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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donostia
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San Sebastián
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["1 Etymology","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","3 History","3.1 Prehistory","3.2 Antiquity","3.3 Middle Ages","3.4 Modern Age","3.5 Contemporary history","4 Districts of the city","4.1 Parte Vieja / Parte Zaharra","4.2 Antiguo","4.3 Amara Zaharra","4.4 Amara Berri","4.5 Gros","4.6 Aiete","4.7 Egia","4.8 Intxaurrondo","4.9 Altza","4.10 Ibaeta","4.11 Loiola","4.12 Riberas de Loiola","4.13 Martutene","4.14 Ulia","4.15 Añorga","4.16 Zubieta","5 Culture and events","5.1 San Sebastián Day","5.2 La Semana Grande/Aste Nagusia","5.3 Basque Week","5.4 Santa Ageda Bezpera","5.5 Caldereros","5.6 Santo Tomas","5.7 Olentzero","6 Economy","7 Transport","8 Gastronomy","9 University","10 Sport","11 Notable people","12 International relations","12.1 Twin towns – sister cities","13 Explanatory notes","14 References","15 Further reading","16 External links"]
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Coordinates: 43°19′17″N 1°59′8″W / 43.32139°N 1.98556°W / 43.32139; -1.98556City in the Basque Autonomous Community, Spain
For other uses, see San Sebastian (disambiguation).
Place in Basque Country, SpainSan Sebastián
Donostia (Basque)Donostia / San SebastiánLa Concha bayCity HallThe Comb of the WindBeach of La ConchaMiramar PalaceKursaal
FlagCoat of armsNicknames: Sanse, Donosti, San Seb, la bella EasoMotto(s): Ganadas por fidelidad, Nobleza y lealtad (Spanish for "Earned by Fidelity, Nobility and Loyalty")San SebastiánLocation of Donostia / San Sebastián within the Basque Autonomous CommunityShow map of the Basque CountrySan SebastiánSan Sebastián (Spain)Show map of SpainCoordinates: 43°19′17″N 1°59′8″W / 43.32139°N 1.98556°W / 43.32139; -1.98556CountrySpainAutonomous communityBasque CountryProvinceGipuzkoaEskualdeaDonostialdeaNeighbourhoods21Founded1180Government • MayorEneko Goia (EAJ-PNV)Area • Land60.89 km2 (23.51 sq mi)Elevation6 m (20 ft)Population (2018) • City186,665 • Density3,686.16/km2 (9,547.1/sq mi) • Metro436,500GDP • Metro€21.797 billion (2020)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal codes20001–20018Area code+34 943 (Gipuzkoa)WebsiteCity Council
San Sebastián, officially known by the bilingual name Donostia / San Sebastián (Basque: , Spanish: ), is a city and municipality located in the Basque Autonomous Community, Spain. It lies on the coast of the Bay of Biscay, 20 km (12 miles) from the France–Spain border. The capital city of the province of Gipuzkoa, the municipality's population is 188,102 as of 2021, with its metropolitan area reaching 436,500 in 2010. Locals call themselves donostiarra (singular), both in Spanish and Basque. It is also a part of Basque Eurocity Bayonne-San Sebastián.
The economic activities in the city are dominated by the service sector, with an emphasis on commerce and tourism, as San Sebastián has long been well-known as a tourist destination. Despite the city's relatively small size, events such as the San Sebastián International Film Festival and the San Sebastian Jazz Festival have given it an international dimension. San Sebastián, along with Wrocław, Poland, was the European Capital of Culture in 2016.
Etymology
In spite of appearance, both the Basque form Donostia and the Spanish form San Sebastián have the same meaning — Saint Sebastian. The dona/done/doni element in Basque place names signifies "saint" and is derived from Latin domine; the second part of Donostia contains a shortened form of the saint's name. There are two hypotheses regarding the evolution of the Basque name: one says it was *Done Sebastiáne > Donasa(b)astiai > Donasastia > Donastia > Donostia, the other one says it was *Done Sebastiane > *Done Sebastiae > *Done Sebastie > *Donesebastia > *Donasastia > *Donastia > Donostia.
Geography
Map of San Sebastián
The city is located in the north of the Basque Country, on the south-eastern coast of the Bay of Biscay. San Sebastián has three beaches, Concha, Ondarreta, and Zurriola, and is surrounded by hilly areas: Urgull (adjacent to the old part of the city), Mount Ulia (extending east to Pasaia), Mount Adarra (south of the city) and Igeldo (overlooking Concha Bay from the west).
San Sebastián lies at the mouth of the Urumea river, and it was in large part built on the river's wetlands during the last two centuries. The city centre and the districts of Amara Berri and Riberas de Loiola lie on the former riverbed, which was diverted to its current canalized course in the first half of the 20th century.
Climate
San Sebastián features an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb) with warm summers and cool winters. Like many cities with this climate, San Sebastián typically experiences cloudy or overcast conditions for the majority of the year, typically with some precipitation. The city averages roughly 1,650 mm (65 in) of precipitation annually, which is fairly evenly spread throughout the year. However, the city is somewhat drier and noticeably sunnier in the summer months, experiencing on average approximately 100 mm (3.94 in) of precipitation during those months. Average temperatures range from 8.9 °C (48.0 °F) in January to 21.5 °C (70.7 °F) in August.
Climate data for San Sebastián Airport Hondarribia, (15 km (9 miles) east of San Sebastián) (1991–2020, extremes since 1955)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
24.6(76.3)
28.6(83.5)
29.0(84.2)
32.4(90.3)
36.6(97.9)
43.5(110.3)
42.2(108.0)
40.0(104.0)
38.0(100.4)
33.4(92.1)
29.4(84.9)
26.0(78.8)
43.5(110.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
13.2(55.8)
13.8(56.8)
16.2(61.2)
17.8(64.0)
20.8(69.4)
23.2(73.8)
25.1(77.2)
25.9(78.6)
23.9(75.0)
20.9(69.6)
16.2(61.2)
13.8(56.8)
19.3(66.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)
9.3(48.7)
9.6(49.3)
11.9(53.4)
13.6(56.5)
16.5(61.7)
19.3(66.7)
21.3(70.3)
21.8(71.2)
19.6(67.3)
16.7(62.1)
12.3(54.1)
10.0(50.0)
15.2(59.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
5.4(41.7)
5.4(41.7)
7.6(45.7)
9.3(48.7)
12.3(54.1)
15.4(59.7)
17.5(63.5)
17.8(64.0)
15.2(59.4)
12.4(54.3)
8.4(47.1)
6.2(43.2)
11.1(52.0)
Record low °C (°F)
−12.0(10.4)
−13.0(8.6)
−5.2(22.6)
−1.2(29.8)
3.0(37.4)
5.3(41.5)
7.8(46.0)
8.4(47.1)
4.6(40.3)
0.8(33.4)
−5.8(21.6)
−8.4(16.9)
−13.0(8.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
172.6(6.80)
141.2(5.56)
132.8(5.23)
142.6(5.61)
126.0(4.96)
105.6(4.16)
91.7(3.61)
112.9(4.44)
143.4(5.65)
173.9(6.85)
227.0(8.94)
177.7(7.00)
1,747.4(68.81)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)
13.7
11.9
12.4
13.4
12.3
10.4
9.9
10.0
10.7
11.8
14.0
12.8
143.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours
87
109
146
164
190
190
204
207
178
138
91
80
1,784
Source: Météo Climat
Climate data for San Sebastián Airport Hondarribia, (15 km (9 miles) east of San Sebastián) (1981–2010)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
13.1(55.6)
13.8(56.8)
16.1(61.0)
17.5(63.5)
20.7(69.3)
23.1(73.6)
25.1(77.2)
25.7(78.3)
24.0(75.2)
21.0(69.8)
16.2(61.2)
13.5(56.3)
19.2(66.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)
8.9(48.0)
9.4(48.9)
11.6(52.9)
13.0(55.4)
16.2(61.2)
19.0(66.2)
21.0(69.8)
21.5(70.7)
19.4(66.9)
16.4(61.5)
12.0(53.6)
9.6(49.3)
14.8(58.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
4.7(40.5)
5.0(41.0)
7.0(44.6)
8.5(47.3)
11.8(53.2)
14.8(58.6)
16.9(62.4)
17.2(63.0)
14.7(58.5)
11.8(53.2)
7.8(46.0)
5.6(42.1)
10.5(50.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
157(6.2)
135(5.3)
124(4.9)
156(6.1)
120(4.7)
95(3.7)
85(3.3)
117(4.6)
132(5.2)
167(6.6)
188(7.4)
174(6.9)
1,649(64.9)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)
13
12
12
14
12
10
9
10
10
12
13
12
138
Average snowy days
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
Average relative humidity (%)
75
72
70
71
72
73
74
75
75
75
76
75
74
Mean monthly sunshine hours
88
108
141
159
182
188
198
197
170
134
96
81
1,750
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología
History
See also: Timeline of San Sebastián
British siege of San Sebastián in 1813
Basilica of Saint Mary of the Chorus
Early 20th century residential building (city centre)
Venue of the Regional Government in the Gipuzkoa Plaza
Victoria Eugenia Theatre at night
Maria Cristina Hotel
Port of San Sebastián in 1890
Igeldo Lighthouse
Santa Catalina Bridge after erection of the Maria Cristina Bridge (1905–1910)
San Sebastián in 1843, by Eugène de Malbos
Donostia's Amara before river canalization in the mid 20th century
Ondarreta gardens, and former prison by the beach (far background)
Outlying rural areas were absorbed during the 1960s (Loiola)
Kursaal Congress Centre and Zurriola Bridge over the Urumea river
Prehistory
The first evidence of human stationary presence in the current city is the settlement of Ametzagaña, between South Intxaurrondo and Astigarraga. The unearthed remains, such as knapped stones used as knives to cut animal skin, date from 24,000 to 22,000 BC. The open-air findings of the Upper Paleolithic have revealed that the settlers were modern human (Homo sapiens) hunters, besides pointing to a much colder climate at the time.
Antiquity
There were Roman settlements (from around 50-200 AD) in what is now the Old Part of the city, according to excavations carried out in the convent of Santa Teresa, on the slopes of Urgull.
San Sebastián is thought to have been in the territory of the Varduli tribe in the Roman times. 10 km (6 mi) east of the current city lay the Basque Roman town of Oiasso (Irun) which was subsequently incorrectly identified with San Sebastián for some time by many historians.
Middle Ages
No written records about the place are known until, in 1014, the monastery of Saint Sebastian with its apple orchards for cider production, then located within the boundaries of the town of Hernani, was reportedly donated to the Abbey of Leire by Sancho III of Pamplona. By 1181, the city was chartered (given the fuero) by king Sancho VI of Pamplona on the site of Izurum, having jurisdiction over all the territory between the rivers Oria and Bidasoa.
