startup of Ex-Fortune Editor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Company Overview of Techonomy Media Inc\". Bloomberg Businessweek. Archived from the original on March 30, 2014. Retrieved 2013-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140330161829/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=138258679","url_text":"\"Company Overview of Techonomy Media Inc\""},{"url":"http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapid=138258679","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Seeing the World Through the Lens of Techonomy\". Tech Page One of Dell. Retrieved 2013-07-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.techpageone.com/uncategorized/seeing-the-world-through-the-lens-of-techonomy/#.Udx6nby9wcv","url_text":"\"Seeing the World Through the Lens of Techonomy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Twitter founder returns to headline Techonomy Detroit conference\". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 2013-07-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20130619/BUSINESS06/306180101/Techonomy-and-Gilbert-and-Twitter","url_text":"\"Twitter founder returns to headline Techonomy Detroit conference\""}]},{"reference":"\"Techonomy Policy Conference: Two Senators and a Geek Make the Case Against Regulation\". Off the Leash. June 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://offtheleash.net/2015/06/10/regulation-and-innovation/","url_text":"\"Techonomy Policy Conference: Two Senators and a Geek Make the Case Against Regulation\""}]},{"reference":"McCabe, David (June 9, 2015). \"Napster creator's political startup gears up for product launch\". The Hill.","urls":[{"url":"https://thehill.com/policy/technology/244473-napster-creators-political-startup-gears-up-for-product-launch/","url_text":"\"Napster creator's political startup gears up for product launch\""}]},{"reference":"Ruiz, Rebecca (June 9, 2015). \"Washington Scrutinizes the Sharing Economy\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/06/09/washington-scrutinizes-the-sharing-economy/","url_text":"\"Washington Scrutinizes the Sharing Economy\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disappearance_of_Vanessa_Guillen
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Murder of Vanessa Guillén
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["1 People involved","1.1 Victim","1.2 Perpetrators","2 Investigation","2.1 Discovery of remains","2.2 Arrests","2.3 Motive","3 Timeline","4 Memorials","5 Later developments","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]
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2020 murder of a U.S. army soldier
Murder of Vanessa GuillénFort Hood census-designated placeLocationFort Hood, Texas, U.S.DateApril 22, 2020; 4 years ago (2020-04-22)Attack typeMurder by bludgeoning, murder-suicideWeaponHammerDeaths2 (including the perpetrator two months later)VictimVanessa GuillénPerpetratorAaron David RobinsonMotiveCover-up of Robinson’s harassment and sexual assault of GuillénConvictedCecily Anne AguilarConvictionsAguilar:Accessory after-the-fact, making false statements (3 counts)
OutcomeExecutive order signed by Joe Biden establishing sexual harassment as an offense in the UCMJSentenceAguilar:30 years in prison
The murder of Vanessa Guillén, a 20-year-old United States Army soldier, took place inside an armory at Fort Hood, Texas, on April 22, 2020, when she was bludgeoned to death by another soldier, Aaron David Robinson. Guillén had been missing for over two months when some of her dismembered remains were found buried along the Leon River on June 30. Upon hearing about the discovery, Robinson fled Fort Hood and fatally shot himself when law enforcement attempted to apprehend him in nearby Killeen, Texas.
Cecily Aguilar, a local woman identified by authorities as Robinson's girlfriend, was taken into custody and is alleged to have assisted him in dismembering and burying Guillén's body. On July 2, 2020, Aguilar was charged with one federal count of conspiracy to tamper with evidence. On July 13, 2021, she was indicted on eleven counts by a federal grand jury. On November 29, 2022 Aguilar pleaded guilty to accessory to murder after the fact and three counts of making a false statement. On August 14, 2023, Aguilar was sentenced to the maximum of 30 years for her role in covering up the murder of Guillén.
People involved
Vanessa Guillén in 2018
Victim
Vanessa Guillén, 20, was from Houston, Texas. She was born in Ben Taub Hospital in Houston on September 30, 1999, to parents Rogelio and Gloria Guillén, who originated from Zacatecas State in Mexico. She had five siblings. Guillén attended Hartman Middle School and, according to her family, graduated from César E. Chávez High School in 2018 in the top 15% of her class. She played soccer, loved to jog, and enjoyed sports and learning. Guillén joined the United States Army in June 2018 and trained as a 91F, Small Arms and Artillery Repairer. Guillén was posthumously advanced from Private First Class to the rank of Specialist on July 1, 2020.
Perpetrators
Aaron David Robinson, 20, was from Calumet City, Illinois, a southern suburb of Chicago. Robinson joined the United States Army in October 2017 and trained as a 12B, Combat Engineer. He held the rank of E4 Specialist at the time of his death.
Cecily Anne Aguilar, 22, described by authorities as the girlfriend of Robinson and the estranged wife of another soldier.
Investigation
Guillén was stationed at Fort Hood, a U.S. Army installation in Bell County, Texas, which is approximately 340 square miles (880 km2) in size and home to III Corps and the First Cavalry Division. She was last seen around 1:00 p.m. on April 22, 2020, in the parking lot of her unit, the Regimental Engineer Squadron Headquarters of the 3rd Cavalry Regiment (3CR). Her car keys, identification card, bank card, and barracks key were found inside the armory where she worked. Guillén's family felt she disappeared under suspicious circumstances. The case was investigated under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Command (CID) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) with local law enforcement agencies in Bell County, Killeen, and Belton; the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department; the United States Marshals Service; and the Texas Ranger Division in support. Multiple Fort Hood units, including 3CR, began searching the area within two weeks of her disappearance.
Before Guillén went missing, she had told her family that she was being sexually harassed by an unnamed sergeant at Fort Hood, and that complaints by other female soldiers made against the sergeant had been dismissed. Guillén's mother advised her to report the matter, but she responded that "she could put a stop to it herself" out of fear that her mother would be harmed for making a report. In early June, Guillén's mother told reporters she did not trust the Army's handling of the investigation and her attorney, Natalie Khawam, said she believed the family was "being kept in the dark" because few details had been released regarding the disappearance. On June 13, 2020, hundreds of people assembled at the gates of Fort Hood to protest what organizers felt was a lack of information on the case. CID reported that they found no evidence that Guillén was assaulted, but said investigators believed foul play was involved in her disappearance.
A United States House Armed Services Subcommittee on Military Personnel hearing, chaired by Jackie Speier, about the killing of Guillén in July 2020.
On June 17, the League of United Latin American Citizens added a $25,000 reward to the existing $25,000 reward announced by the Army for finding Guillén. On June 23, Congresswoman Sylvia Garcia, in whose district Guillén's family resides, met with Fort Hood officials to discuss the ongoing search. The authorities said that more than 300 interviews and over 10,000 hours were spent investigating Guillén's disappearance. On July 27, 2020, Guillén's mother, who had previously been detained for illegal immigration, was granted parole in place by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security through the assistance of Garcia and immigration attorney Luis Gomez Alfaro.
Discovery of remains
On June 30, 2020, Army investigators were called in when contractors discovered partial human remains along the Leon River in Belton. The area had previously been searched by Texas Rangers, detectives, and cadaver dogs on June 20 after a burn mound was discovered nearby. Investigators theorized that the remains, previously buried under concrete, had been dug up by wildlife. Tim Miller, Director of Texas EquuSearch, stated that it was the most sophisticated burial site he had ever seen.
Later that evening, at around 8:30 p.m., authorities re-interviewed Cecily Anne Aguilar, a local woman who was the estranged wife of a soldier at Fort Hood. Aguilar was reported to be the girlfriend of Aaron David Robinson, a specialist-ranked enlisted soldier who was one of the last people known to have seen Guillén on the day of her disappearance, and who had previously been interviewed by investigators. Aguilar told police that Robinson had confessed to her that he had killed a female soldier at Fort Hood. At the request of law enforcement, Aguilar placed a controlled telephone call to Robinson, who said, "Baby, they found pieces", and texted Robinson multiple news articles, in response to which he never denied anything. According to a criminal complaint filed in the Western District Court of Texas, Aguilar allegedly helped Robinson dismember and dispose of Guillén's body on April 22, 2020, after Robinson told her he had bludgeoned Guillén to death with a hammer inside the armory.
Arrests
On the evening of June 30, Robinson escaped the custody of an unarmed guard from his unit and fled Fort Hood after hearing the news of the discovery of remains. He had been detained by his unit at the request of a CID agent under the pretense of violating COVID-19 quarantine rules. In the early hours of July 1, Killeen police located and attempted to make contact with Robinson, who produced a handgun and killed himself before he could be taken into custody.
Aguilar was arrested by Texas Rangers and held at the Bell County Jail. On July 2, Bell County officials stated Aguilar would be transferred to federal custody due to being charged with one count of conspiracy to tamper with evidence by the United States Attorney's Office Western District of Texas. Assistant United States Attorneys Mark Frazier and Greg Gloff prosecuted the case on behalf of the federal government.
Motive
On May 24, 2022 the Texas Department of Public Safety released a report stating that "Aguilar later explained why Robinson killed Guillén, saying Guillén saw Robinson's cellphone lock screen, which contained a picture of Aguilar. (Robinson) told her he was worried about getting in trouble for violating the Army's fraternization rules since Aguilar was still married to another soldier and he hit Guillén in the head with a hammer."
Timeline
April 22, 2020: According to law enforcement, Guillén is murdered with a hammer inside an armory by Robinson, who then uses a trunk to remove her body from Fort Hood and gets help from Aguilar in dismembering the remains before burying them along the Leon River.
April 23: CID was notified by a commissioned officer in the 3CR Provost Marshal that then-PFC Guillén was reported missing.
April 24: CID issues a missing soldier letter for Guillen. Fort Hood Military Police issue a Be on the Lookout (BOLO) advisory to surrounding law enforcement agencies. Military personnel along with civilian and military police began a search.
April 26: According to law enforcement tracking of cellphone data, Robinson and Aguilar return to the Leon River site and further break down Guillén's remains.
April 28: CID interviews Robinson for the first time.
April 30: Secretary of the Army Ryan D. McCarthy makes the following statement in a COVID-19 press briefing: "I'd like to start out this morning by talking about a missing soldier, Private First Class Vanessa Guillen, in hopes of increasing the public's awareness and assistance in finding her. Private First Class Guillen went missing on April 22 from Fort Hood, Texas. In concert with local law enforcement efforts, the Army will continue aggressively searching for her. Our hearts go out to her family, and we will not stop looking for her until we find her."
May 18: Two witnesses are interviewed who observed Robinson struggling with a "tough box" outside of the armory.
May 19: Robinson consents to a search of his cell phone by law enforcement using a Universal Forensic Extraction Device product.
June 19: Aguilar is interviewed for the first time.
June 21: Cell phone data from both Robinson and Aguilar lead law enforcement officials to an area near the Leon River. Law enforcement officials locate the burned lid of a Pelican transport case but fail to find a body.
Jackie Speier and other Members of Congress calling for justice for Vanessa Guillén in July 2020
June 30: At about 1:00 p.m., contractors working on a fence near the Leon River discover partial human remains (that would later be confirmed to be Guillen) and notify law enforcement. CID and partner agencies discover human remains. At about 8:30 p.m., Aguilar was interviewed again and told law enforcement officials about the killing. Robinson fled Fort Hood.
July 1: In the early hours, shortly after midnight Robinson killed himself when approached by law enforcement in Killeen, Texas.
July 2: FBI formally submits a criminal complaint for Aguilar. Fort Hood and CID hold a press briefing.
July 5: Remains are confirmed to be Vanessa Guillén.
July 10: U.S. Secretary of the Army Ryan D. McCarthy announced that he would order a "full independent review" of the case.
July 30, 2020: Vanessa Guillen's family meets with President Donald Trump, who emphasized to the family that the case would be fully and independently reviewed.
July 13, 2021: Cecily Aguilar is indicted on 11 counts relating to the death of Vanessa Guillen by a federal grand jury.
November 29, 2022: Cecily Aguilar, 24, pleaded guilty in a federal court in Waco, Texas, to one count of accessory to murder after the fact and three counts of making a false statement, according to the U.S. Attorney’s Office.
December 8, 2022: Following the independent review, McCarthy announced in a Pentagon press briefing that 14 "senior officers" from corps to squad level were disciplined for "leadership failures".
Memorials
A mural in honor of Guillén was created in her hometown of Houston by a local artist. The mural portrays her with the flags of both the United States and Mexico, the latter due to her Mexican American ethnicity. Another mural is dedicated to her at Taqueria del Sol in the Park Place neighborhood. Multiple people also wrote corridos (songs) about her.
On July 6, 2020, at city hall in Richmond, California, a memorial of candles along with tea lights spelling out “Vanessa” were displayed in front of a makeshift altar. Hundreds of people gathered to honour Guillén and other victims of sexual violence and mistreatment within the military.
On April 19, 2021, Lieutenant General Robert P. White, commander of III Corps and Fort Hood unveiled that one out of the 27 gates that grant entry to Fort Hood will be renamed "The Vanessa Guillén Gate" with a plaque in her honor. The gate is also the main entry point to the 3rd Cavalry Regiment, where Guillén worked in an arms room as a small arms repairer.
In 2022 the Park Place post office was renamed after Guillén.
Later developments
President Donald Trump meets with the family of Vanessa Guillén in the Oval Office on July 30, 2020.
Guillén's family called for justice and improvement of the way claims of sexual harassment are handled by the military. Guillén's mother stated publicly that she had spoken to witnesses who heard two shots at the moment of Robinson's death, and stated her belief that Robinson was executed by authorities as part of a coverup involving senior members of the military.
On July 10, 2020, the Secretary of the Army Ryan D. McCarthy announced that he would order a "full independent review" of Guillén's case.
On July 30, 2020, Guillen's family met with President Donald Trump regarding her murder.
On December 8, 2020, McCarthy announced the results of the investigation, disciplining 14 U.S. commanders and other leaders at Fort Hood, citing multiple "leadership failures". The investigation found that there was a "permissive environment for sexual assault and sexual harassment at Fort Hood." Among those disciplined by McCarthy were Major General Scott L. Efflandt, Colonel Ralph Overland and Command Sergeant Major Bradley Knapp. The Army suspended Major General Jeffery Broadwater and Command Sergeant Major Thomas C. Kenny, pending the outcome of a new investigation into the 1st Cavalry Division's command climate and program for preventing and responding to sexual harassment and assault. Disciplinary measures were also taken against soldiers and leaders assigned below brigade level, however the Army does not, as a matter of policy, "...release the names of the battalion level and below commanders and leaders who received administrative action".
During the December 8 Pentagon press conference, McCarthy said that Guillén's murder "shocked our conscience and brought attention to deeper problems" at Fort Hood and across the Army more widely. He said it "forced us to take a critical look at our systems, our policies, and ourselves."
Broadwater did not receive any disciplinary action following an investigation of the 1st Cavalry Division's command climate and turned command of the Division over to Major General John B. Richardson in July 2021. Broadwater was subsequently assigned as deputy commander of V Corps at Fort Knox, Kentucky.
On January 26, 2022, President Joe Biden signed an Executive Order that established sexual harassment as a specific offense under the UCMJ.
See also
List of solved missing person cases
Me Too movement
Murder of Tracie McBride – kidnapping and murder of a soldier from a military base in Texas
Sexual harassment in the military
Notes
^ Dropped charges as part of a plea deal:
Conspiracy to tamper with documents or proceedings
Tampering with documents or proceedings (2 counts)
Accessory after the fact (2 counts)
Destruction, alteration, or falsification of records in a federal investigation
Making false statements
References
^ "Grand jury indicts Cecily Aguilar on 11 counts in Vanessa Guillen murder trial". July 14, 2021.
^ a b c d e Garcia, John (July 4, 2020). "Vanessa Guillen bludgeoned to death by fellow soldier, attorney says; suspect ID'd as Calumet City man". ABC 7 Chicago. Archived from the original on June 13, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2022.
^ a b c d e f g Rempfer, Kyle (July 3, 2020). "Civilian charged in plot to dismember and hide remains of murdered Fort Hood soldier Vanessa Guillen". Army Times. Retrieved July 4, 2020.
^ Jones, Kay (July 3, 2020). "Pfc. Vanessa Guillen bludgeoned to death on Army base, family attorney says". Retrieved July 3, 2020.
^ a b c d e Horton, Alex; Hernández, Arelis R. (July 1, 2020). "Remains of missing soldier Vanessa Guillén likely found, family says, as suspect kills himself". Washington Post. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
^ a b "Cecily Aguilar indicted on 11 counts for involvement in Vanessa Guillen's death". July 14, 2021.
^ Boyd, Megan (November 29, 2022). "Cecily Aguilar pleads guilty to felony charges for involvement in Vanessa Guillen's murder". KWTX. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
^ a b Banks, Gabrielle; Tallet, Olivia P.; Dellinger, Hannah (July 26, 2020). "Portrait of a fallen soldier". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved August 19, 2020.
^ a b c Egan, Leigh (June 17, 2020). "'How can you not have these answers?': Reward reaches $55K as desperate search for missing Fort Hood soldier Vanessa Guillen continues". CrimeOnline.
^ Rempfer, Kyle (July 2, 2020). "Missing Fort Hood soldier was killed in armory, then hacked to pieces, family's attorney says". Army Times. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
^ Bennett, Abbie (July 1, 2020). "Army to investigate Fort Hood SHARP program after disappearance of PFC Vanessa Guillen". Connecting Vets. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
^ a b "Calumet City Soldier Aaron David Robinson Was Main Suspect In Murder Of Fellow Soldier Vanessa Guillen". 2 CBS Chicago. July 2, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
^ a b McCarthy, Tyler (June 15, 2020). "Salma Hayek uses social media to find missing US Army soldier Vanessa !!!!Guillen". Fox News.
^ a b "Killeen Woman Faces Federal Charge in Connection with the Disappearance of U.S. Army Specialist Vanessa Guillen". justice.gov. July 2, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
^ a b c Lee, Alicia (June 17, 2020). "Reward for missing soldier Vanessa Guillen grows to over $50,000 after Latino group and rapper add to it". CNN.
^ a b c Brito, Christopher (June 17, 2020). "Reward for missing Fort Hood soldier Vanessa Guillen doubles to $50,000". CBS News.
^ Rempfer, Kyle (July 2, 2020). "Missing Fort Hood soldier was killed in armory, then hacked to pieces, family's attorney says". Army Times.
^ a b Allen, Jack (June 13, 2020). "Hundreds rally to seek answers for missing soldier Pfc. Vanessa Guillen". 25 ABC.
^ Osbourne, Heather (June 24, 2020). "Foul play suspected in Fort Hood soldier Vanessa Guillen's disappearance". USA TODAY. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
^ "Vanessa Guillen search: Lawmaker suspects foul play in the disappearance of Texas soldier". 6 ABC Action News. June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
^ "Fort Hood says they have found no connection with sexual harassment and Guillen's disappearance". KXXV 25 ABC News. July 2, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
^ Caldwell, Jasmin (July 31, 2020). "Congresswoman Sylvia Garcia hosts virtual update on Vanessa Guillén case". kcentv.com. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
^ a b c Bonvillian, Crystal (July 6, 2020). "She 'never made it out of the Army alive': Affidavit details killing of Fort Hood soldier Vanessa Guillen". Fox23 News. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
^ Philipps, Dave (April 30, 2021). "Military Missteps Allowed Soldier Accused of Murder to Flee, Report Says". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
^ a b Horton, Alex (July 5, 2020). "Remains of missing soldier Vanessa Guillén identified by Army, family says". Washington Post. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
^ Aleman, Christian (July 2, 2020). "Vanessa Guillen killed with hammer and her body mutilated, affidavit says". KCEN-TV. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
^ Lodhia, Pooja (May 25, 2022). "New court documents in Vanessa Guillen's case reveal possible motive for murder". ABC13 Houston. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
^ "Public's Help Sought in Locating Fort Hood Soldier" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 22, 2020.
^ "Army Senior Leaders Update Reporters on U.S. Army Response to COVID-19". U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
^ a b Carvajal, Nikki (July 30, 2020). "Trump meets with family of Vanessa Guillen and pledges to help | CNN Politics". CNN. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
^ Coronado, Acacia (November 30, 2022). "Texas woman pleads guilty to role in Vanessa Guillen's death". AP NEWS. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
^ Cohen, Zachary; Browne, Ryan (December 8, 2020). "Army punishes 14 senior officers after murder and other deaths at Fort Hood". CNN. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
^ Parker, T.J. (July 2, 2020). "Houston artists pay tribute to Vanessa Guillen". ABC Eyewitness News. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
^ Okolie, Stefania (July 7, 2020). "New mural pays tribute to Vanessa Guillen in her neighborhood". KTRK-TV. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
^ "Mayor Turner honors Vanessa Guillen with visit to mural". KTRK-TV. July 4, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
^ Clayton, Abené (July 18, 2020). "'It's like she's my daughter': After Vanessa Guillén's killing, a California city reckons with the military". the Guardian. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
^ Cynthia Silva (April 19, 2021). "Fort Hood unveils gate and plaque honoring Vanessa Guillén". nbcnews.com. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
^ Rose L. Thayer (April 19, 2021). "Fort Hood names gate after slain Spc. Vanessa Guillen". strips.com. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
^ Roman, Natalie (May 12, 2022). "Houston post office will soon be renamed after Vanessa Guillén". Houston Public Media. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
^ Horton, Alex (September 17, 2020). "Proposed Vanessa Guillén law would transform military's sexual misconduct inquiries". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved June 12, 2024.
^ Guillen, Gloria (March 10, 2021). ""Interview with Gloria Guillen"". KPFA FM Free Speech Radio. Retrieved March 10, 2021.
^ Gamboa, Suzanne (July 10, 2020). "Army secretary pledges "full, independent review" in Vanessa Guillen case". NBC News. Retrieved July 11, 2020.
^ "Fort Hood: Soldiers fired and suspended after Vanessa Guillen probe". BBC News. December 8, 2020.
^ Acevedo, Nicole; Kube, Courtney (December 8, 2020). "14 Fort Hood leaders disciplined as probe finds 'permissive environment for sexual assault' at the Army base". NBC News. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
^ "Secretary McCarthy holds Fort Hood Leaders Accountable, Announces New Investigations". Army.mil. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
^ Kates, Graham (December 9, 2020). "14 fired or suspended following Fort Hood investigation into Vanessa Guillén's death". CBS News. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
^ Rose L. Thayer (July 21, 2021). "New general takes command of Fort Hood's 1st Cavalry Division after investigation clears former commander of wrongdoing". Stars and Stripes.
^ "Executive Order, 2022 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial". January 26, 2022.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Killing of Vanessa Guillén.
Find Vanessa Guillén website
US Army crowdsources ideas to combat sexual assault crisis By SARAH BLAKE MORGAN February 26, 2021
Portals: Texas United States
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"armory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal"},{"link_name":"Fort Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Hood"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-3"},{"link_name":"dismembered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismemberment"},{"link_name":"Leon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_River"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AT20200703-4"},{"link_name":"Killeen, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killeen,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AT20200703-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN20200703Jones-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Remains-6"},{"link_name":"conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_(crime)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AT20200703-4"},{"link_name":"indicted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indictment"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The murder of Vanessa Guillén, a 20-year-old United States Army soldier, took place inside an armory at Fort Hood, Texas, on April 22, 2020, when she was bludgeoned to death by another soldier, Aaron David Robinson.[2] Guillén had been missing for over two months when some of her dismembered remains were found buried along the Leon River on June 30.[3] Upon hearing about the discovery, Robinson fled Fort Hood and fatally shot himself when law enforcement attempted to apprehend him in nearby Killeen, Texas.[3][4][5]Cecily Aguilar, a local woman identified by authorities as Robinson's girlfriend, was taken into custody and is alleged to have assisted him in dismembering and burying Guillén's body. On July 2, 2020, Aguilar was charged with one federal count of conspiracy to tamper with evidence.[3] On July 13, 2021, she was indicted on eleven counts by a federal grand jury.[6] On November 29, 2022 Aguilar pleaded guilty to accessory to murder after the fact and three counts of making a false statement.[7] On August 14, 2023, Aguilar was sentenced to the maximum of 30 years for her role in covering up the murder of Guillén.","title":"Murder of Vanessa Guillén"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vanessa_Guillen_portrait.jpg"}],"text":"Vanessa Guillén in 2018","title":"People involved"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Ben Taub Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Taub_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Zacatecas State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zacatecas"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Banksetal-9"},{"link_name":"César E. Chávez High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A1vez_High_School_(Houston)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-10"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"91F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Army_careers#Ammunition_CMF,_Mechanical_Maintenance_CMF_&_Ordnance_Branch_(OD)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Private First Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_first_class#United_States"},{"link_name":"Specialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialist_(rank)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Victim","text":"Vanessa Guillén, 20, was from Houston, Texas. She was born in Ben Taub Hospital in Houston on September 30, 1999, to parents Rogelio and Gloria Guillén, who originated from Zacatecas State in Mexico. She had five siblings. Guillén attended Hartman Middle School and,[8] according to her family, graduated from César E. Chávez High School in 2018 in the top 15% of her class. She played soccer, loved to jog, and enjoyed sports and learning.[9] Guillén joined the United States Army in June 2018 and trained as a 91F, Small Arms and Artillery Repairer.[10] Guillén was posthumously advanced from Private First Class to the rank of Specialist on July 1, 2020.[11]","title":"People involved"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Calumet City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calumet_City"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2CBS20200702-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-3"},{"link_name":"12B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Army_careers#Corps_of_Engineers_Branch_(EN)"},{"link_name":"Combat Engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Engineer"},{"link_name":"E4 Specialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialist_(rank)#Specialist_(1955%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2CBS20200702-13"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AT20200703-4"}],"sub_title":"Perpetrators","text":"Aaron David Robinson, 20, was from Calumet City, Illinois, a southern suburb of Chicago.[12][2] Robinson joined the United States Army in October 2017 and trained as a 12B, Combat Engineer. He held the rank of E4 Specialist at the time of his death.[12]\nCecily Anne Aguilar, 22, described by authorities as the girlfriend of Robinson and the estranged wife of another soldier.[3]","title":"People involved"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Hood"},{"link_name":"Bell County, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"III Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_Corps_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"First Cavalry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Brigade_Combat_Team,_1st_Cavalry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"3rd Cavalry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-10"},{"link_name":"armory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AT20200703-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army_Criminal_Investigation_Command"},{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"Killeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killeen,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Belton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas Parks and Wildlife Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Parks_and_Wildlife_Department"},{"link_name":"United States Marshals Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service"},{"link_name":"Texas Ranger Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Ranger_Division"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Justice20200706-15"},{"link_name":"sexually harassed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_harassment"},{"link_name":"sergeant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-17"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-10"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-19"},{"link_name":"foul play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-17"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jackie_Speier_chairing_MILPERS_hearing_about_Vanessa_Guillen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jackie Speier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Speier"},{"link_name":"League of United Latin American Citizens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_United_Latin_American_Citizens"},{"link_name":"reward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounty_(reward)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"Congresswoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Representative"},{"link_name":"Sylvia Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Garcia"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KXXV20200702-22"},{"link_name":"illegal immigration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_immigration"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Homeland Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Guillén was stationed at Fort Hood, a U.S. Army installation in Bell County, Texas, which is approximately 340 square miles (880 km2) in size and home to III Corps and the First Cavalry Division. She was last seen around 1:00 p.m. on April 22, 2020, in the parking lot of her unit, the Regimental Engineer Squadron Headquarters of the 3rd Cavalry Regiment (3CR).[9] Her car keys, identification card, bank card, and barracks key were found inside the armory where she worked.[3] Guillén's family felt she disappeared under suspicious circumstances.[13] The case was investigated under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Command (CID) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) with local law enforcement agencies in Bell County, Killeen, and Belton; the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department; the United States Marshals Service; and the Texas Ranger Division in support.[14] Multiple Fort Hood units, including 3CR, began searching the area within two weeks of her disappearance.Before Guillén went missing, she had told her family that she was being sexually harassed by an unnamed sergeant at Fort Hood,[15] and that complaints by other female soldiers made against the sergeant had been dismissed.[13] Guillén's mother advised her to report the matter, but she responded that \"she could put a stop to it herself\"[16] out of fear that her mother would be harmed for making a report.[9] In early June, Guillén's mother told reporters she did not trust the Army's handling of the investigation and her attorney, Natalie Khawam,[17] said she believed the family was \"being kept in the dark\"[16] because few details had been released regarding the disappearance.[18] On June 13, 2020, hundreds of people assembled at the gates of Fort Hood to protest what organizers felt was a lack of information on the case.[18] CID reported that they found no evidence that Guillén was assaulted, but said investigators believed foul play was involved in her disappearance.[15][16][19]A United States House Armed Services Subcommittee on Military Personnel hearing, chaired by Jackie Speier, about the killing of Guillén in July 2020.On June 17, the League of United Latin American Citizens added a $25,000 reward to the existing $25,000 reward announced by the Army for finding Guillén.[15] On June 23, Congresswoman Sylvia Garcia, in whose district Guillén's family resides, met with Fort Hood officials to discuss the ongoing search.[20] The authorities said that more than 300 interviews and over 10,000 hours were spent investigating Guillén's disappearance.[21] On July 27, 2020, Guillén's mother, who had previously been detained for illegal immigration, was granted parole in place by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security through the assistance of Garcia and immigration attorney Luis Gomez Alfaro.[22]","title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_River"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Remains-6"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Affidavit_Details-24"},{"link_name":"cadaver dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadaver_dog"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Remains-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Remains-6"},{"link_name":"Texas EquuSearch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_EquuSearch"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Remains-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-3"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Affidavit_Details-24"},{"link_name":"texted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_message"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Affidavit_Details-24"},{"link_name":"dismember","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismemberment"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AT20200703-4"}],"sub_title":"Discovery of remains","text":"On June 30, 2020, Army investigators were called in when contractors discovered partial human remains along the Leon River in Belton.[5][23] The area had previously been searched by Texas Rangers, detectives, and cadaver dogs on June 20 after a burn mound was discovered nearby.[5] Investigators theorized that the remains, previously buried under concrete, had been dug up by wildlife.[5] Tim Miller, Director of Texas EquuSearch, stated that it was the most sophisticated burial site he had ever seen.[5]Later that evening, at around 8:30 p.m., authorities re-interviewed Cecily Anne Aguilar, a local woman who was the estranged wife of a soldier at Fort Hood. Aguilar was reported to be the girlfriend of Aaron David Robinson, a specialist-ranked enlisted soldier who was one of the last people known to have seen Guillén on the day of her disappearance, and who had previously been interviewed by investigators.[2][23] Aguilar told police that Robinson had confessed to her that he had killed a female soldier at Fort Hood. At the request of law enforcement, Aguilar placed a controlled telephone call to Robinson, who said, \"Baby, they found pieces\", and texted Robinson multiple news articles, in response to which he never denied anything.[23] According to a criminal complaint filed in the Western District Court of Texas, Aguilar allegedly helped Robinson dismember and dispose of Guillén's body on April 22, 2020, after Robinson told her he had bludgeoned Guillén to death with a hammer inside the armory.[3]","title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"quarantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarantine"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-identified-26"},{"link_name":"handgun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handgun"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-3"},{"link_name":"conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_(crime)"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney's Office Western District of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AT20200703-4"},{"link_name":"United States Attorneys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Justice20200706-15"}],"sub_title":"Arrests","text":"On the evening of June 30, Robinson escaped the custody of an unarmed guard from his unit and fled Fort Hood after hearing the news of the discovery of remains. He had been detained by his unit at the request of a CID agent under the pretense of violating COVID-19 quarantine rules.[24][25] In the early hours of July 1, Killeen police located and attempted to make contact with Robinson, who produced a handgun and killed himself before he could be taken into custody.[2]Aguilar was arrested by Texas Rangers and held at the Bell County Jail. On July 2, Bell County officials stated Aguilar would be transferred to federal custody due to being charged with one count of conspiracy to tamper with evidence by the United States Attorney's Office Western District of Texas.[26][3] Assistant United States Attorneys Mark Frazier and Greg Gloff prosecuted the case on behalf of the federal government.[14]","title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas Department of Public Safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Public_Safety"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Motive","text":"On May 24, 2022 the Texas Department of Public Safety released a report stating that \"Aguilar later explained why Robinson killed Guillén, saying Guillén saw Robinson's cellphone lock screen, which contained a picture of Aguilar. (Robinson) told her he was worried about getting in trouble for violating the Army's fraternization rules since Aguilar was still married to another soldier and he hit Guillén in the head with a hammer.\"[27]","title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-3"},{"link_name":"commissioned officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)"},{"link_name":"Provost Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provost_marshal"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Military Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Police_Corps_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Secretary of the Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army"},{"link_name":"Ryan D. McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_D._McCarthy"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Universal Forensic Extraction Device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellebrite_UFED"},{"link_name":"Leon River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_River"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jackie_Speiers_speaking_in_support_of_Justice_For_Vanessa_Guillen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jackie Speier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Speier"},{"link_name":"criminal complaint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_complaint"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-identified-26"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-31"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"April 22, 2020: According to law enforcement, Guillén is murdered with a hammer inside an armory by Robinson, who then uses a trunk to remove her body from Fort Hood and gets help from Aguilar in dismembering the remains before burying them along the Leon River.[2]\nApril 23: CID was notified by a commissioned officer in the 3CR Provost Marshal that then-PFC Guillén was reported missing.\nApril 24: CID issues a missing soldier letter for Guillen.[28] Fort Hood Military Police issue a Be on the Lookout (BOLO) advisory to surrounding law enforcement agencies. Military personnel along with civilian and military police began a search.\nApril 26: According to law enforcement tracking of cellphone data, Robinson and Aguilar return to the Leon River site and further break down Guillén's remains.\nApril 28: CID interviews Robinson for the first time.\nApril 30: Secretary of the Army Ryan D. McCarthy makes the following statement in a COVID-19 press briefing: \"I'd like to start out this morning by talking about a missing soldier, Private First Class Vanessa Guillen, in hopes of increasing the public's awareness and assistance in finding her. Private First Class Guillen went missing on April 22 from Fort Hood, Texas. In concert with local law enforcement efforts, the Army will continue aggressively searching for her. Our hearts go out to her family, and we will not stop looking for her until we find her.\"[29]\nMay 18: Two witnesses are interviewed who observed Robinson struggling with a \"tough box\" outside of the armory.\nMay 19: Robinson consents to a search of his cell phone by law enforcement using a Universal Forensic Extraction Device product.\nJune 19: Aguilar is interviewed for the first time.\nJune 21: Cell phone data from both Robinson and Aguilar lead law enforcement officials to an area near the Leon River. Law enforcement officials locate the burned lid of a Pelican transport case but fail to find a body.Jackie Speier and other Members of Congress calling for justice for Vanessa Guillén in July 2020June 30: At about 1:00 p.m., contractors working on a fence near the Leon River discover partial human remains (that would later be confirmed to be Guillen) and notify law enforcement. CID and partner agencies discover human remains. At about 8:30 p.m., Aguilar was interviewed again and told law enforcement officials about the killing. Robinson fled Fort Hood.\nJuly 1: In the early hours, shortly after midnight Robinson killed himself when approached by law enforcement in Killeen, Texas.\nJuly 2: FBI formally submits a criminal complaint for Aguilar. Fort Hood and CID hold a press briefing.\nJuly 5: Remains are confirmed to be Vanessa Guillén.[25]\nJuly 10: U.S. Secretary of the Army Ryan D. McCarthy announced that he would order a \"full independent review\" of the case.\nJuly 30, 2020: Vanessa Guillen's family meets with President Donald Trump, who emphasized to the family that the case would be fully and independently reviewed.[30]\nJuly 13, 2021: Cecily Aguilar is indicted on 11 counts relating to the death of Vanessa Guillen by a federal grand jury.[6]\nNovember 29, 2022: Cecily Aguilar, 24, pleaded guilty in a federal court in Waco, Texas, to one count of accessory to murder after the fact and three counts of making a false statement, according to the U.S. Attorney’s Office.[31]\nDecember 8, 2022: Following the independent review, McCarthy announced in a Pentagon press briefing that 14 \"senior officers\" from corps to squad level were disciplined for \"leadership failures\".[32]","title":"Timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Mexican American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_American"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Park Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Place,_Houston"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"corridos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corridos"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Banksetal-9"},{"link_name":"Richmond, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_California"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Robert P. White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_P._White"},{"link_name":"III Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_Corps_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Fort Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Hood"},{"link_name":"3rd Cavalry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Park Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Place,_Houston"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"A mural in honor of Guillén was created in her hometown of Houston by a local artist.[33] The mural portrays her with the flags of both the United States and Mexico, the latter due to her Mexican American ethnicity.[34] Another mural is dedicated to her at Taqueria del Sol in the Park Place neighborhood.[35] Multiple people also wrote corridos (songs) about her.[8]On July 6, 2020, at city hall in Richmond, California, a memorial of candles along with tea lights spelling out “Vanessa” were displayed in front of a makeshift altar. Hundreds of people gathered to honour Guillén and other victims of sexual violence and mistreatment within the military.[36]On April 19, 2021, Lieutenant General Robert P. White, commander of III Corps and Fort Hood unveiled that one out of the 27 gates that grant entry to Fort Hood will be renamed \"The Vanessa Guillén Gate\" with a plaque in her honor. The gate is also the main entry point to the 3rd Cavalry Regiment, where Guillén worked in an arms room as a small arms repairer.[37][38]In 2022 the Park Place post office was renamed after Guillén.[39]","title":"Memorials"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Trump_Meets_with_the_family_of_U.S._Army_SPC_Vanessa_Guillen_(50170951121).jpg"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"coverup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coverup"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Ryan D. McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_D._McCarthy"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-31"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Scott L. Efflandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scott_Efflandt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Command Sergeant Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant_major"},{"link_name":"Jeffery Broadwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffery_Broadwater"},{"link_name":"1st Cavalry Division's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Division_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Pentagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"John B. Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Richardson"},{"link_name":"V Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_Corps_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Fort Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Knox"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Biden"},{"link_name":"UCMJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Code_of_Military_Justice"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"President Donald Trump meets with the family of Vanessa Guillén in the Oval Office on July 30, 2020.Guillén's family called for justice and improvement of the way claims of sexual harassment are handled by the military.[40] Guillén's mother stated publicly that she had spoken to witnesses who heard two shots at the moment of Robinson's death, and stated her belief that Robinson was executed by authorities as part of a coverup involving senior members of the military.[41]On July 10, 2020, the Secretary of the Army Ryan D. McCarthy announced that he would order a \"full independent review\" of Guillén's case.[42]On July 30, 2020, Guillen's family met with President Donald Trump regarding her murder.[30]On December 8, 2020, McCarthy announced the results of the investigation, disciplining 14 U.S. commanders and other leaders at Fort Hood, citing multiple \"leadership failures\".[43] The investigation found that there was a \"permissive environment for sexual assault and sexual harassment at Fort Hood.\"[44] Among those disciplined by McCarthy were Major General Scott L. Efflandt, Colonel Ralph Overland and Command Sergeant Major Bradley Knapp. The Army suspended Major General Jeffery Broadwater and Command Sergeant Major Thomas C. Kenny, pending the outcome of a new investigation into the 1st Cavalry Division's command climate and program for preventing and responding to sexual harassment and assault. Disciplinary measures were also taken against soldiers and leaders assigned below brigade level, however the Army does not, as a matter of policy, \"...release the names of the battalion level and below commanders and leaders who received administrative action\".[45]During the December 8 Pentagon press conference, McCarthy said that Guillén's murder \"shocked our conscience and brought attention to deeper problems\" at Fort Hood and across the Army more widely. He said it \"forced us to take a critical look at our systems, our policies, and ourselves.\"[46]Broadwater did not receive any disciplinary action following an investigation of the 1st Cavalry Division's command climate and turned command of the Division over to Major General John B. Richardson in July 2021. Broadwater was subsequently assigned as deputy commander of V Corps at Fort Knox, Kentucky.[47]On January 26, 2022, President Joe Biden signed an Executive Order that established sexual harassment as a specific offense under the UCMJ.[48]","title":"Later developments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"plea deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plea_deal"},{"link_name":"Conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_(criminal)"},{"link_name":"Tampering with documents or proceedings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampering_with_evidence"},{"link_name":"Accessory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessory_(legal_term)"},{"link_name":"Destruction, alteration, or falsification of records in a federal investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_evidence"},{"link_name":"Making false statements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Making_false_statements"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"^ Dropped charges as part of a plea deal:\nConspiracy to tamper with documents or proceedings\nTampering with documents or proceedings (2 counts)\nAccessory after the fact (2 counts)\nDestruction, alteration, or falsification of records in a federal investigation\nMaking false statements[1]","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Vanessa Guillén in 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Vanessa_Guillen_portrait.jpg/220px-Vanessa_Guillen_portrait.jpg"},{"image_text":"A United States House Armed Services Subcommittee on Military Personnel hearing, chaired by Jackie Speier, about the killing of Guillén in July 2020.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Jackie_Speier_chairing_MILPERS_hearing_about_Vanessa_Guillen.jpg/220px-Jackie_Speier_chairing_MILPERS_hearing_about_Vanessa_Guillen.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jackie Speier and other Members of Congress calling for justice for Vanessa Guillén in July 2020","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Jackie_Speiers_speaking_in_support_of_Justice_For_Vanessa_Guillen.jpg/220px-Jackie_Speiers_speaking_in_support_of_Justice_For_Vanessa_Guillen.jpg"},{"image_text":"President Donald Trump meets with the family of Vanessa Guillén in the Oval Office on July 30, 2020.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/President_Trump_Meets_with_the_family_of_U.S._Army_SPC_Vanessa_Guillen_%2850170951121%29.jpg/220px-President_Trump_Meets_with_the_family_of_U.S._Army_SPC_Vanessa_Guillen_%2850170951121%29.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"List of solved missing person cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solved_missing_person_cases"},{"title":"Me Too movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me_Too_movement"},{"title":"Murder of Tracie McBride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Tracie_McBride"},{"title":"Sexual harassment in the military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_harassment_in_the_military"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Grand jury indicts Cecily Aguilar on 11 counts in Vanessa Guillen murder trial\". July 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kcentv.com/article/news/local/vanessa-guillen/cecily-aguilar-indicted-on-11-counts-in-vanessa-guillen-murder-trial/500-44fa3459-1b5a-4ee1-b8ae-0c1b710bfd05","url_text":"\"Grand jury indicts Cecily Aguilar on 11 counts in Vanessa Guillen murder trial\""}]},{"reference":"Garcia, John (July 4, 2020). \"Vanessa Guillen bludgeoned to death by fellow soldier, attorney says; suspect ID'd as Calumet City man\". ABC 7 Chicago. Archived from the original on June 13, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220613050316/https://abc7chicago.com/vanessa-guillen-aaron-robinson-update-bludgeoned/6294382/","url_text":"\"Vanessa Guillen bludgeoned to death by fellow soldier, attorney says; suspect ID'd as Calumet City man\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLS-TV","url_text":"ABC 7 Chicago"},{"url":"https://abc7chicago.com/vanessa-guillen-aaron-robinson-update-bludgeoned/6294382/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rempfer, Kyle (July 3, 2020). \"Civilian charged in plot to dismember and hide remains of murdered Fort Hood soldier Vanessa Guillen\". Army Times. Retrieved July 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2020/07/03/civilian-charged-in-plot-to-dismember-and-hide-remains-of-murdered-fort-hood-soldier-vanessa-guillen/","url_text":"\"Civilian charged in plot to dismember and hide remains of murdered Fort Hood soldier Vanessa Guillen\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Kay (July 3, 2020). \"Pfc. Vanessa Guillen bludgeoned to death on Army base, family attorney says\". Retrieved July 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/02/us/vanessa-guillen-fort-hood-disappearance/index.html","url_text":"\"Pfc. Vanessa Guillen bludgeoned to death on Army base, family attorney says\""}]},{"reference":"Horton, Alex; Hernández, Arelis R. (July 1, 2020). \"Remains of missing soldier Vanessa Guillén likely found, family says, as suspect kills himself\". Washington Post. Retrieved July 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2020/07/01/vanessa-guillen-remains/","url_text":"\"Remains of missing soldier Vanessa Guillén likely found, family says, as suspect kills himself\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post","url_text":"Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Cecily Aguilar indicted on 11 counts for involvement in Vanessa Guillen's death\". July 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kxxv.com/news/local-news/cecily-aguilar-indicted-on-11-counts-for-involvement-in-vanessa-guillens-death","url_text":"\"Cecily Aguilar indicted on 11 counts for involvement in Vanessa Guillen's death\""}]},{"reference":"Boyd, Megan (November 29, 2022). \"Cecily Aguilar pleads guilty to felony charges for involvement in Vanessa Guillen's murder\". KWTX. Retrieved June 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kwtx.com/2022/11/29/cecily-aguilar-woman-charged-vanessa-guillens-murder-pleads-guilty-lesser-charges/","url_text":"\"Cecily Aguilar pleads guilty to felony charges for involvement in Vanessa Guillen's murder\""}]},{"reference":"Banks, Gabrielle; Tallet, Olivia P.; Dellinger, Hannah (July 26, 2020). \"Portrait of a fallen soldier\". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved August 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Portrait-of-fallen-soldier-Vanessa-Guillen-Texas-15431859.php","url_text":"\"Portrait of a fallen soldier\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle","url_text":"Houston Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"Egan, Leigh (June 17, 2020). \"'How can you not have these answers?': Reward reaches $55K as desperate search for missing Fort Hood soldier Vanessa Guillen continues\". CrimeOnline.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crimeonline.com/2020/06/17/how-can-you-not-have-these-answers-reward-reaches-50k-as-desperate-search-for-missing-fort-hood-soldier-vanessa-guillen-continues/","url_text":"\"'How can you not have these answers?': Reward reaches $55K as desperate search for missing Fort Hood soldier Vanessa Guillen continues\""}]},{"reference":"Rempfer, Kyle (July 2, 2020). \"Missing Fort Hood soldier was killed in armory, then hacked to pieces, family's attorney says\". Army Times. Retrieved July 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2020/07/02/missing-fort-hood-soldier-was-killed-in-armory-then-hacked-to-pieces-familys-attorney-says/","url_text":"\"Missing Fort Hood soldier was killed in armory, then hacked to pieces, family's attorney says\""}]},{"reference":"Bennett, Abbie (July 1, 2020). \"Army to investigate Fort Hood SHARP program after disappearance of PFC Vanessa Guillen\". Connecting Vets. Retrieved July 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://connectingvets.radio.com/articles/vanessa-guillen-army-to-investigate-fort-hood-sharp","url_text":"\"Army to investigate Fort Hood SHARP program after disappearance of PFC Vanessa Guillen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Calumet City Soldier Aaron David Robinson Was Main Suspect In Murder Of Fellow Soldier Vanessa Guillen\". 2 CBS Chicago. July 2, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://chicago.cbslocal.com/2020/07/02/calumet-city-soldier-aaron-david-robinson-was-main-suspect-in-murder-of-fellow-soldier-vanessa-guillen/","url_text":"\"Calumet City Soldier Aaron David Robinson Was Main Suspect In Murder Of Fellow Soldier Vanessa Guillen\""}]},{"reference":"McCarthy, Tyler (June 15, 2020). \"Salma Hayek uses social media to find missing US Army soldier Vanessa !!!!Guillen\". Fox News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/salma-hayek-social-media-missing-us-soldier-vanessa-guillen","url_text":"\"Salma Hayek uses social media to find missing US Army soldier Vanessa !!!!Guillen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Killeen Woman Faces Federal Charge in Connection with the Disappearance of U.S. Army Specialist Vanessa Guillen\". justice.gov. July 2, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdtx/pr/killeen-woman-faces-federal-charge-connection-disappearance-us-army-specialist-vanessa","url_text":"\"Killeen Woman Faces Federal Charge in Connection with the Disappearance of U.S. Army Specialist Vanessa Guillen\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Alicia (June 17, 2020). \"Reward for missing soldier Vanessa Guillen grows to over $50,000 after Latino group and rapper add to it\". CNN.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/17/us/vanessa-guillen-missing-soldier-reward-baby-bash-trnd/index.html","url_text":"\"Reward for missing soldier Vanessa Guillen grows to over $50,000 after Latino group and rapper add to it\""}]},{"reference":"Brito, Christopher (June 17, 2020). \"Reward for missing Fort Hood soldier Vanessa Guillen doubles to $50,000\". CBS News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/vanessa-guillen-missing-fort-hood-soldier-50000-reward/","url_text":"\"Reward for missing Fort Hood soldier Vanessa Guillen doubles to $50,000\""}]},{"reference":"Rempfer, Kyle (July 2, 2020). \"Missing Fort Hood soldier was killed in armory, then hacked to pieces, family's attorney says\". Army Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2020/07/02/missing-fort-hood-soldier-was-killed-in-armory-then-hacked-to-pieces-familys-attorney-says/","url_text":"\"Missing Fort Hood soldier was killed in armory, then hacked to pieces, family's attorney says\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, Jack (June 13, 2020). \"Hundreds rally to seek answers for missing soldier Pfc. Vanessa Guillen\". 25 ABC.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kxxv.com/hometown/bell-county/hundreds-rally-to-seek-answers-for-missing-soldier-pfc-vanessa-guillen","url_text":"\"Hundreds rally to seek answers for missing soldier Pfc. Vanessa Guillen\""}]},{"reference":"Osbourne, Heather (June 24, 2020). \"Foul play suspected in Fort Hood soldier Vanessa Guillen's disappearance\". USA TODAY. Retrieved July 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/06/24/missing-fort-hood-solider-vanessa-guillen-foul-play-suspected-army/3248452001/","url_text":"\"Foul play suspected in Fort Hood soldier Vanessa Guillen's disappearance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vanessa Guillen search: Lawmaker suspects foul play in the disappearance of Texas soldier\". 6 ABC Action News. June 23, 2020. Retrieved June 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://6abc.com/vanessa-guillen-missing-fort-hood-update-find/6262183/","url_text":"\"Vanessa Guillen search: Lawmaker suspects foul play in the disappearance of Texas soldier\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fort Hood says they have found no connection with sexual harassment and Guillen's disappearance\". KXXV 25 ABC News. July 2, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kxxv.com/hometown/fort-hood/fort-hood-says-they-have-found-no-connection-with-sexual-harassment-and-guillens-disappearance","url_text":"\"Fort Hood says they have found no connection with sexual harassment and Guillen's disappearance\""}]},{"reference":"Caldwell, Jasmin (July 31, 2020). \"Congresswoman Sylvia Garcia hosts virtual update on Vanessa Guillén case\". kcentv.com. Retrieved September 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kcentv.com/article/news/local/vanessa-guillen/congresswoman-sylvia-garcia-to-host-virtual-press-conference-on-vanessa-guillen/500-04d3c5d2-bea6-49a3-9c2f-441f838d1dda","url_text":"\"Congresswoman Sylvia Garcia hosts virtual update on Vanessa Guillén case\""}]},{"reference":"Bonvillian, Crystal (July 6, 2020). \"She 'never made it out of the Army alive': Affidavit details killing of Fort Hood soldier Vanessa Guillen\". Fox23 News. 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Retrieved July 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/2173534/army-senior-leaders-update-reporters-on-us-army-response-to-covid-19/","url_text":"\"Army Senior Leaders Update Reporters on U.S. Army Response to COVID-19\""}]},{"reference":"Carvajal, Nikki (July 30, 2020). \"Trump meets with family of Vanessa Guillen and pledges to help | CNN Politics\". CNN. Retrieved June 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/30/politics/vanessa-guillen-family-donald-trump/index.html","url_text":"\"Trump meets with family of Vanessa Guillen and pledges to help | CNN Politics\""}]},{"reference":"Coronado, Acacia (November 30, 2022). \"Texas woman pleads guilty to role in Vanessa Guillen's death\". AP NEWS. 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Retrieved December 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/probe-launched-after-vanessa-guill-n-s-death-finds-permissive-n1250372","url_text":"\"14 Fort Hood leaders disciplined as probe finds 'permissive environment for sexual assault' at the Army base\""}]},{"reference":"\"Secretary McCarthy holds Fort Hood Leaders Accountable, Announces New Investigations\". Army.mil. Retrieved December 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.army.mil/article/241491/secretary_mccarthy_holds_fort_hood_leaders_accountable_announces_new_investigations","url_text":"\"Secretary McCarthy holds Fort Hood Leaders Accountable, Announces New Investigations\""}]},{"reference":"Kates, Graham (December 9, 2020). \"14 fired or suspended following Fort Hood investigation into Vanessa Guillén's death\". CBS News. Retrieved December 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/fort-hood-vanessa-guillen-investigation-army-fires-suspends-14-officers/","url_text":"\"14 fired or suspended following Fort Hood investigation into Vanessa Guillén's death\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News","url_text":"CBS News"}]},{"reference":"Rose L. Thayer (July 21, 2021). \"New general takes command of Fort Hood's 1st Cavalry Division after investigation clears former commander of wrongdoing\". Stars and Stripes.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stripes.com/branches/army/2021-07-21/fort-hood-new-commander-1st-cavalry-division-richardson-2215491.html","url_text":"\"New general takes command of Fort Hood's 1st Cavalry Division after investigation clears former commander of wrongdoing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Executive Order, 2022 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial\". January 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/01/26/fact-sheet-executive-order-2022-amendments-to-the-manual-for-courts-martial/","url_text":"\"Executive Order, 2022 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial\""}]}]
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Vanessa Guillen bludgeoned to death on Army base, family attorney says\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2020/07/01/vanessa-guillen-remains/","external_links_name":"\"Remains of missing soldier Vanessa Guillén likely found, family says, as suspect kills himself\""},{"Link":"https://www.kxxv.com/news/local-news/cecily-aguilar-indicted-on-11-counts-for-involvement-in-vanessa-guillens-death","external_links_name":"\"Cecily Aguilar indicted on 11 counts for involvement in Vanessa Guillen's death\""},{"Link":"https://www.kwtx.com/2022/11/29/cecily-aguilar-woman-charged-vanessa-guillens-murder-pleads-guilty-lesser-charges/","external_links_name":"\"Cecily Aguilar pleads guilty to felony charges for involvement in Vanessa Guillen's murder\""},{"Link":"https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Portrait-of-fallen-soldier-Vanessa-Guillen-Texas-15431859.php","external_links_name":"\"Portrait of a fallen soldier\""},{"Link":"https://www.crimeonline.com/2020/06/17/how-can-you-not-have-these-answers-reward-reaches-50k-as-desperate-search-for-missing-fort-hood-soldier-vanessa-guillen-continues/","external_links_name":"\"'How can you not have these answers?': Reward reaches $55K as desperate search for missing Fort Hood soldier Vanessa Guillen continues\""},{"Link":"https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2020/07/02/missing-fort-hood-soldier-was-killed-in-armory-then-hacked-to-pieces-familys-attorney-says/","external_links_name":"\"Missing Fort Hood soldier was killed in armory, then hacked to pieces, family's attorney says\""},{"Link":"https://connectingvets.radio.com/articles/vanessa-guillen-army-to-investigate-fort-hood-sharp","external_links_name":"\"Army to investigate Fort Hood SHARP program after disappearance of PFC Vanessa Guillen\""},{"Link":"https://chicago.cbslocal.com/2020/07/02/calumet-city-soldier-aaron-david-robinson-was-main-suspect-in-murder-of-fellow-soldier-vanessa-guillen/","external_links_name":"\"Calumet City Soldier Aaron David Robinson Was Main Suspect In Murder Of Fellow Soldier Vanessa Guillen\""},{"Link":"https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/salma-hayek-social-media-missing-us-soldier-vanessa-guillen","external_links_name":"\"Salma Hayek uses social media to find missing US Army soldier Vanessa !!!!Guillen\""},{"Link":"https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdtx/pr/killeen-woman-faces-federal-charge-connection-disappearance-us-army-specialist-vanessa","external_links_name":"\"Killeen Woman Faces Federal Charge in Connection with the Disappearance of U.S. Army Specialist Vanessa Guillen\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/17/us/vanessa-guillen-missing-soldier-reward-baby-bash-trnd/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Reward for missing soldier Vanessa Guillen grows to over $50,000 after Latino group and rapper add to it\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/vanessa-guillen-missing-fort-hood-soldier-50000-reward/","external_links_name":"\"Reward for missing Fort Hood soldier Vanessa Guillen doubles to $50,000\""},{"Link":"https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2020/07/02/missing-fort-hood-soldier-was-killed-in-armory-then-hacked-to-pieces-familys-attorney-says/","external_links_name":"\"Missing Fort Hood soldier was killed in armory, then hacked to pieces, family's attorney says\""},{"Link":"https://www.kxxv.com/hometown/bell-county/hundreds-rally-to-seek-answers-for-missing-soldier-pfc-vanessa-guillen","external_links_name":"\"Hundreds rally to seek answers for missing soldier Pfc. Vanessa Guillen\""},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/06/24/missing-fort-hood-solider-vanessa-guillen-foul-play-suspected-army/3248452001/","external_links_name":"\"Foul play suspected in Fort Hood soldier Vanessa Guillen's disappearance\""},{"Link":"https://6abc.com/vanessa-guillen-missing-fort-hood-update-find/6262183/","external_links_name":"\"Vanessa Guillen search: Lawmaker suspects foul play in the disappearance of Texas soldier\""},{"Link":"https://www.kxxv.com/hometown/fort-hood/fort-hood-says-they-have-found-no-connection-with-sexual-harassment-and-guillens-disappearance","external_links_name":"\"Fort Hood says they have found no connection with sexual harassment and Guillen's disappearance\""},{"Link":"https://www.kcentv.com/article/news/local/vanessa-guillen/congresswoman-sylvia-garcia-to-host-virtual-press-conference-on-vanessa-guillen/500-04d3c5d2-bea6-49a3-9c2f-441f838d1dda","external_links_name":"\"Congresswoman Sylvia Garcia hosts virtual update on Vanessa Guillén case\""},{"Link":"https://www.fox23.com/news/trending/she-never-made-it-out-army-alive-affidavit-details-killing-fort-hood-soldier-vanessa-guillen/FGJBYW53XBDLHC6SS4G7YLTYFY/","external_links_name":"\"She 'never made it out of the Army alive': Affidavit details killing of Fort Hood soldier Vanessa Guillen\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/30/us/vanessa-guillen-fort-hood-aaron-robinson.html","external_links_name":"\"Military Missteps Allowed Soldier Accused of Murder to Flee, Report Says\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2020/07/05/vanessa-guillen-remains-identified-ft-hood/","external_links_name":"\"Remains of missing soldier Vanessa Guillén identified by Army, family says\""},{"Link":"https://www.kcentv.com/article/news/crime/civilian-suspect-named-in-connection-to-vanessa-guillen-disappearance/500-a1d64421-0236-410c-9257-811b2364331b","external_links_name":"\"Vanessa Guillen killed with hammer and her body mutilated, affidavit says\""},{"Link":"https://abc13.com/vanessa-guillen-new-court-documents-released-motive-for-murder-justice/11890872/","external_links_name":"\"New court documents in Vanessa Guillen's case reveal possible motive for murder\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200722144234/https://www.cid.army.mil/assets/docs/press-releases/Fort%20Hood%20Missing%20Soldier.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Public's Help Sought in Locating Fort Hood Soldier\""},{"Link":"https://www.cid.army.mil/assets/docs/press-releases/Fort%20Hood%20Missing%20Soldier.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/2173534/army-senior-leaders-update-reporters-on-us-army-response-to-covid-19/","external_links_name":"\"Army Senior Leaders Update Reporters on U.S. Army Response to COVID-19\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/30/politics/vanessa-guillen-family-donald-trump/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Trump meets with family of Vanessa Guillen and pledges to help | CNN Politics\""},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/texas-arrests-ecec88c1ab23e40c8e8ac9600ecb2f34","external_links_name":"\"Texas woman pleads guilty to role in Vanessa Guillen's death\""},{"Link":"https://edition.cnn.com/2020/12/08/politics/fort-hood-investigation/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Army punishes 14 senior officers after murder and other deaths at Fort Hood\""},{"Link":"https://abc13.com/vanessa-guillen-mural-well-known-houston-artist-makes-fort-hood-soldier/6291562/","external_links_name":"\"Houston artists pay tribute to Vanessa Guillen\""},{"Link":"https://abc13.com/vanessa-guillen-mural-fort-hood-soldier-art/6300611/","external_links_name":"\"New mural pays tribute to Vanessa Guillen in her neighborhood\""},{"Link":"https://abc13.com/society/mayor-turner-honors-vanessa-guillen-with-visit-to-mural/6298590/","external_links_name":"\"Mayor Turner honors Vanessa Guillen with visit to mural\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/jul/18/vanessa-guillen-richmond-california-military-abuses","external_links_name":"\"'It's like she's my daughter': After Vanessa Guillén's killing, a California city reckons with the military\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/gate-honor-vanessa-guilln-unveiled-fort-hood-rcna720","external_links_name":"\"Fort Hood unveils gate and plaque honoring Vanessa Guillén\""},{"Link":"https://www.stripes.com/news/us/fort-hood-names-gate-after-slain-spc-vanessa-guillen-1.670392","external_links_name":"\"Fort Hood names gate after slain Spc. Vanessa Guillen\""},{"Link":"https://www.houstonpublicmedia.org/articles/news/houston/2022/05/12/424986/houston-post-office-will-soon-be-renamed-after-vanessa-guillen/","external_links_name":"\"Houston post office will soon be renamed after Vanessa Guillén\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2020/09/16/proposed-vanessa-guilln-law-would-transform-militarys-sexual-misconduct-inquiries/","external_links_name":"\"Proposed Vanessa Guillén law would transform military's sexual misconduct inquiries\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","external_links_name":"0190-8286"},{"Link":"https://kpfa.org/episode/flashpoints-march-10-2021/","external_links_name":"\"\"Interview with Gloria Guillen\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/army-secretary-pledges-take-steps-vanessa-guillen-case-meeting-latino-n1233475","external_links_name":"\"Army secretary pledges \"full, independent review\" in Vanessa Guillen case\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55235381","external_links_name":"\"Fort Hood: Soldiers fired and suspended after Vanessa Guillen probe\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/probe-launched-after-vanessa-guill-n-s-death-finds-permissive-n1250372","external_links_name":"\"14 Fort Hood leaders disciplined as probe finds 'permissive environment for sexual assault' at the Army base\""},{"Link":"https://www.army.mil/article/241491/secretary_mccarthy_holds_fort_hood_leaders_accountable_announces_new_investigations","external_links_name":"\"Secretary McCarthy holds Fort Hood Leaders Accountable, Announces New Investigations\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/fort-hood-vanessa-guillen-investigation-army-fires-suspends-14-officers/","external_links_name":"\"14 fired or suspended following Fort Hood investigation into Vanessa Guillén's death\""},{"Link":"https://www.stripes.com/branches/army/2021-07-21/fort-hood-new-commander-1st-cavalry-division-richardson-2215491.html","external_links_name":"\"New general takes command of Fort Hood's 1st Cavalry Division after investigation clears former commander of wrongdoing\""},{"Link":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/01/26/fact-sheet-executive-order-2022-amendments-to-the-manual-for-courts-martial/","external_links_name":"\"Executive Order, 2022 Amendments to the Manual for Courts-Martial\""},{"Link":"http://findvanessaguillen.com/","external_links_name":"Find Vanessa Guillén website"},{"Link":"https://apnews.com/article/army-crowdsource-combat-sexual-assault-4b622cb4c2e842ffd8d074ec932edf83","external_links_name":"US Army crowdsources ideas to combat sexual assault crisis By SARAH BLAKE MORGAN February 26, 2021"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Young_Jr.
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John J. Young Jr.
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["1 Early life and education","2 Early career","3 Later career","4 References","5 External links"]
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John J. Young Jr.Born (1962-05-29) May 29, 1962 (age 62)Newnan, GeorgiaNationalityAmericanAlma materGeorgia Institute of Technology
Stanford UniversityScientific careerInstitutionsLockheed Martin Aeronautics
Rockwell International
Sandia National Laboratories
United States Senate Committee on Appropriations
United States Department of the Navy
Office of the Secretary of Defense
John Jacob Young Jr. (born May 29, 1962 in Newnan, Georgia) was United States Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and Acquisitions) from 2001 to 2005 and Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics from 2007 to 2009. He is the founder and principal of JY Strategies, LLC.
Early life and education
John J. Young Jr. was educated at the Georgia Institute of Technology (bachelor's degree in Aerospace Engineering). Participating in Georgia Tech's cooperative education program, while in university, he worked for Lockheed Martin Aeronautics in Fort Worth, Texas, where his work included engineering work for the F-16 Fighting Falcon and advanced fighter technology. He next worked at the Braddock Dunn & McDonald facility in Huntsville, Alabama, where he provided engineering support for the United States Army's missile defense efforts.
Young then returned to school, attending Stanford University, receiving a master's degree in Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Early career
After earning his master's degree, he took a job with Rockwell International's Missile Systems Division in Duluth, Georgia. He joined Sandia National Laboratories in 1988, and his work at Sandia focused on hypersonic weapons, the aerodynamics of maneuverable reentry vehicles, and standoff bombs.
Young won an American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Congressional Fellowship that took him to Washington, D.C. to work for the United States Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Defense; after his fellowship, he joined the professional staff of the United States Senate Committee on Appropriations as the staff analyst for United States Department of Defense procurement, research, development, test and evaluation (RDT&E). In this capacity, he was responsible for reviewing all Department of Defense aircraft procurement programs, the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization, and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. He also reviewed the science and technology budgets of the United States Navy, the United States Army, and the Office of the Secretary of Defense.
Later career
Young (left) and Rear Admiral John Butler at the announcement of plans for the United States Navy to acquire six Virginia class submarines, August 2003.
On June 24, 2001, President of the United States George W. Bush nominated Young as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and Acquisitions) and he was sworn in on July 17, 2001. He served in this office until November 6, 2005. During his time as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and Acquisitions), Young sought to help contain the research and development and procurement costs of the United States Department of the Navy.
A supporter of missile defense, he (along with Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Vern Clark and Lieutenant General Ronald T. Kadish), oversaw the transfer of the USS Lake Erie (CG-70) to the Missile Defense Agency; the procurement of the RIM-161 Standard Missile 3; and the modification of Arleigh Burke class destroyers to provide sea-based missile defense. Young began the RIM-174 Standard ERAM program and oversaw the addition of the AIM-120 AMRAAM to the Navy's Standard Missile. He also successfully earned Congressional approval for funding for the first Virginia class submarine. Other major initiatives included awarding contracts to begin construction of Zumwalt class destroyers, the P-8 Poseidon, the Lewis and Clark class dry cargo ships, the VH-71 Kestrel, and the Littoral Combat Ships. With his Air Force counterpart, he approved the Joint Tactical Radio System and the Distributed Common Ground System plan.
Upon leaving the post of Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and Acquisitions) in 2005, Young became Director of Defense Research and Engineering for the United States Department of Defense. In addition to his duties as DDR&E, he successfully managed a task force that expanded the use of biometric systems to improve the security of U.S. forces and neighborhoods in Iraq. Defense Secretary Robert Gates then asked Young to lead a task for to expedite the production of Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) vehicles. Under his leadership, DoD ramped up production to over 1,000 MRAPs per month, delivering over 14,000 MRAPs in roughly 18 months. These vehicles saved the lives of many soldiers from improvised explosive devices (IEDs), becoming one of the hallmarks of Secretary Gates' tenure. In 2007, President Bush nominated Young as Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics and, after confirmation by the United States Senate on October 4, 2007, Young took up this post in November 2007. As Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics, Young was responsible for providing United States Secretary of Defense Robert Gates and United States Deputy Secretary of Defense Gordon R. England with advice on all Department of Defense procurements, acquisitions, technological issues, and logistics. Notable work as AT&L included endorsing a remarkable swap of DDG-1000 and DDG-51 shipbuilding contracts between two industry teams and implementing new acquisition practices, management approaches and requirements reviews. He left this post in 2009 and founded JY Strategies, LLC, where he specializes in providing strategic insight to firms on defense programs, the Department of Defense, the Congressional authorization and appropriations process and change management. In addition to his work with JY Strategies, Young was VP of Business Development for E6 Partners, working with former Deputy Secretary of Defense, Gordon England. John is also a member of the Board of Directors of Saab Defense USA, SRI International, Ultra Electronics, Tenax Aerospace, Satelles, Assured Information Security and the Potomac Institute for Policy Studies. He serves on the advisory board of Georgia Tech Research Institute and Stevens Institute of Technology Acquisition Innovation Research Center, and he is a Senior Fellow and a member of the Board of Regents of the Potomac Institute. John is a Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. He served as Commissioner on the Congressional Intelligence Research and Development (R&D) Commission from January 2012- December 2013.
References
^ a b c d e "Nominations Before The Senate Armed Services Committee, First Session, 110th Congress" (PDF). United States Government Printing Office. pp. 1093–1190. Retrieved 2012-01-27.
^ a b c d e f "The Honorable John J. Young Jr". United States Navy. Retrieved 2012-01-27.
^ a b "John J. Young Jr. Joins SRI Board of Directors". 2009-09-18. Retrieved 2013-06-13.
^ "John J. Young Jr". Acquisition Community Connection. Defense Acquisition University. Retrieved 2012-01-27.
External links
Media related to John J. Young Jr. at Wikimedia Commons
Appearances on C-SPAN
Government offices
Preceded byH. Lee Buchanan IIIPaul A. Schneider (acting)
Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and Acquisitions) July 17, 2001 – November 6, 2005
Succeeded byDelores M. Etter
Preceded byRonald M. Sega
Director of Defense Research and Engineering 2005–2008
Succeeded byZachary J. Lemnios
Preceded byEdward C. Aldridge Jr.
Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics November 2007 – 2009
Succeeded byAshton Carter
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newnan, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newnan,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nom-1"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and Acquisitions)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy_(Research,_Development_and_Acquisitions)"},{"link_name":"Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Defense_for_Acquisition,_Technology_and_Logistics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-navy-2"}],"text":"John Jacob Young Jr. (born May 29, 1962 in Newnan, Georgia)[1] was United States Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and Acquisitions) from 2001 to 2005 and Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics from 2007 to 2009.[2] He is the founder and principal of JY Strategies, LLC.","title":"John J. Young Jr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"Aerospace Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_Engineering"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sri-3"},{"link_name":"cooperative education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_education"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Martin Aeronautics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Aeronautics"},{"link_name":"Fort Worth, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas"},{"link_name":"F-16 Fighting Falcon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon"},{"link_name":"fighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_aircraft"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-navy-2"},{"link_name":"Braddock Dunn & McDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braddock_Dunn_%26_McDonald"},{"link_name":"Huntsville, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"missile defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_defense"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-navy-2"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"master's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"Aeronautics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeronautics"},{"link_name":"Astronautics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronautics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sri-3"}],"text":"John J. Young Jr. was educated at the Georgia Institute of Technology (bachelor's degree in Aerospace Engineering).[3] Participating in Georgia Tech's cooperative education program, while in university, he worked for Lockheed Martin Aeronautics in Fort Worth, Texas, where his work included engineering work for the F-16 Fighting Falcon and advanced fighter technology.[2] He next worked at the Braddock Dunn & McDonald facility in Huntsville, Alabama, where he provided engineering support for the United States Army's missile defense efforts.[2]Young then returned to school, attending Stanford University, receiving a master's degree in Aeronautics and Astronautics.[3]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rockwell International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwell_International"},{"link_name":"Duluth, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duluth,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-navy-2"},{"link_name":"Sandia National Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandia_National_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"maneuverable reentry vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maneuverable_reentry_vehicle"},{"link_name":"standoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standoff_(missile)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-navy-2"},{"link_name":"American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"United States Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Appropriations_Subcommittee_on_Defense"},{"link_name":"United States Senate Committee on Appropriations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Appropriations"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-navy-2"},{"link_name":"aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft"},{"link_name":"procurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procurement"},{"link_name":"Ballistic Missile Defense Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Organization"},{"link_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Office of the Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nom-1"}],"text":"After earning his master's degree, he took a job with Rockwell International's Missile Systems Division in Duluth, Georgia.[2] He joined Sandia National Laboratories in 1988, and his work at Sandia focused on hypersonic weapons, the aerodynamics of maneuverable reentry vehicles, and standoff bombs.[2]Young won an American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Congressional Fellowship that took him to Washington, D.C. to work for the United States Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Defense; after his fellowship, he joined the professional staff of the United States Senate Committee on Appropriations as the staff analyst for United States Department of Defense procurement, research, development, test and evaluation (RDT&E).[2] In this capacity, he was responsible for reviewing all Department of Defense aircraft procurement programs, the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization, and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. He also reviewed the science and technology budgets of the United States Navy, the United States Army, and the Office of the Secretary of Defense.[1]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_030814-D-9880W-316_Rear_Adm._John_Butler_responds_to_a_technical_question_from_a_reporter_during_a_Pentagon_press_briefing_on_the_details_of_a_newly_signed_contract_to_acquire_six_Virginia_Class_submarines.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Virginia class submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_class_submarine"},{"link_name":"President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and Acquisitions)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy_(Research,_Development_and_Acquisitions)"},{"link_name":"United States Department of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nom-1"},{"link_name":"Chief of Naval Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations"},{"link_name":"Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Vern Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vern_Clark"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Ronald T. Kadish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_T._Kadish"},{"link_name":"USS Lake Erie (CG-70)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Lake_Erie_(CG-70)"},{"link_name":"Missile Defense Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missile_Defense_Agency"},{"link_name":"RIM-161 Standard Missile 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIM-161_Standard_Missile_3"},{"link_name":"Arleigh Burke class destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arleigh_Burke_class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"RIM-174 Standard ERAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIM-174_Standard_ERAM"},{"link_name":"AIM-120 AMRAAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM-120_AMRAAM"},{"link_name":"Standard Missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Missile"},{"link_name":"Virginia class submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Zumwalt class destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zumwalt_class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"P-8 Poseidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-8_Poseidon"},{"link_name":"Lewis and Clark class dry cargo ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_class_dry_cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"VH-71 Kestrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH-71_Kestrel"},{"link_name":"Littoral Combat Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral_combat_ship"},{"link_name":"Joint Tactical Radio System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Tactical_Radio_System"},{"link_name":"Distributed Common Ground System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_Common_Ground_System"},{"link_name":"Director of Defense Research and Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_Defense_Research_and_Engineering"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nom-1"},{"link_name":"Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Defense_for_Acquisition,_Technology_and_Logistics"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nom-1"},{"link_name":"United States Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Robert Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gates"},{"link_name":"United States Deputy Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Gordon R. England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_R._England"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"JY Strategies, LLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jystrategies.com"},{"link_name":"SRI International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SRI_International"}],"text":"Young (left) and Rear Admiral John Butler at the announcement of plans for the United States Navy to acquire six Virginia class submarines, August 2003.On June 24, 2001, President of the United States George W. Bush nominated Young as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and Acquisitions) and he was sworn in on July 17, 2001. He served in this office until November 6, 2005. During his time as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and Acquisitions), Young sought to help contain the research and development and procurement costs of the United States Department of the Navy.[1]A supporter of missile defense, he (along with Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Vern Clark and Lieutenant General Ronald T. Kadish), oversaw the transfer of the USS Lake Erie (CG-70) to the Missile Defense Agency; the procurement of the RIM-161 Standard Missile 3; and the modification of Arleigh Burke class destroyers to provide sea-based missile defense. Young began the RIM-174 Standard ERAM program and oversaw the addition of the AIM-120 AMRAAM to the Navy's Standard Missile. He also successfully earned Congressional approval for funding for the first Virginia class submarine. Other major initiatives included awarding contracts to begin construction of Zumwalt class destroyers, the P-8 Poseidon, the Lewis and Clark class dry cargo ships, the VH-71 Kestrel, and the Littoral Combat Ships. With his Air Force counterpart, he approved the Joint Tactical Radio System and the Distributed Common Ground System plan.Upon leaving the post of Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and Acquisitions) in 2005, Young became Director of Defense Research and Engineering for the United States Department of Defense.[1] In addition to his duties as DDR&E, he successfully managed a task force that expanded the use of biometric systems to improve the security of U.S. forces and neighborhoods in Iraq. Defense Secretary Robert Gates then asked Young to lead a task for to expedite the production of Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) vehicles. Under his leadership, DoD ramped up production to over 1,000 MRAPs per month, delivering over 14,000 MRAPs in roughly 18 months. These vehicles saved the lives of many soldiers from improvised explosive devices (IEDs), becoming one of the hallmarks of Secretary Gates' tenure. In 2007, President Bush nominated Young as Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics and, after confirmation by the United States Senate on October 4, 2007,[1] Young took up this post in November 2007. As Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics, Young was responsible for providing United States Secretary of Defense Robert Gates and United States Deputy Secretary of Defense Gordon R. England with advice on all Department of Defense procurements, acquisitions, technological issues, and logistics.[4] Notable work as AT&L included endorsing a remarkable swap of DDG-1000 and DDG-51 shipbuilding contracts between two industry teams and implementing new acquisition practices, management approaches and requirements reviews. He left this post in 2009 and founded JY Strategies, LLC, where he specializes in providing strategic insight to firms on defense programs, the Department of Defense, the Congressional authorization and appropriations process and change management. In addition to his work with JY Strategies, Young was VP of Business Development for E6 Partners, working with former Deputy Secretary of Defense, Gordon England. John is also a member of the Board of Directors of Saab Defense USA, SRI International, Ultra Electronics, Tenax Aerospace, Satelles, Assured Information Security and the Potomac Institute for Policy Studies. He serves on the advisory board of Georgia Tech Research Institute and Stevens Institute of Technology Acquisition Innovation Research Center, and he is a Senior Fellow and a member of the Board of Regents of the Potomac Institute. John is a Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. He served as Commissioner on the Congressional Intelligence Research and Development (R&D) Commission from January 2012- December 2013.","title":"Later career"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_of_Malaysia
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Environment of Malaysia
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["1 Biota","1.1 Ecoregions and land use","2 Climate","2.1 Air Pollution Index","3 Environmental law and conservation","3.1 Treaties and international agreements","3.2 Environmental organisations","4 Environmental issues","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Megadiverse ecology with rainforests and ocean
Malaysia is a Southeast Asian country straddling the South China Sea.