In 1200, the city was conquered by Castile, whose king Alfonso VIII, confirmed its charter (fuero), but the Kingdom of Navarre was deprived of its main direct access out to the sea. Perhaps as soon as 1204 (or earlier), the city nucleus at the foot of Urgull started to be populated with Gascon-speaking colonizers from Bayonne and beyond, who left an important imprint in the city's identity in the centuries to come.
In 1265, the use of the city as a seaport was granted to Navarre as part of a wedding pact. The large quantity of Gascons inhabiting the town favoured the development of trade with other European ports and Gascony. The city steered clear of the destructive War of the Bands in Gipuzkoa, the only town in doing so in that territory. In fact, the town only joined Gipuzkoa in 1459 after the war came to an end. Up to the 16th century, Donostia remained mostly out of wars, but by the beginning of the 15th century, a line of walls of simple construction is attested encircling the town. The last chapter of the town in the Middle Ages was brought about by a fire that devastated Donostia in 1489. After burning to the ground, the town began a new renaissance by building up mainly with stone instead of bare timber.
Modern Age
The advent of the Modern Age brought a period of instability and war for the city. New state boundaries were drawn that left Donostia located close to Spain's border with France; thicker and more sophisticated walls were erected, with the town becoming involved in the 1521–1524 military campaigns that formed part of the Spanish conquest of Navarre. The town provided critical naval help to Emperor Charles V during the siege of Hondarribia, which earned the town the titles "Muy Noble y Muy Leal", recorded on its coat of arms. The town also aided the monarch by sending a party to the Battle of Noain and providing help to quash the Revolt of the Comuneros in 1521.
After these events, Gascons, who had played a leading role in the political and economic life of the town since its foundation, began to be excluded from influential public positions by means of a string of regional sentences upheld by royal decision (regional diets of Zestoa 1527, Hondarribia 1557, Bergara 1558, Tolosa 1604 and Deba 1662). Meanwhile, the climate of war and disease left the town in a poor condition that drove many fishermen and traders to take to the sea as corsairs as a way of getting a living, most of the times under the auspices of the king Philip II of Spain, who benefited from the disruption caused to and wealth obtained from the French and Dutch trade ships.
In 1660, the city was used as the royal headquarters during the marriage of the Infanta to Louis XIV at Saint-Jean-de-Luz nearby. After a relatively peaceful 17th century, the town was besieged and taken over by the troops of the French Duke of Berwick up to 1721. However, San Sebastián was not spared by shelling in the French assault and many urban structures were reconstructed, e.g. a new opening in the middle of the town, the Plaza Berria (that was to become the current Konstituzio Plaza).
In 1728, the Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas was founded and boosted commerce with the Americas. Thanks to the profit the company generated, the town underwent some urban reforms and improvements and the new Santa Maria Church was erected by subscription. This period of wealth and development was to last up to the end of 18th century.: 56/58
In 1808, Napoleonic forces captured San Sebastián in the Peninsular War. In 1813, after a siege of various weeks, on 28 August, during the night, a landing party from a British Royal Navy squadron captured Santa Clara Island, in the bay. Situated on a narrow promontory that jutted out into the sea between the waters of the Bay of Biscay and the broad estuary of the Urumea River, the town was hard to get at and well fortified – "it was the strongest fortification I ever saw, Gibraltar excepted", wrote William Dent. Three days later, on 31 August, British and Portuguese troops besieging San Sebastián assaulted the town. The relieving troops ransacked and burnt the city to the ground. Only the street at the foot of the hill (now called 31 August Street) remained.
Contemporary history
After these destructive events, reconstruction of the city was commenced in the original location with a slightly altered layout. A modern octagonal layout as drafted by the architect P.M. Ugartemendia was turned down and eventually M. Gogorza's blueprint was approved, then supervised and implemented by the Ugartemendia. This area, the old town, has a neoclassical, austere and systematic style of architectural construction. Constitution Square was built in 1817 and the town hall (currently a library) between 1828 and 1832.: 100 Housing in the old town was built gradually alongside the rest of the area.
The liberal and bourgeois San Sebastián became the capital of Gipuzkoa (instead of Tolosa) until 1823, when absolutists besieged the town (only 200 inhabitants remained in the town when the offensive troops entered). It was designated again as the capital in 1854. In 1835-6, the British Auxiliary Legion under Sir George de Lacy Evans defended the town against the Carlist besiegers. Some of those who died were buried in the English Cemetery on Mount Urgull.
At the beginning of the 19th century, the local government was still ruled by the principle of nobility, while inhabitants of foreign origin or descent had always been numerous in the town, especially among the trading community. Although San Sebastián benefited greatly from the charter system established in the Southern Basque Country (foruak, with borders in the Ebro river and no duties for overseas goods), the town was at odds with the more traditional Gipuzkoa, even requesting secession from the province and annexation to Navarre in 1841.
In 1863, the defensive walls of the town were demolished (their remains are visible in the underground car park on the Boulevard) and an expansion of the town began in an attempt to move on from its previous military function. Jose Goicoa and Ramon Cortazar were appointed to oversee the work. They modelled the new city according to an orthogonal shape in a neoclassical Parisian style, and Goicoa designed several elegant buildings, such as the Miramar Palace and La Concha Promenade.: 145–146 The city was chosen by the Spanish monarchy as a summer retreat following the French example of nearby Biarritz, and Spanish nobility and the diplomatic corps opened residences in the town. As the "wave baths" at La Concha were in conflict with nearby shipbuilding activity, the shipyards relocated to Pasaia, a nearby bay that had formerly been part of San Sebastián.
However, in 1875, war came to the town again, and in 1876 shelling over the city by Carlists claimed the life of acclaimed poet Bilintx. From 1885, King Alfonso XII of Spain's widow Maria Cristina spent every summer in Donostia along with her retinue, staying at the Miramar Palace. In 1887, a casino was built, which eventually became the current city hall, and some time later the Regional Government building was completed in Plaza Gipuzkoa following Jose Goicoa's design. Cultural life thrived in this period, giving rise to various events that still take place in the city, such as the Caldereros or the Tamborrada, and journalistic and literary works in both Spanish and Basque.
After much debate in the city over whether to pursue an economy based on tourism or manufacturing, Donostia developed into a fully-fledged seaside resort, but some industry developed in the district of Antiguo and on the outskirts of the city. Following the outbreak of World War I, San Sebastián became a destination for renowned international figures of culture and politics, including Mata Hari, Leon Trotsky, Maurice Ravel, and Romanones.
San Sebastián was one of earliest towns hit by the 1918 Influenza epidemic, dealing with a first wave outbreak in February of that year. Officials feared for the city's reputation and attempted to keep the disease's spread quiet, to no avail, and the outbreak soon spread throughout Spain.
Various rationalist architectural works, typically white or light-coloured, were built in the 1920s and 1930s, such as La Equitativa, Nautico, and Easo. In 1924–1926, canalisation work was carried out on the Urumea river at the southern edge of the city. However, after the city's Belle Epoque in the European wartime, repression under Miguel Primo de Rivera's dictatorship was not favourable for the city. In 1924, gambling was prohibited by the authoritarian regime, causing existential problems for the Grand Casino and the Kursaal (1921).
In 1930, Spanish republican forces signed up to the Pact of San Sebastián, leading to the Second Spanish Republic. Unrest and repression did not stop with the new political regime, and large-scale industrial action was called several times by the growing anarchist, communist and socialist unions. The 1936 military coup was initially defeated by the resistance, led by the Basque Nationalists,: 226 anarchists and communists, but later that same year the province fell to Spanish Nationalist forces during the Northern Campaign.: 397 The occupation proved disastrous for the city's residents. Between 1936 and 1943, 485 people were executed as a result of show trials by the Spanish Nationalists (Requetés and Falangists).: 431 It has been estimated that extrajudicial executions (paseos) by the occupying military forces accounted for over 600 murders in the area during the first months of occupation.: 431 Many children were evacuated to temporary safety in Bilbao, with the city's population falling by an estimated 40,000 to 50,000 inhabitants.
In the aftermath of war, the city was stricken by poverty, famine and repression, coupled with a thriving smuggling trade. Many republican detainees were held at the beach-side Ondarreta Prison in grim and humid conditions, until the building was demolished in 1948. However, industrial development paved the way for urban expansion in the Egia and Amara Berri districts, on the marshes and riverbed of the Urumea, at the end of the 1940s and beginning of the 1950s.
In 1943, the first Basque language schools were established by Elvira Zipitria, who taught in Basque from her home in the Old Town. In 1947, the Grand Casino was converted into the City Hall.: 95 In 1953, city businessmen organised the first San Sebastián International Film Festival to stimulate the economic life and profile of the city.
Mass immigration from other parts of Spain, spurred by growing industrial production, greatly increased the population, initiating rapid and chaotic urban development on the outskirts of the city (Altza, Intxaurrondo, Herrera, Bidebieta). Social, cultural and political conflicts followed, leading to popular dissatisfaction. Protests and street demonstrations became more common, driven by Basque nationalists (especially the armed separatist organisation ETA) and various underground unions, triggering the first state of emergency in Gipuzkoa in 1968. Several more were imposed by the Francoist authorities in the period immediately preceding Franco's death in 1975.
Amid the fragile economic situation and real estate speculation, the Kursaal and the Chofre bullring in Gros were demolished in 1973. From 1975 to 1977, sculptor Eduardo Chillida and architect Luis Peña Ganchegui's landmark The Comb of the Winds was built at the western tip of the bay. The 1970s to the mid-1980s were years of general urban and social decay marked by social and political unrest and violence.
In 1979, the first democratic municipal elections were held, won by the Basque Nationalist Party, who held office along with splinter party Eusko Alkartasuna (Basque Solidarity) until 1991. The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party's Odon Elorza took over as mayor from 1991 until 2011, when he was defeated unexpectedly by Juan Carlos Izagirre (Bildu) in elections.
From the 1990s, a major makeover of the city centre began, aimed at enhancing and revamping the neoclassical and modernist side of San Sebastián's architecture. Other regeneration projects included the reshaping and enlargement of Zurriola beach and promenade, the opening of the Kursaal Palace cubes (1999), the new university campus and technology facilities in Ibaeta, the creation of a wide network of cycle lanes, underground car-parks and significant improvements to public transport. Districts of cutting-edge design have been erected, such as Ibaeta and Riberas de Loiola, while some other major public works are still pending confirmation of funding and approval.