The environment of Malaysia is the biotas and geologies that constitute the natural environment of Malaysia. Malaysia's ecology is megadiverse, with a biodiverse range of flora and fauna found in various ecoregions throughout the country. Tropical rainforests encompass between 59% and 70% of Malaysia's total land area, of which 11.6% is pristine. Malaysia has the world's fifth largest mangrove area, which totals over a half a million hectares (over 1.2 million acres).
Human intervention poses a significant threat to the natural environment of this country. Agriculture, forestry and urbanisation contribute to the destruction of forests, mangroves and other thriving ecosystems in the country. Ecosystems and landscapes are dramatically altered by human development, including the construction of roads and damming of rivers. Geographical phenomena, such as landslides and flooding in the Klang Valley, along with haze, stem from widespread deforestation. Subtle climate change occurs as a direct result of air pollution and the greenhouse effect, which in turn is caused by the emission of greenhouse gases. Low-lying areas near the coastline of Sabah and Sarawak are under threat from current sea level rise.
The environment is the subject of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment at the federal level. The Department of Wildlife and National Parks is responsible for the preservation of flora and fauna in Malaysia. Several environmental organisations have been established to raise awareness regarding the environmental issues in Malaysia.
Biota
Main article: Wildlife of Malaysia
The rafflesia can be found in the jungles of Malaysia.
Malaysia is home to 15,500 species of higher plants, 746 birds, 379 reptiles, 198 amphibians, and 368 species of fish. There are also 286 species of mammals in Malaysia, of which 27 are endemic and 51 are threatened. Some of these mammals are found in both Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia. The former has 193 species of mammals, while the latter has 215. Among the mammals that are native to Malaysia include the Asian elephant, the Indochinese tiger, the leopard cat and the pot-bellied pig. Endangered species include the orangutan, the tiger, the Asian elephant, the Malayan tapir, the Sumatran rhinoceros and the Singapore roundleaf horseshoe bat. The tropical moist broadleaf forests of Peninsular Malaysia consist of 450 species of birds and over 6,000 different species of trees, of which 1,000 are vascular plants that occur naturally in karsts. The rainforests of East Malaysia are denser, with over 400 species of tall dipterocarps and semihardwoods.
The national flower of Malaysia is the Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, an evergreen that was introduced into the Malay Peninsula in the 12th century. The rafflesia is also widely found in the country.
Ecoregions and land use
There are various ecoregions in Malaysia with varying degrees of prevalence. Major forests account for 45% of all ecoregions in the country, interrupted woods represent 33%, major wetlands constitute 3%, grass and shrubs make up 2% while other coastal aquatic regions form 8% of the country's land area, with crops and settlements taking up the remaining space. Malaysia has many national parks, although most of them are de facto state parks. The Taman Negara National Park in central Peninsular Malaysia is 130 million years old, making it one of the oldest rainforests in the world.
The Matang Mangrove Forest, otherwise known as the Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve (MMFR), located in Perak in Peninsular Malaysia is about 40,000 hectares in size and is considered the largest stretch of mangrove forests in Peninsular Malaysia. Conservationists and local residents work together to maintain the Matang Mangrove Forest, and aside from five small fishing villages located inside the forest, the land is uninhabited. Since conservation efforts started in 1906, after it was designated as a permanent forest reserve and managed closely by the Forestry Department, the MMFR has become one of the world's best managed mangrove forests, utilizing a 30-year rotational conservation method involving two artificial tree thinnings occurring in 15 and 20 year-old blocks, and then a clear felling during the 30 year-old block.
About 41% of the land area is classified as "low human disturbance", 19% is categorised as "medium human disturbance" and 40% falls under the "high human disturbance" category. 2.7% of the land is totally protected, 1.77% is partially protected and 4.47% is totally or partially protected.
Climate
Main articles: Climate of Malaysia and Climate change in Malaysia
The precipitation map of Peninsular Malaysia in December 2004 shows heavy precipitation on the east coast, causing floods there.
Malaysia lies along the 1st parallel north to the 7th parallel north circles of latitude, roughly equal to Roraima (Brazil), the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Kenya. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Malaysia has a tropical rainforest climate due to its proximity to the equator. The country is hot and humid all year round, with an average temperature of 27 °C (80.6 °F) and almost no variability in the yearly temperature.
The country experiences two monsoon seasons, the Northeast Monsoon and the Southwest Monsoon. The Northeast Monsoon brings heavy rainfall to the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia and western Sarawak, while the Southwest Monsoon signifies dryer conditions throughout the country except Sabah. During the Southwest Monsoon, most states experience minimal rainfall due to the stable atmospheric conditions in the region and the Sumatran mountain range, which brings about the rain shadow effect. Sabah experiences more rainfall because of the tail effect of typhoons in the Philippines.
The urban heat island effect is caused by overdevelopment and general human activities in the cities of Malaysia.
Air Pollution Index
Main article: Air Pollution Index § Malaysia
The Air Pollution Index (API) is used by the government to describe the air quality in Malaysia. The API value is calculated based on average concentrations of air pollutants, namely sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone and fine dust (PM10). The air pollutant with the highest concentration is the pollutant that will determine the value of the API. Fine dust is typically the dominant pollutant.
The API is reported on a scale starting from 0. A score of 0 to 50 is considered good, 51 to 100 is moderate, 101 to 200 is unhealthy, 201 to 300 is very unhealthy and anything higher than 300 is hazardous. A state of emergency is declared in the reporting area if the API exceeds 500, which occurred in Port Klang in 2005. Non-essential government services are suspended, and all ports and schools in the affected area are closed. Private sector commercial and industrial activities in the reporting area might be prohibited.
Environmental law and conservation
Main article: Conservation in Malaysia
In 1906, the Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve (MMFR) was designated as a permanent forest reserve and has been closely monitored and maintained by the Forestry Department since 1908.
The Environmental Quality Act of 1974 and other environmental laws are administered by the Division of Environment. Clean-air legislation was adopted in 1978, limiting industrial and automobile emissions. However, air pollutant remains a problem in Malaysian cities.
The National Forestry Act of 1984 was enacted for sustainable forest management, but the act has not been enforced.
Treaties and international agreements
Malaysia is a party to the following international environmental agreements:
Convention on Biological Diversity,
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification,
Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes,
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,
Marine Life Conservation,
Nuclear Test Ban,
Ozone Layer Protection,
Ship Pollution,
Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands
Malaysia signed but did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol on climate change.
Environmental organisations
The following is a non-exhaustive list of several non-governmental organisations devoted to the preservation and conservation of the environment in Malaysia:
Borneo Resources Institute Malaysia
Centre for Environment, Technology & Development, Malaysia
Centre for Environmental Technologies
Environmental Management and Research Association of Malaysia
Environmental Protection Society Malaysia
Global Environment Centre
Malaysian Karst Society
Malaysian Nature Society
Malaysian Society of Marine Sciences
Partners of Community Organisations Saba
Sabah Wetlands Conservation Society
Socio-Economic and Environmental Research Institute
Sustainable Development Network Malaysia
TRAFFIC Southeast Asia
Treat Every Environment Special Sdn Bhd
Wetlands International (Malaysian chapter)
World Wide Fund for Nature (Malaysian chapter)
Water Watch Penang
Wild Asia
Environmental issues
Main article: Environmental issues in Malaysia
The 2005 Malaysian haze over Kuala Lumpur. Haze is one of the most serious environmental issues in Malaysia.
There are a number of environmental issues faced by Malaysia, such as deforestation and pollution. According to a study by Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies in 2008, about 30% of Malaysian coastline is subject to varying degrees of erosion. According to the United Nations, Malaysia's deforestation rate was the highest among tropical nations. The country's annual deforestation rate increased 86% between 1999–2000 and 2000–2005. Malaysia lost an average of 140,200 hectares of its forests or 0.65% of its total forest area every year since 2000, whereas in the 1990s, the country lost an average of 78,500 hectares, or 0.35 percent of its forests annually.
Widespread urbanisation, agricultural fires and forest conversion for oil palm plantations and other forms of agriculture are the main causes of Malaysia's high deforestation rate. Logging is responsible for forest degradation in the country, and local timber companies have been accused by environmental organisations of failing to practice sustainable forest management.
Mining in Peninsular Malaysia has left a mark on the environment. Deforestation, pollution of rivers, and siltation have resulted in losses of agriculture, and road projects have opened new areas to colonisation.
Air pollution from industrial and vehicular emissions is a major issue in the urban areas of Malaysia. Malaysia is ranked 42nd in the world in terms of vehicle ownership per capita, with 273 Malaysians having vehicles out of every 1000. Public transportation has been introduced in the form of bus networks and railway systems as mitigation, but utilisation rates are low.
Water pollution occurs due to the discharge of untreated sewage; the west coast of the Peninsular Malaysia is the most heavily populated area.
40% of the rivers in Malaysia are heavily polluted. The country has 580 cubic km of water, of which 76% is used for farming and 13% is used for industrial activity. Cities in Malaysia produce an average of 1.5 million tons of solid waste per year.
In 2000, Malaysia was ranked fourth in the world in terms of per capita greenhouse gas emissions after taking into account land use change with 37.2 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent per capita.
Periodic fires, which usually coincide with the events of el Niño, burn thousands of hectares of forests across Malaysia, especially in Malaysian Borneo. The haze originating from these fires and the fires in Kalimantan, Indonesia typically have adverse health effects on the populace, besides causing air pollution. In particular, the 1997 Southeast Asian haze, the 2005 Malaysian haze and the 2006 Southeast Asian haze were caused by slash and burn activities in neighbouring Indonesia.
On 23 June 2013, the air pollutant index (API) in Muar, Johor has spiked to 746 as of 7.00am, which is more than twice the standard hazardous levels according to the Department of Environment website on Sunday. Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak has agreed to declare emergency status in Muar and Ledang with immediate effect after the API readings reached more than 750. He stated that the haze is due to the open-burning in Indonesia and he offered cloud seeding for them. However, the Indonesian Environment Minister Balthasar Kambuaya has identified eight companies with Malaysian links that are being investigated for burning in Riau and Jambi, that has led to the haze that is choking neighbouring countries Malaysia and Singapore. All schools in Selangor and Kuala Lumpur are also called to close for a day due to the haze situation worsening as of 5pm. The highest API ever recorded in Malaysia was in Sarawak in 1997 with a reading of 860. The Minister of Natural Resources and Environment Minister Datuk Seri G. Palanivel was flayed by Penang Chief Minister Lim Guan Eng for prioritising the pandas more than Malaysians, a RM25 million exhibition centre will be completed by November and two pandas will be transported from China. The minister also announced that he would be meeting his Indonesian counterpart this Wednesday to discuss about solutions to overcome the haze problem.
See also
Environment portalMalaysia portal
Biodiversity of Borneo
List of environmental issues
Mangroves of the Straits of Malacca
Recycling in Malaysia
References
^ a b "Malaysia – Flora and fauna". Encyclopedia of the Nations. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
^ a b c d "Malaysia – Environment". Environment of the Nations. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
^ a b c d e f g h "Malaysia: Environmental Profile". Mongabay.com. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
^ "Malaysia: Acacia plantation plan threatens the Belum-Temenggor forest". World Rainforest Movement. Archived from the original on 20 April 2009. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
^ "Development threatens Malaysia's mangroves". The Fish Site. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
^ "Sarawak, the dam-ed state". The Malaysian Insider. Archived from the original on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2010. The damming of a river creates a reservoir upstream where waters spill out into the surrounding environments, flooding the natural habitats that existed before the dam's construction – completely destroying and eliminating all lifeforms within the perimeter of the dam. These lifeforms include carbon-rich plants and trees that upon death releases large amounts of carbon into the atmosphere.
^ "Malaysia Feeling The Heat". Malaysian Wildlife Project. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2010. The east coast of peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak are most susceptible to sea level rise.
^ World Wildlife Fund, ed. (2001). "Peninsular Malaysian rain forests". WildWorld Ecoregion Profile. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 8 March 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
^ a b "Animal Info – Malaysia". Animal Info. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
^ Goessens, Arnaud; Satyanarayana, Behara; Van der Stocken, Tom; Quispe Zuniga, Melissa; Mohd-Lokman, Husain; Sulong, Ibrahim; Dahdouh-Guebas, Farid (21 August 2014). "Is Matang Mangrove Forest in Malaysia Sustainably Rejuvenating after More than a Century of Conservation and Harvesting Management?". PLOS ONE. 9 (8): e105069. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j5069G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105069. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4140741. PMID 25144689.
^ "Matang Mangrove Forest, Malaysia". earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 19 November 2006. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
^ "Malays Travel Guide: Climate of Malaysia". Circle of Asia. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
^ "Monsoon". Malaysian Meteorological Department. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
^ "Air Pollutant Index (6 September 2010)" (in Malay). Department of Environment. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
^ "Matang Mangrove Forest, Malaysia". earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 19 November 2006. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
^ "Member Listing". Malaysian Environmental NGOs. Archived from the original on 15 March 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
^ J. E. Ong, Vulnerability of Malaysia to Sea Level Change (PDF), University Sains Malaysia, archived from the original (PDF) on 10 September 2008, retrieved 28 July 2008
^ "Sustainable Urban Transport Integration". Marcus Evans. Archived from the original on 3 May 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2010. Utilization rates of public transport system in Malaysia are low.
^ TAN, FLORENCE A. SAMY and CHRISTINA. "Haze: Air quality in Johor the worst in years, haze-related health complaints increase". The Star. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
^ K Pragalath (23 June 2013). "Haze: Palani under fire for wrong priorities". Free Malaysia Today. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014.
External links
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Department of Environment Malaysia
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Location_Malaysia_ASEAN.svg"},{"link_name":"South China Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_China_Sea"},{"link_name":"biotas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biota_(ecology)"},{"link_name":"geologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology"},{"link_name":"natural environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"megadiverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megadiverse_countries"},{"link_name":"biodiverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity"},{"link_name":"flora and fauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"ecoregions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion"},{"link_name":"Tropical rainforests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforest"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Malaysia-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Nations-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mongabay-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Nations-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"landslides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide"},{"link_name":"flooding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood"},{"link_name":"Klang Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klang_Valley"},{"link_name":"haze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haze"},{"link_name":"deforestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"air pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"greenhouse effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_effect"},{"link_name":"greenhouse gases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas"},{"link_name":"current sea level rise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_sea_level_rise"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Department of Wildlife and National Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Wildlife_and_National_Parks"},{"link_name":"environmental organisations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Environmental_organisations_based_in_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"environmental issues in Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Malaysia"}],"text":"Malaysia is a Southeast Asian country straddling the South China Sea.The environment of Malaysia is the biotas and geologies that constitute the natural environment of Malaysia. Malaysia's ecology is megadiverse, with a biodiverse range of flora and fauna found in various ecoregions throughout the country. Tropical rainforests encompass between 59% and 70% of Malaysia's total land area, of which 11.6% is pristine.[1][2][3] Malaysia has the world's fifth largest mangrove area, which totals over a half a million hectares (over 1.2 million acres).[2]Human intervention poses a significant threat to the natural environment of this country. Agriculture, forestry and urbanisation contribute to the destruction of forests, mangroves and other thriving ecosystems in the country.[4][5] Ecosystems and landscapes are dramatically altered by human development, including the construction of roads and damming of rivers.[6] Geographical phenomena, such as landslides and flooding in the Klang Valley, along with haze, stem from widespread deforestation. Subtle climate change occurs as a direct result of air pollution and the greenhouse effect, which in turn is caused by the emission of greenhouse gases. Low-lying areas near the coastline of Sabah and Sarawak are under threat from current sea level rise.[7]The environment is the subject of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment at the federal level. The Department of Wildlife and National Parks is responsible for the preservation of flora and fauna in Malaysia. Several environmental organisations have been established to raise awareness regarding the environmental issues in Malaysia.","title":"Environment of Malaysia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rafflesia_80_cm.jpg"},{"link_name":"rafflesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafflesia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mongabay-3"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Peninsular Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"East Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Asian elephant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_elephant"},{"link_name":"Indochinese tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indochinese_tiger"},{"link_name":"leopard cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopard_cat"},{"link_name":"pot-bellied pig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot-bellied_pig"},{"link_name":"orangutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangutan"},{"link_name":"Malayan tapir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_tapir"},{"link_name":"Sumatran rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatran_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"Singapore roundleaf horseshoe bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_roundleaf_horseshoe_bat"},{"link_name":"vascular plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plant"},{"link_name":"karsts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst_topography"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"East Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"dipterocarps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipterocarpaceae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Malaysia-1"},{"link_name":"Hibiscus rosa-sinensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibiscus_rosa-sinensis"},{"link_name":"evergreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen"},{"link_name":"Malay Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"rafflesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafflesia"}],"text":"The rafflesia can be found in the jungles of Malaysia.Malaysia is home to 15,500 species of higher plants, 746 birds, 379 reptiles, 198 amphibians, and 368 species of fish.[3] There are also 286 species of mammals in Malaysia, of which 27 are endemic and 51 are threatened. Some of these mammals are found in both Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia. The former has 193 species of mammals, while the latter has 215. Among the mammals that are native to Malaysia include the Asian elephant, the Indochinese tiger, the leopard cat and the pot-bellied pig. Endangered species include the orangutan, the tiger, the Asian elephant, the Malayan tapir, the Sumatran rhinoceros and the Singapore roundleaf horseshoe bat. The tropical moist broadleaf forests of Peninsular Malaysia consist of 450 species of birds and over 6,000 different species of trees, of which 1,000 are vascular plants that occur naturally in karsts.[8] The rainforests of East Malaysia are denser, with over 400 species of tall dipterocarps and semihardwoods.[1]The national flower of Malaysia is the Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, an evergreen that was introduced into the Malay Peninsula in the 12th century. The rafflesia is also widely found in the country.","title":"Biota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Animal_Info-9"},{"link_name":"national parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"state parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_park"},{"link_name":"Taman Negara National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Negara_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mongabay-3"},{"link_name":"Perak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak"},{"link_name":"mangrove forests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove_forest"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Animal_Info-9"}],"sub_title":"Ecoregions and land use","text":"There are various ecoregions in Malaysia with varying degrees of prevalence. Major forests account for 45% of all ecoregions in the country, interrupted woods represent 33%, major wetlands constitute 3%, grass and shrubs make up 2% while other coastal aquatic regions form 8% of the country's land area, with crops and settlements taking up the remaining space.[9] Malaysia has many national parks, although most of them are de facto state parks. The Taman Negara National Park in central Peninsular Malaysia is 130 million years old, making it one of the oldest rainforests in the world.[3]The Matang Mangrove Forest, otherwise known as the Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve (MMFR), located in Perak in Peninsular Malaysia is about 40,000 hectares in size and is considered the largest stretch of mangrove forests in Peninsular Malaysia. Conservationists and local residents work together to maintain the Matang Mangrove Forest, and aside from five small fishing villages located inside the forest, the land is uninhabited. Since conservation efforts started in 1906, after it was designated as a permanent forest reserve and managed closely by the Forestry Department, the MMFR has become one of the world's best managed mangrove forests, utilizing a 30-year rotational conservation method involving two artificial tree thinnings occurring in 15 and 20 year-old blocks, and then a clear felling during the 30 year-old block. [10][11]About 41% of the land area is classified as \"low human disturbance\", 19% is categorised as \"medium human disturbance\" and 40% falls under the \"high human disturbance\" category. 2.7% of the land is totally protected, 1.77% is partially protected and 4.47% is totally or partially protected.[9]","title":"Biota"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malaysia_TRM_2004348_lrg.jpg"},{"link_name":"1st parallel north","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_parallel_north"},{"link_name":"7th parallel north","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_parallel_north"},{"link_name":"circles of latitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_latitude"},{"link_name":"Roraima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roraima"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"tropical rainforest climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate"},{"link_name":"equator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"monsoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon"},{"link_name":"east coast of Peninsular Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia#East_Coast_and_West_Coast"},{"link_name":"Sarawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak"},{"link_name":"Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah"},{"link_name":"rain shadow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_shadow"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"urban heat island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_heat_island"},{"link_name":"overdevelopment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdevelopment"},{"link_name":"cities of Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Malaysia"}],"text":"The precipitation map of Peninsular Malaysia in December 2004 shows heavy precipitation on the east coast, causing floods there.Malaysia lies along the 1st parallel north to the 7th parallel north circles of latitude, roughly equal to Roraima (Brazil), the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Kenya. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Malaysia has a tropical rainforest climate due to its proximity to the equator. The country is hot and humid all year round, with an average temperature of 27 °C (80.6 °F) and almost no variability in the yearly temperature.[12]The country experiences two monsoon seasons, the Northeast Monsoon and the Southwest Monsoon. The Northeast Monsoon brings heavy rainfall to the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia and western Sarawak, while the Southwest Monsoon signifies dryer conditions throughout the country except Sabah. During the Southwest Monsoon, most states experience minimal rainfall due to the stable atmospheric conditions in the region and the Sumatran mountain range, which brings about the rain shadow effect. Sabah experiences more rainfall because of the tail effect of typhoons in the Philippines.[13]The urban heat island effect is caused by overdevelopment and general human activities in the cities of Malaysia.","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Pollution Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Pollution_Index"},{"link_name":"sulphur dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphur_dioxide"},{"link_name":"nitrogen dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide"},{"link_name":"carbon monoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide"},{"link_name":"ozone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone"},{"link_name":"fine dust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_dust"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"state of emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency"},{"link_name":"Port Klang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Klang"}],"sub_title":"Air Pollution Index","text":"The Air Pollution Index (API) is used by the government to describe the air quality in Malaysia. The API value is calculated based on average concentrations of air pollutants, namely sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone and fine dust (PM10). The air pollutant with the highest concentration is the pollutant that will determine the value of the API. Fine dust is typically the dominant pollutant.[14]The API is reported on a scale starting from 0. A score of 0 to 50 is considered good, 51 to 100 is moderate, 101 to 200 is unhealthy, 201 to 300 is very unhealthy and anything higher than 300 is hazardous. A state of emergency is declared in the reporting area if the API exceeds 500, which occurred in Port Klang in 2005. Non-essential government services are suspended, and all ports and schools in the affected area are closed. Private sector commercial and industrial activities in the reporting area might be prohibited.","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Environmental Quality Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_Quality_Act&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"environmental laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Nations-2"},{"link_name":"National Forestry Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Forestry_Act&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mongabay-3"}],"text":"In 1906, the Matang Mangrove Forest Reserve (MMFR) was designated as a permanent forest reserve and has been closely monitored and maintained by the Forestry Department since 1908.[15]The Environmental Quality Act of 1974 and other environmental laws are administered by the Division of Environment. Clean-air legislation was adopted in 1978, limiting industrial and automobile emissions. However, air pollutant remains a problem in Malaysian cities.[2]The National Forestry Act of 1984 was enacted for sustainable forest management, but the act has not been enforced.[3]","title":"Environmental law and conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"international environmental agreements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_agreements"},{"link_name":"Convention on Biological Diversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity"},{"link_name":"United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change"},{"link_name":"United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_to_Combat_Desertification"},{"link_name":"Endangered Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CITES"},{"link_name":"United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"Nuclear Test Ban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Ozone Layer Protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_the_Ozone_Layer"},{"link_name":"Ship Pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARPOL_73/78"},{"link_name":"Tropical Timber 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Tropical_Timber_Agreement,_1983"},{"link_name":"Kyoto Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol"}],"sub_title":"Treaties and international agreements","text":"Malaysia is a party to the following international environmental agreements:Convention on Biological Diversity,\nUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,\nUnited Nations Convention to Combat Desertification,\nEndangered Species,\nHazardous Wastes,\nUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,\nMarine Life Conservation,\nNuclear Test Ban,\nOzone Layer Protection,\nShip Pollution,\nTropical Timber 83,\nTropical Timber 94,\nWetlandsMalaysia signed but did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol on climate change.","title":"Environmental law and conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Global Environment Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Environment_Centre"},{"link_name":"Malaysian Nature Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Nature_Society"},{"link_name":"Wetlands International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlands_International"},{"link_name":"World Wide Fund for Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature"},{"link_name":"Wild Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Asia"}],"sub_title":"Environmental organisations","text":"The following is a non-exhaustive list of several non-governmental organisations devoted to the preservation and conservation of the environment in Malaysia:[16]Borneo Resources Institute Malaysia\nCentre for Environment, Technology & Development, Malaysia\nCentre for Environmental Technologies\nEnvironmental Management and Research Association of Malaysia\nEnvironmental Protection Society Malaysia\nGlobal Environment Centre\nMalaysian Karst Society\nMalaysian Nature Society\nMalaysian Society of Marine Sciences\nPartners of Community Organisations Saba\nSabah Wetlands Conservation Society\nSocio-Economic and Environmental Research Institute\nSustainable Development Network Malaysia\nTRAFFIC Southeast Asia\nTreat Every Environment Special Sdn Bhd\nWetlands International (Malaysian chapter)\nWorld Wide Fund for Nature (Malaysian chapter)\nWater Watch Penang\nWild Asia","title":"Environmental law and conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haze_in_Kuala_Lumpur.jpg"},{"link_name":"2005 Malaysian haze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Malaysian_haze"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur"},{"link_name":"Haze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haze"},{"link_name":"environmental issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Malaysia's deforestation rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deforestation_in_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mongabay-3"},{"link_name":"needs update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"oil palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_palm"},{"link_name":"forest degradation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_degradation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mongabay-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mongabay-3"},{"link_name":"ranked 42nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_vehicles_per_capita"},{"link_name":"Public transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"rivers in Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_in_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Encyclopedia_of_Nations-2"},{"link_name":"ranked fourth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_greenhouse_gas_emissions_per_capita"},{"link_name":"land use change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change_and_forestry"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide equivalent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_equivalent"},{"link_name":"el Niño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o-Southern_Oscillation"},{"link_name":"Kalimantan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalimantan"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mongabay-3"},{"link_name":"1997 Southeast Asian haze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Southeast_Asian_haze"},{"link_name":"2005 Malaysian haze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Malaysian_haze"},{"link_name":"2006 Southeast Asian haze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Southeast_Asian_haze"},{"link_name":"slash and burn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash_and_burn"},{"link_name":"cloud seeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_seeding"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The 2005 Malaysian haze over Kuala Lumpur. Haze is one of the most serious environmental issues in Malaysia.There are a number of environmental issues faced by Malaysia, such as deforestation and pollution. According to a study by Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies in 2008, about 30% of Malaysian coastline is subject to varying degrees of erosion.[17] According to the United Nations, Malaysia's deforestation rate was the highest among tropical nations. The country's annual deforestation rate increased 86% between 1999–2000 and 2000–2005. Malaysia lost an average of 140,200 hectares of its forests or 0.65% of its total forest area every year since 2000, whereas in the 1990s, the country lost an average of 78,500 hectares, or 0.35 percent of its forests annually.[3][needs update]Widespread urbanisation, agricultural fires and forest conversion for oil palm plantations and other forms of agriculture are the main causes of Malaysia's high deforestation rate. Logging is responsible for forest degradation in the country, and local timber companies have been accused by environmental organisations of failing to practice sustainable forest management.[3]Mining in Peninsular Malaysia has left a mark on the environment. Deforestation, pollution of rivers, and siltation have resulted in losses of agriculture, and road projects have opened new areas to colonisation.[3]Air pollution from industrial and vehicular emissions is a major issue in the urban areas of Malaysia. Malaysia is ranked 42nd in the world in terms of vehicle ownership per capita, with 273 Malaysians having vehicles out of every 1000. Public transportation has been introduced in the form of bus networks and railway systems as mitigation, but utilisation rates are low.[18]Water pollution occurs due to the discharge of untreated sewage; the west coast of the Peninsular Malaysia is the most heavily populated area.\n40% of the rivers in Malaysia are heavily polluted. The country has 580 cubic km of water, of which 76% is used for farming and 13% is used for industrial activity. Cities in Malaysia produce an average of 1.5 million tons of solid waste per year.[2]In 2000, Malaysia was ranked fourth in the world in terms of per capita greenhouse gas emissions after taking into account land use change with 37.2 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent per capita.Periodic fires, which usually coincide with the events of el Niño, burn thousands of hectares of forests across Malaysia, especially in Malaysian Borneo. The haze originating from these fires and the fires in Kalimantan, Indonesia typically have adverse health effects on the populace, besides causing air pollution.[3] In particular, the 1997 Southeast Asian haze, the 2005 Malaysian haze and the 2006 Southeast Asian haze were caused by slash and burn activities in neighbouring Indonesia.On 23 June 2013, the air pollutant index (API) in Muar, Johor has spiked to 746 as of 7.00am, which is more than twice the standard hazardous levels according to the Department of Environment website on Sunday. Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak has agreed to declare emergency status in Muar and Ledang with immediate effect after the API readings reached more than 750. He stated that the haze is due to the open-burning in Indonesia and he offered cloud seeding for them. However, the Indonesian Environment Minister Balthasar Kambuaya has identified eight companies with Malaysian links that are being investigated for burning in Riau and Jambi, that has led to the haze that is choking neighbouring countries Malaysia and Singapore. All schools in Selangor and Kuala Lumpur are also called to close for a day due to the haze situation worsening as of 5pm. The highest API ever recorded in Malaysia was in Sarawak in 1997 with a reading of 860. The Minister of Natural Resources and Environment Minister Datuk Seri G. Palanivel was flayed by Penang Chief Minister Lim Guan Eng for prioritising the pandas more than Malaysians, a RM25 million exhibition centre will be completed by November and two pandas will be transported from China. The minister also announced that he would be meeting his Indonesian counterpart this Wednesday to discuss about solutions to overcome the haze problem.[19][20]","title":"Environmental issues"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Malaysia is a Southeast Asian country straddling the South China Sea.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Location_Malaysia_ASEAN.svg/220px-Location_Malaysia_ASEAN.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The rafflesia can be found in the jungles of Malaysia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Rafflesia_80_cm.jpg/220px-Rafflesia_80_cm.jpg"},{"image_text":"The precipitation map of Peninsular Malaysia in December 2004 shows heavy precipitation on the east coast, causing floods there.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Malaysia_TRM_2004348_lrg.jpg/250px-Malaysia_TRM_2004348_lrg.jpg"},{"image_text":"The 2005 Malaysian haze over Kuala Lumpur. Haze is one of the most serious environmental issues in Malaysia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Haze_in_Kuala_Lumpur.jpg/250px-Haze_in_Kuala_Lumpur.jpg"}]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg"},{"title":"Environment portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Environment"},{"title":"Malaysia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Malaysia"},{"title":"Biodiversity of Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Borneo"},{"title":"List of environmental issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues"},{"title":"Mangroves of the Straits of Malacca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangroves_of_the_Straits_of_Malacca"},{"title":"Recycling in Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_in_Malaysia"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Malaysia – Flora and fauna\". Encyclopedia of the Nations. Retrieved 6 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia-and-Oceania/Malaysia-FLORA-AND-FAUNA.html","url_text":"\"Malaysia – Flora and fauna\""}]},{"reference":"\"Malaysia – Environment\". Environment of the Nations. Retrieved 6 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia-and-Oceania/Malaysia-ENVIRONMENT.html","url_text":"\"Malaysia – Environment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Malaysia: Environmental Profile\". Mongabay.com. Retrieved 6 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://rainforests.mongabay.com/20malaysia.htm","url_text":"\"Malaysia: Environmental Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Malaysia: Acacia plantation plan threatens the Belum-Temenggor forest\". World Rainforest Movement. Archived from the original on 20 April 2009. Retrieved 6 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090420054650/http://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/115/Malaysia.html","url_text":"\"Malaysia: Acacia plantation plan threatens the Belum-Temenggor forest\""},{"url":"http://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin/115/Malaysia.html/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Development threatens Malaysia's mangroves\". The Fish Site. Retrieved 6 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefishsite.com/fishnews/1190/development-threatens-malaysia39s-mangroves","url_text":"\"Development threatens Malaysia's mangroves\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sarawak, the dam-ed state\". The Malaysian Insider. Archived from the original on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2010. The damming of a river creates a reservoir upstream where waters spill out into the surrounding environments, flooding the natural habitats that existed before the dam's construction – completely destroying and eliminating all lifeforms within the perimeter of the dam. These lifeforms include carbon-rich plants and trees that upon death releases large amounts of carbon into the atmosphere.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100821092744/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/breakingviews/article/sarawak-the-dam-ed-state-leong-chow-pong-loyarburok.com/","url_text":"\"Sarawak, the dam-ed state\""},{"url":"http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/breakingviews/article/sarawak-the-dam-ed-state-leong-chow-pong-loyarburok.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Malaysia Feeling The Heat\". Malaysian Wildlife Project. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2010. The east coast of peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak are most susceptible to sea level rise.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075400/http://www.malaysia-wildlands-project.com/article-feeling-the-heat.html","url_text":"\"Malaysia Feeling The Heat\""},{"url":"http://www.malaysia-wildlands-project.com/article-feeling-the-heat.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"World Wildlife Fund, ed. (2001). \"Peninsular Malaysian rain forests\". WildWorld Ecoregion Profile. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 8 March 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100308064632/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/im/im0146.html","url_text":"\"Peninsular Malaysian rain forests\""},{"url":"http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/im/im0146.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Animal Info – Malaysia\". Animal Info. Retrieved 6 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animalinfo.org/country/malaysia.htm","url_text":"\"Animal Info – Malaysia\""}]},{"reference":"Goessens, Arnaud; Satyanarayana, Behara; Van der Stocken, Tom; Quispe Zuniga, Melissa; Mohd-Lokman, Husain; Sulong, Ibrahim; Dahdouh-Guebas, Farid (21 August 2014). \"Is Matang Mangrove Forest in Malaysia Sustainably Rejuvenating after More than a Century of Conservation and Harvesting Management?\". PLOS ONE. 9 (8): e105069. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j5069G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105069. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4140741. PMID 25144689.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4140741","url_text":"\"Is Matang Mangrove Forest in Malaysia Sustainably Rejuvenating after More than a Century of Conservation and Harvesting Management?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...9j5069G","url_text":"2014PLoSO...9j5069G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0105069","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0105069"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203","url_text":"1932-6203"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4140741","url_text":"4140741"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25144689","url_text":"25144689"}]},{"reference":"\"Matang Mangrove Forest, Malaysia\". earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 19 November 2006. Retrieved 6 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/7131/matang-mangrove-forest-malaysia","url_text":"\"Matang Mangrove Forest, Malaysia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Malays Travel Guide: Climate of Malaysia\". Circle of Asia. Retrieved 6 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.circleofasia.com/Geography-and-Climate-Malaysia.htm","url_text":"\"Malays Travel Guide: Climate of Malaysia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monsoon\". Malaysian Meteorological Department. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722234056/http://www.met.gov.my/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=69&Itemid=160","url_text":"\"Monsoon\""},{"url":"http://www.met.gov.my/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=69&Itemid=160","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Air Pollutant Index (6 September 2010)\" (in Malay). Department of Environment. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721014651/http://www.doe.gov.my/apims/index.php?gmap=load&date=2010-09-06","url_text":"\"Air Pollutant Index (6 September 2010)\""},{"url":"http://www.doe.gov.my/apims/index.php?gmap=load&date=2010-09-06","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Matang Mangrove Forest, Malaysia\". earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 19 November 2006. Retrieved 6 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/7131/matang-mangrove-forest-malaysia","url_text":"\"Matang Mangrove Forest, Malaysia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Member Listing\". Malaysian Environmental NGOs. Archived from the original on 15 March 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100315075731/http://www.mengo.org/members.shtml","url_text":"\"Member Listing\""},{"url":"http://www.mengo.org/members.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"J. E. Ong, Vulnerability of Malaysia to Sea Level Change (PDF), University Sains Malaysia, archived from the original (PDF) on 10 September 2008, retrieved 28 July 2008","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080910042912/http://www.survas.mdx.ac.uk/pdfs/3ong.pdf","url_text":"Vulnerability of Malaysia to Sea Level Change"},{"url":"http://www.survas.mdx.ac.uk/pdfs/3ong.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sustainable Urban Transport Integration\". Marcus Evans. Archived from the original on 3 May 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2010. Utilization rates of public transport system in Malaysia are low.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100503022033/http://www.marcusevans.com/marcusevans-conferences-event-details.asp?EventID=16312&SectorID=7","url_text":"\"Sustainable Urban Transport Integration\""},{"url":"http://www.marcusevans.com/marcusevans-conferences-event-details.asp?EventID=16312&SectorID=7","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"TAN, FLORENCE A. SAMY and CHRISTINA. \"Haze: Air quality in Johor the worst in years, haze-related health complaints increase\". The Star. Retrieved 29 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2013/06/20/haze-air-quality-in-johor-the-worst-in-years-haze-related-health-complaints-increase","url_text":"\"Haze: Air quality in Johor the worst in years, haze-related health complaints increase\""}]},{"reference":"K Pragalath (23 June 2013). \"Haze: Palani under fire for wrong priorities\". Free Malaysia Today. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140228195605/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2013/06/23/haze-palani-under-fire-for-wrong-priorities/","url_text":"\"Haze: Palani under fire for wrong priorities\""},{"url":"http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2013/06/23/haze-palani-under-fire-for-wrong-priorities/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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increase\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140228195605/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2013/06/23/haze-palani-under-fire-for-wrong-priorities/","external_links_name":"\"Haze: Palani under fire for wrong priorities\""},{"Link":"http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2013/06/23/haze-palani-under-fire-for-wrong-priorities/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100820021414/http://www.nre.gov.my/EN/pages/HomeBiod.aspx","external_links_name":"Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment"},{"Link":"http://www.doe.gov.my/","external_links_name":"Department of Environment Malaysia"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keigo_Yamashita
|
Keigo Yamashita
|
["1 Biography","2 Promotion record","3 Career record","4 Titles and runners-up","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Japanese Go player
Keigo YamashitaFull nameKeigo YamashitaKanji山下敬吾Born (1978-09-06) 6 September 1978 (age 45)Asahikawa City, JapanResidenceTokyo, JapanTeacherYasuro KikuchiTurned pro1993Rank9 danAffiliationNihon Ki-in, Tokyo branch
Keigo Yamashita
Medal record
Representing Japan
Asian Games
2010 Guangzhou
Men's Team
Keigo Yamashita (山下敬吾, Yamashita Keigo, born 6 September 1978) is a professional Go player. Yamashita adopted the name Honinbo Dowa after winning his first Honinbo title in 2010.
Biography
A student of Yasuro Kikuchi, Yamashita turned professional in 1993. He won the 19th Kisei 2 dan division in 1994. Yamashita reached the challenger finals of the Tengen in 1999. His first major title came in 2000 when he defeated Honorary Gosei Koichi Kobayashi in the finals of the 25th Gosei. At the time of his win, Yamashita was the second youngest player to win a major title. He also won the Shusai Prize for his play and broke the record for most games in a year with 77. Yamashita defeated O Rissei for the Kisei in 2003, becoming the fourth youngest big-three (Kisei, Meijin, Honinbo) winner at 24.
Promotion record
Rank
Year
Notes
1 dan
1993
2 dan
1993
3 dan
1995
4 dan
1996
5 dan
1997
6 dan
1998
7 dan
2000
8 dan
9 dan
2003
Promoted from 7 dan to 9 dan for winning the Kisei.
Career record
1993: 21–7
1999: 55–12
2000: 58–17
2001: 50–19
2004: 39–32
2005: 33–20
2006: 44–24
2007: 32–25
2008: 27–24
2009: 38–17
2010: 40–23
2011: 32–20
Titles and runners-up
Domestic
Title
Wins
Runners-up
Kisei
5 (2003, 2006–2009)
5 (2004, 2010, 2014, 2015, 2016)
Meijin
2 (2011, 2012)
2 (2003, 2013)
Honinbo
2 (2010, 2011)
2 (2012, 2015)
Tengen
2 (2004, 2009)
4 (2003, 2005–2007)
Oza
2 (2006, 2007)
3 (2004, 2005, 2008)
Judan
3 (2006, 2007, 2010)
Gosei
1 (2000)
4 (2001, 2008, 2015, 2017)
Agon Cup
1 (2010)
1 (2011)
Ryusei
2 (2010, 2013)
Shinjin-O
4 (1998–2001)
NEC Cup
1 (2011)
NEC Shun-Ei
1 (1999)
Shin-Ei
1 (2000)
Total
22
25
References
^ "Honinbo Dowa". nihonkiin.or.jp/english. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
^ a b "Yamashita Keigo - Biography". gobase.org. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
^ a b Jan van Rongen. "Games for 1999". rongen17.home.xs4all.nl. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
^ "Yamashita wins Gosei title". nihonkiin.or.jp/english. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
^ Jan van Rongen. "Games for 2000". rongen17.home.xs4all.nl. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
^ "Yamashita wins Kisei title". nihonkiin.or.jp/english. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
^ "First promotions under new system". nihonkiin.or.jp/english. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
^ "Most wins in 2000". nihonkiin.or.jp/english. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
^ "Most games won". nihonkiin.or.jp/english. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
^ "Most wins". nihonkiin.or.jp/english. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
^ "Most wins". nihonkiin.or.jp/english. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
^ "Japanese win–loss 2006". igokisen.web.fc2.com. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
^ "Japanese win–loss 2007". igokisen.web.fc2.com. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
^ "Japanese win–loss 2008". igokisen.web.fc2.com. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
^ "Japanese win–loss 2009". igokisen.web.fc2.com. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
^ "Japanese win–loss 2010". igokisen.web.fc2.com. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
^ "Japanese win–loss 2011". igokisen.web.fc2.com. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
External links
Nihon Ki-in profile (in Japanese)
vteKiseiPast tournaments
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Past winners
Hideyuki Fujisawa (1977–1982)
Cho Chikun (1983–1985)
Koichi Kobayashi (1986–1993)
Cho Chikun (1994)
Satoru Kobayashi (1995)
Cho Chikun (1996–1999)
Ō Rissei (2000–2002)
Keigo Yamashita (2003)
Naoki Hane (2004–2005)
Keigo Yamashita (2006–2009)
Cho U (2010–2012)
Yuta Iyama (2013–2021)
Ryo Ichiriki (2022–)
Honorary winners
Hideyuki Fujisawa
Koichi Kobayashi
vteHoninboPast editions
1941
1943
1945
1947
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
Past winners
Riichi Sekiyama (1941)
Utaro Hashimoto (1943)
Kaoru Iwamoto (1945–1947)
Utaro Hashimoto (1950–1951)
Kaku Takagawa (1952–1960)
Eio Sakata (1961–1967)
Rin Kaiho (1968–1970)
Yoshio Ishida (1971–1975)
Masaki Takemiya (1976)
Masao Kato (1977–1979)
Masaki Takemiya (1980)
Cho Chikun (1981–1982)
Rin Kaiho (1983–1984)
Masaki Takemiya (1985–1988)
Cho Chikun (1989–1998)
Cho Son-jin (1999)
Wang Ming-wan (2000–2001)
Masao Kato (2002)
Cho U (2003–2004)
Shinji Takao (2005–2007)
Naoki Hane (2008–2009)
Keigo Yamashita (2010–2011)
Yuta Iyama (2012–)
Honorary winners
Kaku Takagawa
Eio Sakata
Yoshio Ishida
Cho Chikun
Yuta Iyama
vteTengenPast editions
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Past winners
Hideyuki Fujisawa (1975)
Koichi Kobayashi (1976)
Toshihiro Shimamura (1977)
Masao Kato (1978–1981)
Satoshi Kataoka (1982–1983)
Yoshio Ishida (1984)
Koichi Kobayashi (1985–1986)
Cho Chikun (1987–1988)
Rin Kaiho (1989–1993)
Ryu Shikun (1994–1996)
Norio Kudo (1997)
Koichi Kobayashi (1998–1999)
Ryu Shikun (2000)
Naoki Hane (2001–2003)
Keigo Yamashita (2004)
Rin Kono (2005–2007)
Cho U (2008)
Keigo Yamashita (2009)
Satoshi Yuki (2010)
Yuta Iyama (2010–2013)
Shinji Takao (2014)
Yuta Iyama (2015–2018)
vteGoseiPast editions
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Past winners
Masao Kato (1975–1977)
Hideo Otake (1978)
Cho Chikun (1979)
Hideo Otake (1980–1985)
Cho Chikun (1986)
Masao Kato (1987)
Koichi Kobayashi (1988–1993)
Rin Kaiho (1994)
Satoru Kobayashi (1995)
Norimoto Yoda (1996–1998)
Koichi Kobayashi (1999)
Keigo Yamashita (2000)
Koichi Kobayashi (2001–2002)
Norimoto Yoda (2003–2005)
Cho U (2006–2009)
Hideyuki Sakai (2010)
Naoki Hane (2011)
Yuta Iyama (2012–)
vteŌzaPast editions
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
Past winners
Utaro Hashimoto (1953)
Kaku Takagawa (1954)
Utaro Hashimoto (1955–1956)
Toshihiro Shimamura (1957)
Hosai Fujisawa (1958)
Shoji Hashimoto (1959)
Dogen Handa (1960)
Eio Sakata (1961)
Hidehiro Miyashita (1962)
Eio Sakata (1963–1964)
Dogen Handa (1965)
Eio Sakata (1966)
Hideyuki Fujisawa (1967–1969)
Eio Sakata (1970–1972)
Rin Kaiho (1973)
Yoshio Ishida (1974)
Hideo Otake (1975)
Cho Chikun (1976)
Norio Kudo (1977)
Yoshio Ishida (1978)
Masao Kato (1979–1980)
Shoji Hashimoto (1981)
Masao Kato (1982–1989)
Yasumasa Hane (1990)
Hideyuki Fujisawa (1991–1992)
Masao Kato (1993)
Cho Chikun (1994)
Ō Rissei (1995)
Ryu Shikun (1996)
Kimio Yamada (1997)
Ō Rissei (1998–2000)
Cho Chikun (2001)
Ō Meien (2002)
Cho U (2003–2005)
Keigo Yamashita (2006–2007)
Cho U (2008–2011)
Yuta Iyama (2012–2013)
Daisuke Murakawa (2014)
Yuta Iyama (2015–2016)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
Japan
Academics
CiNii
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Critical_Care_Medicine
|
Society of Critical Care Medicine
|
["1 History","2 Conferences","3 Patient information","4 Publications","5 References"]
|
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Society of Critical Care Medicine" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) is the largest non-profit medical organization in the practice of critical care. SCCM was established in 1970 and is an independently incorporated, international, educational and scientific society based in the United States. Its members are multi-professional health professionals providing care to critically ill and injured patients, and SCCM is the only organization that represents all professional components of the critical care team. The Society supports research and education, and advocates on issues related to critical care.
History
The SCCM was established in 1970 at meeting of 29 physicians in Los Angeles, California. Dr. Max Harry Weil, often credited with founding the specialty of critical care medicine, was the first president of the Society. In 1972, Peter Safar became the second president of Society of Critical Care Medicine. Safar is credited with pioneering CPR.
The American College of Critical Care Medicine (ACCM) was created within SCCM in 1988. Fellows of the American College of Critical Care Medicine (FCCM) are practitioners, researchers, administrators, and educators who have made outstanding contributions to the collaborative field of critical care. The Master of Critical Care Medicine (MCCM) designation honors members who have distinguished themselves by achieving national and international professional prominence due to personal character, leadership, eminence in clinical practice, outstanding contributions to research and education in critical care medicine, or years of exemplary service to SCCM, ACCM, and the field of critical care medicine in its broadest sense.
Conferences
The Society holds its annual international conference in January or February. The Society also holds other conferences, symposia, courses and meetings throughout the year.
Patient information
SCCM provides free educational material for patients and families in the intensive care unit (ICU) from the SCCM patient and family resource center, including the patient communicator app and information on post-intensive care syndrome.
Publications
The Society has three official journals, Critical Care Medicine, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (PCCM) and Critical Care Explorations, a peer-reviewed open access monthly medical journal. The editor-in-chief is Timothy G. Buchman. The SCCM also publishes a quarterly newsletter, Critical Connections. It is the official publication of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and is published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
The Society of Critical Care Medicine produces a podcast for critical care clinicians, The iCritical Care Podcast.
The Society has participated in developing guidelines and policies with:
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia
American Academy of Pediatrics
National Guideline Clearinghouse – AHRQ
Health Resources and Services Administration: Report to Congress – HRSA
References
^ "SCCM Fellow and Masters". Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM). Retrieved 2021-02-22.
^ Savel, RH; Goldstein, EB; Perencevich, EN; Angood, PB (2007). "The iCritical Care Podcast: A novel medium for critical care communication and education". Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. 14 (1): 94–9. doi:10.1197/jamia.M2205. PMC 2215065. PMID 17068348.
^ Gorman, T; Bernard, F; Marquis, F; Dagenais, P; et al. (May 2004). "Best evidence in critical care medicine: Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation". Can J Anaesth. 51 (5): 492–3. doi:10.1007/BF03018314. PMID 15128637.
^ American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Hospital Care and Section on Critical Care (April 1999). "Guidelines for developing admission and discharge policies for the pediatric intensive care unit. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Hospital Care and Section of Critical Care. Society of Critical Care Medicine. Pediatric Section Admission Criteria Task Force". Pediatrics. 103 (4 Pt 1): 840–2. doi:10.1542/peds.103.4.840. PMID 10103320.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
|
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In 1972, Peter Safar became the second president of Society of Critical Care Medicine. Safar is credited with pioneering CPR.The American College of Critical Care Medicine (ACCM) was created within SCCM in 1988. Fellows of the American College of Critical Care Medicine (FCCM) are practitioners, researchers, administrators, and educators who have made outstanding contributions to the collaborative field of critical care.[1] The Master of Critical Care Medicine (MCCM) designation honors members who have distinguished themselves by achieving national and international professional prominence due to personal character, leadership, eminence in clinical practice, outstanding contributions to research and education in critical care medicine, or years of exemplary service to SCCM, ACCM, and the field of critical care medicine in its broadest sense.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Society holds its annual international conference in January or February. The Society also holds other conferences, symposia, courses and meetings throughout the year.","title":"Conferences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"intensive care unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_unit"},{"link_name":"SCCM patient and family resource center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sccm.org/MyICUCare/THRIVE/Patient-and-Family-Resources"},{"link_name":"patient communicator app","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sccm.org/Education-Center/Clinical-Resources/Patient-and-Family"},{"link_name":"post-intensive care syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-intensive_care_syndrome"}],"text":"SCCM provides free educational material for patients and families in the intensive care unit (ICU) from the SCCM patient and family resource center, including the patient communicator app and information on post-intensive care syndrome.","title":"Patient information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Critical Care Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_Care_Medicine_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Pediatric Critical Care Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatric_Critical_Care_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Critical Care Explorations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Critical_Care_Explorations&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"peer-reviewed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_review"},{"link_name":"medical journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_journal"},{"link_name":"editor-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor-in-chief"},{"link_name":"Lippincott Williams & Wilkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lippincott_Williams_%26_Wilkins"},{"link_name":"iCritical Care Podcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sccm.org/Communications/iCritical-Care/All-Audio-iCritical-Care"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Pediatrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"National Guideline Clearinghouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Guideline_Clearinghouse"},{"link_name":"AHRQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AHRQ"},{"link_name":"Health Resources and Services Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Resources_and_Services_Administration"}],"text":"The Society has three official journals, Critical Care Medicine, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine (PCCM) and Critical Care Explorations, a peer-reviewed open access monthly medical journal. The editor-in-chief is Timothy G. Buchman. The SCCM also publishes a quarterly newsletter, Critical Connections. It is the official publication of the Society of Critical Care Medicine and is published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.The Society of Critical Care Medicine produces a podcast for critical care clinicians, The iCritical Care Podcast.[2]The Society has participated in developing guidelines and policies with:Canadian Journal of Anesthesia[3]\nAmerican Academy of Pediatrics[4]\nNational Guideline Clearinghouse – AHRQ\nHealth Resources and Services Administration: Report to Congress – HRSA","title":"Publications"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rita
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Robert Rita
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["1 Electoral history","2 References","3 External links"]
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American politician
Bob RitaMember of the Illinois House of Representativesfrom the 28th districtIncumbentAssumed office January 8, 2003Preceded byTom Dart
Personal detailsBorn (1969-10-02) October 2, 1969 (age 54)Oak Lawn, Illinois, U.S.Political partyDemocraticEducationMoraine Valley Community CollegeGovernors State University
Robert "Bob" Rita (born October 2, 1969) is a Democratic member of the Illinois House of Representatives for the 28th District since January 8, 2003. Rita is also the Calumet Township Democratic committeeman and a trustee on the township board. His state representative district includes parts of Chicago's 9th and 34th wards, as well as several suburbs. Rita lists economic redevelopment, equitable school funding and increased health care availability as his top priorities in the state legislature. Rita is an Operating Engineer and a member of Local #150. He is currently being investigated for felony intimidation following an incident in Orland Park, IL on October 4. 2023.
Rita has been re-elected four times, and was unopposed in the 2008 general election. His opponent in the February 5, 2008 Democratic primary, Earick Rayburn, was backed by William Dugan - then-head of Operating Engineers Union Local 150. The union contributed nearly $100,000 to Rayburn's campaign. Rita defeated Rayburn by a margin of more than 3-to-1 in the primary, and received about 60% of the vote in a five candidate race.
As of July 3, 2022, Representative Rita is a member of the following Illinois House committees:
Cities & Villages Committee (HCIV)
Cybersecurity, Data Analytics, & IT Committee (HCDA)
Ethics & Elections Committee (SHEE)
(Chairman of) Executive Committee (HEXC)
Prescription Drug Affordability Committee (HPDA)
Revenue & Finance Committee (HREF)
(Chairman of) Sales, Amusements, and Other Taxes Subcommittee (HREF-SATX)
Electoral history
Illinois 28th Representative District Democratic Primary, 2002
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Robert "Bob" Rita
6,855
37.55
Democratic
Arvin Boddie
6,427
35.20
Democratic
Derrick C. Davis
4,976
27.25
Total votes
18,258
100.0
Illinois 28th Representative District General Election, 2002
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Robert "Bob" Rita
23,544
79.84
Republican
Wayland Johnson Jr.
4,703
15.95
Libertarian
Jerome F. Kohn
1,241
4.21
Total votes
29,488
100.0
Illinois 28th Representative District Democratic Primary, 2004
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Robert "Bob" Rita (incumbent)
9,739
56.60
Democratic
Arvin Boddie
3,066
17.82
Democratic
Brenda Williams
2,757
16.02
Democratic
Ladonna Thomas
896
5.21
Democratic
Katrina "Ki-ki" Gines
750
4.36
Total votes
17,208
100.0
Illinois 28th Representative District General Election, 2004
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Robert "Bob" Rita (incumbent)
35,592
84.62
Republican
Michael Fredette
6,468
15.38
Total votes
42,060
100.0
Illinois 28th Representative District Democratic Primary, 2006
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Robert "Bob" Rita (incumbent)
10,119
76.18
Democratic
Brenda Williams
2,963
22.31
Democratic
Florida Cresswell
201
1.51
Total votes
13,283
100.0
Illinois 28th Representative District General Election, 2006
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Robert "Bob" Rita (incumbent)
23,809
84.66
Republican
Christopher G. Newhall
4,315
15.34
Total votes
28,124
100.0
Illinois 28th Representative District Democratic Primary, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Robert "Bob" Rita (incumbent)
14,530
60.67
Democratic
Earick D. Rayburn
4,455
18.60
Democratic
James J. Taylor
2,083
8.70
Democratic
Pamela "Little Pam" Caston
1,510
6.30
Democratic
Michael E. Mayden
1,373
5.73
Total votes
23,951
100.0
Illinois 28th Representative District General Election, 2008
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Robert "Bob" Rita (incumbent)
38,054
100.0
Total votes
38,054
100.0
Illinois 28th Representative District General Election, 2010
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Robert "Bob" Rita (incumbent)
24,428
100.0
Total votes
24,428
100.0
Illinois 28th Representative District General Election, 2012
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Robert "Bob" Rita (incumbent)
37,179
100.0
Total votes
37,179
100.0
Illinois 28th Representative District General Election, 2014
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Robert "Bob" Rita (incumbent)
26,395
100.0
Total votes
26,395
100.0
Illinois 28th Representative District General Election, 2016
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Robert "Bob" Rita (incumbent)
37,190
100.0
Total votes
37,190
100.0
Illinois 28th Representative District Democratic Primary, 2018
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Robert "Bob" Rita (incumbent)
11,123
69.99
Democratic
Mary Carvlin
2,752
17.32
Democratic
Kimberly Nicole Koschnitzky
2,017
12.69
Total votes
15,892
100.0
Illinois 28th Representative District General Election, 2018
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Robert "Bob" Rita (incumbent)
28,841
100.0
Total votes
28,841
100.0
Illinois 28th Representative District General Election, 2020
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Robert "Bob" Rita (incumbent)
37,640
99.36
Write-in
243
0.64
Total votes
37,883
100.0
References
^ https://southcooknews.com/stories/650304288-orland-park-police-state-rep-rita-accused-of-assaulting-orland-township-supervisor-o-grady
^ 150 Out for Blood CapitolFax.com, November 5, 2007
^ Campaign Committee: Residents for Rayburn IL State Board of Elections
^ 2008 Primaries ABC News Chicago
^ "Illinois General Assembly - Representative Committees". ilga.gov. Retrieved 2022-07-03.
^ "Election Results 2002 GENERAL PRIMARY". Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved 2019-10-21.
^ "Election Results 2002 GENERAL ELECTION". Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved 2019-10-21.
^ "Election Results 2004 GENERAL PRIMARY". Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved October 21, 2019.
^ "Election Results 2004 GENERAL ELECTION". Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved October 21, 2019.
^ "Election Results 2006 GENERAL PRIMARY". Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved October 21, 2019.
^ "Election Results 2006 GENERAL ELECTION". Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved October 21, 2019.
^ "Election Results 2008 GENERAL PRIMARY". Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved October 21, 2019.
^ "Election Results 2008 GENERAL ELECTION". Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved October 21, 2019.
^ "Election Results 2010 GENERAL ELECTION". Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved October 21, 2019.
^ "Election Results 2012 GENERAL ELECTION". Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved October 21, 2019.
^ "Election Results 2014 GENERAL ELECTION". Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved October 21, 2019.
^ "Election Results 2016 GENERAL ELECTION". Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved October 21, 2019.
^ "Election Results 2018 GENERAL PRIMARY". Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved October 21, 2019.
^ "Election Results 2018 GENERAL ELECTION". Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved October 21, 2019.
^ "Election Results 2020 GENERAL ELECTION". Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
External links
Representative Robert Rita (D) 28th District at the Illinois General Assembly
98th, 97th, 96th, 95th, 94th, 93rd
Profile at Vote Smart
Robert Rita at Illinois House Democrats
vteMembers of the Illinois House of Representatives103rd General Assembly (2023–2025)
Speaker of the House
Emanuel Chris Welch (D)
Majority Leader
Robyn Gabel (D)
Minority Leader
Tony McCombie (R)
▌Aaron Ortiz (D)
▌Elizabeth Hernandez (D)
▌Eva-Dina Delgado (D)
▌Lilian Jiménez (D)
▌Kimberly du Buclet (D)
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▌Edgar Gonzalez Jr. (D)
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▌Natalie Manley (D)
▌Randy Frese (R)
▌C. D. Davidsmeyer (R)
▌Chris Miller (R)
▌Adam Niemerg (R)
▌Carol Ammons (D)
▌Brandun Schweizer (R)
▌Dennis Tipsword (R)
▌Jason Bunting (R)
▌Brad Halbrook (R)
▌Wayne Rosenthal (R)
▌Charles Meier (R)
▌Blaine Wilhour (R)
▌Amy Elik (R)
▌Katie Stuart (D)
▌Jay Hoffman (D)
▌Kevin Schmidt (R)
▌David Friess (R)
▌Dave Severin (R)
▌Patrick Windhorst (R)
▌Paul Jacobs (R)
▌Democratic (78)
▌Republican (40)
Illinois General Assembly
Illinois House of Representatives
Illinois Senate
vteCommitteepeople of the Cook County Democratic PartyWards
1st: Daniel La Spata
2nd: Tim Egan
3rd: Pat Dowell
4th: Toni Preckwinkle
5th: Leslie Hairston
6th: Roderick Sawyer
7th: Greg Mitchell
8th: Michelle Harris
9th: Anthony Beale
10th: Susie Sadlowski Garza
11th: John Daley
12th: George Cardenas
13th: Mike Madigan
14th: Aarón Ortíz
15th: Ray Lopez
16th: Stephanie Coleman
17th: David Moore
18th: Derrick Curtis
19th: Matt O'Shea
20th: Mattie Hunter
21st: Howard Brookins
22nd: Mike Rodriguez
23rd: Silvana Tabares
24th: Michael Scott
25th: Byron Sigcho-Lopez
26th: Angee Gonzalez Rodriguez
27th: Walter Burnett
28th: Jason Ervin
29th: Chris Taliaferro
30th: Ariel Reboyras
31st: Felix Cardona
32nd: Scott Waguespack
33rd: Iris Martinez
34th: Preston Brown
35th: Carlos Ramirez-Rosa
36th: Gil Villegas
37th: Emma Mitts
38th: Rob Martwick
39th: Ram Villivalam
40th: Maggie O'Keefe
41st: Joe Cook
42nd: Brendan Reilly
43rd: Lucy Moog
44th: Tom Tunney
45th: Jim Gardiner
46th: Sean Tenner
47th: Paul Rosenfeld
48th: Harry Osterman
49th: Kelly Cassidy
50th: Debra Silverstein
Townships
Barrington: Robert Steffen
Berwyn: Robert Lovero
Bloom: Monica Gordon
Bremen: Vernard Alsberry
Calumet: Bob Rita
Cicero: Larry Dominick
Elk Grove: Ted Mason
Evanston: Eamon Kelly
Hanover: Adriana Barriga-Green
Lemont: Kvin Ameriks
Leyden: Barrett Pedersen
Lyons: Steve Landek
Maine: Laura Murphy
New Trier: Dean Maragos
Niles: Josina Morita
Northfield: Tracy Katz Muhl
Norwood Park: Frank Avino
Oak Park: Don Harmon
Orland Park: Beth McElroy Kirkwood
Palatine: Maria Galo
Palos: Robert Maloney
Proviso: Karen Yarbrough
Rich: Calvin Jordan
River Forest: Cathy Adduci
Riverside: Michael Zalewski
Schaumburg: Mike Cudzik
Stickney: Vincent Cainkar
Thornton: Napoleon Harris
Wheeling: Mark Walker
Worth: Patricia Murphy
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Illinois House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Calumet Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calumet_Township,_Cook_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Robert \"Bob\" Rita (born October 2, 1969) is a Democratic member of the Illinois House of Representatives for the 28th District since January 8, 2003. Rita is also the Calumet Township Democratic committeeman and a trustee on the township board.[citation needed] His state representative district includes parts of Chicago's 9th and 34th wards, as well as several suburbs. Rita lists economic redevelopment, equitable school funding and increased health care availability as his top priorities in the state legislature. Rita is an Operating Engineer and a member of Local #150. He is currently being investigated for felony intimidation following an incident in Orland Park, IL on October 4. 2023.[1]Rita has been re-elected four times, and was unopposed in the 2008 general election. His opponent in the February 5, 2008 Democratic primary, Earick Rayburn, was backed by William Dugan - then-head of Operating Engineers Union Local 150. The union contributed nearly $100,000 to Rayburn's campaign.[2][3] Rita defeated Rayburn by a margin of more than 3-to-1 in the primary, and received about 60% of the vote in a five candidate race.[4]As of July 3, 2022, Representative Rita is a member of the following Illinois House committees:[5]Cities & Villages Committee (HCIV)\nCybersecurity, Data Analytics, & IT Committee (HCDA)\nEthics & Elections Committee (SHEE)\n(Chairman of) Executive Committee (HEXC)\nPrescription Drug Affordability Committee (HPDA)\nRevenue & Finance Committee (HREF)\n(Chairman of) Sales, Amusements, and Other Taxes Subcommittee (HREF-SATX)","title":"Robert Rita"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Electoral history"}]
|
[]
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Retrieved October 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elections.il.gov/ElectionOperations/ElectionVoteTotals.aspx?ID=iX7bNPizmS8%3d&OfficeType=Mzn1hIdK%2bXutYfUM2d1xMZdggWwiK022jqUoC73M0kw%3d","url_text":"\"Election Results 2012 GENERAL ELECTION\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_State_Board_of_Elections","url_text":"Illinois State Board of Elections"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Results 2014 GENERAL ELECTION\". Illinois State Board of Elections. Retrieved October 21, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elections.il.gov/ElectionOperations/ElectionVoteTotals.aspx?ID=z%2fR%2feACUG%2bY%3d&OfficeType=Mzn1hIdK%2bXutYfUM2d1xMZdggWwiK022jqUoC73M0kw%3d","url_text":"\"Election Results 2014 GENERAL ELECTION\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_State_Board_of_Elections","url_text":"Illinois State Board of Elections"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Results 2016 GENERAL ELECTION\". Illinois State Board of Elections. 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[{"Link":"https://southcooknews.com/stories/650304288-orland-park-police-state-rep-rita-accused-of-assaulting-orland-township-supervisor-o-grady","external_links_name":"https://southcooknews.com/stories/650304288-orland-park-police-state-rep-rita-accused-of-assaulting-orland-township-supervisor-o-grady"},{"Link":"https://www.scribd.com/doc/1883250/DowellFucksUp1","external_links_name":"150 Out for Blood"},{"Link":"http://www.elections.state.il.us/CampaignDisclosure/CommitteeDetail.aspx?id=19889","external_links_name":"Campaign Committee: Residents for Rayburn"},{"Link":"http://abclocal.go.com/wls/elections/wlsPrimary2008","external_links_name":"2008 Primaries"},{"Link":"https://ilga.gov/house/RepCommittees.asp?MemberID=2802","external_links_name":"\"Illinois General Assembly - Representative 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District"},{"Link":"http://www.ilga.gov/house/Rep.asp?GA=98&MemberID=1894","external_links_name":"98th"},{"Link":"http://www.ilga.gov/house/Rep.asp?GA=97&MemberID=1673","external_links_name":"97th"},{"Link":"http://www.ilga.gov/house/Rep.asp?GA=96&MemberID=1466","external_links_name":"96th"},{"Link":"http://www.ilga.gov/house/Rep.asp?GA=95&MemberID=1265","external_links_name":"95th"},{"Link":"http://www.ilga.gov/house/Rep.asp?GA=94&MemberID=1045","external_links_name":"94th"},{"Link":"http://www.ilga.gov/house/Rep.asp?GA=93&MemberID=853","external_links_name":"93rd"},{"Link":"https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/33351","external_links_name":"Profile"},{"Link":"http://www.housedem.state.il.us/members/ritar/index.htm","external_links_name":"Robert Rita"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salima_Pasha
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Salima Pasha
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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Iraqi singer (1900–1974)
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Arabic. (February 2021) Click for important translation instructions.
Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Arabic Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution.
You may also add the template {{Translated|ar|سليمة مراد}} to the talk page.
For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
Salima Mourad or Salima Murad (Arabic: سليمة مراد; 2 February 1900 – 28 January 1974) was a well-known Iraqi Jewish singer and was well known and highly respected in the Arab world. She was given the nickname "Pasha" by the Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al-Said.
Salima was dubbed by Umm Kulthum as the most famous woman singer, since the early 1930s. She was also the wife of a very successful Iraqi singer and actor, Nazem Al-Ghazali. Even after the bulk of Iraqi Jews left Iraq, Salima continued to live there until her death in 1974.
Despite the popularity of her music in the Arab world, her music only ever had a small following in Israel.
References
^ "Salima Murad – Iraqi Jewish singer (1900–1974) سليمة مراد : Rozenberg Quarterly". Retrieved 14 June 2023.
^ Adib, Ali (11 July 2017). "Baghdad Lives On In Tel Aviv". رصيف 22. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
^ "כי קולך ערב: היסטוריה יהודית-ערבית מפוארת של שירה נשית | קפה גיברלטר". Archived from the original on 22 April 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
External links
Jewish Role in Iraqi Music
The Musical Culture of Iraqi Jewry: Three Countries and Two Continents
This article on an Iraqi singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Jewish"},{"link_name":"Arab world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasha"},{"link_name":"Nuri al-Said","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuri_al-Said"},{"link_name":"Umm Kulthum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_Kulthum"},{"link_name":"Nazem Al-Ghazali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazem_Al-Ghazali"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Salima Mourad or Salima Murad (Arabic: سليمة مراد; 2 February 1900[1] – 28 January 1974) was a well-known Iraqi Jewish singer and was well known and highly respected in the Arab world.[2][3] She was given the nickname \"Pasha\" by the Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al-Said.Salima was dubbed by Umm Kulthum as the most famous woman singer, since the early 1930s. She was also the wife of a very successful Iraqi singer and actor, Nazem Al-Ghazali. Even after the bulk of Iraqi Jews left Iraq, Salima continued to live there until her death in 1974.Despite the popularity of her music in the Arab world[citation needed], her music only ever had a small following in Israel.","title":"Salima Pasha"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Salima Murad – Iraqi Jewish singer (1900–1974) سليمة مراد : Rozenberg Quarterly\". Retrieved 14 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://rozenbergquarterly.com/salima-murad-iraqi-jewish-singer-1900-1974-%d8%b3%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%af/","url_text":"\"Salima Murad – Iraqi Jewish singer (1900–1974) سليمة مراد : Rozenberg Quarterly\""}]},{"reference":"Adib, Ali (11 July 2017). \"Baghdad Lives On In Tel Aviv\". رصيف 22. Retrieved 14 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://raseef22.net/article/1066800-baghdad-lives-tel-aviv","url_text":"\"Baghdad Lives On In Tel Aviv\""}]},{"reference":"\"כי קולך ערב: היסטוריה יהודית-ערבית מפוארת של שירה נשית | קפה גיברלטר\". Archived from the original on 22 April 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140422191315/http://cafe-gibraltar.com/2013/05/judeo-arab-divas/","url_text":"\"כי קולך ערב: היסטוריה יהודית-ערבית מפוארת של שירה נשית | קפה גיברלטר\""},{"url":"http://cafe-gibraltar.com/2013/05/judeo-arab-divas/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayy_ibn_Yaqzan
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Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
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["1 History","2 Plot","3 Concepts","4 Legacy","5 Translations","5.1 English translations","5.2 Other translations","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Arabic philosophical novel and allegorical tale written by Ibn Tufail
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Hayy ibn Yaqdhan Frontispiece of the Simon Ockley translation from 1708 (re-published in 1929)AuthorIbn TufailOriginal titleحي بن يقظانLanguageArabicGenrePhilosophyPublication datearound 1160 CE (555 AH)
Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān (Arabic: حي بن يقظان, lit. 'Alive son of Awake'; also known as Hai Eb'n Yockdan) is an Arabic philosophical novel and an allegorical tale written by Ibn Tufail (c. 1105 – 1185) in the early 12th century in Al-Andalus. Names by which the book is also known include the Latin: Philosophus Autodidactus ('The Self-Taught Philosopher'); and English: The Improvement of Human Reason: Exhibited in the Life of Hai Ebn Yokdhan. Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān was named after an earlier Arabic philosophical romance of the same name, written by Avicenna during his imprisonment in the early 11th century, even though both tales had different stories. The novel greatly inspired Islamic philosophy as well as major Enlightenment thinkers. It is the third most translated text from Arabic, after the Quran and the One Thousand and One Nights.
History
Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, along with three poems, is all that remains of the writings of Ibn Tufail (c. 1105 – 1185), who lived under the Almohads and served Sultan Abu Yaqub Yusuf. The book was influential among medieval Jewish scholars at the Toledo School of Translators run by Raymond de Sauvetât, and its impact can be seen in The Guide for the Perplexed of Maimonides. It was "discovered" in the West after Edward Pococke of Oxford, while visiting a market in Damascus, found a manuscript of Hayy ibn Yaqdhan made in Alexandria in 1303 containing commentary in Hebrew. His son, Edward Pococke Jr. published a Latin translation in 1671, subtitled "The Self-Taught Philosopher." George Keith the Quaker translated it into English in 1674, Baruch Spinoza called for a Dutch translation, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz championed the book in German circles, and a copy of the book went to the Sorbonne. Daniel Defoe (c. 1660 – 1731), author of Robinson Crusoe, was heavily influenced by the work as well as by the memoir of the Scottish castaway Alexander Selkirk.
In the Muslim world, the book is an honored Sufi text.
Plot
The story revolves around Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān, a little boy who grew up on an island in the Indies under the equator, isolated from the people, in the bosom of an antelope that raised him, feeding him with her milk. Ḥayy has just learned to walk and imitates the sounds of antelopes, birds, and other animals in his surroundings. He learns their languages, and he learns to follow the actions of animals by imitating their instinct.
He makes his own shoes and clothes from the skins of animals, and studies the stars. He reaches a higher level of knowledge, of the finest of astrologists. His continuous explorations and observation of creatures and the environment lead him to gain great knowledge in natural science, philosophy, and religion. He concludes that, at the basis of the creation of the universe, a great creator must exist. Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓān lived a humble modest life as Sufi and forbade himself from eating meat.
Once 30 years old, he meets his first human, who has landed on his isolated Island. By the age of 49, he is ready to teach other people about the knowledge he gained throughout his life.
Concepts
Hayy ibn Yaqdhan is an allegorical novel in which Ibn Tufail expresses philosophical and mystical teachings in a symbolic language in order to provide better understanding of such concepts. This novel is thus the most important work of Ibn Tufail, containing the main ideas that form his system.
Ibn Tufail was familiar with the differences in the ideas of Al-Ghazali and those of the "Neoplatonizing Aristotelianists" Al-Farabi and Ibn Sina. In Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, Ibn Tufail sought to present "a conciliating synthesis of the Islamic speculative tradition with al-Ghazālī's Sufi-influenced recasting of Islamic mysticism and pietism." Ibn Tufail borrows from Ibn Sina, using the title of one of his allegories and drawing inspiration from his Floating Man thought experiment, but transforming the subject's sensory deprivation to social isolation.
With this novel, Tufail focuses on finding solutions to the three main problems discussed during his period:
Humans, on their own, are able to reach the level of al-Insān al-Kāmil by merely observing and thinking of the nature, without any education.
The information that is obtained through observation, experiment, and reasoning, does not contradict with revelation. In other words, religion and philosophy (or science) are compatible, rather than contradictory.
Reaching the absolute information is individual and simply any human being is able to achieve that.
Legacy
Beyond leaving an enormous impact on Andalusi literature, Arabic literature, and classical Islamic philosophy, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan influenced later European literature during the Age of Enlightenment, turning into a best-seller during the 17th-18th centuries. The novel particularly influenced the philosophies and scientific thought of vanguards of modern Western philosophy and the Scientific Revolution such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Christiaan Huygens, Isaac Newton, and Immanuel Kant. Beyond foreshadowing Molyneux's Problem, the novel specifically inspired John Locke's concept of tabula rasa as propounded in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690), subsequently inspiring the philosophies of later modern empiricists, such as David Hume and George Berkeley. The novel's notion of materialism also has similarities to Karl Marx's historical materialism. The first English translation by orientalist Simon Ockley inspired the desert island narrative of Daniel Defoe's classic Robinson Crusoe.
Translations
English translations
In chronological order, with translators names:
George Keith. 1674.
Ockley, Simon. 1708. The Improvement of Human Reason: Exhibited in the Life of Hai Ebn Yokdhan. London: E. Powell.
Directly translated from the original Arabic, with an appendix in which the possibility of man's attaining the true knowledge of God, and things necessary to salvation, without instruction, is briefly considered.
The History of Hayy Ibn Yaqzan (1929 – revised ed.), with an introduction by A. S. Fulton. London: Chapman & Hall.
Goodman, Lenn Evan. 1972. Ibn Tufayl's Hayy ibn Yaqzān: A Philosophical Tale, translated with introduction and notes by L. E. Goodman. New York: Twayne.
Kocache, Riad. 1982. The journey of the soul: the story of Hai bin Yaqzan. London: Octagon.
Colville, Jim. 1999. Two Andalusian Philosophers, with an introduction and notes by J. Colville. London: Kegan Paul.
Khalidi, Muhammad Ali, ed. 2005. Medieval Islamic Philosophical Writings. Cambridge University Press.
Omits the introductory section; omits the conclusion beginning with the protagonist's acquaintance with Asal; and includes §§1-98 of 121 as numbered in the Ockley version.
Other translations
Dutch: Reelant, Adriaan. 1701. De natuurlijke wijsgeer. Netherlands: Willem Lamsveld.
German: Schaerer, Patric O. 2004. Der Philosoph als Autodidakt. Hamburg: Meiner. ISBN 978-3-7873-1797-4
German: Abdeljelil, Jameleddine Ben, and Viktoria Frysak, eds. 2007. Hayy Ibn Yaqdhan. Ein muslimischer Inselroman. Vienna: Edition Viktoria. ISBN 978-3-902591-01-2.
Modern Greek: Kalligas, Pavlos. 2018. Ο δρόμος του λόγου: Χάυυ Ιμπν Γιακζάν ή Τα μυστικά της φιλοσοφίας της Ανατολής. Athens: Ekkremes Publishing House. 264. ISBN 978-618-5076-22-1.
Portuguese: Loureiro, Isabel. 2005. O filósofo autodidata. São Paulo: UNESP. ISBN 85-7139-599-3.
See also
Arabic Wikisource has original text related to this article:
حي بن يقظان
Arabic literature
Andalusi literature
Arabic epic literature
The forbidden experiment (linguistics)
References
^ Ibn Ṭufayl, Muḥammad ibn ʻAbd al-Malik; Bacon, Ed; Ashwell, George; Pococke, Edward (1686). The history of Hai eb'n Yockdan, an Indian prince: or, The self-taught philosopher. London: Printed for R. Chiswell etc.
^ Kukkonen, Taneli (November 2016). "Ibn Ṭufayl's (d. 1185) Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓan". In El-Rouayheb, Khaled; Schmidtke, Sabine (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Philosophy. Retrieved 2 January 2018.
^ Nasr, Seyyed; Leaman, Oliver (1996). History of Islamic philosophy. Routledge. p. 315. ISBN 0415131596.
^ Davidson, Herbert Alan (1992). Alfarabi, Avicenna, and Averroes, on Intellect Their Cosmologies, Theories of the Active Intellect and Theories of Human Intellect. Oxford University Press. p. 146. ISBN 9780195074239.
^ a b G. A. Russell (1994), The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 228, Brill Publishers, ISBN 978-90-04-09888-6.
^ a b c d e f g h "Desert island scripts". The Guardian. 22 March 2003. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
^ a b c Akyol, Mustafa (5 April 2021). "Opinion | The Muslims Who Inspired Spinoza, Locke and Defoe". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
^ a b c Goodman, Lenn (31 August 2000), "Ibn Ṭufayl", The Literature of Al-Andalus, Cambridge University Press, pp. 318–330, ISBN 978-0-521-47159-6
^ Özalp, N. Ahmet. Hay bin Yakzan. Yapı Kredi Yayınları. ISBN 975-363-475-7.
^ Avner Ben-Zaken, Reading Hayy Ibn-Yaqzan: A Cross-Cultural History of Autodidacticism (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011). ISBN 978-0801897399.
^ Samar Attar, The Vital Roots of European Enlightenment: Ibn Tufayl's Influence on Modern Western Thought, Lexington Books, ISBN 0-7391-1989-3.
^ Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufayl and Léon Gauthier (1981), Risalat Hayy ibn Yaqzan, p. 5, Editions de la Méditerranée:
"If you want a comparison that will make you clearly grasp the difference between the perception, such as it is understood by that sect and the perception as others understand it, imagine a person born blind, endowed however with a happy natural temperament, with a lively and firm intelligence, a sure memory, a straight sprite, who grew up from the time he was an infant in a city where he never stopped learning, by means of the senses he did dispose of, to know the inhabitants individually, the numerous species of beings, living as well as non-living, there, the streets and sidestreets, the houses, the steps, in such a manner as to be able to cross the city without a guide, and to recognize immediately those he met; the colors alone would not be known to him except by the names they bore, and by certain definitions that designated them. Suppose that he had arrived at this point and suddenly, his eyes were opened, he recovered his view, and he crosses the entire city, making a tour of it. He would find no object different from the idea he had made of it; he would encounter nothing he didn’t recognize, he would find the colors conformable to the descriptions of them that had been given to him; and in this there would only be two new important things for him, one the consequence of the other: a clarity, a greater brightness, and a great voluptuousness."
^ G. A. Russell (1994), The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England, pp. 224–239, Brill Publishers, ISBN 978-90-04-09888-6.
^ Dominique Urvoy, "The Rationality of Everyday Life: The Andalusian Tradition? (Aropos of Hayy's First Experiences)", in Lawrence I. Conrad (1996), The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān, pp. 38–46, Brill Publishers, ISBN 90-04-09300-1.
^ Drabble, Margaret, ed. (1996). "Defoe". The Oxford Companion to English Literature. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 265.
^ Nawal Muhammad Hassan (1980), Hayy bin Yaqzan and Robinson Crusoe: A study of an early Arabic impact on English literature, Al-Rashid House for Publication.
^ Cyril Glasse (2001), New Encyclopedia of Islam, p. 202, Rowman Altamira, ISBN 0-7591-0190-6.
^ Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", Journal of Religion and Health 43 (4): 357–377 .
External links
The Improvement of Human Reason public domain audiobook at LibriVox
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By the age of 49, he is ready to teach other people about the knowledge he gained throughout his life.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"allegorical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegory"},{"link_name":"symbolic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_language_(literature)"},{"link_name":"Al-Ghazali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ghazali"},{"link_name":"Neoplatonizing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonism"},{"link_name":"Aristotelianists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelianism"},{"link_name":"Al-Farabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Farabi"},{"link_name":"Ibn Sina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Sina"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"Floating Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_man"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"al-Insān al-Kāmil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ins%C4%81n_al-K%C4%81mil"},{"link_name":"revelation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revelation"}],"text":"Hayy ibn Yaqdhan is an allegorical novel in which Ibn Tufail expresses philosophical and mystical teachings in a symbolic language in order to provide better understanding of such concepts. This novel is thus the most important work of Ibn Tufail, containing the main ideas that form his system.Ibn Tufail was familiar with the differences in the ideas of Al-Ghazali and those of the \"Neoplatonizing Aristotelianists\" Al-Farabi and Ibn Sina.[8] In Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, Ibn Tufail sought to present \"a conciliating synthesis of the Islamic speculative tradition with al-Ghazālī's Sufi-influenced recasting of Islamic mysticism and pietism.\"[8] Ibn Tufail borrows from Ibn Sina, using the title of one of his allegories and drawing inspiration from his Floating Man thought experiment, but transforming the subject's sensory deprivation to social isolation.[8]With this novel, Tufail focuses on finding solutions to the three main problems discussed during his period:[9]Humans, on their own, are able to reach the level of al-Insān al-Kāmil by merely observing and thinking of the nature, without any education.\nThe information that is obtained through observation, experiment, and reasoning, does not contradict with revelation. In other words, religion and philosophy (or science) are compatible, rather than contradictory.\nReaching the absolute information is individual and simply any human being is able to achieve that.","title":"Concepts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andalusi literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_of_al-Andalus"},{"link_name":"Arabic literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_literature"},{"link_name":"classical Islamic philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy"},{"link_name":"European literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_literature"},{"link_name":"Age of Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Russell-228-5"},{"link_name":"modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Western philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Scientific Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Thomas Hobbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes"},{"link_name":"John Locke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke"},{"link_name":"Christiaan Huygens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens"},{"link_name":"Isaac Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton"},{"link_name":"Immanuel Kant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Attar-11"},{"link_name":"Molyneux's Problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molyneux%27s_Problem"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"tabula rasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula_rasa"},{"link_name":"An Essay Concerning Human Understanding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Essay_Concerning_Human_Understanding"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"empiricists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricism"},{"link_name":"David Hume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume"},{"link_name":"George Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"materialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialism"},{"link_name":"Karl Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx"},{"link_name":"historical materialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_materialism"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Urvoy-14"},{"link_name":"orientalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_studies"},{"link_name":"Simon Ockley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Ockley"},{"link_name":"desert island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_island"},{"link_name":"Daniel Defoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe"},{"link_name":"Robinson Crusoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amber-18"}],"text":"Beyond leaving an enormous impact on Andalusi literature, Arabic literature, and classical Islamic philosophy, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan influenced later European literature during the Age of Enlightenment, turning into a best-seller during the 17th-18th centuries.[10][5] The novel particularly influenced the philosophies and scientific thought of vanguards of modern Western philosophy and the Scientific Revolution such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Christiaan Huygens, Isaac Newton, and Immanuel Kant.[11] Beyond foreshadowing Molyneux's Problem,[12] the novel specifically inspired John Locke's concept of tabula rasa as propounded in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690),[13] subsequently inspiring the philosophies of later modern empiricists, such as David Hume and George Berkeley. The novel's notion of materialism also has similarities to Karl Marx's historical materialism.[14] The first English translation by orientalist Simon Ockley inspired the desert island narrative of Daniel Defoe's classic Robinson Crusoe.[15][16][17][18]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Translations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Keith_(missionary)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"Ockley, Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Ockley"},{"link_name":"The Improvement of Human Reason: Exhibited in the Life of Hai Ebn Yokdhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16831"},{"link_name":"The History of Hayy Ibn Yaqzan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20051210130856/http://umcc.ais.org/~maftab/ip/pdf/bktxt/hayy.pdf"},{"link_name":"Chapman & Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman_%26_Hall"},{"link_name":"Twayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twayne"},{"link_name":"Octagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octagon_Books"},{"link_name":"Kegan Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kegan_Paul,_Trench_and_Company"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"}],"sub_title":"English translations","text":"In chronological order, with translators names:George Keith. 1674.[7]\nOckley, Simon. 1708. The Improvement of Human Reason: Exhibited in the Life of Hai Ebn Yokdhan. London: E. Powell.\nDirectly translated from the original Arabic, with an appendix in which the possibility of man's attaining the true knowledge of God, and things necessary to salvation, without instruction, is briefly considered.\nThe History of Hayy Ibn Yaqzan (1929 – revised ed.), with an introduction by A. S. Fulton. London: Chapman & Hall.\nGoodman, Lenn Evan. 1972. Ibn Tufayl's Hayy ibn Yaqzān: A Philosophical Tale, translated with introduction and notes by L. E. Goodman. New York: Twayne.\nKocache, Riad. 1982. The journey of the soul: the story of Hai bin Yaqzan. London: Octagon.\nColville, Jim. 1999. Two Andalusian Philosophers, with an introduction and notes by J. Colville. London: Kegan Paul.\nKhalidi, Muhammad Ali, ed. 2005. Medieval Islamic Philosophical Writings. Cambridge University Press.\nOmits the introductory section; omits the conclusion beginning with the protagonist's acquaintance with Asal; and includes §§1-98 of 121 as numbered in the Ockley version.","title":"Translations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reelant, Adriaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriaan_Reelant"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7873-1797-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7873-1797-4"},{"link_name":"Hayy Ibn Yaqdhan. Ein muslimischer Inselroman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071102150934/http://editionviktoria.at/wiki/index.php/Hayy_Ibn_Yaqdhan"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-902591-01-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-902591-01-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-618-5076-22-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-618-5076-22-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"85-7139-599-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-7139-599-3"}],"sub_title":"Other translations","text":"Dutch: Reelant, Adriaan. 1701. De natuurlijke wijsgeer. Netherlands: Willem Lamsveld.\nGerman: Schaerer, Patric O. 2004. Der Philosoph als Autodidakt. Hamburg: Meiner. ISBN 978-3-7873-1797-4\nGerman: Abdeljelil, Jameleddine Ben, and Viktoria Frysak, eds. 2007. Hayy Ibn Yaqdhan. Ein muslimischer Inselroman. Vienna: Edition Viktoria. ISBN 978-3-902591-01-2.\nModern Greek: Kalligas, Pavlos. 2018. Ο δρόμος του λόγου: Χάυυ Ιμπν Γιακζάν ή Τα μυστικά της φιλοσοφίας της Ανατολής. Athens: Ekkremes Publishing House. 264. ISBN 978-618-5076-22-1.\nPortuguese: Loureiro, Isabel. 2005. O filósofo autodidata. São Paulo: UNESP. ISBN 85-7139-599-3.","title":"Translations"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"title":"حي بن يقظان","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/ar:%D8%AD%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%86"},{"title":"Arabic literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_literature"},{"title":"Andalusi literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_of_al-Andalus"},{"title":"Arabic epic literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_epic_literature"},{"title":"The forbidden experiment (linguistics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_deprivation_experiments"}]
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[{"reference":"Ibn Ṭufayl, Muḥammad ibn ʻAbd al-Malik; Bacon, Ed; Ashwell, George; Pococke, Edward (1686). The history of Hai eb'n Yockdan, an Indian prince: or, The self-taught philosopher. London: Printed for R. Chiswell etc.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001914037","url_text":"The history of Hai eb'n Yockdan, an Indian prince: or, The self-taught philosopher"}]},{"reference":"Kukkonen, Taneli (November 2016). \"Ibn Ṭufayl's (d. 1185) Ḥayy ibn Yaqẓan\". In El-Rouayheb, Khaled; Schmidtke, Sabine (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Philosophy. Retrieved 2 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199917389.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199917389-e-35","url_text":"The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Philosophy"}]},{"reference":"Nasr, Seyyed; Leaman, Oliver (1996). History of Islamic philosophy. Routledge. p. 315. ISBN 0415131596.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415131596","url_text":"0415131596"}]},{"reference":"Davidson, Herbert Alan (1992). Alfarabi, Avicenna, and Averroes, on Intellect Their Cosmologies, Theories of the Active Intellect and Theories of Human Intellect. Oxford University Press. p. 146. ISBN 9780195074239.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195074239","url_text":"9780195074239"}]},{"reference":"\"Desert island scripts\". The Guardian. 22 March 2003. Retrieved 23 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/mar/22/featuresreviews.guardianreview1","url_text":"\"Desert island scripts\""}]},{"reference":"Akyol, Mustafa (5 April 2021). \"Opinion | The Muslims Who Inspired Spinoza, Locke and Defoe\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/05/opinion/enlightenment-islam-robinson-crusoe.html","url_text":"\"Opinion | The Muslims Who Inspired Spinoza, Locke and Defoe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Goodman, Lenn (31 August 2000), \"Ibn Ṭufayl\", The Literature of Al-Andalus, Cambridge University Press, pp. 318–330, ISBN 978-0-521-47159-6","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521471596.020","url_text":"\"Ibn Ṭufayl\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47159-6","url_text":"978-0-521-47159-6"}]},{"reference":"Özalp, N. Ahmet. Hay bin Yakzan. Yapı Kredi Yayınları. ISBN 975-363-475-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-363-475-7","url_text":"975-363-475-7"}]},{"reference":"Drabble, Margaret, ed. (1996). \"Defoe\". The Oxford Companion to English Literature. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 265.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetramethylammonium_perchlorate
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Tetramethylammonium perchlorate
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["1 Preparation","2 Uses","3 References","4 Further reading"]
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Tetramethylammonium perchlorate
Identifiers
CAS Number
2537-36-2 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChemSpider
16407
ECHA InfoCard
100.018.005
EC Number
219-805-5
PubChem CID
17337
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID5062502
InChI
InChI=1S/C4H12N.ClHO4/c1-5(2,3)4;2-1(3,4)5/h1-4H3;(H,2,3,4,5)/q+1;/p-1Key: ZCWKIFAQRXNZCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M
SMILES
C(C)(C)C.Cl(=O)(=O)=O
Properties
Chemical formula
(CH3)4NClO4
Appearance
White Crystal Powder
Melting point
300 °C
Hazards
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word
Danger
Hazard statements
H272, H300, H311, H315, H319, H335, H370, H373, H411
Precautionary statements
P210, P220, P221, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P310, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P307+P311, P312, P314, P321, P322, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P361, P362, P363, P370+P378, P391, P403+P233, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
2
1
3OX
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Tetramethylammonium perchlorate is a perchlorate salt with a condensed formula +ClO4−.
Preparation
Tetramethylammonium perchlorate can be produced by mixing cold, dilute perchloric acid with cold tetramethylammonium hydroxide, the reaction will lead to a white precipitation.
Uses
The perchlorate is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis, in chromatography and as a supporting electrolyte in electrochemistry. Along with trimethylammonium perchlorate, it was investigated as a component in composite propellants during the Cold War, but without much success.
References
^ TETRAMETHYLAMMONIUM PERCHLORATE CAS#: 2537-36-2 (chemicalbook.com) . Chemical Book.
^ Juknelevicius, Dominykas; Dufter, Alicia; Rusan, Magdalena; Klapötke, Thomas M.; Ramanavicius, Arunas (2017-02-17). "Study of Pyrotechnic Blue Strobe Compositions Based on Ammonium Perchlorate and Tetramethylammonium Nitrate: Study of Pyrotechnic Blue Strobe Compositions Based on Ammonium Perchlorate and Tetramethylammonium Nitrate". European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 2017 (7): 1113–1119. doi:10.1002/ejic.201601486.
^ "2537-36-2 - Tetramethylammonium perchlorate - 30834 - Alfa Aesar".
Further reading
Hofmann, K. A.; Roth, R.; Hobold, K.; Metzler, A. Relationship between the Constitution and Behavior towards Water of Ammonium Oxonium Perchlorates. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 1911. 43: 2624-2630. ISSN 0365-9496
This inorganic compound–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=2537-36-2","external_links_name":"2537-36-2"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=C%5BN%2B%5D%28C%29%28C%29C.%5BO-%5DCl%28%3DO%29%28%3DO%29%3DO","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.16407.html","external_links_name":"16407"},{"Link":"https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.018.005","external_links_name":"100.018.005"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/17337","external_links_name":"17337"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID5062502","external_links_name":"DTXSID5062502"},{"Link":"https://www.chemicalbook.com/ProductChemicalPropertiesCB1211863_EN.htm","external_links_name":"TETRAMETHYLAMMONIUM PERCHLORATE CAS#: 2537-36-2 (chemicalbook.com)"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fejic.201601486","external_links_name":"\"Study of Pyrotechnic Blue Strobe Compositions Based on Ammonium Perchlorate and Tetramethylammonium Nitrate: Study of Pyrotechnic Blue Strobe Compositions Based on Ammonium Perchlorate and Tetramethylammonium Nitrate\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fejic.201601486","external_links_name":"10.1002/ejic.201601486"},{"Link":"https://www.alfa.com/ru/catalog/030834","external_links_name":"\"2537-36-2 - Tetramethylammonium perchlorate - 30834 - Alfa Aesar\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0365-9496","external_links_name":"0365-9496"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tetramethylammonium_perchlorate&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BA%A7u_Ti%E1%BA%BFng_District
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Dầu Tiếng district
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["1 References"]
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You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Vietnamese. (March 2009) Click for important translation instructions.
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For other uses, see Dầu Tiếng (disambiguation).
District in South East, VietnamDầu Tiếng District
Huyện Dầu TiếngDistrictDầu Tiếng ReservoirCountry VietnamRegionSouth EastProvinceBình DươngCapitalDầu TiếngArea • Total280 sq mi (720 km2)Population (2003) • Total92,592Time zoneUTC+7 (Indochina Time)
Dầu Tiếng is a rural district of Bình Dương province in the Southeast region of Vietnam. As of 2003, the district had a population of 92,592. The district covers an area of 720 km2. The district capital lies at Dầu Tiếng township.
The district had a base with the same name during the war in Vietnam. Dầu Tiếng Base Camp played a prominent role in the fighting around northern III Corps. On 23 February 1969, the NVA launched a large scale attack on the base to coincide with their Tet 1969 campaign.
References
^ a b "Districts of Vietnam". Statoids. Retrieved March 13, 2009.
^ Pike, Thomas F., Operations & Intelligence, III Corps Reporting: Tet 1969, 2016, ISBN 978-1-534-79903-5, pp 195-203
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dầu Tiếng.
vteDistricts of Southeast VietnamHo Chi Minh City
Municipal city
Thủ Đức City
Urban districts
District 1※
District 3
District 4
District 5
District 6
District 7
District 8
District 10
District 11
District 12
Bình Tân
Bình Thạnh
Gò Vấp
Phú Nhuận
Tân Bình
Tân Phú
Rural districts
Bình Chánh
Cần Giờ
Củ Chi
Hóc Môn
Nhà Bè
Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province
Bà Rịa city※
Vũng Tàu city
Phú Mỹ town
Châu Đức
Côn Đảo
Đất Đỏ
Long Điền
Xuyên Mộc
Bình Dương province
Dĩ An city
Thuận An city
Thủ Dầu Một city※
Bến Cát town
Tân Uyên city
Bắc Tân Uyên
Bàu Bàng
Dầu Tiếng
Phú Giáo
Bình Phước province
Đồng Xoài city※
Bình Long town
Chơn Thành town
Phước Long town
Bù Đăng
Bù Đốp
Bù Gia Mập
Đồng Phú
Hớn Quản
Lộc Ninh
Phú Riềng
Đồng Nai province
Biên Hòa city※
Long Khánh city
Cẩm Mỹ
Định Quán
Long Thành
Nhơn Trạch
Tân Phú
Thống Nhất
Trảng Bom
Vĩnh Cửu
Xuân Lộc
Tây Ninh province
Tây Ninh city※
Hòa Thành town
Trảng Bàng town
Bến Cầu
Châu Thành
Dương Minh Châu
Gò Dầu
Tân Biên
Tân Châu
※ denotes provincial seat
This article about a location in Bình Dương Province, Vietnam is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Gillooly
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Assault of Nancy Kerrigan
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["1 Background","2 Attack","3 Criminal investigation and testimonies","3.1 Harding and Gillooly's relationship","3.2 Harding's FBI testimony and other claims","3.3 Gillooly's FBI testimony","3.4 Marano's FBI testimony","3.5 Eckardt's FBI testimony","3.6 Smith's FBI testimony","3.7 Stant's FBI testimony","4 Aftermath","4.1 Immediate aftermath","4.2 USFSA disciplinary panel","4.3 Sentences","4.4 Grand jury indictment","4.5 Second disciplinary panel meeting","5 In popular culture","6 Notes","7 References"]
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Coordinates: 42°19′35″N 83°2′49″W / 42.32639°N 83.04694°W / 42.32639; -83.04694American competitive figure skating scandal
Assault of Nancy KerriganCobo Arena, the site of the attack, pictured in 2007LocationCobo ArenaDetroit, Michigan, U.S.Coordinates42°19′35″N 83°2′49″W / 42.32639°N 83.04694°W / 42.32639; -83.04694DateJanuary 6, 1994; 30 years ago (1994-01-06) c. 2:35 PM (EST (UTC−05:00))TargetNancy KerriganAttack typeBludgeoningWeaponASP telescopic batonInjuredNancy KerriganPerpetratorsJeff GilloolyShawn EckardtDerrick SmithAssailantShane StantAccusedTonya HardingChargesRacketeeringConspiracyHindering prosecutionLitigationHarding v. US Figure Skating Ass'n, 851 F. Supp. 1476 (D. Or. 1994)
On January 6, 1994, Nancy Kerrigan, an American figure skater, was struck on the lower right thigh with a baton by assailant Shane Stant as she walked down a corridor in Cobo Arena in Detroit, Michigan. Kerrigan had been practicing skating on an ice rink in the arena shortly beforehand.
The attack was planned by Jeff Gillooly, then-husband of fellow American figure skater Tonya Harding, and his co-conspirator Shawn Eckardt. They hired Stant, and his uncle Derrick Smith, to carry out the attack. Gillooly and Eckardt both claimed that Harding was involved in the attack and had knowledge of it beforehand. Harding initially denied all knowledge of the attack, but soon accepted a plea agreement admitting to helping cover up the attack after the fact. Later, both a grand jury and a disciplinary panel from the United States Figure Skating Association (USFSA) found further evidence of Harding's involvement during the planning and execution phases.
The attack was intended to prevent Kerrigan from taking part in the ongoing 1994 United States Figure Skating Championships and the forthcoming Winter Olympics, thus increasing the prospects of Harding in both figure skating events. Kerrigan could not compete in the US Championship but recovered in time to compete in the Winter Olympics. Both women competed in the 1994 Olympics, and Harding was later banned for life from USFSA figure skating events.
Background
Figure skaters Nancy Kerrigan (left, 1995) and Tonya Harding (right, 1994)
Nancy Kerrigan is an American former figure skater who, in January 1994, was about to take part in the United States Figure Skating Championships in Detroit, Michigan. Her main rival in that tournament was Tonya Harding. The attack took place just days before the tournament, and rendered Kerrigan unable to take part. The Winter Olympics were also set to take place in February, where Kerrigan and Harding were likely to be the two female figure skaters representing the United States. The attack benefited Harding as it allowed her to win the U.S. Championships with ease and could have benefited her if it had taken Kerrigan out of the Olympics.
Jeff Gillooly was Tonya Harding's ex-husband. At the time of the attack, the couple were together and still referred to each other as husband and wife. Shawn Eckardt, a friend of Gillooly's who was also Harding's bodyguard before the attack, had originally been hired by the figure skater after she received an anonymous death threat. Shane Stant later testified that Harding was part of staging the death threat against herself. Derrick Smith, an associate of Eckardt, was paid $6,500 to carry out the attack; Eckardt had received the money from Gillooly. Shane Stant, Smith's nephew, initially planned to carry out the attack by himself and had travelled to Kerrigan's home rink in Cape Cod in late December 1993, but was unable to locate her. Stant then followed Kerrigan to the Nationals in Detroit in early January 1994. Gillooly opposed carrying out an attack in Detroit, feeling it too likely they would be caught, and instructed Eckardt to wire Stant funds to return home without carrying out the attack. Eckardt instead wired the funds to Smith, who then traveled to join Stant in Detroit. Stant and Smith then planned to carry out the attack together.
Attack
On the afternoon of January 6, 1994, Kerrigan was practicing for the U.S. Championships on an ice rink inside Cobo Arena. A camera crew was recording her practice session and showed her leaving the ice rink and walking through a curtain and down a hallway; the camera then cuts out. Stant stated in a 2018 interview that he was standing "about a foot and a half" (around half a meter) behind the camera crew and waited for them to stop filming before he followed Kerrigan through the curtain. Stant approached Kerrigan from behind, extended a telescopic baton, struck her lower right thigh and walked away. He then escaped from the arena by smashing through a locked glass door. Smith was waiting in a car outside and acted as a getaway driver. The camera crew began recording again shortly after the attack and recorded Kerrigan sitting on the floor crying surrounded by arena staff. Here, Kerrigan exclaimed the now-famous line, "Why? Why? Why?" This footage was later broadcast around the world in news programs. Kerrigan was then carried away to a changing room by her father. The attack severely bruised her knee and quadriceps tendon and forced her to withdraw from the U.S. Championships.
Criminal investigation and testimonies
Harding and Gillooly's relationship
Harding met Jeff Gillooly in 1986 when she was skating at the Clackamas Town Center; she was 15, he was 17. They later exchanged phone numbers and went out to the movies, chaperoned by her father. In 1988, the couple moved into a home together, and Harding claimed she began experiencing physical abuse from Gillooly. They married on March 18, 1990. Harding's mother, LaVona, said she opposed the marriage: "I knew Jeff had a violent streak he tried to break down the door because he thought had gone out with another boy." On June 17, 1991, Harding filed for divorce, citing irreconcilable differences. Two days later, she received a restraining order against Gillooly: "He wrenched my arm and wrist, pulled my hair and shoved me he bought a shotgun, and I am scared for my safety."
Harding later claimed she was the victim of acquaintance rape sometime during her separation from Gillooly in 1991, "by a friend of mine, who I knew for eight years." In summer 1991, she became engaged to mechanical engineer Mike Pliska. He ended their engagement after he saw Harding disrespecting people and giving her phone number to another man. In autumn 1991, Harding dated a Canadian banker. In October, she decided to reconcile with Gillooly and withdraw the divorce, saying they were still in love and seeking counseling: "I know he's changed. I see it in his eyes, and I believe in him... I don't want to lose him. I really don't."
On March 10, 1992, Harding had a roadside physical altercation with a female motorist in Portland, Oregon. The first deputy on the scene observed Harding holding a baseball bat after breaking the motorist's eyeglasses. The incident ended in apologies and no criminal charges were filed.
In both March and July 1993, police came to Harding and Gillooly's shared apartment after reported arguments. In a July affidavit, Harding wrote that she had been in an abusive marriage for two years, "he has assaulted me physically with his open hand and fist put me down to the floor on several occasions." Harding was granted another restraining order and filed for divorce. In spring 1993, she dated Tom Arant who spoke about Harding to The Oregonian, saying she would complain about Gillooly, yet still contacted him often: "she couldn't stop talking to him." That summer, a man from Harding's gym claimed to The Oregonian that Harding offered to pay him to "take care" of Gillooly, "slap him around a little." He said he was offended and declined.
On August 28, 1993, Harding and Gillooly were granted a divorce. Ten days later, Harding's lawyer asked the restraining order to be lifted because the couple again wished to reconcile. On October 2, at approximately 3 a.m., neighbours of the couple called the police when they heard them arguing outside and a single gunshot. The neighbours reported seeing Gillooly pick Harding up and place her in a truck, and feared Harding had been shot. A police officer stopped the truck and confiscated a found shotgun and a 9mm Beretta pistol that had recently been discharged. The officer then interviewed Harding and Gillooly separately about what had happened, but their stories did not match. Gillooly first stated that the gun had fired when he was carrying it. Harding then admitted that she had fired the gun and was worried about the publicity. Gillooly said that Harding had been moving her possessions into his truck when they started an argument over his former girlfriend; he declined to press charges. In November 1993, the couple were evicted from their apartment for failing to pay rent.
Harding's FBI testimony and other claims
During Tonya Harding's FBI testimony on January 18, 1994, she requested and received some ice to treat her swollen ankle. When asked about her finances, Harding said she had one bank account which was currently $109 overdrawn. She was also asked about her relationship with Gillooly and replied she still considered him her husband. When asked whether Gillooly had ever threatened her, Harding said he had not. FBI agent James Russell then asked if she was at Shawn Eckardt's house at any time on January 11, Harding replied that she "definitely" had not been. Russell then advised her that while concealing criminal knowledge did not violate Oregon law, lying to the FBI would violate federal law. Harding said she understood that. Russell then told her that he knew she had lied to him. Harding's lawyer, Robert Weaver, then stated he wished to speak privately with his client. When Harding returned, she testified that she and Gillooly went to Eckardt's home on December 28, 1993; he went inside, she drove away. Harding said that Gillooly phoned her one hour later asking her to pick him up.
After Harding's plea deal on March 16, 1994, she has since made other claims about the assault scandal. In 2018, she said she had prior knowledge of Gillooly and Eckardt discussing " out" one of her competitors in late 1993. Harding said she protested that she wanted to win fairly, and asked them what they were talking about.
In Harding's 2008 authorized biography, The Tonya Tapes (written by Lynda D. Prouse from recorded interviews), Harding denied ever asking Vera Marano for the name of Nancy Kerrigan's training rink and that Marano may not have remembered details properly and "was a little bit out there." Harding also expressed anxiety when Prouse asked about Marano's testimony:
"I really didn't do anything wrong except ask questions to win a bet...It's just that this sounds bad...I think was for a quarter or something like that. Big deal."
Gillooly's FBI testimony
Jeff Gillooly first testified about the attack plot on January 26, 1994. He said that in early December 1993, Harding phoned him after the 1993 NHK Trophy competition and was upset about her placement. He said he was also upset for her and later spoke about figure skating politics to his friend Shawn Eckardt. According to Gillooly, Eckardt then wondered aloud what would happen if Nancy Kerrigan were to receive a threat. Gillooly said he liked that idea. According to him, Eckardt wanted to keep the idea of injuring Kerrigan a secret from Harding, but Gillooly explained that injuring a competitor might psychologically affect Harding's performance too. Gillooly claimed that when he told Harding about plotting to injure Kerrigan, she thought it was "a good idea." However, she was skeptical about Eckardt's ability to arrange it. Gillooly assured her Eckardt knew people who could carry out the attack, and they could abort the plot if they did not like Eckardt's plan.
Shortly after Eckardt had spoken on the phone with Derrick Smith, he visited Gillooly and Harding at their home and quoted $4,500 to execute the plot. Gillooly replied that it was too much and said he could pay $2,000. On December 25, Gillooly had an answering machine message from Smith asking for more details about the plan. He claimed that he then phoned Eckardt to cancel the deal. Eckardt replied that Smith was already driving to Portland and that he needed more information about Kerrigan — a photograph and the location of the ice rink where she practiced. On December 27, Harding phoned her friend Vera Marano, a Pennsylvania figure skating writer, saying she and Gillooly had a "bet" about where Nancy Kerrigan trained. Marano then called a USFSA contact to find the name of the rink and left a message on Harding and Gillooly's answering machine. He said the message was difficult to understand, it sounded like "Tunee Can." Harding then phoned Marano again asking her to spell the arena name, and Gillooly said he watched as Harding wrote out "Tony Kent Arena."
Smith and his nephew, Shane Stant, arrived in Portland on December 27, drove to Eckardt's home, and asked for a meeting with Gillooly tomorrow at 10 a.m. Gillooly said Harding would be training at that time, but he agreed to meet them. On December 28, Harding finished her practice session at 10:30 a.m., then Gillooly drove them to Eckardt's home. According to him, she knew about the meeting and was anxious about Gillooly talking to dangerous people. He also testified that Harding told him she wanted Kerrigan injured either at her home or skating rink. Gillooly said he would phone her after the meeting, and Harding then drove to Gillooly's mother's house.
He arrived at 11 a.m. to the meeting held at Eckardt's home office, knocking on the door with Stant letting him in. Eckardt introduced Gillooly to Derrick Smith, using only his first name, Stant was introduced as Smith's "friend." Stant said it was "a pleasure" to meet Gillooly, then remained silent. Smith told Gillooly he could solve "problems," and Gillooly said he wanted Kerrigan out of the National Championships so Harding could win an Olympic gold medal. Once this was achieved, Harding would receive endorsements and he could offer $1,000 per week for her security. Gillooly said he could pay $6,500 for this plan and wanted to know what they could do. Eckardt suggested cutting Kerrigan's Achilles tendon, using a beater car to run her off the road, or "just kill her," but those ideas were opposed. Gillooly said only her right leg needed to be disabled, her landing leg; he claimed to have previously verified this with Harding. They settled on injuring Kerrigan's right leg. Gillooly was told his money would be returned if the deed was not completed. He then phoned Harding asking her to pick him up.
According to Gillooly, as he was driving himself and Harding home, she asked if the meeting went well. When he told her about their "money-back guarantee," Harding laughed out loud. Gillooly said he felt "pretty good" about the meeting and thought Smith was competent. He then told her, "I think we should go for it." According to Gillooly, Harding replied, "Let's do it."
He said the men would need another photo of Kerrigan and her "skating times." Gillooly suggested that Harding call the Tony Kent Arena because she knew ice skating terminology. According to him, she did phone the arena asking for Kerrigan's "patch and freestyle times," and phoned again for the address. They also found two photos of Kerrigan from the World Team handbook and Olympian magazine. Gillooly said Harding told him to tear off the magazine's mailing label because it had their home address. They drove to Eckardt's home that night with the photos, practice times, and $2,700 in cash. Gillooly said he paid Eckardt while Harding was in another room having coffee with Eckardt's mother. He remembered Harding briefly talking to him and Eckardt saying Kerrigan's photo was "flattering." Gillooly and Harding were surprised that Eckardt's mother seemed to know about the plot too.
Gillooly testified that by January 1994, he and Harding were upset that the plot had apparently failed. When Eckardt said it could still be done for more money, Gillooly asked "Do I have stupid written across my forehead?" Harding told him that Eckardt should return the money. On January 1, 1994, she had a late-night skating session from 11:30 p.m to 1 a.m., and Gillooly asked Eckardt to meet them at the rink. When Eckardt arrived, Gillooly agreed to pay more if Kerrigan could still be disabled before the Nationals competition.
According to Gillooly, Harding then approached both men and asked Eckardt if his previous back pains were better. She then angrily asked him why "this thing" (the plot) was not completed. Eckardt was flustered and said he did not know why.
Marano's FBI testimony
On January 22, 1994, Vera Marano was interviewed by the FBI. She said she worked as a freelance writer and had written some figure skating articles about Harding, regularly trading phone calls with her. Marano stated that Harding had phoned her about a "bet" regarding Nancy Kerrigan. She said Harding then asked for the name of Kerrigan's training rink and also wanted to know if Kerrigan owned property in Cape Cod.
Eckardt's FBI testimony
Shawn Eckardt first testified about parts of the attack plot on January 12, 1994. He had known Gillooly since they were in the first grade at school. In 1993, Eckardt was enrolled in a paralegal course at Pioneer Pacific College and trying to build a business called World Bodyguard Services. He claimed that in mid-December, Gillooly approached him to ask if he knew anyone who could disable Kerrigan.
On December 22, 1993, Eckardt received a call from his friend Derrick Smith who lived in Phoenix, Arizona. Smith wanted to know if Eckardt was still interested in moving to Phoenix to help set up an anti-terrorist training camp as they had previously discussed. Eckardt claimed he had a contract to disable a female figure skater issued by her rival's husband, that it involved good money because one of the rival's sponsors was George Steinbrenner. It was true that Steinbrenner had recently given Harding a $10,000 donation through the USFSA. Smith was interested in the deal and agreed to drive to Portland with his nephew, Shane Stant, to meet with Eckardt and Gillooly.
On December 28, as the men were waiting for Gillooly to arrive at his office, Smith persuaded Eckardt to tape record the meeting to use as "leverage." Eckardt hid the tape recorder on his desk under a paper towel. After the meeting, Gillooly left, returning that night to pay Eckardt in cash. He later gave the money to Smith who then drove Stant to the Seattle airport so Stant could fly to Boston. Smith returned to Arizona and was communicating separately with Stant and Eckardt by phone, while Eckardt reported back to Gillooly. Eckardt did not know where exactly Stant was and told Gillooly that Smith needed more money. Gillooly refused to pay more until he had receipts proving that someone was in Boston for their plan.
On January 1, 1994, Eckardt met Gillooly and Harding at the skating rink during her late-night session. He remembered Gillooly saying he would pay more money if the plot happened. Eckardt said Harding then skated up to him and commiserated about his ongoing back pain. According to him, she then said "You need to stop screwing around with this and get it done."
Smith's FBI testimony
When Derrick Smith was first interviewed by FBI on January 12, 1994, he held to the cover story that had been agreed upon with his co-conspirators until later in the day when he confessed to his part in the plot. He had met Eckardt when they were students at Mt. Hood Community College, shared an interest in espionage and survivalism, and had discussed opening a school together someday. Smith later worked for the United States Army as an "intelligence analyst" for about 3 years until he was discharged. He then worked in Milwaukie, Oregon as a group home coordinator for Developmental Systems Inc., a company that employed and trained mentally retarded adults to sort laundry hangers. The company claimed Smith was good at his work, remaining quiet and patient if a little anti-social. He quit that job in late 1993 and moved to Arizona with his wife. Smith then applied for a police officer job and was waiting for his interview to be scheduled before Eckardt told him about possible bodyguard work in Oregon.
When he phoned Eckardt on December 22, 1993, Eckardt told Smith he had a client who needed someone physically "taken down," saying the job would entail more bodyguard work in the future. Smith did not want to commit the assault himself because he had no criminal record, but said he might know someone who would do it. He knew his nephew, Shane Stant, was currently unemployed so Smith told him about his conversation with Eckardt.
On December 28, he and Stant were in Portland to discuss the attack plan. Before Gillooly arrived to the meeting, Smith asked Eckardt to tape-record the impending plotting for security. During the meeting, he thought Eckardt was leading Gillooly to think he had many "underground" contacts. After the meeting, he and Stant agreed not to injure Kerrigan "too badly."
Stant's FBI testimony
Shane Stant first testified about the attack plot after he turned himself in to the FBI on January 14, 1994. He was the son of Derrick Smith's wife's sister. Stant and his girlfriend also moved to Arizona along with Smith after once serving 15 days in jail for stealing cars. He was interested in bodybuilding, martial arts, and helping Smith open his training camp someday.
When Smith told Stant about his phone call with Eckardt, Stant wanted to know more specifics. Eckardt then phoned him to say the plot involved making "an accident happen" to a skater, maybe cutting an Achilles tendon. Stant said he would not cut anyone. Eckardt then offered more money than Gillooly stated and said more bodyguard work would follow. Stant agreed to go to Portland with Smith for a meeting, then he paid $59 for a 21-inch (53 cm) ASP tactical baton from a store called Spy Headquarters.
On December 29, 1993, Stant agreed to execute the plot and took a flight to Boston, yet discovered he could not rent a car with his girlfriend's credit card. He received his own credit card from an evening mail delivery the next day. On December 31, Stant drove to Yarmouth, Massachusetts, reaching the Tony Kent Arena that afternoon. Nancy Kerrigan had already finished her practice session and departed to Stoneham, Massachusetts for the weekend. Stant, thinking Kerrigan would still be training at the arena, frequented the parking lot for two days and relocated his car every half hour.
Aftermath
Immediate aftermath
Harding's practice sessions at Clackamas Town Center, in preparation for the 1994 Winter Olympics, were attended by thousands of spectators and dozens of reporters and film crews.
On January 11, Ann Schatz interviewed Harding for KOIN-TV in Portland, Oregon. Schatz asked Harding whether someone she knew could have planned the attack. Harding replied, "I have definitely thought about it." Gillooly stood in her view behind the camera during the interview. The interview ended with Harding saying, "No one controls my life but me...if there's something in there that I don't like, I'm going to change it." Harding also confirmed she had spoken with FBI agents in Detroit and again in Portland. On January 13, Eckardt and Smith were arrested. On January 14, the United States Figure Skating Association (USFSA) made a statement on whether Eckardt's arrest affected Harding's Olympic placement: "We will deal only with the facts." Harding and Gillooly's separate lawyers confirmed the couple were in daily contact and cooperation with law enforcement. On January 15, Harding and Gillooly spoke with reporters, but declined to comment about the investigation. On January 16, Harding's lawyer held a news conference in which he read a statement denying Harding's involvement in the attack on Kerrigan. Harding left her home that evening to practice figure skating with her coaches, where she spoke with reporters and performed a triple Axel.
USFSA disciplinary panel
On February 5, 1994, the USFSA disciplinary panel stated there were reasonable grounds to believe Harding had violated the sport's code of ethics. Her admitted failure to report about an assault on a fellow competitor, supported by her FBI transcripts, led to Harding being formally charged with " false statements about her knowledge". The USFSA also recommended that she face a disciplinary hearing. Claire Ferguson, president of the USFSA, decided not to suspend Harding's membership before a hearing took place. If she had been suspended, she likely still would have competed at the Olympics after filing suit, seeking an injunction against the USFSA, and asserting her rights under the Amateur Sports Act of 1978. The panel examined evidence including the testimonies of Stant and Smith, Harding and Gillooly's telephone records, and notes found in a Portland saloon trash bin on January 30. Harding was given thirty days to respond.
Sentences
On February 1, 1994, Gillooly's attorney negotiated a plea agreement in exchange for testimony regarding all involved parties in the attack. In July, Gillooly was sentenced to two years in prison after publicly apologizing to Kerrigan – adding "any apology coming from me rings hollow." Gillooly and Eckardt pleaded guilty to racketeering, while Stant and Smith pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit second-degree assault. Judge Donald Londer noted the attack could have injured Kerrigan more seriously. Eckardt died in 2007.
On March 16, Harding pleaded guilty to conspiracy to hinder prosecution as a Class C felony offense at a Multnomah County court hearing. She and her lawyer, Robert Weaver, negotiated a plea agreement ensuring no further prosecution. Judge Londer conducted routine questioning to make certain Harding understood her agreement, that she was entering her plea "knowingly and voluntarily." Harding told Londer she was. Her plea admissions were knowing of the assault plot after the fact, settling on a cover story with Gillooly and Eckardt on January 10, witnessing payphone calls to Smith affirming the story on January 10 and 11, and lying to FBI. Law enforcement investigators had been following and videotaping the co-conspirators since January 10, and knew about the payphone calls. Harding's penalties included three years of probation, a $100,000 fine, and 500 hours community service. She agreed to reimburse Multnomah County $10,000 in legal expenses, undergo a psychiatric examination, and volunteered to give $50,000 to the Special Olympics Oregon (SOOR) charity. Oregon sentencing guidelines carried a maximum penalty of five years imprisonment for the offense.
Grand jury indictment
Harding arriving at Portland International Airport amid a crush of reporters after the 1994 Winter Olympics.
On March 21, 1994, a Portland grand jury issued an indictment stating there was evidence Harding participated in the attack plot. The indictment concluded more than two months of investigation and witness testimonies from Diane Rawlinson; Harding's choreographer Erika Bakacs; freelance figure skating writer Vera Marano; and Eckardt's college instructor and classmates. It stated there was evidence Harding fraudulently used USFSA-provided skating monies to finance the assault. It also read that Harding, Gillooly, Eckardt, Smith, and Stant agreed to "knowingly cause physical injury ... by means of a dangerous weapon." The grand jury foreman said the evidence implied Harding as "involved from the beginning or very close." She was not charged in the indictment due to the terms of her March 16 plea agreement.
Second disciplinary panel meeting
On June 29, the USFSA disciplinary panel met for nine hours over two days to consider Harding's alleged role in the attack. On June 30, chairman William Hybl stated,
"By a preponderance of the evidence, the panel did conclude that she had prior knowledge and was involved prior to the incident. This is based on civil standards, not criminal standards ... bank records, phone records – the way they came together to establish a case."
The panel decided that pertinent FBI reports, court documents, and Harding's March 16 plea agreement presented
"a clear disregard for fairness, good sportsmanship, and ethical behaviour."
Harding chose neither to attend nor participate in the two-day hearing. Weaver said the decision disappointed her but was not a surprise, and that she had not decided on an appeal. Harding was stripped of her 1994 U.S. Championship title and banned for life from participating in USFSA events as either skater or coach. The USFSA has no dominion over professional skating events, yet Harding was also persona non grata on the pro circuit. Few skaters and promoters would work with her, and she did not benefit from the ensuing boom in professional skating after the scandal.
In popular culture
The attack and the scandal surrounding it were depicted in the 2017 film I, Tonya, with Margot Robbie portraying Harding, Ricky Russert portraying Stant, and Caitlin Carver portraying Kerrigan.
The character of Karla Keller in the cancelled Data East arcade fighting game Tattoo Assassins is largely based on Kerrigan, Keller's backstory directly referencing the assault.
The attack was mentioned in "Weird Al" Yankovic's song "Headline News", a parody of the Crash Test Dummies hit "Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm".
The event is referenced in the songs "Strange Clouds" by B.o.B featuring Lil Wayne, "Stay Frosty Royal Milk Tea" by Fall Out Boy, "Tonya Harding" by Sufjan Stevens, "Nancy Kerrigan" by Frog, and “TONYA” by Brockhampton.
Fran Drescher says: “Call Gillooly” in the 1994 The Nanny episode S1 E22: "I Don't Remember Mama".
In the 1994 Animaniacs segment "Baloney and Kids", as the Warners panic when Baloney the Dinosaur shakes off their cartoonish brand of violence, Yakko yells out "Call in the National Guard," to which Dot adds, "Or Tonya Harding's bodyguard."
The event is mentioned in the 1997 South Park episode S1 E10: "Damien".
Gillooly is mentioned as a former Barder College student is the seventh episode of 3-South, "Coke Addicts".
A sidequest in the video game Spyro: Year of the Dragon centers around defending a polar bear ice dancer named Nancy from getting assaulted by Rhynoc hockey players as she attempts to rehearse for a performance.
An episode of the animated comedy Futurama, "Stench and Stenchibility", features a devilish six-year-old girl named Tonya (voiced by Tara Strong; a reference to Harding), who is the opponent of Bender Rodriguez (John DiMaggio) in a tap dancing competition held by Randy Munchnik. As Bender attempts to sabotage her performance by filling her tap shoes with tacks in the locker room, Tonya catches him in the act, and breaks his leg with a nightstick in a similar manner to the attack on Kerrigan.
Barack Obama referenced the attack while giving a speech in 2007 in Iowa during his run in the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries, stating "Folks said there's no way Obama has a chance unless he goes and kneecaps the person ahead of us, does a Tonya Harding."
Notes
^ Some newspapers, such as the New York Daily News, misquoted Kerrigan as saying "Why me!?". This sentence cannot be heard on the clip filmed by the camera crew.
References
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^ Longman, Jere (February 6, 1994). "Sports: Whole World is Watching". New York Times. Archived from the original on June 26, 2017. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
^ Hamilton, William (January 15, 1994). "Three Held in Assault on Kerrigan". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
^ Janofsky, Michael (January 15, 1994). "Third Suspect Arrested by F.B.I. In the Attack on Olympic Skater". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 2, 2019. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
^ a b Buckley, Stephen (February 2, 1994). "Gillooly Pleads Guilty, Says Harding Approved Plot". Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 15, 2018. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
^ a b "Harding's ex-husband says she helped to plan attack – Attorney: 'What Did Tonya Know And When?'". Orlando Sentinel. February 2, 1994. Archived from the original on July 24, 2018. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
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^ a b "USFSA's decision regarding Tonya Harding". Scribd. June 30, 1994. Archived from the original on November 5, 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
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^ a b c "Not Your Average Ice Queen". Sports Illustrated. January 13, 1992. Retrieved November 23, 2021. LaVona used the money she got in tips to pay for Tonya's lessons – $25 a week at first
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^ Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. Crown. p. 16. ISBN 9780525575313.
^ Coffey, Frank; Layden, Joe (1994). Thin Ice: The Complete, Uncensored Story of Tonya Harding. Pinnacle Books. p. 67. ISBN 9780786044979. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
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^ Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. Crown. pp. 111–112. ISBN 9780525575313.
^ Effron, Lauren; Valiente, Alexa (January 2, 2018). "Tonya Harding says she 'knew something was up' before infamous 1994 baton attack". ABC News. Retrieved November 25, 2021.
^ Prouse; Harding (2008). The Tonya Tapes: The Tonya Harding Story in her Own Voice. World Audience. pp. 210–212. ISBN 9781934209806.
^ a b Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. Crown. p. 113. ISBN 9780525575313.
^ Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. Crown. p. 52. ISBN 9780525575313.
^ Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. Crown. p. 114. ISBN 9780525575313.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Swift, E. M. (February 14, 1994). "Anatomy of a Plot". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
^ a b Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. p. 57. ISBN 9780525575313.
^ Coffey, Frank; Layden, Joe (1994). Thin Ice: The Complete, Uncensored Story of Tonya Harding. Pinnacle Books. p. 81. ISBN 9780786044979. Retrieved November 26, 2021.
^ Buckley, Stephen (February 5, 1994). "A Case of He Said, She Said". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 6, 2018. Retrieved November 27, 2021.
^ Balzar, John (February 2, 1994). "Ex-Spouse Pleads Guilty & Implicates Harding". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 4, 2021.
^ Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. p. 120. ISBN 9780525575313.
^ Coffey, Frank; Layden, Joe (1994). Thin Ice: The Complete, Uncensored Story of Tonya Harding. p. 80. ISBN 9780786044979. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
^ Egan, Timothy (January 15, 1994). "A Hard Life Spent Searching for Money & a Gold Medal". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 26, 2015. Retrieved December 7, 2021.
^ Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. p. 54. ISBN 9780525575313.
^ Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. pp. 122–124. ISBN 9780525575313.
^ Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. Crown. p. 126. ISBN 9780525575313.
^ a b Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. Crown. p. 116. ISBN 9780525575313.
^ a b c Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. Crown. p. 55. ISBN 9780525575313.
^ a b Coffey, Frank; Layden, Joe (1994). Thin Ice: The Complete, Uncensored Story of Tonya Harding. Pinnacle Books. p. 79. ISBN 9780786044979. Retrieved November 23, 2021.
^ Coffey, Frank; Layden, Joe (1994). Thin Ice: The Complete, Uncensored Story of Tonya Harding. Pinnacle Books. p. 83. ISBN 9780786044979. Retrieved December 10, 2021.
^ Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. Crown. p. 118. ISBN 9780525575313.
^ Bruscas, Angelo; Clever, Dick (January 13, 1994). "Husband, bodyguard implicated in attack – Police 'close' to arrest in Kerrigan case" (TIFF). Santa Cruz Sentinel. Vol. 137, no. 12. Archived from the original on August 13, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
^ Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. Crown. p. 99. ISBN 9780525575313. Retrieved August 12, 2018 – via Google Books. I just wish people would see that, you know, I'm out there trying just as much as everybody else is, and it's just really sad. It's sad that there's that kind of people out there." And she once again expressed her fierce determination. "No one controls my life but me.
^ Ann Schatz's 1994 interview with Tonya Harding at KOIN. KOIN 6. January 11, 1994. Event occurs at 0:56 – via YouTube. Excerpt of Tonya Harding claiming that she doesn't know how Nancy Kerrigan came to be attacked starts at 0m56s .
^ Long, James; Hogan, Dave; Haight, Abby (January 12, 1994). "FBI investigating Tonya Harding's husband as part of alleged plot to sideline figure skater Nancy Kerrigan". The Oregonian. Portland, OR. Archived from the original on August 13, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
^ Long, James; Hogan, Dave (January 14, 1994). "Sheriff's deputies arrest Tonya Harding's bodyguard & another man". The Oregonian. Portland, OR. Archived from the original on August 13, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
^ Egan, Timothy (January 14, 1994). "Police in Oregon make arrests in assault on Olympic skater". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 14, 2018. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
^ "Harding keeps Olympic spot – for now" (TIFF). Santa Cruz Sentinel. Vol. 137, no. 13. Associated Press. January 14, 1994. Archived from the original on August 13, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
^ Brennan, Christine; Walsh, Edward (January 14, 1994). "Rival's bodyguard, one other arrested in assault". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 13, 2018. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
^ Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. Crown. p. 100. ISBN 9780525575313. Archived from the original on October 24, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018. On Thursday, January 13, Dennis Rawlinson, Harding's lawyer (and husband of Tonya's coach), said that she would have plenty to say. The next day, a statement was issued: "Tonya Harding and Jeff Gillooly are meeting today with their lawyers ... have cooperated with law enforcement"
^ Wilstein, Steve (January 16, 1994). "Harding chances called 'grim' – New witness says skater knew of plot" (TIFF). Santa Cruz Sentinel. Vol. 137, no. 15. Archived from the original on August 14, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
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^ Tonya Harding saga part 7. Hard Copy. Paramount Domestic Television. January 1994. Event occurs at 5:17 – via YouTube. report showing footage of Harding speaking with reporters on 15 January 1994; cut to footage of Harding training with her coaches late on 16 January performing a triple Axel from 5m17s .
^ "Harding's ex-husband faces arrest" (TIFF). Santa Cruz Sentinel. Vol. 137, no. 17. Associated Press. January 18, 1994. Archived from the original on August 14, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
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^ Longman, Jere (February 6, 1994). "Harding Ordered To Appear At Hearing". New York Times. Archived from the original on July 21, 2018. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
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^ "The humble beginnings of Frog, reassessed".