Districts of the city
Monuments of the city
Façade of the Constitution Square (Plaza) in San Sebastián
New districts developed after the walls of the city were demolished in 1863, as the city expanded in several directions, first into the flatlands shaped by the river Urumea and later up the hills. The first expansion of the old town was towards the river's mouth, on the old quarter called Zurriola (a name later given by Council decision to the sand area and the avenue across the river).: 13, 322
The orthogonal layout of the modern city centre (the Cortazar development) was built up until 1914 (when the first phase finished) reflecting a Parisian Haussmannian style. The arcades of the Buen Pastor square were modelled upon those of the Rue de Rivoli, while the Maria Cristina Bridge was inspired by the Pont Alexandre III that crosses the Seine.: 257 The Estación del Norte train station standing directly across the bridge was inaugurated in 1864, just after the arrival of the railway to San Sebastián. Its metallic roof was designed by Gustave Eiffel. San Sebastián's central bus station is located underground adjacent to the train station.
Panoramic view of the La Concha Bay in the daytime
Panoramic view of La Concha Bay at night
Parte Vieja / Parte Zaharra
The Parte Vieja (Spanish) or Alde Zaharra (Basque) — Old Town – is the traditional core area of the city, and was surrounded by walls until 1863, when they were demolished in order to occupy the stretch of sand and land that connected the town to the mainland. A part of these walls is still standing at the exit from the Old Town towards the port, through the Portaletas gate. The Old Town is divided into two parishes relating to the Santa Maria and San Vicente churches; the inhabitants belonging to the former are known traditionally as joxemaritarrak, while those attached to the latter are referred to as koxkeroak. Until the early 18th century, the koxkeroak mostly spoke Gascon. Especially after the end of the Franco dictatorship, many bars were established around the Old Part. Most current buildings date back to the 19th century, built as part of the city's reconstruction after the 1813 destruction of the town by the allied Anglo-Portuguese troops.: 73–75, 81–89
There is a small fishing and recreation port, with two-floor houses lined under the front-wall of mount Urgull. These houses are relatively new, resulting from the demilitarization of the hill,: 218 sold to the city council by the Ministry of War in 1924.
City hall of San Sebastián
San Sebastián's Cathedral
María Cristina Bridge
Miramar Palace
Zurriola Bridge and mouth of the Urumea
Antiguo
This part is located on the western side of the city beyond the Miramar Palace. The monastery of San Sebastián el Antiguo ('the Old') is mentioned in historical documents from the time of the foundation of the city in the 12th century.: 35 In the mid 19th century, industrial enterprises developed in the district, such as Cervezas El León, Suchard, and Lizarriturry, and it subsequently came to be populated by workers. Industry has since been replaced by services and the tourism sector. The Matia kalea provides the main axis for the district.
Amara Zaharra
Amara Zaharra ("Old Amara") is named after the Amara farmhouse.: 30 Over time it has mostly merged with the city centre, as the former Amara lay on the marshes on the left of the River Urumea. The core of this district is the Easo plaza, with the Euskotren railway terminal closing the square at its south.
Amara Berri
This southern expansion of the city began from the 1940s, after the completion of works to canalize the river.: 30–31, 92 Nowadays the name Amara usually refers to this district, which has exceeded Amara Zaharra both in size and population. The district revolves around the axis of Avenida Sancho el Sabio and Avenida de Madrid, and is the main road entrance to the city. Facilities of many state run agencies are established here, as well as many business offices.
Gros
The district is built on the sandy terrain across the river from the old town. In the 19th century, shanties and workshops began to appear in this area, which was eventually named for Tomás Gros, one of the main proprietors.: 148–149 The former monumental bullring in the area, Chofre, was demolished in 1973, and the site is now occupied by a housing estate. A relatively recent major landmark of the district is the Kursaal Congress Centre overlooking Zurriola Beach.
Aiete
One of the newest parts of the city, Aiete retained a rural character until not long ago.: 60–61 The post-war city council purchased the compound of the Aiete Palace for the use of Francisco Franco in 1940, immediately after the Civil War. The palace became Franco's summer residence until 1975,: 62 and is now home to the Bakearen Etxea (Peace Memorial House).
Egia
Egia, stemming from (H)Egia (Basque for either bank/shore or hill), is a district of San Sebastián on the right side of the Urumea beyond the train station. At the beginning of the 20th century, a patch of land by the railway started to be used as a football pitch, eventually turning into the official stadium of the local team Real Sociedad before it was transferred in the 1990s to Anoeta,: 111 south of Amara Berri (nowadays the site harbours houses). The former tobacco factory building Tabakalera, which has been converted into a Contemporary Culture Centre, conjures up the former industrial past of the area.: 111 Right opposite to this building lies the Cristina Enea park, a public compound with a botanic vocation. Egia holds the city cemetery, Polloe, at the north-east fringes of the district, stretching out to South Intxaurrondo.
Intxaurrondo
This part (meaning 'walnut tree' in Basque) is a large district to the east of the city. The original nucleus lies between the railway and the Ategorrieta Avenue, where still today the farmhouse Intxaurrondo Zar, declared "National Monument", is situated since the mid-17th century. The railway cuts across the district, the southern side being the fruit of the heavy development undergone in the area during the immigration years of the 1950s and 1960s. In addition, further housing estates have been built up more recently souther beyond the N-1 E-5 E-80 E-70 ring road (South Intxaurrondo). The police force Guardia Civil runs controversial barracks there (works for new housing are underway).
Altza
Altza (Basque for alder tree) is the easternmost district of San Sebastián, along with Bidebieta and Trintxerpe. In 1910 it was a quaint village comprising scattered farmhouses and a small nucleus, with 2,683 inhabitants, but the arrival of thousands of immigrants in the 1960s and 1970s led to rapid and chaotic housing and building activity, resulting in a maze of grey landscape of skyscrapers with a population of 32,531 in 1970. The population is 20,000 as of 2013.
Ibaeta
Ibaeta stands on the former location for various factories (e.g., Cervezas El León) of San Sebastián, with the buildings of the old industrial estate being demolished in the late 20th century. The levelling of this large flat area paved the ground for a carefully planned modern and elegant housing estate, featuring a new university campus for the public University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU) and institutions such as the Donostia International Physics Center or the Nanotechnology Center. A stream called Konporta flows down along the eastern side of the area, but it was canalized under the ground almost all along to its mouth on the bay pushed by urban building pressure.
Loiola
It lies by the Urumea at the south-east end of the city. It comprises a small patch of detached houses (Ciudad Jardín) and a core area of 6-odd floor buildings. The district has recently gone through a major makeover, with works finishing in 2008. The road axis coming from important industrial areas (Astigarraga-Hernani) crosses the district heading downtown. A military base stands across the river, home to an uprising in 1936. Attempts by the city council to close it have been unsuccessful so far.
Riberas de Loiola
New modern district erected in the 2000s next to the city's inner bypass and south road entrance to San Sebastián. A pedestrian bridge spans the Urumea river onto the Cristina Enea Park.
Martutene
The Martutene district bordering to the south on the town of Astigarraga comes next to Loiola in the south direction. This part of the city features an industrial area, a football pitch for lower leagues, a disused vocational training building and enclosure as well as a prison, much in decay and due to be transferred soon to a new location, probably in the municipality's exclave of Zubieta, while this option is coming in for much opposition.
Ulia
Former tank supplying the city with sanitary water in Ulia
This part stands on the east side of the city at the foot of the Mount Ulia Park, on the left hand side of the road heading from San Sebastián to Pasaia and Irun. It consists of a residential area, besides holding a number of educational institutions, culture and sports centres built since 1980. The Park of Nurseries of Ulia sits at the base of the road leading to Mount Ulia, with its name deriving from its function as a nursery of plants for the public gardens of San Sebastián throughout the 20th century until 2008. It includes two ancient water-tanks, architectonic elements, and specific flora and fauna.
Añorga
Former area of caserios on the outskirts of San Sebastián, the establishment in 1900 of the Cementos Rezola company in the neighborhood transformed Añorga into an industrial-type neighborhood, although it will lose its rural character that it once had. Even considering Añorga a single neighborhood, three distinct neighborhoods are generally distinguished: Añorga (Añorga Haundi), Añorga-Txiki and Rekalde. According to the National Institute of Statistics, it had 1769 inhabitants in 2013.
Zubieta
The exclave Zubieta (meaning 'place of bridges') was a village until recent years, with a number of houses, a pelota pitch (with a single wall as opposed to the regular two) and a church. However, it has since undergone much urban development, and is now a built-up area with paved streets and due equipment. There are two contested proposals for a new solid-waste incinerator and a prison in the area. In the wake of the 1813 burning, inhabitants of San Sebastián held a meeting at a house in the village to decide the reconstruction of the town.
Culture and events
San Sebastián International Film Festival, Red Carpet
San Sebastián has a dynamic cultural scene, and was selected as European Capital of Culture for 2016 (shared with Wrocław, Poland) with the motto, "Waves of people's energy".
Cultural events including traditional city festivals, music, theatre, and cinema take place throughout the year, especially in summer. In the last week of July, the city hosts the San Sebastian Jazz Festival (Jazzaldia), the longest continuously running Jazz Festival in Europe, featuring concerts staged in different locations around the city, sometimes with free admission. This is followed by the Musical Fortnight, which features classical music concerts taking place over 15 days into August. The San Sebastián International Film Festival is held in September, for more than 50 years, centred around the Kursaal Palace and the Victoria Eugenia Theatre. The city is also home to the San Telmo Museoa, a major cultural institution with an ethnographic, artistic and civic vocation.
Other cinema festivals in the city include: Street Zinema, an international audiovisual festival exploring contemporary art and urban culture; the Horror and Fantasy Festival in October; and the Surfilm Festival, a cinema festival featuring surfing footage, especially shorts.
San Sebastián Day
Main article: Tamborrada
Tamborrada, children's section
Every year on 20 January, the feast of Saint Sebastian, the people of San Sebastián celebrate a festival known as the "Tamborrada", the most celebrated festival of the year for residents of the town. At midnight, in the Konstituzio plaza in the "Alde Zaharra/Parte Vieja" (Old Part), the mayor raises the flag of San Sebastián. For 24 hours, the entire city is filled with the sound of drums. The adults march around the city dressed as chefs and soldiers throughout the night as part of the March of San Sebastián.