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Kerrigan had been practicing skating on an ice rink in the arena shortly beforehand.The attack was planned by Jeff Gillooly, then-husband of fellow American figure skater Tonya Harding, and his co-conspirator Shawn Eckardt.[1][2][3] They hired Stant, and his uncle Derrick Smith, to carry out the attack. Gillooly and Eckardt both claimed that Harding was involved in the attack and had knowledge of it beforehand. Harding initially denied all knowledge of the attack,[4][5] but soon accepted a plea agreement admitting to helping cover up the attack after the fact.[6][7] Later, both a grand jury[8] and a disciplinary panel from the United States Figure Skating Association (USFSA)[9] found further evidence of Harding's involvement during the planning and execution phases.The attack was intended to prevent Kerrigan from taking part in the ongoing 1994 United States Figure Skating Championships and the forthcoming Winter Olympics, thus increasing the prospects of Harding in both figure skating events. Kerrigan could not compete in the US Championship but recovered in time to compete in the Winter Olympics. Both women competed in the 1994 Olympics, and Harding was later banned for life from USFSA figure skating events.[10]","title":"Assault of Nancy Kerrigan"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nancy_Kerrigan_1995.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tonya_harding_mac_club_1994_by_andrew_parodi.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Nancy Kerrigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Kerrigan"},{"link_name":"Tonya Harding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonya_Harding"},{"link_name":"Nancy Kerrigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Kerrigan"},{"link_name":"United States Figure Skating Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_United_States_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Detroit, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Tonya Harding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonya_Harding"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swift-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swift-1"},{"link_name":"bodyguard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodyguard"},{"link_name":"death threat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_threat"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Cape Cod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freep-groundhog-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Figure skaters Nancy Kerrigan (left, 1995) and Tonya Harding (right, 1994)Nancy Kerrigan is an American former figure skater who, in January 1994, was about to take part in the United States Figure Skating Championships in Detroit, Michigan. Her main rival in that tournament was Tonya Harding. The attack took place just days before the tournament, and rendered Kerrigan unable to take part.[11] The Winter Olympics were also set to take place in February, where Kerrigan and Harding were likely to be the two female figure skaters representing the United States. The attack benefited Harding as it allowed her to win the U.S. Championships with ease and could have benefited her if it had taken Kerrigan out of the Olympics.[1]Jeff Gillooly was Tonya Harding's ex-husband.[1] At the time of the attack, the couple were together and still referred to each other as husband and wife. Shawn Eckardt, a friend of Gillooly's who was also Harding's bodyguard before the attack, had originally been hired by the figure skater after she received an anonymous death threat.[12] Shane Stant later testified that Harding was part of staging the death threat against herself.[13] Derrick Smith, an associate of Eckardt, was paid $6,500 to carry out the attack; Eckardt had received the money from Gillooly. Shane Stant, Smith's nephew, initially planned to carry out the attack by himself and had travelled to Kerrigan's home rink in Cape Cod in late December 1993, but was unable to locate her. Stant then followed Kerrigan to the Nationals in Detroit in early January 1994. Gillooly opposed carrying out an attack in Detroit, feeling it too likely they would be caught, and instructed Eckardt to wire Stant funds to return home without carrying out the attack. Eckardt instead wired the funds to Smith, who then traveled to join Stant in Detroit.[14] Stant and Smith then planned to carry out the attack together.[15]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cobo Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobo_Arena"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-footage-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"telescopic baton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopic_baton"},{"link_name":"getaway driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getaway_driver"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-footage-16"},{"link_name":"quadriceps tendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadriceps_tendon"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"On the afternoon of January 6, 1994, Kerrigan was practicing for the U.S. Championships on an ice rink inside Cobo Arena. A camera crew was recording her practice session and showed her leaving the ice rink and walking through a curtain and down a hallway; the camera then cuts out.[16] Stant stated in a 2018 interview that he was standing \"about a foot and a half\" (around half a meter) behind the camera crew and waited for them to stop filming before he followed Kerrigan through the curtain.[17] Stant approached Kerrigan from behind, extended a telescopic baton, struck her lower right thigh and walked away. He then escaped from the arena by smashing through a locked glass door. Smith was waiting in a car outside and acted as a getaway driver. The camera crew began recording again shortly after the attack and recorded Kerrigan sitting on the floor crying surrounded by arena staff. Here, Kerrigan exclaimed the now-famous line, \"Why? Why? Why?\"[a] This footage was later broadcast around the world in news programs. Kerrigan was then carried away to a changing room by her father.[16] The attack severely bruised her knee and quadriceps tendon and forced her to withdraw from the U.S. Championships.[18]","title":"Attack"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Criminal investigation and testimonies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clackamas Town Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clackamas_Town_Center"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iceqn-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iceqn-22"},{"link_name":"acquaintance rape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquaintance_rape"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coolice-24"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iceqn-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-haightvader1-25"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coolice-24"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"The Oregonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregonian"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-haightvader1-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coolice-24"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coffey-30"},{"link_name":"Beretta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beretta"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fall-31"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coffey-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Harding and Gillooly's relationship","text":"Harding met Jeff Gillooly in 1986 when she was skating at the Clackamas Town Center; she was 15, he was 17. They later exchanged phone numbers and went out to the movies, chaperoned by her father.[19] In 1988, the couple moved into a home together, and Harding claimed she began experiencing physical abuse from Gillooly.[20] They married on March 18, 1990. Harding's mother, LaVona, said she opposed the marriage: \"I knew Jeff had a violent streak [...] he tried to break down the door because he thought [Tonya] had gone out with another boy.\"[21] On June 17, 1991, Harding filed for divorce, citing irreconcilable differences. Two days later, she received a restraining order against Gillooly: \"He wrenched my arm and wrist, pulled my hair and shoved me [...] he bought a shotgun, and I am scared for my safety.\"[21]Harding later claimed she was the victim of acquaintance rape sometime during her separation from Gillooly in 1991, \"by a friend of mine, who I knew for eight years.\"[22] In summer 1991, she became engaged to mechanical engineer Mike Pliska. He ended their engagement after he saw Harding disrespecting people and giving her phone number to another man.[23] In autumn 1991, Harding dated a Canadian banker. In October, she decided to reconcile with Gillooly and withdraw the divorce, saying they were still in love and seeking counseling: \"I know he's changed. I see it in his eyes, and I believe in him... I don't want to lose him. I really don't.\"[21][24]On March 10, 1992, Harding had a roadside physical altercation with a female motorist in Portland, Oregon. The first deputy on the scene observed Harding holding a baseball bat after breaking the motorist's eyeglasses. The incident ended in apologies and no criminal charges were filed.[25]In both March and July 1993, police came to Harding and Gillooly's shared apartment after reported arguments. In a July affidavit, Harding wrote that she had been in an abusive marriage for two years, \"he has assaulted me physically with his open hand and fist [...] put me down to the floor on several occasions.\"[23] Harding was granted another restraining order and filed for divorce.[26] In spring 1993, she dated Tom Arant who spoke about Harding to The Oregonian, saying she would complain about Gillooly, yet still contacted him often: \"she couldn't stop talking to him.\"[27] That summer, a man from Harding's gym claimed to The Oregonian that Harding offered to pay him to \"take care\" of Gillooly, \"slap him around a little.\" He said he was offended and declined.[28][24]On August 28, 1993, Harding and Gillooly were granted a divorce. Ten days later, Harding's lawyer asked the restraining order to be lifted because the couple again wished to reconcile.[23] On October 2, at approximately 3 a.m., neighbours of the couple called the police when they heard them arguing outside and a single gunshot. The neighbours reported seeing Gillooly pick Harding up and place her in a truck, and feared Harding had been shot.[29] A police officer stopped the truck and confiscated a found shotgun and a 9mm Beretta pistol that had recently been discharged.[30] The officer then interviewed Harding and Gillooly separately about what had happened, but their stories did not match. Gillooly first stated that the gun had fired when he was carrying it. Harding then admitted that she had fired the gun and was worried about the publicity. Gillooly said that Harding had been moving her possessions into his truck when they started an argument over his former girlfriend; he declined to press charges.[29] In November 1993, the couple were evicted from their apartment for failing to pay rent.[31]","title":"Criminal investigation and testimonies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"overdrawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdraft"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fall-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"plea deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plea_deal"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Nancy Kerrigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Kerrigan"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Harding's FBI testimony and other claims","text":"During Tonya Harding's FBI testimony on January 18, 1994, she requested and received some ice to treat her swollen ankle. When asked about her finances, Harding said she had one bank account which was currently $109 overdrawn.[30] She was also asked about her relationship with Gillooly and replied she still considered him her husband. When asked whether Gillooly had ever threatened her, Harding said he had not. FBI agent James Russell then asked if she was at Shawn Eckardt's house at any time on January 11, Harding replied that she \"definitely\" had not been. Russell then advised her that while concealing criminal knowledge did not violate Oregon law, lying to the FBI would violate federal law. Harding said she understood that. Russell then told her that he knew she had lied to him. Harding's lawyer, Robert Weaver, then stated he wished to speak privately with his client. When Harding returned, she testified that she and Gillooly went to Eckardt's home on December 28, 1993; he went inside, she drove away. Harding said that Gillooly phoned her one hour later asking her to pick him up.[32]After Harding's plea deal on March 16, 1994, she has since made other claims about the assault scandal. In 2018, she said she had prior knowledge of Gillooly and Eckardt discussing \"[taking] out\" one of her competitors in late 1993. Harding said she protested that she wanted to win fairly, and asked them what they were talking about.[33]In Harding's 2008 authorized biography, The Tonya Tapes (written by Lynda D. Prouse from recorded interviews), Harding denied ever asking Vera Marano for the name of Nancy Kerrigan's training rink and that Marano may not have remembered details properly and \"was a little bit out there.\" Harding also expressed anxiety when Prouse asked about Marano's testimony:[34]\"I really didn't do anything wrong except ask questions to win a bet...It's just that this sounds bad...I think [the bet] was for a quarter or something like that. Big deal.\"","title":"Criminal investigation and testimonies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fire_on_Ice-36"},{"link_name":"1993 NHK Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_NHK_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fall-31"},{"link_name":"Nancy Kerrigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Kerrigan"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fall-31"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anatomy-39"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anatomy-39"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fall-31"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anatomy-39"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fall-31"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anatomy-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57:-40"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anatomy-39"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anatomy-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anatomy-39"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fall-31"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anatomy-39"},{"link_name":"National Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anatomy-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57:-40"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fall-31"},{"link_name":"Achilles tendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_tendon"},{"link_name":"beater car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decrepit_car"},{"link_name":"landing leg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_figure_skating_terms#L"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anatomy-39"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anatomy-39"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anatomy-39"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anatomy-39"},{"link_name":"back pains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_pain"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anatomy-39"}],"sub_title":"Gillooly's FBI testimony","text":"Jeff Gillooly first testified about the attack plot on January 26, 1994.[35] He said that in early December 1993, Harding phoned him after the 1993 NHK Trophy competition and was upset about her placement. He said he was also upset for her and later spoke about figure skating politics to his friend Shawn Eckardt.[30] According to Gillooly, Eckardt then wondered aloud what would happen if Nancy Kerrigan were to receive a threat.[36] Gillooly said he liked that idea. According to him, Eckardt wanted to keep the idea of injuring Kerrigan a secret from Harding, but Gillooly explained that injuring a competitor might psychologically affect Harding's performance too. Gillooly claimed that when he told Harding about plotting to injure Kerrigan, she thought it was \"a good idea.\"[37] However, she was skeptical about Eckardt's ability to arrange it.[30] Gillooly assured her Eckardt knew people who could carry out the attack, and they could abort the plot if they did not like Eckardt's plan.[38]Shortly after Eckardt had spoken on the phone with Derrick Smith, he visited Gillooly and Harding at their home and quoted $4,500 to execute the plot. Gillooly replied that it was too much and said he could pay $2,000.[38] On December 25, Gillooly had an answering machine message from Smith asking for more details about the plan. He claimed that he then phoned Eckardt to cancel the deal. Eckardt replied that Smith was already driving to Portland and that he needed more information about Kerrigan — a photograph and the location of the ice rink where she practiced.[30][38] On December 27, Harding phoned her friend Vera Marano, a Pennsylvania figure skating writer, saying she and Gillooly had a \"bet\" about where Nancy Kerrigan trained.[30] Marano then called a USFSA contact to find the name of the rink and left a message on Harding and Gillooly's answering machine.[38] He said the message was difficult to understand, it sounded like \"Tunee Can.\" Harding then phoned Marano again asking her to spell the arena name, and Gillooly said he watched as Harding wrote out \"Tony Kent Arena.\"[39][38]Smith and his nephew, Shane Stant, arrived in Portland on December 27, drove to Eckardt's home, and asked for a meeting with Gillooly tomorrow at 10 a.m. Gillooly said Harding would be training at that time, but he agreed to meet them. On December 28, Harding finished her practice session at 10:30 a.m., then Gillooly drove them to Eckardt's home. According to him, she knew about the meeting and was anxious about Gillooly talking to dangerous people.[38][40] He also testified that Harding told him she wanted Kerrigan injured either at her home or skating rink.[41] Gillooly said he would phone her after the meeting, and Harding then drove to Gillooly's mother's house.[38]He arrived at 11 a.m. to the meeting held at Eckardt's home office, knocking on the door with Stant letting him in.[30][38] Eckardt introduced Gillooly to Derrick Smith, using only his first name, Stant was introduced as Smith's \"friend.\" Stant said it was \"a pleasure\" to meet Gillooly, then remained silent. Smith told Gillooly he could solve \"problems,\" and Gillooly said he wanted Kerrigan out of the National Championships so Harding could win an Olympic gold medal.[38][39] Once this was achieved, Harding would receive endorsements and he could offer $1,000 per week for her security. Gillooly said he could pay $6,500 for this plan and wanted to know what they could do.[30] Eckardt suggested cutting Kerrigan's Achilles tendon, using a beater car to run her off the road, or \"just kill her,\" but those ideas were opposed. Gillooly said only her right leg needed to be disabled, her landing leg; he claimed to have previously verified this with Harding. They settled on injuring Kerrigan's right leg. Gillooly was told his money would be returned if the deed was not completed. He then phoned Harding asking her to pick him up.[38]According to Gillooly, as he was driving himself and Harding home, she asked if the meeting went well. When he told her about their \"money-back guarantee,\" Harding laughed out loud. Gillooly said he felt \"pretty good\" about the meeting and thought Smith was competent. He then told her, \"I think we should go for it.\" According to Gillooly, Harding replied, \"Let's do it.\"[38][42]He said the men would need another photo of Kerrigan and her \"skating times.\" Gillooly suggested that Harding call the Tony Kent Arena because she knew ice skating terminology. According to him, she did phone the arena asking for Kerrigan's \"patch and freestyle times,\" and phoned again for the address. They also found two photos of Kerrigan from the World Team handbook and Olympian magazine. Gillooly said Harding told him to tear off the magazine's mailing label because it had their home address. They drove to Eckardt's home that night with the photos, practice times, and $2,700 in cash. Gillooly said he paid Eckardt while Harding was in another room having coffee with Eckardt's mother. He remembered Harding briefly talking to him and Eckardt saying Kerrigan's photo was \"flattering.\" Gillooly and Harding were surprised that Eckardt's mother seemed to know about the plot too.[38]Gillooly testified that by January 1994, he and Harding were upset that the plot had apparently failed. When Eckardt said it could still be done for more money, Gillooly asked \"Do I have stupid written across my forehead?\" Harding told him that Eckardt should return the money. On January 1, 1994, she had a late-night skating session from 11:30 p.m to 1 a.m., and Gillooly asked Eckardt to meet them at the rink. When Eckardt arrived, Gillooly agreed to pay more if Kerrigan could still be disabled before the Nationals competition.[38]According to Gillooly, Harding then approached both men and asked Eckardt if his previous back pains were better. She then angrily asked him why \"this thing\" (the plot) was not completed. Eckardt was flustered and said he did not know why.[38]","title":"Criminal investigation and testimonies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cape Cod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fire_on_Ice-36"}],"sub_title":"Marano's FBI testimony","text":"On January 22, 1994, Vera Marano was interviewed by the FBI. She said she worked as a freelance writer and had written some figure skating articles about Harding, regularly trading phone calls with her. Marano stated that Harding had phoned her about a \"bet\" regarding Nancy Kerrigan. She said Harding then asked for the name of Kerrigan's training rink and also wanted to know if Kerrigan owned property in Cape Cod.[35]","title":"Criminal investigation and testimonies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pioneer Pacific College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Pacific_College"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anatomy-39"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Phoenix, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anatomy-39"},{"link_name":"anti-terrorist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterterrorism"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"sponsors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponsor_(commercial)"},{"link_name":"George Steinbrenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Steinbrenner"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anatomy-39"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fall-31"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anatomy-39"},{"link_name":"tape record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape_recorder"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anatomy-39"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fall-31"}],"sub_title":"Eckardt's FBI testimony","text":"Shawn Eckardt first testified about parts of the attack plot on January 12, 1994. He had known Gillooly since they were in the first grade at school. In 1993, Eckardt was enrolled in a paralegal course at Pioneer Pacific College and trying to build a business called World Bodyguard Services.[38] He claimed that in mid-December, Gillooly approached him to ask if he knew anyone who could disable Kerrigan.[43]On December 22, 1993, Eckardt received a call from his friend Derrick Smith who lived in Phoenix, Arizona.[38] Smith wanted to know if Eckardt was still interested in moving to Phoenix to help set up an anti-terrorist training camp as they had previously discussed.[44] Eckardt claimed he had a contract to disable a female figure skater issued by her rival's husband, that it involved good money because one of the rival's sponsors was George Steinbrenner.[38][30] It was true that Steinbrenner had recently given Harding a $10,000 donation through the USFSA.[45][46] Smith was interested in the deal and agreed to drive to Portland with his nephew, Shane Stant, to meet with Eckardt and Gillooly.[38]On December 28, as the men were waiting for Gillooly to arrive at his office, Smith persuaded Eckardt to tape record the meeting to use as \"leverage.\" Eckardt hid the tape recorder on his desk under a paper towel. After the meeting, Gillooly left, returning that night to pay Eckardt in cash. He later gave the money to Smith who then drove Stant to the Seattle airport so Stant could fly to Boston.[47] Smith returned to Arizona and was communicating separately with Stant and Eckardt by phone, while Eckardt reported back to Gillooly. Eckardt did not know where exactly Stant was and told Gillooly that Smith needed more money. Gillooly refused to pay more until he had receipts proving that someone was in Boston for their plan.[38]On January 1, 1994, Eckardt met Gillooly and Harding at the skating rink during her late-night session. He remembered Gillooly saying he would pay more money if the plot happened. Eckardt said Harding then skated up to him and commiserated about his ongoing back pain.[48] According to him, she then said \"You need to stop screwing around with this and get it done.\"[30]","title":"Criminal investigation and testimonies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cover story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover-up"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116:-50"},{"link_name":"Mt. Hood Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mt._Hood_Community_College"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55:-51"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fall-31"},{"link_name":"Milwaukie, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukie,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"group home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_home"},{"link_name":"mentally retarded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_disability"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55:-51"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fall-31"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79:-52"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55:-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79:-52"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fall-31"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anatomy-39"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_crime"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Smith's FBI testimony","text":"When Derrick Smith was first interviewed by FBI on January 12, 1994, he held to the cover story that had been agreed upon with his co-conspirators until later in the day when he confessed to his part in the plot.[49] He had met Eckardt when they were students at Mt. Hood Community College, shared an interest in espionage and survivalism, and had discussed opening a school together someday.[50] Smith later worked for the United States Army as an \"intelligence analyst\" for about 3 years until he was discharged.[30] He then worked in Milwaukie, Oregon as a group home coordinator for Developmental Systems Inc., a company that employed and trained mentally retarded adults to sort laundry hangers.[50][30] The company claimed Smith was good at his work, remaining quiet and patient if a little anti-social.[51] He quit that job in late 1993 and moved to Arizona with his wife.[50][51] Smith then applied for a police officer job and was waiting for his interview to be scheduled before Eckardt told him about possible bodyguard work in Oregon.[30]When he phoned Eckardt on December 22, 1993, Eckardt told Smith he had a client who needed someone physically \"taken down,\" saying the job would entail more bodyguard work in the future. Smith did not want to commit the assault himself because he had no criminal record, but said he might know someone who would do it. He knew his nephew, Shane Stant, was currently unemployed so Smith told him about his conversation with Eckardt.[38]On December 28, he and Stant were in Portland to discuss the attack plan. Before Gillooly arrived to the meeting, Smith asked Eckardt to tape-record the impending plotting for security.[52] During the meeting, he thought Eckardt was leading Gillooly to think he had many \"underground\" contacts. After the meeting, he and Stant agreed not to injure Kerrigan \"too badly.\"[53]","title":"Criminal investigation and testimonies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116:-50"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fall-31"},{"link_name":"martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_arts"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anatomy-39"},{"link_name":"ASP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASP,_Inc."},{"link_name":"tactical baton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescopic_baton"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anatomy-39"},{"link_name":"Yarmouth, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarmouth,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Stoneham, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoneham,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-anatomy-39"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fall-31"}],"sub_title":"Stant's FBI testimony","text":"Shane Stant first testified about the attack plot after he turned himself in to the FBI on January 14, 1994.[49] He was the son of Derrick Smith's wife's sister.[30] Stant and his girlfriend also moved to Arizona along with Smith after once serving 15 days in jail for stealing cars. He was interested in bodybuilding, martial arts, and helping Smith open his training camp someday.[38]When Smith told Stant about his phone call with Eckardt, Stant wanted to know more specifics. Eckardt then phoned him to say the plot involved making \"an accident happen\" to a skater, maybe cutting an Achilles tendon. Stant said he would not cut anyone. Eckardt then offered more money than Gillooly stated and said more bodyguard work would follow. Stant agreed to go to Portland with Smith for a meeting, then he paid $59 for a 21-inch (53 cm) ASP tactical baton from a store called Spy Headquarters.[38]On December 29, 1993, Stant agreed to execute the plot and took a flight to Boston, yet discovered he could not rent a car with his girlfriend's credit card. He received his own credit card from an evening mail delivery the next day. On December 31, Stant drove to Yarmouth, Massachusetts, reaching the Tony Kent Arena that afternoon. Nancy Kerrigan had already finished her practice session and departed to Stoneham, Massachusetts for the weekend.[38] Stant, thinking Kerrigan would still be training at the arena, frequented the parking lot for two days and relocated his car every half hour.[30]","title":"Criminal investigation and testimonies"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tonya_Harding_Olympic_practice_at_Clackamas_Town_Center_1994_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Clackamas Town Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clackamas_Town_Center"},{"link_name":"Ann Schatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Schatz"},{"link_name":"KOIN-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOIN"},{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"United States Figure Skating Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Figure_Skating_Association"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"news conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press-conference"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"triple Axel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_jump"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"}],"sub_title":"Immediate aftermath","text":"Harding's practice sessions at Clackamas Town Center, in preparation for the 1994 Winter Olympics, were attended by thousands of spectators and dozens of reporters and film crews.On January 11, Ann Schatz interviewed Harding for KOIN-TV in Portland, Oregon. Schatz asked Harding whether someone she knew could have planned the attack. Harding replied, \"I have definitely thought about it.\" Gillooly stood in her view behind the camera during the interview. The interview ended with Harding saying, \"No one controls my life but me...if there's something in there that I don't like, I'm going to change it.\"[54][55][56] Harding also confirmed she had spoken with FBI agents in Detroit and again in Portland.[57] On January 13, Eckardt and Smith were arrested.[58][59] On January 14, the United States Figure Skating Association (USFSA) made a statement on whether Eckardt's arrest affected Harding's Olympic placement: \"We will deal only with the facts.\"[60][61] Harding and Gillooly's separate lawyers confirmed the couple were in daily contact and cooperation with law enforcement.[62] On January 15, Harding and Gillooly spoke with reporters, but declined to comment about the investigation.[63] On January 16, Harding's lawyer held a news conference in which he read a statement denying Harding's involvement in the attack on Kerrigan.[64][65] Harding left her home that evening to practice figure skating with her coaches, where she spoke with reporters and performed a triple Axel.[66][67][68]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reasonable grounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reasonable_suspicion"},{"link_name":"code of ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_code"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"formally charged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_ethics"},{"link_name":"Claire Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Waters_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"injunction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injunction"},{"link_name":"Amateur Sports Act of 1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_Sports_Act_of_1978"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"sub_title":"USFSA disciplinary panel","text":"On February 5, 1994, the USFSA disciplinary panel stated there were reasonable grounds to believe Harding had violated the sport's code of ethics.[69] Her admitted failure to report about an assault on a fellow competitor, supported by her FBI transcripts, led to Harding being formally charged with \"[making] false statements about her knowledge\". The USFSA also recommended that she face a disciplinary hearing. Claire Ferguson, president of the USFSA, decided not to suspend Harding's membership before a hearing took place. If she had been suspended, she likely still would have competed at the Olympics after filing suit, seeking an injunction against the USFSA, and asserting her rights under the Amateur Sports Act of 1978.[70] The panel examined evidence including the testimonies of Stant and Smith, Harding and Gillooly's telephone records, and notes found in a Portland saloon trash bin on January 30.[71] Harding was given thirty days to respond.[72]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pleads_guilty-74"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"racketeering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racket_(crime)"},{"link_name":"conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_(crime)"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-muldoon-77"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"conspiracy to hinder prosecution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstruction_of_justice"},{"link_name":"Class C felony offense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_offenses_under_United_States_federal_law"},{"link_name":"Multnomah County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multnomah_County"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"knowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_(legal_construct)"},{"link_name":"payphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payphone"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-articles.orlandosentinel.com-7"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pleads_guilty-74"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"probation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probation"},{"link_name":"fine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_(penalty)"},{"link_name":"community service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_service"},{"link_name":"psychiatric examination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_assessment"},{"link_name":"Special Olympics Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Olympics"},{"link_name":"sentencing guidelines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentencing_guidelines"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Balzar-83"}],"sub_title":"Sentences","text":"On February 1, 1994, Gillooly's attorney negotiated a plea agreement in exchange for testimony regarding all involved parties in the attack. In July, Gillooly was sentenced to two years in prison after publicly apologizing to Kerrigan – adding \"any apology coming from me rings hollow.\"[73][74] Gillooly and Eckardt pleaded guilty to racketeering, while Stant and Smith pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit second-degree assault.[75][76] Judge Donald Londer noted the attack could have injured Kerrigan more seriously.[77] Eckardt died in 2007.[78]On March 16, Harding pleaded guilty to conspiracy to hinder prosecution as a Class C felony offense at a Multnomah County court hearing. She and her lawyer, Robert Weaver, negotiated a plea agreement ensuring no further prosecution.[79] Judge Londer conducted routine questioning to make certain Harding understood her agreement, that she was entering her plea \"knowingly and voluntarily.\" Harding told Londer she was. Her plea admissions were knowing of the assault plot after the fact, settling on a cover story with Gillooly and Eckardt on January 10, witnessing payphone calls to Smith affirming the story on January 10 and 11, and lying to FBI.[6][7] Law enforcement investigators had been following and videotaping the co-conspirators since January 10, and knew about the payphone calls.[80][73][81] Harding's penalties included three years of probation, a $100,000 fine, and 500 hours community service. She agreed to reimburse Multnomah County $10,000 in legal expenses, undergo a psychiatric examination, and volunteered to give $50,000 to the Special Olympics Oregon (SOOR) charity. Oregon sentencing guidelines carried a maximum penalty of five years imprisonment for the offense.[82]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tonya_harding_returning_from_norway_1994.jpg"},{"link_name":"Portland International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"grand jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_jury"},{"link_name":"indictment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indictment"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oregonlive.com-85"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bruscas-86"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pleads_guilty-74"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-87"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-articles.latimes.com-8"}],"sub_title":"Grand jury indictment","text":"Harding arriving at Portland International Airport amid a crush of reporters after the 1994 Winter Olympics.On March 21, 1994, a Portland grand jury issued an indictment stating there was evidence Harding participated in the attack plot. The indictment concluded more than two months of investigation and witness testimonies from Diane Rawlinson; Harding's choreographer Erika Bakacs; freelance figure skating writer Vera Marano; and Eckardt's college instructor and classmates.[83][84][85][73] It stated there was evidence Harding fraudulently used USFSA-provided skating monies to finance the assault. It also read that Harding, Gillooly, Eckardt, Smith, and Stant agreed to \"knowingly cause physical injury ... by means of a dangerous weapon.\" The grand jury foreman said the evidence implied Harding as \"involved from the beginning or very close.\" She was not charged in the indictment due to the terms of her March 16 plea agreement.[86][8]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"preponderance of the evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burden_of_proof_(law)"},{"link_name":"civil standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_procedure_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"criminal standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_criminal_procedure"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USFSA_decision-9"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1994-title-89"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"persona non grata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persona_non_grata"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ham&Ben-91"}],"sub_title":"Second disciplinary panel meeting","text":"On June 29, the USFSA disciplinary panel met for nine hours over two days to consider Harding's alleged role in the attack.[87] On June 30, chairman William Hybl stated,\"By a preponderance of the evidence, the panel did conclude that she had prior knowledge and was involved prior to the incident. This is based on civil standards, not criminal standards ... bank records, phone records – the way they came together to establish a case.\"The panel decided that pertinent FBI reports, court documents, and Harding's March 16 plea agreement presented\"a clear disregard for fairness, good sportsmanship, and ethical behaviour.\"[9]Harding chose neither to attend nor participate in the two-day hearing. Weaver said the decision disappointed her but was not a surprise, and that she had not decided on an appeal.[88][89] Harding was stripped of her 1994 U.S. Championship title and banned for life from participating in USFSA events as either skater or coach. The USFSA has no dominion over professional skating events, yet Harding was also persona non grata on the pro circuit. Few skaters and promoters would work with her, and she did not benefit from the ensuing boom in professional skating after the scandal.[90]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I, Tonya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I,_Tonya"},{"link_name":"Margot Robbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margot_Robbie"},{"link_name":"Ricky Russert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Russert"},{"link_name":"Caitlin Carver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caitlin_Carver"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Data East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_East"},{"link_name":"Tattoo Assassins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattoo_Assassins"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jbindeck2015-93"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wazir-94"},{"link_name":"\"Weird Al\" Yankovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic"},{"link_name":"Headline News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headline_News_(%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic_song)"},{"link_name":"Crash Test Dummies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_Test_Dummies"},{"link_name":"Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmm_Mmm_Mmm_Mmm"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Strange Clouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Clouds_(song)"},{"link_name":"B.o.B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.o.B"},{"link_name":"Lil Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Wayne"},{"link_name":"Fall Out Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_Out_Boy"},{"link_name":"Tonya Harding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonya_Harding_(song)"},{"link_name":"Sufjan Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufjan_Stevens"},{"link_name":"Frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog_(band)"},{"link_name":"TONYA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridescence_(album)"},{"link_name":"Brockhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockhampton_(band)"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Fran Drescher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran_Drescher"},{"link_name":"The Nanny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nanny"},{"link_name":"Animaniacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animaniacs"},{"link_name":"South Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Park"},{"link_name":"3-South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-South"},{"link_name":"Spyro: Year of the Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyro:_Year_of_the_Dragon"},{"link_name":"polar bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_bear"},{"link_name":"ice dancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_dancing"},{"link_name":"hockey players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Futurama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurama"},{"link_name":"Stench and Stenchibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stench_and_Stenchibility"},{"link_name":"Tara Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara_Strong"},{"link_name":"Bender Rodriguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bender_(Futurama)"},{"link_name":"John DiMaggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_DiMaggio"},{"link_name":"Randy Munchnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Futurama_characters#Randy_Munchnik"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"2008 Democratic presidential primaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"}],"text":"The attack and the scandal surrounding it were depicted in the 2017 film I, Tonya, with Margot Robbie portraying Harding, Ricky Russert portraying Stant, and Caitlin Carver portraying Kerrigan.[91]The character of Karla Keller in the cancelled Data East arcade fighting game Tattoo Assassins is largely based on Kerrigan, Keller's backstory directly referencing the assault.[92][93]The attack was mentioned in \"Weird Al\" Yankovic's song \"Headline News\", a parody of the Crash Test Dummies hit \"Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm\".[94]The event is referenced in the songs \"Strange Clouds\" by B.o.B featuring Lil Wayne, \"Stay Frosty Royal Milk Tea\" by Fall Out Boy, \"Tonya Harding\" by Sufjan Stevens, \"Nancy Kerrigan\" by Frog, and “TONYA” by Brockhampton.[95][96][97]Fran Drescher says: “Call Gillooly” in the 1994 The Nanny episode S1 E22: \"I Don't Remember Mama\".In the 1994 Animaniacs segment \"Baloney and Kids\", as the Warners panic when Baloney the Dinosaur shakes off their cartoonish brand of violence, Yakko yells out \"Call in the National Guard,\" to which Dot adds, \"Or Tonya Harding's bodyguard.\"The event is mentioned in the 1997 South Park episode S1 E10: \"Damien\".Gillooly is mentioned as a former Barder College student is the seventh episode of 3-South, \"Coke Addicts\".A sidequest in the video game Spyro: Year of the Dragon centers around defending a polar bear ice dancer named Nancy from getting assaulted by Rhynoc hockey players as she attempts to rehearse for a performance.An episode of the animated comedy Futurama, \"Stench and Stenchibility\", features a devilish six-year-old girl named Tonya (voiced by Tara Strong; a reference to Harding), who is the opponent of Bender Rodriguez (John DiMaggio) in a tap dancing competition held by Randy Munchnik. As Bender attempts to sabotage her performance by filling her tap shoes with tacks in the locker room, Tonya catches him in the act, and breaks his leg with a nightstick in a similar manner to the attack on Kerrigan.Barack Obama referenced the attack while giving a speech in 2007 in Iowa during his run in the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries, stating \"Folks said there's no way Obama has a chance unless he goes and kneecaps the person ahead of us, does a Tonya Harding.\"[98]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"New York Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News"}],"text":"^ Some newspapers, such as the New York Daily News, misquoted Kerrigan as saying \"Why me!?\". This sentence cannot be heard on the clip filmed by the camera crew.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Harding's practice sessions at Clackamas Town Center, in preparation for the 1994 Winter Olympics, were attended by thousands of spectators and dozens of reporters and film crews.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Tonya_Harding_Olympic_practice_at_Clackamas_Town_Center_1994_3.jpg/220px-Tonya_Harding_Olympic_practice_at_Clackamas_Town_Center_1994_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Harding arriving at Portland International Airport amid a crush of reporters after the 1994 Winter Olympics.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Tonya_harding_returning_from_norway_1994.jpg/220px-Tonya_harding_returning_from_norway_1994.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Swift, E. M. (February 14, 1994). \"Anatomy of a Plot\". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018. Retrieved August 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/vault/1994/02/14/130460/anatomy-of-a-plot-even-in-their-version-of-events----which-differs-from-tonya-hardings----the-confessed-conspirators-in-the-nancy-kerrigan-assault-were-at-once-goons-and-buffoons","url_text":"\"Anatomy of a Plot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated","url_text":"Sports Illustrated"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180623141054/https://www.si.com/vault/1994/02/14/130460/anatomy-of-a-plot-even-in-their-version-of-events----which-differs-from-tonya-hardings----the-confessed-conspirators-in-the-nancy-kerrigan-assault-were-at-once-goons-and-buffoons","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Flashback: Kerrigan & Harding\". ESPN. November 19, 2003. Archived from the original on May 30, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/classic/s/sc_flashback_kerrigan_harding.html","url_text":"\"Flashback: Kerrigan & Harding\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110530070150/http://espn.go.com/classic/s/sc_flashback_kerrigan_harding.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Longman, Jere (February 6, 1994). \"Sports: Whole World is Watching\". New York Times. Archived from the original on June 26, 2017. Retrieved February 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/06/sports/focus-on-sports-the-whole-world-is-watching.html?pagewanted=print&src=pm","url_text":"\"Sports: Whole World is Watching\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170626044053/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/06/sports/focus-on-sports-the-whole-world-is-watching.html?pagewanted=print&src=pm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hamilton, William (January 15, 1994). \"Three Held in Assault on Kerrigan\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/sports/longterm/olympics1998/history/timeline/articles/time_011594.htm","url_text":"\"Three Held in Assault on Kerrigan\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180316112130/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/sports/longterm/olympics1998/history/timeline/articles/time_011594.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Janofsky, Michael (January 15, 1994). \"Third Suspect Arrested by F.B.I. In the Attack on Olympic Skater\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 2, 2019. Retrieved March 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/15/sports/third-suspect-arrested-by-fbi-in-the-attack-on-olympic-skater.html","url_text":"\"Third Suspect Arrested by F.B.I. In the Attack on Olympic Skater\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190302090813/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/15/sports/third-suspect-arrested-by-fbi-in-the-attack-on-olympic-skater.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Buckley, Stephen (February 2, 1994). \"Gillooly Pleads Guilty, Says Harding Approved Plot\". Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 15, 2018. Retrieved June 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/sports/longterm/olympics1998/history/timeline/articles/time_020294.htm","url_text":"\"Gillooly Pleads Guilty, Says Harding Approved Plot\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180715161227/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/sports/longterm/olympics1998/history/timeline/articles/time_020294.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Harding's ex-husband says she helped to plan attack – Attorney: 'What Did Tonya Know And When?'\". Orlando Sentinel. February 2, 1994. Archived from the original on July 24, 2018. Retrieved June 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1994-02-02/news/9402020823_1_nancy-kerrigan-tonya-harding-eckardt","url_text":"\"Harding's ex-husband says she helped to plan attack – Attorney: 'What Did Tonya Know And When?'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180724093255/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1994-02-02/news/9402020823_1_nancy-kerrigan-tonya-harding-eckardt","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Indictment says Harding involved in Kerrigan plot\". The Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. March 22, 1994. Retrieved July 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://articles.latimes.com/1994-03-22/sports/sp-36995_1_nancy-kerrigan","url_text":"\"Indictment says Harding involved in Kerrigan plot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"The Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"USFSA's decision regarding Tonya Harding\". Scribd. June 30, 1994. Archived from the original on November 5, 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scribd.com/doc/210813255/USFSA-s-decision-regarding-Tonya-Harding","url_text":"\"USFSA's decision regarding Tonya Harding\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151105031817/https://www.scribd.com/doc/210813255/USFSA-s-decision-regarding-Tonya-Harding","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Brennan, Christine (July 1, 1994). \"Harding Stripped of Title; Banned for Life\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 15, 2018. Retrieved June 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Brennan","url_text":"Brennan, Christine"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180715171131/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/sports/longterm/olympics1998/history/timeline/articles/time_070194.htm","url_text":"\"Harding Stripped of Title; Banned for Life\""},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/sports/longterm/olympics1998/history/timeline/articles/time_070194.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brennan, Christine (January 8, 1994). \"Injured Kerrigan Withdraws From Olympic Trials\". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/sports/longterm/olympics1998/history/timeline/articles/time_010894.htm#:~:text=7%20%E2%80%94%20Nancy%20Kerrigan%2C%20the%20current,pressure%20of%20skating%20and%20jumping.","url_text":"\"Injured Kerrigan Withdraws From Olympic Trials\""}]},{"reference":"Wildt, Tanya (December 14, 2019). \"Who is Tonya Harding's former bodyguard Shawn Eckardt?\". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved June 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://eu.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2017/12/08/shawn-eckardt-kerrigan-tonya-harding/878427001/","url_text":"\"Who is Tonya Harding's former bodyguard Shawn Eckardt?\""}]},{"reference":"Harvey, Randy; Balzar, John (January 16, 1994). \"Harding's Spot on Olympic Team Is Under Review\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-01-16-mn-12513-story.html","url_text":"\"Harding's Spot on Olympic Team Is Under Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"How plot was born, unraveled\". Detroit Free Press. February 2, 1994. Retrieved June 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/97952840","url_text":"\"How plot was born, unraveled\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press","url_text":"Detroit Free Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Ice-skater's former husband gives himself up\". The Independent. January 20, 1994. Retrieved June 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/ice-skaters-former-husband-gives-himself-up-1408077.html#gsc.tab=0","url_text":"\"Ice-skater's former husband gives himself up\""}]},{"reference":"Nancy Kerrigan Attack - Raw Footage - January 6, 1994. YouTube. IntersportChicago. January 3, 2013. Retrieved May 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=voUMQrLy_uY","url_text":"Nancy Kerrigan Attack - Raw Footage - January 6, 1994"}]},{"reference":"Man Who Attacked Nancy Kerrigan in 1994 Apologises: \"I'm a Different Person\". YouTube. Inside Edition. January 18, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bx6bWVP4U5U","url_text":"Man Who Attacked Nancy Kerrigan in 1994 Apologises: \"I'm a Different Person\""}]},{"reference":"\"Assault knocks Kerrigan out of US championships\". The Guardian. January 8, 1994. Retrieved January 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/1994/jan/08/usa.fromthearchive","url_text":"\"Assault knocks Kerrigan out of US championships\""}]},{"reference":"Prouse; Harding (2008). The Tonya Tapes: The Tonya Harding Story in her Own Voice. World Audience. pp. 101–103. ISBN 9781934209806.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781934209806","url_text":"9781934209806"}]},{"reference":"Prouse; Harding (2008). The Tonya Tapes: The Tonya Harding Story in her Own Voice. World Audience. p. 107. ISBN 9781934209806.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781934209806","url_text":"9781934209806"}]},{"reference":"\"Not Your Average Ice Queen\". Sports Illustrated. January 13, 1992. Retrieved November 23, 2021. LaVona used the money she got in tips to pay for Tonya's lessons – $25 a week at first","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/vault/1992/01/13/125774/not-your-average-ice-queen-a-troubled-past-hasnt-stopped-tonya-harding-from-becoming-a-figure-skating-champion","url_text":"\"Not Your Average Ice Queen\""}]},{"reference":"Prouse; Harding (2008). The Tonya Tapes: The Tonya Harding Story in her Own Voice. World Audience. pp. 125–126. ISBN 9781934209806.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781934209806","url_text":"9781934209806"}]},{"reference":"Janofsky, Michael (February 7, 1994). \"Always Tonya: As Cool as Ice But Troubled\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 17, 2018. Retrieved November 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/07/sports/winter-olympics-always-tonya-as-cool-as-ice-but-troubled.html","url_text":"\"Always Tonya: As Cool as Ice But Troubled\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180117044857/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/07/sports/winter-olympics-always-tonya-as-cool-as-ice-but-troubled.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. Crown. pp. 14–15. ISBN 9780525575313.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780525575313","url_text":"9780525575313"}]},{"reference":"\"Harding Confronts Motorist with Bat In Traffic Dispute\". The Seattle Times. Times News Services. March 11, 1992. Retrieved November 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19920311&slug=1480329","url_text":"\"Harding Confronts Motorist with Bat In Traffic Dispute\""}]},{"reference":"Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. Crown. p. 15. ISBN 9780525575313.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780525575313","url_text":"9780525575313"}]},{"reference":"Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. Crown. p. 16. ISBN 9780525575313.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780525575313","url_text":"9780525575313"}]},{"reference":"Coffey, Frank; Layden, Joe (1994). Thin Ice: The Complete, Uncensored Story of Tonya Harding. Pinnacle Books. p. 67. ISBN 9780786044979. Retrieved November 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PV9EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT49","url_text":"Thin Ice: The Complete, Uncensored Story of Tonya Harding"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786044979","url_text":"9780786044979"}]},{"reference":"Coffey, Frank; Layden, Joe (1994). Thin Ice: The Complete, Uncensored Story of Tonya Harding. Pinnacle Books. p. 69. ISBN 9780786044979. Retrieved November 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PV9EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT49","url_text":"Thin Ice: The Complete, Uncensored Story of Tonya Harding"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786044979","url_text":"9780786044979"}]},{"reference":"Sullivan, Randall (July 14, 1994). \"The Tonya Harding Fall\". Rolling Stone. No. 686/687. p. 80. Retrieved November 24, 2021 – via Scribd Inc.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scribd.com/document/534375847/Tonya-Harding-Fall","url_text":"\"The Tonya Harding Fall\""}]},{"reference":"Egan, Timothy (January 14, 1994). \"Police in Oregon make arrests in assault on Olympic skater\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 14, 2018. Retrieved November 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180714051549/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/14/us/police-in-oregon-make-arrests-in-assault-on-olympic-skater.html","url_text":"\"Police in Oregon make arrests in assault on Olympic skater\""},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/14/us/police-in-oregon-make-arrests-in-assault-on-olympic-skater.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. Crown. pp. 111–112. ISBN 9780525575313.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780525575313","url_text":"9780525575313"}]},{"reference":"Effron, Lauren; Valiente, Alexa (January 2, 2018). \"Tonya Harding says she 'knew something was up' before infamous 1994 baton attack\". ABC News. Retrieved November 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/US/tonya-harding-knew-infamous-1994-baton-attack-nancy/story?id=52048510","url_text":"\"Tonya Harding says she 'knew something was up' before infamous 1994 baton attack\""}]},{"reference":"Prouse; Harding (2008). The Tonya Tapes: The Tonya Harding Story in her Own Voice. World Audience. pp. 210–212. ISBN 9781934209806.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781934209806","url_text":"9781934209806"}]},{"reference":"Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. Crown. p. 113. ISBN 9780525575313.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780525575313","url_text":"9780525575313"}]},{"reference":"Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. Crown. p. 52. ISBN 9780525575313.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780525575313","url_text":"9780525575313"}]},{"reference":"Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. Crown. p. 114. ISBN 9780525575313.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780525575313","url_text":"9780525575313"}]},{"reference":"Swift, E. M. (February 14, 1994). \"Anatomy of a Plot\". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved November 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://vault.si.com/vault/1994/02/14/anatomy-of-a-plot-even-in-their-version-of-events-which-differs-from-tonya-hardings-the-confessed-conspirators-in-the-nancy-kerrigan-assault-were-at-once-goons-and-buffoons","url_text":"\"Anatomy of a Plot\""}]},{"reference":"Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. p. 57. ISBN 9780525575313.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780525575313","url_text":"9780525575313"}]},{"reference":"Coffey, Frank; Layden, Joe (1994). Thin Ice: The Complete, Uncensored Story of Tonya Harding. Pinnacle Books. p. 81. ISBN 9780786044979. Retrieved November 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PV9EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT49","url_text":"Thin Ice: The Complete, Uncensored Story of Tonya Harding"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786044979","url_text":"9780786044979"}]},{"reference":"Buckley, Stephen (February 5, 1994). \"A Case of He Said, She Said\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 6, 2018. Retrieved November 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180806183244/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/1994/02/05/a-case-of-he-said-she-said/e85b11fd-e964-40f8-a3f6-1196083d2dd5/","url_text":"\"A Case of He Said, She Said\""},{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/1994/02/05/a-case-of-he-said-she-said/e85b11fd-e964-40f8-a3f6-1196083d2dd5/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Balzar, John (February 2, 1994). \"Ex-Spouse Pleads Guilty & Implicates Harding\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-02-02-mn-18226-story.html","url_text":"\"Ex-Spouse Pleads Guilty & Implicates Harding\""}]},{"reference":"Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. p. 120. ISBN 9780525575313.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780525575313","url_text":"9780525575313"}]},{"reference":"Coffey, Frank; Layden, Joe (1994). Thin Ice: The Complete, Uncensored Story of Tonya Harding. p. 80. ISBN 9780786044979. Retrieved November 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PV9EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT49","url_text":"Thin Ice: The Complete, Uncensored Story of Tonya Harding"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786044979","url_text":"9780786044979"}]},{"reference":"Egan, Timothy (January 15, 1994). \"A Hard Life Spent Searching for Money & a Gold Medal\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 26, 2015. Retrieved December 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150526103730/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/15/sports/a-hard-life-spent-searching-for-money-and-a-gold-medal.html?pagewanted=2","url_text":"\"A Hard Life Spent Searching for Money & a Gold Medal\""},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/15/sports/a-hard-life-spent-searching-for-money-and-a-gold-medal.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. p. 54. ISBN 9780525575313.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780525575313","url_text":"9780525575313"}]},{"reference":"Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. pp. 122–124. ISBN 9780525575313.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780525575313","url_text":"9780525575313"}]},{"reference":"Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. Crown. p. 126. ISBN 9780525575313.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780525575313","url_text":"9780525575313"}]},{"reference":"Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. Crown. p. 116. ISBN 9780525575313.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780525575313","url_text":"9780525575313"}]},{"reference":"Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. Crown. p. 55. ISBN 9780525575313.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780525575313","url_text":"9780525575313"}]},{"reference":"Coffey, Frank; Layden, Joe (1994). Thin Ice: The Complete, Uncensored Story of Tonya Harding. Pinnacle Books. p. 79. ISBN 9780786044979. Retrieved November 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PV9EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT49","url_text":"Thin Ice: The Complete, Uncensored Story of Tonya Harding"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786044979","url_text":"9780786044979"}]},{"reference":"Coffey, Frank; Layden, Joe (1994). Thin Ice: The Complete, Uncensored Story of Tonya Harding. Pinnacle Books. p. 83. ISBN 9780786044979. Retrieved December 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PV9EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT49","url_text":"Thin Ice: The Complete, Uncensored Story of Tonya Harding"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786044979","url_text":"9780786044979"}]},{"reference":"Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. Crown. p. 118. ISBN 9780525575313.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780525575313","url_text":"9780525575313"}]},{"reference":"Bruscas, Angelo; Clever, Dick (January 13, 1994). \"Husband, bodyguard implicated in attack – Police 'close' to arrest in Kerrigan case\" (TIFF). Santa Cruz Sentinel. Vol. 137, no. 12. Archived from the original on August 13, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SCS19940113.1.12&srpos=32&e=-------en--20--21-byDA-txt-txIN-%22tonya+harding%22-------1","url_text":"\"Husband, bodyguard implicated in attack – Police 'close' to arrest in Kerrigan case\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180813075316/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SCS19940113.1.12&srpos=32&e=-------en--20--21-byDA-txt-txIN-%22tonya+harding%22-------1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. Crown. p. 99. ISBN 9780525575313. Retrieved August 12, 2018 – via Google Books. [Harding said] I just wish people would see that, you know, I'm out there trying just as much as everybody else is, and it's just really sad. It's sad that there's that kind of people out there.\" And she once again expressed her fierce determination. \"No one controls my life but me.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4R06DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT103","url_text":"Fire on Ice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780525575313","url_text":"9780525575313"}]},{"reference":"Ann Schatz's 1994 interview with Tonya Harding at KOIN. KOIN 6. January 11, 1994. Event occurs at 0:56 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OGdpgWCTSug&t=56s","url_text":"Ann Schatz's 1994 interview with Tonya Harding at KOIN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOIN","url_text":"KOIN"}]},{"reference":"Long, James; Hogan, Dave; Haight, Abby (January 12, 1994). \"FBI investigating Tonya Harding's husband as part of alleged plot to sideline figure skater Nancy Kerrigan\". The Oregonian. Portland, OR. Archived from the original on August 13, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oregonlive.com/tonya-harding/1994/01/fbi_investigating_tonya_hardin.html","url_text":"\"FBI investigating Tonya Harding's husband as part of alleged plot to sideline figure skater Nancy Kerrigan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregonian","url_text":"The Oregonian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180813111927/https://www.oregonlive.com/tonya-harding/1994/01/fbi_investigating_tonya_hardin.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Long, James; Hogan, Dave (January 14, 1994). \"Sheriff's deputies arrest Tonya Harding's bodyguard & another man\". The Oregonian. Portland, OR. Archived from the original on August 13, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oregonlive.com/tonya-harding/1994/01/sheriffs_deputies_arrest_tonya.html","url_text":"\"Sheriff's deputies arrest Tonya Harding's bodyguard & another man\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oregonian","url_text":"The Oregonian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180813112025/https://www.oregonlive.com/tonya-harding/1994/01/sheriffs_deputies_arrest_tonya.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Egan, Timothy (January 14, 1994). \"Police in Oregon make arrests in assault on Olympic skater\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 14, 2018. Retrieved July 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/14/us/police-in-oregon-make-arrests-in-assault-on-olympic-skater.html","url_text":"\"Police in Oregon make arrests in assault on Olympic skater\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180714051549/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/01/14/us/police-in-oregon-make-arrests-in-assault-on-olympic-skater.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Harding keeps Olympic spot – for now\" (TIFF). Santa Cruz Sentinel. Vol. 137, no. 13. Associated Press. January 14, 1994. Archived from the original on August 13, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SCS19940114.1.13&srpos=1&e=-------en--20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22Speculation+where+it+involves+the+careers+of+young+athletes+is+pointless%22-------1","url_text":"\"Harding keeps Olympic spot – for now\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180813111937/https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SCS19940114.1.13&srpos=1&e=-------en--20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22Speculation+where+it+involves+the+careers+of+young+athletes+is+pointless%22-------1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Brennan, Christine; Walsh, Edward (January 14, 1994). \"Rival's bodyguard, one other arrested in assault\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 13, 2018. Retrieved July 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/sports/longterm/olympics1998/history/timeline/articles/time_011494.htm","url_text":"\"Rival's bodyguard, one other arrested in assault\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180713042535/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/sports/longterm/olympics1998/history/timeline/articles/time_011494.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. Crown. p. 100. ISBN 9780525575313. Archived from the original on October 24, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018. On Thursday, January 13, Dennis Rawlinson, Harding's lawyer (and husband of Tonya's coach), said that she would have plenty to say. The next day, a statement was issued: \"Tonya Harding and Jeff Gillooly are meeting today with their lawyers ... [They] have cooperated with law enforcement\"","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4R06DwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Fire on Ice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780525575313","url_text":"9780525575313"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181024112902/https://books.google.ca/books?id=4R06DwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wilstein, Steve (January 16, 1994). \"Harding chances called 'grim' – New witness says skater knew of plot\" (TIFF). Santa Cruz Sentinel. Vol. 137, no. 15. Archived from the original on August 14, 2018. 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Olympian resigns\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180716092703/http://articles.latimes.com/1994-03-17/news/mn-35216_1_figure-skating-team","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Brennan, Christine (January 21, 1994). \"Bodyguard says Harding knew of plot\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 27, 2018. Retrieved July 31, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/sports/longterm/olympics1998/history/timeline/articles/time_012194.htm","url_text":"\"Bodyguard says Harding knew of plot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180127225704/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/sports/longterm/olympics1998/history/timeline/articles/time_012194.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Long, James; Hogan, Dave (March 17, 1994). \"Harding found guilty of hindering investigation\". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018. 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ISBN 1-57566-466-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Hamilton_(figure_skater)","url_text":"Hamilton, Scott"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/landingitmylifeo00hami","url_text":"Landing It: My Life On and Off the Ice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57566-466-6","url_text":"1-57566-466-6"}]},{"reference":"Dargis, Manohla (December 6, 2017). \"Review: 'I, Tonya.' I, Punching Bag. I, Punch Line\". The New York Times. Retrieved June 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/06/movies/i-tonya-review-margot-robbie.html","url_text":"\"Review: 'I, Tonya.' I, Punching Bag. I, Punch Line\""}]},{"reference":"Jasper, Gavin (April 23, 2018). \"Tattoo Assassins: The Strangest Mortal Kombat Knockoff Ever\". Den of Geek. 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Retrieved May 1, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://docs.newsbank.com.www2.lib.ku.edu:2048/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:STIW&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0EB13DCACD0E1395&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0F8479522BD09CA1","url_text":"\"Magical Music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seattle_Times","url_text":"The Seattle Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seattle_Times_Company","url_text":"The Seattle Times Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Nancy Kerrigan Versus Tonya Harding : A Rap History\". www.vice.com. July 2, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en/article/bry8w6/nancy-kerrigan-versus-tonya-harding-a-beef-timeline","url_text":"\"Nancy Kerrigan Versus Tonya Harding : A Rap History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brockhampton: Tonya\". COOL HUNTING®. September 24, 2018. Retrieved September 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://coolhunting.com/culture/brockhampton-tonya/","url_text":"\"Brockhampton: Tonya\""}]},{"reference":"\"The humble beginnings of Frog, reassessed\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/reviews/albums/frog-frog","url_text":"\"The humble beginnings of Frog, reassessed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Olympic skater Tonya Harding bitter and thankful over Obama's 'kneecap' comment\". TheGuardian.com. March 4, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/deadlineusa/2009/mar/04/tonya-harding-barack-obama-name-kneecap","url_text":"\"Former Olympic skater Tonya Harding bitter and thankful over Obama's 'kneecap' comment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheGuardian.com","url_text":"TheGuardian.com"}]}]
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I, Punching Bag. I, Punch Line\""},{"Link":"https://www.denofgeek.com/games/tattoo-assassins-the-strangest-mortal-kombat-knockoff-ever/","external_links_name":"\"Tattoo Assassins: The Strangest Mortal Kombat Knockoff Ever\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegamer.com/tattoo-assassins-nudality/","external_links_name":"\"Inside The Bizarre (And Pervy) Mortal Kombat Knockoff That Never Was\""},{"Link":"http://docs.newsbank.com.www2.lib.ku.edu:2048/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:NewsBank:STIW&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0EB13DCACD0E1395&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=0F8479522BD09CA1","external_links_name":"\"Magical Music\""},{"Link":"https://www.vice.com/en/article/bry8w6/nancy-kerrigan-versus-tonya-harding-a-beef-timeline","external_links_name":"\"Nancy Kerrigan Versus Tonya Harding : A Rap History\""},{"Link":"https://coolhunting.com/culture/brockhampton-tonya/","external_links_name":"\"Brockhampton: Tonya\""},{"Link":"https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/reviews/albums/frog-frog","external_links_name":"\"The humble beginnings of Frog, reassessed\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/deadlineusa/2009/mar/04/tonya-harding-barack-obama-name-kneecap","external_links_name":"\"Former Olympic skater Tonya Harding bitter and thankful over Obama's 'kneecap' comment\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chef_d%27%C5%93uvre
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Masterpiece
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["1 Etymology","2 History","3 Modern use","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Creation that has been given much critical praise
For other uses, see Masterpiece (disambiguation).
"Magnum opus" redirects here. For other uses, see Magnum opus (disambiguation)."Opus magnum" redirects here. For the video game, see Opus Magnum. For the album, see Opus Magnum (album).Michelangelo's The Creation of Adam (c. 1512), part of the Sistine Chapel ceiling, is considered an archetypal masterpiece of painting.
A masterpiece, magnum opus, or chef-d'œuvre (French for 'master of work'; pl. chefs-d'œuvre; French: ) in modern use is a creation that has been given much critical praise, especially one that is considered the greatest work of a person's career or a work of outstanding creativity, skill, profundity, or workmanship.
Historically, a "masterpiece" was a work of a very high standard produced to obtain membership of a guild or academy in various areas of the visual arts and crafts.
In painting, Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa (c. 1503–06) is considered an archetypal masterpiece, although it was not produced for admission to a guild or academy.
Etymology
The form masterstik is recorded in English or Scots in a set of Aberdeen guild regulations dated to 1579, whereas masterpiece is first found in 1605, already outside a guild context, in a Ben Jonson play. Masterprize was another early variant in English.
Things Fall Apart by Igbo author Chinua Achebe is often considered a literary masterpiece, and one of the greatest works of Nigerian literature.
In English, the term rapidly became used in a variety of contexts for an exceptionally good piece of creative work, and was "in early use, often applied to man as the 'masterpiece' of God or Nature".
History
Federico Zuccari, Two Painter's Apprentices, 1609. They would have to produce a masterpiece to become masters at the end of their apprenticeships.
Originally, the term masterpiece referred to a piece of work produced by an apprentice or journeyman aspiring to become a master craftsman in the old European guild system. His fitness to qualify for guild membership was judged partly by the masterpiece, and if he was successful, the piece was retained by the guild. Great care was therefore taken to produce a fine piece in whatever the craft was, whether confectionery, painting, goldsmithing, knifemaking, leatherworking, or many other trades.
In London, in the 17th century, the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths, for instance, required an apprentice to produce a masterpiece under their supervision at a "workhouse" in Goldsmiths' Hall. The workhouse had been set up as part of a tightening of standards after the company became concerned that the level of skill of goldsmithing was being diluted. The wardens of the company had complained in 1607 that the "true practise of the Art & Mystery of Goldsmithry is not only grown into great decays but also dispersed into many parts, so as now very few workmen are able to finish & perfect a piece of plate singularly with all the garnishings & parts thereof without the help of many & several hands...". The same goldsmithing organization still requires the production of a masterpiece but it is no longer produced under supervision.
In Nuremberg, Germany, between 1531 and 1572, apprentices who wished to become master goldsmith were required to produce columbine cups, dies for a steel seal, and gold rings set with precious stones before they could be admitted to the goldsmiths' guild. If they failed to be admitted, then they could continue to work for other goldsmiths but not as a master themselves. In some guilds, apprentices were not allowed to marry until they had obtained full membership.
In its original meaning, the term was generally restricted to tangible objects, but in some cases, where guilds covered the creators of intangible products, the same system was used. The best-known example today is Richard Wagner's opera Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg (1868), where much of the plot is concerned with the hero's composition and performance of a "masterpiece" song, to allow him to become a meistersinger in the (non-commercial) Nuremberg guild. This follows the surviving rulebook of the guild.
The practice of producing a masterpiece has continued in some modern academies of art, where the general term for such works is now reception piece. The Royal Academy in London uses the term "diploma work" and it has acquired a fine collection of diploma works received as a condition of membership.
Modern use
In modern use, a masterpiece is a creation in any area of the arts that has been given much critical praise, especially one that is considered the greatest work of a person's career or to a work of outstanding creativity, skill, profundity, or workmanship. For example, the novel David Copperfield by Charles Dickens is generally considered a literary masterpiece. The term is often used loosely, and some critics, such as Edward Douglas of The Tracking Board, feel it is overused in describing recent films.
See also
Artistic merit
Classic
Great books
Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
Painting the Century: 101 Portrait Masterpieces 1900–2000
Virtual Collection of Asian Masterpieces
Western canon
References
^ "The Theft That Made Mona Lisa a Masterpiece". NPR. July 30, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2019.
^ "Why Mona Lisa Became An Icon". 21 September 2001.
^ Lichfield, John (April 2, 2005). "The Moving of the Mona Lisa". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-12. the best known, the most visited, the most written about, the most sung about, the most parodied work of art in the world
^ OED:"Masterpiece". See also: Encarta. Archived 2009-11-01.
^ OED:"Masterprize"
^ "Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe: 9780385474542 | PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books". PenguinRandomhouse.com. Retrieved 2023-09-11.
^ Obioma, Chigozie (2022-10-05). "Top 10 books about Nigeria". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-09-11.
^ Hardison, Erika (2022-04-25). "15 Of The Best Nigerian Books By Nigerian Authors". BOOK RIOT. Retrieved 2023-09-11.
^ OED, and examples
^ A History of the Goldsmiths' Company. The Goldsmiths' Company. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
^ Goldsmiths' Company Apprenticeship Programme. Archived 2014-12-30 at archive.today The Goldsmiths' Centre. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
^ Cup, Silver, room 69, case 25. Victoria & Albert Museum. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
^ Forster, John (1976). "VII". Life of Charles Dickens. London: Everyman's Library. p. 6. ISBN 0460007823.
^ "John Forster, The Life of Charles Dickens". Classic Literature. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
^ Monod, Sylvère (1968). Dickens the Novelist. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0806107684.
^ "Can We Please Stop Overusing the Word "Masterpiece"? (Opinion)". February 17, 2018.
External links
Look up masterpiece in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Masterpieces at the Louvre.
Authority control databases International
FAST
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Other
IdRef
|
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For other uses, see Magnum opus (disambiguation).\"Opus magnum\" redirects here. For the video game, see Opus Magnum. For the album, see Opus Magnum (album).Michelangelo's The Creation of Adam (c. 1512), part of the Sistine Chapel ceiling, is considered an archetypal masterpiece of painting.A masterpiece, magnum opus, or chef-d'œuvre (French for 'master of work'; pl. chefs-d'œuvre; French: [ʃɛ.d‿œvʁ]) in modern use is a creation that has been given much critical praise, especially one that is considered the greatest work of a person's career or a work of outstanding creativity, skill, profundity, or workmanship.Historically, a \"masterpiece\" was a work of a very high standard produced to obtain membership of a guild or academy in various areas of the visual arts and crafts.In painting, Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa (c. 1503–06) is considered an archetypal masterpiece,[1][2][3] although it was not produced for admission to a guild or academy.","title":"Masterpiece"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_language"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"Ben Jonson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Jonson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Things_Fall_Apart_signed.jpg"},{"link_name":"Things Fall Apart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Things_Fall_Apart"},{"link_name":"Chinua Achebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinua_Achebe"},{"link_name":"Nigerian literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian_literature"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The form masterstik is recorded in English or Scots in a set of Aberdeen guild regulations dated to 1579, whereas masterpiece is first found in 1605, already outside a guild context, in a Ben Jonson play.[4] Masterprize was another early variant in English.[5]Things Fall Apart by Igbo author Chinua Achebe is often considered a literary masterpiece, and one of the greatest works of Nigerian literature.[6][7][8]In English, the term rapidly became used in a variety of contexts for an exceptionally good piece of creative work, and was \"in early use, often applied to man as the 'masterpiece' of God or Nature\".[9]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zuccari_Two_painter%27s_apprentices.jpg"},{"link_name":"Federico Zuccari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Zuccari"},{"link_name":"apprentice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apprentice"},{"link_name":"journeyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journeyman"},{"link_name":"master craftsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_craftsman"},{"link_name":"guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild"},{"link_name":"goldsmithing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsmith"},{"link_name":"knifemaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knife_making"},{"link_name":"Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Goldsmiths"},{"link_name":"Goldsmiths' Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsmiths%27_Hall"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg"},{"link_name":"columbine cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbine_cup"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Richard Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg"},{"link_name":"meistersinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meistersinger"},{"link_name":"reception piece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reception_piece"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy"},{"link_name":"diploma work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploma_work"}],"text":"Federico Zuccari, Two Painter's Apprentices, 1609. They would have to produce a masterpiece to become masters at the end of their apprenticeships.Originally, the term masterpiece referred to a piece of work produced by an apprentice or journeyman aspiring to become a master craftsman in the old European guild system. His fitness to qualify for guild membership was judged partly by the masterpiece, and if he was successful, the piece was retained by the guild. Great care was therefore taken to produce a fine piece in whatever the craft was, whether confectionery, painting, goldsmithing, knifemaking, leatherworking, or many other trades.In London, in the 17th century, the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths, for instance, required an apprentice to produce a masterpiece under their supervision at a \"workhouse\" in Goldsmiths' Hall. The workhouse had been set up as part of a tightening of standards after the company became concerned that the level of skill of goldsmithing was being diluted. The wardens of the company had complained in 1607 that the \"true practise of the Art & Mystery of Goldsmithry is not only grown into great decays but also dispersed into many parts, so as now very few workmen are able to finish & perfect a piece of plate singularly with all the garnishings & parts thereof without the help of many & several hands...\". The same goldsmithing organization still requires the production of a masterpiece but it is no longer produced under supervision.[10][11]In Nuremberg, Germany, between 1531 and 1572, apprentices who wished to become master goldsmith were required to produce columbine cups, dies for a steel seal, and gold rings set with precious stones before they could be admitted to the goldsmiths' guild. If they failed to be admitted, then they could continue to work for other goldsmiths but not as a master themselves. In some guilds, apprentices were not allowed to marry until they had obtained full membership.[12]In its original meaning, the term was generally restricted to tangible objects, but in some cases, where guilds covered the creators of intangible products, the same system was used. The best-known example today is Richard Wagner's opera Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg (1868), where much of the plot is concerned with the hero's composition and performance of a \"masterpiece\" song, to allow him to become a meistersinger in the (non-commercial) Nuremberg guild. This follows the surviving rulebook of the guild.The practice of producing a masterpiece has continued in some modern academies of art, where the general term for such works is now reception piece. The Royal Academy in London uses the term \"diploma work\" and it has acquired a fine collection of diploma works received as a condition of membership.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_arts"},{"link_name":"David Copperfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Copperfield"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"In modern use, a masterpiece is a creation in any area of the arts that has been given much critical praise, especially one that is considered the greatest work of a person's career or to a work of outstanding creativity, skill, profundity, or workmanship. For example, the novel David Copperfield by Charles Dickens is generally considered a literary masterpiece.[13][14][15] The term is often used loosely, and some critics, such as Edward Douglas of The Tracking Board, feel it is overused in describing recent films.[16]","title":"Modern use"}]
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[{"image_text":"Michelangelo's The Creation of Adam (c. 1512), part of the Sistine Chapel ceiling, is considered an archetypal masterpiece of painting.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Creaci%C3%B3n_de_Ad%C3%A1n_%28Miguel_%C3%81ngel%29.jpg/400px-Creaci%C3%B3n_de_Ad%C3%A1n_%28Miguel_%C3%81ngel%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"In painting, Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa (c. 1503–06) is considered an archetypal masterpiece,[1][2][3] although it was not produced for admission to a guild or academy.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/180px-Mona_Lisa%2C_by_Leonardo_da_Vinci%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg"},{"image_text":"Things Fall Apart by Igbo author Chinua Achebe is often considered a literary masterpiece, and one of the greatest works of Nigerian literature.[6][7][8]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Things_Fall_Apart_signed.jpg/220px-Things_Fall_Apart_signed.jpg"},{"image_text":"Federico Zuccari, Two Painter's Apprentices, 1609. They would have to produce a masterpiece to become masters at the end of their apprenticeships.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Zuccari_Two_painter%27s_apprentices.jpg/180px-Zuccari_Two_painter%27s_apprentices.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Artistic merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_merit"},{"title":"Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic"},{"title":"Great books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_books"},{"title":"Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity"},{"title":"Painting the Century: 101 Portrait Masterpieces 1900–2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting_the_Century:_101_Portrait_Masterpieces_1900%E2%80%932000"},{"title":"Virtual Collection of Asian Masterpieces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_Collection_of_Asian_Masterpieces"},{"title":"Western canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_canon"}]
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[{"reference":"\"The Theft That Made Mona Lisa a Masterpiece\". NPR. July 30, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2011/07/30/138800110/the-theft-that-made-the-mona-lisa-a-masterpiece","url_text":"\"The Theft That Made Mona Lisa a Masterpiece\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why Mona Lisa Became An Icon\". 21 September 2001.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/why-i-think-mona-lisa-became-an-icon/164983.article","url_text":"\"Why Mona Lisa Became An Icon\""}]},{"reference":"Lichfield, John (April 2, 2005). \"The Moving of the Mona Lisa\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-12. the best known, the most visited, the most written about, the most sung about, the most parodied work of art in the world","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/the-moving-of-the-mona-lisa-530771.html","url_text":"\"The Moving of the Mona Lisa\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220512/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/the-moving-of-the-mona-lisa-530771.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe: 9780385474542 | PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books\". PenguinRandomhouse.com. Retrieved 2023-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/565351/things-fall-apart-by-chinua-achebe/9780385474542","url_text":"\"Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe: 9780385474542 | PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books\""}]},{"reference":"Obioma, Chigozie (2022-10-05). \"Top 10 books about Nigeria\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/oct/05/top-10-books-about-nigeria","url_text":"\"Top 10 books about Nigeria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"Hardison, Erika (2022-04-25). \"15 Of The Best Nigerian Books By Nigerian Authors\". BOOK RIOT. Retrieved 2023-09-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://bookriot.com/best-nigerian-books/","url_text":"\"15 Of The Best Nigerian Books By Nigerian Authors\""}]},{"reference":"Forster, John (1976). \"VII\". Life of Charles Dickens. London: Everyman's Library. p. 6. ISBN 0460007823.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lifeofcharlesdic00john","url_text":"\"VII\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lifeofcharlesdic00john/page/6","url_text":"Life of Charles Dickens"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lifeofcharlesdic00john/page/6","url_text":"6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0460007823","url_text":"0460007823"}]},{"reference":"\"John Forster, The Life of Charles Dickens\". Classic Literature. Retrieved 26 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://classiclit.about.com/library/bl-etexts/jforster/bl-jforster-cdickens-6.htm","url_text":"\"John Forster, The Life of Charles Dickens\""}]},{"reference":"Monod, Sylvère (1968). Dickens the Novelist. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0806107684.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lish00sylv","url_text":"Dickens the Novelist"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806107684","url_text":"978-0806107684"}]},{"reference":"\"Can We Please Stop Overusing the Word \"Masterpiece\"? (Opinion)\". February 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tracking-board.com/can-we-please-stop-overusing-the-word-masterpiece-opinion/","url_text":"\"Can We Please Stop Overusing the Word \"Masterpiece\"? (Opinion)\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/2011/07/30/138800110/the-theft-that-made-the-mona-lisa-a-masterpiece","external_links_name":"\"The Theft That Made Mona Lisa a Masterpiece\""},{"Link":"https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/why-i-think-mona-lisa-became-an-icon/164983.article","external_links_name":"\"Why Mona Lisa Became An Icon\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/the-moving-of-the-mona-lisa-530771.html","external_links_name":"\"The Moving of the Mona Lisa\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220512/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/the-moving-of-the-mona-lisa-530771.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861628683/masterpiece.html","external_links_name":"Encarta"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091107141731/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861628683/masterpiece.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/565351/things-fall-apart-by-chinua-achebe/9780385474542","external_links_name":"\"Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe: 9780385474542 | PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/oct/05/top-10-books-about-nigeria","external_links_name":"\"Top 10 books about Nigeria\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","external_links_name":"0261-3077"},{"Link":"https://bookriot.com/best-nigerian-books/","external_links_name":"\"15 Of The Best Nigerian Books By Nigerian Authors\""},{"Link":"http://www.thegoldsmiths.co.uk/library/archives/a-history-of-the-goldsmiths%27-company/","external_links_name":"A History of the Goldsmiths' Company."},{"Link":"http://www.goldsmiths-centre.org/professional-training/goldsmiths-company-apprenticeship-programme/","external_links_name":"Goldsmiths' Company Apprenticeship Programme."},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20141230121155/http://www.goldsmiths-centre.org/professional-training/goldsmiths-company-apprenticeship-programme/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O91876/cup-jamnitzer-wenzel/","external_links_name":"Cup, Silver, room 69, case 25."},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lifeofcharlesdic00john","external_links_name":"\"VII\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lifeofcharlesdic00john/page/6","external_links_name":"Life of Charles Dickens"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lifeofcharlesdic00john/page/6","external_links_name":"6"},{"Link":"http://classiclit.about.com/library/bl-etexts/jforster/bl-jforster-cdickens-6.htm","external_links_name":"\"John Forster, The Life of Charles Dickens\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lish00sylv","external_links_name":"Dickens the Novelist"},{"Link":"https://www.tracking-board.com/can-we-please-stop-overusing-the-word-masterpiece-opinion/","external_links_name":"\"Can We Please Stop Overusing the Word \"Masterpiece\"? (Opinion)\""},{"Link":"http://www.louvre.fr/en/selections/masterpieces","external_links_name":"Masterpieces at the Louvre."},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1011573/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119474710","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119474710","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4781065-8","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555591905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85081995","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/027432122","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_covariant_derivative
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Second covariant derivative
|
["1 Definition","2 Notes"]
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Derivative in differential geometry and vector calculus
See also: Exterior covariant derivative
In the math branches of differential geometry and vector calculus, the second covariant derivative, or the second order covariant derivative, of a vector field is the derivative of its derivative with respect to another two tangent vector fields.
Definition
Formally, given a (pseudo)-Riemannian manifold (M, g) associated with a vector bundle E → M, let ∇ denote the Levi-Civita connection given by the metric g, and denote by Γ(E) the space of the smooth sections of the total space E. Denote by T*M the cotangent bundle of M. Then the second covariant derivative can be defined as the composition of the two ∇s as follows:
Γ
(
E
)
⟶
∇
Γ
(
T
∗
M
⊗
E
)
⟶
∇
Γ
(
T
∗
M
⊗
T
∗
M
⊗
E
)
.
{\displaystyle \Gamma (E){\stackrel {\nabla }{\longrightarrow }}\Gamma (T^{*}M\otimes E){\stackrel {\nabla }{\longrightarrow }}\Gamma (T^{*}M\otimes T^{*}M\otimes E).}
For example, given vector fields u, v, w, a second covariant derivative can be written as
(
∇
u
,
v
2
w
)
a
=
u
c
v
b
∇
c
∇
b
w
a
{\displaystyle (\nabla _{u,v}^{2}w)^{a}=u^{c}v^{b}\nabla _{c}\nabla _{b}w^{a}}
by using abstract index notation. It is also straightforward to verify that
(
∇
u
∇
v
w
)
a
=
u
c
∇
c
v
b
∇
b
w
a
=
u
c
v
b
∇
c
∇
b
w
a
+
(
u
c
∇
c
v
b
)
∇
b
w
a
=
(
∇
u
,
v
2
w
)
a
+
(
∇
∇
u
v
w
)
a
.
{\displaystyle (\nabla _{u}\nabla _{v}w)^{a}=u^{c}\nabla _{c}v^{b}\nabla _{b}w^{a}=u^{c}v^{b}\nabla _{c}\nabla _{b}w^{a}+(u^{c}\nabla _{c}v^{b})\nabla _{b}w^{a}=(\nabla _{u,v}^{2}w)^{a}+(\nabla _{\nabla _{u}v}w)^{a}.}
Thus
∇
u
,
v
2
w
=
∇
u
∇
v
w
−
∇
∇
u
v
w
.
{\displaystyle \nabla _{u,v}^{2}w=\nabla _{u}\nabla _{v}w-\nabla _{\nabla _{u}v}w.}
When the torsion tensor is zero, so that
[
u
,
v
]
=
∇
u
v
−
∇
v
u
{\displaystyle =\nabla _{u}v-\nabla _{v}u}
, we may use this fact to write Riemann curvature tensor as
R
(
u
,
v
)
w
=
∇
u
,
v
2
w
−
∇
v
,
u
2
w
.
{\displaystyle R(u,v)w=\nabla _{u,v}^{2}w-\nabla _{v,u}^{2}w.}
Similarly, one may also obtain the second covariant derivative of a function f as
∇
u
,
v
2
f
=
u
c
v
b
∇
c
∇
b
f
=
∇
u
∇
v
f
−
∇
∇
u
v
f
.
{\displaystyle \nabla _{u,v}^{2}f=u^{c}v^{b}\nabla _{c}\nabla _{b}f=\nabla _{u}\nabla _{v}f-\nabla _{\nabla _{u}v}f.}
Again, for the torsion-free Levi-Civita connection, and for any vector fields u and v, when we feed the function f into both sides of
∇
u
v
−
∇
v
u
=
[
u
,
v
]
{\displaystyle \nabla _{u}v-\nabla _{v}u=}
we find
(
∇
u
v
−
∇
v
u
)
(
f
)
=
[
u
,
v
]
(
f
)
=
u
(
v
(
f
)
)
−
v
(
u
(
f
)
)
.
{\displaystyle (\nabla _{u}v-\nabla _{v}u)(f)=(f)=u(v(f))-v(u(f)).}
.
This can be rewritten as
∇
∇
u
v
f
−
∇
∇
v
u
f
=
∇
u
∇
v
f
−
∇
v
∇
u
f
,
{\displaystyle \nabla _{\nabla _{u}v}f-\nabla _{\nabla _{v}u}f=\nabla _{u}\nabla _{v}f-\nabla _{v}\nabla _{u}f,}
so we have
∇
u
,
v
2
f
=
∇
v
,
u
2
f
.
{\displaystyle \nabla _{u,v}^{2}f=\nabla _{v,u}^{2}f.}
That is, the value of the second covariant derivative of a function is independent on the order of taking derivatives.
Notes
^ Parker, Thomas H. "Geometry Primer" (PDF). Retrieved 2 January 2015., pp. 7
^ Jean Gallier and Dan Guralnik. "Chapter 13: Curvature in Riemannian Manifolds" (PDF). Retrieved 2 January 2015.
This relativity-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This mathematical physics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Exterior covariant derivative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exterior_covariant_derivative"},{"link_name":"differential geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_geometry"},{"link_name":"vector calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_calculus"},{"link_name":"covariant derivative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariant_derivative"},{"link_name":"tangent vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangent_vector"}],"text":"See also: Exterior covariant derivativeIn the math branches of differential geometry and vector calculus, the second covariant derivative, or the second order covariant derivative, of a vector field is the derivative of its derivative with respect to another two tangent vector fields.","title":"Second covariant derivative"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"manifold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifold"},{"link_name":"vector bundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_bundle"},{"link_name":"Levi-Civita connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi-Civita_connection"},{"link_name":"smooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoothness"},{"link_name":"sections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_(fiber_bundle)"},{"link_name":"cotangent bundle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotangent_bundle"},{"link_name":"composition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_composition"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"covariant derivative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariant_derivative"},{"link_name":"abstract index notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_index_notation"},{"link_name":"torsion tensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_tensor"},{"link_name":"Riemann curvature tensor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_curvature_tensor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Formally, given a (pseudo)-Riemannian manifold (M, g) associated with a vector bundle E → M, let ∇ denote the Levi-Civita connection given by the metric g, and denote by Γ(E) the space of the smooth sections of the total space E. Denote by T*M the cotangent bundle of M. Then the second covariant derivative can be defined as the composition of the two ∇s as follows: [1]Γ\n (\n E\n )\n \n \n \n \n ⟶\n \n \n ∇\n \n \n \n \n Γ\n (\n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n ⊗\n E\n )\n \n \n \n \n ⟶\n \n \n ∇\n \n \n \n \n Γ\n (\n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n ⊗\n \n T\n \n ∗\n \n \n M\n ⊗\n E\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Gamma (E){\\stackrel {\\nabla }{\\longrightarrow }}\\Gamma (T^{*}M\\otimes E){\\stackrel {\\nabla }{\\longrightarrow }}\\Gamma (T^{*}M\\otimes T^{*}M\\otimes E).}For example, given vector fields u, v, w, a second covariant derivative can be written as(\n \n ∇\n \n u\n ,\n v\n \n \n 2\n \n \n w\n \n )\n \n a\n \n \n =\n \n u\n \n c\n \n \n \n v\n \n b\n \n \n \n ∇\n \n c\n \n \n \n ∇\n \n b\n \n \n \n w\n \n a\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle (\\nabla _{u,v}^{2}w)^{a}=u^{c}v^{b}\\nabla _{c}\\nabla _{b}w^{a}}by using abstract index notation. It is also straightforward to verify that(\n \n ∇\n \n u\n \n \n \n ∇\n \n v\n \n \n w\n \n )\n \n a\n \n \n =\n \n u\n \n c\n \n \n \n ∇\n \n c\n \n \n \n v\n \n b\n \n \n \n ∇\n \n b\n \n \n \n w\n \n a\n \n \n =\n \n u\n \n c\n \n \n \n v\n \n b\n \n \n \n ∇\n \n c\n \n \n \n ∇\n \n b\n \n \n \n w\n \n a\n \n \n +\n (\n \n u\n \n c\n \n \n \n ∇\n \n c\n \n \n \n v\n \n b\n \n \n )\n \n ∇\n \n b\n \n \n \n w\n \n a\n \n \n =\n (\n \n ∇\n \n u\n ,\n v\n \n \n 2\n \n \n w\n \n )\n \n a\n \n \n +\n (\n \n ∇\n \n \n ∇\n \n u\n \n \n v\n \n \n w\n \n )\n \n a\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (\\nabla _{u}\\nabla _{v}w)^{a}=u^{c}\\nabla _{c}v^{b}\\nabla _{b}w^{a}=u^{c}v^{b}\\nabla _{c}\\nabla _{b}w^{a}+(u^{c}\\nabla _{c}v^{b})\\nabla _{b}w^{a}=(\\nabla _{u,v}^{2}w)^{a}+(\\nabla _{\\nabla _{u}v}w)^{a}.}Thus∇\n \n u\n ,\n v\n \n \n 2\n \n \n w\n =\n \n ∇\n \n u\n \n \n \n ∇\n \n v\n \n \n w\n −\n \n ∇\n \n \n ∇\n \n u\n \n \n v\n \n \n w\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nabla _{u,v}^{2}w=\\nabla _{u}\\nabla _{v}w-\\nabla _{\\nabla _{u}v}w.}When the torsion tensor is zero, so that \n \n \n \n [\n u\n ,\n v\n ]\n =\n \n ∇\n \n u\n \n \n v\n −\n \n ∇\n \n v\n \n \n u\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [u,v]=\\nabla _{u}v-\\nabla _{v}u}\n \n, we may use this fact to write Riemann curvature tensor as [2]R\n (\n u\n ,\n v\n )\n w\n =\n \n ∇\n \n u\n ,\n v\n \n \n 2\n \n \n w\n −\n \n ∇\n \n v\n ,\n u\n \n \n 2\n \n \n w\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R(u,v)w=\\nabla _{u,v}^{2}w-\\nabla _{v,u}^{2}w.}Similarly, one may also obtain the second covariant derivative of a function f as∇\n \n u\n ,\n v\n \n \n 2\n \n \n f\n =\n \n u\n \n c\n \n \n \n v\n \n b\n \n \n \n ∇\n \n c\n \n \n \n ∇\n \n b\n \n \n f\n =\n \n ∇\n \n u\n \n \n \n ∇\n \n v\n \n \n f\n −\n \n ∇\n \n \n ∇\n \n u\n \n \n v\n \n \n f\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nabla _{u,v}^{2}f=u^{c}v^{b}\\nabla _{c}\\nabla _{b}f=\\nabla _{u}\\nabla _{v}f-\\nabla _{\\nabla _{u}v}f.}Again, for the torsion-free Levi-Civita connection, and for any vector fields u and v, when we feed the function f into both sides of∇\n \n u\n \n \n v\n −\n \n ∇\n \n v\n \n \n u\n =\n [\n u\n ,\n v\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nabla _{u}v-\\nabla _{v}u=[u,v]}we find(\n \n ∇\n \n u\n \n \n v\n −\n \n ∇\n \n v\n \n \n u\n )\n (\n f\n )\n =\n [\n u\n ,\n v\n ]\n (\n f\n )\n =\n u\n (\n v\n (\n f\n )\n )\n −\n v\n (\n u\n (\n f\n )\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (\\nabla _{u}v-\\nabla _{v}u)(f)=[u,v](f)=u(v(f))-v(u(f)).}\n \n.This can be rewritten as∇\n \n \n ∇\n \n u\n \n \n v\n \n \n f\n −\n \n ∇\n \n \n ∇\n \n v\n \n \n u\n \n \n f\n =\n \n ∇\n \n u\n \n \n \n ∇\n \n v\n \n \n f\n −\n \n ∇\n \n v\n \n \n \n ∇\n \n u\n \n \n f\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nabla _{\\nabla _{u}v}f-\\nabla _{\\nabla _{v}u}f=\\nabla _{u}\\nabla _{v}f-\\nabla _{v}\\nabla _{u}f,}so we have∇\n \n u\n ,\n v\n \n \n 2\n \n \n f\n =\n \n ∇\n \n v\n ,\n u\n \n \n 2\n \n \n f\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nabla _{u,v}^{2}f=\\nabla _{v,u}^{2}f.}That is, the value of the second covariant derivative of a function is independent on the order of taking derivatives.","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Geometry Primer\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.math.msu.edu/~parker/ga/geometryprimer.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Jean Gallier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Gallier"},{"link_name":"\"Chapter 13: Curvature in Riemannian Manifolds\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cis.upenn.edu/~cis610/diffgeom5.pdf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Energia_template.svg"},{"link_name":"relativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_relativity"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_covariant_derivative&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Relativity-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Relativity-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Relativity-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Distribution_Fisher.jpg"},{"link_name":"mathematical physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_physics"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_covariant_derivative&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Math-physics-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Math-physics-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Math-physics-stub"}],"text":"^ Parker, Thomas H. \"Geometry Primer\" (PDF). Retrieved 2 January 2015., pp. 7\n\n^ Jean Gallier and Dan Guralnik. \"Chapter 13: Curvature in Riemannian Manifolds\" (PDF). Retrieved 2 January 2015.This relativity-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis mathematical physics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Notes"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menalamba_rebellion
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Menalamba rebellion
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["1 Background","2 Outbreak","3 The height of the rebellion","4 Suppression","5 References","6 Bibliography"]
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1895–1897 uprising in Madagascar against French rule
The Menalamba rebellion was an uprising in Madagascar by the Sakalava people that emerged in central Madagascar in response to the French capture of the royal palace in the capital city of Antananarivo in September 1895. it spread rapidly in 1896, threatening the capital, but French forces were successful in securing the surrender of many rebel groups in 1897. Elements of the rebellion continued sporadically until 1903.
Background
French diplomatic and military claims over the island of Madagascar - ongoing for more than four decades - intensified under the reigns of Queen Ranavalona II and Queen Ranavalona III, the island's final monarchs. Following a successful campaign under General Jacques Duchesne, France officially annexed Madagascar on January 1, 1896. That August, the French declared Madagascar to be their colony and exiled Malagasy Prime Minister Rainilaiarivony to Algiers (in Algeria) where he died the following year. Queen Ranavalona III and much of her administration remained but were afforded no real political power. A civil governor, Hippolyte Laroche, was initially appointed to administer the territory.
Outbreak
Execution of Rainandriamampandry and Ratsimamanga, Madagascar, 1896 (impa-m28578)
In December 1895, two months after the French capture of Antananarivo, popular resistance to French rule emerged in the form of the menalamba ("red shawl") uprising, principally conducted by common peasants who wore shawls smeared with the red laterite soil of the highlands. This guerrilla war against foreigners, Christianity, and political corruption, quickly spread throughout the island. The rebellion did not seek to restore the authority of the queen, as the conversion of the leading members of the royal family was regarded by the rebels as the cause of cosmic chaos. The rebellion was based in peripheral regions far from the capital, already the abode of brigands, runaway slaves and deserters. One if its main motivations was the restoration of traditional ancestor veneration. Another was the rejection of corvee labour (fanompoana), on which had become increasingly common in the Malagasy political order and which the church promoted and relied on.
The rebellion broke out only a few days after the French took Antananarivo. It began spontaneously in multiple centres and lacked any unified leadership or coordination. Lacking central coordination, as the revolt developed it encompassed both religious traditionalists and popular Christian preachers, and although it rejected the corrupt old political order, it maintained links with the palace. it also involved both Merina people and members of other ethnic groups.
The scale and danger of the rebellion was not immediately obvious to the French, who at first they were only dealing with isolated outbreaks of violence. However in March 1896 a full-scale uprising began, taking them by surprise. The indication that something different was happening was a wave of coordinated attacks on administrative posts of the Malagasy royal government in that month.
Members of Ranavalona's court were accused of encouraging the rebels and on October 15, 1896, General Joseph Gallieni executed the queen's uncle Ratsimamanga (brother of her favored adviser, Ramisindrazana) and her Minister of War, Rainandriamampandry. Ramisindrazana, the queen's aunt, was exiled to Réunion in 1897, because the French colonial administration was reluctant to execute a woman.
The resistance led the government of France to replace the island's civil governor with Gallieni as the military governor. It was also a principal factor in the decision to exile Ranavalona to Réunion later that same year.
The height of the rebellion
Lyautey in Madagascar, 1898
At its height, the rebellion may have controlled territory with as many as 300,000 people. The rebels were able to impose a blockade on Antananarivo in July, August and September 1896, and in the latter month, a state of siege was declared in the capital.
There was a belief among some of the rebels - particularly Protestants, that the British would arrive to support them against the French. However, this hope for support never materialised and by 1897 hunger was forcing rebel groups to negotiate for surrender. One, in the north of the country, led by Rabezavana, surrendered to Hubert Lyautey in May 1897.
Suppression
Jacques Berthieu (1838-1896)
The resistance movement was mostly put down by the French military by 1900, although revolts continued in west, northwest and east Madagascar until 1903.
The rebellion destroyed hundreds of churches and killed an unknown number of Malagasy religious figures as well as five foreign missionaries. Jacques Berthieu, a Jesuit priest executed by the rebellion, was declared a martyr and saint of the Catholic Church in 2012.
The number of Malagasy deaths as a result of the rebellion may have reached 100,000, while French deaths - from disease as well as violent causes - were in the hundreds.
References
^ a b c d Mutibwa, Phares M. (1980). "Resistance to Colonialism: The Revolt of 1904—5 in South-East Madagascar". Transafrican Journal of History. 9 (1/2): 134–152. ISSN 0251-0391. JSTOR 24328554.
^ a b c Campbell, Gwyn (1991). "The Menalamba Revolt and Brigandry in Imperial Madagascar, 1820-1897". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 24 (2): 259–291. doi:10.2307/219791. JSTOR 219791.
^ Oliver, Samuel. Madagascar: An Historical and Descriptive Account of the Island and its Former Dependencies, Volume 1. Macmillan and Co., 1886.
^ Randrianja 2001.
^ Kathleen E. Sheldon (2005). Historical Dictionary of Women in Sub-Saharan Africa. Scarecrow Press. pp. 209–. ISBN 978-0-8108-5331-7.
^ Nigel Heseltine (1971). Madagascar. Praeger.
^ a b c Esoavelomandroso, Faranirina (1985). "Résistance et rébellion. Une lecture de l'insurrection menalamba". Cahiers d'Études africaines. 25 (99): 443–446. doi:10.3406/cea.1985.1740. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
^ Campbell, Gwyn (1988). "Missionaries, fanompoana and the Menalamba revolt in late nineteenth century Madagascar". Journal of Southern African Studies. 15 (1): 54–73. doi:10.1080/03057078808708191.
^ a b c d Gerrit Jan Abbink; Mirjam De Bruijn; Klaas Van Walraven (2003). Rethinking Resistance: Revolt and Violence in African History. BRILL. p. 72. ISBN 90-04-12624-4.
^ a b c Ellis, Stephen (1980). "The Political Elite of Imerina and the Revolt of the Menalamba. The Creation of a Colonial Myth in Madagascar, 1895-1898" (PDF). The Journal of African History. 21 (2): 219–234. doi:10.1017/S0021853700018181. hdl:1887/8948. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
^ "1896: Rainandriamampandry and Prince Ratsimamanga". ExecutedToday. October 15, 2009.
^ a b Basset 1903.
^ Gwendolyn Wright (1991). The Politics of Design in French Colonial Urbanism. University of Chicago Press. pp. 235–. ISBN 978-0-226-90848-9.
^ Consular Reports: Commerce, manufactures, etc. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1897. pp. 587–.
^ "Pope to canonize French Jesuit martyr". EWTN News. 3 Oct 2012. Archived from the original on 25 November 2012.
Bibliography
Randrianja, Solofo (2001). Société et luttes anticoloniales à Madagascar: de 1896 à 1946 (in French). Paris: Karthala Editions. pp. 100–110. ISBN 978-2-84586-136-7.
Basset, Charles (1903). Madagascar et l'oeuvre du Général Galliéni (in French). Paris: A. Rousseau. pp. 140–142.
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That August, the French declared Madagascar to be their colony and exiled Malagasy Prime Minister Rainilaiarivony to Algiers (in Algeria) where he died the following year.[4] Queen Ranavalona III and much of her administration remained but were afforded no real political power.[5] A civil governor, Hippolyte Laroche, was initially appointed to administer the territory.[6]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Execution_of_Rainandriamampandry_and_Ratsimamanga,_Madagascar,_1896_(impa-m28578).jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GC-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EF-7"},{"link_name":"corvee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvee"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EF-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EF-7"},{"link_name":"Merina people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merina_people"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reth-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SE-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reth-9"},{"link_name":"Joseph Gallieni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Gallieni"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SE-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ramisindrazana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramasindrazana"},{"link_name":"Réunion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9union"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasset1903-12"},{"link_name":"Gallieni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Gallieni"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBasset1903-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wright1991-13"}],"text":"Execution of Rainandriamampandry and Ratsimamanga, Madagascar, 1896 (impa-m28578)In December 1895, two months after the French capture of Antananarivo, popular resistance to French rule emerged in the form of the menalamba (\"red shawl\") uprising, principally conducted by common peasants who wore shawls smeared with the red laterite soil of the highlands.[2] This guerrilla war against foreigners, Christianity, and political corruption, quickly spread throughout the island. The rebellion did not seek to restore the authority of the queen, as the conversion of the leading members of the royal family was regarded by the rebels as the cause of cosmic chaos. The rebellion was based in peripheral regions far from the capital, already the abode of brigands, runaway slaves and deserters. One if its main motivations was the restoration of traditional ancestor veneration.[7] Another was the rejection of corvee labour (fanompoana), on which had become increasingly common in the Malagasy political order and which the church promoted and relied on.[8]The rebellion broke out only a few days after the French took Antananarivo. 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One, in the north of the country, led by Rabezavana, surrendered to Hubert Lyautey in May 1897.[10]","title":"The height of the rebellion"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jacques_Berthieu_(1838-1896).jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GC-2"},{"link_name":"Jacques Berthieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Berthieu"},{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit"},{"link_name":"martyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyr"},{"link_name":"saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ewtn-15"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reth-9"}],"text":"Jacques Berthieu (1838-1896)The resistance movement was mostly put down by the French military by 1900,[1] although revolts continued in west, northwest and east Madagascar until 1903.[1]The rebellion destroyed hundreds of churches and killed an unknown number of Malagasy religious figures as well as five foreign missionaries.[2] Jacques Berthieu, a Jesuit priest executed by the rebellion, was declared a martyr and saint of the Catholic Church in 2012.[15]The number of Malagasy deaths as a result of the rebellion may have reached 100,000, while French deaths - from disease as well as violent causes - were in the hundreds.[9]","title":"Suppression"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Société et luttes anticoloniales à Madagascar: de 1896 à 1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=wc3touH8E24C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-84586-136-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84586-136-7"},{"link_name":"Madagascar et l'oeuvre du Général 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(1945–46)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%9346)"},{"link_name":"First Indochina War (1946–54)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Indochina_War"},{"link_name":"Ouvéa cave hostage taking (1988)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouv%C3%A9a_cave_hostage_taking"}],"text":"Randrianja, Solofo (2001). Société et luttes anticoloniales à Madagascar: de 1896 à 1946 (in French). Paris: Karthala Editions. pp. 100–110. ISBN 978-2-84586-136-7.\nBasset, Charles (1903). Madagascar et l'oeuvre du Général Galliéni (in French). Paris: A. Rousseau. pp. 140–142.Authority control databases: National \nIsrael\nUnited StatesvteFrench colonial conflicts16th centuryNorth America\nSouth Carolina (1562)\nFlorida (1562–65)\nFlorida (1568)\n\nSouth America\nBrazil (1531)\nBrazil (1555–67)\nBrazil (1590–04)\n17th centuryAfrica\nMorocco (1629)\nSenegal (1659–77)\nDjidjelli (1664)\nAlgiers (1682)\nAlgiers (1683)\nAlgiers (1688)\n\nAmericas\nBeaver Wars (1609–1701)\nBrazil (1612–15)\nNorth America (1627–29)\nWest Indies (1635–59)\nCarib Expulsion (1660)\nTexas (1685–89)\nKing William's War (1689–97)\nSanto Domingo (1691)\n\nAsia\nSiam (1687–90)\n18th centuryAfrica\nWest Africa (1758–63)\nMorocco (1765)\n\nAmericas\nQueen Anne's War (1702–13)\nChickasaw Wars (1721–52)\nDummer's War (1721–25)\nNatchez revolt (1729)\nKing George's War (1744–48)\nNova Scotia (1749–55)\nFrench and Indian War (1754–60)\nNorth America (1778–83)\nCaribbean (1778–83)\nHaitian Revolution (1791–1804)\nSanto Domingo (1795–1809)\n\nAsia\nBurma–France relations (1729–56)\nIndia (1746–48)\nIndia (1749–54)\nIndia (1756–63)\nVietnam (1777–1820)\nEast Indies (1778–83)\nEast Indies (1793–1801)\nEgypt and Syria (1798–1801)\n19th centuryAfrica\nIndian Ocean (1809–11)\nAlgeria (1830–47)\nAlgeria (1835–1903)\nMorocco (1844)\nSalé (1851)\nFrench conquest of Senegal (1854)\nTunisia (1881)\nMadagascar (1883)\nIvory Coast (1883–98)\nFirst Franco-Dahomean War (1890)\nSecond Franco-Dahomean War (1892–94)\nSecond Madagascar expedition (1895)\nMenalamba rebellion (1895-1903)\nVoulet–Chanoine Mission (1898–1900)\n\nAmericas\nWest Indies (1804–10)\nRío de la Plata (1838–40)\nMexico (1838–39)\nArgentina–Uruguay (1845–50)\nIntervention in Mexico (1861–67)\n\nAsia & Pacific Ocean\nMoluccas (1810)\nJava (1811)\nPhilippines (1844–45)\nTourane (1847)\nFranco-Tahitian War (1844–47)\nTourane (1856)\nFrench conquest of Vietnam\nCochinchina Campaign (1858–62)\nNorth Vietnam (1873–74)\nTonkin Campaign (1883–86)\nSino-French War (1884–85)\nNorth Vietnam (1886–96)\nSecond Opium War (1860)\nJapan (1863–64)\nKorea (1866)\nLeewards War (1888–97)\nFranco-Siamese crisis (1893)\n20th centuryAfrica\nWadai War (1906–11)\nCasablanca (1907)\nMorocco (1911–12)\nZaian War (1914–21)\nVolta-Bani War (1915–16)\nKaocen revolt (1916–17)\nRif War (1920–26)\nKongo-Wara rebellion (1928–31)\nMalagasy Uprising (1947–48)\nTunisian independence (1952–56)\nAlgerian War (1954–62)\nCameroon War (1955–64)\nSuez Crisis (1956)\nIfni War (1957–58)\nBizerte crisis (1961)\n\nAsia\nBoxer Rebellion (1901)\nHoly Man's Rebellion (1901–36)\nVietnam (1916)\nVietnam (1917–18)\nVietnam (1918–21)\nSyria (1919–21)\nCilicia (1920–21)\nSyria (1925–27)\nVietnam (1930)\nVietnam (1930–31)\nVietnam (1940)\nFranco-Thai War (1940–41)\nIndochina (1945)\nSouth Vietnam (1945–46)\nFirst Indochina War (1946–54)\n\nPacific\nOuvéa cave hostage taking (1988)","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Execution of Rainandriamampandry and Ratsimamanga, Madagascar, 1896 (impa-m28578)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Execution_of_Rainandriamampandry_and_Ratsimamanga%2C_Madagascar%2C_1896_%28impa-m28578%29.jpg/220px-Execution_of_Rainandriamampandry_and_Ratsimamanga%2C_Madagascar%2C_1896_%28impa-m28578%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lyautey in Madagascar, 1898","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/LYAUTEY2_1898_Madagascar.jpg/220px-LYAUTEY2_1898_Madagascar.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jacques Berthieu (1838-1896)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Jacques_Berthieu_%281838-1896%29.jpg/220px-Jacques_Berthieu_%281838-1896%29.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Mutibwa, Phares M. (1980). \"Resistance to Colonialism: The Revolt of 1904—5 in South-East Madagascar\". Transafrican Journal of History. 9 (1/2): 134–152. ISSN 0251-0391. JSTOR 24328554.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0251-0391","url_text":"0251-0391"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24328554","url_text":"24328554"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Gwyn (1991). \"The Menalamba Revolt and Brigandry in Imperial Madagascar, 1820-1897\". The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 24 (2): 259–291. doi:10.2307/219791. JSTOR 219791.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F219791","url_text":"10.2307/219791"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/219791","url_text":"219791"}]},{"reference":"Kathleen E. Sheldon (2005). Historical Dictionary of Women in Sub-Saharan Africa. Scarecrow Press. pp. 209–. ISBN 978-0-8108-5331-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=36BViNOAu3sC&pg=PA209","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Women in Sub-Saharan Africa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5331-7","url_text":"978-0-8108-5331-7"}]},{"reference":"Nigel Heseltine (1971). Madagascar. Praeger.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6YaRAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Madagascar"}]},{"reference":"Esoavelomandroso, Faranirina (1985). \"Résistance et rébellion. Une lecture de l'insurrection menalamba\". Cahiers d'Études africaines. 25 (99): 443–446. doi:10.3406/cea.1985.1740. Retrieved 9 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.persee.fr/doc/cea_0008-0055_1985_num_25_99_1740","url_text":"\"Résistance et rébellion. Une lecture de l'insurrection menalamba\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fcea.1985.1740","url_text":"10.3406/cea.1985.1740"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Gwyn (1988). \"Missionaries, fanompoana and the Menalamba revolt in late nineteenth century Madagascar\". Journal of Southern African Studies. 15 (1): 54–73. doi:10.1080/03057078808708191.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03057078808708191","url_text":"10.1080/03057078808708191"}]},{"reference":"Gerrit Jan Abbink; Mirjam De Bruijn; Klaas Van Walraven (2003). Rethinking Resistance: Revolt and Violence in African History. BRILL. p. 72. ISBN 90-04-12624-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DJ54bFqJtV8C&pg=PA72","url_text":"Rethinking Resistance: Revolt and Violence in African History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12624-4","url_text":"90-04-12624-4"}]},{"reference":"Ellis, Stephen (1980). \"The Political Elite of Imerina and the Revolt of the Menalamba. The Creation of a Colonial Myth in Madagascar, 1895-1898\" (PDF). The Journal of African History. 21 (2): 219–234. doi:10.1017/S0021853700018181. hdl:1887/8948. Retrieved 9 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/8948/ASC-1241486-068.pdf?sequence=1","url_text":"\"The Political Elite of Imerina and the Revolt of the Menalamba. The Creation of a Colonial Myth in Madagascar, 1895-1898\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853700018181","url_text":"10.1017/S0021853700018181"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F8948","url_text":"1887/8948"}]},{"reference":"\"1896: Rainandriamampandry and Prince Ratsimamanga\". ExecutedToday. October 15, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.executedtoday.com/2009/10/15/1896-rainandriamampandry-prince-ratsimamanga-madagascar/","url_text":"\"1896: Rainandriamampandry and Prince Ratsimamanga\""}]},{"reference":"Gwendolyn Wright (1991). The Politics of Design in French Colonial Urbanism. University of Chicago Press. pp. 235–. ISBN 978-0-226-90848-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YJ3zkUa7raoC&pg=PA235","url_text":"The Politics of Design in French Colonial Urbanism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-90848-9","url_text":"978-0-226-90848-9"}]},{"reference":"Consular Reports: Commerce, manufactures, etc. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1897. pp. 587–.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AAf7wftI4_YC&pg=PA587","url_text":"Consular Reports: Commerce, manufactures, etc"}]},{"reference":"\"Pope to canonize French Jesuit martyr\". EWTN News. 3 Oct 2012. Archived from the original on 25 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121125060450/http://www.ewtnnews.com/catholic-news/Vatican.php?id=6266","url_text":"\"Pope to canonize French Jesuit martyr\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EWTN","url_text":"EWTN"},{"url":"http://www.ewtnnews.com/catholic-news/Vatican.php?id=6266","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Randrianja, Solofo (2001). Société et luttes anticoloniales à Madagascar: de 1896 à 1946 (in French). Paris: Karthala Editions. pp. 100–110. ISBN 978-2-84586-136-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wc3touH8E24C","url_text":"Société et luttes anticoloniales à Madagascar: de 1896 à 1946"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84586-136-7","url_text":"978-2-84586-136-7"}]},{"reference":"Basset, Charles (1903). Madagascar et l'oeuvre du Général Galliéni (in French). Paris: A. Rousseau. pp. 140–142.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J5MoAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Madagascar et l'oeuvre du Général Galliéni"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCscherz-Alferm%C3%A9e
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Tüscherz-Alfermée
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["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 References","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 47°6′N 7°11′E / 47.100°N 7.183°E / 47.100; 7.183Former municipality in Bern, SwitzerlandTüscherz-AlferméeFormer municipality
Coat of armsLocation of Tüscherz-Alfermée
Tüscherz-AlferméeShow map of SwitzerlandTüscherz-AlferméeShow map of Canton of BernCoordinates: 47°6′N 7°11′E / 47.100°N 7.183°E / 47.100; 7.183CountrySwitzerlandCantonBernDistrictNidauArea • Total3.3 km2 (1.3 sq mi)Elevation444 m (1,457 ft)Population (December 2007) • Total309 • Density94/km2 (240/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (Central European Time) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (Central European Summer Time)Postal code(s)2512SFOS number752ISO 3166 codeCH-BESurrounded byBiel/Bienne, Ipsach, Lamboing, Evilard, Nidau, Sutz-Lattrigen, TwannWebsite SFSO statistics
Tüscherz-Alfermée, Daucher-Alfermée in French, was a municipality in the district of Nidau in the Swiss canton of Bern. On 1 January 2010 the municipalities of Tüscherz-Alfermée and Twann merged into the municipality of Twann-Tüscherz.
History
Tüscherz is first mentioned in 1230 as Tusschiers. In 1267 it was mentioned as Tuschers. Alfermée is first mentioned in 1276 as Alphermme.
Tüscherz and Alfermée were part of the lands of the Counts of Neuchatel-Nidau, until 1388 when the counts died out and the land was acquired by Bern. Originally it was part of the parish of Sutz which was located on the opposite side of the lake. The priest at Sutz allowed the Mass to be read in the chapel above Tüscherz. After the Protestant Reformation the chapel was closed, but it remained part of the Sutz parish until the parish was dissolved in 1876. Tüscherz and Alfermée then became part of the parish of Twann. In 2010 the parishes of Twann / Tüscherz-Alfermée and Ligerz merged to become the Pilgerweg Bielersee parish.
Viticulture and fishing dominated the villages, because there was little land for growing grain. Some of the residents even rented fields across the lake in Sutz. Many of the vineyards were owned by monasteries, hospitals and lower nobility or burghers of Bern, Biel/Bienne and Nidau. Several vineyard estates were owned by St. Urban's Abbey, including the Schünen estate which was bought in 1256 and later abandoned and the Convalet estate which was owned by the Abbey until 1848. In the 18th century it was expanded into a large manor house but it was demolished in 1859. The Biel/Bienne road (built in 1838), the Biel-Neuchatel railroad (built 1860) and the A5 motorway (1973) isolate the villages from the lake. The lower village of Alfermée was built on land won from the lake after the Jura water correction in 1868-91 but was demolished in 1969 to clear land for the motorway. Until 1973 the primary school was located in the municipality, then it relocated to Twann. The vineyards are still an important industry, though now about two-thirds of the working population commute to Biel/Bienne for work.
Geography
Tüscherz-Alfermée has an area of 3.3 km2 (1.3 sq mi). Of this area, 6.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 84.9% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 7.2% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (1.5%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).
Demographics
Tüscherz-Alfermée has a population (as of 2007) of 309, of which 8.4% are foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 11.2%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (87.3%), with French being second most common (9.5%) and Portuguese being third (1.4%).
In the 2007 election the most popular party was the FDP which received 30% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (28.5%), the SPS (22%) and the Green Party (6.6%).
The age distribution of the population (as of 2000) is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 15.5% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 60.8% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 23.7%. The entire Swiss population is generally well educated. In Tüscherz-Alfermée about 75.8% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either University or a Fachhochschule).
Tüscherz-Alfermée has an unemployment rate of 1.58%. As of 2005, there were 33 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 14 businesses involved in this sector. 6 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 2 businesses in this sector. 20 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 7 businesses in this sector.
The historical population is given in the following table:
year
population
764
165
1850
262
1880
385
1900
309
1941
248
1950
304
References
^ Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz, Mutationsmeldungen 2009 / Répertoire officiel des communes de Suisse, Mutations 2009 / Elenco ufficiale dei Comuni della Svizzera, Mutazione 2009 (PDF) (Report). Federal Statistical Office. 2009. 2776. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 November 2010. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
^ a b c d Tüscherz-Alfermée in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
^ a b Swiss Federal Statistical Office Archived 2011-09-04 at the Wayback Machine accessed 09-Jul-2009
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tüscherz-Alfermée.
Tüscherz-Alfermée in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
Other
Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
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On 1 January 2010 the municipalities of Tüscherz-Alfermée and Twann merged into the municipality of Twann-Tüscherz.[1]","title":"Tüscherz-Alfermée"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS-2"},{"link_name":"parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish"},{"link_name":"Sutz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutz-Lattrigen"},{"link_name":"Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"Protestant Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS-2"},{"link_name":"St. Urban's Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Urban%27s_Abbey"},{"link_name":"A5 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A5_motorway_(Switzerland)"},{"link_name":"Jura water correction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jura_water_correction"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS-2"}],"text":"Tüscherz is first mentioned in 1230 as Tusschiers. In 1267 it was mentioned as Tuschers. Alfermée is first mentioned in 1276 as Alphermme.[2]Tüscherz and Alfermée were part of the lands of the Counts of Neuchatel-Nidau, until 1388 when the counts died out and the land was acquired by Bern. Originally it was part of the parish of Sutz which was located on the opposite side of the lake. The priest at Sutz allowed the Mass to be read in the chapel above Tüscherz. After the Protestant Reformation the chapel was closed, but it remained part of the Sutz parish until the parish was dissolved in 1876. Tüscherz and Alfermée then became part of the parish of Twann. In 2010 the parishes of Twann / Tüscherz-Alfermée and Ligerz merged to become the Pilgerweg Bielersee parish.[2]Viticulture and fishing dominated the villages, because there was little land for growing grain. Some of the residents even rented fields across the lake in Sutz. Many of the vineyards were owned by monasteries, hospitals and lower nobility or burghers of Bern, Biel/Bienne and Nidau. Several vineyard estates were owned by St. Urban's Abbey, including the Schünen estate which was bought in 1256 and later abandoned and the Convalet estate which was owned by the Abbey until 1848. In the 18th century it was expanded into a large manor house but it was demolished in 1859. The Biel/Bienne road (built in 1838), the Biel-Neuchatel railroad (built 1860) and the A5 motorway (1973) isolate the villages from the lake. The lower village of Alfermée was built on land won from the lake after the Jura water correction in 1868-91 but was demolished in 1969 to clear land for the motorway. Until 1973 the primary school was located in the municipality, then it relocated to Twann. The vineyards are still an important industry, though now about two-thirds of the working population commute to Biel/Bienne for work.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-3"}],"text":"Tüscherz-Alfermée has an area of 3.3 km2 (1.3 sq mi). Of this area, 6.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 84.9% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 7.2% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (1.5%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%BCscherz-Alferm%C3%A9e&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%BCscherz-Alferm%C3%A9e&action=edit"},{"link_name":"FDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"SVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"SPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Green Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%BCscherz-Alferm%C3%A9e&action=edit"},{"link_name":"upper secondary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Switzerland#Secondary"},{"link_name":"Fachhochschule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fachhochschule"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%BCscherz-Alferm%C3%A9e&action=edit"},{"link_name":"primary economic sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"secondary sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"tertiary sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFSO-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HDS-2"}],"text":"Tüscherz-Alfermée has a population (as of 2007[update]) of 309, of which 8.4% are foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 11.2%. Most of the population (as of 2000[update]) speaks German (87.3%), with French being second most common (9.5%) and Portuguese being third (1.4%).In the 2007 election the most popular party was the FDP which received 30% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (28.5%), the SPS (22%) and the Green Party (6.6%).The age distribution of the population (as of 2000[update]) is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 15.5% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 60.8% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 23.7%. The entire Swiss population is generally well educated. In Tüscherz-Alfermée about 75.8% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either University or a Fachhochschule).Tüscherz-Alfermée has an unemployment rate of 1.58%. As of 2005[update], there were 33 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 14 businesses involved in this sector. 6 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 2 businesses in this sector. 20 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 7 businesses in this sector.[3]\nThe historical population is given in the following table:[2]","title":"Demographics"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz, Mutationsmeldungen 2009 / Répertoire officiel des communes de Suisse, Mutations 2009 / Elenco ufficiale dei Comuni della Svizzera, Mutazione 2009 (PDF) (Report). Federal Statistical Office. 2009. 2776. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 November 2010. Retrieved 6 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101118021059/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/infothek/nomenklaturen/blank/blank/gem_liste/03.Document.128095.pdf","url_text":"Amtliches Gemeindeverzeichnis der Schweiz, Mutationsmeldungen 2009 / Répertoire officiel des communes de Suisse, Mutations 2009 / Elenco ufficiale dei Comuni della Svizzera, Mutazione 2009"},{"url":"http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/infothek/nomenklaturen/blank/blank/gem_liste/03.Document.128095.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysgol_Craig_y_Deryn
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Ysgol Craig y Deryn
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["1 General","2 History","3 Building","4 References"]
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Coordinates: 52°37′33″N 4°04′31″W / 52.625738°N 4.075405°W / 52.625738; -4.075405
Welsh-medium state school in Llanegryn, WalesYsgol Craig y DerynLocationLlanegryn, LL36 9SGWalesInformationTypeWelsh-medium State schoolEstablished2013Local authorityGwynedd CouncilHead TeacherJennifer BradburyGenderBothAge3 to 11Websiteysgolcraigyderyn.org
Ysgol Craig y Deryn is a Welsh-medium primary school in Llanegryn in Gwynedd.
General
The school is named after Craig yr Aderyn, a notable hill on the south bank of the River Dysynni near Llanfihangel-y-pennant. The form 'Craig y Deryn' reflects the local pronunciation.
As of 2021, the school had 115 pupils on roll. In March 2016, about 35% of pupils came from Welsh-speaking homes.
History
The new school for the area (initially known as Ysgol Bro Dysynni) was built following the closure of the primary schools in the villages of Bryn-crug, Llanegryn and Llwyngwril. The school opened in September 2013.
Building
The decision to build a new school was the subject of significant controversy, given that it led to the closure of three other schools in the area. The new school was also to be located in the Snowdonia National Park, which raised concerns regarding the appropriateness of a new building in a protected landscape. As a result, the school, designed by B3 Architects, was built to an innovative and environmentally sensitive design and was the outright winner of the Royal Town Planning Institute Wales Planning Award 2014. It was shortlisted for the 2015 Wales Gold Medal for Architecture.
References
^ "Ysgol Craig y Deryn". mylocalschool.gov.wales. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
^ "Ysgol Craig Y Deryn | Estyn". www.estyn.gov.wales. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
^ "Gwynedd council approves Dolgellau school closures", BBC News (North West Wales), 15 December 2011
^ Estyn: Ysgol Craig y Deryn.
^ Royal Town Planning Institute, 'Wales Planning Award 2014'. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
^ Sion Morgan (3 July 2015) "From cliff perched houses to a grass-roofed primary school, the most beautiful new buildings pushing the boundaries of Welsh architecture", Wales Online. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
52°37′33″N 4°04′31″W / 52.625738°N 4.075405°W / 52.625738; -4.075405
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welsh-medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_medium_education"},{"link_name":"primary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_school"},{"link_name":"Llanegryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanegryn"},{"link_name":"Gwynedd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwynedd"}],"text":"Welsh-medium state school in Llanegryn, WalesYsgol Craig y Deryn is a Welsh-medium primary school in Llanegryn in Gwynedd.","title":"Ysgol Craig y Deryn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Craig yr Aderyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_yr_Aderyn"},{"link_name":"River Dysynni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Dysynni"},{"link_name":"Llanfihangel-y-pennant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanfihangel-y-pennant,_Abergynolwyn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The school is named after Craig yr Aderyn, a notable hill on the south bank of the River Dysynni near Llanfihangel-y-pennant. The form 'Craig y Deryn' reflects the local pronunciation.As of 2021, the school had 115 pupils on roll.[1] In March 2016, about 35% of pupils came from Welsh-speaking homes.[2]","title":"General"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bryn-crug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryncrug"},{"link_name":"Llanegryn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanegryn"},{"link_name":"Llwyngwril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llwyngwril"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The new school for the area (initially known as Ysgol Bro Dysynni) was built following the closure of the primary schools in the villages of Bryn-crug, Llanegryn and Llwyngwril.[3] The school opened in September 2013.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Snowdonia National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowdonia_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Royal Town Planning Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Town_Planning_Institute"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Wales Gold Medal for Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Medal_(National_Eisteddfod_of_Wales)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The decision to build a new school was the subject of significant controversy, given that it led to the closure of three other schools in the area. The new school was also to be located in the Snowdonia National Park, which raised concerns regarding the appropriateness of a new building in a protected landscape. As a result, the school, designed by B3 Architects, was built to an innovative and environmentally sensitive design and was the outright winner of the Royal Town Planning Institute Wales Planning Award 2014.[5] It was shortlisted for the 2015 Wales Gold Medal for Architecture.[6]","title":"Building"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ysgol_Craig_y_Deryn¶ms=52.625738_N_4.075405_W_type:edu_region:GB","external_links_name":"52°37′33″N 4°04′31″W / 52.625738°N 4.075405°W / 52.625738; -4.075405"},{"Link":"http://ysgolcraigyderyn.org/","external_links_name":"ysgolcraigyderyn.org"},{"Link":"https://mylocalschool.gov.wales/School/6612228?lang=en","external_links_name":"\"Ysgol Craig y Deryn\""},{"Link":"https://www.estyn.gov.wales/provider/6612228","external_links_name":"\"Ysgol Craig Y Deryn | Estyn\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/uk-wales-north-west-wales-16200870","external_links_name":"\"Gwynedd council approves Dolgellau school closures\""},{"Link":"http://www.estyn.gov.uk/english/provider/6612228","external_links_name":"Estyn: Ysgol Craig y Deryn"},{"Link":"http://www.rtpi.org.uk/the-rtpi-near-you/rtpi-cymru/wales-planning-award/wales-planning-award-2014/","external_links_name":"Wales Planning Award 2014"},{"Link":"https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/cliff-perched-houses-grass-roofed-primary-9582130","external_links_name":"\"From cliff perched houses to a grass-roofed primary school, the most beautiful new buildings pushing the boundaries of Welsh architecture\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ysgol_Craig_y_Deryn¶ms=52.625738_N_4.075405_W_type:edu_region:GB","external_links_name":"52°37′33″N 4°04′31″W / 52.625738°N 4.075405°W / 52.625738; -4.075405"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/35147422911144880324","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2016119173","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahrdari_Gonbad_VC
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Shahrdari Gonbad VC
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["1 Notable former players","2 References","3 External links"]
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Shahrdari GonbadFull nameShahrdari Gonbad Kavus Volleyball ClubShort nameGonbadFounded2011; 9 years agoGroundOlympic Arena, Gonbad-e KavusChairmanMohammad MohammadiManagerRamin BabaiLeagueIranian Super League2020–215thWebsiteClub home pageUniforms
Home
Away
Shahrdari Gonbad Volleyball Club (Persian: باشگاه والیبال شهرداری گنبد, Bashgah-e Valibal-e Shiherdari Gânbed) is an Iranian professional volleyball team based in Gonbad-e Kavus, Iran. They compete in the Iranian Volleyball Super League.
Notable former players
Farhad Ghaemi
Carlos Tejeda
Marek Mikula
References
^ SV Volley
External links
Result
Iran Premier League 2016
vteIranian Volleyball Super League – 2020–21
Azar Battery Urmia
Foolad Sepahan
Foolad Sirjan
Hoorsun Ramsar
Khatam Ardakan
Labanyat Haraz Amol
Paykan Tehran
Rahyab Melal Marivan
Saipa Tehran
Shahdab Yazd
Shahrdari Gonbad
Shahrdari Qazvin
Shahrdari Urmia
Shahrdari Varamin
This article about a volleyball team is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball"},{"link_name":"Gonbad-e Kavus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonbad-e_Kavus"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Iranian Volleyball Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Volleyball_Super_League"}],"text":"Shahrdari Gonbad Volleyball Club (Persian: باشگاه والیبال شهرداری گنبد, Bashgah-e Valibal-e Shiherdari Gânbed) is an Iranian professional volleyball team based in Gonbad-e Kavus, Iran. They compete in the Iranian Volleyball Super League.","title":"Shahrdari Gonbad VC"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Farhad Ghaemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhad_Ghaemi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Carlos Tejeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Tejeda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Marek Mikula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marek_Mikula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Farhad Ghaemi\n Carlos Tejeda\n Marek Mikula[1]","title":"Notable former players"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.hyperhavash.ir/","external_links_name":"Club home page"},{"Link":"http://www.svf.sk/sk/reprezentacia/muzi/repre/smeciar/marek-mikula/","external_links_name":"SV Volley"},{"Link":"https://betsapi.com/t/64852/Havash-Gonbad","external_links_name":"Result"},{"Link":"http://en.iranvolleyball.com/event/2016-iran-mens-premier-volleyball-league-championship/","external_links_name":"Iran Premier League 2016"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shahrdari_Gonbad_VC&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudofolliculitis_barbae
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Pseudofolliculitis barbae
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["1 Signs and symptoms","1.1 Related conditions","2 Cause","3 Prevention","4 Treatment","4.1 Long-term therapies","5 Legal","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Medical conditionPseudofolliculitis barbaeOther namesBarber's itch, folliculitis barbae traumatica, razor bumps, scarring pseudofolliculitis of the beard, shave bumpsA severe case of Pseudofolliculitis barbaePronunciation/ˌsjuːdoʊfəˌlɪkjʊˈlaɪtɪs ˈbɑːrbiː/ SpecialtyDermatology
Pseudofolliculitis barbae (PFB) is a type of irritant folliculitis that commonly affects people who have curly or coarse facial hair. It occurs when hair curls back into the skin after shaving, causing inflammation, redness, and bumps. This can lead to ingrown hairs, scarring, and skin discoloration. PFB can be treated with various methods, including changing shaving habits, using topical creams or ointments, and undergoing laser hair removal. Prevention measures include proper shaving techniques, using sharp razors, and avoiding too close a shave.
It was first described in 1956.
Signs and symptoms
Related conditions
Razor burn is a lesser condition caused by shaving, characterized by mild to moderate redness and irritation on the surface of the skin. Unlike PFB, it is usually transient and there is no infection involved.
There is also a condition called folliculitis barbae. The difference between the two is the cause of the inflammation in the hair follicles. Where folliculitis barbae is caused by viral or bacterial infections, pseudofolliculitis is created by irritation from shaving and ingrown hairs.
Pseudofolliculitis nuchae, a related condition, occurs on the back of the neck, often along the posterior hairline, when curved hairs are cut short and allowed to grow back into the skin. Left untreated, this can develop into acne keloidalis nuchae, a condition in which hard, dark keloid-like bumps form on the neck. Both occur frequently in black men in the military. It is so common in the U.S. military that the services have protocols for its management.
Cause
Pseudofolliculitis barbae (PFB) is most common on the face, but it can also happen on other parts of the body where hair is shaved or plucked, especially areas where hair is curly and the skin is sensitive, such as genital shaving (more properly termed pseudofolliculitis pubis or PFP).
After a hair has been shaved, it begins to grow back. Curly hair tends to curl into the skin instead of straight out of the follicle, leading to an inflammation reaction. PFB can make the skin look itchy and red, and in some cases, it can even look like pimples. These inflamed papules or pustules can form especially if the area becomes infected.
This is especially a problem for some men who have naturally coarse or tightly curling thick hair. Curly hair increases the likelihood of PFB by a factor of 50. If left untreated over time, this can cause keloid scarring in the beard area.
Pseudofolliculitis barbae can further be divided into two types of ingrown hairs: transfollicular and extrafollicular. The extrafollicular hair is a hair that has exited the follicle and reentered the skin. The transfollicular hair never exits the follicle, but because of its naturally curly nature curls back into the follicle, causing fluid build-up and irritation.
A common polymorphism in a keratin gene (K6hf) has been linked to PFB, suggesting that it may be a genetic risk factor. This sequence change leads to an amino acid substitution in the highly conserved helix initiation motif of the K6hf rod domain. Carriers of the A12T polymorphism are six times more likely to develop PFB compared with people homozygous for the wild-type K6hf sequence. This suggests K6hf mutation structurally weakens the companion layer separating the inner and outer root sheath and increases the chances that a beard hair will in-grow.
Prevention
The most efficient prevention is to grow a beard. For men who are required to, or simply prefer to shave, studies show the optimal length to be about 0.5 mm to 1 mm to prevent the hair growing back into the skin. Using a beard trimmer at the lowest setting (0.5mm or 1mm) instead of shaving is an efficient alternative. The resulting faint stubble can be shaped using a standard electric razor on non-problematic areas (cheeks, lower neck).
Some men use electric razors to prevent PFB. Those who use a razor should use a single blade or special wire-wrapped blade to avoid shaving too closely, with a new blade each shave. Shaving in the direction of hair growth every other day, rather than daily, may improve pseudofolliculitis barbae. If a blade must be used, softening the beard first with a hot, wet washcloth for five minutes or shave while showering in hot water can be helpful. Some use shaving powders (a kind of chemical depilatory) to avoid the irritation of using a blade. Barium sulfide-based depilatories are most efficient, but produce an unpleasant smell.
Treatment
The simplest treatment for PFB is to let the beard grow. Complete removal of the hair from its follicle (epilation) is not recommended. Severe or transfollicular hairs may require removal by a dermatologist.
For most cases, completely avoiding shaving for three to four weeks allows all lesions to subside, and most extrafollicular hairs will resolve themselves within at least ten days.
Medications may also be prescribed to speed healing of the skin. Clinical trials have shown glycolic acid–based peels to be an effective and well-tolerated therapy which resulted in significantly fewer PFB lesions on the face and neck. The mechanism of action of glycolic acid is unknown, but it is hypothesized that straighter hair growth is caused by the reduction of sulfhydrylbonds in the hair shaft by glycolic acid, which results in reduced re-entry of the hair shaft into the follicular wall or epidermis. Salicylic acid peels are also effective. Prescription antibiotic gels (Benzamycin, Cleocin-T) or oral antibiotics are also used. Benzoyl peroxide may be used topically, combined or not with prescription antibiotics. Tretinoin is a potent treatment that helps even out any scarring after a few months. It is added as a nightly application of tretinoin cream 0.05–0.1% to the beard skin while beard is growing out. Tea tree oil, witch hazel, and hydrocortisone are also noted as possible treatments and remedies for razor bumps.
Long-term therapies
Permanent removal of the hair follicle is the only definitive treatment for PFB. Electrolysis is effective but limited by its slow pace, pain, and expense. Laser-assisted hair removal has proven effective and can last for years. Laser therapies utilize melanin-selective photothermolysis to heat up hair shafts and damage follicular stem cells, which over time impairs hair growth. Common laser systems used to treat PFC are pulsed alexandrite (755 nm), diode (800–810 nm) and Nd:YAG (1064 nm) lasers. Nd:YAG lasers are indicated for darker-pigmented individuals. Laser therapy for PFC requires typically requires at least six treatments spaced 4–6 weeks apart. Side effects include erythema and skin discoloration.
Legal
In 1991, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals found that Domino's Pizza's policy of not allowing beards for employees created a disparate impact by excluding a quarter of black men from employment, but not an equivalent number of white men, thus violating Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In contrast, in 1993, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the Atlanta fire department's "no-beard" policy because it was justified by a "business necessity", in that case the fact that even short beards interfered with firefighters' use of self-contained breathing apparatus.
See also
Laser hair removal
List of cutaneous conditions
References
^ Edwards, Libby; Lynch, Peter J. (2022). Genital Dermatology Manual (4th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 899. ISBN 978-1-9751-6147-7.
^ Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1.
^ "pseudofolliculitis barbae" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ Alexander, A. M.; Delph, W. I. (1974). "Pseudofolliculitis barbae in the military. A medical, administrative and social problem". Journal of the National Medical Association. 66 (6): 459–464, 479. PMC 2609333. PMID 4436875.
^ Pseudofolliculitis of the beard and Acne Keloidalis Nuchae (PDF). Department of the Army. 10 December 2014. Technical Bulletin TB MED 287. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2018.
^ Garcia, Raymond L. (1975-01-01). "Pseudofolliculitis Pubis". Archives of Dermatology. 111 (1): 130. doi:10.1001/archderm.1975.01630130132022. ISSN 0003-987X.
^ Ogunbiyi, Adebola (2019-04-16). "Pseudofolliculitis barbae; current treatment options". Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology. 12: 241–247. doi:10.2147/CCID.S149250. ISSN 1178-7015. PMC 6585396. PMID 31354326.
^ a b Winter, H.; Schissel, D.; Parry, D. A. D.; Smith, T. A.; Liovic, M.; Birgitte Lane, E.; Edler, L.; Langbein, L.; Jave-Suarez, L. F.; Rogers, M. A.; Wilde, J.; Peters, G.; Schweizer, J. (2004). "An Unusual Ala12Thr Polymorphism in the 1A alpha-Helical Segment of the Companion Layer-Specific Keratin K6hf: Evidence for a Risk Factor in the Etiology of the Common Hair Disorder Pseudofolliculitis Barbae". Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 122 (3): 652–657. doi:10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.22309.x. PMID 15086549.
^ a b Florida, Daryl A.; Michel, Dovena; Eraikhuemen, Nathaniel E.; Carrion, Antonio J. (October 14, 2016). "Pseudofolliculitis Barbae: Prevention and Treatment". U.S. Pharmacist. ISSN 0147-7633. Retrieved 2021-03-25.
^ a b c McLean, W. H. I. (2004). "Close Shave for a Keratin Disorder-K6hf Polymorphism Linked to Pseudofolliculitis Barbae". Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 122 (3): xi–xiii. doi:10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.22351.x. PMID 15086588.
^ a b c d e f g h i Halder, RM; CI Roberts; PK Nootheti; AP Kelly (2006). "Dermatologic Disease in Blacks". Dermatology and dermatological therapy of pigmented skins. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis. pp. 331–55. ISBN 9780849314025.
^ Roberts, W. E. (2004). "Chemical peeling in ethnic/dark skin". Dermatologic Therapy. 17 (2): 196–205. doi:10.1111/j.1396-0296.2004.04020.x. PMID 15113287. S2CID 44991940.
^ Cook-Bolden FE, Barba A, Halder R, Taylor S (June 2004). "Twice-daily applications of benzoyl peroxide 5%/clindamycin 1% gel versus vehicle in the treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae". Cutis. 73 (6 Suppl): 18–24. PMID 15228130.
^ a b Bridgeman-Shah, Sharon (2004). "The medical and surgical therapy of pseudofolliculitis barbae". Dermatologic Therapy. 17 (2). Hindawi Limited: 158–163. doi:10.1111/j.1396-0296.2004.04016.x. ISSN 1396-0296. PMID 15113283. S2CID 20876126.
^ Anderson, R. Rox; Margolis, Randall J.; Watenabe, Shinichi; Flotte, Thomas; Hruza, George J.; Dover, Jeffrey S. (1989). "Selective Photothermolysis of Cutaneous Pigmentation by Q-switched Nd: YAG Laser Pulses at 1064, 532. and 355nm". Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 93 (1). Elsevier BV: 28–32. doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12277339. ISSN 0022-202X. PMID 2746004.
^ Yamauchi, Paul S; Lask, Gary P; Kelly, A Paul (1999). "Treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae with the diode laser". Journal of Cutaneous Laser Therapy. 1 (2). Informa UK Limited: 109–111. doi:10.1080/14628839950516959. ISSN 1462-883X. PMID 11357287.
^ Battle, Eliot F Jr (2011). "Advances in laser hair removal in skin of color". Journal of Drugs in Dermatology. 10 (11): 1235–1239. ISSN 1545-9616. PMID 22052301. Retrieved 2023-03-07.
^ Bradley v. Pizzaco of Nebraska, Inc., 926 F. 2d, 714 (8th Cir. 1991).
^ Fitzpatrick v. City of Atlanta, 2 F.3d 1112 (11th Cir. 1993).
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pseudofolliculitis barbae.
ClassificationDICD-10: L73.1ICD-9-CM: 704.8MeSH: C563016DiseasesDB: 31373External resourcesMedlinePlus: 000823eMedicine: derm/354
vteDiseases of the skin and appendages by morphologyGrowthsEpidermal
Wart
Callus
Seborrheic keratosis
Acrochordon
Molluscum contagiosum
Actinic keratosis
Squamous-cell carcinoma
Basal-cell carcinoma
Merkel-cell carcinoma
Nevus sebaceous
Trichoepithelioma
Pigmented
Freckles
Lentigo
Melasma
Nevus
Melanoma
Dermal andsubcutaneous
Epidermal inclusion cyst
Hemangioma
Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma)
Keloid
Lipoma
Neurofibroma
Xanthoma
Kaposi's sarcoma
Infantile digital fibromatosis
Granular cell tumor
Leiomyoma
Lymphangioma circumscriptum
Myxoid cyst
RashesWith epidermal involvementEczematous
Contact dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis
Seborrheic dermatitis
Stasis dermatitis
Lichen simplex chronicus
Darier's disease
Glucagonoma syndrome
Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Lichen sclerosus
Pemphigus foliaceus
Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
Zinc deficiency
Scaling
Psoriasis
Tinea (Corporis
Cruris
Pedis
Manuum
Faciei)
Pityriasis rosea
Secondary syphilis
Mycosis fungoides
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Pityriasis rubra pilaris
Parapsoriasis
Ichthyosis
Blistering
Herpes simplex
Herpes zoster
Varicella
Bullous impetigo
Acute contact dermatitis
Pemphigus vulgaris
Bullous pemphigoid
Dermatitis herpetiformis
Porphyria cutanea tarda
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex
Papular
Scabies
Insect bite reactions
Lichen planus
Miliaria
Keratosis pilaris
Lichen spinulosus
Transient acantholytic dermatosis
Lichen nitidus
Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta
Pustular
Acne vulgaris
Rosacea
Folliculitis
Impetigo
Candidiasis
Gonococcemia
Dermatophyte
Coccidioidomycosis
Subcorneal pustular dermatosis
Hypopigmented
Tinea versicolor
Vitiligo
Pityriasis alba
Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
Tuberous sclerosis
Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis
Leprosy
Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides
Without epidermal involvementRedBlanchable ErythemaGeneralized
Drug eruptions
Viral exanthems
Toxic erythema
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Localized
Cellulitis
Abscess
Boil
Erythema nodosum
Carcinoid syndrome
Fixed drug eruption
Specialized
Urticaria
Erythema (Multiforme
Migrans
Gyratum repens
Annulare centrifugum
Ab igne)
Nonblanchable PurpuraMacular
Thrombocytopenic purpura
Actinic/solar purpura
Papular
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Vasculitis
Indurated
Scleroderma/morphea
Granuloma annulare
Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus
Necrobiosis lipoidica
Miscellaneous disordersUlcers
Hair
Telogen effluvium
Androgenic alopecia
Alopecia areata
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Tinea capitis
Loose anagen syndrome
Lichen planopilaris
Folliculitis decalvans
Acne keloidalis nuchae
Nail
Onychomycosis
Psoriasis
Paronychia
Ingrown nail
Mucous membrane
Aphthous stomatitis
Oral candidiasis
Lichen planus
Leukoplakia
Pemphigus vulgaris
Mucous membrane pemphigoid
Cicatricial pemphigoid
Herpesvirus
Coxsackievirus
Syphilis
Systemic histoplasmosis
Squamous-cell carcinoma
vteDisorders of skin appendagesNail
thickness: Onychogryphosis
Onychauxis
color: Beau's lines
Yellow nail syndrome
Leukonychia
Azure lunula
shape: Koilonychia
Nail clubbing
behavior: Onychotillomania
Onychophagia
other: Ingrown nail
Anonychia
ungrouped: Paronychia
Acute
Chronic
Chevron nail
Congenital onychodysplasia of the index fingers
Green nails
Half and half nails
Hangnail
Hapalonychia
Hook nail
Ingrown nail
Lichen planus of the nails
Longitudinal erythronychia
Malalignment of the nail plate
Median nail dystrophy
Mees' lines
Melanonychia
Muehrcke's lines
Nail–patella syndrome
Onychoatrophy
Onycholysis
Onychomadesis
Onychomatricoma
Onychomycosis
Onychophosis
Onychoptosis defluvium
Onychorrhexis
Onychoschizia
Platonychia
Pincer nails
Plummer's nail
Psoriatic nails
Pterygium inversum unguis
Pterygium unguis
Purpura of the nail bed
Racquet nail
Red lunulae
Shell nail syndrome
Splinter hemorrhage
Spotted lunulae
Staining of the nail plate
Stippled nails
Subungual hematoma
Terry's nails
Twenty-nail dystrophy
HairHair loss/Baldness
noncicatricial alopecia: Alopecia
areata
totalis
universalis
Ophiasis
Androgenic alopecia (male-pattern baldness)
Hypotrichosis
Telogen effluvium
Traction alopecia
Lichen planopilaris
Trichorrhexis nodosa
Alopecia neoplastica
Anagen effluvium
Alopecia mucinosa
cicatricial alopecia: Pseudopelade of Brocq
Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia
Pressure alopecia
Traumatic alopecia
Tumor alopecia
Hot comb alopecia
Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp
Graham-Little syndrome
Folliculitis decalvans
ungrouped: Triangular alopecia
Frontal fibrosing alopecia
Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis
Hypertrichosis
Hirsutism
Acquired
localised
generalised
patterned
Congenital
generalised
localised
X-linked
Prepubertal
Nevoid hypertrichosis
AcneiformeruptionAcne
Acne vulgaris
Acne conglobata
Acne miliaris necrotica
Tropical acne
Infantile acne/Neonatal acne
Excoriated acne
Acne fulminans
Acne medicamentosa (e.g., steroid acne)
Halogen acne
Iododerma
Bromoderma
Chloracne
Oil acne
Tar acne
Acne cosmetica
Occupational acne
Acne aestivalis
Acne keloidalis nuchae
Acne mechanica
Acne with facial edema
Pomade acne
Acne necrotica
Blackhead
Lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei
Rosacea
Perioral dermatitis
Granulomatous perioral dermatitis
Phymatous rosacea
Rhinophyma
Blepharophyma
Gnathophyma
Metophyma
Otophyma
Papulopustular rosacea
Lupoid rosacea
Erythrotelangiectatic rosacea
Glandular rosacea
Gram-negative rosacea
Steroid rosacea
Ocular rosacea
Persistent edema of rosacea
Rosacea conglobata
variants
Periorificial dermatitis
Pyoderma faciale
Ungrouped
Granulomatous facial dermatitis
Idiopathic facial aseptic granuloma
Periorbital dermatitis
SAPHO syndrome
Follicular cysts
"Sebaceous cyst"
Epidermoid cyst
Trichilemmal cyst
Steatocystoma
simplex
multiplex
Milia
Inflammation
Folliculitis
Folliculitis nares perforans
Tufted folliculitis
Pseudofolliculitis barbae
Hidradenitis
Hidradenitis suppurativa
Recurrent palmoplantar hidradenitis
Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis
Ungrouped
Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica of Bazex
Acroosteolysis
Bubble hair deformity
Disseminate and recurrent infundibulofolliculitis
Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp
Erythromelanosis follicularis faciei et colli
Hair casts
Hair follicle nevus
Intermittent hair–follicle dystrophy
Keratosis pilaris atropicans
Kinking hair
Koenen's tumor
Lichen planopilaris
Lichen spinulosus
Loose anagen syndrome
Menkes kinky hair syndrome
Monilethrix
Parakeratosis pustulosa
Pili (Pili annulati
Pili bifurcati
Pili multigemini
Pili pseudoannulati
Pili torti)
Pityriasis amiantacea
Plica neuropathica
Poliosis
Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome
Setleis syndrome
Traumatic anserine folliculosis
Trichomegaly
Trichomycosis axillaris
Trichorrhexis (Trichorrhexis invaginata
Trichorrhexis nodosa)
Trichostasis spinulosa
Uncombable hair syndrome
Woolly hair nevus
SweatglandsEccrine
Miliaria
Colloid milium
Miliaria crystalline
Miliaria profunda
Miliaria pustulosa
Miliaria rubra
Occlusion miliaria
Postmiliarial hypohidrosis
Granulosis rubra nasi
Ross' syndrome
Anhidrosis
Hyperhidrosis
Generalized
Gustatory
Palmoplantar
Hypohidrosis
Acquired idiopathic generalized anhidrosis
Apocrine
Body odor
Chromhidrosis
Fox–Fordyce disease
Sebaceous
Sebaceous hyperplasia
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"irritant folliculitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritant_folliculitis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwards2022-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bolognia-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alexander1974-4"}],"text":"Pseudofolliculitis barbae (PFB) is a type of irritant folliculitis that commonly affects people who have curly or coarse facial hair.[1] It occurs when hair curls back into the skin after shaving, causing inflammation, redness, and bumps.[2][3] This can lead to ingrown hairs, scarring, and skin discoloration. PFB can be treated with various methods, including changing shaving habits, using topical creams or ointments, and undergoing laser hair removal. Prevention measures include proper shaving techniques, using sharp razors, and avoiding too close a shave.It was first described in 1956.[4]","title":"Pseudofolliculitis barbae"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Signs and symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Razor burn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaving#Effects_of_shaving"},{"link_name":"folliculitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folliculitis"},{"link_name":"acne keloidalis nuchae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acne_keloidalis_nuchae"},{"link_name":"keloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keloid"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Related conditions","text":"Razor burn is a lesser condition caused by shaving, characterized by mild to moderate redness and irritation on the surface of the skin. Unlike PFB, it is usually transient and there is no infection involved.There is also a condition called folliculitis barbae. The difference between the two is the cause of the inflammation in the hair follicles. Where folliculitis barbae is caused by viral or bacterial infections, pseudofolliculitis is created by irritation from shaving and ingrown hairs.Pseudofolliculitis nuchae, a related condition, occurs on the back of the neck, often along the posterior hairline, when curved hairs are cut short and allowed to grow back into the skin. Left untreated, this can develop into acne keloidalis nuchae, a condition in which hard, dark keloid-like bumps form on the neck. Both occur frequently in black men in the military. It is so common in the U.S. military that the services have protocols for its management.[5]","title":"Signs and symptoms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubic_hair"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"follicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_follicle"},{"link_name":"pimples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimples"},{"link_name":"papules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papules"},{"link_name":"pustules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pustules"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winter2004-8"},{"link_name":"keloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keloid"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Florida-2016-9"},{"link_name":"ingrown hairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrown_hair"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Florida-2016-9"},{"link_name":"polymorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)"},{"link_name":"keratin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keratin"},{"link_name":"genetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heredity"},{"link_name":"risk factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_factor"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mclean2004-10"},{"link_name":"conserved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conserved_sequence"},{"link_name":"helix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_helix"},{"link_name":"motif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_motif"},{"link_name":"rod domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_domain"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winter2004-8"},{"link_name":"homozygous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homozygous"},{"link_name":"wild-type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild-type"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mclean2004-10"},{"link_name":"companion layer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_follicle#Root_sheath"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mclean2004-10"}],"text":"Pseudofolliculitis barbae (PFB) is most common on the face, but it can also happen on other parts of the body where hair is shaved or plucked, especially areas where hair is curly and the skin is sensitive, such as genital shaving (more properly termed pseudofolliculitis pubis or PFP).[6]After a hair has been shaved, it begins to grow back. Curly hair tends to curl into the skin instead of straight out of the follicle, leading to an inflammation reaction. PFB can make the skin look itchy and red, and in some cases, it can even look like pimples. These inflamed papules or pustules can form especially if the area becomes infected.[7]This is especially a problem for some men who have naturally coarse or tightly curling thick hair. Curly hair increases the likelihood of PFB by a factor of 50.[8] If left untreated over time, this can cause keloid scarring in the beard area.[9]Pseudofolliculitis barbae can further be divided into two types of ingrown hairs: transfollicular and extrafollicular. The extrafollicular hair is a hair that has exited the follicle and reentered the skin. The transfollicular hair never exits the follicle, but because of its naturally curly nature curls back into the follicle, causing fluid build-up and irritation.[9]A common polymorphism in a keratin gene (K6hf) has been linked to PFB, suggesting that it may be a genetic risk factor.[10] This sequence change leads to an amino acid substitution in the highly conserved helix initiation motif of the K6hf rod domain.[8] Carriers of the A12T polymorphism are six times more likely to develop PFB compared with people homozygous for the wild-type K6hf sequence.[10] This suggests K6hf mutation structurally weakens the companion layer separating the inner and outer root sheath and increases the chances that a beard hair will in-grow.[10]","title":"Cause"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"beard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beard"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-halder2006-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-halder2006-11"},{"link_name":"medical citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"razor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razor"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-halder2006-11"},{"link_name":"chemical depilatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_depilatory"},{"link_name":"Barium sulfide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium_sulfide"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-halder2006-11"}],"text":"The most efficient prevention is to grow a beard.[11] For men who are required to, or simply prefer to shave, studies show the optimal length to be about 0.5 mm to 1 mm to prevent the hair growing back into the skin.[11] Using a beard trimmer at the lowest setting (0.5mm or 1mm) instead of shaving is an efficient alternative. The resulting faint stubble can be shaped using a standard electric razor on non-problematic areas (cheeks, lower neck).[medical citation needed]Some men use electric razors to prevent PFB. Those who use a razor should use a single blade or special wire-wrapped blade to avoid shaving too closely, with a new blade each shave.[11] Shaving in the direction of hair growth every other day, rather than daily, may improve pseudofolliculitis barbae. If a blade must be used, softening the beard first with a hot, wet washcloth for five minutes or shave while showering in hot water can be helpful. Some use shaving powders (a kind of chemical depilatory) to avoid the irritation of using a blade. Barium sulfide-based depilatories are most efficient, but produce an unpleasant smell.[11]","title":"Prevention"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-halder2006-11"},{"link_name":"epilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_removal#Epilation_methods"},{"link_name":"medical citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-halder2006-11"},{"link_name":"glycolic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolic_acid"},{"link_name":"peels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_peel"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-halder2006-11"},{"link_name":"sulfhydrylbonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfhydryl"},{"link_name":"hair shaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_shaft"},{"link_name":"follicular wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_follicle"},{"link_name":"epidermis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermis_(skin)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-halder2006-11"},{"link_name":"Salicylic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salicylic_acid"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roberts2004-12"},{"link_name":"Benzoyl peroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzoyl_peroxide"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Tretinoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tretinoin"},{"link_name":"medical citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)"}],"text":"The simplest treatment for PFB is to let the beard grow.[11] Complete removal of the hair from its follicle (epilation) is not recommended. Severe or transfollicular hairs may require removal by a dermatologist.[medical citation needed]For most cases, completely avoiding shaving for three to four weeks allows all lesions to subside, and most extrafollicular hairs will resolve themselves within at least ten days.[11]Medications may also be prescribed to speed healing of the skin. Clinical trials have shown glycolic acid–based peels to be an effective and well-tolerated therapy which resulted in significantly fewer PFB lesions on the face and neck.[11] The mechanism of action of glycolic acid is unknown, but it is hypothesized that straighter hair growth is caused by the reduction of sulfhydrylbonds in the hair shaft by glycolic acid, which results in reduced re-entry of the hair shaft into the follicular wall or epidermis.[11] Salicylic acid peels are also effective.[12] Prescription antibiotic gels (Benzamycin, Cleocin-T) or oral antibiotics are also used. Benzoyl peroxide may be used topically, combined or not with prescription antibiotics.[13] Tretinoin is a potent treatment that helps even out any scarring after a few months. It is added as a nightly application of tretinoin cream 0.05–0.1% to the beard skin while beard is growing out. Tea tree oil, witch hazel, and hydrocortisone are also noted as possible treatments and remedies for razor bumps.[medical citation needed]","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-halder2006-11"},{"link_name":"Electrolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrology"},{"link_name":"Laser-assisted hair removal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_hair_removal"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bridgeman-Shah_2004_pp._158%E2%80%93163-14"},{"link_name":"melanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanin"},{"link_name":"stem cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cells"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anderson_Margolis_Watenabe_Flotte_1989_pp._28%E2%80%9332-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yamauchi_Lask_Kelly_1999_pp._109%E2%80%93111-16"},{"link_name":"diode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_diode"},{"link_name":"Nd:YAG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nd:YAG"},{"link_name":"indicated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indication_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EF_p.-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bridgeman-Shah_2004_pp._158%E2%80%93163-14"},{"link_name":"Side effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_effects"}],"sub_title":"Long-term therapies","text":"Permanent removal of the hair follicle is the only definitive treatment for PFB.[11] Electrolysis is effective but limited by its slow pace, pain, and expense. Laser-assisted hair removal has proven effective and can last for years.[14] Laser therapies utilize melanin-selective photothermolysis to heat up hair shafts and damage follicular stem cells, which over time impairs hair growth.[15][16] Common laser systems used to treat PFC are pulsed alexandrite (755 nm), diode (800–810 nm) and Nd:YAG (1064 nm) lasers. Nd:YAG lasers are indicated for darker-pigmented individuals.[17] Laser therapy for PFC requires typically requires at least six treatments spaced 4–6 weeks apart.[14] Side effects include erythema and skin discoloration.","title":"Treatment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eighth_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Domino's Pizza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domino%27s_Pizza"},{"link_name":"disparate impact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disparate_impact"},{"link_name":"Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_VII_of_the_Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bradley-18"},{"link_name":"Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit"},{"link_name":"self-contained breathing apparatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-contained_breathing_apparatus"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"In 1991, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals found that Domino's Pizza's policy of not allowing beards for employees created a disparate impact by excluding a quarter of black men from employment, but not an equivalent number of white men, thus violating Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[18] In contrast, in 1993, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the Atlanta fire department's \"no-beard\" policy because it was justified by a \"business necessity\", in that case the fact that even short beards interfered with firefighters' use of self-contained breathing apparatus.[19]","title":"Legal"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Laser hair removal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_hair_removal"},{"title":"List of cutaneous conditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cutaneous_conditions"}]
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[{"reference":"Edwards, Libby; Lynch, Peter J. (2022). Genital Dermatology Manual (4th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 899. ISBN 978-1-9751-6147-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JPGKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT899","url_text":"Genital Dermatology Manual"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9751-6147-7","url_text":"978-1-9751-6147-7"}]},{"reference":"Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-2999-1","url_text":"978-1-4160-2999-1"}]},{"reference":"Alexander, A. M.; Delph, W. I. (1974). \"Pseudofolliculitis barbae in the military. A medical, administrative and social problem\". Journal of the National Medical Association. 66 (6): 459–464, 479. PMC 2609333. PMID 4436875.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2609333","url_text":"\"Pseudofolliculitis barbae in the military. A medical, administrative and social problem\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2609333","url_text":"2609333"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4436875","url_text":"4436875"}]},{"reference":"Pseudofolliculitis of the beard and Acne Keloidalis Nuchae (PDF). Department of the Army. 10 December 2014. Technical Bulletin TB MED 287. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.archive.org/web/20180727115109/https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/tbmed287.pdf","url_text":"Pseudofolliculitis of the beard and Acne Keloidalis Nuchae"},{"url":"https://armypubs.army.mil/epubs/DR_pubs/DR_a/pdf/web/tbmed287.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Garcia, Raymond L. (1975-01-01). \"Pseudofolliculitis Pubis\". Archives of Dermatology. 111 (1): 130. doi:10.1001/archderm.1975.01630130132022. ISSN 0003-987X.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.1975.01630130132022","url_text":"\"Pseudofolliculitis Pubis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchderm.1975.01630130132022","url_text":"10.1001/archderm.1975.01630130132022"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-987X","url_text":"0003-987X"}]},{"reference":"Ogunbiyi, Adebola (2019-04-16). \"Pseudofolliculitis barbae; current treatment options\". Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology. 12: 241–247. doi:10.2147/CCID.S149250. ISSN 1178-7015. PMC 6585396. PMID 31354326.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6585396","url_text":"\"Pseudofolliculitis barbae; current treatment options\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2147%2FCCID.S149250","url_text":"10.2147/CCID.S149250"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1178-7015","url_text":"1178-7015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6585396","url_text":"6585396"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31354326","url_text":"31354326"}]},{"reference":"Winter, H.; Schissel, D.; Parry, D. A. D.; Smith, T. A.; Liovic, M.; Birgitte Lane, E.; Edler, L.; Langbein, L.; Jave-Suarez, L. F.; Rogers, M. A.; Wilde, J.; Peters, G.; Schweizer, J. (2004). \"An Unusual Ala12Thr Polymorphism in the 1A alpha-Helical Segment of the Companion Layer-Specific Keratin K6hf: Evidence for a Risk Factor in the Etiology of the Common Hair Disorder Pseudofolliculitis Barbae\". Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 122 (3): 652–657. doi:10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.22309.x. PMID 15086549.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0022-202X.2004.22309.x","url_text":"\"An Unusual Ala12Thr Polymorphism in the 1A alpha-Helical Segment of the Companion Layer-Specific Keratin K6hf: Evidence for a Risk Factor in the Etiology of the Common Hair Disorder Pseudofolliculitis Barbae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0022-202X.2004.22309.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.22309.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15086549","url_text":"15086549"}]},{"reference":"Florida, Daryl A.; Michel, Dovena; Eraikhuemen, Nathaniel E.; Carrion, Antonio J. (October 14, 2016). \"Pseudofolliculitis Barbae: Prevention and Treatment\". U.S. Pharmacist. ISSN 0147-7633. Retrieved 2021-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/pseudofolliculitis-barbae-prevention-and-treatment","url_text":"\"Pseudofolliculitis Barbae: Prevention and Treatment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Pharmacist","url_text":"U.S. Pharmacist"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0147-7633","url_text":"0147-7633"}]},{"reference":"McLean, W. H. I. (2004). \"Close Shave for a Keratin Disorder-K6hf Polymorphism Linked to Pseudofolliculitis Barbae\". Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 122 (3): xi–xiii. doi:10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.22351.x. PMID 15086588.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0022-202X.2004.22351.x","url_text":"\"Close Shave for a Keratin Disorder-K6hf Polymorphism Linked to Pseudofolliculitis Barbae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0022-202X.2004.22351.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.22351.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15086588","url_text":"15086588"}]},{"reference":"Halder, RM; CI Roberts; PK Nootheti; AP Kelly (2006). \"Dermatologic Disease in Blacks\". Dermatology and dermatological therapy of pigmented skins. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis. pp. 331–55. ISBN 9780849314025.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dermatologyderma00hald","url_text":"Dermatology and dermatological therapy of pigmented skins"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dermatologyderma00hald/page/n347","url_text":"331"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780849314025","url_text":"9780849314025"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, W. E. (2004). \"Chemical peeling in ethnic/dark skin\". Dermatologic Therapy. 17 (2): 196–205. doi:10.1111/j.1396-0296.2004.04020.x. PMID 15113287. S2CID 44991940.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1396-0296.2004.04020.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1396-0296.2004.04020.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15113287","url_text":"15113287"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44991940","url_text":"44991940"}]},{"reference":"Cook-Bolden FE, Barba A, Halder R, Taylor S (June 2004). \"Twice-daily applications of benzoyl peroxide 5%/clindamycin 1% gel versus vehicle in the treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae\". Cutis. 73 (6 Suppl): 18–24. PMID 15228130.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15228130","url_text":"15228130"}]},{"reference":"Bridgeman-Shah, Sharon (2004). \"The medical and surgical therapy of pseudofolliculitis barbae\". Dermatologic Therapy. 17 (2). Hindawi Limited: 158–163. doi:10.1111/j.1396-0296.2004.04016.x. ISSN 1396-0296. PMID 15113283. S2CID 20876126.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1396-0296.2004.04016.x","url_text":"\"The medical and surgical therapy of pseudofolliculitis barbae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1396-0296.2004.04016.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1396-0296.2004.04016.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1396-0296","url_text":"1396-0296"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15113283","url_text":"15113283"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20876126","url_text":"20876126"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, R. Rox; Margolis, Randall J.; Watenabe, Shinichi; Flotte, Thomas; Hruza, George J.; Dover, Jeffrey S. (1989). \"Selective Photothermolysis of Cutaneous Pigmentation by Q-switched Nd: YAG Laser Pulses at 1064, 532. and 355nm\". Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 93 (1). Elsevier BV: 28–32. doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12277339. ISSN 0022-202X. PMID 2746004.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1523-1747.ep12277339","url_text":"10.1111/1523-1747.ep12277339"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-202X","url_text":"0022-202X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2746004","url_text":"2746004"}]},{"reference":"Yamauchi, Paul S; Lask, Gary P; Kelly, A Paul (1999). \"Treatment of pseudofolliculitis barbae with the diode laser\". Journal of Cutaneous Laser Therapy. 1 (2). Informa UK Limited: 109–111. doi:10.1080/14628839950516959. ISSN 1462-883X. PMID 11357287.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14628839950516959","url_text":"10.1080/14628839950516959"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1462-883X","url_text":"1462-883X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11357287","url_text":"11357287"}]},{"reference":"Battle, Eliot F Jr (2011). \"Advances in laser hair removal in skin of color\". Journal of Drugs in Dermatology. 10 (11): 1235–1239. ISSN 1545-9616. PMID 22052301. Retrieved 2023-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22052301/","url_text":"\"Advances in laser hair removal in skin of color\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1545-9616","url_text":"1545-9616"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22052301","url_text":"22052301"}]},{"reference":"Bradley v. Pizzaco of Nebraska, Inc.","urls":[]}]
|
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treatment options\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2147%2FCCID.S149250","external_links_name":"10.2147/CCID.S149250"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1178-7015","external_links_name":"1178-7015"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6585396","external_links_name":"6585396"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31354326","external_links_name":"31354326"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0022-202X.2004.22309.x","external_links_name":"\"An Unusual Ala12Thr Polymorphism in the 1A alpha-Helical Segment of the Companion Layer-Specific Keratin K6hf: Evidence for a Risk Factor in the Etiology of the Common Hair Disorder Pseudofolliculitis Barbae\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0022-202X.2004.22309.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.22309.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15086549","external_links_name":"15086549"},{"Link":"https://www.uspharmacist.com/article/pseudofolliculitis-barbae-prevention-and-treatment","external_links_name":"\"Pseudofolliculitis Barbae: Prevention and Treatment\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0147-7633","external_links_name":"0147-7633"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0022-202X.2004.22351.x","external_links_name":"\"Close Shave for a Keratin Disorder-K6hf Polymorphism Linked to Pseudofolliculitis Barbae\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0022-202X.2004.22351.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.22351.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15086588","external_links_name":"15086588"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/dermatologyderma00hald","external_links_name":"Dermatology and dermatological therapy of pigmented skins"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/dermatologyderma00hald/page/n347","external_links_name":"331"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1396-0296.2004.04020.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1396-0296.2004.04020.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15113287","external_links_name":"15113287"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44991940","external_links_name":"44991940"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15228130","external_links_name":"15228130"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1396-0296.2004.04016.x","external_links_name":"\"The medical and surgical therapy of pseudofolliculitis 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1112"},{"Link":"https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/L73.1","external_links_name":"L73.1"},{"Link":"http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=704.8","external_links_name":"704.8"},{"Link":"https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=C563016","external_links_name":"C563016"},{"Link":"http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb31373.htm","external_links_name":"31373"},{"Link":"https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000823.htm","external_links_name":"000823"},{"Link":"https://emedicine.medscape.com/derm/354-overview","external_links_name":"derm/354"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe_at_the_Window
|
Goethe at the Window
|
["1 Background","2 References","3 Sources"]
|
1786/7 watercolour by Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein
Goethe am Fenster, Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein
Goethe at the Window is a 1786/7 watercolour by German painter Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein. It depicts the poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe looking out of the window of the apartment in Rome he shared with the artist.
The watercolour has been in the collection of the Freies Deutsches Hochstift since 1955.
Background
Tischbein moved to Italy in 1783, after receiving a stipendium from Duke Ernst II of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg on the recommendation of Goethe. He remained there until 1799, and encountered Goethe upon the latter's "Italian Journey" of 1786–88. Tischbein shared a house on Rome's Via del Corso with the painters Friedrich Bury, Johann Heinrich Meyer, Johann Heinrich Lips and Johann Georg Schütz . Goethe lodged for over a year from October 1786 in the shared flat, which is now the Casa di Goethe museum. During this time, Tischbein made the Goethe at the Window watercolour and painted his more famous work Goethe in the Roman Campagna.
From studying the layout of the flat in Via del Corso, it has been deduced that this drawing depicts Goethe in his bedroom, which overlooked the Via Fontanella.
References
^ a b c Hennig & Struck 2022, p. 116.
^ Biographische Daten 1986, p. 252.
Sources
Hennig, Mareike; Struck, Neela (2022). "Freiheit und Idealität - Schweiz und Italien". Zeichnen im Zeitalter Goethes (in German). Munich: Hirmer Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7774-3976-1.
"J.H.W. Tischbeins biographische Daten". J.H.W. Tischbein (in German). Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz Verlag. 1986. pp. 251–255. ISBN 3-529-02545-3.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goethe_am_fenster_tischbein.jpg"},{"link_name":"Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein"},{"link_name":"Johann Wolfgang von Goethe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Freies Deutsches Hochstift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freies_Deutsches_Hochstift"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHennigStruck2022116-1"}],"text":"Goethe am Fenster, Johann Heinrich Wilhelm TischbeinGoethe at the Window is a 1786/7 watercolour by German painter Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein. It depicts the poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe looking out of the window of the apartment in Rome he shared with the artist.The watercolour has been in the collection of the Freies Deutsches Hochstift since 1955.[1]","title":"Goethe at the Window"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duke Ernst II of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_II,_Duke_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiographische_Daten1986252-2"},{"link_name":"Via del Corso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_del_Corso"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Bury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bury"},{"link_name":"Johann Heinrich Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Meyer"},{"link_name":"Johann Heinrich Lips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lips"},{"link_name":"Johann Georg Schütz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Johann_Georg_Sch%C3%BCtz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Georg_Sch%C3%BCtz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHennigStruck2022116-1"},{"link_name":"Casa di Goethe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_di_Goethe"},{"link_name":"Goethe in the Roman Campagna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe_in_the_Roman_Campagna"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHennigStruck2022116-1"}],"text":"Tischbein moved to Italy in 1783, after receiving a stipendium from Duke Ernst II of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg on the recommendation of Goethe.[2] He remained there until 1799, and encountered Goethe upon the latter's \"Italian Journey\" of 1786–88. Tischbein shared a house on Rome's Via del Corso with the painters Friedrich Bury, Johann Heinrich Meyer, Johann Heinrich Lips and Johann Georg Schütz [de]. Goethe lodged for over a year from October 1786[1] in the shared flat, which is now the Casa di Goethe museum. During this time, Tischbein made the Goethe at the Window watercolour and painted his more famous work Goethe in the Roman Campagna.From studying the layout of the flat in Via del Corso, it has been deduced that this drawing depicts Goethe in his bedroom, which overlooked the Via Fontanella.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hirmer Verlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirmer_Verlag"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7774-3976-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7774-3976-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-529-02545-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-529-02545-3"}],"text":"Hennig, Mareike; Struck, Neela (2022). \"Freiheit und Idealität - Schweiz und Italien\". Zeichnen im Zeitalter Goethes (in German). Munich: Hirmer Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7774-3976-1.\n\"J.H.W. Tischbeins biographische Daten\". J.H.W. Tischbein (in German). Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz Verlag. 1986. pp. 251–255. ISBN 3-529-02545-3.","title":"Sources"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Goethe am Fenster, Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Tischbein","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Goethe_am_fenster_tischbein.jpg/220px-Goethe_am_fenster_tischbein.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Hennig, Mareike; Struck, Neela (2022). \"Freiheit und Idealität - Schweiz und Italien\". Zeichnen im Zeitalter Goethes (in German). Munich: Hirmer Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7774-3976-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirmer_Verlag","url_text":"Hirmer Verlag"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7774-3976-1","url_text":"978-3-7774-3976-1"}]},{"reference":"\"J.H.W. Tischbeins biographische Daten\". J.H.W. Tischbein (in German). Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz Verlag. 1986. pp. 251–255. ISBN 3-529-02545-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-529-02545-3","url_text":"3-529-02545-3"}]}]
|
[]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson-type_random_measures
|
Poisson-type random measure
|
["1 Throwing stones","1.1 Theorem: Marked STC","1.2 Corollary: Restricted STC","2 Collecting Bones","2.1 Definition: Bone","2.2 Theorem: existence and uniqueness of PT random measures","3 Distributional self-similarity applications","4 References"]
|
Family of three random counting measures
A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (May 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Poisson-type random measures are a family of three random counting measures which are closed under restriction to a subspace, i.e. closed under thinning. They are the only distributions in the canonical non-negative power series family of distributions to possess this property and include the Poisson distribution, negative binomial distribution, and binomial distribution. The PT family of distributions is also known as the Katz family of distributions, the Panjer or (a,b,0) class of distributions and may be retrieved through the Conway–Maxwell–Poisson distribution.
Throwing stones
Let
K
{\displaystyle K}
be a non-negative integer-valued random variable
K
∈
N
≥
0
=
N
>
0
∪
{
0
}
{\displaystyle K\in \mathbb {N} _{\geq 0}=\mathbb {N} _{>0}\cup \{0\}}
) with law
κ
{\displaystyle \kappa }
, mean
c
∈
(
0
,
∞
)
{\displaystyle c\in (0,\infty )}
and when it exists variance
δ
2
>
0
{\displaystyle \delta ^{2}>0}
. Let
ν
{\displaystyle \nu }
be a probability measure on the measurable space
(
E
,
E
)
{\displaystyle (E,{\mathcal {E}})}
. Let
X
=
{
X
i
}
{\displaystyle \mathbf {X} =\{X_{i}\}}
be a collection of iid random variables (stones) taking values in
(
E
,
E
)
{\displaystyle (E,{\mathcal {E}})}
with law
ν
{\displaystyle \nu }
.
The random counting measure
N
{\displaystyle N}
on
(
E
,
E
)
{\displaystyle (E,{\mathcal {E}})}
depends on the pair of deterministic probability measures
(
κ
,
ν
)
{\displaystyle (\kappa ,\nu )}
through the stone throwing construction (STC)
N
ω
(
A
)
=
N
(
ω
,
A
)
=
∑
i
=
1
K
(
ω
)
I
A
(
X
i
(
ω
)
)
for
ω
∈
Ω
,
A
∈
E
{\displaystyle \quad N_{\omega }(A)=N(\omega ,A)=\sum _{i=1}^{K(\omega )}\mathbb {I} _{A}(X_{i}(\omega ))\quad {\text{for}}\quad \omega \in \Omega ,\,\,\,A\in {\mathcal {E}}}
where
K
{\displaystyle K}
has law
κ
{\displaystyle \kappa }
and iid
X
1
,
X
2
,
⋯
{\displaystyle X_{1},X_{2},\dotsb }
have law
ν
{\displaystyle \nu }
.
N
{\displaystyle N}
is a mixed binomial process
Let
E
+
=
{
f
:
E
↦
R
+
}
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}_{+}=\{f:E\mapsto \mathbb {R} _{+}\}}
be the collection of positive
E
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}}
-measurable functions. The probability law of
N
{\displaystyle N}
is encoded in the Laplace functional
E
e
−
N
f
=
E
(
E
e
−
f
(
X
)
)
K
=
E
(
ν
e
−
f
)
K
=
ψ
(
ν
e
−
f
)
for
f
∈
E
+
{\displaystyle \quad \mathbb {E} e^{-Nf}=\mathbb {E} (\mathbb {E} e^{-f(X)})^{K}=\mathbb {E} (\nu e^{-f})^{K}=\psi (\nu e^{-f})\quad {\text{for}}\quad f\in {\mathcal {E}}_{+}}
where
ψ
(
⋅
)
{\displaystyle \psi (\cdot )}
is the generating function of
K
{\displaystyle K}
. The mean and variance are given by
E
N
f
=
c
ν
f
{\displaystyle \quad \mathbb {E} Nf=c\nu f}
and
V
ar
N
f
=
c
ν
f
2
+
(
δ
2
−
c
)
(
ν
f
)
2
{\displaystyle \quad \mathbb {V} {\text{ar}}Nf=c\nu f^{2}+(\delta ^{2}-c)(\nu f)^{2}}
The covariance for arbitrary
f
,
g
∈
E
+
{\displaystyle f,g\in {\mathcal {E}}_{+}}
is given by
C
ov
(
N
f
,
N
g
)
=
c
ν
(
f
g
)
+
(
δ
2
−
c
)
ν
f
ν
g
{\displaystyle \quad \mathbb {C} {\text{ov}}(Nf,Ng)=c\nu (fg)+(\delta ^{2}-c)\nu f\nu g}
When
K
{\displaystyle K}
is Poisson, negative binomial, or binomial, it is said to be Poisson-type (PT). The joint distribution of the collection
N
(
A
)
,
…
,
N
(
B
)
{\displaystyle N(A),\ldots ,N(B)}
is for
i
,
…
,
j
∈
N
{\displaystyle i,\ldots ,j\in \mathbb {N} }
and
i
+
⋯
+
j
=
k
{\displaystyle i+\cdots +j=k}
P
(
N
(
A
)
=
i
,
…
,
N
(
B
)
=
j
)
=
P
(
N
(
A
)
=
i
,
…
,
N
(
B
)
=
j
|
K
=
k
)
P
(
K
=
k
)
=
k
!
i
!
⋯
j
!
ν
(
A
)
i
⋯
ν
(
B
)
j
P
(
K
=
k
)
{\displaystyle \mathbb {P} (N(A)=i,\ldots ,N(B)=j)=\mathbb {P} (N(A)=i,\ldots ,N(B)=j|K=k)\,\mathbb {P} (K=k)={\frac {k!}{i!\cdots j!}}\,\nu (A)^{i}\cdots \nu (B)^{j}\,\mathbb {P} (K=k)}
The following result extends construction of a random measure
N
=
(
κ
,
ν
)
{\displaystyle N=(\kappa ,\nu )}
to the case when the collection
X
{\displaystyle \mathbf {X} }
is expanded to
(
X
,
Y
)
=
{
(
X
i
,
Y
i
)
}
{\displaystyle (\mathbf {X} ,\mathbf {Y} )=\{(X_{i},Y_{i})\}}
where
Y
i
{\displaystyle Y_{i}}
is a random transformation of
X
i
{\displaystyle X_{i}}
. Heuristically,
Y
i
{\displaystyle Y_{i}}
represents some properties (marks) of
X
i
{\displaystyle X_{i}}
. We assume that the conditional law of
Y
{\displaystyle Y}
follows some transition kernel according to
P
(
Y
∈
B
|
X
=
x
)
=
Q
(
x
,
B
)
{\displaystyle \mathbb {P} (Y\in B|X=x)=Q(x,B)}
.
Theorem: Marked STC
Consider random measure
N
=
(
κ
,
ν
)
{\displaystyle N=(\kappa ,\nu )}
and the transition probability kernel
Q
{\displaystyle Q}
from
(
E
,
E
)
{\displaystyle (E,{\cal {E)}}}
into
(
F
,
F
)
{\displaystyle (F,{\cal {F)}}}
. Assume that given the collection
X
{\displaystyle \mathbf {X} }
the variables
Y
=
{
Y
i
}
{\displaystyle \mathbf {Y} =\{Y_{i}\}}
are conditionally independent with
Y
i
∼
Q
(
X
i
,
⋅
)
{\displaystyle Y_{i}\sim Q(X_{i},\cdot )}
. Then
M
=
(
κ
,
ν
×
Q
)
{\displaystyle M=(\kappa ,\nu \times Q)}
is a random measure on
(
E
×
F
,
E
⊗
F
)
{\displaystyle (E\times F,{\cal {E\otimes F)}}}
. Here
μ
=
ν
×
Q
{\displaystyle \mu =\nu \times Q}
is understood as
μ
(
d
x
,
d
y
)
=
ν
(
d
x
)
Q
(
x
,
d
y
)
{\displaystyle \mu (dx,dy)=\nu (dx)Q(x,dy)}
. Moreover, for any
f
∈
(
E
⊗
F
)
+
{\displaystyle f\in ({\cal {E}}\otimes {\cal {F}})_{+}}
we have that
E
e
−
M
f
=
ψ
(
ν
e
−
g
)
{\displaystyle \mathbb {E} e^{-Mf}=\psi (\nu e^{-g})}
where
ψ
(
⋅
)
{\displaystyle \psi (\cdot )}
is pgf of
K
{\displaystyle K}
and
g
∈
E
+
{\displaystyle g\in {\mathcal {E}}_{+}}
is defined as
e
−
g
(
x
)
=
∫
F
Q
(
x
,
d
y
)
e
−
f
(
x
,
y
)
.
{\displaystyle e^{-g(x)}=\int _{F}Q(x,dy)e^{-f(x,y)}.}
The following corollary is an immediate consequence.
Corollary: Restricted STC
The quantity
N
A
=
(
N
I
A
,
ν
A
)
{\displaystyle N_{A}=(N\mathbb {I} _{A},\nu _{A})}
is a well-defined random measure on the measurable subspace
(
E
∩
A
,
E
A
)
{\displaystyle (E\cap A,{\mathcal {E}}_{A})}
where
E
A
=
{
A
∩
B
:
B
∈
E
}
{\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}_{A}=\{A\cap B:B\in {\mathcal {E}}\}}
and
ν
A
(
B
)
=
ν
(
A
∩
B
)
/
ν
(
A
)
{\displaystyle \nu _{A}(B)=\nu (A\cap B)/\nu (A)}
. Moreover, for any
f
∈
E
+
{\displaystyle f\in {\mathcal {E}}_{+}}
, we have that
E
e
−
N
A
f
=
ψ
(
ν
e
−
f
I
A
+
b
)
{\displaystyle \mathbb {E} e^{-N_{A}f}=\psi (\nu e^{-f}\mathbb {I} _{A}+b)}
where
b
=
1
−
ν
(
A
)
{\displaystyle b=1-\nu (A)}
.
Note
ψ
(
ν
e
−
f
I
A
+
1
−
a
)
=
ψ
A
(
ν
A
e
−
f
)
{\displaystyle \psi (\nu e^{-f}\mathbb {I} _{A}+1-a)=\psi _{A}(\nu _{A}e^{-f})}
where we use
ν
e
−
f
I
A
=
a
ν
A
e
−
f
{\displaystyle \nu e^{-f}\mathbb {I} _{A}=a\nu _{A}e^{-f}}
.
Collecting Bones
The probability law of the random measure is determined by its Laplace functional and hence generating function.