On this day in the early 19th century, a procession was held from the Santa Maria Church in the Old Part to the San Sebastián Church in the district of Antiguo, while later limited due to weather conditions to the walled area. The event finished with a public dance accompanied by the military band's flutes and drums. Every day, a soldiers' parade took place to change the guards at the town's southern walls. Since the San Sebastián Day was the first festival heralding the upcoming Carnival, exuberant youths began to follow them, aping their martial manners and drumrolls, using the buckets left at the fountains as drums.: 107 The celebrations started to take their current form in the period from the 1860s to 1880s, with real military style outfits and parades and music by composer Raimundo Sarriegui.: 110
Adults usually have dinner in txokos ("gourmet clubs"). Traditionally, these admitted only men, but now even the most conservative ones allow women on the "Noche de la Tamborrada". They eat sophisticated meals cooked by themselves, mostly composed of seafood (traditionally elvers, now no longer served due to its exorbitant price) and drink the best wines.
La Semana Grande/Aste Nagusia
The city giants and big-heads in the Semana Grande/Aste Nagusia
Main article: Aste Nagusia
A festival, La Semana Grande in Spanish and Aste Nagusia in Basque ("The Big/Main Week"), is held every year in mid-August. A major international fireworks competition is held during the festival, in which teams representing various countries and cities put on a fireworks display each night over the bay, with the winner of the contest announced at the end. The displays are sometimes accompanied by a full live orchestra performing on the boardwalk. Attendees often claim spots along the beach and bay hours in advance. The festival also includes a parade of marching bands, entertainers on stilts, and Basque processional giants every afternoon. Semana Grande attracts a lot of domestic and international tourism.
Basque Week
Running for several decades at the beginning of September, Basque Week features events related to Basque culture, such as performances of traditional improvising poets (bertsolaris), Basque pelota games, stone lifting contests, oxen wagers, dance exhibitions, and a cider tasting festival. The centrepiece of the festival is the rowing boat competition, in which teams from different towns around the Bay of Biscay compete for the Flag of La Concha. Thousands of supporters from these coastal locations fill the city's streets and promenades overlooking the bay to follow the event, especially on the Sunday of the final race.
Santa Ageda Bezpera
Saint Agatha's Eve is a traditional event taking place at the beginning of February or end of January in many places around the Basque Country, and is part of the run-up to the city's carnival. Groups dressed up in Basque traditional farmer costumes march across the neighbourhood singing and wielding a characteristic stick beaten on the ground to the rhythm of the traditional tune of Saint Agatha. The singers ask for a small donation, which can be money, a drink or something to eat.
Caldereros
View of the harbour
This is a local festival held on the first Saturday of February linked to the upcoming Carnival, where different groups of people dressed in Romani tinkers attire take to the streets banging rhythmically a hammer or spoon against a pot or pan, and usually bar-hop while they sing the traditional songs for the occasion. They were just male voices some time ago, but women participate and sing currently too, and the main event is at the City Hall, where the city band plays marches while the crowds bang the pots and pans. The festival began in 1884.
Santo Tomas
The Santo Tomas festival takes place on Thomas the Apostle's day, 21 December. From the early morning, stalls are erected around the city centre, and visitors from across Gipuzkoa come to the centre and the Old Part, many dressed in traditional Basque "farmer" outfits. Traditional and typical produce is sold from the stalls; the main drink is cider and the most popular snacks are txistorra, a thin, uncured chorizo wrapped in talo flatbread. A large pig is displayed in Plaza Constitucion, which is raffled off during the festival.
Olentzero
As in other Basque cities, towns and villages, on Christmas Eve the Olentzero and the accompanying carol singers usually dressed in Basque farmer costume take over the streets, especially in the city centre, asking for small donations in bars, shops and banks after singing their repertoire. Sometimes Olentzero choirs roam around the streets in later dates, on the 31st for example, and are often related to cultural, social or political associations and demands.
Economy
The main economic activities are commerce and tourism. San Sebastián is one of the best-known tourist destinations in Spain.
The international technology organisation Ikusi is based in San Sebastián.
Transport
The city is served by Euskotren Trena, Euskotren's railway network. Euskotren runs trains to Bilbao and other destinations, as well as the San Sebastián Metro; which together with Renfe's Cercanías San Sebastián cover the San Sebastián metropolitan area. There are frequent trains via San Sebastián railway station from Madrid to Hendaye in France, which is connected to the French rail network. The city is also served by San Sebastián Airport in the nearby municipality of Hondarribia. San Sebastián Airport currently has no international destinations. Bilbao airport is 98 km (61 mi) away from San Sebastián city. Biarritz Airport in France is located about 50 km (31 mi) from San Sebastián.
Gastronomy
Jamón serrano and pintxos in one of the numerous bars of the Old Quarter
Basque Culinary Center campus.
San Sebastián is renowned for its Basque cuisine. San Sebastián and the surrounding area is home to a high concentration of restaurants with Michelin stars, including Arzak (San Sebastián), Berasategi (Lasarte), Akelarre (district Igeldo) and Mugaritz (Errenteria). It is the city with the second most Michelin stars per capita in the world, after Kyoto, Japan. According to The World's 50 Best Restaurants ranking in 2013, two of the world's top ten best restaurants were in San Sebastián. As well as these restaurants, the city is known for pintxos (small-plate dishes similar to tapas) which are found in the bars of the Old Quarter and elsewhere in the city.
It is also the birthplace of Basque gastronomical societies, with the oldest recorded mention of such a txoko back in 1870. In addition, San Sebastián hosts the first institution to offer a university degree in Gastronomy, the Basque Culinary Center.
University
Donostia / San Sebastián has become an important University town. Four universities and a superior conservatory are present in the city:
University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU): San Sebastián hosts the Gipuzkoa Campus of the public university.
University of Navarra: The private university has an engineering-centered campus, Tecnun, in San Sebastián.
University of Deusto: Built in 1956, the San Sebastián campus of the private university offers different university degrees.
Mondragon University: The pioneering Faculty of Gastronomic Sciences of this private university is located in San Sebastián.
Musikene: The Higher School of Music of the Basque Country is located in San Sebastián.
The secondary studies activity is having an increasing impact on social, cultural, technological and economical levels of the city and surroundings. With its pushing innovative and research centers and its research strategies it is becoming one of Spain's main Science production locations, along with Barcelona, Madrid, Bilbao, Seville and Valencia, among others. Donostia / San Sebastián's scientific production covers areas like Materials Science, Cancer Research, Alzheimer and Parkinson, Architecture, Polymer Science, Biomaterials, Nanotechnology, Robotics or Informatics.
Sport
Surf in Donostia / San Sebastián
The principal football club in the city is Real Sociedad. After three seasons in the Segunda División, the club won promotion back to La Liga after winning the 2009–10 Segunda División. Real Sociedad was one of the founding members of the top division in Spanish football, La Liga. They enjoyed a particularly successful period of history in the early 1980s when they were Spanish champions for two years running (1980–81, 1981–82). In May 2019, Real Sociedad's female team won the Queen's Cup for the first time. The city's Anoeta Stadium located at the Anoeta Sports Complex is home to the Real Sociedad and also hosts rugby union matches featuring Biarritz Olympique or Aviron Bayonnais. Basketball team Gipuzkoa Basket in the LEB Oro play in the Donostia Arena in San Sebastian, and CHH Txuri Urdin, an ice hockey club in Liga Nacional de Hockey Hielo.
Each summer the city plays host to a well known cycling race, the one-day Clásica de San Sebastián ("San Sebastián Classic"). Cycling races are popular in Spain, and the Clásica de San Sebastián professional is held during early August. It has been held annually in San Sebastián since 1981. The race is part of the UCI World Tour and was previously part of its predecessors UCI ProTour and UCI Road World Cup. A women's version of the race has been held since 2019.
Notable people
The comb of the wind: Peine del viento/Haizearen orrazia sculptures of Eduardo Chillida at the foot of the Igeldo mountain
Mikel Arteta (born 1982), current manager and former player of Premier League club Arsenal.
Aritz Aduriz (born 1981), former footballer who played for Athletic Bilbao and winner of the 2015 Zarra Trophy as best domestic goalscorer in La Liga.
Xabi Alonso (born 1981), former professional footballer born in Tolosa but raised in San Sebastián. Part of the Spain national team that won the 2010 World Cup and current manager of German Bundesliga club Bayer Leverkusen.
José Luis Álvarez Enparantza "Txillardegi" (1929–2012), Basque linguist, politician and writer.
Alicia Amatriain, ballet dancer
Gretel Ammann (1947–2000), philosopher, essayist, activist, radical feminist, lesbian separatist.
Luis Arconada, (born 1954) former football player who played for Real Sociedad and the Spain national team as a goalkeeper.
José de Arteche (1906–1971), author
Serafin Baroja (1840–1912), writer, Basque culture advocate and liberal. Father of Pio Baroja.
Pío Baroja (1872–1956), writer belonging to the Generation of '98.
Carlos Bea, (born 18 April 1934), federal judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
Alvaro Bermejo (born 1 August 1959) writer and journalist, author of best sellers like The Tibetan Gospel or The Labyrint of Atlantis.
Indalezio Bizkarrondo "Bilintx" (1831–1876), a romantic poet and bertsolari closely attached to the city. Died after being hit by Carlist shelling.
Achille Broutin (1860–1918), fencer and collector of weapons.
Eduardo Chillida (1924–2002), sculptor, notable for his monumental abstract works.
Arantza Díaz de Ilarraza Sánchez (1957), researcher in Language Technology and Natural language processing for Basque and other languages.
Catalina de Erauso (1585 or 1592–1650), former nun who travelled around Spain and the Americas as a man.
Marina de Gabaráin (1917–1972), mezzo-soprano opera singer
Iñaki Gabilondo (born 1942), journalist.
Alberto Iglesias (born 1955), music composer.
Mikel Laboa (1934–2008), Basque singer-songwriter.
Juana Larando (fl. 1630), Basque privateer
Imanol Larzabal (1947-2004), Basque singer-songwriter.
Ramon Lazkano (born 1968), composer.
Jesús María de Leizaola (1896–1989), President of the Basque Government in exile after 1960.
Rebeca Linares (born 1983), Spanish pornographic actress
Gilbert Mackereth (1892–1962), British World War I hero, holder of Military Cross for gallantry. Retired to live in San Sebastián and died there 1962, interred at San Sebastián.
Iker Martínez de Lizarduy Lizarribar (1977–), Olympic sailor.
Julio Medem (born 1958), film director.
Idoia Otaegui (born 1968), lawyer, jurist, and professor who served as Deputy Minister of Justice of the Basque Government.
Antonio Peña y Goñi (1846–1896), musicologist
Alex Ubago (born 1981), pop songwriter and singer. Born in Vitoria but raised in San Sebastián.
Juan Ugarte (born 1980), former professional footballer for Real Sociedad, Wrexham and Crewe Alexandra.
Julio Urquijo Ibarra (1871–1950), Basque linguist.
Andrés Vilariño (born 1951), racing driver
Fernando de Villanueva (died 1679), governor of Spanish New Mexico between 1665 and 1668.