Definition: Bone
Let
K
A
=
N
I
A
{\displaystyle K_{A}=N\mathbb {I} _{A}}
be the counting variable of
K
{\displaystyle K}
restricted to
A
⊂
E
{\displaystyle A\subset E}
. When
{
N
I
A
:
A
⊂
E
}
{\displaystyle \{N\mathbb {I} _{A}:A\subset E\}}
and
K
=
N
I
E
{\displaystyle K=N\mathbb {I} _{E}}
share the same family of laws subject to a rescaling
h
a
(
θ
)
{\displaystyle h_{a}(\theta )}
of the parameter
θ
{\displaystyle \theta }
, then
K
{\displaystyle K}
is a called a bone distribution. The bone condition for the pgf is given by
ψ
θ
(
a
t
+
1
−
a
)
=
ψ
h
a
(
θ
)
(
t
)
{\displaystyle \psi _{\theta }(at+1-a)=\psi _{h_{a}(\theta )}(t)}
.
Equipped with the notion of a bone distribution and condition, the main result for the existence and uniqueness of Poisson-type (PT) random counting measures is given as follows.
Theorem: existence and uniqueness of PT random measures
Assume that
K
∼
κ
θ
{\displaystyle K\sim \kappa _{\theta }}
with pgf
ψ
θ
{\displaystyle \psi _{\theta }}
belongs to the canonical non-negative power series (NNPS) family of distributions and
{
0
,
1
}
⊂
supp
(
K
)
{\displaystyle \{0,1\}\subset {\text{supp}}(K)}
. Consider the random measure
N
=
(
κ
θ
,
ν
)
{\displaystyle N=(\kappa _{\theta },\nu )}
on the space
(
E
,
E
)
{\displaystyle (E,{\mathcal {E}})}
and assume that
ν
{\displaystyle \nu }
is diffuse. Then for any
A
⊂
E
{\displaystyle A\subset E}
with
ν
(
A
)
=
a
>
0
{\displaystyle \nu (A)=a>0}
there exists a mapping
h
a
:
Θ
→
Θ
{\displaystyle h_{a}:\Theta \rightarrow \Theta }
such that the restricted random measure is
N
A
=
(
κ
h
a
(
θ
)
,
ν
A
)
{\displaystyle N_{A}=(\kappa _{h_{a}(\theta )},\nu _{A})}
, that is,
E
e
−
N
A
f
=
ψ
h
a
(
θ
)
(
ν
A
e
−
f
)
for
f
∈
E
+
{\displaystyle \quad \mathbb {E} e^{-N_{A}f}=\psi _{h_{a}(\theta )}(\nu _{A}e^{-f})\quad {\text{for}}\quad f\in {\mathcal {E}}_{+}}
iff
K
{\displaystyle K}
is Poisson, negative binomial, or binomial (Poisson-type).
The proof for this theorem is based on a generalized additive Cauchy equation and its solutions. The theorem states that out of all NNPS distributions, only PT have the property that their restrictions
N
I
A
{\displaystyle N\mathbb {I} _{A}}
share the same family of distribution as
K
{\displaystyle K}
, that is, they are closed under thinning. The PT random measures are the Poisson random measure, negative binomial random measure, and binomial random measure. Poisson is additive with independence on disjoint sets, whereas negative binomial has positive covariance and binomial has negative covariance. The binomial process is a limiting case of binomial random measure where
p
→
1
,
n
→
c
{\displaystyle p\rightarrow 1,n\rightarrow c}
.
Distributional self-similarity applications
The "bone" condition on the pgf
ψ
θ
{\displaystyle \psi _{\theta }}
of
K
{\displaystyle K}
encodes a distributional self-similarity property whereby all counts in restrictions (thinnings) to subspaces (encoded by pgf
ψ
A
{\displaystyle \psi _{A}}
) are in the same family as
ψ
θ
{\displaystyle \psi _{\theta }}
of
K
{\displaystyle K}
through rescaling of the canonical parameter. These ideas appear closely connected to those of self-decomposability and stability of discrete random variables. Binomial thinning is a foundational model to count time-series. The Poisson random measure has the well-known splitting property, is prototypical to the class of additive (completely random) random measures, and is related to the structure of Levy processes, the jumps of Kolmogorov equations (Markov jump process), and the excursions of Brownian motion. Hence the self-similarity property of the PT family is fundamental to multiple areas. The PT family members are "primitives" or prototypical random measures by which many random measures and processes can be constructed.
References
^ Caleb Bastian, Gregory Rempala. Throwing stones and collecting bones: Looking for Poisson-like random measures, Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences, 2020. doi:10.1002/mma.6224
^ Katz L.. Classical and Contagious Discrete Distributions ch. Unified treatment of a broad class of discrete probability distributions, :175-182. Pergamon Press, Oxford 1965.
^ Panjer Harry H.. Recursive Evaluation of a Family of Compound Distributions. 1981;12(1):22-26
^ Conway R. W., Maxwell W. L.. A Queuing Model with State Dependent Service Rates. Journal of Industrial Engineering. 1962;12.
^ Cinlar Erhan. Probability and Stochastics. Springer-Verlag New York; 2011
^ Kallenberg Olav. Random Measures, Theory and Applications. Springer; 2017
^ Steutel FW, Van Harn K. Discrete analogues of self-decomposability and stability. The Annals of Probability. 1979;:893–899.
^ Al-Osh M. A., Alzaid A. A.. First-order integer-valued autogressive (INAR(1)) process. Journal of Time Series Analysis. 1987;8(3):261–275.
^ Scotto Manuel G., Weiß Christian H., Gouveia Sónia. Thinning models in the analysis of integer-valued time series: a review. Statistical Modelling. 2015;15(6):590–618.
^ Cinlar Erhan. Probability and Stochastics. Springer-Verlag New York; 2011.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"power series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_series"},{"link_name":"Poisson distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_distribution"},{"link_name":"negative binomial distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_binomial_distribution"},{"link_name":"binomial distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_distribution"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"(a,b,0) class of distributions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(a,b,0)_class_of_distributions"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Conway–Maxwell–Poisson distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway%E2%80%93Maxwell%E2%80%93Poisson_distribution"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Poisson-type random measures are a family of three random counting measures which are closed under restriction to a subspace, i.e. closed under thinning. They are the only distributions in the canonical non-negative power series family of distributions to possess this property and include the Poisson distribution, negative binomial distribution, and binomial distribution.[1] The PT family of distributions is also known as the Katz family of distributions,[2] the Panjer or (a,b,0) class of distributions[3] and may be retrieved through the Conway–Maxwell–Poisson distribution.[4]","title":"Poisson-type random measure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"measurable space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurable_space"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"mixed binomial process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_binomial_process"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Laplace functional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace_functional"}],"text":"Let \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K}\n \n be a non-negative integer-valued random variable \n \n \n \n K\n ∈\n \n \n N\n \n \n ≥\n 0\n \n \n =\n \n \n N\n \n \n >\n 0\n \n \n ∪\n {\n 0\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K\\in \\mathbb {N} _{\\geq 0}=\\mathbb {N} _{>0}\\cup \\{0\\}}\n \n) with law \n \n \n \n κ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\kappa }\n \n, mean \n \n \n \n c\n ∈\n (\n 0\n ,\n ∞\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c\\in (0,\\infty )}\n \n and when it exists variance \n \n \n \n \n δ\n \n 2\n \n \n >\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\delta ^{2}>0}\n \n. Let \n \n \n \n ν\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu }\n \n be a probability measure on the measurable space \n \n \n \n (\n E\n ,\n \n \n E\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (E,{\\mathcal {E}})}\n \n. Let \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n =\n {\n \n X\n \n i\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {X} =\\{X_{i}\\}}\n \n be a collection of iid random variables (stones) taking values in \n \n \n \n (\n E\n ,\n \n \n E\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (E,{\\mathcal {E}})}\n \n with law \n \n \n \n ν\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu }\n \n.The random counting measure \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n on \n \n \n \n (\n E\n ,\n \n \n E\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (E,{\\mathcal {E}})}\n \n depends on the pair of deterministic probability measures \n \n \n \n (\n κ\n ,\n ν\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (\\kappa ,\\nu )}\n \n through the stone throwing construction (STC) [5]N\n \n ω\n \n \n (\n A\n )\n =\n N\n (\n ω\n ,\n A\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n K\n (\n ω\n )\n \n \n \n \n I\n \n \n A\n \n \n (\n \n X\n \n i\n \n \n (\n ω\n )\n )\n \n \n for\n \n \n ω\n ∈\n Ω\n ,\n \n \n \n A\n ∈\n \n \n E\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\quad N_{\\omega }(A)=N(\\omega ,A)=\\sum _{i=1}^{K(\\omega )}\\mathbb {I} _{A}(X_{i}(\\omega ))\\quad {\\text{for}}\\quad \\omega \\in \\Omega ,\\,\\,\\,A\\in {\\mathcal {E}}}where \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K}\n \n has law \n \n \n \n κ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\kappa }\n \n and iid \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n X\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n ⋯\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{1},X_{2},\\dotsb }\n \n have law \n \n \n \n ν\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu }\n \n. \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n is a mixed binomial process[6]Let \n \n \n \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n =\n {\n f\n :\n E\n ↦\n \n \n R\n \n \n +\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {E}}_{+}=\\{f:E\\mapsto \\mathbb {R} _{+}\\}}\n \n be the collection of positive \n \n \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {E}}}\n \n-measurable functions. The probability law of \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N}\n \n is encoded in the Laplace functionalE\n \n \n e\n \n −\n N\n f\n \n \n =\n \n E\n \n (\n \n E\n \n \n e\n \n −\n f\n (\n X\n )\n \n \n \n )\n \n K\n \n \n =\n \n E\n \n (\n ν\n \n e\n \n −\n f\n \n \n \n )\n \n K\n \n \n =\n ψ\n (\n ν\n \n e\n \n −\n f\n \n \n )\n \n \n for\n \n \n f\n ∈\n \n \n \n E\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\quad \\mathbb {E} e^{-Nf}=\\mathbb {E} (\\mathbb {E} e^{-f(X)})^{K}=\\mathbb {E} (\\nu e^{-f})^{K}=\\psi (\\nu e^{-f})\\quad {\\text{for}}\\quad f\\in {\\mathcal {E}}_{+}}where \n \n \n \n ψ\n (\n ⋅\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\psi (\\cdot )}\n \n is the generating function of \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K}\n \n. The mean and variance are given byE\n \n N\n f\n =\n c\n ν\n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\quad \\mathbb {E} Nf=c\\nu f}andV\n \n \n ar\n \n N\n f\n =\n c\n ν\n \n f\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n (\n \n δ\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n c\n )\n (\n ν\n f\n \n )\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\quad \\mathbb {V} {\\text{ar}}Nf=c\\nu f^{2}+(\\delta ^{2}-c)(\\nu f)^{2}}The covariance for arbitrary \n \n \n \n f\n ,\n g\n ∈\n \n \n \n E\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f,g\\in {\\mathcal {E}}_{+}}\n \n is given byC\n \n \n ov\n \n (\n N\n f\n ,\n N\n g\n )\n =\n c\n ν\n (\n f\n g\n )\n +\n (\n \n δ\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n c\n )\n ν\n f\n ν\n g\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\quad \\mathbb {C} {\\text{ov}}(Nf,Ng)=c\\nu (fg)+(\\delta ^{2}-c)\\nu f\\nu g}When \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K}\n \n is Poisson, negative binomial, or binomial, it is said to be Poisson-type (PT). The joint distribution of the collection \n \n \n \n N\n (\n A\n )\n ,\n …\n ,\n N\n (\n B\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N(A),\\ldots ,N(B)}\n \n is for \n \n \n \n i\n ,\n …\n ,\n j\n ∈\n \n N\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle i,\\ldots ,j\\in \\mathbb {N} }\n \n and \n \n \n \n i\n +\n ⋯\n +\n j\n =\n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i+\\cdots +j=k}P\n \n (\n N\n (\n A\n )\n =\n i\n ,\n …\n ,\n N\n (\n B\n )\n =\n j\n )\n =\n \n P\n \n (\n N\n (\n A\n )\n =\n i\n ,\n …\n ,\n N\n (\n B\n )\n =\n j\n \n |\n \n K\n =\n k\n )\n \n \n P\n \n (\n K\n =\n k\n )\n =\n \n \n \n k\n !\n \n \n i\n !\n ⋯\n j\n !\n \n \n \n \n ν\n (\n A\n \n )\n \n i\n \n \n ⋯\n ν\n (\n B\n \n )\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n P\n \n (\n K\n =\n k\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {P} (N(A)=i,\\ldots ,N(B)=j)=\\mathbb {P} (N(A)=i,\\ldots ,N(B)=j|K=k)\\,\\mathbb {P} (K=k)={\\frac {k!}{i!\\cdots j!}}\\,\\nu (A)^{i}\\cdots \\nu (B)^{j}\\,\\mathbb {P} (K=k)}The following result extends construction of a random measure \n \n \n \n N\n =\n (\n κ\n ,\n ν\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N=(\\kappa ,\\nu )}\n \n to the case when the collection \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {X} }\n \n is expanded to \n \n \n \n (\n \n X\n \n ,\n \n Y\n \n )\n =\n {\n (\n \n X\n \n i\n \n \n ,\n \n Y\n \n i\n \n \n )\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (\\mathbf {X} ,\\mathbf {Y} )=\\{(X_{i},Y_{i})\\}}\n \n where \n \n \n \n \n Y\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle Y_{i}}\n \n is a random transformation of \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{i}}\n \n. Heuristically, \n \n \n \n \n Y\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle Y_{i}}\n \n represents some properties (marks) of \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle X_{i}}\n \n. We assume that the conditional law of \n \n \n \n Y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Y}\n \n follows some transition kernel according to \n \n \n \n \n P\n \n (\n Y\n ∈\n B\n \n |\n \n X\n =\n x\n )\n =\n Q\n (\n x\n ,\n B\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {P} (Y\\in B|X=x)=Q(x,B)}\n \n.","title":"Throwing stones"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Theorem: Marked STC","text":"Consider random measure \n \n \n \n N\n =\n (\n κ\n ,\n ν\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N=(\\kappa ,\\nu )}\n \n and the transition probability kernel \n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Q}\n \n from \n \n \n \n (\n E\n ,\n \n \n E\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle (E,{\\cal {E)}}}\n \n into \n \n \n \n (\n F\n ,\n \n \n F\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle (F,{\\cal {F)}}}\n \n. Assume that given the collection \n \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {X} }\n \n the variables \n \n \n \n \n Y\n \n =\n {\n \n Y\n \n i\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {Y} =\\{Y_{i}\\}}\n \n are conditionally independent with \n \n \n \n \n Y\n \n i\n \n \n ∼\n Q\n (\n \n X\n \n i\n \n \n ,\n ⋅\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Y_{i}\\sim Q(X_{i},\\cdot )}\n \n. Then \n \n \n \n M\n =\n (\n κ\n ,\n ν\n ×\n Q\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M=(\\kappa ,\\nu \\times Q)}\n \n is a random measure on \n \n \n \n (\n E\n ×\n F\n ,\n \n \n E\n ⊗\n F\n )\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle (E\\times F,{\\cal {E\\otimes F)}}}\n \n. Here \n \n \n \n μ\n =\n ν\n ×\n Q\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu =\\nu \\times Q}\n \n is understood as \n \n \n \n μ\n (\n d\n x\n ,\n d\n y\n )\n =\n ν\n (\n d\n x\n )\n Q\n (\n x\n ,\n d\n y\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mu (dx,dy)=\\nu (dx)Q(x,dy)}\n \n. Moreover, for any \n \n \n \n f\n ∈\n (\n \n \n E\n \n \n ⊗\n \n \n F\n \n \n \n )\n \n +\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f\\in ({\\cal {E}}\\otimes {\\cal {F}})_{+}}\n \n we have that \n \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n e\n \n −\n M\n f\n \n \n =\n ψ\n (\n ν\n \n e\n \n −\n g\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {E} e^{-Mf}=\\psi (\\nu e^{-g})}\n \n where \n \n \n \n ψ\n (\n ⋅\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\psi (\\cdot )}\n \n is pgf of \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K}\n \n and \n \n \n \n g\n ∈\n \n \n \n E\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle g\\in {\\mathcal {E}}_{+}}\n \n is defined as \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n g\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n =\n \n ∫\n \n F\n \n \n Q\n (\n x\n ,\n d\n y\n )\n \n e\n \n −\n f\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle e^{-g(x)}=\\int _{F}Q(x,dy)e^{-f(x,y)}.}The following corollary is an immediate consequence.","title":"Throwing stones"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Corollary: Restricted STC","text":"The quantity \n \n \n \n \n N\n \n A\n \n \n =\n (\n N\n \n \n I\n \n \n A\n \n \n ,\n \n ν\n \n A\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N_{A}=(N\\mathbb {I} _{A},\\nu _{A})}\n \n is a well-defined random measure on the measurable subspace \n \n \n \n (\n E\n ∩\n A\n ,\n \n \n \n E\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (E\\cap A,{\\mathcal {E}}_{A})}\n \n where \n \n \n \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n =\n {\n A\n ∩\n B\n :\n B\n ∈\n \n \n E\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathcal {E}}_{A}=\\{A\\cap B:B\\in {\\mathcal {E}}\\}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n ν\n \n A\n \n \n (\n B\n )\n =\n ν\n (\n A\n ∩\n B\n )\n \n /\n \n ν\n (\n A\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu _{A}(B)=\\nu (A\\cap B)/\\nu (A)}\n \n. Moreover, for any \n \n \n \n f\n ∈\n \n \n \n E\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f\\in {\\mathcal {E}}_{+}}\n \n, we have that \n \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n e\n \n −\n \n N\n \n A\n \n \n f\n \n \n =\n ψ\n (\n ν\n \n e\n \n −\n f\n \n \n \n \n I\n \n \n A\n \n \n +\n b\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {E} e^{-N_{A}f}=\\psi (\\nu e^{-f}\\mathbb {I} _{A}+b)}\n \n where \n \n \n \n b\n =\n 1\n −\n ν\n (\n A\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle b=1-\\nu (A)}\n \n.Note \n \n \n \n ψ\n (\n ν\n \n e\n \n −\n f\n \n \n \n \n I\n \n \n A\n \n \n +\n 1\n −\n a\n )\n =\n \n ψ\n \n A\n \n \n (\n \n ν\n \n A\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n f\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\psi (\\nu e^{-f}\\mathbb {I} _{A}+1-a)=\\psi _{A}(\\nu _{A}e^{-f})}\n \n where we use \n \n \n \n ν\n \n e\n \n −\n f\n \n \n \n \n I\n \n \n A\n \n \n =\n a\n \n ν\n \n A\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n f\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu e^{-f}\\mathbb {I} _{A}=a\\nu _{A}e^{-f}}\n \n.","title":"Throwing stones"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The probability law of the random measure is determined by its Laplace functional and hence generating function.","title":"Collecting Bones"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Definition: Bone","text":"Let \n \n \n \n \n K\n \n A\n \n \n =\n N\n \n \n I\n \n \n A\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle K_{A}=N\\mathbb {I} _{A}}\n \n be the counting variable of \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K}\n \n restricted to \n \n \n \n A\n ⊂\n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\subset E}\n \n. When \n \n \n \n {\n N\n \n \n I\n \n \n A\n \n \n :\n A\n ⊂\n E\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{N\\mathbb {I} _{A}:A\\subset E\\}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n K\n =\n N\n \n \n I\n \n \n E\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle K=N\\mathbb {I} _{E}}\n \n share the same family of laws subject to a rescaling \n \n \n \n \n h\n \n a\n \n \n (\n θ\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle h_{a}(\\theta )}\n \n of the parameter \n \n \n \n θ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\theta }\n \n, then \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K}\n \n is a called a bone distribution. The bone condition for the pgf is given by\n\n \n \n \n \n ψ\n \n θ\n \n \n (\n a\n t\n +\n 1\n −\n a\n )\n =\n \n ψ\n \n \n h\n \n a\n \n \n (\n θ\n )\n \n \n (\n t\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\psi _{\\theta }(at+1-a)=\\psi _{h_{a}(\\theta )}(t)}\n \n.Equipped with the notion of a bone distribution and condition, the main result for the existence and uniqueness of Poisson-type (PT) random counting measures is given as follows.","title":"Collecting Bones"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poisson random measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_random_measure"},{"link_name":"binomial process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_process"}],"sub_title":"Theorem: existence and uniqueness of PT random measures","text":"Assume that \n \n \n \n K\n ∼\n \n κ\n \n θ\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle K\\sim \\kappa _{\\theta }}\n \n with pgf \n \n \n \n \n ψ\n \n θ\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\psi _{\\theta }}\n \n belongs to the canonical non-negative power series (NNPS) family of distributions and \n \n \n \n {\n 0\n ,\n 1\n }\n ⊂\n \n supp\n \n (\n K\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{0,1\\}\\subset {\\text{supp}}(K)}\n \n. Consider the random measure \n \n \n \n N\n =\n (\n \n κ\n \n θ\n \n \n ,\n ν\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N=(\\kappa _{\\theta },\\nu )}\n \n on the space \n \n \n \n (\n E\n ,\n \n \n E\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (E,{\\mathcal {E}})}\n \n and assume that \n \n \n \n ν\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu }\n \n is diffuse. Then for any \n \n \n \n A\n ⊂\n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\subset E}\n \n with \n \n \n \n ν\n (\n A\n )\n =\n a\n >\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu (A)=a>0}\n \n there exists a mapping \n \n \n \n \n h\n \n a\n \n \n :\n Θ\n →\n Θ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle h_{a}:\\Theta \\rightarrow \\Theta }\n \n such that the restricted random measure is \n \n \n \n \n N\n \n A\n \n \n =\n (\n \n κ\n \n \n h\n \n a\n \n \n (\n θ\n )\n \n \n ,\n \n ν\n \n A\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle N_{A}=(\\kappa _{h_{a}(\\theta )},\\nu _{A})}\n \n, that is,E\n \n \n e\n \n −\n \n N\n \n A\n \n \n f\n \n \n =\n \n ψ\n \n \n h\n \n a\n \n \n (\n θ\n )\n \n \n (\n \n ν\n \n A\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n f\n \n \n )\n \n \n for\n \n \n f\n ∈\n \n \n \n E\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\quad \\mathbb {E} e^{-N_{A}f}=\\psi _{h_{a}(\\theta )}(\\nu _{A}e^{-f})\\quad {\\text{for}}\\quad f\\in {\\mathcal {E}}_{+}}iff \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K}\n \n is Poisson, negative binomial, or binomial (Poisson-type).The proof for this theorem is based on a generalized additive Cauchy equation and its solutions. The theorem states that out of all NNPS distributions, only PT have the property that their restrictions \n \n \n \n N\n \n \n I\n \n \n A\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle N\\mathbb {I} _{A}}\n \n share the same family of distribution as \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K}\n \n, that is, they are closed under thinning. The PT random measures are the Poisson random measure, negative binomial random measure, and binomial random measure. Poisson is additive with independence on disjoint sets, whereas negative binomial has positive covariance and binomial has negative covariance. The binomial process is a limiting case of binomial random measure where \n \n \n \n p\n →\n 1\n ,\n n\n →\n c\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p\\rightarrow 1,n\\rightarrow c}\n \n.","title":"Collecting Bones"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Poisson random measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_random_measure"},{"link_name":"Levy processes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levy_processes"},{"link_name":"Kolmogorov equations (Markov jump process)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolmogorov_equations_(Markov_jump_process)"},{"link_name":"Brownian motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_motion"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The \"bone\" condition on the pgf \n \n \n \n \n ψ\n \n θ\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\psi _{\\theta }}\n \n of \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K}\n \n encodes a distributional self-similarity property whereby all counts in restrictions (thinnings) to subspaces (encoded by pgf \n \n \n \n \n ψ\n \n A\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\psi _{A}}\n \n) are in the same family as \n \n \n \n \n ψ\n \n θ\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\psi _{\\theta }}\n \n of \n \n \n \n K\n \n \n {\\displaystyle K}\n \n through rescaling of the canonical parameter. These ideas appear closely connected to those of self-decomposability and stability of discrete random variables.[7] Binomial thinning is a foundational model to count time-series.[8][9] The Poisson random measure has the well-known splitting property, is prototypical to the class of additive (completely random) random measures, and is related to the structure of Levy processes, the jumps of Kolmogorov equations (Markov jump process), and the excursions of Brownian motion.[10] Hence the self-similarity property of the PT family is fundamental to multiple areas. The PT family members are \"primitives\" or prototypical random measures by which many random measures and processes can be constructed.","title":"Distributional self-similarity applications"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Shigetsugu
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Honda Shigetsugu
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["1 Biography","2 References"]
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Samurai of the Sengoku era; major samurai ally of the Tokugawa clan
In this Japanese name, the surname is Honda.
Honda Shigetsugu本多 重次Personal detailsBorn1529Mikawa ProvinceDiedAugust 9, 1596Spousea daughter of Torii TadayoshiChildrenHonda NarishigeNickname(s)"Ogre Sakuza""Sakuzaemon"Military serviceAllegiance Matsudaira clan Tokugawa clanRankBugyōBattles/warsBattle of Azukizaka (1564)Battle of Nagashino (1575)Battle of Komaki and Nagakute (1584)Siege of Odawara (1590)
Honda Shigetsugu (本多 重次) (1529 – August 9, 1596), also known as Honda Sakuzaemon (作左衛門), was a Japanese samurai of the Sengoku period through Azuchi-Momoyama Period, who served the Tokugawa clan. He served as one of Ieyasu's "three magistrates" (san-bugyō).
Biography
He was known as Hachizo, Sakujuro, or Saemon. Shigetsugu spouse was a daughter of Torii Tadayoshi, and his son was Honda Narishige who eventually became the lord of the Maruoka Domain of the Echizen Province.
Shigetsugu also distinguished himself at Battle of Azukizaka (1564) suppressing the uprising Ikko sect followers in Mikawa Province.
In 1565 he was named one of Mikawa's San-bugyô, or Three Commissioners (along with Amano Yasukage and Koriki Kiyonaga). Shigetsugu was known for his fortitude, Yasukage for his patience, and Kiyonaga for his leniency.
Shigetsugu was a veteran of the Battle of Nagashino (1575), Battle of Komaki and Nagakute (1584) and fought in many of the Tokugawa clan's major battles, and was known as "Ogre Sakuza" (鬼作左, Oni Sakuza) for his ferocity.
At the Siege of Odawara (1590), he intercepted and beat back the naval warriors of Later Hōjō clan led by Kajiwara Kagemune.
Shigetsugu died in 1596 at the age of 68. It is said that he lost one eye and leg from his battle wounds, and he was missing several fingers.
References
(in Japanese) "Honda Shigetsugu, Narishige Fushi Daijiten" (22 Feb. 2008)
(in Japanese) "Honda-shi" on Harimaya.com (22 Feb. 2008)
vteProminent people of the Sengoku and Azuchi–Momoyama periodsThree major daimyō
Oda Nobunaga
Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Tokugawa Ieyasu
Shōgun
Ashikaga Yoshiharu
Ashikaga Yoshiteru
Ashikaga Yoshihide
Ashikaga Yoshiaki
Tokugawa Hidetada
Emperor
Go-Kashiwabara
Go-Nara
Ōgimachi
Go-Yōzei
Other daimyō
Amago Tsunehisa
Amago Haruhisa
Asakura Yoshikage
Ashina Moriuji
Akechi Mitsuhide
Azai Nagamasa
Chōsokabe Motochika
Date Terumune
Date Masamune
Hatakeyama Yoshitaka
Honda Tadakatsu
Hōjō Sōun
Hōjō Ujimasa
Hōjō Ujiyasu
Ii Naomasa
Imagawa Yoshimoto
Imagawa Ujizane
Isshiki Yoshimichi
Itō Yoshisuke
Kitabatake Tomonori
Kuroda Nagamasa
Matsunaga Hisahide
Miyoshi Nagayoshi
Mogami Yoshiaki
Mōri Motonari
Ōuchi Yoshitaka
Ōuchi Yoshinaga
Ōtomo Sōrin
Rokkaku Yoshikata
Ryūzōji Takanobu
Saitō Dōsan
Saitō Yoshitatsu
Sakai Tadatsugu
Sakakibara Yasumasa
Satomi Yoshitaka
Sanada Yukitaka
Sanada Masayuki
Sanada Nobuyuki
Satake Yoshishige
Sagara Yoshihi
Shimazu Yoshihisa
Shimazu Yoshihiro
Tachibana Dōsetsu
Takeda Nobutora
Takeda Shingen
Tōdō Takatora
Uesugi Kagekatsu
Uesugi Kenshin
Uesugi Norimasa
Ukita Naoie
Uragami Munekage
Yamana Toyokuni
Yamana Suketoyo
Swordsmen
Marume Nagayoshi
Hikita Bungorō
Kamiizumi Nobutsuna
Miyamoto Musashi
Mizuno Katsushige
Sasaki Kojirō
Tadashima Akiyama
Tsukahara Bokuden
Tsutsumi Hōzan
Yagyū Munenori
Yagyū Munetoshi
Shinmen Munisai
Itō Ittōsai
Advisers and strategists
Kobayakawa Takakage
Kuroda Yoshitaka
Naoe Kanetsugu
Takenaka Shigeharu
Usami Sadamitsu
Yamamoto Kansuke
Ninja, rogues andmercenaries
Mochizuki Chiyome
Fūma Kotarō
Hatsume no Tsubone
Hattori Hanzō
Ishikawa Goemon
Katō Danzō
Kirigakure Shikaemon
Kōzuki Sasuke
Nakamura Chōbei
Ohama Kagetaka
Sugitani Zenjūbō
Saika Magoichi
Suzuki Sadayu
Suzuki Shigehide
Suzuki Shigetomo
Suzuki Magoroku
Igasaki Dōshun
Umemura Sawano
Monks and otherreligious figures
Ankokuji Ekei
Hongan-ji Kennyo
Hon'inbō Sansa
Ishin Sūden
Jion
Koji Kashin
Nankōbō Tenkai
Rennyo
Sessai Chōrō
Shimozuma Chūkō
Shimotsuma Rairen
Shimozuma Rairyū
Takuan Sōhō
Female castellans
Akai Teruko
Ashikaga Ujihime
Chacha
Jukei-ni
Miyohime
Munakata Saikaku
Nene
Onamihime
Otazu no Kata
Otsuya no Kata
Seishin-ni
Tachibana Ginchiyo
Tōshōin
Female warriors
Fujishiro Gozen
Ichikawa no Tsubone
Ikeda Sen
Kaihime
Kamehime
Katakura Kita
Katō Tsune
Komatsuhime
Kushihashi Teru
Maeda Matsu
Myōki
Myōrin
Numata Jakō
Ōhōri Tsuruhime
Okaji no Kata
Okyō no Kata
Omasa
Oni Gozen
Shigashi
Shirai no Tsubone
Ueno Tsuruhime
Yuki no Kata
Other women
Lady Acha
Akohime
Asahihime
Lady Chaa
Chikurin-in
Gōhime
Lady Goryū
Dota Gozen
Gotokuhime
Tsumaki Hiroko
Lady Hayakawa
Hosokawa Gracia
Irohahime
Izumo no Okuni
Shimazu Kameju
Lady Kasuga
Keigin-ni
Kitsuno
Konoe Sakiko
Kōzōsu
Kyōgoku Maria
Kyōgoku Tatsuko
Kyōun'in
Matsuhime
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Lady Myōkyū
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Odai no Kata
Oeyo
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Lady Ōkurakyo
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Ono Otsū
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Rikei
Lady Saigō
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Seien-in
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Sentōin
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Tomo
Lady Toida
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Lady Tsukiyama
Yamauchi Chiyo
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Foreign people in Japan
Alessandro Valignano
Francis Xavier
Gaspar Coelho
Jacob Quaeckernaeck
Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn
Julia Ota
Luís Fróis
Rodrigo de Vivero
Soga Seikan
Wakita Naokata
Wang Zhi
William Adams
Yasuke
See also
List of samurai from the Sengoku period
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Japan
This article about a samurai or a samurai-related topic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"samurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai"},{"link_name":"Sengoku period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sengoku_period"},{"link_name":"Azuchi-Momoyama Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azuchi-Momoyama_Period"},{"link_name":"Tokugawa clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokugawa_clan"}],"text":"In this Japanese name, the surname is Honda.Honda Shigetsugu (本多 重次) (1529 – August 9, 1596), also known as Honda Sakuzaemon (作左衛門), was a Japanese samurai of the Sengoku period through Azuchi-Momoyama Period, who served the Tokugawa clan. He served as one of Ieyasu's \"three magistrates\" (san-bugyō).","title":"Honda Shigetsugu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Torii Tadayoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torii_Tadayoshi"},{"link_name":"Honda Narishige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Narishige"},{"link_name":"Maruoka Domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruoka_Domain"},{"link_name":"Echizen Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echizen_Province"},{"link_name":"Battle of Azukizaka (1564)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Azukizaka_(1564)"},{"link_name":"Mikawa Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikawa_Province"},{"link_name":"Mikawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikawa_Province"},{"link_name":"Amano Yasukage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amano_Yasukage"},{"link_name":"Koriki Kiyonaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koriki_Kiyonaga"},{"link_name":"Battle of Nagashino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nagashino"},{"link_name":"Battle of Komaki and Nagakute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Komaki_and_Nagakute"},{"link_name":"Siege of Odawara (1590)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Odawara_(1590)"},{"link_name":"Later Hōjō clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_H%C5%8Dj%C5%8D_clan"},{"link_name":"Kajiwara Kagemune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kajiwara_Kagemune&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"He was known as Hachizo, Sakujuro, or Saemon. Shigetsugu spouse was a daughter of Torii Tadayoshi, and his son was Honda Narishige who eventually became the lord of the Maruoka Domain of the Echizen Province.Shigetsugu also distinguished himself at Battle of Azukizaka (1564) suppressing the uprising Ikko sect followers in Mikawa Province.In 1565 he was named one of Mikawa's San-bugyô, or Three Commissioners (along with Amano Yasukage and Koriki Kiyonaga). Shigetsugu was known for his fortitude, Yasukage for his patience, and Kiyonaga for his leniency.Shigetsugu was a veteran of the Battle of Nagashino (1575), Battle of Komaki and Nagakute (1584) and fought in many of the Tokugawa clan's major battles, and was known as \"Ogre Sakuza\" (鬼作左, Oni Sakuza) for his ferocity.At the Siege of Odawara (1590), he intercepted and beat back the naval warriors of Later Hōjō clan led by Kajiwara Kagemune.Shigetsugu died in 1596 at the age of 68. It is said that he lost one eye and leg from his battle wounds, and he was missing several fingers.","title":"Biography"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claus_Peter_Zoller
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Claus Peter Zoller
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["1 Works","2 References"]
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Claus Peter Zoller is a linguist and professor of South Asian Studies at the Department of Culture Studies and Oriental Languages of the University of Oslo. His research interests include Hindi literature and linguistics, the languages of the Western Himalayas (Western Pahari) and northern Pakistan (Dardic), cultural traditions and ethnography of those regions, as well as Romani linguistics. He is known for his work on the documentation of Indus Kohistani and Bangani, and his broader work on the linguistic history of Indo-Aryan languages.
He supports the Inner–Outer hypothesis of the subclassification of Indo-Aryan, a topic which he has studied in Zoller (2016).
Works
— (2005). A Grammar and Dictionary of Indus Kohistani. Vol. 1: Dictionary. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110179477.
— (2007). "Is Bangani a V2 language?" (PDF). European Bulletin of Himalayan Research. 31: 83–142.
— (2010). "Aspects of the early history of Romani". Acta Orientalia. 71: 243–312.
— (2016). "Outer and Inner Indo-Aryan, and northern India as an ancient linguistic area". Acta Orientalia. 77: 71–132.
References
^ Zoller, Claus Peter. "Claus Peter Zoller - Department of Culture Studies and Oriental Languages". University of Oslo. University of Oslo. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
^ Leavitt, John (2000). "On the Complexity of Oral Tradition: A reply to Claus Peter Zoller's review essay 'Oral Epic Poetry in the Central Himalayas'" (PDF). European Bulletin of Himalayan Research. 18: 58. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grind_house
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Grindhouse
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["1 History","1.1 Television pressure","1.2 Content","1.3 Decline","2 Homage","3 Gallery","4 See also","5 References","6 Bibliography","7 External links"]
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Low-budget movie theater that shows mainly exploitation films
For the film, see Grindhouse (film).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Grindhouse" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
42nd Street in 1985 Times Square, showing the Lyric, one of several grindhouses at the time
A grindhouse or action house is an American term for a theatre that mainly shows low-budget horror, splatter, and exploitation films for adults. According to historian David Church, this theater type was named after the "grind policy", a film-programming strategy dating back to the early 1920s which continuously showed films at cut-rate ticket prices that typically rose over the course of each day. This exhibition practice was markedly different from the era's more common practice of fewer shows per day and graduated pricing for different seating sections in large urban theatres, which were typically studio-owned.
History
Due to these theaters' proximity to controversially sexualized forms of entertainment like burlesque, the term "grindhouse" has often been erroneously associated with burlesque theaters in urban entertainment areas such as 42nd Street in New York City, where bump and grind dancing and striptease were featured. In the film Lady of Burlesque (1943) one of the characters refers to one such burlesque theatre on 42nd Street as a "grindhouse," but Church points out the primary definition in the Oxford English Dictionary is for a movie theater distinguished by three criteria:
Shows a variety of films, in continuous succession
Low admission fees
Films screened are frequently of poor quality or low (artistic) merit
Church states the first use of the term "grind house" was in a 1923 Variety article, which may have adopted the contemporary slang usage of "grind" to refer to the actions of barkers exhorting potential patrons to enter the venue.
Double, triple, and "all night" bills on a single admission charge often encouraged patrons to spend long periods of time in the theaters. The milieu was largely and faithfully captured at the time by the magazine Sleazoid Express.
Because grindhouse theaters were associated with a lower class audience, grindhouse theaters gradually became perceived as disreputable places that showed disreputable films, regardless of the variety of films – including subsequent-run Hollywood films – that were actually screened. Similar second-run screenings are held at discount theaters and neighborhood theatres; the distinguishing characteristics of the "grindhouse" are its typical urban setting and the programming of first-run films of low merit, not predominantly second-run films which had received wide releases.
Television pressure
The introduction of television greatly eroded the audience for local and single-screen movie theaters, many of which were built during the cinema boom of the 1930s. In combination with urban decay after white flight out of older city areas in the mid to late 1960s, changing economics forced these theaters to either close or offer something that television could not. In the 1970s, many of these theaters became venues for exploitation films, such as adult pornography and sleaze, or slasher horror, and dubbed martial arts films from Hong Kong.
Content
Main article: Exploitation film
Films shot for and screened at grindhouses characteristically contain large amounts of sex, violence, or bizarre subject matter. One featured genre were "roughies" or sexploitation films, a mix of sex, violence and sadism. Quality varied, but low budget production values and poor print quality were common. Critical opinions varied regarding typical grindhouse fare, but many films acquired cult following and critical praise.
Decline
By the mid 1980s, home video and cable movie channels threatened to render the grindhouse obsolete. By the end of the decade, these theaters had vanished from Los Angeles's Broadway and Hollywood Boulevard, New York City's Times Square and San Francisco's Market Street. Another example was the Jolar Theater in Nashville, Tennessee, on lower Broadway, which was active until it burned down on April 14, 1978.
By the mid-1990s, these particular theaters had all but disappeared from the United States.
Homage
The Robert Rodriguez film Planet Terror and the Quentin Tarantino film Death Proof, which were released together as Grindhouse in 2007, were created as an homage to the cinematic genre. A movie with a mock-trailer in Grindhouse, Machete (also by Rodriguez), was subsequently made into its own feature-length film, with care to include the scene from the Grindhouse trailer (originally filmed as a trailer of a movie that did not/would never exist). The Canadian release of Grindhouse included one additional faux-trailer, Hobo With a Shotgun, that was also subsequently made into a feature-length film. Similar films such as Chillerama, Drive Angry and Sign Gene have appeared since. S. Craig Zahler's film Brawl in Cell Block 99 is a modern example of the genre, along with his 2018 noir film Dragged Across Concrete.
Manhunt, Red Dead Revolver, The House of the Dead: Overkill, Wet, Shank, RAGE and Shadows of the Damned are several examples of video games that serve as homages to the grindhouse movies.
The author Jacques Boyreau released the book Portable Grindhouse: The Lost Art of the VHS Box in 2009 about the history of the genre. The field is also the focus of the 2010 documentary American Grindhouse. Additionally, authors Bill Landis and Michelle Clifford released Sleazoid Express, both an homage to the various grindhouses within Times Square, but also a history of the various genres that each theater featured.
The Syfy TV show Blood Drive takes inspiration from grindhouse, with each episode featuring a different theme.
The novel Our Lady of the Inferno is both written as an homage to grindhouse films and features several chapters that take place in a grindhouse theater.
The animated series, Seis Manos has a similar premise as grindhouse films of a kung fu story taking place in 1970's Mexico and is shown with a similar grainy film filter and simulated projection miscues.
Ti West's slasher film X (2022) pays homage to grindhouse.
Gallery
Grindhouse marquees along 42nd St (New York City, 1973)
Million Dollar Theater in Los Angeles (2012), marquee advertising Mickey One and Blast of Silence
Theaters in San Francisco (1956)
Portage Theatre in Chicago (2007)
See also
Adult movie theater
References
^ Green, Jonathon (October 2, 2013). Dictionary of Jargon (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. ISBN 9781317908173 – via Google Books.
^ a b c Church, David (Summer 2011). "From Exhibition to Genre: The Case of Grind-House Films". Cinema Journal. 50 (4): 1–25. doi:10.1353/cj.2011.0053. Archived from the original on May 11, 2018. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
^ Church, David (2015). Grindhouse Nostalgia: Memory, Home Video, and Exploitation Film Fandom. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Archived from the original on May 11, 2018. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
^ a b "Grindhouse". Archived from the original on August 5, 2010. Retrieved September 10, 2014.
^ "Two-a-Day Policy Failure in Canadian Grind Houses". Variety. December 6, 1923. p. 19.
^ Sanford, Jay Allen (February 17, 2010). "Last of the all-nighters – My life on downtown's Grindhouse Theater Row in the 70s and 80s". San Diego Reader. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2017. I spent my first night in San Diego sleeping in the back row of the Cabrillo Theater. In that pre-Gaslamp, pre-multiplex downtown of 1978 or so, half a dozen wonderfully eclectic – if mildly disreputable – late night movie houses operated within a few blocks of each other. Each grindhouses was a colorful oasis, plopped down in the middle of a seedy urban sprawl perfectly suited to the sailors on shore leave and porn aficionados that comprised much of its foot traffic. A couple of bucks got you a double or triple bill, screened 'round the clock in cavernous single-screen movie theaters harkening back to Hollywood's golden age, rich in cinematic history and replete with big wide aisles and accommodating balconies. Horton Plaza had the Carbillo and the Plaza Theater, both operated by Walnut Properties, whose owner Vince Miranda maintained a suite at the Hotel San Diego (which he also owned).
^ Hendrix, Grady (April 6, 2007). "This Old Grindhouse". Slate. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2017. Because grindhouse theaters were nasty places, full of nasty people, and most of us wouldn't be caught dead in one. The few folks who were there for the actual movies were either poverty tourists or cinephiles who didn't notice anything except the flickering screen, and, in many cases, their cinephilia had burned out their sense of discrimination, because a lot of the movies that showed in grindhouses were bad.
^ "Cult Couture: THE GRIND-HOUSE". Fangoria. Archived from the original on October 14, 2009.
^ Empson, Frank. "Nashville Then: The Jolar Cinema fire on Lower Broadway in 1978". The Tennessean. Retrieved May 23, 2022.
^ Heather Buckley. "Attend the Portable Grindhouse: The Lost Art of the VHS Box Launch Party in Seattle". DreadCentral. Archived from the original on December 5, 2009.
^ "Fangoria Presents to Reissue 'Our Lady of the Inferno' - Diabolique Magazine".
^ "X review – back-to-basics slasher pits porn stars against elderly killers". The Guardian. March 16, 2022.
Bibliography
Church, David (2015). Grindhouse Nostalgia: Memory, home video and exploitation film fandom. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-9910-0. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
Fisher, Austin; Walker, Johnny, eds. (2016). Grindhouse—Cultural Exchange on 42nd Street, and Beyond. New York City: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-6289-2747-4. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
External links
Look up grindhouse in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Grindhouse Cinema Database
The Grindhouse Schoolhouse: Exploring Classic Adult Cinema
A review of Grindhouse: The Forbidden World of "Adults Only" Cinema, by Eddie Muller and Daniel Faris.
Grindhouse.com
"The Original Grindhouse Theatres. Located On 42nd Street, New York". Grindhouse Therapy. Retrieved March 24, 2017.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grindhouse (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindhouse_(film)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:42nd_St,_NYC,_Lyric_Theatre,_1985.jpg"},{"link_name":"42nd Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42nd_Street_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Times Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Square"},{"link_name":"Lyric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyric_Theatre_(1903_New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"low-budget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-budget_film"},{"link_name":"splatter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splatter_film"},{"link_name":"exploitation films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploitation_film"},{"link_name":"studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_studio"}],"text":"For the film, see Grindhouse (film).42nd Street in 1985 Times Square, showing the Lyric, one of several grindhouses at the timeA grindhouse or action house[1] is an American term for a theatre that mainly shows low-budget horror, splatter, and exploitation films for adults. According to historian David Church, this theater type was named after the \"grind policy\", a film-programming strategy dating back to the early 1920s which continuously showed films at cut-rate ticket prices that typically rose over the course of each day. This exhibition practice was markedly different from the era's more common practice of fewer shows per day and graduated pricing for different seating sections in large urban theatres, which were typically studio-owned.","title":"Grindhouse"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"burlesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_burlesque"},{"link_name":"42nd Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42nd_Street_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Church-11-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"bump and grind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grinding_(dance)"},{"link_name":"striptease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striptease"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grindhouse-4"},{"link_name":"Lady of Burlesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_of_Burlesque"},{"link_name":"Oxford English Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Church-11-2"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"barkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barker_(occupation)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Church-11-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Sleazoid Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleazoid_Express"},{"link_name":"lower class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_lower_class"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"discount theaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discount_theater"},{"link_name":"neighborhood theatres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhood_theatre"}],"text":"Due to these theaters' proximity to controversially sexualized forms of entertainment like burlesque, the term \"grindhouse\" has often been erroneously associated with burlesque theaters in urban entertainment areas such as 42nd Street in New York City,[2][3] where bump and grind dancing and striptease were featured.[4] In the film Lady of Burlesque (1943) one of the characters refers to one such burlesque theatre on 42nd Street as a \"grindhouse,\" but Church points out the primary definition in the Oxford English Dictionary is for a movie theater distinguished by three criteria:[2]Shows a variety of films, in continuous succession\nLow admission fees\nFilms screened are frequently of poor quality or low (artistic) meritChurch states the first use of the term \"grind house\" was in a 1923 Variety article,[5] which may have adopted the contemporary slang usage of \"grind\" to refer to the actions of barkers exhorting potential patrons to enter the venue.[2]Double, triple, and \"all night\" bills on a single admission charge often encouraged patrons to spend long periods of time in the theaters.[6] The milieu was largely and faithfully captured at the time by the magazine Sleazoid Express.Because grindhouse theaters were associated with a lower class audience, grindhouse theaters gradually became perceived as disreputable places that showed disreputable films, regardless of the variety of films – including subsequent-run Hollywood films – that were actually screened.[7] Similar second-run screenings are held at discount theaters and neighborhood theatres; the distinguishing characteristics of the \"grindhouse\" are its typical urban setting and the programming of first-run films of low merit, not predominantly second-run films which had received wide releases.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"urban decay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_decay"},{"link_name":"white flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_flight"},{"link_name":"exploitation films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploitation_film"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grindhouse-4"},{"link_name":"pornography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornographic_film"},{"link_name":"slasher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slasher_film"},{"link_name":"martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_arts_film"},{"link_name":"films from Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Television pressure","text":"The introduction of television greatly eroded the audience for local and single-screen movie theaters, many of which were built during the cinema boom of the 1930s. In combination with urban decay after white flight out of older city areas in the mid to late 1960s, changing economics forced these theaters to either close or offer something that television could not. In the 1970s, many of these theaters became venues for exploitation films,[4] such as adult pornography and sleaze, or slasher horror, and dubbed martial arts films from Hong Kong.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sexploitation films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexploitation_film"},{"link_name":"sadism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadomasochism"},{"link_name":"cult following","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_following"}],"sub_title":"Content","text":"Films shot for and screened at grindhouses characteristically contain large amounts of sex, violence, or bizarre subject matter. One featured genre were \"roughies\" or sexploitation films, a mix of sex, violence and sadism. Quality varied, but low budget production values and poor print quality were common. Critical opinions varied regarding typical grindhouse fare, but many films acquired cult following and critical praise.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"home video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_video"},{"link_name":"cable movie channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_television"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Times Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Square"},{"link_name":"Market Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Street_(San_Francisco)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Decline","text":"By the mid 1980s, home video and cable movie channels threatened to render the grindhouse obsolete. By the end of the decade, these theaters had vanished from Los Angeles's Broadway and Hollywood Boulevard, New York City's Times Square and San Francisco's Market Street. Another example was the Jolar Theater in Nashville, Tennessee, on lower Broadway, which was active until it burned down on April 14, 1978.[9]By the mid-1990s, these particular theaters had all but disappeared from the United States.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Rodriguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rodriguez"},{"link_name":"Planet Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Terror"},{"link_name":"Quentin Tarantino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino"},{"link_name":"Death Proof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Proof"},{"link_name":"Grindhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindhouse_(film)"},{"link_name":"Machete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machete_(2010_film)"},{"link_name":"Hobo With a Shotgun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobo_With_a_Shotgun"},{"link_name":"Chillerama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chillerama"},{"link_name":"Drive Angry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive_Angry"},{"link_name":"Sign Gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_Gene"},{"link_name":"S. Craig Zahler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Craig_Zahler"},{"link_name":"Brawl in Cell Block 99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brawl_in_Cell_Block_99"},{"link_name":"Dragged Across Concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragged_Across_Concrete"},{"link_name":"Manhunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhunt_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Red Dead Revolver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Dead_Revolver"},{"link_name":"The House of the Dead: Overkill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_House_of_the_Dead:_Overkill"},{"link_name":"Wet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Shank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shank_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"RAGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rage_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Shadows of the Damned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadows_of_the_Damned"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"American Grindhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Grindhouse"},{"link_name":"Syfy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syfy"},{"link_name":"Blood Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Drive_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Our Lady of the Inferno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Inferno"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Seis Manos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seis_Manos"},{"link_name":"Ti West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti_West"},{"link_name":"X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_(2022_film)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The Robert Rodriguez film Planet Terror and the Quentin Tarantino film Death Proof, which were released together as Grindhouse in 2007, were created as an homage to the cinematic genre. A movie with a mock-trailer in Grindhouse, Machete (also by Rodriguez), was subsequently made into its own feature-length film, with care to include the scene from the Grindhouse trailer (originally filmed as a trailer of a movie that did not/would never exist). The Canadian release of Grindhouse included one additional faux-trailer, Hobo With a Shotgun, that was also subsequently made into a feature-length film. Similar films such as Chillerama, Drive Angry and Sign Gene have appeared since. S. Craig Zahler's film Brawl in Cell Block 99 is a modern example of the genre, along with his 2018 noir film Dragged Across Concrete.Manhunt, Red Dead Revolver, The House of the Dead: Overkill, Wet, Shank, RAGE and Shadows of the Damned are several examples of video games that serve as homages to the grindhouse movies.The author Jacques Boyreau released the book Portable Grindhouse: The Lost Art of the VHS Box in 2009 about the history of the genre.[10] The field is also the focus of the 2010 documentary American Grindhouse. Additionally, authors Bill Landis and Michelle Clifford released Sleazoid Express, both an homage to the various grindhouses within Times Square, but also a history of the various genres that each theater featured.The Syfy TV show Blood Drive takes inspiration from grindhouse, with each episode featuring a different theme.The novel Our Lady of the Inferno is both written as an homage to grindhouse films and features several chapters that take place in a grindhouse theater.[11]The animated series, Seis Manos has a similar premise as grindhouse films of a kung fu story taking place in 1970's Mexico and is shown with a similar grainy film filter and simulated projection miscues.Ti West's slasher film X (2022) pays homage to grindhouse.[12]","title":"Homage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IN_THE_HEART_OF_MIDTOWN_MANHATTAN-42ND_STREET_BETWEEN_7TH_AND_8TH_AVENUES_-_NARA_-_549872.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Broadway_Theater_and_Commercial_District,_300-849_S._Broadway;_8.3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Million Dollar Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_Dollar_Theater"},{"link_name":"Mickey One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_One"},{"link_name":"Blast of Silence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_of_Silence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SF_Theatre_cinema.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portage_Theater.jpg"}],"text":"Grindhouse marquees along 42nd St (New York City, 1973)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMillion Dollar Theater in Los Angeles (2012), marquee advertising Mickey One and Blast of Silence\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTheaters in San Francisco (1956)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPortage Theatre in Chicago (2007)","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grindhouse Nostalgia: Memory, home video and exploitation film fandom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=c0IkDQAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7486-9910-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-9910-0"},{"link_name":"Grindhouse—Cultural Exchange on 42nd Street, and Beyond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=VUuvDAAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-6289-2747-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6289-2747-4"}],"text":"Church, David (2015). Grindhouse Nostalgia: Memory, home video and exploitation film fandom. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-9910-0. Retrieved March 24, 2017.\nFisher, Austin; Walker, Johnny, eds. (2016). Grindhouse—Cultural Exchange on 42nd Street, and Beyond. New York City: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-6289-2747-4. Retrieved March 24, 2017.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"image_text":"42nd Street in 1985 Times Square, showing the Lyric, one of several grindhouses at the time","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/42nd_St%2C_NYC%2C_Lyric_Theatre%2C_1985.jpg/280px-42nd_St%2C_NYC%2C_Lyric_Theatre%2C_1985.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Adult movie theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_movie_theater"}]
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[{"reference":"Green, Jonathon (October 2, 2013). Dictionary of Jargon (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. ISBN 9781317908173 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=afsiAQAAQBAJ&q=%22action+house%22+cinema&pg=PT38","url_text":"Dictionary of Jargon (Routledge Revivals)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317908173","url_text":"9781317908173"}]},{"reference":"Church, David (Summer 2011). \"From Exhibition to Genre: The Case of Grind-House Films\". Cinema Journal. 50 (4): 1–25. doi:10.1353/cj.2011.0053. Archived from the original on May 11, 2018. Retrieved March 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/6632128","url_text":"\"From Exhibition to Genre: The Case of Grind-House Films\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcj.2011.0053","url_text":"10.1353/cj.2011.0053"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180511194513/http://www.academia.edu/6632128/From_Exhibition_to_Genre_The_Case_of_Grind-House_Films","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Church, David (2015). Grindhouse Nostalgia: Memory, Home Video, and Exploitation Film Fandom. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Archived from the original on May 11, 2018. Retrieved March 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/6632405","url_text":"Grindhouse Nostalgia: Memory, Home Video, and Exploitation Film Fandom"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180511194513/http://www.academia.edu/6632405/Grindhouse_Nostalgia_Memory_Home_Video_and_Exploitation_Film_Fandom","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Grindhouse\". Archived from the original on August 5, 2010. Retrieved September 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grindhouse.com/","url_text":"\"Grindhouse\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100805062644/http://www.grindhouse.com/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Two-a-Day Policy Failure in Canadian Grind Houses\". Variety. December 6, 1923. p. 19.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sanford, Jay Allen (February 17, 2010). \"Last of the all-nighters – My life on downtown's Grindhouse Theater Row in the 70s and 80s\". San Diego Reader. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2017. I spent my first night in San Diego sleeping in the back row of the Cabrillo Theater. In that pre-Gaslamp, pre-multiplex downtown of 1978 or so, half a dozen wonderfully eclectic – if mildly disreputable – late night movie houses operated within a few blocks of each other. Each grindhouses was a colorful oasis, plopped down in the middle of a seedy urban sprawl perfectly suited to the sailors on shore leave and porn aficionados that comprised much of its foot traffic. A couple of bucks got you a double or triple bill, screened 'round the clock in cavernous single-screen movie theaters harkening back to Hollywood's golden age, rich in cinematic history and replete with big wide aisles and accommodating balconies. Horton Plaza had the Carbillo [sic] and the Plaza Theater, both operated by Walnut Properties, whose owner Vince Miranda maintained a suite at the Hotel San Diego (which he also owned).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/autobiography-channel/2010/feb/17/life-on-downtowns-grindhouse-theater-row-1978-1982/#","url_text":"\"Last of the all-nighters – My life on downtown's Grindhouse Theater Row in the 70s and 80s\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170325024521/http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/autobiography-channel/2010/feb/17/life-on-downtowns-grindhouse-theater-row-1978-1982/","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego","url_text":"San Diego"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaslamp_Quarter,_San_Diego","url_text":"Gaslamp"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplex_(movie_theater)","url_text":"multiplex"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_San_Diego","url_text":"downtown"}]},{"reference":"Hendrix, Grady (April 6, 2007). \"This Old Grindhouse\". Slate. Archived from the original on March 25, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2017. Because grindhouse theaters were nasty places, full of nasty people, and most of us wouldn't be caught dead in one. The few folks who were there for the actual movies were either poverty tourists or cinephiles who didn't notice anything except the flickering screen, and, in many cases, their cinephilia had burned out their sense of discrimination, because a lot of the movies that showed in grindhouses were bad.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2007/04/this_old_grindhouse.html","url_text":"\"This Old Grindhouse\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170325030908/http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2007/04/this_old_grindhouse.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Cult Couture: THE GRIND-HOUSE\". Fangoria. Archived from the original on October 14, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091014094105/http://www.fangoria.com/features/94-fango-lifestyle/4154-cult-couture-the-grind-house.html","url_text":"\"Cult Couture: THE GRIND-HOUSE\""},{"url":"http://www.fangoria.com/features/94-fango-lifestyle/4154-cult-couture-the-grind-house.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Empson, Frank. \"Nashville Then: The Jolar Cinema fire on Lower Broadway in 1978\". The Tennessean. Retrieved May 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tennessean.com/picture-gallery/news/local/2018/04/20/nashville-then-the-jolar-cinema-fire-on-lower-broadway-in-1978/34084479/","url_text":"\"Nashville Then: The Jolar Cinema fire on Lower Broadway in 1978\""}]},{"reference":"Heather Buckley. \"Attend the Portable Grindhouse: The Lost Art of the VHS Box Launch Party in Seattle\". DreadCentral. Archived from the original on December 5, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/34797/attend-portable-grindhouse-the-lost-art-vhs-box-launch-party-seattle","url_text":"\"Attend the Portable Grindhouse: The Lost Art of the VHS Box Launch Party in Seattle\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091205035551/http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/34797/attend-portable-grindhouse-the-lost-art-vhs-box-launch-party-seattle","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fangoria Presents to Reissue 'Our Lady of the Inferno' - Diabolique Magazine\".","urls":[{"url":"https://diaboliquemagazine.com/fangoria-presents-to-reissue-our-lady-of-the-inferno/","url_text":"\"Fangoria Presents to Reissue 'Our Lady of the Inferno' - Diabolique Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"X review – back-to-basics slasher pits porn stars against elderly killers\". The Guardian. March 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/mar/16/x-review-back-to-basics-slasher-pits-porn-stars-against-elderly-killers","url_text":"\"X review – back-to-basics slasher pits porn stars against elderly killers\""}]},{"reference":"Church, David (2015). Grindhouse Nostalgia: Memory, home video and exploitation film fandom. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-9910-0. Retrieved March 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=c0IkDQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Grindhouse Nostalgia: Memory, home video and exploitation film fandom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-9910-0","url_text":"978-0-7486-9910-0"}]},{"reference":"Fisher, Austin; Walker, Johnny, eds. (2016). Grindhouse—Cultural Exchange on 42nd Street, and Beyond. New York City: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-6289-2747-4. Retrieved March 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VUuvDAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Grindhouse—Cultural Exchange on 42nd Street, and Beyond"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6289-2747-4","url_text":"978-1-6289-2747-4"}]},{"reference":"\"The Original Grindhouse Theatres. Located On 42nd Street, New York\". Grindhouse Therapy. Retrieved March 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.grindhousetherapy.com/the-original-grindhouse-theatres-on-42nd-street-new-york/","url_text":"\"The Original Grindhouse Theatres. Located On 42nd Street, New York\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Grindhouse%22","external_links_name":"\"Grindhouse\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Grindhouse%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Grindhouse%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Grindhouse%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Grindhouse%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Grindhouse%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=afsiAQAAQBAJ&q=%22action+house%22+cinema&pg=PT38","external_links_name":"Dictionary of Jargon (Routledge Revivals)"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/6632128","external_links_name":"\"From Exhibition to Genre: The Case of Grind-House Films\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcj.2011.0053","external_links_name":"10.1353/cj.2011.0053"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180511194513/http://www.academia.edu/6632128/From_Exhibition_to_Genre_The_Case_of_Grind-House_Films","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/6632405","external_links_name":"Grindhouse Nostalgia: Memory, Home Video, and Exploitation Film Fandom"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180511194513/http://www.academia.edu/6632405/Grindhouse_Nostalgia_Memory_Home_Video_and_Exploitation_Film_Fandom","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.grindhouse.com/","external_links_name":"\"Grindhouse\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100805062644/http://www.grindhouse.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/autobiography-channel/2010/feb/17/life-on-downtowns-grindhouse-theater-row-1978-1982/#","external_links_name":"\"Last of the all-nighters – My life on downtown's Grindhouse Theater Row in the 70s and 80s\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170325024521/http://www.sandiegoreader.com/weblogs/autobiography-channel/2010/feb/17/life-on-downtowns-grindhouse-theater-row-1978-1982/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2007/04/this_old_grindhouse.html","external_links_name":"\"This Old Grindhouse\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170325030908/http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2007/04/this_old_grindhouse.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091014094105/http://www.fangoria.com/features/94-fango-lifestyle/4154-cult-couture-the-grind-house.html","external_links_name":"\"Cult Couture: THE GRIND-HOUSE\""},{"Link":"http://www.fangoria.com/features/94-fango-lifestyle/4154-cult-couture-the-grind-house.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.tennessean.com/picture-gallery/news/local/2018/04/20/nashville-then-the-jolar-cinema-fire-on-lower-broadway-in-1978/34084479/","external_links_name":"\"Nashville Then: The Jolar Cinema fire on Lower Broadway in 1978\""},{"Link":"http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/34797/attend-portable-grindhouse-the-lost-art-vhs-box-launch-party-seattle","external_links_name":"\"Attend the Portable Grindhouse: The Lost Art of the VHS Box Launch Party in Seattle\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091205035551/http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/34797/attend-portable-grindhouse-the-lost-art-vhs-box-launch-party-seattle","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://diaboliquemagazine.com/fangoria-presents-to-reissue-our-lady-of-the-inferno/","external_links_name":"\"Fangoria Presents to Reissue 'Our Lady of the Inferno' - Diabolique Magazine\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2022/mar/16/x-review-back-to-basics-slasher-pits-porn-stars-against-elderly-killers","external_links_name":"\"X review – back-to-basics slasher pits porn stars against elderly killers\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=c0IkDQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Grindhouse Nostalgia: Memory, home video and exploitation film fandom"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VUuvDAAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Grindhouse—Cultural Exchange on 42nd Street, and Beyond"},{"Link":"http://www.grindhousedatabase.com/index.php/Main_Page","external_links_name":"Grindhouse Cinema Database"},{"Link":"http://grindhouseschoolhouse.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"The Grindhouse Schoolhouse: Exploring Classic Adult Cinema"},{"Link":"http://www.brightlightsfilm.com/18/18_grind.html","external_links_name":"A review of Grindhouse: The Forbidden World of \"Adults Only\" Cinema"},{"Link":"http://www.grindhouse.com/","external_links_name":"Grindhouse.com"},{"Link":"http://www.grindhousetherapy.com/the-original-grindhouse-theatres-on-42nd-street-new-york/","external_links_name":"\"The Original Grindhouse Theatres. Located On 42nd Street, New York\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Oklahoma_counties_by_socioeconomic_factors
|
List of Oklahoma counties by socioeconomic factors
|
["1 Socioeconomic statistics for Oklahoma counties (2020)","2 References"]
|
The location of the State of Oklahoma in the United States of America.
Oklahoma counties.
This list of Oklahoma counties by socioeconomic factors is taken from the "Quick Facts" web pages of the United States Census Bureau and the Population Health Institute of the University of Wisconsin. All data listed is for 2020 unless otherwise stated.
By comparison with the United States as a whole, the statistics in the following table shows that Oklahoma has a lower per capita and household income than the national average plus a lower rate of population growth and a less educated population as measured by the percentage of people with bachelor's or higher degrees compared to the national average. Oklahoma has a higher rate of people in poverty and people without health insurance than the U.S. as a whole. Oklahoma's population has a higher percentage of non-Hispanic whites than the national average, although one Oklahoma country has a plurality of Native Americans (American Indians) and another has a plurality of Hispanics.
Oklahomans on average have a life expectancy of three years less than the national average although three Oklahoma counties (out of 77) have life expectancies exceeding the national average. A few Oklahoma counties also exceed the U.S. national average for income, population growth rate, education, and have a lower rate of poverty. Republican candidate Donald J. Trump received a plurality of votes in every Oklahoma county, and a majority in every county but one in the 2020 Presidential election.
The 2020 census is a snapshot of Oklahoma's population. Depending upon the methodology used and the time of measurement, socioeconomic statistics cited may vary from year to year, especially in counties with very small populations.
Socioeconomic statistics for Oklahoma counties (2020)
Per capita income
Median household income
Population 2020
Population growth rate 2010-2020
Racial characteristics of population
% foreign born
Life expectancy in years
% of people in poverty
% of 25+ year old people with bachelor or higher degrees
% of people less than 65 years old without health insurance
% vote for Trump 2020
United States
$37,638
$69,201
331,449,520
7.4%
59.3% non-Hispanic white
13.6%
78.5
11.6%
33.7%
9.8%
46.8%
Oklahoma
$30,976
$56,956
3,959,346
5.5%
63.8% non-Hispanic white
6.1%
75.5
15.6%
26.8%
16.3%
65.4%
COUNTY
Adair
$18,486
$37,490
19,495
-14.1%
46.6% Native American
1.9%
73.4
20.8%
10.6%
22.7%
78.6%
Alfalfa
$26,130
$66,552
5,699
0.1%
81.8% non-Hispanic white
3.1%
77.0
16.4%
21.0%
16.9%
87.4%
Atoka
$22,781
$45,148
14,143
-0.2%
69.0% non-Hispanic white
1.6%
75.3
17.1%
14.7%
23.2%
84.6%
Beaver
$26,434
$60,152
5,049
-10.4%
68.0% non-Hispanic white
11.2%
77.4
11.6%
21.5%
23.6%
90.4%
Beckham
$24,209
$50,365
22,410
1.3%
73.8% non-Hispanic white
4.2%
73.6
18.4%
14.7%
18.0%
85.1%
Blaine
$30,754
$52,538
8,735
-26.9%
69.8% non-Hispanic white
7.5%
71.7
18.0%
16.9%
16.9%
80.4%
Bryan
$26,639
$49,225
46,067
8.6%
68.8% non-Hispanic white
2.6%
74.9
16.5%
23.7%
21.6%
77.3%
Caddo
$22,844
$47,566
26,945
-9.0%
55.9% non-Hispanic white
5.3%
71.5
26.1%
14.8%
20.3%
71.1%
Canadian
$34,442
$76,973
154,405
33.6%
72.8% non-Hispanic white
5.2%
78.0
8.2%
31.4%
13.7%
70.3%
Carter
$27,964
$52,906
48,003
0.9%
67.7% non-Hispanic white
3.8%
74.3
14.2%
20.1%
20.7%
75.5%
Cherokee
$25,069
$47,421
47,078
0.2%
45.4% non-Hispanic white
2.9%
75.1
21.8%
27.0%
21.8%
63.4%
Choctaw
$23,705
$38,854
14,204
-6.6%
72.8% non-Hispanic white
1.7%
72.2
18.6%
14.2%
22.1%
80.6%
Cimarron
$32,029
$50,350
2,296
-7.2%
70.7% non-Hispanic white
4.7%
80.5
15.9%
29.0%
22.3%
92.0%
Cleveland
$34,223
$67,068
295,528
15.6%
69.5% non-Hispanic white
6.5%
78.4
12.3%
34.7%
14.9%
55.7%
Coal
$24,524
$43,697
5,266
-7.2%
64.4% non-Hispanic white
1.2%
71.4
18.7%
17.5%
23.0%
82.8%
Comanche
$28,512
$54,483
21,125
-2.4%
55.1% non-Hispanic white
5.7%
75.5
19.2%
23.9%
16.7%
58.7%
Cotton
$28,584
$54,787
5,527
-10.8%
73.9% non-Hispanic white
0.7%
73.4
17.6%
16.7%
18.6%
82.3%
Craig
$22,833
$45,094
14,107
-6.1%
60.9% non-Hispanic white
1.4%
74.4
17.5%
14.6%
17.5%
77.7%
Creek
$28,429
$56,384
71,754
2.6%
74.3% non-Hispanic white
2.0%
74.5
14.3%
17.1%
17.9%
76.4%
Custer
$29,440
$55,074
28,513
3.8%
66.2% non-Hispanic white
5.9%
74.1
17.0%
29.6%
22.0%
75.4%
Delaware
$30,620
$46,588
40,397
-2.6%
62.4% non-Hispanic white
1.9%
75.4
18.1%
18.2%
23.6%
78.6%
Dewey
$29,257
$53,672
4,484
-6.8%
79.1% non-Hispanic white
2.2%
73.4
16.4%
20.0%
19.1%
90.0%
Ellis
$28,534
$52,250
3,749
-9.7%
85.2% non-Hispanic white
2.9%
76.2
12.9%
18.4%
20.1%
90.1%
Garfield
$30,059
$60,732
62,846
3.7%
71.4% non-Hispanic white
7.4%
75.0
12.9%
23.4%
17.4%
75.7%
Garvin
$26,756
$50,441
26,656
-7.0%
70.7% non-Hispanic white
3.7%
72.3
15.6%
16.7%
21.2%
81.3%
Grady
$25,533
$47,721
26,236
5.3%
57.4% non-Hispanic white
1.8%
75.4
22.4%
15.3%
20.4%
80.2%
Grant
$31,725
$54,150
4,169
-7.9%
86.0% non-Hispanic white
0.2%
74.6
14.1%
23.7%
17.2%
86.1%
Greer
$22,289
$49,203
5,491
-12.0%
72.2% non-Hispanic white
0.4%
76.9
23.0%
10.6%
15.2%
81.3%
Harmon
$27,839
$55,369
2,488
-14.9%
53.1% non-Hispanic white
5.5%
71.5
27.8%
15.9%
22.5%
80.1%
Harper
$24,138
$51,481
3,272
-11.2%
70.9% non-Hispanic white
11.6%
78.0
11.4%
22.4%
25.0%
89.2%
Haskell
$23,870
$43,622
11,561
-9.5%
68.7% non-Hispanic white
2.0%
74.2
21.5%
15.8%
20.1%
83.1%
Hughes
$22,026
$42,425
13,367
-4.5%
61.1% non-Hispanic white
1.9%
71.9
21.4%
15.3%
18.9%
79.8%
Jackson
$28,091
$55,551
24,785
-6.3%
61.2% non-Hispanic white
5.4%
74.4
14.9%
24.5%
19.4%
77.8%
Jefferson
$25,687
$43,438
5,337
-17.5%
74.8% non-Hispanic white
3.3%
75.3
24.2%
15.2%
20.1%
84.9%
Johnston
$23,605
$46,754
10,272
-6.3%
66.9% non-Hispanic white
1.7%
73.0
20.9%
23.0%
18.0%
80.9%
Kay
$27,323
$50,391
43,700
-6.1%
71.9% non-Hispanic white
2.5%
73.1
15.8%
17.6%
18.1%
74.4%
Kingfisher
$32,779
$61,657
15,184
1.0%
74.2% non-Hispanic white
9.5%
77.0
10.7%
22.5%
21.5%
85.4%
Kiowa
$22,093
$36,985
8,509
-9.9%
72.3% non-Hispanic white
1.2%
71.8
20.6%
18.6%
16.2%
78.0%
Latimer
$26,072
$39,999
9,444
-15.3%
61.1% non-Hispanic white
1.3%
77.5
20.0%
12.9%
18.6%
80.9%
LeFlore
$22,167
$43,049
48,129
-5.3%
69.6% non-Hispanic white
3.4%
73.2
23.5%
15.3%
24.5%
80.9%
Lincoln
$27,915
$54,578
33,458
-2.4%
81.0% non-Hispanic white
1.1%
77.5
15.8%
15.0%
17.9%
80.7%
Logan
$37,404
$74,744
49,555
18.4%
76.3% non-Hispanic white
3.4%
79.1
13.1%
30.3%
17.2%
72.3%
Love
$24,995
$55,568
10,146
7.7%
68.5% non-Hispanic white
6.5%
74.3
15.3%
15.0%
20.6%
81.1%
Major
$28,666
$60,025
7,782
3.4%
83.1% non-Hispanic white
4.6%
74.9
10.7%
18.6%
21.3%
89.0%
Marshall
$25,915
$51,345
15,312
-3.3%
63.4% non-Hispanic white
7.6%
76.2
14.9%
15.8%
25.4%
80.7%
Mayes
$27,334
$52,956
39,046
-5.4%
62.9% non-Hispanic white
1.2%
74.1
14.6%
14.8%
21.2%
76.7%
McClain
$35,931
$73,914
41,662
20.7%
77.2% non-Hispanic white
3.3%
76.4
9.2%
26.1%
16.4%
79.5%
McCurtain
$21,908
$43,435
30,814
-7.0%
59.6% non-Hispanic white
3.6%
72.4
21.5%
14.6%
23.4%
82.7%
McIntosh
$23,606
$40,792
18,941
-6.5%
66.4% non-Hispanic white
1.2%
74.5
18.1%
12.7%
21.5%
74.0%
Murray
$28,434
$54,160
13,904
3.1%
69.2% non-Hispanic white
2.3%
74.8
13.5%
17.8%
20.9%
78.2%
Muskogee
$24,557
$44,166
66,339
-6.6%
54.1% non-Hispanic white
2.9%
72.1
19.2%
20.0%
19.3%
65.9%
Noble
$29,212
$62,910
10,924
-6.5%
79.6% non-Hispanic white
0.7%
74.8
11.8%
21.4%
15.7%
77.4%
Nowata
$26,531
$46,686
9,320
-11.5%
64.9% non-Hispanic white
1.5%
76.3
15.5%
16.0%
18.8%
82.2%
Okfuskee
$20,258
$43,000
11,310
-7.2%
59.4% non-Hispanic white
1.9%
69.2
26.8%
10.7%
20.1%
75.7%
Oklahoma
$34,129
$58,239
796,292
10.8%
54.5% non-Hispanic white
10.2%
75.5
16.3%
33.7%
17.5%
49.2%
Okmulgee
$25,501
$48,689
36,706
-8.4%
61.3% non-Hispanic white
1.0%
72.4
18.0%
15.1%
18.4%
67.5%
Osage
$27,562
$54,036
45,818
-3.5%
62.7% non-Hispanic white
0.9%
78.1
12.3%
19.0%
17.5%
68.8%
Ottawa
$22,544
$42,311
30,285
-4.9%
63.0% non-Hispanic white
2.7%
72.6
20.5%
15.4%
22.1%
74.7%
Pawnee
$26,189
$53,084
15,553
-6.2%
74.6% non-Hispanic white
1.2%
73.9
14.8%
17.4%
18.5%
77.6%
Payne
$24,985
$43,686
81,646
5.5%
76.1% non-Hispanic white
6.9%
77.5
20.7%
38.3%
19.2%
60.1%
Pittsburg
$26,504
$49,669
43,733
-4.5%
67.5% non-Hispanic white
2.0%
73.2
18.2%
18.7%
19.9%
77.3%
Pontotoc
$28,247
$55,862
38,065
1.5%
62.9% non-Hispanic white
2.0%
74.0
17.4%
29.3%
21.0%
70.5%
Pottawatomie
$26,460
$54,896
72,454
4.8%
70.7% non-Hispanic white
1.9%
74.0
14.4%
20.4%
17.9%
71.8%
Pushmataha
$22,839
$40,721
10,812
-6.6%
68.9% non-Hispanic white
0.7%
74.3
18.2%
15.1%
22.1%
84.7%
Roger Mills
$38,562
$55,385
3,442
-5.6%
82.4% non-Hispanic white
2.5%
76.6
15.0%
20.0%
17.7%
88.8%
Rogers
$33,830
$69,322
95,240
9.6%
70.1% non-Hispanic white
2.6%
77.5
9.7%
25.0%
14.0%
76.4%
Seminole
$21,153
$40,190
23,556
-7.6%
62.5% non-Hispanic white
2.2%
71.0
20.1%
14.2%
22.1%
72.1%
Sequoyah
$22,158
$43,496
39,281
-7.3%
60.5% non-Hispanic white
1.8%
73.8
19.6%
14.3%
22.4%
78.7%
Stevens
$28,327
$53,470
42,848
-4.9%
78.5% non-Hispanic white
2.6%
74.4
18.9%
18.1%
19.0%
81.6%
Texas
$22,112
$50,781
21,384
3.6%
48.1% Hispanic
25.6%
75.0
12.9%
26.0%
26.5%
81.6%
Tillman
$21,952
$41,138
6,968
-12.8%
56.8% non-Hispanic white
7.6%
74.8
20.9%
17.6%
20.8%
76.3%
Tulsa
$35,360
$60,382
669,279
10.9%
59.9% non-Hispanic white
8.9%
76.3
14.7%
32.7%
17.5%
56.5%
Wagoner
$32,647
$68,906
80,981
10.8%
69.4% non-Hispanic white
4.4%
78.8
9.7%
25.3%
17.3%
74.0%
Washington
$31,192
$55,216
52,455
2.9%
70.9% non-Hispanic white
4.1%
76.0
16.7%
29.3%
17.8%
72.7%
Washita
$29,259
$55,750
10,924
-6.1%
81.9% non-Hispanic white
1.9%
73.9
15.9%
19.2%
18.0%
85.5%
Woods
$28,575
$55,933
8,624
-2.9%
82.7% non-Hispanic white
1.4%
75.4
14.7%
32.3%
16.2%
81.4%
Woodward
$29,634
$55,700
20,470
1.9%
78.2% non-Hispanic white
5.2%
76.1
14.0%
19.6%
20.0%
84.9%
Sources: , "Quick Facts", U.S. Census Bureau, accessed April 12, 2023. Search counties, each of which has a page with the above data, by name and state. , "County Health Rankings & Roadmaps," Population Health Institute, University of Wisconsin, accessed April 12, 2023. Life expectancy found under heading of "Additional Health Outcomes" for each county.
References
^ Leip, David. "Presidential General Election Results Comparison –National". US Election Atlas. Retrieved January 2, 2023.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oklahoma_in_United_States.svg"},{"link_name":"State of Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oklahoma_counties_map.png"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County"},{"link_name":"socioeconomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socioeconomics"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Hispanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic"},{"link_name":"Donald J. Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_J._Trump"}],"text":"The location of the State of Oklahoma in the United States of America.Oklahoma counties.This list of Oklahoma counties by socioeconomic factors is taken from the \"Quick Facts\" web pages of the United States Census Bureau and the Population Health Institute of the University of Wisconsin. All data listed is for 2020 unless otherwise stated.By comparison with the United States as a whole, the statistics in the following table shows that Oklahoma has a lower per capita and household income than the national average plus a lower rate of population growth and a less educated population as measured by the percentage of people with bachelor's or higher degrees compared to the national average. Oklahoma has a higher rate of people in poverty and people without health insurance than the U.S. as a whole. Oklahoma's population has a higher percentage of non-Hispanic whites than the national average, although one Oklahoma country has a plurality of Native Americans (American Indians) and another has a plurality of Hispanics.Oklahomans on average have a life expectancy of three years less than the national average although three Oklahoma counties (out of 77) have life expectancies exceeding the national average. A few Oklahoma counties also exceed the U.S. national average for income, population growth rate, education, and have a lower rate of poverty. Republican candidate Donald J. Trump received a plurality of votes in every Oklahoma county, and a majority in every county but one in the 2020 Presidential election.The 2020 census is a snapshot of Oklahoma's population. Depending upon the methodology used and the time of measurement, socioeconomic statistics cited may vary from year to year, especially in counties with very small populations.","title":"List of Oklahoma counties by socioeconomic factors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.census.gov/quickfacts/US"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.countyhealthrankings.org/explore-health-rankings"}],"text":"Sources: [1], \"Quick Facts\", U.S. Census Bureau, accessed April 12, 2023. Search counties, each of which has a page with the above data, by name and state. [2], \"County Health Rankings & Roadmaps,\" Population Health Institute, University of Wisconsin, accessed April 12, 2023. Life expectancy found under heading of \"Additional Health Outcomes\" for each county.","title":"Socioeconomic statistics for Oklahoma counties (2020)"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The location of the State of Oklahoma in the United States of America.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Oklahoma_in_United_States.svg/250px-Oklahoma_in_United_States.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Oklahoma counties.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Oklahoma_counties_map.png/250px-Oklahoma_counties_map.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Leip, David. \"Presidential General Election Results Comparison –National\". US Election Atlas. Retrieved January 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/datagraph.php?year=2020&fips=40&f=0&off=0&elect=0","url_text":"\"Presidential General Election Results Comparison –National\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/US","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/explore-health-rankings","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/datagraph.php?year=2020&fips=40&f=0&off=0&elect=0","external_links_name":"\"Presidential General Election Results Comparison –National\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoliy_Dimov
|
Anatoliy Dimov
|
["1 References"]
|
Soviet steeplechase runner
Anatoliy DimovPersonal informationNationalitySovietBorn (1956-02-26) 26 February 1956 (age 68)SportSportathleticsEventSteeplechase
Anatoliy Dimov (born 26 February 1956) is a former Soviet steeplechase runner. He competed in the men's 3000 metres steeplechase at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
References
^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Anatoly Dimov Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
Authority control databases: People
World Athletics
This biographical article relating to Soviet athletics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Anatoly Dimov Olympic Results\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418053449/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/di/anatoly-dimov-1.html","url_text":"\"Anatoly Dimov Olympic Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/di/anatoly-dimov-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418053449/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/di/anatoly-dimov-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Anatoly Dimov Olympic Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/di/anatoly-dimov-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/_/14345919","external_links_name":"World Athletics"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anatoliy_Dimov&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_or_Dare%3F
|
Truth or dare?
|
["1 History","2 See also","3 References"]
|
Verbal party game
For other uses, see Truth or Dare (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Truth or dare?" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Truth or dare?Players2 or morePlaying timeNoneChancelowSkillscreativity,embarrassment tolerance
Truth or dare? is a mostly verbal party game requiring two or more players. Players are given the choice between answering a question truthfully, or performing a "dare". The game is particularly popular among adolescents and children, and is sometimes used as a forfeit when gambling.
History
A game of "Questions and Commands" depicted by James Gillray, 1788
The game has existed for hundreds of years, with at least one variant, "questions and commands", being attested as early as 1712:
A Christmas game, in which the commander bids their subjects to answer a question which is asked. If the subject refuses or fails to satisfy the commander, they must pay a forfeit or have their face smutted .
Truth or dare may ultimately derive from command games such as the ancient Greek basilinda (in Greek: βασιλίνδα). This game is described by Julius Pollux: "in which we are told a king, elected by lot, commanded his comrades what they should perform".
See also
Game of dares
Never have I ever
References
^ "E. Cobham Brewer, Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 1898". Archived from the original on 2013-06-03. Retrieved 2013-01-20.
^ "Joseph Strutt, Sports and Pastimes of the People of England, 1903". Archived from the original on 2017-07-14. Retrieved 2013-01-20.
vteParty gamesGuessing games
Button, button, who's got the button?
Charades
Twenty questions
Other games
Bobbing for apples
Chinese whispers
Dreidel
Duck, duck, goose
Hot potato
Murder mystery
Musical chairs
Musical statues
Pass the parcel
Pin the tail on the donkey
Piñata
Post office
Scavenger hunt
Seven minutes in heaven
Simon Says
Spin the bottle
Truth or dare?
What's the time, Mr Wolf?
Category
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States
|
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|
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[{"title":"Game of dares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_dares"},{"title":"Never have I ever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_have_I_ever"}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_RPG_II
|
IBM RPG II
|
["1 Features","2 RPGII specifications","3 Indicators","4 Sample code","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Report Program Generator version II programming language by IBM
RPG II is a very early and popular version of the IBM RPG programming language.
It was developed in the late 1960s and designed to work on the smallest IBM systems of the time such as the IBM 1130, IBM System/3, System/32, System/34, System/36. It was also available for the System/370, The Singer System 10, Sperry Univac 90/25, 90/30, 90/40, System 80, 1100 mainframe series and the Wang VS Series. ICL produced versions for its ICL 2903 system and for VME/K; and Burroughs Corporation produced an RPG II compiler with database extensions for its B1700 series of computers. Digital Equipment Corporation had their own implementation named VAX RPG II for VAX/VMS systems.
An enhanced version RPG III appeared in 1978.
It has a number of unusual features, including: an implied processing loop; and that it is a fixed-format programming language, so that programs are difficult to read without a special debugging template.
Features
RPG II is a fixed-format programming language, which means that code must be placed in exact column locations in order to generate correct results. There are eight different specification types, and separate coding forms are used to write each, and a special debugging template used as an aid to read program printouts.
Every RPG II program executes within an implied loop, the program cycle, which applies the program successively to every record of a file - this is documented via a "Logic Flow" diagram on the debugging template. Each record (individual punched card) would be compared to each line in the program, which would act upon the record, or not, based upon whether that line had an "indicator" turned "on" or "off" — from a set of logical variables numbered 01–99 for user-defined purposes, or other smaller sets based upon record, field, or report processing functions. Special variables such as UDATE, UYEAR, PAGE, and so forth, are filled when the program begins or when page overflow occurs, even though there is no explicit instruction for these activities. Total calculations and output are done at "total time," after the detail cycle when L1/LR has been set on by fixed logic.
The concept of RPG's program cycle fitted neatly with a cyclical machine that read cards, summarised their contents and prints a result, rather like a tabulating machine. The language was extended to handle other input and output devices and provides a fast and efficient method of programming.
Devices such as the workstation (WORKSTN), the keyboard (KEYBORD), or the console (CONSOLE) do not have a fixed number of records at the beginning of the job and therefore, in order to incorporate the fixed-logic RPG "Last Record" cycle, the LR indicator can be set on with a SETON instruction. LR cannot be set off.
RPG II did not evolve much from the 1977 implementation on the System/34 to 2000 when the Advanced/36 was discontinued from marketing. Changes that were made from the 1970s version included the IFEQ/IFNE/IFGT/IFGE/IFLT/IFLE and END grouping. Also, the call/parm to be able to call external subroutines. Another change was that for internal subroutines, you no longer had to put SR in columns 7 and 8 of the C (calculation) specs.
Third-party providers sold more than 200 different assembler subroutines that could be used by System/36 and Advanced/36 programmers to exceed RPG II limitations. Some of the limitations of RPG II on the System/3, 32, 34 and 36 including the Advanced/36 was the 64K limit and the number of files you could have in a program. So if you had a lot of programming lines or had large arrays, it was easy to exceed the 64,000 bytes of object code. However, RPG II running on the AS/400 and its follow on iseries and IBM i (those running OS/400 or i5/OS in what is called S/36E (execution environment)) those limits (the 64K bytes and the number of files) were either greatly expanded or removed.
RPGII specifications
In the System/36 implementation of RPG II, there are eight different specification (spec) types, that is a fixed-format line of text, 80 characters (bytes) in length, derived from the original use of punched card input for earlier IBM systems, like the System/3. Like specifications were grouped together, and each type was required to be in a specific order: U, T, H, F, E, L, I, C AND O.
Specification codes appear in column 6 of an RPG-II specification:
Operation code
Name
U
Auto Report spec is only required for Auto Report programs.
T
Telecommunications. This ninth specification was added later in 1977:
H
Header spec is at the top of the program and describes compiler options such as maximum compile size, whether the program is an MRT (Multiple Requestor Terminal) program, and what type of listing is generated when the program is compiled. The object name of the program created is located in columns 75–80; if a source does not have an H spec, the name RPGOBJ is used.
F
File spec(s) are next, and describes the files used in the program. Files may be disk files (DISK) or may be devices such as a printer (PRINTER), the workstation (WORKSTN), keyboard (KEYBORD), unformatted display (CRT or DISPLAY), or user-defined (SPECIAL). Record size, block size, overflow indicators, and external indicators are described. It is possible that an RPG program will not use any F specs.
E
Extension spec(s) are next, and describe arrays and tables, which may be prefetched from disk files (an Input table), drawn from constants placed at the end of the source between ** and /* symbols, or built from calculations.
L
Line Counter spec(s) are next, and if present, describe the form to be printed. It defines the number of lines in a page and the positions where printing begins and ends.
I
Input specs are next, and describe the data areas within files. RPG II permits redefinition of data areas so that a field named FLDA might occupy the same area as an array AR that contains 8 elements of 1 character each. Non-record areas such as data structures can be described. Depending on the values of the input record, indicators may be conditioned.
C
Calculation spec(s) are next. Total fields may be described and accumulated. Complex computations and string manipulations are possible. Indicators may be conditioned.
O
Output specifications, which describe the output record in terms of fields and output positions.
Operation codes appear in columns 28–32 of an RPG-II calculation specification.
Operation code
Name
ADD
Add
SUB
Subtract
MULT
Multiply
DIV
Divide
Z-ADD
Zero and Add
Z-SUB
Zero and Subtract
MVR
Move Remainder
MOVE
Move
MOVEL
Move Left
MHLZO
Move High to Low Zone
MLHZO
Move Low to High Zone
MLLZO
Move Low to Low Zone
MHHZO
Move High to High Zone
BITON
Bit On
BITOF
Bit Off
TESTB
Test Bit
GOTO
Go To
TAG
Tag (destination of a GOTO)
EXSR
Execute Subroutine
BEGSR
Begin Subroutine
ENDSR
End Subroutine
SETON
Set On
SETOF
Set Off
EXCPT
Exception
EXIT
Exit
RLABL
Redefine Label
ULABL
User Label
CALL1
Call
PARM1
Parameter
CHAIN
Chain
READ
Read
READE
Read Equal
READP
Read Previous
REDPE
Read Previous Equal
SETLL
Set Lower Limits
SET
Set
TIME
Time of day (000000-235959)
DSPLY
Display
SORTA
Sort Array
XFOOT
Crossfoot
MOVEA
Move Array
LOKUP
Lookup (find in array)
CALL/PARM was added to RPG II with Release 6.0 (also known as the VASP).
CHAIN retrieves the record in the indexed file named in Factor 2 that matches the exact key specified by the value in Factor 1.
SETLL causes the index pointer for the file named in Factor 2 to be positioned at the location specified by the value in Factor 1.
SORTA causes the named array to be sorted in place; that is, the elements appear in order.
Z-SUB calculates Factor 2 with opposite sign and moved to result field.
XFOOT causes an array to be summed and the result moved to result field.
MVR must follow a DIV operation. The integer remainder of the DIV operation is placed in the result field. MVR following the DIV operation for "56 divided by 3" would place the value 2 in the result field.
Indicators
Indicators are either 'set' or not, they are "flags" or boolean data types.
Generic, usually manually set, for custom usage within I, C and O specs of a program:
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
Halt Indicators, manually set within the calculation C-specs, to terminate a program with a return code:
H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9
Matching Indicators, assigned to input I-spec fields, automatically set when reading records from a file, to coordinate the hierarchy of and signal which fields (variables) within records from two or more files are synchronized, assuming a sorted order of the records within each file, the records being processed sequentially:
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9, and MR which reflects that matching has occurred
Control-Level Indicators, assigned to input I-spec fields, to coordinate the hierarchy of and signal which fields within a record from a file are grouped, assuming a sorted order of the records within a file, the records being processed sequentially:
L0 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9
Command Key Indicators, to signal to the program processing input from a workstation keyboard, equivalent to the function keys (F1-F12, and shift-F1-F12) on a PC keyboard, used instead of the Enter key:
KA KB KC KD KE KF KG KH KI KJ KK KL KM KN KP KQ KR KS KT KU KV KW KX KY
These indicators refer to command keys 1 to 24, in that order. Note that there is no KO indicator.
First Cycle Indicator, set automatically upon output of the first page, mainly used for printer files, used similarly to an overflow indicator for controlling output like page breaks and headings:
1P
Overflow Indicators, tripped automatically processing the pagination limits of a printer output file, per each file's L-spec line counter, and may be set manually, too. Usually establishing page breaks and printing of headings. One indicator each, for up to 8 output files:
OA OB OC OD OE OF OG OV
Last Record Indicator, not to be confused with Control-Level indicators, terminates a program, to return control to the batch processing jobstream (script), set automatically when end-of-file is reached on a sequentially processed file, manually set to terminate a program that has no sequential process source (file):
LR
External Indicators, generic for custom usage, passed to the program from the jobstream control (script) batch file:
U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7 U8
Foldable sheets, templates, plastic coated against wear and staining, were available, summarizing the different specifications. Used for the visual inspection and verification of the fixed-format source code text when held against its printed output. They matched and aligned with the then standard spacing of the text, as drawn from the original usage of punched cards:
System/36 SEU templates
3
H
header
5
F
files
6
F
extensions
7
E
extensions
8
L
line counters
10
I
file
11
I
fields
12
C
calculation
13
O
file
14
O
fields
Sample code
F***************************************************************
F* THIS PROGRAM READS THE CONTENTS OF AN INVOICE HEADER FILE
F* AND PRINTS THE INVOICES PROCESSED FOR THE DATE SET IN THE
F* LOCAL DATA AREA. THERE ARE LEVEL BREAKS AND TOTALS FOR
F* EACH STORE.
F***************************************************************
F*
FINVHDR IP F 62 DISK
FPRINTER O F 132 OF PRINTER
IINVHDR NS 01 1NC
I 1 3 STORE L1
I 4 13 INVNO
I 14 20 CUSTNO
I 21 45 STNAM
I 46 53 INVDAT
I 54 622TOTINV
I UDS
I 1 8 RPTDAT
C 01 INVDAT COMP RPTDAT 11
C 01 11 ADD TOTINV L1TOT 92
C 01 11 ADD TOTINV LRTOT 92
OPRINTER H 101 1P
O OR OF
O PAGE Z 106
O 102 'PAGE'
O 59 'VERY BIG'
O 72 'STORES, INC.'
O UDATE Y 17
O 8 'RUN DATE'
O H 1 1P
O OR OF
O 73 'DAILY SALES BY STORE'
O H 2 1P
O OR OF
O RPTDAT 83
O 63 'FOR DATE:'
O H 1 1P
O OR OF
O 6 'STORE'
O 18 'INVOICE'
O 28 'CUSTOMER'
O 58 'CUSTOMER'
O 78 'INVOICE'
O H 2 1P
O OR OF
O 6 'NUMBER'
O 18 'NUMBER'
O 28 'NUMBER'
O 58 'NAME'
O 78 'TOTAL'
O D 0 L1
O STORE 6
O D 1 01 11
O INVNO 18
O CUSTNO 28
O STNAM 58
O TOTINV1B 78
O T 1 L1
O 45 'STORE TOTAL...'
O L1TOT 1B 78
O T 1 LR
O 45 'GRAND TOTAL...'
O LRTOT 1 78
References
^ "Sperry Univac 1100/60 System" (PDF). Retrieved 18 January 2021.
^ "VAX/VMS Software Language and Tools Handbook" (PDF). bitsavers.org. 1985. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
^ a b c "IBM RPG Debugging Template", Computer History Museum
^ "IBM System/3 Model 8, Model 10, Model 12, and Model 15 RPG II Compilers", IBM Program Product Specifications, November 1977, p. 3
External links
System/36-Compatible RPG II - User's Guide and Reference
Wiki Midrange
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IBM RPG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_RPG"},{"link_name":"IBM 1130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_1130"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"System/3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System/3"},{"link_name":"System/32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System/32"},{"link_name":"System/34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System/34"},{"link_name":"System/36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System/36"},{"link_name":"System/370","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System/370"},{"link_name":"Singer System 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singer_System_10"},{"link_name":"1100 mainframe series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIVAC_1100"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Wang VS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_VS"},{"link_name":"ICL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Computers_Limited"},{"link_name":"ICL 2903","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICT_1900_series"},{"link_name":"VME/K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICL_VME"},{"link_name":"Burroughs Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burroughs_Corporation"},{"link_name":"B1700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burroughs_B1700"},{"link_name":"Digital Equipment Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation"},{"link_name":"VAX/VMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAX/VMS"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-language-1985-2"},{"link_name":"RPG III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_RPG_III"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-template-3"}],"text":"RPG II is a very early and popular version of the IBM RPG programming language.It was developed in the late 1960s and designed to work on the smallest IBM systems of the time such as the IBM 1130, IBM System/3, System/32, System/34, System/36. It was also available for the System/370, The Singer System 10, Sperry Univac 90/25, 90/30, 90/40, System 80, 1100 mainframe series[1] and the Wang VS Series. ICL produced versions for its ICL 2903 system and for VME/K; and Burroughs Corporation produced an RPG II compiler with database extensions for its B1700 series of computers. Digital Equipment Corporation had their own implementation named VAX RPG II for VAX/VMS systems.[2]An enhanced version RPG III appeared in 1978.It has a number of unusual features, including: an implied processing loop; and that it is a fixed-format programming language, so that programs are difficult to read without a special debugging template.[3]","title":"IBM RPG II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-template-3"},{"link_name":"program cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_loop"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-template-3"},{"link_name":"tabulating machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabulating_machine"},{"link_name":"Advanced/36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced/36"}],"text":"RPG II is a fixed-format programming language, which means that code must be placed in exact column locations in order to generate correct results. There are eight different specification types, and separate coding forms are used to write each, and a special debugging template[3] used as an aid to read program printouts.Every RPG II program executes within an implied loop, the program cycle, which applies the program successively to every record of a file - this is documented via a \"Logic Flow\" diagram on the debugging template.[3] Each record (individual punched card) would be compared to each line in the program, which would act upon the record, or not, based upon whether that line had an \"indicator\" turned \"on\" or \"off\" — from a set of logical variables numbered 01–99 for user-defined purposes, or other smaller sets based upon record, field, or report processing functions. Special variables such as UDATE, UYEAR, PAGE, and so forth, are filled when the program begins or when page overflow occurs, even though there is no explicit instruction for these activities. Total calculations and output are done at \"total time,\" after the detail cycle when L1/LR has been set on by fixed logic.The concept of RPG's program cycle fitted neatly with a cyclical machine that read cards, summarised their contents and prints a result, rather like a tabulating machine. The language was extended to handle other input and output devices and provides a fast and efficient method of programming.Devices such as the workstation (WORKSTN), the keyboard (KEYBORD), or the console (CONSOLE) do not have a fixed number of records at the beginning of the job and therefore, in order to incorporate the fixed-logic RPG \"Last Record\" cycle, the LR indicator can be set on with a SETON instruction. LR cannot be set off.RPG II did not evolve much from the 1977 implementation on the System/34 to 2000 when the Advanced/36 was discontinued from marketing. Changes that were made from the 1970s version included the IFEQ/IFNE/IFGT/IFGE/IFLT/IFLE and END grouping. Also, the call/parm to be able to call external subroutines. Another change was that for internal subroutines, you no longer had to put SR in columns 7 and 8 of the C (calculation) specs.Third-party providers sold more than 200 different assembler subroutines that could be used by System/36 and Advanced/36 programmers to exceed RPG II limitations. Some of the limitations of RPG II on the System/3, 32, 34 and 36 including the Advanced/36 was the 64K limit and the number of files you could have in a program. So if you had a lot of programming lines or had large arrays, it was easy to exceed the 64,000 bytes of object code. However, RPG II running on the AS/400 and its follow on iseries and IBM i (those running OS/400 or i5/OS in what is called S/36E (execution environment)) those limits (the 64K bytes and the number of files) were either greatly expanded or removed.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"System/36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System/36"},{"link_name":"punched card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card"},{"link_name":"System/3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System/3"}],"text":"In the System/36 implementation of RPG II, there are eight different specification (spec) types, that is a fixed-format line of text, 80 characters (bytes) in length, derived from the original use of punched card input for earlier IBM systems, like the System/3. Like specifications were grouped together, and each type was required to be in a specific order: U, T, H, F, E, L, I, C AND O.Specification codes appear in column 6 of an RPG-II specification:Operation codes appear in columns 28–32 of an RPG-II calculation specification.CALL/PARM was added to RPG II with Release 6.0 (also known as the VASP).CHAIN retrieves the record in the indexed file named in Factor 2 that matches the exact key specified by the value in Factor 1.SETLL causes the index pointer for the file named in Factor 2 to be positioned at the location specified by the value in Factor 1.SORTA causes the named array to be sorted in place; that is, the elements appear in order.Z-SUB calculates Factor 2 with opposite sign and moved to result field.XFOOT causes an array to be summed and the result moved to result field.MVR must follow a DIV operation. The integer remainder of the DIV operation is placed in the result field. MVR following the DIV operation for \"56 divided by 3\" would place the value 2 in the result field.","title":"RPGII specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"flags\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_(computing)"},{"link_name":"boolean data types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_data_type"},{"link_name":"punched cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card"}],"text":"Indicators are either 'set' or not, they are \"flags\" or boolean data types.Generic, usually manually set, for custom usage within I, C and O specs of a program:01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19\n20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39\n40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59\n60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79\n80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99Halt Indicators, manually set within the calculation C-specs, to terminate a program with a return code:H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9Matching Indicators, assigned to input I-spec fields, automatically set when reading records from a file, to coordinate the hierarchy of and signal which fields (variables) within records from two or more files are synchronized, assuming a sorted order of the records within each file, the records being processed sequentially:M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9, and MR which reflects that matching has occurredControl-Level Indicators, assigned to input I-spec fields, to coordinate the hierarchy of and signal which fields within a record from a file are grouped, assuming a sorted order of the records within a file, the records being processed sequentially:L0 L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9Command Key Indicators, to signal to the program processing input from a workstation keyboard, equivalent to the function keys (F1-F12, and shift-F1-F12) on a PC keyboard, used instead of the Enter key:KA KB KC KD KE KF KG KH KI KJ KK KL KM KN KP KQ KR KS KT KU KV KW KX KY\nThese indicators refer to command keys 1 to 24, in that order. Note that there is no KO indicator.First Cycle Indicator, set automatically upon output of the first page, mainly used for printer files, used similarly to an overflow indicator for controlling output like page breaks and headings:1POverflow Indicators, tripped automatically processing the pagination limits of a printer output file, per each file's L-spec line counter, and may be set manually, too. Usually establishing page breaks and printing of headings. One indicator each, for up to 8 output files:OA OB OC OD OE OF OG OVLast Record Indicator, not to be confused with Control-Level indicators, terminates a program, to return control to the batch processing jobstream (script), set automatically when end-of-file is reached on a sequentially processed file, manually set to terminate a program that has no sequential process source (file):LRExternal Indicators, generic for custom usage, passed to the program from the jobstream control (script) batch file:U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7 U8Foldable sheets, templates, plastic coated against wear and staining, were available, summarizing the different specifications. Used for the visual inspection and verification of the fixed-format source code text when held against its printed output. They matched and aligned with the then standard spacing of the text, as drawn from the original usage of punched cards:","title":"Indicators"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"F***************************************************************\n F* THIS PROGRAM READS THE CONTENTS OF AN INVOICE HEADER FILE \n F* AND PRINTS THE INVOICES PROCESSED FOR THE DATE SET IN THE \n F* LOCAL DATA AREA. THERE ARE LEVEL BREAKS AND TOTALS FOR \n F* EACH STORE. \n F***************************************************************\n F*\n FINVHDR IP F 62 DISK\n FPRINTER O F 132 OF PRINTER\n IINVHDR NS 01 1NC\n I 1 3 STORE L1\n I 4 13 INVNO\n I 14 20 CUSTNO\n I 21 45 STNAM\n I 46 53 INVDAT\n I 54 622TOTINV\n I UDS\n I 1 8 RPTDAT\n C 01 INVDAT COMP RPTDAT 11\n C 01 11 ADD TOTINV L1TOT 92\n C 01 11 ADD TOTINV LRTOT 92\n OPRINTER H 101 1P\n O OR OF\n O PAGE Z 106\n O 102 'PAGE'\n O 59 'VERY BIG'\n O 72 'STORES, INC.'\n O UDATE Y 17\n O 8 'RUN DATE'\n O H 1 1P\n O OR OF\n O 73 'DAILY SALES BY STORE'\n O H 2 1P\n O OR OF\n O RPTDAT 83\n O 63 'FOR DATE:'\n O H 1 1P\n O OR OF\n O 6 'STORE'\n O 18 'INVOICE'\n O 28 'CUSTOMER'\n O 58 'CUSTOMER'\n O 78 'INVOICE'\n O H 2 1P\n O OR OF\n O 6 'NUMBER'\n O 18 'NUMBER'\n O 28 'NUMBER'\n O 58 'NAME'\n O 78 'TOTAL'\n O D 0 L1\n O STORE 6\n O D 1 01 11\n O INVNO 18\n O CUSTNO 28\n O STNAM 58\n O TOTINV1B 78\n O T 1 L1\n O 45 'STORE TOTAL...'\n O L1TOT 1B 78\n O T 1 LR\n O 45 'GRAND TOTAL...'\n O LRTOT 1 78","title":"Sample code"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Sperry Univac 1100/60 System\" (PDF). Retrieved 18 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/univac/1100/datapro/70C-877-12_8301_UNIVAC_1100_60.pdf","url_text":"\"Sperry Univac 1100/60 System\""}]},{"reference":"\"VAX/VMS Software Language and Tools Handbook\" (PDF). bitsavers.org. 1985. Retrieved 2020-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/vax/handbook/VMS_Language_and_Tools_Handbook_1985.pdf","url_text":"\"VAX/VMS Software Language and Tools Handbook\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/univac/1100/datapro/70C-877-12_8301_UNIVAC_1100_60.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Sperry Univac 1100/60 System\""},{"Link":"http://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/vax/handbook/VMS_Language_and_Tools_Handbook_1985.pdf","external_links_name":"\"VAX/VMS Software Language and Tools Handbook\""},{"Link":"http://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/X957.88J","external_links_name":"\"IBM RPG Debugging Template\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_ibmsystem3rsSpecificationsNov77_499431","external_links_name":"\"IBM System/3 Model 8, Model 10, Model 12, and Model 15 RPG II Compilers\""},{"Link":"https://publib.boulder.ibm.com/iseries/v5r1/ic2924/books/c0918180.pdf","external_links_name":"System/36-Compatible RPG II - User's Guide and Reference"},{"Link":"https://wiki.midrange.com/index.php/RPG_II","external_links_name":"Wiki Midrange"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardier_Bitter
|
Marston's Brewery
|
["1 History","2 Operations","3 Brewing methods","4 Beers","5 Sponsorship","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
|
British pub and hotel chain
For other uses, see Marston (disambiguation).
Carlsberg Marston's Brewing Company is a British brewing company. It was formed when Marston's plc disposed of its brewing operations in 2020, selling the assets to a newly formed joint venture with the Carlsberg Group to create the Carlsberg Marston's Brewing Company (CMBC), in which Marston's plc holds a 40% share.
History
In May 2020, it was announced that subject to competition law and shareholder approval, Marston's plc would merge its brewing business with Carlsberg UK (the United Kingdom arm of Carlsberg Group), into a joint venture valued at £780m. Marston's will take a 40% stake in the joint venture and receive up to £273m in cash. The deal will involve Marston's six breweries and distribution depots, but not its 1,400 pubs. The merger was approved by the Competition and Markets Authority on 9 October 2020. The new brewing company will be headquartered in Wolverhampton and be known as Carlsberg Marston's Brewing Company. It was also announced that the transaction was expected to be completed by the end of October 2020.
Operations
The Marston's Brewery in Burton upon Trent, 2009
The company owns and operates six breweries (as of July 2020):
The Park Brewery in Wolverhampton brews Banks's and Mansfield beers plus most Thwaites beers under contract, and is the company's main head office.
The Marston's Brewery in Burton upon Trent brews Marston's and Bass plus Tetley's beers under contract.
The Jennings Brewery in Cockermouth
The Wychwood Brewery in Witney (which includes the Brakspear Brewhouse)
The Ringwood Brewery in Ringwood, Hampshire
The Eagle Brewery, (formerly Charles Wells) Bedford brews Bombardier, Courage, Waggle Dance, the global Young's licence and Scottish brands McEwan's and William Younger
Brewing methods
Marston's is the only remaining brewer to use Burton Union Sets, a system whereby fermentation barrels and troughs are linked together by pipework. The basic principle is one of preventing excessive beer and yeast loss through foaming, but the consequence is that the beer is in contact with more wood and with more beer, fermenting in a bigger volume, typically totalling about 100 barrels or 160 hectolitres. That results in a more consistent flavour and very little chance of a whole batch being ruined. All other large-scale brewers have abandoned that method in favour of stainless steel fermenting vessels, which while they ensure (through volume) a consistent flavour, limit the use of traditional yeast varieties. They make selective use of the unusual double dropping process (for example, in the production of Brakspear Bitter), which introduces complex flavours by a period of accelerated yeast growth.
Beers
The Marston's Arena at Northwich Victoria F.C.
The main beers are Mansfield, Wainwright, Marston's Pedigree and EPA, McEwans Export, McEwan's Special, Bombardier, Wychwood Hobgoblin, Jennings Cumberland Ale, and Banks's Bitter and Mild. Despite a general UK-wide decline in the popularity of mild ales, Banks's Mild still outsells its stablemate bitter in the West Midlands market and is the best-selling mild ale in the world. The company also owns Sunbeam, a blonde beer which is brewed and distributed from the Banks's brewery based in Wolverhampton. Sunbeam was first produced in 2011, to commemorate the 10th anniversary of Wolverhampton achieving city status.
Half of all its beer is bottled. Marston's brews Draught Bass for AB InBev and Tetley Bitter, Mild and Dark Mild for Carlsberg. Marston's Pedigree is a 4.3% ABV bitter. Introduced in 1952, it is Marston's flagship brand, selling 150,000 hectolitres in 2010. It is the only beer to use the oak Burton Union System so that it is fermented in wood; the ingredients are mineral enriched Burton Water, malted barley, and Fuggles and Goldings hops.
Wainwright is one of the company's best-selling beers and is brewed at the Banks's Brewery in Wolverhampton. It is a 4.1% ABV golden ale named in honour of the famous fell walker and author Alfred Wainwright. Marston's acquired the brand from Thwaites in 2015. In 2016, the Thwaites branding was dropped and the beer was rebranded "The golden beer".
The acquisition of Charles Wells's Eagle Brewery in Bedford increased Marston's share of the British ale market. It also widened its geographical reach giving it southern English brands Bombardier, Waggledance, Courage, the global Young's licence and Scottish brands McEwan's and William Younger.
Sponsorship
From 2007 to 2017, Marston's had a sponsorshop agreement with the England and Wales Cricket Board, whereby Marston's Pedigree was the official beer of the England Cricket team. Marston's was the official supplier of beer at all home test matches and had exclusive beer advertising rights.
See also
Brewers of Burton
British regional breweries using wooden casks
References
^ "Marston's and Carlsberg UK announce £780m merger - BBC News". BBC News. 22 May 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
^ Rob Davies (22 May 2020). "Brewers Carlsberg UK and Marston's announce merger | Business". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
^ Pugh, James (9 October 2020). "Regulator approves Carlsberg's £780m joint venture with Marston's". www.expressandstar.com.
^ "The Marstn's Free Way". Morning Advertiser. 2 February 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
^ Hornsey, Ian Spencer (1999). Brewing. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-85404-568-6.
^ Asserted on label
^ Burton Union sets Archived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Why mild ale is enjoying a revival « Express & Star". expressandstar.com. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
^ "Marston's-owned Banks's Brewery to bring back Sunbeam for summer 2012". The Caterer. 21 March 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2016.
^ "Marston's unveil new £7.4m bottling line". Burton Mail. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
^ CAMRA Good Beer Guide; 2010
^ a b c Oliver, Garrett (2011). The Oxford Companion to Beer. Oxford University Press. p. 573. ISBN 978-0-19-536713-3.
^ "Marston's in £25m swoop for Thwaites' brewing business « Express & Star". Expressandstar.com. 31 March 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
^ "Real ale brewery sold to pub giant". BBC News. 18 May 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
^ "Marston's renews as official beer of England cricket team". sportspromedia.com. 25 October 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
External links
Marston's PLC
Marston's Inns
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marston (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marston_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"brewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewing"},{"link_name":"Marston's plc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marston%27s_plc"},{"link_name":"Carlsberg Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlsberg_Group"}],"text":"For other uses, see Marston (disambiguation).Carlsberg Marston's Brewing Company is a British brewing company. It was formed when Marston's plc disposed of its brewing operations in 2020, selling the assets to a newly formed joint venture with the Carlsberg Group to create the Carlsberg Marston's Brewing Company (CMBC), in which Marston's plc holds a 40% share.","title":"Marston's Brewery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marston's plc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marston%27s_plc"},{"link_name":"Carlsberg Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlsberg_Group"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In May 2020, it was announced that subject to competition law and shareholder approval, Marston's plc would merge its brewing business with Carlsberg UK (the United Kingdom arm of Carlsberg Group), into a joint venture valued at £780m. Marston's will take a 40% stake in the joint venture and receive up to £273m in cash. The deal will involve Marston's six breweries and distribution depots, but not its 1,400 pubs.[1][2] The merger was approved by the Competition and Markets Authority on 9 October 2020. The new brewing company will be headquartered in Wolverhampton and be known as Carlsberg Marston's Brewing Company. It was also announced that the transaction was expected to be completed by the end of October 2020.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marstons_Brewery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1483525.jpg"},{"link_name":"breweries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewery"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Wolverhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhampton"},{"link_name":"Thwaites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thwaites_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Burton upon Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_upon_Trent"},{"link_name":"Tetley's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetley%27s_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Cockermouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockermouth"},{"link_name":"Wychwood Brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wychwood_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Witney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witney"},{"link_name":"Ringwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringwood,_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford"},{"link_name":"Courage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courage_Brewery#Beers"}],"text":"The Marston's Brewery in Burton upon Trent, 2009The company owns and operates six breweries (as of July 2020):[4]The Park Brewery in Wolverhampton brews Banks's and Mansfield beers plus most Thwaites beers under contract, and is the company's main head office.\nThe Marston's Brewery in Burton upon Trent brews Marston's and Bass plus Tetley's beers under contract.\nThe Jennings Brewery in Cockermouth\nThe Wychwood Brewery in Witney (which includes the Brakspear Brewhouse)\nThe Ringwood Brewery in Ringwood, Hampshire\nThe Eagle Brewery, (formerly Charles Wells) Bedford brews Bombardier, Courage, Waggle Dance, the global Young's licence and Scottish brands McEwan's and William Younger","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burton Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_Union"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hornsey1999-5"},{"link_name":"double dropping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_dropping"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Marston's is the only remaining brewer to use Burton Union Sets, a system whereby fermentation barrels and troughs are linked together by pipework.[5] The basic principle is one of preventing excessive beer and yeast loss through foaming, but the consequence is that the beer is in contact with more wood and with more beer, fermenting in a bigger volume, typically totalling about 100 barrels or 160 hectolitres. That results in a more consistent flavour and very little chance of a whole batch being ruined. All other large-scale brewers have abandoned that method in favour of stainless steel fermenting vessels, which while they ensure (through volume) a consistent flavour, limit the use of traditional yeast varieties. They make selective use of the unusual double dropping process (for example, in the production of Brakspear Bitter),[6] which introduces complex flavours by a period of accelerated yeast growth.[7]","title":"Brewing methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Marston%27s_Arena,_Northwich_Victoria_FC_-_geograph.org.uk_-_996146.jpg"},{"link_name":"Northwich Victoria F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwich_Victoria_F.C."},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"blonde beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blonde_beer"},{"link_name":"Wolverhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhampton"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Draught Bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draught_Bass"},{"link_name":"AB InBev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB_InBev"},{"link_name":"Tetley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetley%27s_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Carlsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlsberg_Group"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"bitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_(beer)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oliver2011-12"},{"link_name":"flagship brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship_brand"},{"link_name":"hectolitres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectolitres"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oliver2011-12"},{"link_name":"Burton Union System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_Union_System"},{"link_name":"Fuggles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuggles"},{"link_name":"Goldings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldings"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oliver2011-12"},{"link_name":"Alfred Wainwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wainwright"},{"link_name":"Thwaites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thwaites_Brewery"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford"},{"link_name":"Young's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young%27s"},{"link_name":"McEwan's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McEwan%27s"},{"link_name":"William Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Younger_(brewery)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc.com-14"}],"text":"The Marston's Arena at Northwich Victoria F.C.The main beers are Mansfield, Wainwright, Marston's Pedigree and EPA, McEwans Export, McEwan's Special, Bombardier, Wychwood Hobgoblin, Jennings Cumberland Ale, and Banks's Bitter and Mild. Despite a general UK-wide decline in the popularity of mild ales, Banks's Mild still outsells its stablemate bitter in the West Midlands market and is the best-selling mild ale in the world.[8] The company also owns Sunbeam, a blonde beer which is brewed and distributed from the Banks's brewery based in Wolverhampton. Sunbeam was first produced in 2011, to commemorate the 10th anniversary of Wolverhampton achieving city status.[9]Half of all its beer is bottled.[10] Marston's brews Draught Bass for AB InBev and Tetley Bitter, Mild and Dark Mild for Carlsberg.[11] Marston's Pedigree is a 4.3% ABV bitter.[12] Introduced in 1952, it is Marston's flagship brand, selling 150,000 hectolitres in 2010.[12] It is the only beer to use the oak Burton Union System so that it is fermented in wood; the ingredients are mineral enriched Burton Water, malted barley, and Fuggles and Goldings hops.[12]Wainwright is one of the company's best-selling beers and is brewed at the Banks's Brewery in Wolverhampton. It is a 4.1% ABV golden ale named in honour of the famous fell walker and author Alfred Wainwright. Marston's acquired the brand from Thwaites in 2015. In 2016, the Thwaites branding was dropped and the beer was rebranded \"The golden beer\".[13]The acquisition of Charles Wells's Eagle Brewery in Bedford increased Marston's share of the British ale market. It also widened its geographical reach giving it southern English brands Bombardier, Waggledance, Courage, the global Young's licence and Scottish brands McEwan's and William Younger.[14]","title":"Beers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England and Wales Cricket Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_and_Wales_Cricket_Board"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-15"}],"text":"From 2007 to 2017, Marston's had a sponsorshop agreement with the England and Wales Cricket Board, whereby Marston's Pedigree was the official beer of the England Cricket team. Marston's was the official supplier of beer at all home test matches and had exclusive beer advertising rights.[15]","title":"Sponsorship"}]
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[{"image_text":"The Marston's Brewery in Burton upon Trent, 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Marstons_Brewery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1483525.jpg/220px-Marstons_Brewery_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1483525.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Marston's Arena at Northwich Victoria F.C.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/The_Marston%27s_Arena%2C_Northwich_Victoria_FC_-_geograph.org.uk_-_996146.jpg/220px-The_Marston%27s_Arena%2C_Northwich_Victoria_FC_-_geograph.org.uk_-_996146.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Brewers of Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewers_of_Burton"},{"title":"British regional breweries using wooden casks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_regional_breweries_using_wooden_casks"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Marston's and Carlsberg UK announce £780m merger - BBC News\". BBC News. 22 May 2020. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-52770262","url_text":"\"Marston's and Carlsberg UK announce £780m merger - BBC News\""}]},{"reference":"Rob Davies (22 May 2020). \"Brewers Carlsberg UK and Marston's announce merger | Business\". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/may/22/beer-brewers-carlsberg-and-marstons-announce-uk-merger","url_text":"\"Brewers Carlsberg UK and Marston's announce merger | Business\""}]},{"reference":"Pugh, James (9 October 2020). \"Regulator approves Carlsberg's £780m joint venture with Marston's\". www.expressandstar.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.expressandstar.com/news/business/2020/10/09/marstons-and-carlsberg-brewing-merger-to-be-completed-after-getting-cma-approval/","url_text":"\"Regulator approves Carlsberg's £780m joint venture with Marston's\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Marstn's Free Way\". Morning Advertiser. 2 February 2010. Retrieved 22 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.morningadvertiser.co.uk/Running-your-pub/Training/The-Marston-s-free-way","url_text":"\"The Marstn's Free Way\""}]},{"reference":"Hornsey, Ian Spencer (1999). Brewing. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-85404-568-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DvNhR0xfHtMC&pg=PA127","url_text":"Brewing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85404-568-6","url_text":"978-0-85404-568-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Why mild ale is enjoying a revival « Express & Star\". expressandstar.com. Retrieved 30 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.expressandstar.com/news/2012/06/26/why-mild-ale-is-enjoying-a-revival/beer5a/","url_text":"\"Why mild ale is enjoying a revival « Express & Star\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marston's-owned Banks's Brewery to bring back Sunbeam for summer 2012\". The Caterer. 21 March 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecaterer.com/articles/342889/marstons-owned-bankss-brewery-to-bring-back-sunbeam-for-summer-2012","url_text":"\"Marston's-owned Banks's Brewery to bring back Sunbeam for summer 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marston's unveil new £7.4m bottling line\". Burton Mail. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222205841/http://www.burtonmail.co.uk/News/Marstons-unveil-new-74m-bottling-line-20140131153418.htm","url_text":"\"Marston's unveil new £7.4m bottling line\""},{"url":"http://www.burtonmail.co.uk/News/Marstons-unveil-new-74m-bottling-line-20140131153418.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Oliver, Garrett (2011). The Oxford Companion to Beer. Oxford University Press. p. 573. ISBN 978-0-19-536713-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gYVLHMmplRcC&pg=PA573","url_text":"The Oxford Companion to Beer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536713-3","url_text":"978-0-19-536713-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Marston's in £25m swoop for Thwaites' brewing business « Express & Star\". Expressandstar.com. 31 March 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.expressandstar.com/business/business-picks/2015/03/31/marstons-in-25m-swoop-for-thwaites-brewing-business/","url_text":"\"Marston's in £25m swoop for Thwaites' brewing business « Express & Star\""}]},{"reference":"\"Real ale brewery sold to pub giant\". BBC News. 18 May 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-39959394","url_text":"\"Real ale brewery sold to pub giant\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marston's renews as official beer of England cricket team\". sportspromedia.com. 25 October 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/marstons_renews_as_official_beer_of_england_cricket_team/","url_text":"\"Marston's renews as official beer of England cricket team\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-52770262","external_links_name":"\"Marston's and Carlsberg UK announce £780m merger - BBC News\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/may/22/beer-brewers-carlsberg-and-marstons-announce-uk-merger","external_links_name":"\"Brewers Carlsberg UK and Marston's announce merger | Business\""},{"Link":"https://www.expressandstar.com/news/business/2020/10/09/marstons-and-carlsberg-brewing-merger-to-be-completed-after-getting-cma-approval/","external_links_name":"\"Regulator approves Carlsberg's £780m joint venture with Marston's\""},{"Link":"http://www.morningadvertiser.co.uk/Running-your-pub/Training/The-Marston-s-free-way","external_links_name":"\"The Marstn's Free Way\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DvNhR0xfHtMC&pg=PA127","external_links_name":"Brewing"},{"Link":"http://www.marstonspedigree.co.uk/ScienceofBrewing/burtonUnions.aspx","external_links_name":"Burton Union sets"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195143/http://www.marstonspedigree.co.uk/ScienceofBrewing/burtonUnions.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.expressandstar.com/news/2012/06/26/why-mild-ale-is-enjoying-a-revival/beer5a/","external_links_name":"\"Why mild ale is enjoying a revival « Express & Star\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecaterer.com/articles/342889/marstons-owned-bankss-brewery-to-bring-back-sunbeam-for-summer-2012","external_links_name":"\"Marston's-owned Banks's Brewery to bring back Sunbeam for summer 2012\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222205841/http://www.burtonmail.co.uk/News/Marstons-unveil-new-74m-bottling-line-20140131153418.htm","external_links_name":"\"Marston's unveil new £7.4m bottling line\""},{"Link":"http://www.burtonmail.co.uk/News/Marstons-unveil-new-74m-bottling-line-20140131153418.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gYVLHMmplRcC&pg=PA573","external_links_name":"The Oxford Companion to Beer"},{"Link":"https://www.expressandstar.com/business/business-picks/2015/03/31/marstons-in-25m-swoop-for-thwaites-brewing-business/","external_links_name":"\"Marston's in £25m swoop for Thwaites' brewing business « Express & Star\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-beds-bucks-herts-39959394","external_links_name":"\"Real ale brewery sold to pub giant\""},{"Link":"http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/marstons_renews_as_official_beer_of_england_cricket_team/","external_links_name":"\"Marston's renews as official beer of England cricket team\""},{"Link":"https://www.marstonspubs.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Marston's PLC"},{"Link":"http://www.marstonsinns.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Marston's Inns"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroclastic_(disambiguation)
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Pyroclastic
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["1 Geology","2 Other","3 See also"]
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Look up pyroclastic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Pyroclast, Pyroclastic or Pyroclastics may refer to:
Geology
Pyroclast, or airborne volcanic tephra fragments
Pyroclastic rock, rock fragments produced and ejected by explosive volcanic eruptions
Pyroclastic cone, landform of ejecta from a volcanic vent
Pyroclastic fall, a uniform deposit of material ejected from a volcanic eruption
Pyroclastic flow, a fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic matter
Pyroclastic Peak, a volcanic peak south of Mount Cayley in British Columbia, Canada
Pyroclastic shield, an uncommon type of shield volcano formed mostly of pyroclastic and highly explosive eruptions
Pyroclastic surge, a mass of turbulent ash and gas that occurs in some volcanic eruptions
Other
Pyroclasts (album), 2019 instrumental album by Sunn O)))
Pyroclastics (album), 1992 album by Birdsongs of the Mesozoic
See also
Pyro (disambiguation)
Volcanic ash
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Pyroclastic.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pyroclastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pyroclastic"}],"text":"Look up pyroclastic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Pyroclast, Pyroclastic or Pyroclastics may refer to:","title":"Pyroclastic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pyroclast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroclast"},{"link_name":"Pyroclastic rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroclastic_rock"},{"link_name":"Pyroclastic cone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroclastic_cone"},{"link_name":"Pyroclastic fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroclastic_fall"},{"link_name":"Pyroclastic flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow"},{"link_name":"Pyroclastic Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroclastic_Peak"},{"link_name":"Pyroclastic shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroclastic_shield"},{"link_name":"Pyroclastic surge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroclastic_surge"}],"text":"Pyroclast, or airborne volcanic tephra fragments\nPyroclastic rock, rock fragments produced and ejected by explosive volcanic eruptions\nPyroclastic cone, landform of ejecta from a volcanic vent\nPyroclastic fall, a uniform deposit of material ejected from a volcanic eruption\nPyroclastic flow, a fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic matter\nPyroclastic Peak, a volcanic peak south of Mount Cayley in British Columbia, Canada\nPyroclastic shield, an uncommon type of shield volcano formed mostly of pyroclastic and highly explosive eruptions\nPyroclastic surge, a mass of turbulent ash and gas that occurs in some volcanic eruptions","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pyroclasts (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroclasts_(album)"},{"link_name":"Pyroclastics (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroclastics_(album)"}],"text":"Pyroclasts (album), 2019 instrumental album by Sunn O)))\nPyroclastics (album), 1992 album by Birdsongs of the Mesozoic","title":"Other"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Pyro (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyro_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Volcanic ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_ash"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Pyroclastic&namespace=0"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Pyroclastic&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protezione_Civile
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Protezione Civile
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["1 Organization","2 Transport","3 Aerial firefighting","3.1 Fleet","3.2 Operating bases","4 Denomination in minority languages in Italy","5 Honours","5.1 Gold Medal for Civil Merit – 2003","5.2 Gold Medal for Civil Merit – 2006","5.3 Gold Medal Order of Merit of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta","5.4 Gold Medal for Civil Merit - 2012","5.5 Gold Medal of Merit of the Italian Red Cross","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Coordinates: 41°57′29″N 12°29′10″E / 41.958°N 12.486°E / 41.958; 12.486Italian civil protection department
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Civil ProtectionProtezione CivileHeadquarters in RomeFormation1992HeadquartersRome, ItalyLocationVia Vitorchiano 2 - 00189 RomeChiefFabrizio CurcioWebsitewww.protezionecivile.it
The Protezione Civile (Civil Protection), officially Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (Civil Protection Department), is the national body in Italy that deals with the prediction, prevention and management of emergency events. It was established in 1992 by legge 24 febbraio 1992, n. 225, which was updated in 2012, and it is supervised by the office of the Prime Minister. The duties of the Protezione Civile are to predict, prevent and manage at national level disasters and catastrophes, both natural and human-made. The main goal is to protect the sake of life, the properties, the settlements and the environment from damage and dangers.
The current chief is Fabrizio Curcio.
In order to cope with the risky and difficult situations, the Protezione Civile needs a great deal of volunteers and all the other existing forces. More than 5,000 local volunteering organizations participate to the Protezione Civile activities that represent the backbone of the department.
Organization
The Civil Protection is formed by:
Italian Armed Forces
Italian Police Forces
Fire Fighters
Italian Red Cross
National Health Service
Scientific Research Committee
Other voluntary organizations
Transport
Protezione Civile also provides transport needs for the Government of Italy.
Aerial firefighting
Protezione Civile's aerial firefighting aircraft was operated by contractor Societa Ricerche Esperienze Meteorologiche (SOREM) since 1998. In 2018, after a rearrangement of national forces and corps, the complete firefighting fleet was transferred to the Corpo Nazionale dei Vigili del fuoco, Italy's fire department, as the Corpo forestale helicopters were as well.
Fleet
AgustaWestland AW109: three A109A, two A109E and one A109K2 for Utility/Transport
AgustaWestland AW139: two — for transport
Piaggio P180 Avanti: two — for VIP transport
Canadair CL-415: 19 for aerial firefighting
Canadair CL-215: six are operated by Corpo nazionale dei Vigili del Fuoco
Operating bases
Rome-Ciampino: Ciampino–G. B. Pastine International Airport
Albenga (Liguria): Albenga Airport
Olbia (Sardinia): Olbia Costa Smeralda Airport
Reggio Calabria (Calabria): Reggio Calabria Airport
Trapani (Sicilia): Vincenzo Florio Airport – Trapani Birgi
Denomination in minority languages in Italy
In regions with special status who benefit from a bilingual regime, the name Protezione Civile has been made in the following variants:
For the Valle d'Aosta, bilingual Italian / French Protection Civil
For the autonomous province of Bolzano, bilingual Italian / German, Zivilschutz
In Friuli-Venezia Giulia, for municipalities of the provinces of Trieste, Gorizia and Udine whose statute provides for bilingual Italian / Slovenian Civilna zaščita
Honours
Gold Medal for Civil Merit – 2003
" For meritorious work done by the Department of Civil Protection in the event of major and tragic events that occurred during 2002, indicated below: June 2002, Verbano Cusio-Ossola: formation of a lake epiglaciale on the Monte Rosa glacier . October–November 2002 Catania: volcanic and seismic activity. October–November 2002 Campobasso-Foggia: earthquakes with an intensity of 5.4 on the Richter scale. November 2002 serious landslides in northern Italy. December 2002 Aeolian Islands: tsunami. In the above circumstances, the Department of Civil Protection of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers has ensured a constant and effective coordination of the bodies, the bodies and structures operating within the National Service of Civil Protection, providing evidence of admirable dedication in preparing of relief for the people affected by the tragic events and the subsequent reconstruction and upgrading of the environment. The generous action of all the components involved in the activities of civil defense is an admirable example of dedication to the good of Italy. "
– May 16, 2003
Gold Medal for Civil Merit – 2006
" On the occasion of the serious natural disasters and the tragic events that occurred in the years 2004–05 in different parts of the world the Department of Civil Protection of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers, gave proof of extraordinary self-sacrifice in the name of the values of solidarity and humanitarian commitment , providing assistance and support to vulnerable people and tragically affected; especially meritorious work was paid by the Department in the city of Bham after the disastrous earthquake in the city of Beslan following the serious terrorist attack in Southeast Asia devastated by the tsunami in the city of New Orleans affected by Hurricane and finally in the region of Kashmir, which is also affected by the earthquake; at the same time with high competence and extraordinary efficiency the Department has been able to coordinate in Italy the organization of "major events" that have drawn millions of people involved and the world public opinion, in particular on the occasion of the funeral of Pope John Paul II and the unwinding of the Turin 2006 Winter Olympics . "
– 1 April 2006
Gold Medal Order of Merit of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
" They have been able to transform the dedication that motivates them to efficiently and effectively in rescue operations in Italy and abroad, making the Italian Civil Protection system a model admired and respected and its volunteers an example of professionalism, charity and sacrifice. "
– October 2, 2011
Gold Medal for Civil Merit - 2012
" On the occasion of the earthquake that struck the Abruzzo region the Department of Civil Protection of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers ensured a constant and effective coordination of components and operational structures, as well as civil organizations, military and volunteer of the National Service of Civil Protection, providing proof of admirable dedication in the organization of relief and assistance in favor of the affected population and the subsequent work of restoration of normal living conditions, receiving the unanimous appreciation of the local community and across the country, and a general approval the international community. "
– June 5, 2012
Gold Medal of Merit of the Italian Red Cross
" During the early stages of relief following the earthquake that hit the Abruzzo region, the Department has demonstrated extraordinary organizational capacity during all phases of the complex system of coordination between relief, providing assistance to thousands of people so severely affected. "
– September 27, 2012
See also
Civil defense by nation
References
^ "Civil Protection Department - Home Page". Protezione Civile. Retrieved 2015-12-07. "Dipartimento della Protezione Civile" is translated as "Civil Protection Department" in the official website of the Protezione Civile
^ Protezione Civile (ed.). "Volontariato".
^ "Italian Flying Firefighters".
External links
Official website (in Italian)
Fleet details
vteHumanitarian partners of the European Commission
Humanitarian partners
DG ECHO
NGOsInternational
Action Against Hunger (France, Spain)
ADRA (Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany)
CARE International (Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Netherlands, Norway)
Caritas Internationalis (Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Spain)
ICRC (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden)
Islamic Relief (Germany, Sweden)
Oxfam (Belgium, Italy, Netherlands, Spain)
Plan International (Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden)
Save the Children (Denmark, Finland, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden)
Solidarités international (France, Spain)
SOS Children's Villages (Austria, Netherlands)
Terre des hommes (Italy, Netherlands)
World Vision (Austria, Finland, Netherlands)
National
MDM · VSF
PIN
DACAAR · DanChurchAid · DPA · DRC
Estonian Refugee Council · MTÜ Mondo
Fida International · FinnChurchAid · FRC · Mannerheim League for Child Welfare
ACTED · ALIMA · AVSF · Institut Bioforce · CDE · Federation Handicap · GRET · iMMAP · MDM · Œuvre d'Orient · PUI · Relief International · Secours Islamique · SPF · Triangle · TSF
arche noVa · ASB · Diakonie Deutschland · Die Johanniter · GAC · HELP · International Rescue Committee · Malteser Hilfsdienst · Medair · MI · Sign of Hope · VSF
Concern Worldwide · GOAL · SHA · Trócaire
ActionAid · AISPO · AVSI · Cesvi · CISP · COOPI · CUAMM · Emergency · FADV · INTERSOS · JRS · LVIA · Un Ponte Per · VIS · WeWorld
Cordaid · DAI · HNTPO · INSO · Mercy Corps · REK · Stichting Vluchteling · Tearfund Netherlands · War Child Netherlands · ZOA
NCA · NPA · NRC
PAH
AKF PRT
ACPP · Ayuda en Acción · EDUCO · Entreculturas · Farmacéuticos Mundi · MDM · Medicus Mundi · MPDL · Mundubat · SIA
COS · Diakonia · Läkarmissionen · PMU Interlife · SWEDO
International organisations
ICRC
IFRC
FAO
ILO
IOM
OCHA
OHCHR
PAHO
UNDP
UNDP MPTFO
UNDRR
UNESCAP
UNESCO
UNICEF
UNFPA
UN-HABITAT
UNHCR
UNMAS
UNODC
UNOPS
UNRWA
UNSECOORD
UN Women
WFP
WHO
World Bank
Agencies
AECID
DGPCE
DEMA
DGSCGC
Protezione Civile
Enabel
Expertise France
GIZ
GSCP
Hungary Helps
ITF
MSB
THW
European Union portal
Authority control databases International
ISNI
National
Spain
41°57′29″N 12°29′10″E / 41.958°N 12.486°E / 41.958; 12.486
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"disasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Italian civil protection departmentThe Protezione Civile (Civil Protection[1]), officially Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (Civil Protection Department), is the national body in Italy that deals with the prediction, prevention and management of emergency events. It was established in 1992 by legge 24 febbraio 1992, n. 225, which was updated in 2012, and it is supervised by the office of the Prime Minister. The duties of the Protezione Civile are to predict, prevent and manage at national level disasters and catastrophes, both natural and human-made. The main goal is to protect the sake of life, the properties, the settlements and the environment from damage and dangers.The current chief is Fabrizio Curcio.In order to cope with the risky and difficult situations, the Protezione Civile needs a great deal of volunteers and all the other existing forces. More than 5,000 local volunteering organizations participate to the Protezione Civile activities[2] that represent the backbone of the department.","title":"Protezione Civile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Italian Police Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"Fire Fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigili_del_Fuoco"},{"link_name":"Italian Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"National Health Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servizio_Sanitario_Nazionale"}],"text":"The Civil Protection is formed by:Italian Armed Forces\nItalian Police Forces\nFire Fighters\nItalian Red Cross\nNational Health Service\nScientific Research Committee\nOther voluntary organizations","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Protezione Civile also provides transport needs for the Government of Italy.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Societa Ricerche Esperienze Meteorologiche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Societa_Ricerche_Esperienze_Meteorologiche&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Corpo Nazionale dei Vigili del fuoco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpo_Nazionale_dei_Vigili_del_fuoco"},{"link_name":"Corpo forestale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpo_forestale"}],"text":"Protezione Civile's aerial firefighting aircraft was operated by contractor Societa Ricerche Esperienze Meteorologiche (SOREM) since 1998.[3] In 2018, after a rearrangement of national forces and corps, the complete firefighting fleet was transferred to the Corpo Nazionale dei Vigili del fuoco, Italy's fire department, as the Corpo forestale helicopters were as well.","title":"Aerial firefighting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AgustaWestland AW109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW109"},{"link_name":"AgustaWestland AW139","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW139"},{"link_name":"Piaggio P180 Avanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piaggio_P180_Avanti"},{"link_name":"Canadair CL-415","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadair_CL-415"},{"link_name":"Canadair CL-215","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadair_CL-215"},{"link_name":"Corpo nazionale dei Vigili del Fuoco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpo_nazionale_dei_Vigili_del_Fuoco"}],"sub_title":"Fleet","text":"AgustaWestland AW109: three A109A, two A109E and one A109K2 for Utility/Transport\nAgustaWestland AW139: two — for transport\nPiaggio P180 Avanti: two — for VIP transport\nCanadair CL-415: 19 for aerial firefighting\nCanadair CL-215: six are operated by Corpo nazionale dei Vigili del Fuoco","title":"Aerial firefighting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Ciampino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciampino"},{"link_name":"Ciampino–G. B. Pastine International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciampino%E2%80%93G._B._Pastine_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Albenga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albenga"},{"link_name":"Albenga Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albenga_Airport"},{"link_name":"Olbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olbia"},{"link_name":"Olbia Costa Smeralda Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olbia_Costa_Smeralda_Airport"},{"link_name":"Reggio Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggio_Calabria"},{"link_name":"Reggio Calabria Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggio_Calabria_Airport"},{"link_name":"Trapani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapani"},{"link_name":"Vincenzo Florio Airport – Trapani Birgi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Florio_Airport_%E2%80%93_Trapani_Birgi"}],"sub_title":"Operating bases","text":"Rome-Ciampino: Ciampino–G. B. Pastine International Airport\nAlbenga (Liguria): Albenga Airport\nOlbia (Sardinia): Olbia Costa Smeralda Airport\nReggio Calabria (Calabria): Reggio Calabria Airport\nTrapani (Sicilia): Vincenzo Florio Airport – Trapani Birgi","title":"Aerial firefighting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valle d'Aosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle_d%27Aosta"},{"link_name":"autonomous province of Bolzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Provincia_autonoma_di_Bolzano&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Friuli-Venezia Giulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia"},{"link_name":"Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_di_Trieste"},{"link_name":"Gorizia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_di_Gorizia"},{"link_name":"Udine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_di_Udine"}],"text":"In regions with special status who benefit from a bilingual regime, the name Protezione Civile has been made in the following variants:For the Valle d'Aosta, bilingual Italian / French Protection Civil\nFor the autonomous province of Bolzano, bilingual Italian / German, Zivilschutz\nIn Friuli-Venezia Giulia, for municipalities of the provinces of Trieste, Gorizia and Udine whose statute provides for bilingual Italian / Slovenian Civilna zaščita","title":"Denomination in minority languages in Italy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gold Medal for Civil Merit – 2003","text":"\" For meritorious work done by the Department of Civil Protection in the event of major and tragic events that occurred during 2002, indicated below: June 2002, Verbano Cusio-Ossola: formation of a lake epiglaciale on the Monte Rosa glacier . October–November 2002 Catania: volcanic and seismic activity. October–November 2002 Campobasso-Foggia: earthquakes with an intensity of 5.4 on the Richter scale. November 2002 serious landslides in northern Italy. December 2002 Aeolian Islands: tsunami. In the above circumstances, the Department of Civil Protection of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers has ensured a constant and effective coordination of the bodies, the bodies and structures operating within the National Service of Civil Protection, providing evidence of admirable dedication in preparing of relief for the people affected by the tragic events and the subsequent reconstruction and upgrading of the environment. The generous action of all the components involved in the activities of civil defense is an admirable example of dedication to the good of Italy. \"\n– May 16, 2003","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gold Medal for Civil Merit – 2006","text":"\" On the occasion of the serious natural disasters and the tragic events that occurred in the years 2004–05 in different parts of the world the Department of Civil Protection of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers, gave proof of extraordinary self-sacrifice in the name of the values of solidarity and humanitarian commitment , providing assistance and support to vulnerable people and tragically affected; especially meritorious work was paid by the Department in the city of Bham after the disastrous earthquake in the city of Beslan following the serious terrorist attack in Southeast Asia devastated by the tsunami in the city of New Orleans affected by Hurricane and finally in the region of Kashmir, which is also affected by the earthquake; at the same time with high competence and extraordinary efficiency the Department has been able to coordinate in Italy the organization of \"major events\" that have drawn millions of people involved and the world public opinion, in particular on the occasion of the funeral of Pope John Paul II and the unwinding of the Turin 2006 Winter Olympics . \"\n– 1 April 2006","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gold Medal Order of Merit of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta","text":"\" They have been able to transform the dedication that motivates them to efficiently and effectively in rescue operations in Italy and abroad, making the Italian Civil Protection system a model admired and respected and its volunteers an example of professionalism, charity and sacrifice. \"\n– October 2, 2011","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gold Medal for Civil Merit - 2012","text":"\" On the occasion of the earthquake that struck the Abruzzo region the Department of Civil Protection of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers ensured a constant and effective coordination of components and operational structures, as well as civil organizations, military and volunteer of the National Service of Civil Protection, providing proof of admirable dedication in the organization of relief and assistance in favor of the affected population and the subsequent work of restoration of normal living conditions, receiving the unanimous appreciation of the local community and across the country, and a general approval the international community. \"\n– June 5, 2012","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gold Medal of Merit of the Italian Red Cross","text":"\" During the early stages of relief following the earthquake that hit the Abruzzo region, the Department has demonstrated extraordinary organizational capacity during all phases of the complex system of coordination between relief, providing assistance to thousands of people so severely affected. \"\n– September 27, 2012","title":"Honours"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Civil defense by nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_defense_by_country"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Civil Protection Department - Home Page\". Protezione Civile. Retrieved 2015-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/jcms/en/homepage.wp","url_text":"\"Civil Protection Department - Home Page\""}]},{"reference":"Protezione Civile (ed.). \"Volontariato\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.protezionecivile.gov.it/servizio-nazionale/strutture-operative/volontariato","url_text":"\"Volontariato\""}]},{"reference":"\"Italian Flying Firefighters\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aeromedia.it/soremgb.html","url_text":"\"Italian Flying Firefighters\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%27iq%27i%C3%B1_Qullu
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P'iq'iñ Qullu
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 15°48′48″S 68°35′39″W / 15.81333°S 68.59417°W / -15.81333; -68.59417Mountain in Bolivia
P'iq'iñ QulluP'iq'iñ QulluLocation in Bolivia
Highest pointElevation4,875 m (15,994 ft)Coordinates15°48′48″S 68°35′39″W / 15.81333°S 68.59417°W / -15.81333; -68.59417GeographyLocationBolivia, La Paz Department, Larecaja ProvinceParent rangeAndes, Cordillera Real
P'iq'iñ Qullu (Aymara p'iq'iña head, qullu mountain, "head mountain", also spelled Peken Kkollu) is a mountain in the north of the Cordillera Real in the Andes of Bolivia, about 4,875-metre (15,994 ft) high. It is situated in the La Paz Department, Larecaja Province, Sorata Municipality. P'iq'iñ Qullu lies west of the Janq'u Uma-Illampu massif southeast of Sorata.
References
^ a b Bolivian IGM map 1:50,000 Sorata 5846-I
^ Radio San Gabriel, "Instituto Radiofonico de Promoción Aymara" (IRPA) 1993, Republicado por Instituto de las Lenguas y Literaturas Andinas-Amazónicas (ILLLA-A) 2011, Transcripción del Vocabulario de la Lengua Aymara, P. Ludovico Bertonio 1612 (Spanish-Aymara-Aymara-Spanish dictionary)
^ "Sorata". INE, Bolivia. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved November 28, 2014.
This La Paz Department geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aymara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymara_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cordillera Real","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Real_(Bolivia)"},{"link_name":"Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"La Paz Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Paz_Department_(Bolivia)"},{"link_name":"Larecaja Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larecaja_Province"},{"link_name":"Sorata Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorata_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Janq'u Uma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janq%27u_Uma"},{"link_name":"Illampu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illampu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-igm-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Mountain in BoliviaP'iq'iñ Qullu (Aymara p'iq'iña head, qullu mountain,[2] \"head mountain\", also spelled Peken Kkollu) is a mountain in the north of the Cordillera Real in the Andes of Bolivia, about 4,875-metre (15,994 ft) high. It is situated in the La Paz Department, Larecaja Province, Sorata Municipality. P'iq'iñ Qullu lies west of the Janq'u Uma-Illampu massif southeast of Sorata.[1][3]","title":"P'iq'iñ Qullu"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Sorata\". INE, Bolivia. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved November 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006070136/http://www.ine.gob.bo/publicaciones/visorPdf.aspx?Codigo=020601&tipo=1","url_text":"\"Sorata\""},{"url":"http://www.ine.gob.bo/publicaciones/visorPdf.aspx?Codigo=020601&tipo=1","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=P%27iq%27i%C3%B1_Qullu¶ms=15_48_48_S_68_35_39_W_type:mountain_region:BO_scale:100000","external_links_name":"15°48′48″S 68°35′39″W / 15.81333°S 68.59417°W / -15.81333; -68.59417"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=P%27iq%27i%C3%B1_Qullu¶ms=15_48_48_S_68_35_39_W_type:mountain_region:BO_scale:100000","external_links_name":"15°48′48″S 68°35′39″W / 15.81333°S 68.59417°W / -15.81333; -68.59417"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006070136/http://www.ine.gob.bo/publicaciones/visorPdf.aspx?Codigo=020601&tipo=1","external_links_name":"\"Sorata\""},{"Link":"http://www.ine.gob.bo/publicaciones/visorPdf.aspx?Codigo=020601&tipo=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P%27iq%27i%C3%B1_Qullu&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Hobbie_(TV_series)
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Holly Hobbie (TV series)
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["1 Cast and characters","2 Episodes","2.1 Series overview","2.2 Season 1 (2018)","2.3 Season 2 (2019)","2.4 Season 3 (2021)","2.5 Season 4 (2022)","2.6 Season 5 (2022)","3 Production and release","4 Soundtrack","5 Awards","6 References","7 External links"]
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Canadian-American television series
This article is about the 2018 live-action series. For the 2006–2009 animated series, see Holly Hobbie & Friends.
Holly HobbieGenre
Comedy
Drama
Created bySarah GlinskiMusic by
Cristi Vaughan
Matthew Naylor
ComposerAimee BessadaCountry of origin
Canada
United States
No. of seasons5No. of episodes50ProductionExecutive producers
Sarah Glinski
Matthew Wexler
Sean Gorman
Karen Vermeulen
Ryan Wiesbrock
Producers
Anthony Leo
Andrew Rosen
CinematographyMitchell NessProduction companies
Aircraft Pictures
Cloudco Entertainment
Wexworks Media
Original releaseNetwork
Family Channel (Canada)
Hulu (U.S.)
BYUtv (U.S.)
ReleaseNovember 16, 2018 (2018-11-16) –September 20, 2022 (2022-09-20)Related
Holly Hobbie & Friends
Holly Hobbie is a children's television series developed by Sarah Glinski. It is the second television adaptation of the Holly Hobbie franchise after Holly Hobbie & Friends. The series is produced by Aircraft Pictures, in association with Cloudco Entertainment and Wexworks Media, and marks the first time Cloudco has produced a live-action series based on one of its properties. The show was released in the United states on Hulu in November 2018, and in Canada on Family Channel in January 2019. The second season was released on Hulu in November 2019. In early 2021, the series was renewed for a third season, which premiered on Hulu on November 23, 2021. It was further renewed by BYUtv for a fourth season, which premiered in May 2022, and a fifth season, which premiered in August 2022.
Cast and characters
Ruby Jay as Holly Hobbie, a teenage aspiring singer-songwriter living with her family in the small town of Collinsville
Evan Buliung as Robert, Holly's father
Erin Karpluk as Katherine, Holly's mother
Charles Vandervaart as Robbie, Holly's older brother
Kate Moyer as Heather, Holly's younger sister
Sara Botsford as Helen (seasons 1–3), Holly's grandmother
Hunter Dillon as Tyler Flaherty, Collinsville's "rebel" boy
Saara Chaudry as Amy, one of Holly's best friends
Kamaia Fairburn as Piper (seasons 1–3), another one of Holly's best friends
Athena Park as Savannah (seasons 4–5; recurring, seasons 1–2), a rival of Holly who later becomes friends with Amy and Holly
Marcus Cornwall as Levi (seasons 4–5; recurring, seasons 1–3), a friend of Heather's
Tomaso Sanelli as Oscar (seasons 4–5; recurring, seasons 2–3), Holly's friend and music partner
Ava Ro as Claudia (seasons 4–5; recurring, seasons 2–3), a friend of Heather's
Episodes
Series overview
SeasonEpisodesOriginally released110November 16, 2018 (2018-11-16)210November 22, 2019 (2019-11-22)310November 23, 2021 (2021-11-23)410May 1, 2022 (2022-05-01)510August 1, 2022 (2022-08-01)
Season 1 (2018)
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date11"The Show Starter"Stefan BrogrenSarah GlinskiNovember 16, 2018 (2018-11-16)
22"The Churlish Cheerleader"Stefan BrogrenCourtney Jane WalkerNovember 16, 2018 (2018-11-16)
33"The Savvy Sleuth"Stefan BrogrenCole BastedoNovember 16, 2018 (2018-11-16)
44"The Pickle Princess"Mars HorodyskiMatt HuetherNovember 16, 2018 (2018-11-16)
55"The Chicken Cooper"Mars HorodyskiSarah GlinskiNovember 16, 2018 (2018-11-16)
66"The Rabble Rouser"Megan FollowsCole BastedoNovember 16, 2018 (2018-11-16)
77"The Birthday Basher"Stefan BrogrenAmanda Joy and Sara PetersNovember 16, 2018 (2018-11-16)
88"The Freckled Fugitive"Megan FollowsCourtney Jane WalkerNovember 16, 2018 (2018-11-16)
99"The Mad Muralist"Megan FollowsSarah GlinskiNovember 16, 2018 (2018-11-16)
1010"The Crushing Criminal"Stefan BrogrenSarah GlinskiNovember 16, 2018 (2018-11-16)
Season 2 (2019)
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date111"A Whole New Holly"Stefan BrogrenCourtney Jane WalkerNovember 22, 2019 (2019-11-22)
122"The Thwarted Thespian"Stefan BrogrenCourtney Jane WalkerNovember 22, 2019 (2019-11-22)
133"The Salty Songstress"Stefan BrogrenSarah GlinskiNovember 22, 2019 (2019-11-22)
144"The Cranky Camper"Mitchell NessSarah GlinskiNovember 22, 2019 (2019-11-22)
155"The Puzzled Peacemaker"Jasmin MozaffariAlejandro AlcobaNovember 22, 2019 (2019-11-22)
166"The Night-Crawling Newbie"Mitchell NessAlejandro AlcobaNovember 22, 2019 (2019-11-22)
177"The Perplexed Pioneer"Stefan BrogrenCole BastedoNovember 22, 2019 (2019-11-22)
188"The Dauntless Daughter"Sarah GlinskiCole BastedoNovember 22, 2019 (2019-11-22)
199"The Hesitant Heroine"Stefan BrogrenCourtney Jane WalkerNovember 22, 2019 (2019-11-22)
2010"The Selfless Starlet"Stefan BrogrenSarah GlinskiNovember 22, 2019 (2019-11-22)
Season 3 (2021)
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date 211"The Jam Jam"Stefan BrogrenSarah GlinskiNovember 23, 2021 (2021-11-23)
222"The Shortsighted Scholar"Stefan BrogrenVivian LinNovember 23, 2021 (2021-11-23)
233"The Posing Performer"Alison ReidAlejandro AlcobaNovember 23, 2021 (2021-11-23)
244"The Grandpa Grenade"Alison ReidMatt HuetherNovember 23, 2021 (2021-11-23)
255"The Bumbling Bossgirl"Alison ReidAlejandro AlcobaNovember 23, 2021 (2021-11-23)
266"The Slimy Sensation"Faran MoradiVivian LinNovember 23, 2021 (2021-11-23)
277"The Horrible Hero"Faran MoradiAlejandro AlcobaNovember 23, 2021 (2021-11-23)
288"The Fairweather Friend"Stefan BrogrenSarah GlinskiNovember 23, 2021 (2021-11-23)
299"The Careening Counselor"Sarah GlinskiMatt HuetherNovember 23, 2021 (2021-11-23)
3010"The Difficult Decision"Stefan BrogrenSarah GlinskiNovember 23, 2021 (2021-11-23)
Season 4 (2022)
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date 311"The Struggling Songwriter"Stefan BrogrenCourtney Jane WalkerMay 1, 2022 (2022-05-01)
322"The Song Circle Surprise"Stefan BrogrenCourtney Jane WalkerMay 1, 2022 (2022-05-01)
333"The Bestie Bonfire"Stefan BrogrenMatt HuetherMay 1, 2022 (2022-05-01)
344"The Aspiring Ally"Karen ChapmanLakna EdilimaMay 1, 2022 (2022-05-01)
355"The Reticent Rulemaker"Sarah GlinskiSarah GlinskiMay 1, 2022 (2022-05-01)
366"The Anxious Achiever"Avi FedergreenAlejandro AlcobaMay 1, 2022 (2022-05-01)
377"The Collinsville Conspiracist"Karen ChapmanMatt HuetherMay 1, 2022 (2022-05-01)
388"The Defiant Dancer"Sarah GlinskiCourtney Jane WalkerMay 1, 2022 (2022-05-01)
399"The Cowering Confidant"Stefan BrogrenAlejandro AlcobaMay 1, 2022 (2022-05-01)
4010"The Friendship Fiasco"Stefan BrogrenSarah GlinskiMay 1, 2022 (2022-05-01)
Season 5 (2022)
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date 411"The Accidental Activist"Stefan BrogrenCourtney Jane WalkerAugust 1, 2022 (2022-08-01)
422"The Defensive Driver"Sarah GlinskiSarah GlinskiAugust 1, 2022 (2022-08-01)
433"The Engrossed Essayist"Avi FedergreenLakna EdilimaAugust 1, 2022 (2022-08-01)
444"The Vexed Volunteer"Stefan BrogrenMatt HuetherAugust 1, 2022 (2022-08-01)
455"The Big City Belter"Faran MoradiMatt HuetherAugust 1, 2022 (2022-08-01)
466"The Vegan Veteran"Alison ReidFatuma AdarAugust 1, 2022 (2022-08-01)
477"The Adamant Athlete"Alison ReidCole BastedoAugust 1, 2022 (2022-08-01)
488"The Disappointed Dreamer"Faran MoradiCourtney Jane WalkerAugust 1, 2022 (2022-08-01)
499"The Panicky Promgoer"Sarah GlinskiMatt HuetherAugust 1, 2022 (2022-08-01)
5010"A New Beginning"Stefan BrogrenSarah GlinskiAugust 1, 2022 (2022-08-01)
Production and release
The show was released in the United States on Hulu on November 16, 2018, aired on Family Channel in Canada which co-commissioned the series for production. In July 2019, the series was renewed for a second season, which was released on Hulu in November 2019. In June 2020, BYUtv acquired television broadcasting rights in the United States to the series, replacing Universal Kids, who had been broadcasting the series since December 2019. In early 2021, Holly Hobbie was renewed for a third season, which was released on Hulu on November 23, 2021, as well as for planned fourth and fifth seasons which will be broadcast by BYUtv. In addition, Disney Channel in the United States acquired the rights to broadcast the first three seasons of the series, which began airing in December 2021.