International relations
Twin towns – sister cities
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain
San Sebastián is twinned with:
Cape Bojador, Western Sahara
Marugame, Japan
Plymouth, England, United Kingdom
Reno, United States
Trento, Italy
Wiesbaden, Germany
In addition, San Sebastián has a friendship declaration with Stepanakert, Republic of Artsakh (2015).
Explanatory notes
^ The title of la bella Easo ("the beautiful Easo") comes from a 19th-century identification of the town as the Roman port of Oiasso. But following the archaeological findings at the end of the 20th century, Irun, some 18 km (11 mi) east, has been identified as the location of Oiasso.
References
^ "Eneko Goia, nuevo alcalde de San Sebastián". El Diario Vasco (in Spanish).
^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.
^ "Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions". ec.europa.eu.
^ Donostia (Basque) / San Sebastián (Spanish), El Diario Vasco, Thursday 29 December 2011. (in Spanish)
^ "Orden Foral de 27 de julio de 2012, de la Diputación Foral de Gipuzkoa, por la que se modifica el nombre oficial del municipio (incluida su capital) de Donostia-San Sebastián". Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (230). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado: 67877. 24 September 2012.
^ "Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (Spanish Statistical Institute)". www.ine.es. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
^ Proyecto Audes. Archived 22 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ Donostiarra. Diccionario de la Real Academia Española.
^ a b "Geography and Economy of Donostia-San Sebastián". Retrieved 3 July 2011.
^ European Commission (31 December 2015). "Wroclaw and San Sebastian: European Capitals of Culture in 2016". Retrieved 27 April 2022.
^ Trask, L. The History of Basque Routledge: 1997 ISBN 0-415-13116-2
^ (in Spanish) Koldo Mitxelena: Apellidos vascos, 1955, page 96.
^ (in Spanish) «Donostia-San Sebastián: Onomástica», Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Sada, Javier Maria; Sada, Asier (2007). San Sebastián: La Historia de la Ciudad a través de sus Calles, Plazas, Barrios, Montes y Caminos (3rd ed.). Andoain: Txertoa. p. 92. ISBN 978-84-7148-399-7.
^ Meteorología, Agencia Estatal de. "Evolución de los climas de Köppen en España en el periodo 1951-2020 - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España". www.aemet.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 September 2023.
^ "Météo climat stats Moyennes 1991/2020 Espagne (page 2)" (in French). Retrieved 8 June 2022.
^ "VValores climatológicos normales. Hondarribia, Malkarroa". November 2015.
^ "Hallan un centenar de objetos de hace 22.000 años en el parque de Ametzagaina". El Diario Vasco. 23 March 2007. Article in Spanish
^ Unsain, J.M. (2008): San Sebastián, ciudad marítima. San Sebastin: Museo Naval ISBN 978-84-930344-8-1, 164-7
^ a b c "LOS GASCONES EN GUIPÚZCOA" (in Spanish). IMPRENTA DE LA DIPUTACION DE GUIPUZCOA. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
^ a b c d Sadaba, Javier (1995). Historia de San Sebastián. San Sebastián: Editorial Txertoa. ISBN 84-7148-318-1. Book in Spanish
^ L. Woodford (ed.), A Young Surgeon in Wellingtons Army: the Letters of William Dent (Old Woking, 1976), p. 39.
^ a b c d e f Berruso Barés, Pedro. "San Sebastián en los Siglos XIX y XX". Geografía e historia de Donostia-San Sebastián. Ingeba. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
^ a b Gomez Piñeiro, Javier. "La Estructura Urbana". Geografía e historia de Donostia-San Sebastián. Ingeba. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
^ Gina Kolata (2000). Flu: The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus That Caused It. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 9.
^ a b Hugh Thomas (2001). Spanish Civil War.
^ a b Paul Preston (2013). The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain. London, UK: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-638695-7.
^ EiTB. "Inaugurada la nueva estación de autobuses de Donostia". www.eitb.eus (in European Spanish). Retrieved 10 December 2016.
^ "Parte Zaharra", the Basque name of the old town in the Basque-language page in the Donostia/San Sebastián City Council official website.
^ "Donostiako alderdi bati, ezagunetan ezagunena, Parte Zaharra deitzen genion guztiok, urtea joan eta urtea etorri, eta lasai bizi ginen, halaz ere. Orain berriz, Alde Zaharra bihurtu zaigu, mintzatzen ez den herriaren ondorioz ."(Translation: "The most known part of San Sebastián was called by all of us Parte Zaharra, year after year, and we lived quietly, nonetheless. Now, however, it has become Alde Zaharra, due to the people who do not speak .")Koldo Mitxelena: «Atarikoak», in Ibon Sarasola (1997), Euskal Hiztegia, Kutxa, ISBN 8471733021.
^ Segurola Lázaro, Carmen. "La Actividad Económica". GEOGRAFIA E HISTORIA DE DONOSTIA-SAN SEBASTIAN. Ingeba. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
^ "Auzoak eta Herriak: Altza". Donostiako Udala – Ayuntamiento de San Sebastián. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
^ a b c d e Saez Garcia, Juan Antonio. "La Tamborrada y otras Fiestas". Geografía e historia de Donostia-San Sebastián. Ingeba. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
^ "Great Week - San Sebastian Tourism". sansebastianturismoa.eus. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
^ "Donostia-San Sebastián Michelin restaurants". Via Michelin. 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
^ "The 20 Most Michelin-Starred Cities in the World (PHOTOS)". The Huffington Post. 16 August 2011.
^ "The World's 50 Best Restaurants (1–10)". The World's 50 Best Restaurants. William Reed Business Media Ltd. 2013. Archived from the original on 7 June 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
^ "Home – Basque Culinary Center". bculinary.com.
^ "Real Sociedad & Levante Promoted To Primera Liga". Goal.com. 13 June 2010. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
^ José Arteche Aramburu, dbe.rah.es, accessed 21 August 2021
^ "Ciudades Hermanadas" (in Spanish). Donostia Kultura. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
^ "International Cooperation | NKR". Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
Further reading
See also: Bibliography of the history of San Sebastián
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Sebastián.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for San Sebastián.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Sebastian (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Sebastian_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[doˈnos̺ti.a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Basque"},{"link_name":"[san seβasˈtjan]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Basque Autonomous Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Bay of Biscay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay"},{"link_name":"France–Spain border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France%E2%80%93Spain_border"},{"link_name":"Gipuzkoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipuzkoa"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Basque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_language"},{"link_name":"Basque Eurocity Bayonne-San Sebastián","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Eurocity_Bayonne-San_Sebasti%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"service sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_sector"},{"link_name":"tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism"},{"link_name":"tourist destination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourist_attraction"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ingeba1-10"},{"link_name":"San Sebastián International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"San Sebastian Jazz Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Sebastian_Jazz_Festival"},{"link_name":"Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"European Capital of Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-european_capital_of_culture-11"}],"text":"City in the Basque Autonomous Community, SpainFor other uses, see San Sebastian (disambiguation).Place in Basque Country, SpainSan Sebastián, officially known by the bilingual name Donostia / San Sebastián (Basque: [doˈnos̺ti.a], Spanish: [san seβasˈtjan]),[4][5] is a city and municipality located in the Basque Autonomous Community, Spain. It lies on the coast of the Bay of Biscay, 20 km (12 miles) from the France–Spain border. The capital city of the province of Gipuzkoa, the municipality's population is 188,102 as of 2021,[6] with its metropolitan area reaching 436,500 in 2010.[7] Locals call themselves donostiarra (singular), both in Spanish[8] and Basque. It is also a part of Basque Eurocity Bayonne-San Sebastián.The economic activities in the city are dominated by the service sector, with an emphasis on commerce and tourism, as San Sebastián has long been well-known as a tourist destination.[9] Despite the city's relatively small size, events such as the San Sebastián International Film Festival and the San Sebastian Jazz Festival have given it an international dimension. San Sebastián, along with Wrocław, Poland, was the European Capital of Culture in 2016.[10]","title":"San Sebastián"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_(language)"},{"link_name":"Saint Sebastian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sebastian"},{"link_name":"place names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymy"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trask-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AunamendiOnomastica-14"}],"text":"In spite of appearance, both the Basque form Donostia and the Spanish form San Sebastián have the same meaning — Saint Sebastian. The dona/done/doni element in Basque place names signifies \"saint\" and is derived from Latin domine; the second part of Donostia contains a shortened form of the saint's name.[11] There are two hypotheses regarding the evolution of the Basque name: one says it was *Done Sebastiáne > Donasa(b)astiai > Donasastia > Donastia > Donostia,[12] the other one says it was *Done Sebastiane > *Done Sebastiae > *Done Sebastie > *Donesebastia > *Donasastia > *Donastia > Donostia.[13]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donostiako_auzoak.png"},{"link_name":"Basque Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)"},{"link_name":"Bay of Biscay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay"},{"link_name":"beaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach"},{"link_name":"Urgull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urgull"},{"link_name":"Mount Ulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ulia"},{"link_name":"Pasaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasaia"},{"link_name":"Adarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adarra"},{"link_name":"mouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_mouth"},{"link_name":"Urumea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urumea"},{"link_name":"Amara Berri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donostia#Amara_Berri"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SadaSanse-15"}],"text":"Map of San SebastiánThe city is located in the north of the Basque Country, on the south-eastern coast of the Bay of Biscay. San Sebastián has three beaches, Concha, Ondarreta, and Zurriola, and is surrounded by hilly areas: Urgull (adjacent to the old part of the city), Mount Ulia (extending east to Pasaia), Mount Adarra (south of the city) and Igeldo (overlooking Concha Bay from the west).San Sebastián lies at the mouth of the Urumea river, and it was in large part built on the river's wetlands during the last two centuries. The city centre and the districts of Amara Berri and Riberas de Loiola lie on the former riverbed, which was diverted to its current canalized course in the first half of the 20th century.[14]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oceanic climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"Agencia Estatal de Meteorología","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_Estatal_de_Meteorolog%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"San Sebastián features an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb)[15] with warm summers and cool winters. Like many cities with this climate, San Sebastián typically experiences cloudy or overcast conditions for the majority of the year, typically with some precipitation. The city averages roughly 1,650 mm (65 in) of precipitation annually, which is fairly evenly spread throughout the year. However, the city is somewhat drier and noticeably sunnier in the summer months, experiencing on average approximately 100 mm (3.94 in) of precipitation during those months. Average temperatures range from 8.9 °C (48.0 °F) in January to 21.5 °C (70.7 °F) in August.Climate data for San Sebastián Airport Hondarribia, (15 km (9 miles) east of San Sebastián) (1991–2020, extremes since 1955)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n24.6(76.3)\n\n28.6(83.5)\n\n29.0(84.2)\n\n32.4(90.3)\n\n36.6(97.9)\n\n43.5(110.3)\n\n42.2(108.0)\n\n40.0(104.0)\n\n38.0(100.4)\n\n33.4(92.1)\n\n29.4(84.9)\n\n26.0(78.8)\n\n43.5(110.3)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n13.2(55.8)\n\n13.8(56.8)\n\n16.2(61.2)\n\n17.8(64.0)\n\n20.8(69.4)\n\n23.2(73.8)\n\n25.1(77.2)\n\n25.9(78.6)\n\n23.9(75.0)\n\n20.9(69.6)\n\n16.2(61.2)\n\n13.8(56.8)\n\n19.3(66.7)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n9.3(48.7)\n\n9.6(49.3)\n\n11.9(53.4)\n\n13.6(56.5)\n\n16.5(61.7)\n\n19.3(66.7)\n\n21.3(70.3)\n\n21.8(71.2)\n\n19.6(67.3)\n\n16.7(62.1)\n\n12.3(54.1)\n\n10.0(50.0)\n\n15.2(59.4)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n5.4(41.7)\n\n5.4(41.7)\n\n7.6(45.7)\n\n9.3(48.7)\n\n12.3(54.1)\n\n15.4(59.7)\n\n17.5(63.5)\n\n17.8(64.0)\n\n15.2(59.4)\n\n12.4(54.3)\n\n8.4(47.1)\n\n6.2(43.2)\n\n11.1(52.0)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−12.0(10.4)\n\n−13.0(8.6)\n\n−5.2(22.6)\n\n−1.2(29.8)\n\n3.0(37.4)\n\n5.3(41.5)\n\n7.8(46.0)\n\n8.4(47.1)\n\n4.6(40.3)\n\n0.8(33.4)\n\n−5.8(21.6)\n\n−8.4(16.9)\n\n−13.0(8.6)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n172.6(6.80)\n\n141.2(5.56)\n\n132.8(5.23)\n\n142.6(5.61)\n\n126.0(4.96)\n\n105.6(4.16)\n\n91.7(3.61)\n\n112.9(4.44)\n\n143.4(5.65)\n\n173.9(6.85)\n\n227.0(8.94)\n\n177.7(7.00)\n\n1,747.4(68.81)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)\n\n13.7\n\n11.9\n\n12.4\n\n13.4\n\n12.3\n\n10.4\n\n9.9\n\n10.0\n\n10.7\n\n11.8\n\n14.0\n\n12.8\n\n143.3\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n87\n\n109\n\n146\n\n164\n\n190\n\n190\n\n204\n\n207\n\n178\n\n138\n\n91\n\n80\n\n1,784\n\n\nSource: Météo Climat[16]Climate data for San Sebastián Airport Hondarribia, (15 km (9 miles) east of San Sebastián) (1981–2010)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n13.1(55.6)\n\n13.8(56.8)\n\n16.1(61.0)\n\n17.5(63.5)\n\n20.7(69.3)\n\n23.1(73.6)\n\n25.1(77.2)\n\n25.7(78.3)\n\n24.0(75.2)\n\n21.0(69.8)\n\n16.2(61.2)\n\n13.5(56.3)\n\n19.2(66.6)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n8.9(48.0)\n\n9.4(48.9)\n\n11.6(52.9)\n\n13.0(55.4)\n\n16.2(61.2)\n\n19.0(66.2)\n\n21.0(69.8)\n\n21.5(70.7)\n\n19.4(66.9)\n\n16.4(61.5)\n\n12.0(53.6)\n\n9.6(49.3)\n\n14.8(58.6)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n4.7(40.5)\n\n5.0(41.0)\n\n7.0(44.6)\n\n8.5(47.3)\n\n11.8(53.2)\n\n14.8(58.6)\n\n16.9(62.4)\n\n17.2(63.0)\n\n14.7(58.5)\n\n11.8(53.2)\n\n7.8(46.0)\n\n5.6(42.1)\n\n10.5(50.9)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n157(6.2)\n\n135(5.3)\n\n124(4.9)\n\n156(6.1)\n\n120(4.7)\n\n95(3.7)\n\n85(3.3)\n\n117(4.6)\n\n132(5.2)\n\n167(6.6)\n\n188(7.4)\n\n174(6.9)\n\n1,649(64.9)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)\n\n13\n\n12\n\n12\n\n14\n\n12\n\n10\n\n9\n\n10\n\n10\n\n12\n\n13\n\n12\n\n138\n\n\nAverage snowy days\n\n1\n\n1\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n2\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n75\n\n72\n\n70\n\n71\n\n72\n\n73\n\n74\n\n75\n\n75\n\n75\n\n76\n\n75\n\n74\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n88\n\n108\n\n141\n\n159\n\n182\n\n188\n\n198\n\n197\n\n170\n\n134\n\n96\n\n81\n\n1,750\n\n\nSource: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[17]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Timeline of San Sebastián","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ataque_a_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_desde_Chofre.jpg"},{"link_name":"siege of San Sebastián","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Sebastian_Basilica_of_Saint_Mary_of_Coro_002_edited.jpg"},{"link_name":"Basilica of Saint Mary of the Chorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Mary_of_the_Chorus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Sebastian_47.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donosti_D%C3%A9putation_Forale.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Sebastian_-_Teatro_Victoria_Eugenia.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hotel_Maria_Cristina_San_Sebastian.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Puerto_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_(1890).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Igueldo_lighthouse_at_San_Sebastian.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Santa_Katalina_zubia._Donostia._Euskal_Herria.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maria Cristina Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Cristina_Bridge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._S%C3%A9bastien_-_Guipuscoa_-_Fonds_Ancely_-_B315556101_A_MALBOS_2_019.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eugène de Malbos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Malbos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amara_Errondotik_urumea.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ondarretako_espetxea.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Patxillardegi_baserria_Donostia_2007.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Sebastian_Kursaal_noche.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kursaal Congress Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursaal_Congress_Centre_and_Auditorium"},{"link_name":"Urumea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urumea"}],"text":"See also: Timeline of San SebastiánBritish siege of San Sebastián in 1813Basilica of Saint Mary of the ChorusEarly 20th century residential building (city centre)Venue of the Regional Government in the Gipuzkoa PlazaVictoria Eugenia Theatre at nightMaria Cristina HotelPort of San Sebastián in 1890Igeldo LighthouseSanta Catalina Bridge after erection of the Maria Cristina Bridge (1905–1910)San Sebastián in 1843, by Eugène de MalbosDonostia's Amara before river canalization in the mid 20th centuryOndarreta gardens, and former prison by the beach (far background)Outlying rural areas were absorbed during the 1960s (Loiola)Kursaal Congress Centre and Zurriola Bridge over the Urumea river","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"settlement of Ametzagaña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Settlement_of_Ametzaga%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Astigarraga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astigarraga"},{"link_name":"knapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knapping"},{"link_name":"Upper Paleolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic"},{"link_name":"Homo sapiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Prehistory","text":"The first evidence of human stationary presence in the current city is the settlement of Ametzagaña, between South Intxaurrondo and Astigarraga. The unearthed remains, such as knapped stones used as knives to cut animal skin, date from 24,000 to 22,000 BC. The open-air findings of the Upper Paleolithic have revealed that the settlers were modern human (Homo sapiens) hunters, besides pointing to a much colder climate at the time.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urgull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urgull"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Varduli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varduli"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Oiasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oiasso"},{"link_name":"Irun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irun"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Antiquity","text":"There were Roman settlements (from around 50-200 AD) in what is now the Old Part of the city, according to excavations carried out in the convent of Santa Teresa, on the slopes of Urgull.[19]San Sebastián is thought to have been in the territory of the Varduli tribe in the Roman times. 10 km (6 mi) east of the current city lay the Basque Roman town of Oiasso (Irun) which was subsequently incorrectly identified with San Sebastián for some time by many historians.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hernani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernani,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Abbey of Leire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery_of_Leyre"},{"link_name":"Sancho III of Pamplona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_III_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"fuero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuero"},{"link_name":"Sancho VI of Pamplona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_VI_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Oria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oria_River"},{"link_name":"Bidasoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidasoa"},{"link_name":"Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Alfonso VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Urgull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urgull"},{"link_name":"Gascon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gascon_language"},{"link_name":"Bayonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayonne"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LOS_GASCONES_EN_GUIP%C3%9AZCOA-21"},{"link_name":"Gascony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Gascony"},{"link_name":"War of the Bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Bands"},{"link_name":"Gipuzkoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipuzkoa"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LOS_GASCONES_EN_GUIP%C3%9AZCOA-21"}],"sub_title":"Middle Ages","text":"No written records about the place are known until, in 1014, the monastery of Saint Sebastian with its apple orchards for cider production, then located within the boundaries of the town of Hernani, was reportedly donated to the Abbey of Leire by Sancho III of Pamplona. By 1181, the city was chartered (given the fuero) by king Sancho VI of Pamplona on the site of Izurum, having jurisdiction over all the territory between the rivers Oria and Bidasoa.In 1200, the city was conquered by Castile, whose king Alfonso VIII, confirmed its charter (fuero), but the Kingdom of Navarre was deprived of its main direct access out to the sea. Perhaps as soon as 1204 (or earlier), the city nucleus at the foot of Urgull started to be populated with Gascon-speaking colonizers from Bayonne and beyond, who left an important imprint in the city's identity in the centuries to come.[20]In 1265, the use of the city as a seaport was granted to Navarre as part of a wedding pact. The large quantity of Gascons inhabiting the town favoured the development of trade with other European ports and Gascony. The city steered clear of the destructive War of the Bands in Gipuzkoa, the only town in doing so in that territory. In fact, the town only joined Gipuzkoa in 1459 after the war came to an end.[20] Up to the 16th century, Donostia remained mostly out of wars, but by the beginning of the 15th century, a line of walls of simple construction is attested encircling the town. The last chapter of the town in the Middle Ages was brought about by a fire that devastated Donostia in 1489. After burning to the ground, the town began a new renaissance by building up mainly with stone instead of bare timber.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Spanish conquest of Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Iberian_Navarre"},{"link_name":"Emperor Charles V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Hondarribia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondarribia"},{"link_name":"Battle of Noain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Noain"},{"link_name":"Revolt of the Comuneros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros"},{"link_name":"Zestoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zestoa"},{"link_name":"Hondarribia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondarribia"},{"link_name":"Bergara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergara"},{"link_name":"Tolosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolosa,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Deba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deba,_Gipuzkoa"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LOS_GASCONES_EN_GUIP%C3%9AZCOA-21"},{"link_name":"Philip II of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"the Infanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV"},{"link_name":"Saint-Jean-de-Luz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Jean-de-Luz"},{"link_name":"Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas"},{"link_name":"Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Historia_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n-22"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France"},{"link_name":"Peninsular War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_War"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Santa Clara Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clara_Island_(San_Sebasti%C3%A1n)"},{"link_name":"Bay of Biscay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay"},{"link_name":"Urumea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urumea"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"besieging San Sebastián","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n"}],"sub_title":"Modern Age","text":"The advent of the Modern Age brought a period of instability and war for the city. New state boundaries were drawn that left Donostia located close to Spain's border with France; thicker and more sophisticated walls were erected, with the town becoming involved in the 1521–1524 military campaigns that formed part of the Spanish conquest of Navarre. The town provided critical naval help to Emperor Charles V during the siege of Hondarribia, which earned the town the titles \"Muy Noble y Muy Leal\", recorded on its coat of arms. The town also aided the monarch by sending a party to the Battle of Noain and providing help to quash the Revolt of the Comuneros in 1521.After these events, Gascons, who had played a leading role in the political and economic life of the town since its foundation, began to be excluded from influential public positions by means of a string of regional sentences upheld by royal decision (regional diets of Zestoa 1527, Hondarribia 1557, Bergara 1558, Tolosa 1604 and Deba 1662).