On June 25, 2019, it was confirmed that the BBC had purchased the British broadcasting rights to the series for it to air on the CBBC Channel. Later, on September 25, 2019, Cloudco pre-sold the series to France Télévisions in France, Minimax in Central and Eastern Europe, and the TVA Group in Quebec. On November 6, 2020, the show's Latin American sales partner Spiral International pre-sold the series to Disney Channel in Latin America and Brazil.
Soundtrack
On June 25, 2019, it was confirmed that Cloudco had signed a deal with Warner Music Group subsidiary ARTS Music to release music from the series and that the show's theme tune would be released on that day. A digital album featuring songs from the first season was released on August 30, 2019. A second digital album titled What Comes Next, containing songs from the second season, was released on November 22, 2019. The show's theme song "Be The Change" and all songs on the soundtrack Music From Holly Hobbie were written by Cristi Vaughan and Matthew Naylor
Awards
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The series received eight Canadian Screen Award nominations at the 8th Canadian Screen Awards in 2020, for Best Children's or Youth Fiction Program or Series, Best Performance in a Children's or Youth Program or Series (3: Chaudry, Dillon, Moyer), Best Direction in a Children's or Youth Program or Series (2: Stefan Brogren for "The Birthday Basher" and Megan Follows for "The Freckled Fugitive") and Best Writing in a Children's or Youth Program or Series (2: Sarah Glinski for "The Mad Muralist" and Cole Bastedo for "The Rabble Rouser".)
References
^ "American Greetings Entertainment rebrands as Cloudco". Kidscreen. August 22, 2018.
^ a b "Holly Hobbie switches commissioning broadcasters". Kidscreen. October 5, 2021.
^ ""The Wizard of Paws" Season 4 and "Holly Hobbie" Seasons 4 & 5 Brighten BYUtv's Summer" (Press release). BYUtv. June 2, 2022. Retrieved June 2, 2022 – via The Futon Critic.
^ Jeremy Dickson (July 11, 2019). "Authentically rural: How Hulu's Holly Hobbie landed a second season". Kidscreen.
^ "Shows A-Z – Holly Hobbie on Hulu". The Futon Critic. Retrieved November 22, 2021.
^ "Holly Hobbie Season 4 on BYUtv". Twitter. Retrieved April 29, 2022.
^ "Holly Hobbie Season 5 on BYUtv". IMDB. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
^ Greg David (July 11, 2019). "Family Channel's Holly Hobbie renewed for Season 2". TV, eh?.
^ "BYUtv Premieres Free Fun-Filled Scripted Shows for Entire Family this Summer" (Press release). BYUtv. May 29, 2020 – via PR Newswire.
^ a b "Holly Hobbie sings a new tune". Kidscreen. June 24, 2019.
^ Jordan Pinto (September 25, 2019). "Holly Hobbie sings internationally". Kidscreen.
^ "Holly Hobbie joins Disney Channel Lat Am". c21media.net.
^ "Music from Holly Hobbie (Songs from Season 1) by Holly Hobbie" – via music.apple.com.
^ "What Comes Next (Music from Season 2) by Holly Hobbie" – via music.apple.com.
^ Music From Holly Hobbie - Holly Hobbie | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic, retrieved 2022-01-08
External links
Holly Hobbie at IMDb
Holly Hobbie on Hulu
Holly Hobbie at Family Channel website
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holly Hobbie & Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Hobbie_%26_Friends"},{"link_name":"Holly Hobbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Hobbie_(fictional_character)"},{"link_name":"Holly Hobbie & Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Hobbie_%26_Friends"},{"link_name":"Cloudco Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloudco_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulu"},{"link_name":"Family Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Channel_(Canadian_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"BYUtv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYUtv"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kidscreen2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This article is about the 2018 live-action series. For the 2006–2009 animated series, see Holly Hobbie & Friends.Holly Hobbie is a children's television series developed by Sarah Glinski. It is the second television adaptation of the Holly Hobbie franchise after Holly Hobbie & Friends. The series is produced by Aircraft Pictures, in association with Cloudco Entertainment and Wexworks Media, and marks the first time Cloudco has produced a live-action series based on one of its properties.[1] The show was released in the United states on Hulu in November 2018, and in Canada on Family Channel in January 2019. The second season was released on Hulu in November 2019. In early 2021, the series was renewed for a third season, which premiered on Hulu on November 23, 2021. It was further renewed by BYUtv for a fourth season, which premiered in May 2022, and a fifth season, which premiered in August 2022.[2][3]","title":"Holly Hobbie (TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Evan Buliung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Buliung"},{"link_name":"Erin Karpluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erin_Karpluk"},{"link_name":"Kate Moyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Moyer"},{"link_name":"Sara Botsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_Botsford"},{"link_name":"Saara Chaudry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saara_Chaudry"}],"text":"Ruby Jay as Holly Hobbie, a teenage aspiring singer-songwriter living with her family in the small town of Collinsville[4]\nEvan Buliung as Robert, Holly's father\nErin Karpluk as Katherine, Holly's mother\nCharles Vandervaart as Robbie, Holly's older brother\nKate Moyer as Heather, Holly's younger sister\nSara Botsford as Helen (seasons 1–3), Holly's grandmother\nHunter Dillon as Tyler Flaherty, Collinsville's \"rebel\" boy\nSaara Chaudry as Amy, one of Holly's best friends\nKamaia Fairburn as Piper (seasons 1–3), another one of Holly's best friends\nAthena Park as Savannah (seasons 4–5; recurring, seasons 1–2), a rival of Holly who later becomes friends with Amy and Holly\nMarcus Cornwall as Levi (seasons 4–5; recurring, seasons 1–3), a friend of Heather's\nTomaso Sanelli as Oscar (seasons 4–5; recurring, seasons 2–3), Holly's friend and music partner\nAva Ro as Claudia (seasons 4–5; recurring, seasons 2–3), a friend of Heather's","title":"Cast and characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_1_(2018)"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_2_(2020)"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_3_(2021)"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_4_(2022)"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_5_(2022)"}],"sub_title":"Series overview","text":"SeasonEpisodesOriginally released110November 16, 2018 (2018-11-16)210November 22, 2019 (2019-11-22)310November 23, 2021 (2021-11-23)410May 1, 2022 (2022-05-01)510August 1, 2022 (2022-08-01)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 1 (2018)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 2 (2019)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 3 (2021)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 4 (2022)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 5 (2022)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulu"},{"link_name":"Family Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Channel_(Canadian_TV_network)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"BYUtv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYUtv"},{"link_name":"Universal Kids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Kids"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BYUtv-9"},{"link_name":"Disney Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kidscreen2-2"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"CBBC Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBBC_Channel"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kidscreen-10"},{"link_name":"France Télévisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9visions"},{"link_name":"Minimax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimax_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"TVA Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVA_Group"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Disney Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Channel_(Latin_America)"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The show was released in the United States on Hulu on November 16, 2018, aired on Family Channel in Canada which co-commissioned the series for production.[citation needed] In July 2019, the series was renewed for a second season,[8] which was released on Hulu in November 2019. In June 2020, BYUtv acquired television broadcasting rights in the United States to the series, replacing Universal Kids, who had been broadcasting the series since December 2019.[9] In early 2021, Holly Hobbie was renewed for a third season, which was released on Hulu on November 23, 2021, as well as for planned fourth and fifth seasons which will be broadcast by BYUtv. In addition, Disney Channel in the United States acquired the rights to broadcast the first three seasons of the series,[2] which began airing in December 2021.On June 25, 2019, it was confirmed that the BBC had purchased the British broadcasting rights to the series for it to air on the CBBC Channel.[10] Later, on September 25, 2019, Cloudco pre-sold the series to France Télévisions in France, Minimax in Central and Eastern Europe, and the TVA Group in Quebec.[11] On November 6, 2020, the show's Latin American sales partner Spiral International pre-sold the series to Disney Channel in Latin America and Brazil.[12]","title":"Production and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warner Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kidscreen-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"On June 25, 2019, it was confirmed that Cloudco had signed a deal with Warner Music Group subsidiary ARTS Music to release music from the series and that the show's theme tune would be released on that day.[10] A digital album featuring songs from the first season was released on August 30, 2019.[13] A second digital album titled What Comes Next, containing songs from the second season, was released on November 22, 2019.[14] The show's theme song \"Be The Change\" and all songs on the soundtrack Music From Holly Hobbie [Songs From Season 1] were written by Cristi Vaughan and Matthew Naylor[15]","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian Screen Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Screen_Award"},{"link_name":"8th Canadian Screen Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Canadian_Screen_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Children's or Youth Fiction Program or Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Screen_Award_for_Best_Children%27s_or_Youth_Fiction_Program_or_Series"},{"link_name":"Best Performance in a Children's or Youth Program or Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Screen_Award_for_Best_Performance_in_a_Children%27s_or_Youth_Program_or_Series"},{"link_name":"Best Direction in a Children's or Youth Program or Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Screen_Award_for_Best_Direction_in_a_Children%27s_or_Youth_Program_or_Series"},{"link_name":"Stefan Brogren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Brogren"},{"link_name":"Megan Follows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Follows"},{"link_name":"Best Writing in a Children's or Youth Program or Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Screen_Award_for_Best_Writing_in_a_Children%27s_or_Youth_Program_or_Series"}],"text":"The series received eight Canadian Screen Award nominations at the 8th Canadian Screen Awards in 2020, for Best Children's or Youth Fiction Program or Series, Best Performance in a Children's or Youth Program or Series (3: Chaudry, Dillon, Moyer), Best Direction in a Children's or Youth Program or Series (2: Stefan Brogren for \"The Birthday Basher\" and Megan Follows for \"The Freckled Fugitive\") and Best Writing in a Children's or Youth Program or Series (2: Sarah Glinski for \"The Mad Muralist\" and Cole Bastedo for \"The Rabble Rouser\".)","title":"Awards"}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplolepis_rosae
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Diplolepis rosae
|
["1 Names","2 Description","2.1 Insect","2.2 Gall","3 Lifecycle","4 Predators, inquilines, parasites, hyperparasites and fungi","5 Infestations","6 Medicinal uses","7 References","8 External links"]
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Species of wasp that causes Robin's pincushion galls on roseea
Diplolepis rosae
Mature gall on a dog rose
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Hymenoptera
Family:
Diplolepididae
Genus:
Diplolepis
Species:
D. rosae
Binomial name
Diplolepis rosae(Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
Diplolepips bedeguaris
Rhodites rosae
Cynips rosae
Diplolepis rosae is a gall wasp which causes a gall known as the rose bedeguar gall, bedeguar gall wasp, Robin's pincushion, mossy rose gall, or simply moss gall. The gall develops as a chemically induced distortion of an unopened leaf axillary or terminal bud, mostly on field rose (Rosa arvensis) or dog rose (Rosa canina) shrubs. The female wasp lays up to 60 eggs within each leaf bud using her ovipositor. The grubs develop within the gall, and the wasps emerge in spring; the wasp is parthenogenetic with fewer than one percent being males.
A similar gall is caused by Diplolepis mayri, but this is much less common.
Names
Being so prominent and interesting in appearance, this gall has more folklore attached to it than most. The term 'Bedeguar, Bedegar or Bedequar' comes from a French word, bédégar, and is ultimately from the Persian, bād-āwar, meaning 'wind-brought'. Robin in Robin's pincushion refers to the woodland sprite of English folklore, Robin Goodfellow.
Description
Insect
The female is about 4 mm (0.16 in) long. Parts of the abdomen and legs are yellow-red, while the rest of the body is black. The male is black and lacks the hypopygium structure which clearly identifies the species in the female. Its legs are bicoloured yellow and has a body length of about 3 mm (0.12 in).
Gall
Fine detail of the branched filaments of the gall
A section through a young gall showing the larvae and cells
Rose bedeguar showing the emergence and / or possible predation holes of the gall fly 'cells'
An early stage in the development of the gall
Some insects create their own microhabitats by forming a plant structure called a gall, made up of plant tissue, but controlled by the insect. A gall acts as both a habitat and food source for the maker of the gall. The interior of a bedeguar gall is formed from the bud, and is composed of edible nutritious and structural tissues. Some galls act as "physiologic sinks", concentrating resources in the gall from the surrounding plant parts. Galls may also provide the insect with some physical protection from predators.
The bedeguar gall is surrounded by a dense mass of sticky branched filaments. This structure gives the appearance of a ball of moss, and its filaments are often brightly colored, being at their best around September; starting off green and then passing through pink and crimson to reddish brown. A large specimen can be up to 10 cm (4 in) in width. The larvae develop and then overwinter as pupae in the now brown and dry-looking structure, emerging in May. The unilarval chambers are set in a woody core which persists after the filaments have worn off.
The bedeguar may also develop on Rosa rubiginosa, R. dumalis, or R. rubrifolia.: 156 : 46
The gall induced by D. mayri differs in being more sparsely covered in short, unbranched filaments and the galls usually develop on the twigs.
Lifecycle
A week after the egg has been laid, the larva hatches and begins to feed on the leaf bud tissue. This activity stimulates (in a way not yet understood) the development by the host plant of enlarged 'nutritive' cells in the area around the growing larva. These are fed on by the larva and are continually replaced by new cells. Further concentric layers of tissues develop around the core nutritive tissue and come to form the structure known as the bedeguar, complete with the outermost and characteristic fibrous outgrowths that give the gall its alternative name of Robin's pincushion. As the larva feeds and grows within this gall, it probably undergoes five larval instar stages (the growth stages between moults). The final instar stage is reached by late October. The larva ceases feeding. It now passes into the prepupal stage, in which form it overwinters inside the gall. In the following February or March, the prepupa undergoes a final moult and becomes a pupa. Through the thin, transparent skin of the pupa, it is possible to see the fully formed antennae, legs, wings and body segments of the adult wasp. The adults begin to emerge from the old galls, which are still attached to the rose, in May. Emergences may continue through to August.
As stated earlier, the adult wasps which start to emerge from the rose bedeguar will be mostly female, and these females will go on to lay eggs through parthenogenesis. No alternation of generations exists in this species. Males are known, but are very rare. One possible reason for this scarcity is the presence of a bacterium in the genus Wolbachia, which is endosymbiotic in the females' gametes. A female infected with Wolbachia produces only diploid eggs, when in the cells of the ovaries presumably cause the fusion of the pronuclei, which leads to entirely female progeny. When the females were treated with antibiotics, they were then able to produce normal male and female eggs.
Predators, inquilines, parasites, hyperparasites and fungi
A gall in late autumn prior to the emergence of the gall flies
Closeup of vacated or predated galls cells
Mature galls are sometimes broken open by vertebrate predators to recover the larvae or pupae. The large size of the emergence holes of the individual cells sometimes suggests predation by birds or small mammals has taken place.
The bedeguar is a good example of a complex community of insects. The cynipid wasp Periclistus brandtii is an inquiline that lives harmlessly within the bedeguar gall and like Diplolepis rosae itself, is often parasitised by insects referred to as parasitoids or even by hyperparasitoids in some cases.
The gall-wasp Periclistus brandtii causes no gall itself, but deposits its eggs in the bedeguar tissues on which the larvae feed. In turn, these larvae may be parasitised by a eurytomid wasp, Eurytoma rosae, which works its way from one inquiline's cell to the next. The parasitoid ichneumon Orthopelma mediator lays its eggs directly into larvae of D. rosae, killing them. The wasps Eurytoma rosae and Glyphomerus stigma can attack both the larvae of D. rosae and of the inquiline P. brandtii. These parasitoids may in turn be attacked by hyperparasitoids such as Caenacis inflexa and Pteromalus bedeguaris. The mossy and sticky filaments of the gall are clearly ineffective in preventing the entry of inquilines, predators, parasitoids and hyperparasitoids.
The tissues of the bedeguar gall are frequently attacked by the parasitic fungus Phragmidium subcorticum, more so than the other parts of the host rose plant.
Infestations
Rose bedeguar galls and rose hips in autumn
The galls occur more commonly on plants under stress, i.e. very dry conditions, waterlogging or hedge cutting, whereas vigorously growing plants are less commonly found to have galls. Whether the vigorous plant suppresses gall formation or is avoided by the wasp in favor of easier targets is unknown. Young and damaged plants tend to produce larger and more numerous galls than old and intact ones. In the latter, many eggs are laid, but the number of galls formed is relatively few.
The relative number of parasitoids decreases with increasing gall volume. And the closer the gall is to the ground, the greater the total number of adults that emerge. Thus, it seems more effective for a female D. rosae to induce larger galls on lower branches of the shrubs to increase the survival probability of the offspring. The distances from margins of shrubs, however, affects neither the parasitoid ratio of galls nor the volume of the galls.
Removing and destroying galls before they dry and the wasps emerge may help to reduce the infestation. While fairly large, and sometimes present in quite large numbers on scrub specimens, they cause no measurable harm.
Medicinal uses
Dried and powdered, the gall was used to treat colic, as a diuretic, and as a remedy against toothache; the ashes mixed with honey and applied to the scalp were thought to prevent baldness. It was also valued as an astringent and for its ability to control fluid loss; placed beneath a pillow, it was thought to induce sleep.
References
^ a b Darlington, Arnold (1975) The Pocket Encyclopaedia of Plant Galls in Colour. Pub. Blandford Press. Poole. ISBN 0-7137-0748-8. P. 133 - 135.
^ "A Nature observers Scrapbook". Bugsandweeds.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2010-09-23. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
^ "Hymenoptera: Gall Wasps". Theedkins.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
^ a b Darlington, Arnold (1975) The Pocket Encyclopaedia of Plant Galls in Colour. Pub. Blandford Press. Poole. ISBN 0-7137-0748-8. P. 135.
^ "Village Garden Web". Forums.gardenweb.com. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
^ a b c d e "Bedeguar Gall". Hedgerowmobile.com. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
^ Larson, K. C.; Whitham, T. G. (1991). "Manipulation of food resources by a gall-forming aphid: the physiology of sink-source interactions". Oecologia. 88 (1): 15–21. Bibcode:1991Oecol..88...15L. doi:10.1007/bf00328398. PMID 28312726. S2CID 25722868.
'^ Weis, A. E.; Kapelinski, A. (1994). "Variable selection on Eurostas gall size. II. A path analysis of the ecological factors behind selection". Evolution. 48 (3): 734–745. doi:10.2307/2410482. JSTOR 2410482. PMID 28568264.
^ a b Darlington, Arnold (1975) The Pocket Encyclopaedia of Plant Galls in Colour. Pub. Blandford Press. Poole. ISBN 0-7137-0748-8. P. 133.
^ a b Stubbs, F. B. Edit. (1986) Provisional Keys to British Plant Galls. Pub. Brit Plant Gall Soc. ISBN 0-9511582-0-1. P. 56.
^ Rizzo, Maria Concetta; Massa, Bruno (2006). "Parasitism and sex ratio of the bedeguar gall wasp Diplolepis rosae (L.)(Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) in Sicily (Italy)" (PDF). Journal of Hymenoptera Research. 15 (2): 277–285.
^ László, Zoltán; Tóthmérész, Béla (2011). "Parasitism, phenology and sex ratio in galls of Diplolepis rosae" (PDF). Entomologica Romanica. 16: 33–38.
^ Schilthuizen, Menno; Stouthamer, Richard (1998). "Distribution of Wolbachia among the guild associated with the parthenogenetic gall wasp Diplolepis rosae". Heredity. 81 (3): 270–274. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2540.1998.00385.x. S2CID 21062862.
^ László, Zoltán; Sólyom, Katalin; Prázsmári, Hunor; Barta, Zoltán; Tóthmérész, Béla (2014). "Predation on rose galls: parasitoids and predators determine gall size through directional selection". PLOS ONE. 9 (6): e99806. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...999806L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099806. PMC 4053394. PMID 24918448.
^ Randolph, Simon (2005). The natural history of the Rose Bedeguar gall and its insect community. British Plant Gall Society. ISBN 978-0951158227.
^ László, Zoltán; Rákosy, László; Tóthmérész, Béla (2018). "The simpler the better: when decreasing landscape complexity increases community stability". Ecological Indicators. 84 (1): 828–836. Bibcode:2018EcInd..84..828L. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.09.054.
^ Sudhaus, Walter (2018). "The bedeguar gall community: producer, inquilines, predators, parasitoids, hyperparasitoids and successori ". Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin. Neue Folge. 53: 59–82. doi:10.25671/GNF_Sber_NF_53_04 (inactive 31 January 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
^ László, Zoltán; Tóthmérész, Béla (2006). "Inquiline effects on a multilocular gall community" (PDF). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 52 (4): 373–383.
^ Darlington, Arnold (1975) The Pocket Encyclopaedia of Plant Galls in Colour. Pub. Blandford Press. Poole. ISBN 0-7137-0748-8. P. 134 - 135.
^ László, Zoltán; Tóthmérész, Béla (2013). "The Enemy Hypothesis: correlates of gall morphology with parasitoid attack rates in two closely related rose cynipid galls". Bulletin of Entomological Research. 103 (3): 326–335. doi:10.1017/S0007485312000764. PMID 23217451. S2CID 27671718.
^ Pereira, Jonathan (1842). Pereira, Jonathan. The Elements of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, pp. 1556–7. Retrieved 2012-02-04.
^ "Medicinal Use of Rose Bedeguar". Retrieved 2012-02-04.
External links
Rose Bedegaur or Robin's Pincushion video
Video footage of Scottish galls
"Gall". Infoplease encyclopedia. Retrieved 16 March 2008.
Photographs of the gall wasp and gall
Taxon identifiersDiplolepis rosae
Wikidata: Q1457797
Wikispecies: Diplolepis rosae
BioLib: 65749
BOLD: 149014
BugGuide: 454198
EoL: 1045712
EPPO: DIPLRO
EUNIS: 239571
Fauna Europaea: 197313
Fauna Europaea (new): effcbc97-8a9b-4dbd-bf25-0b5a607c91e0
GBIF: 5032718
iNaturalist: 205320
ITIS: 705656
NatureServe: 2.971285
NBN: NBNSYS0000031893
NCBI: 73405
Observation.org: 9409
Open Tree of Life: 340420
PPE: diplolepis-rosae
|
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The term 'Bedeguar, Bedegar or Bedequar' comes from a French word, bédégar, and is ultimately from the Persian, bād-āwar, meaning 'wind-brought'.[3] Robin in Robin's pincushion refers to the woodland sprite of English folklore, Robin Goodfellow.[4]","title":"Names"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garden-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bedeguar-6"}],"sub_title":"Insect","text":"The female is about 4 mm (0.16 in) long. Parts of the abdomen and legs are yellow-red, while the rest of the body is black.[5] The male is black and lacks the hypopygium structure which clearly identifies the species in the female. Its legs are bicoloured yellow and has a body length of about 3 mm (0.12 in).[6]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diplolepis_rosae_04_ies.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diplolepis_rosae_12_ies.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moss_gall.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diplolepis_rosae_06_ies.jpg"},{"link_name":"gall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-darlington2-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stubbs-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-darlington-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bedeguar-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stubbs-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-darlington1-4"}],"sub_title":"Gall","text":"Fine detail of the branched filaments of the gallA section through a young gall showing the larvae and cellsRose bedeguar showing the emergence and / or possible predation holes of the gall fly 'cells'An early stage in the development of the gallSome insects create their own microhabitats by forming a plant structure called a gall, made up of plant tissue, but controlled by the insect. A gall acts as both a habitat and food source for the maker of the gall. The interior of a bedeguar gall is formed from the bud, and is composed of edible nutritious and structural tissues. Some galls act as \"physiologic sinks\", concentrating resources in the gall from the surrounding plant parts.[7] Galls may also provide the insect with some physical protection from predators.[8]The bedeguar gall is surrounded by a dense mass of sticky branched filaments. This structure gives the appearance of a ball of moss, and its filaments are often brightly colored, being at their best around September; starting off green and then passing through pink and crimson to reddish brown. A large specimen can be up to 10 cm (4 in) in width. The larvae develop and then overwinter as pupae in the now brown and dry-looking structure, emerging in May.[9] The unilarval chambers are set in a woody core which persists after the filaments have worn off.[10]The bedeguar may also develop on Rosa rubiginosa, R. dumalis, or R. rubrifolia.[1]: 156 [6][10]: 46The gall induced by D. mayri differs in being more sparsely covered in short, unbranched filaments and the galls usually develop on the twigs.[4]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-darlington2-9"},{"link_name":"alternation of generations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternation_of_generations"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Wolbachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolbachia"},{"link_name":"endosymbiotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endosymbiont"},{"link_name":"gametes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamete"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"diploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploidization"},{"link_name":"pronuclei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronucleus"},{"link_name":"antibiotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bedeguar-6"}],"text":"A week after the egg has been laid, the larva hatches and begins to feed on the leaf bud tissue. This activity stimulates (in a way not yet understood) the development by the host plant of enlarged 'nutritive' cells in the area around the growing larva. These are fed on by the larva and are continually replaced by new cells. Further concentric layers of tissues develop around the core nutritive tissue and come to form the structure known as the bedeguar, complete with the outermost and characteristic fibrous outgrowths that give the gall its alternative name of Robin's pincushion. As the larva feeds and grows within this gall, it probably undergoes five larval instar stages (the growth stages between moults). The final instar stage is reached by late October. The larva ceases feeding. It now passes into the prepupal stage, in which form it overwinters inside the gall. In the following February or March, the prepupa undergoes a final moult and becomes a pupa. Through the thin, transparent skin of the pupa, it is possible to see the fully formed antennae, legs, wings and body segments of the adult wasp. The adults begin to emerge from the old galls, which are still attached to the rose, in May. Emergences may continue through to August.As stated earlier, the adult wasps which start to emerge from the rose bedeguar will be mostly female, and these females will go on to lay eggs through parthenogenesis.[9] No alternation of generations exists in this species. Males are known, but are very rare.[11][12] One possible reason for this scarcity is the presence of a bacterium in the genus Wolbachia, which is endosymbiotic in the females' gametes.[13] A female infected with Wolbachia produces only diploid eggs, when in the cells of the ovaries presumably cause the fusion of the pronuclei, which leads to entirely female progeny. When the females were treated with antibiotics, they were then able to produce normal male and female eggs.[6]","title":"Lifecycle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rosa-Diplolepis-gall.jpg"},{"link_name":"gall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robin%27s_pincushion_gall.JPG"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Periclistus brandtii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periclistus_brandtii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"inquiline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquiline"},{"link_name":"parasitised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite"},{"link_name":"parasitoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitoid"},{"link_name":"hyperparasitoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperparasitoid"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"eurytomid wasp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurytomidae"},{"link_name":"Eurytoma rosae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurytoma_rosae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ichneumon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichneumonidae"},{"link_name":"Orthopelma mediator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orthopelma_mediator&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eurytoma rosae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurytoma_rosae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Glyphomerus stigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glyphomerus_stigma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caenacis inflexa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caenacis_inflexa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pteromalus bedeguaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pteromalus_bedeguaris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-darlington3-19"},{"link_name":"Phragmidium subcorticum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phragmidium_mucronatum"}],"text":"A gall in late autumn prior to the emergence of the gall fliesCloseup of vacated or predated galls cellsMature galls are sometimes broken open by vertebrate predators to recover the larvae or pupae. The large size of the emergence holes of the individual cells sometimes suggests predation by birds or small mammals has taken place.[14]The bedeguar is a good example of a complex community of insects.[15][16][17] The cynipid wasp Periclistus brandtii is an inquiline that lives harmlessly within the bedeguar gall and like Diplolepis rosae itself, is often parasitised by insects referred to as parasitoids or even by hyperparasitoids in some cases.[18]The gall-wasp Periclistus brandtii causes no gall itself, but deposits its eggs in the bedeguar tissues on which the larvae feed. In turn, these larvae may be parasitised by a eurytomid wasp, Eurytoma rosae, which works its way from one inquiline's cell to the next. The parasitoid ichneumon Orthopelma mediator lays its eggs directly into larvae of D. rosae, killing them. The wasps Eurytoma rosae and Glyphomerus stigma can attack both the larvae of D. rosae and of the inquiline P. brandtii. These parasitoids may in turn be attacked by hyperparasitoids such as Caenacis inflexa and Pteromalus bedeguaris. The mossy and sticky filaments of the gall are clearly ineffective in preventing the entry of inquilines, predators, parasitoids and hyperparasitoids.[19]The tissues of the bedeguar gall are frequently attacked by the parasitic fungus Phragmidium subcorticum, more so than the other parts of the host rose plant.","title":"Predators, inquilines, parasites, hyperparasites and fungi"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galle1.jpg"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bedeguar-6"}],"text":"Rose bedeguar galls and rose hips in autumnThe galls occur more commonly on plants under stress, i.e. very dry conditions, waterlogging or hedge cutting, whereas vigorously growing plants are less commonly found to have galls. Whether the vigorous plant suppresses gall formation or is avoided by the wasp in favor of easier targets is unknown. Young and damaged plants tend to produce larger and more numerous galls than old and intact ones. In the latter, many eggs are laid, but the number of galls formed is relatively few.The relative number of parasitoids decreases with increasing gall volume.[20] And the closer the gall is to the ground, the greater the total number of adults that emerge. Thus, it seems more effective for a female D. rosae to induce larger galls on lower branches of the shrubs to increase the survival probability of the offspring. The distances from margins of shrubs, however, affects neither the parasitoid ratio of galls nor the volume of the galls.[6]Removing and destroying galls before they dry and the wasps emerge may help to reduce the infestation. While fairly large, and sometimes present in quite large numbers on scrub specimens, they cause no measurable harm.","title":"Infestations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"colic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bedeguar-6"},{"link_name":"diuretic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diuretic"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pereira-21"},{"link_name":"astringent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astringent"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Medicinal-22"}],"text":"Dried and powdered, the gall was used to treat colic,[6] as a diuretic, and as a remedy against toothache; the ashes mixed with honey and applied to the scalp were thought to prevent baldness.[21] It was also valued as an astringent and for its ability to control fluid loss; placed beneath a pillow, it was thought to induce sleep.[22]","title":"Medicinal uses"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Fine detail of the branched filaments of the gall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Diplolepis_rosae_04_ies.jpg/220px-Diplolepis_rosae_04_ies.jpg"},{"image_text":"A section through a young gall showing the larvae and cells","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Diplolepis_rosae_12_ies.jpg/220px-Diplolepis_rosae_12_ies.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rose bedeguar showing the emergence and / or possible predation holes of the gall fly 'cells'","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Moss_gall.JPG/220px-Moss_gall.JPG"},{"image_text":"An early stage in the development of the gall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Diplolepis_rosae_06_ies.jpg/220px-Diplolepis_rosae_06_ies.jpg"},{"image_text":"A gall in late autumn prior to the emergence of the gall flies","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Rosa-Diplolepis-gall.jpg/220px-Rosa-Diplolepis-gall.jpg"},{"image_text":"Closeup of vacated or predated galls cells","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Robin%27s_pincushion_gall.JPG/220px-Robin%27s_pincushion_gall.JPG"},{"image_text":"Rose bedeguar galls and rose hips in autumn","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Galle1.jpg/220px-Galle1.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"A Nature observers Scrapbook\". Bugsandweeds.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2010-09-23. Retrieved 2012-02-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100923181701/http://bugsandweeds.co.uk/galls%20p1.html","url_text":"\"A Nature observers Scrapbook\""},{"url":"http://www.bugsandweeds.co.uk/galls%20p1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hymenoptera: Gall Wasps\". Theedkins.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-02-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theedkins.co.uk/insects/cynipidae.htm#d_rosae","url_text":"\"Hymenoptera: Gall Wasps\""}]},{"reference":"\"Village Garden Web\". Forums.gardenweb.com. Retrieved 2012-02-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://forums.gardenweb.com/forums/load/cangard/msg0815230227119.html","url_text":"\"Village Garden Web\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bedeguar Gall\". Hedgerowmobile.com. Retrieved 2012-02-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://hedgerowmobile.com/Diplolepisrosa.html","url_text":"\"Bedeguar Gall\""}]},{"reference":"Larson, K. C.; Whitham, T. G. (1991). \"Manipulation of food resources by a gall-forming aphid: the physiology of sink-source interactions\". Oecologia. 88 (1): 15–21. Bibcode:1991Oecol..88...15L. doi:10.1007/bf00328398. PMID 28312726. S2CID 25722868.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oecologia","url_text":"Oecologia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Oecol..88...15L","url_text":"1991Oecol..88...15L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00328398","url_text":"10.1007/bf00328398"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28312726","url_text":"28312726"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25722868","url_text":"25722868"}]},{"reference":"Weis, A. E.; Kapelinski, A. (1994). \"Variable selection on","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rizzo, Maria Concetta; Massa, Bruno (2006). \"Parasitism and sex ratio of the bedeguar gall wasp Diplolepis rosae (L.)(Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) in Sicily (Italy)\" (PDF). Journal of Hymenoptera Research. 15 (2): 277–285.","urls":[{"url":"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/4516391.pdf#page=99","url_text":"\"Parasitism and sex ratio of the bedeguar gall wasp Diplolepis rosae (L.)(Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) in Sicily (Italy)\""}]},{"reference":"László, Zoltán; Tóthmérész, Béla (2011). \"Parasitism, phenology and sex ratio in galls of Diplolepis rosae\" (PDF). Entomologica Romanica. 16: 33–38.","urls":[{"url":"http://er.lepidoptera.ro/16_2011/ER16201105_Laszlo_Tothmeresz.pdf","url_text":"\"Parasitism, phenology and sex ratio in galls of Diplolepis rosae\""}]},{"reference":"Schilthuizen, Menno; Stouthamer, Richard (1998). \"Distribution of Wolbachia among the guild associated with the parthenogenetic gall wasp Diplolepis rosae\". Heredity. 81 (3): 270–274. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2540.1998.00385.x. S2CID 21062862.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2540.1998.00385.x","url_text":"\"Distribution of Wolbachia among the guild associated with the parthenogenetic gall wasp Diplolepis rosae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2540.1998.00385.x","url_text":"10.1046/j.1365-2540.1998.00385.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21062862","url_text":"21062862"}]},{"reference":"László, Zoltán; Sólyom, Katalin; Prázsmári, Hunor; Barta, Zoltán; Tóthmérész, Béla (2014). \"Predation on rose galls: parasitoids and predators determine gall size through directional selection\". PLOS ONE. 9 (6): e99806. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...999806L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099806. PMC 4053394. PMID 24918448.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4053394","url_text":"\"Predation on rose galls: parasitoids and predators determine gall size through directional selection\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...999806L","url_text":"2014PLoSO...999806L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0099806","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0099806"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4053394","url_text":"4053394"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24918448","url_text":"24918448"}]},{"reference":"Randolph, Simon (2005). The natural history of the Rose Bedeguar gall and its insect community. British Plant Gall Society. ISBN 978-0951158227.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0951158227","url_text":"978-0951158227"}]},{"reference":"László, Zoltán; Rákosy, László; Tóthmérész, Béla (2018). \"The simpler the better: when decreasing landscape complexity increases community stability\". Ecological Indicators. 84 (1): 828–836. Bibcode:2018EcInd..84..828L. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.09.054.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EcInd..84..828L","url_text":"2018EcInd..84..828L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecolind.2017.09.054","url_text":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.09.054"}]},{"reference":"Sudhaus, Walter (2018). \"The bedeguar gall community: producer, inquilines, predators, parasitoids, hyperparasitoids and successori [in German]\". Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin. Neue Folge. 53: 59–82. doi:10.25671/GNF_Sber_NF_53_04 (inactive 31 January 2024).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.25671%2FGNF_Sber_NF_53_04","url_text":"10.25671/GNF_Sber_NF_53_04"}]},{"reference":"László, Zoltán; Tóthmérész, Béla (2006). \"Inquiline effects on a multilocular gall community\" (PDF). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 52 (4): 373–383.","urls":[{"url":"http://actazool.nhmus.hu/52/4/laszlo.pdf","url_text":"\"Inquiline effects on a multilocular gall community\""}]},{"reference":"László, Zoltán; Tóthmérész, Béla (2013). \"The Enemy Hypothesis: correlates of gall morphology with parasitoid attack rates in two closely related rose cynipid galls\". Bulletin of Entomological Research. 103 (3): 326–335. doi:10.1017/S0007485312000764. PMID 23217451. S2CID 27671718.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007485312000764","url_text":"10.1017/S0007485312000764"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23217451","url_text":"23217451"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27671718","url_text":"27671718"}]},{"reference":"Pereira, Jonathan (1842). Pereira, Jonathan. The Elements of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, pp. 1556–7. Retrieved 2012-02-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9MfGnn1AkvwC&q=bedeguar+gall+medicine&pg=RA1-PA1556","url_text":"Pereira, Jonathan. The Elements of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, pp. 1556–7"}]},{"reference":"\"Medicinal Use of Rose Bedeguar\". Retrieved 2012-02-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/search?q=rose+bedeguar+gall+medicine","url_text":"\"Medicinal Use of Rose Bedeguar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gall\". Infoplease encyclopedia. Retrieved 16 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0820047.html","url_text":"\"Gall\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100923181701/http://bugsandweeds.co.uk/galls%20p1.html","external_links_name":"\"A Nature observers Scrapbook\""},{"Link":"http://www.bugsandweeds.co.uk/galls%20p1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.theedkins.co.uk/insects/cynipidae.htm#d_rosae","external_links_name":"\"Hymenoptera: Gall Wasps\""},{"Link":"http://forums.gardenweb.com/forums/load/cangard/msg0815230227119.html","external_links_name":"\"Village Garden Web\""},{"Link":"http://hedgerowmobile.com/Diplolepisrosa.html","external_links_name":"\"Bedeguar Gall\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Oecol..88...15L","external_links_name":"1991Oecol..88...15L"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00328398","external_links_name":"10.1007/bf00328398"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28312726","external_links_name":"28312726"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25722868","external_links_name":"25722868"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2410482","external_links_name":"10.2307/2410482"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2410482","external_links_name":"2410482"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28568264","external_links_name":"28568264"},{"Link":"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/4516391.pdf#page=99","external_links_name":"\"Parasitism and sex ratio of the bedeguar gall wasp Diplolepis rosae (L.)(Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) in Sicily (Italy)\""},{"Link":"http://er.lepidoptera.ro/16_2011/ER16201105_Laszlo_Tothmeresz.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Parasitism, phenology and sex ratio in galls of Diplolepis rosae\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2540.1998.00385.x","external_links_name":"\"Distribution of Wolbachia among the guild associated with the parthenogenetic gall wasp Diplolepis rosae\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2540.1998.00385.x","external_links_name":"10.1046/j.1365-2540.1998.00385.x"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21062862","external_links_name":"21062862"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4053394","external_links_name":"\"Predation on rose galls: parasitoids and predators determine gall size through directional selection\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...999806L","external_links_name":"2014PLoSO...999806L"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0099806","external_links_name":"10.1371/journal.pone.0099806"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4053394","external_links_name":"4053394"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24918448","external_links_name":"24918448"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018EcInd..84..828L","external_links_name":"2018EcInd..84..828L"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecolind.2017.09.054","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.09.054"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.25671%2FGNF_Sber_NF_53_04","external_links_name":"10.25671/GNF_Sber_NF_53_04"},{"Link":"http://actazool.nhmus.hu/52/4/laszlo.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Inquiline effects on a multilocular gall community\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007485312000764","external_links_name":"10.1017/S0007485312000764"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23217451","external_links_name":"23217451"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27671718","external_links_name":"27671718"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9MfGnn1AkvwC&q=bedeguar+gall+medicine&pg=RA1-PA1556","external_links_name":"Pereira, Jonathan. The Elements of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, pp. 1556–7"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?q=rose+bedeguar+gall+medicine","external_links_name":"\"Medicinal Use of Rose Bedeguar\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZBqtm_ehcQ","external_links_name":"Rose Bedegaur or Robin's Pincushion video"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hcrbRnUKg80&t=7s","external_links_name":"Video footage of Scottish galls"},{"Link":"http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0820047.html","external_links_name":"\"Gall\""},{"Link":"http://hedgerowmobile.com/Diplolepisrosa.html","external_links_name":"Photographs of the gall wasp and gall"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id65749","external_links_name":"65749"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=149014","external_links_name":"149014"},{"Link":"https://bugguide.net/node/view/454198","external_links_name":"454198"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1045712","external_links_name":"1045712"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/DIPLRO","external_links_name":"DIPLRO"},{"Link":"https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/239571","external_links_name":"239571"},{"Link":"http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:197313","external_links_name":"197313"},{"Link":"https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/effcbc97-8a9b-4dbd-bf25-0b5a607c91e0","external_links_name":"effcbc97-8a9b-4dbd-bf25-0b5a607c91e0"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5032718","external_links_name":"5032718"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/205320","external_links_name":"205320"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=705656","external_links_name":"705656"},{"Link":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.971285/","external_links_name":"2.971285"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000031893","external_links_name":"NBNSYS0000031893"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=73405","external_links_name":"73405"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/9409/","external_links_name":"9409"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=340420","external_links_name":"340420"},{"Link":"https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/animalia/arthropoda/insecta/hymenoptera/apocrita/cynipidae/diplolepis/diplolepis-rosae/","external_links_name":"diplolepis-rosae"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Martin-le-Colonel
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Saint-Martin-le-Colonel
|
["1 Population","2 See also","3 References"]
|
Coordinates: 44°59′13″N 5°16′23″E / 44.987°N 5.273°E / 44.987; 5.273
Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, FranceSaint-Martin-le-ColonelCommuneLocation of Saint-Martin-le-Colonel
Saint-Martin-le-ColonelShow map of FranceSaint-Martin-le-ColonelShow map of Auvergne-Rhône-AlpesCoordinates: 44°59′13″N 5°16′23″E / 44.987°N 5.273°E / 44.987; 5.273CountryFranceRegionAuvergne-Rhône-AlpesDepartmentDrômeArrondissementDieCantonVercors-Monts du MatinGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Henri BouchetArea13.18 km2 (1.23 sq mi)Population (2021)215 • Density68/km2 (180/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code26316 /26190Elevation259–1,000 m (850–3,281 ft) (avg. 328 m or 1,076 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Saint-Martin-le-Colonel (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.
Population
Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 125— 1975 100−3.14%1982 108+1.11%1990 145+3.75%1999 163+1.31%2009 171+0.48%2014 176+0.58%2020 210+2.99%Source: INSEE
See also
Communes of the Drôme department
Parc naturel régional du Vercors
References
^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.
^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint-Martin-le-Colonel.
vte Communes of the Drôme department
Aix-en-Diois
Albon
Aleyrac
Alixan
Allan
Allex
Ambonil
Ancône
Andancette
Anneyron
Aouste-sur-Sye
Arnayon
Arpavon
Arthémonay
Aubenasson
Aubres
Aucelon
Aulan
Aurel
Autichamp
Ballons
Barbières
Barcelonne
Barnave
Barret-de-Lioure
Barsac
Bathernay
La Bâtie-des-Fonds
La Bâtie-Rolland
La Baume-Cornillane
La Baume-de-Transit
La Baume-d'Hostun
Beaufort-sur-Gervanne
Beaumont-en-Diois
Beaumont-lès-Valence
Beaumont-Monteux
Beauregard-Baret
Beaurières
Beausemblant
Beauvallon
Beauvoisin
La Bégude-de-Mazenc
Bellecombe-Tarendol
Bellegarde-en-Diois
Bénivay-Ollon
Bésayes
Bésignan
Bézaudun-sur-Bîne
Bonlieu-sur-Roubion
Bouchet
Boulc
Bourdeaux
Bourg-de-Péage
Bourg-lès-Valence
Bouvante
Bouvières
Bren
Brette
Buis-les-Baronnies
Chabeuil
Chabrillan
Le Chaffal
Chalancon
Le Chalon
Chamaloc
Chamaret
Chanos-Curson
Chantemerle-les-Blés
Chantemerle-lès-Grignan
La Chapelle-en-Vercors
La Charce
Charens
Charmes-sur-l'Herbasse
Charols
Charpey
Chastel-Arnaud
Châteaudouble
Châteauneuf-de-Bordette
Châteauneuf-de-Galaure
Châteauneuf-du-Rhône
Châteauneuf-sur-Isère
Châtillon-en-Diois
Châtillon-Saint-Jean
Chatuzange-le-Goubet
Chaudebonne
La Chaudière
Chauvac-Laux-Montaux
Chavannes
Clansayes
Claveyson
Cléon-d'Andran
Clérieux
Cliousclat
Cobonne
Colonzelle
Combovin
Comps
Condillac
Condorcet
Cornillac
Cornillon-sur-l'Oule
La Coucourde
Crépol
Crest
Crozes-Hermitage
Crupies
Curnier
Diesubpr
Dieulefit
Divajeu
Donzère
Échevis
Épinouze
Érôme
Espeluche
Espenel
Establet
Étoile-sur-Rhône
Eurre
Eygalayes
Eygaliers
Eygluy-Escoulin
Eymeux
Eyroles
Eyzahut
Fay-le-Clos
Félines-sur-Rimandoule
Ferrassières
Francillon-sur-Roubion
La Garde-Adhémar
Génissieux
Gervans
Geyssans
Gigors-et-Lozeron
Glandage
Le Grand-Serre
Grane
Les Granges-Gontardes
Granges-les-Beaumont
Grignan
Gumiane
Hauterives
Hostun
Izon-la-Bruisse
Jaillans
Jonchères
Laborel
Lachau
Lapeyrouse-Mornay
Larnage
La Laupie
Laval-d'Aix
Laveyron
Lemps
Lens-Lestang
Léoncel
Lesches-en-Diois
Livron-sur-Drôme
Loriol-sur-Drôme
Luc-en-Diois
Lus-la-Croix-Haute
Malataverne
Malissard
Manas
Manthes
Marches
Margès
Marignac-en-Diois
Marsanne
Marsaz
Menglon
Mercurol-Veaunes
Mérindol-les-Oliviers
Mévouillon
Mirabel-aux-Baronnies
Mirabel-et-Blacons
Mirmande
Miscon
Molières-Glandaz
Mollans-sur-Ouvèze
Montauban-sur-l'Ouvèze
Montaulieu
Montboucher-sur-Jabron
Montbrison-sur-Lez
Montbrun-les-Bains
Montchenu
Montclar-sur-Gervanne
Montéléger
Montélier
Montélimar
Montferrand-la-Fare
Montfroc
Montguers
Montjoux
Montjoyer
Montlaur-en-Diois
Montmaur-en-Diois
Montmeyran
Montmiral
Montoison
Montréal-les-Sources
Montségur-sur-Lauzon
Montvendre
Moras-en-Valloire
Mornans
La Motte-Chalancon
La Motte-Fanjas
Mours-Saint-Eusèbe
Nyonssubpr
Omblèze
Orcinas
Oriol-en-Royans
Ourches
Parnans
Le Pègue
Pelonne
Pennes-le-Sec
La Penne-sur-l'Ouvèze
Peyrins
Peyrus
Piégon
Piégros-la-Clastre
Pierrelatte
Pierrelongue
Les Pilles
Plaisians
Plan-de-Baix
Le Poët-Célard
Le Poët-en-Percip
Le Poët-Laval
Le Poët-Sigillat
Pommerol
Ponet-et-Saint-Auban
Ponsas
Pontaix
Pont-de-Barret
Pont-de-l'Isère
Portes-en-Valdaine
Portes-lès-Valence
Poyols
Pradelle
Les Prés
Propiac
Puygiron
Puy-Saint-Martin
Ratières
Réauville
Recoubeau-Jansac
Reilhanette
Rémuzat
La Répara-Auriples
Rimon-et-Savel
Rioms
Rochebaudin
Rochebrune
Rochechinard
La Roche-de-Glun
Rochefort-en-Valdaine
Rochefort-Samson
Rochefourchat
Rochegude
Roche-Saint-Secret-Béconne
La Roche-sur-Grane
La Roche-sur-le-Buis
La Rochette-du-Buis
Romans-sur-Isère
Romeyer
Rottier
Roussas
Rousset-les-Vignes
Roussieux
Roynac
Sahune
Saillans
Saint-Agnan-en-Vercors
Saint-Andéol
Saint-Auban-sur-l'Ouvèze
Saint-Avit
Saint-Bardoux
Saint-Barthélemy-de-Vals
Saint-Benoit-en-Diois
Saint-Christophe-et-le-Laris
Saint-Dizier-en-Diois
Saint-Donat-sur-l'Herbasse
Sainte-Croix
Sainte-Eulalie-en-Royans
Sainte-Euphémie-sur-Ouvèze
Sainte-Jalle
Saint-Ferréol-Trente-Pas
Saint-Gervais-sur-Roubion
Saint-Jean-de-Galaure
Saint-Jean-en-Royans
Saint-Julien-en-Quint
Saint-Julien-en-Vercors
Saint-Laurent-d'Onay
Saint-Laurent-en-Royans
Saint-Marcel-lès-Sauzet
Saint-Marcel-lès-Valence
Saint-Martin-d'Août
Saint-Martin-en-Vercors
Saint-Martin-le-Colonel
Saint-Maurice-sur-Eygues
Saint-May
Saint-Michel-sur-Savasse
Saint-Nazaire-en-Royans
Saint-Nazaire-le-Désert
Saint-Pantaléon-les-Vignes
Saint-Paul-lès-Romans
Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux
Saint-Rambert-d'Albon
Saint-Restitut
Saint-Roman
Saint-Sauveur-en-Diois
Saint-Sauveur-Gouvernet
Saint-Sorlin-en-Valloire
Saint-Thomas-en-Royans
Saint-Uze
Saint-Vallier
Saint-Vincent-la-Commanderie
Salettes
Salles-sous-Bois
Saou
Saulce-sur-Rhône
Sauzet
Savasse
Séderon
Serves-sur-Rhône
Solérieux
Souspierre
Soyans
Suze
Suze-la-Rousse
Tain-l'Hermitage
Taulignan
Tersanne
Teyssières
Les Tonils
La Touche
Les Tourrettes
Triors
Truinas
Tulette
Upie
Vachères-en-Quint
Valaurie
Valdrôme
Valencepref
Valherbasse
Val-Maravel
Valouse
Vassieux-en-Vercors
Vaunaveys-la-Rochette
Venterol
Vercheny
Verclause
Vercoiran
Véronne
Vers-sur-Méouge
Vesc
Villebois-les-Pins
Villefranche-le-Château
Villeperdrix
Vinsobres
Volvent
pref: prefecture
subpr: subprefecture
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
This Drôme geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
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[{"title":"Communes of the Drôme department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Dr%C3%B4me_department"},{"title":"Parc naturel régional du Vercors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_naturel_r%C3%A9gional_du_Vercors"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-26316","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint-Martin-le-Colonel¶ms=44.987_N_5.273_E_type:city(215)_region:FR-ARA","external_links_name":"44°59′13″N 5°16′23″E / 44.987°N 5.273°E / 44.987; 5.273"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint-Martin-le-Colonel¶ms=44.987_N_5.273_E_type:city(215)_region:FR-ARA","external_links_name":"44°59′13″N 5°16′23″E / 44.987°N 5.273°E / 44.987; 5.273"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-26316","external_links_name":"26316"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-26316","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7633058?geo=COM-26316#ancre-POP_T1","external_links_name":"Population en historique depuis 1968"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15253176g","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15253176g","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Martin-le-Colonel&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush%27s_Beans_200
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Bush's Beans 200
|
["1 History","2 Past winners","3 References","4 External links"]
|
ARCA Menards Series and ARCA Menards Series East race at Bristol Motor Speedway
Bush's Beans 200ARCA Menards Series and ARCA Menards Series EastVenueBristol Motor SpeedwayLocationBristol, TennesseeUnited StatesCorporate sponsorBush Brothers and CompanyFirst race2019Distance106.6 miles (171.556)Laps200Previous namesBush's Beans 150 (2019)Circuit informationSurfaceConcreteLength.533 mi (0.858 km)Turns4
The Bush's Beans 200 is an annual 200-lap 106.6-mile (171.6 km) ARCA Menards Series and ARCA Menards Series East combination race held at Bristol Motor Speedway. It is held as part of the fall NASCAR weekend at the track.
The event was run under the NASCAR K&N Pro Series East banner for its inaugural edition in 2019 before becoming a combination race for the East Series (now the ARCA East Series after NASCAR's acquisition of ARCA) and the ARCA Menards Series starting in 2020. Since 2021, the race has been the season-finale for the East Series. Starting in 2022, the race has been the final race of the Sioux Chief Showdown, a group of 10 races during the main ARCA Series season, all of which drivers under the age of 18 (who cannot run all the races during the season) are eligible to compete in, have the opportunity to win a championship in the series. (To promote the fact that it was the last race of the Sioux Chief Showdown in 2022, ARCA's website promoted the race as the Bush's Beans 200|Sioux Chief Showdown.)
History
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2022)
In advance of the 2019 NASCAR K&N Pro Series East season, the tour added a second event at Bristol. The race was then shifted to the ARCA Menards Series after the East Series was absorbed by ARCA. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the race became a combination race for the AMS and the East Series, now known as the ARCA Menards Series East, in 2020, and it has remained a combination race for both series ever since.
Past winners
Year
Date
No.
Driver
Team
Manufacturer
Race distance
Race time
Average speed(mph)
Laps
Miles
NASCAR K&N Pro Series East race
2019
August 15
21
Sam Mayer
GMS Racing
Chevrolet
150
80 (128.7)
0:51:04
93.936
ARCA Menards Series East/ARCA Menards Series combination race
2020
September 17
21
Sam Mayer (2)
GMS Racing (2)
Chevrolet (2)
200
106.6 (171.556)
1:43.48
61.618
2021
September 16
18
Ty Gibbs
Joe Gibbs Racing
Toyota
200
106.6 (171.556)
1:39:44
64.131
2022
September 15
18
Sammy Smith
Kyle Busch Motorsports
Toyota (2)
200
106.6 (171.556)
1:33:43
68.248
2023
September 14
18
William Sawalich
Kyle Busch Motorsports
Toyota (3)
200
106.6 (171.556)
1:37:12
120.308
References
^ "Bush's Beans 200 Sioux Chief Showdown at Bristol Motor Speedway". ARCARacing.com. December 20, 2021. Retrieved September 18, 2022.
^ "NASCAR K&N Pro Series East 2019 Schedule Announced". NASCAR Home Tracks. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. December 4, 2018. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
^ Gillispie, Zach (October 10, 2019). "NASCAR reveals 2020 ARCA Menards Series, ARCA Menards Series Showdown schedules". Frontstretch. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
^ Kristl, Mark (September 16, 2020). "ARCA Preview: 2020 Bush's Beans 200 at Bristol, 2020 Toyota 200 at Winchester". Frontstretch. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
^ "2019 Bush's Beans 150". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
^ "2020 Bush's Beans 200". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
^ "2021 Bush's Beans 200". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved September 16, 2021.
^ "2022 Bush's Beans 200". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
External links
Bristol Motor Speedway race results at Racing-Reference
Previous race: Kansas Lottery 150
ARCA Menards Series Bush's Beans 200
Next race: Herr's Snacks 200
Previous race: Sprecher 150
ARCA Menards Series East Bush's Beans 200
Next race: Race to Stop Suicide 200 (the next season)
vteRaces in the ARCA Menards SeriesCurrent (2024)
Daytona
Phoenix
Talladega
Dover
Kansas 1
Charlotte
Iowa
Mid-Ohio
Berlin
Indianapolis (IRP)
Salem
Elko
Michigan
Springfield
Milwaukee
DuQuoin
Watkins Glen
Bristol
Kansas 2
Toledo
Former
Charlotte 2
Charlotte 3
Chicagoland
Gateway
Kentucky
Lakeland
Lebanon I-44
Memphis
Michigan 2
Mobile
Nashville Fairgrounds
Nashville (SS)
New Jersey
Pensacola
Pocono
Pocono 2
Rockingham
Salem 2
Toledo 2
Toledo 3
Winchester
vteRaces in the ARCA Menards Series East & WestEastCurrent (2024)
Pensacola
Dover
Nashville Fairgrounds
Flat Rock
Iowa
Indianapolis (IRP)
Milwaukee
Bristol
Former
Berlin
Bristol 2
Columbus
Daytona (Short Track)
Dominion
Gateway (Combo Race)
Greenville-Pickens 1
Greenville-Pickens 2
Hampton
Iowa (Combo Race)
Memphis
Mobile
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Smyrna
Richmond
SNMP
South Boston
Stafford
Thompson
Toledo 1
Toledo 2
Virginia
Watkins Glen
WestCurrent (2024)
Phoenix
Kern County
Portland
Sonoma
Irwindale
Irwindale 2
Shasta
Tri-City
Madera
Roseville
Kern County
Phoenix 2
Former
Gateway (combo race)
Iowa (combo race)
Lebanon I-44
Portland 2
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ARCA Menards Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCA_Menards_Series"},{"link_name":"ARCA Menards Series East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCA_Menards_Series_East"},{"link_name":"Bristol Motor Speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Motor_Speedway"},{"link_name":"NASCAR K&N Pro Series East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR_K%26N_Pro_Series_East"},{"link_name":"ARCA Menards Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCA_Menards_Series"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Bush's Beans 200 is an annual 200-lap 106.6-mile (171.6 km) ARCA Menards Series and ARCA Menards Series East combination race held at Bristol Motor Speedway. It is held as part of the fall NASCAR weekend at the track.The event was run under the NASCAR K&N Pro Series East banner for its inaugural edition in 2019 before becoming a combination race for the East Series (now the ARCA East Series after NASCAR's acquisition of ARCA) and the ARCA Menards Series starting in 2020. Since 2021, the race has been the season-finale for the East Series. Starting in 2022, the race has been the final race of the Sioux Chief Showdown, a group of 10 races during the main ARCA Series season, all of which drivers under the age of 18 (who cannot run all the races during the season) are eligible to compete in, have the opportunity to win a championship in the series. (To promote the fact that it was the last race of the Sioux Chief Showdown in 2022, ARCA's website promoted the race as the Bush's Beans 200|Sioux Chief Showdown.)[1]","title":"Bush's Beans 200"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NASCAR K&N Pro Series East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR_K%26N_Pro_Series_East"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"ARCA Menards Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCA_Menards_Series"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"ARCA Menards Series East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCA_Menards_Series_East"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In advance of the 2019 NASCAR K&N Pro Series East season, the tour added a second event at Bristol.[2] The race was then shifted to the ARCA Menards Series after the East Series was absorbed by ARCA.[3] Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the race became a combination race for the AMS and the East Series, now known as the ARCA Menards Series East, in 2020,[4] and it has remained a combination race for both series ever since.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Past winners"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Bush's Beans 200 Sioux Chief Showdown at Bristol Motor Speedway\". ARCARacing.com. December 20, 2021. Retrieved September 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arcaracing.com/2021/12/20/bristol-200-at-bristol-motor-speedway/","url_text":"\"Bush's Beans 200 Sioux Chief Showdown at Bristol Motor Speedway\""}]},{"reference":"\"NASCAR K&N Pro Series East 2019 Schedule Announced\". NASCAR Home Tracks. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. December 4, 2018. Retrieved September 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://hometracks.nascar.com/2018/12/04/nascar-kn-pro-series-east-2019-schedule-announced/","url_text":"\"NASCAR K&N Pro Series East 2019 Schedule Announced\""}]},{"reference":"Gillispie, Zach (October 10, 2019). \"NASCAR reveals 2020 ARCA Menards Series, ARCA Menards Series Showdown schedules\". Frontstretch. Retrieved September 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.frontstretch.com/2019/10/10/nascar-reveals-2020-arca-menards-series-arca-showdown-schedules/","url_text":"\"NASCAR reveals 2020 ARCA Menards Series, ARCA Menards Series Showdown schedules\""}]},{"reference":"Kristl, Mark (September 16, 2020). \"ARCA Preview: 2020 Bush's Beans 200 at Bristol, 2020 Toyota 200 at Winchester\". Frontstretch. Retrieved September 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.frontstretch.com/2020/09/16/arca-preview-2020-bushs-beans-at-bristol-2020-toyota-200-at-winchester/","url_text":"\"ARCA Preview: 2020 Bush's Beans 200 at Bristol, 2020 Toyota 200 at Winchester\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 Bush's Beans 150\". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved September 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racing-reference.info/race/2019_Bushs_Beans_150/E","url_text":"\"2019 Bush's Beans 150\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Bush's Beans 200\". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved September 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racing-reference.info/race/2020_Bushs_Beans_200/AE","url_text":"\"2020 Bush's Beans 200\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Bush's Beans 200\". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved September 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racing-reference.info/race/2021_Bushs_Beans_200/AE","url_text":"\"2021 Bush's Beans 200\""}]},{"reference":"\"2022 Bush's Beans 200\". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved September 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racing-reference.info/race-results/2022_Bush%27s_Beans_200/A/","url_text":"\"2022 Bush's Beans 200\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bush%27s_Beans_200&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://www.arcaracing.com/2021/12/20/bristol-200-at-bristol-motor-speedway/","external_links_name":"\"Bush's Beans 200 Sioux Chief Showdown at Bristol Motor Speedway\""},{"Link":"https://hometracks.nascar.com/2018/12/04/nascar-kn-pro-series-east-2019-schedule-announced/","external_links_name":"\"NASCAR K&N Pro Series East 2019 Schedule Announced\""},{"Link":"https://www.frontstretch.com/2019/10/10/nascar-reveals-2020-arca-menards-series-arca-showdown-schedules/","external_links_name":"\"NASCAR reveals 2020 ARCA Menards Series, ARCA Menards Series Showdown schedules\""},{"Link":"https://www.frontstretch.com/2020/09/16/arca-preview-2020-bushs-beans-at-bristol-2020-toyota-200-at-winchester/","external_links_name":"\"ARCA Preview: 2020 Bush's Beans 200 at Bristol, 2020 Toyota 200 at Winchester\""},{"Link":"https://www.racing-reference.info/race/2019_Bushs_Beans_150/E","external_links_name":"\"2019 Bush's Beans 150\""},{"Link":"https://www.racing-reference.info/race/2020_Bushs_Beans_200/AE","external_links_name":"\"2020 Bush's Beans 200\""},{"Link":"https://www.racing-reference.info/race/2021_Bushs_Beans_200/AE","external_links_name":"\"2021 Bush's Beans 200\""},{"Link":"https://www.racing-reference.info/race-results/2022_Bush%27s_Beans_200/A/","external_links_name":"\"2022 Bush's Beans 200\""},{"Link":"https://www.racing-reference.info/tracks/Bristol_Motor_Speedway","external_links_name":"Bristol Motor Speedway"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_a_Crooked_Mile
|
Run a Crooked Mile
|
["1 Cast","2 External links"]
|
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Run a Crooked Mile" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
British TV series or programme
Run a Crooked MileGenreDramaWritten byTrevor WallaceDirected byGene LevittStarringLouis JourdanMary Tyler MooreWilfrid Hyde-WhiteTheme music composerMike LeanderCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishProductionExecutive producerCharles F. EngelProducerIan LewisProduction locationsGeneva, SwitzerlandLondon, EnglandCinematographyArthur GrantEditorBert RuleRunning time100 min.Production companyUniversal TelevisionOriginal releaseNetworkNBCReleaseNovember 18, 1969 (1969-11-18)
Run a Crooked Mile is a 1969 British made-for-television thriller film starring Louis Jourdan as Richard Stuart, an ordinary schoolteacher who, whilst on holiday, is a witness to a murder in a private secluded mansion.
When he reports this however, no evidence of any murder can be found, only a key on the floor. When he tries to investigate further he is knocked unconscious. He wakes up in a hospital room (after an apparent polo accident) and is astounded to discover that two years have elapsed during which he has been unhappily married to a beautiful woman (Mary Tyler Moore) and living a rich and extravagant life in Europe under the name Tony Sutton. Not only this, he has become mixed up in a plot to damage the whole European economy.
Acclaimed for its original premise, stylish photography (by Arthur Grant) and use of exotic locations, the film has managed to develop a cult following. In 2018, the film was released on DVD by the German Label PIDAX, with a running time of only 93 min.
Cast
Louis Jourdan - Richard Stuart
Mary Tyler Moore - Elizabeth Sutton
Wilfrid Hyde-White - Dr. Ralph Sawyer
Stanley Holloway - Caretaker
Alexander Knox - Sir Howard Nettleton
Terence Alexander - Peter Martin
Ronald Howard - Insp. Huntington
Laurence Naismith - Lord Dunnsfield
Norman Bird - Sgt. Hooper
Ernest Clark - Chairman
Bernard Archard - Business spokesman
Margaret Nolan - Secretary
Jean Anderson - Sister Teresa
Nora Nicholson - Miss Abernathy
External links
Run a Crooked Mile at IMDb
This article about a crime thriller film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"made-for-television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_film"},{"link_name":"thriller film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Louis Jourdan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Jourdan"},{"link_name":"Mary Tyler Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Tyler_Moore"},{"link_name":"Arthur Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Grant_(cinematographer)"}],"text":"British TV series or programmeRun a Crooked Mile is a 1969 British made-for-television thriller film starring Louis Jourdan as Richard Stuart, an ordinary schoolteacher who, whilst on holiday, is a witness to a murder in a private secluded mansion.When he reports this however, no evidence of any murder can be found, only a key on the floor. When he tries to investigate further he is knocked unconscious. He wakes up in a hospital room (after an apparent polo accident) and is astounded to discover that two years have elapsed during which he has been unhappily married to a beautiful woman (Mary Tyler Moore) and living a rich and extravagant life in Europe under the name Tony Sutton. Not only this, he has become mixed up in a plot to damage the whole European economy.Acclaimed for its original premise, stylish photography (by Arthur Grant) and use of exotic locations, the film has managed to develop a cult following. In 2018, the film was released on DVD by the German Label PIDAX, with a running time of only 93 min.","title":"Run a Crooked Mile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louis Jourdan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Jourdan"},{"link_name":"Mary Tyler Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Tyler_Moore"},{"link_name":"Wilfrid Hyde-White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid_Hyde-White"},{"link_name":"Stanley Holloway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Holloway"},{"link_name":"Alexander Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Knox"},{"link_name":"Terence Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Alexander"},{"link_name":"Ronald Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Howard_(British_actor)"},{"link_name":"Laurence Naismith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Naismith"},{"link_name":"Norman Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Bird"},{"link_name":"Ernest Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Clark"},{"link_name":"Bernard Archard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Archard"},{"link_name":"Margaret Nolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Nolan"},{"link_name":"Jean Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Nora Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nora_Nicholson"}],"text":"Louis Jourdan - Richard Stuart\nMary Tyler Moore - Elizabeth Sutton\nWilfrid Hyde-White - Dr. Ralph Sawyer\nStanley Holloway - Caretaker\nAlexander Knox - Sir Howard Nettleton\nTerence Alexander - Peter Martin\nRonald Howard - Insp. Huntington\nLaurence Naismith - Lord Dunnsfield\nNorman Bird - Sgt. Hooper\nErnest Clark - Chairman\nBernard Archard - Business spokesman\nMargaret Nolan - Secretary\nJean Anderson - Sister Teresa\nNora Nicholson - Miss Abernathy","title":"Cast"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel_News_Caravan
|
Camel News Caravan
|
["1 Notes","2 External links"]
|
American TV series or program
Camel News CaravanPresented byJohn Cameron SwayzeCountry of originUnited StatesProductionRunning time15 minutesOriginal releaseNetworkNBCReleaseFebruary 16, 1949 (1949-02-16) –October 26, 1956 (1956-10-26)Related
Huntley-Brinkley Report
The Camel News Caravan or Camel Caravan of News is a 15-minute American television news program aired by NBC News from February 16, 1949 to October 26, 1956. Sponsored by the Camel cigarette brand and anchored by John Cameron Swayze, it was the first NBC news program to use NBC filmed news stories rather than movie newsreels. On February 16, 1954, the Camel News Caravan became the first news program broadcast in color, making use of 16mm color film. In early 1955, the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, maker of Camel cigarettes, cut back its sponsorship to three days a week. Chrysler's Plymouth division sponsored the other days, and on those days, the program was labelled the Plymouth News Caravan. The program featured a young Washington correspondent named David Brinkley, and competed against Douglas Edwards with the News on rival CBS. With greater resources, the News Caravan attracted a larger audience than its CBS competition until 1955.
John Cameron Swayze reporting in 1955.
Launched on February 16, 1948 by NBC as NBC Television Newsreel, and later Camel Newsreel Theatre it began as a 10-minute program that featured Fox Movietone News newsreels. John Cameron Swayze provided voice-over for the series. The Camel News Caravan was an expanded version of the Camel Newsreel Theatre and featured Swayze on-camera. It was also known as the Camel Caravan of News.
The Camel News Caravan was replaced by the Huntley-Brinkley Report on October 29, 1956. President Dwight D. Eisenhower had word passed to NBC's White House correspondent that the president was displeased by the switch.: 73 In late 1961 and early 1962, Swayze served as one of three anchors of ABC News's evening news program: 140-41 but became best-known for his appearances in commercials for Timex watches.
Notes
^ Anchors Aweigh Archived 2009-12-21 at the Wayback Machine Entertainment Weekly.
^ "RCA-NBC Firsts in Color Television" Archived 2008-12-19 at the Wayback Machine E.H. Reitan, Jr.
^ a b c Matusow, Barbara. The Evening Stars: The Making of the Network News Anchor (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1983), pp. 62-63, 69.
^ NBC: America's Network Michele Hilmes, Michael Lowell Henry; University of California Press, 2007 - Performing Arts - 362 pages, page 176.
^ John Cameron Swayze dead at 89 CNN (1995-08-16).
External links
Camel News Caravan at IMDb
60 Years of Nightly News on NBC
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"television news","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._television_news"},{"link_name":"NBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"the Camel cigarette brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel_(cigarettes)"},{"link_name":"anchored","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_presenter"},{"link_name":"John Cameron Swayze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cameron_Swayze"},{"link_name":"newsreels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsreels"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.J._Reynolds_Tobacco_Company"},{"link_name":"Chrysler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"David Brinkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brinkley"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matusow-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Cameron_Swayze_News_Caravan_1955.JPG"},{"link_name":"NBC Television Newsreel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News"},{"link_name":"Camel Newsreel Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel_Newsreel_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Fox Movietone News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movietone_News"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Huntley-Brinkley Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntley-Brinkley_Report"},{"link_name":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matusow-3"},{"link_name":"ABC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News"},{"link_name":"evening news program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_News_with_Charles_Gibson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matusow-3"},{"link_name":"Timex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timex_Group"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Camel News Caravan or Camel Caravan of News is a 15-minute American television news program aired by NBC News from February 16, 1949[1] to October 26, 1956. Sponsored by the Camel cigarette brand and anchored by John Cameron Swayze, it was the first NBC news program to use NBC filmed news stories rather than movie newsreels. On February 16, 1954, the Camel News Caravan became the first news program broadcast in color, making use of 16mm color film.[2] In early 1955, the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, maker of Camel cigarettes, cut back its sponsorship to three days a week. Chrysler's Plymouth division sponsored the other days, and on those days, the program was labelled the Plymouth News Caravan. The program featured a young Washington correspondent named David Brinkley, and competed against Douglas Edwards with the News on rival CBS. With greater resources, the News Caravan attracted a larger audience than its CBS competition until 1955.[3]John Cameron Swayze reporting in 1955.Launched on February 16, 1948 by NBC as NBC Television Newsreel, and later Camel Newsreel Theatre it began as a 10-minute program that featured Fox Movietone News newsreels. John Cameron Swayze provided voice-over for the series. The Camel News Caravan was an expanded version of the Camel Newsreel Theatre and featured Swayze on-camera. It was also known as the Camel Caravan of News.[4]The Camel News Caravan was replaced by the Huntley-Brinkley Report on October 29, 1956. President Dwight D. Eisenhower had word passed to NBC's White House correspondent that the president was displeased by the switch.[3]: 73 In late 1961 and early 1962, Swayze served as one of three anchors of ABC News's evening news program[3]: 140-41 but became best-known for his appearances in commercials for Timex watches.[5]","title":"Camel News Caravan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Anchors Aweigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,306970,00.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20091221082236/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,306970,00.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"RCA-NBC Firsts in Color Television\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//novia.net/~ereitan/rca-nbc_firsts.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081219060637/http://novia.net/~ereitan/rca-nbc_firsts.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Matusow_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Matusow_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Matusow_3-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"NBC: America's Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=lhmw637JRgUC&dq=%22camel+caravan+of+news%22&pg=PA176"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"John Cameron Swayze dead at 89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//edition.cnn.com/US/9508/obits/swayze/"}],"text":"^ Anchors Aweigh Archived 2009-12-21 at the Wayback Machine Entertainment Weekly.\n\n^ \"RCA-NBC Firsts in Color Television\" Archived 2008-12-19 at the Wayback Machine E.H. Reitan, Jr.\n\n^ a b c Matusow, Barbara. The Evening Stars: The Making of the Network News Anchor (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1983), pp. 62-63, 69.\n\n^ NBC: America's Network Michele Hilmes, Michael Lowell Henry; University of California Press, 2007 - Performing Arts - 362 pages, page 176.\n\n^ John Cameron Swayze dead at 89 CNN (1995-08-16).","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"John Cameron Swayze reporting in 1955.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/John_Cameron_Swayze_News_Caravan_1955.JPG/220px-John_Cameron_Swayze_News_Caravan_1955.JPG"}]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,306970,00.html","external_links_name":"Anchors Aweigh"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091221082236/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,306970,00.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://novia.net/~ereitan/rca-nbc_firsts.html","external_links_name":"\"RCA-NBC Firsts in Color Television\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081219060637/http://novia.net/~ereitan/rca-nbc_firsts.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lhmw637JRgUC&dq=%22camel+caravan+of+news%22&pg=PA176","external_links_name":"NBC: America's Network"},{"Link":"http://edition.cnn.com/US/9508/obits/swayze/","external_links_name":"John Cameron Swayze dead at 89"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0806870/","external_links_name":"Camel News Caravan"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081205081056/http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/nbc/60_years_of_nightly_news_on_nbc_77670.asp","external_links_name":"60 Years of Nightly News on NBC"}]
|
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