[20] Meanwhile, the climate of war and disease left the town in a poor condition that drove many fishermen and traders to take to the sea as corsairs as a way of getting a living, most of the times under the auspices of the king Philip II of Spain, who benefited from the disruption caused to and wealth obtained from the French and Dutch trade ships.In 1660, the city was used as the royal headquarters during the marriage of the Infanta to Louis XIV at Saint-Jean-de-Luz nearby. After a relatively peaceful 17th century, the town was besieged and taken over by the troops of the French Duke of Berwick up to 1721. However, San Sebastián was not spared by shelling in the French assault and many urban structures were reconstructed, e.g. a new opening in the middle of the town, the Plaza Berria (that was to become the current Konstituzio Plaza).In 1728, the Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas was founded and boosted commerce with the Americas. Thanks to the profit the company generated, the town underwent some urban reforms and improvements and the new Santa Maria Church was erected by subscription. This period of wealth and development was to last up to the end of 18th century.[21]: 56/58In 1808, Napoleonic forces captured San Sebastián in the Peninsular War. In 1813, after a siege of various weeks, on 28 August, during the night, a landing party from a British Royal Navy squadron captured Santa Clara Island, in the bay. Situated on a narrow promontory that jutted out into the sea between the waters of the Bay of Biscay and the broad estuary of the Urumea River, the town was hard to get at and well fortified – \"it was the strongest fortification I ever saw, Gibraltar excepted\", wrote William Dent.[22] Three days later, on 31 August, British and Portuguese troops besieging San Sebastián assaulted the town. The relieving troops ransacked and burnt the city to the ground. Only the street at the foot of the hill (now called 31 August Street) remained.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SadaSanse-15"},{"link_name":"Gipuzkoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipuzkoa"},{"link_name":"Tolosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolosa,_Spain"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berruso-24"},{"link_name":"British Auxiliary Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Auxiliary_Legion"},{"link_name":"George de Lacy Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_de_Lacy_Evans"},{"link_name":"Carlist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlist"},{"link_name":"Urgull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urgull"},{"link_name":"Southern Basque Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Basque_Country"},{"link_name":"foruak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuero"},{"link_name":"Gipuzkoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipuzkoa"},{"link_name":"Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarre"},{"link_name":"defensive walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_walls"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pi%C3%B1eiro-25"},{"link_name":"Miramar Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miramar_Palace"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SadaSanse-15"},{"link_name":"Biarritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biarritz"},{"link_name":"Pasaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasaia"},{"link_name":"Carlists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlist_Wars"},{"link_name":"Bilintx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilintx"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berruso-24"},{"link_name":"Alfonso XII of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XII_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Maria Cristina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Christina_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Tamborrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamborrada"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berruso-24"},{"link_name":"Mata Hari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_Hari"},{"link_name":"Leon Trotsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky"},{"link_name":"Maurice Ravel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Ravel"},{"link_name":"Romanones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conde_de_Romanones"},{"link_name":"1918 Influenza epidemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_flu"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Miguel Primo de Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera"},{"link_name":"Pact of San Sebastián","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pact_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Second Spanish Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic"},{"link_name":"1936 military coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War,_1936"},{"link_name":"Basque Nationalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_nationalism"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thomas-27"},{"link_name":"the Northern Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_the_North"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thomas-27"},{"link_name":"show trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_trials"},{"link_name":"Requetés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requet%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Falangists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-preston-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-preston-28"},{"link_name":"Many children were evacuated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuation_of_children_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Basque language schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikastola"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SadaSanse-15"},{"link_name":"San Sebastián International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berruso-24"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Chillida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Chillida"},{"link_name":"Luis Peña Ganchegui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Pe%C3%B1a_Ganchegui"},{"link_name":"The Comb of the Winds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comb_of_the_Wind"},{"link_name":"Basque Nationalist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Nationalist_Party"},{"link_name":"Eusko Alkartasuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusko_Alkartasuna"},{"link_name":"Spanish Socialist Workers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"Bildu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildu"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berruso-24"},{"link_name":"Kursaal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursaal_Palace"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Berruso-24"},{"link_name":"Ibaeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donostia#Ibaeta"},{"link_name":"Riberas de Loiola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donostia#Riberas_de_Loiola"}],"sub_title":"Contemporary history","text":"After these destructive events, reconstruction of the city was commenced in the original location with a slightly altered layout. A modern octagonal layout as drafted by the architect P.M. Ugartemendia was turned down and eventually M. Gogorza's blueprint was approved, then supervised and implemented by the Ugartemendia. This area, the old town, has a neoclassical, austere and systematic style of architectural construction. Constitution Square was built in 1817 and the town hall (currently a library) between 1828 and 1832.[14]: 100 Housing in the old town was built gradually alongside the rest of the area.The liberal and bourgeois San Sebastián became the capital of Gipuzkoa (instead of Tolosa) until 1823, when absolutists besieged the town (only 200 inhabitants remained in the town when the offensive troops entered). It was designated again as the capital in 1854.[23] In 1835-6, the British Auxiliary Legion under Sir George de Lacy Evans defended the town against the Carlist besiegers. Some of those who died were buried in the English Cemetery on Mount Urgull.At the beginning of the 19th century, the local government was still ruled by the principle of nobility, while inhabitants of foreign origin or descent had always been numerous in the town, especially among the trading community. Although San Sebastián benefited greatly from the charter system established in the Southern Basque Country (foruak, with borders in the Ebro river and no duties for overseas goods), the town was at odds with the more traditional Gipuzkoa, even requesting secession from the province and annexation to Navarre in 1841.In 1863, the defensive walls of the town were demolished (their remains are visible in the underground car park on the Boulevard) and an expansion of the town began in an attempt to move on from its previous military function.[24] Jose Goicoa and Ramon Cortazar were appointed to oversee the work. They modelled the new city according to an orthogonal shape in a neoclassical Parisian style, and Goicoa designed several elegant buildings, such as the Miramar Palace and La Concha Promenade.[14]: 145–146 The city was chosen by the Spanish monarchy as a summer retreat following the French example of nearby Biarritz, and Spanish nobility and the diplomatic corps opened residences in the town. As the \"wave baths\" at La Concha were in conflict with nearby shipbuilding activity, the shipyards relocated to Pasaia, a nearby bay that had formerly been part of San Sebastián.However, in 1875, war came to the town again, and in 1876 shelling over the city by Carlists claimed the life of acclaimed poet Bilintx.[23] From 1885, King Alfonso XII of Spain's widow Maria Cristina spent every summer in Donostia along with her retinue, staying at the Miramar Palace. In 1887, a casino was built, which eventually became the current city hall, and some time later the Regional Government building was completed in Plaza Gipuzkoa following Jose Goicoa's design. Cultural life thrived in this period, giving rise to various events that still take place in the city, such as the Caldereros or the Tamborrada, and journalistic and literary works in both Spanish and Basque.After much debate in the city over whether to pursue an economy based on tourism or manufacturing, Donostia developed into a fully-fledged seaside resort, but some industry developed in the district of Antiguo and on the outskirts of the city. Following the outbreak of World War I, San Sebastián became a destination for renowned international figures of culture and politics,[23] including Mata Hari, Leon Trotsky, Maurice Ravel, and Romanones.San Sebastián was one of earliest towns hit by the 1918 Influenza epidemic, dealing with a first wave outbreak in February of that year. Officials feared for the city's reputation and attempted to keep the disease's spread quiet, to no avail, and the outbreak soon spread throughout Spain.[25]Various rationalist architectural works, typically white or light-coloured, were built in the 1920s and 1930s, such as La Equitativa, Nautico, and Easo. In 1924–1926, canalisation work was carried out on the Urumea river at the southern edge of the city. However, after the city's Belle Epoque in the European wartime, repression under Miguel Primo de Rivera's dictatorship was not favourable for the city. In 1924, gambling was prohibited by the authoritarian regime, causing existential problems for the Grand Casino and the Kursaal (1921).In 1930, Spanish republican forces signed up to the Pact of San Sebastián, leading to the Second Spanish Republic. Unrest and repression did not stop with the new political regime, and large-scale industrial action was called several times by the growing anarchist, communist and socialist unions. The 1936 military coup was initially defeated by the resistance, led by the Basque Nationalists,[26]: 226 anarchists and communists, but later that same year the province fell to Spanish Nationalist forces during the Northern Campaign.[26]: 397 The occupation proved disastrous for the city's residents. Between 1936 and 1943, 485 people were executed as a result of show trials by the Spanish Nationalists (Requetés and Falangists).[27]: 431 It has been estimated that extrajudicial executions (paseos) by the occupying military forces accounted for over 600 murders in the area during the first months of occupation.[27]: 431 Many children were evacuated to temporary safety in Bilbao, with the city's population falling by an estimated 40,000 to 50,000 inhabitants.In the aftermath of war, the city was stricken by poverty, famine and repression, coupled with a thriving smuggling trade. Many republican detainees were held at the beach-side Ondarreta Prison in grim and humid conditions, until the building was demolished in 1948. However, industrial development paved the way for urban expansion in the Egia and Amara Berri districts, on the marshes and riverbed of the Urumea, at the end of the 1940s and beginning of the 1950s.In 1943, the first Basque language schools were established by Elvira Zipitria, who taught in Basque from her home in the Old Town. In 1947, the Grand Casino was converted into the City Hall.[14]: 95 In 1953, city businessmen organised the first San Sebastián International Film Festival to stimulate the economic life and profile of the city.Mass immigration from other parts of Spain, spurred by growing industrial production, greatly increased the population, initiating rapid and chaotic urban development on the outskirts of the city (Altza, Intxaurrondo, Herrera, Bidebieta). Social, cultural and political conflicts followed, leading to popular dissatisfaction. Protests and street demonstrations became more common, driven by Basque nationalists (especially the armed separatist organisation ETA) and various underground unions, triggering the first state of emergency in Gipuzkoa in 1968. Several more were imposed by the Francoist authorities in the period immediately preceding Franco's death in 1975.Amid the fragile economic situation and real estate speculation, the Kursaal and the Chofre bullring in Gros were demolished in 1973.[23] From 1975 to 1977, sculptor Eduardo Chillida and architect Luis Peña Ganchegui's landmark The Comb of the Winds was built at the western tip of the bay. The 1970s to the mid-1980s were years of general urban and social decay marked by social and political unrest and violence.In 1979, the first democratic municipal elections were held, won by the Basque Nationalist Party, who held office along with splinter party Eusko Alkartasuna (Basque Solidarity) until 1991. The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party's Odon Elorza took over as mayor from 1991 until 2011, when he was defeated unexpectedly by Juan Carlos Izagirre (Bildu) in elections.[23]From the 1990s, a major makeover of the city centre began, aimed at enhancing and revamping the neoclassical and modernist side of San Sebastián's architecture. Other regeneration projects included the reshaping and enlargement of Zurriola beach and promenade, the opening of the Kursaal Palace cubes (1999),[23] the new university campus and technology facilities in Ibaeta, the creation of a wide network of cycle lanes, underground car-parks and significant improvements to public transport. Districts of cutting-edge design have been erected, such as Ibaeta and Riberas de Loiola, while some other major public works are still pending confirmation of funding and approval.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Monumentos_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plaza_Constituci%C3%B3n.jpg"},{"link_name":"Urumea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urumea"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SadaSanse-15"},{"link_name":"orthogonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonality"},{"link_name":"Haussmannian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Haussmann#Haussmann's_plan_for_Paris"},{"link_name":"Rue de Rivoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rue_de_Rivoli"},{"link_name":"Pont Alexandre III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_Alexandre_III"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SadaSanse-15"},{"link_name":"Gustave Eiffel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Eiffel"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donostia_Igeldotik.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Donostia_Igeldotik.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panorama_Donostia_Kontxako.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panorama_Donostia_Kontxako.jpg"}],"text":"Monuments of the cityFaçade of the Constitution Square (Plaza) in San SebastiánNew districts developed after the walls of the city were demolished in 1863, as the city expanded in several directions, first into the flatlands shaped by the river Urumea and later up the hills. The first expansion of the old town was towards the river's mouth, on the old quarter called Zurriola (a name later given by Council decision to the sand area and the avenue across the river).[14]: 13, 322The orthogonal layout of the modern city centre (the Cortazar development) was built up until 1914 (when the first phase finished) reflecting a Parisian Haussmannian style. The arcades of the Buen Pastor square were modelled upon those of the Rue de Rivoli, while the Maria Cristina Bridge was inspired by the Pont Alexandre III that crosses the Seine.[14]: 257 The Estación del Norte train station standing directly across the bridge was inaugurated in 1864, just after the arrival of the railway to San Sebastián. Its metallic roof was designed by Gustave Eiffel. San Sebastián's central bus station is located underground adjacent to the train station.[28]Panoramic view of the La Concha Bay in the daytimePanoramic view of La Concha Bay at night","title":"Districts of the city"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Gascon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gascon_language"},{"link_name":"1813 destruction of the town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n#Ransacking_and_burning"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Historia_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n-22"},{"link_name":"Urgull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urgull"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SadaSanse-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Sebastian_Town_Hall_-_April_2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"City hall of San Sebastián","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_council_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Sebastian_Buen_Pastor.jpg"},{"link_name":"San Sebastián's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Shepherd_Cathedral_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Sebastian_Puente_Maria_Cristina.jpg"},{"link_name":"María Cristina Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Cristina_Bridge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Sebastian_Palacio_Miramar_edited.jpg"},{"link_name":"Miramar Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miramar_Palace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Sebastian_from_Zurriola.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zurriola Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zurriola_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Urumea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urumea"}],"sub_title":"Parte Vieja / Parte Zaharra","text":"The Parte Vieja (Spanish) or Alde Zaharra[29][30] (Basque) — Old Town – is the traditional core area of the city, and was surrounded by walls until 1863, when they were demolished in order to occupy the stretch of sand and land that connected the town to the mainland. A part of these walls is still standing at the exit from the Old Town towards the port, through the Portaletas gate. The Old Town is divided into two parishes relating to the Santa Maria and San Vicente churches; the inhabitants belonging to the former are known traditionally as joxemaritarrak, while those attached to the latter are referred to as koxkeroak. Until the early 18th century, the koxkeroak mostly spoke Gascon. Especially after the end of the Franco dictatorship, many bars were established around the Old Part. Most current buildings date back to the 19th century, built as part of the city's reconstruction after the 1813 destruction of the town by the allied Anglo-Portuguese troops.[21]: 73–75, 81–89There is a small fishing and recreation port, with two-floor houses lined under the front-wall of mount Urgull. These houses are relatively new, resulting from the demilitarization of the hill,[14]: 218 sold to the city council by the Ministry of War in 1924.City hall of San SebastiánSan Sebastián's CathedralMaría Cristina BridgeMiramar PalaceZurriola Bridge and mouth of the Urumea","title":"Districts of the city"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SadaSanse-15"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Antiguo","text":"This part is located on the western side of the city beyond the Miramar Palace. The monastery of San Sebastián el Antiguo ('the Old') is mentioned in historical documents from the time of the foundation of the city in the 12th century.[14]: 35 In the mid 19th century, industrial enterprises developed in the district, such as Cervezas El León, Suchard, and Lizarriturry,[31] and it subsequently came to be populated by workers. Industry has since been replaced by services and the tourism sector. The Matia kalea provides the main axis for the district.","title":"Districts of the city"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SadaSanse-15"},{"link_name":"River Urumea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urumea"}],"sub_title":"Amara Zaharra","text":"Amara Zaharra (\"Old Amara\") is named after the Amara farmhouse.[14]: 30 Over time it has mostly merged with the city centre, as the former Amara lay on the marshes on the left of the River Urumea. The core of this district is the Easo plaza, with the Euskotren railway terminal closing the square at its south.","title":"Districts of the city"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SadaSanse-15"}],"sub_title":"Amara Berri","text":"This southern expansion of the city began from the 1940s, after the completion of works to canalize the river.[14]: 30–31, 92 Nowadays the name Amara usually refers to this district, which has exceeded Amara Zaharra both in size and population. The district revolves around the axis of Avenida Sancho el Sabio and Avenida de Madrid, and is the main road entrance to the city. Facilities of many state run agencies are established here, as well as many business offices.","title":"Districts of the city"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SadaSanse-15"}],"sub_title":"Gros","text":"The district is built on the sandy terrain across the river from the old town. In the 19th century, shanties and workshops began to appear in this area, which was eventually named for Tomás Gros, one of the main proprietors.[14]: 148–149 The former monumental bullring in the area, Chofre, was demolished in 1973, and the site is now occupied by a housing estate. A relatively recent major landmark of the district is the Kursaal Congress Centre overlooking Zurriola Beach.","title":"Districts of the city"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SadaSanse-15"},{"link_name":"Francisco Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SadaSanse-15"}],"sub_title":"Aiete","text":"One of the newest parts of the city, Aiete retained a rural character until not long ago.[when?][14]: 60–61 The post-war city council purchased the compound of the Aiete Palace for the use of Francisco Franco in 1940, immediately after the Civil War. The palace became Franco's summer residence until 1975,[14]: 62 and is now home to the Bakearen Etxea (Peace Memorial House).","title":"Districts of the city"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_language"},{"link_name":"Urumea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urumea"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SadaSanse-15"},{"link_name":"Tabakalera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabakalera"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SadaSanse-15"}],"sub_title":"Egia","text":"Egia, stemming from (H)Egia (Basque for either bank/shore or hill), is a district of San Sebastián on the right side of the Urumea beyond the train station. At the beginning of the 20th century, a patch of land by the railway started to be used as a football pitch, eventually turning into the official stadium of the local team Real Sociedad before it was transferred in the 1990s to Anoeta,[14]: 111 south of Amara Berri (nowadays the site harbours houses). The former tobacco factory building Tabakalera, which has been converted into a Contemporary Culture Centre, conjures up the former industrial past of the area.[14]: 111 Right opposite to this building lies the Cristina Enea park, a public compound with a botanic vocation. Egia holds the city cemetery, Polloe, at the north-east fringes of the district, stretching out to South Intxaurrondo.","title":"Districts of the city"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guardia Civil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Guard_(Spain)"}],"sub_title":"Intxaurrondo","text":"This part (meaning 'walnut tree' in Basque) is a large district to the east of the city. The original nucleus lies between the railway and the Ategorrieta Avenue, where still today the farmhouse Intxaurrondo Zar, declared \"National Monument\", is situated since the mid-17th century. The railway cuts across the district, the southern side being the fruit of the heavy development undergone in the area during the immigration years of the 1950s and 1960s. In addition, further housing estates have been built up more recently souther beyond the N-1 E-5 E-80 E-70 ring road (South Intxaurrondo). The police force Guardia Civil runs controversial barracks there (works for new housing are underway).","title":"Districts of the city"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_language"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Sebasti%C3%A1n&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Altza","text":"Altza (Basque for alder tree) is the easternmost district of San Sebastián, along with Bidebieta and Trintxerpe. In 1910 it was a quaint village comprising scattered farmhouses and a small nucleus, with 2,683 inhabitants, but the arrival of thousands of immigrants in the 1960s and 1970s led to rapid and chaotic housing and building activity, resulting in a maze of grey landscape of skyscrapers with a population of 32,531 in 1970. The population is 20,000 as of 2013[update].[32]","title":"Districts of the city"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of the Basque Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Basque_Country"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pi%C3%B1eiro-25"},{"link_name":"Donostia International Physics Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donostia_International_Physics_Center"},{"link_name":"Nanotechnology Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nanogune.eu/en"}],"sub_title":"Ibaeta","text":"Ibaeta stands on the former location for various factories (e.g., Cervezas El León) of San Sebastián, with the buildings of the old industrial estate being demolished in the late 20th century. The levelling of this large flat area paved the ground for a carefully planned modern and elegant housing estate, featuring a new university campus for the public University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU)[24] and institutions such as the Donostia International Physics Center or the Nanotechnology Center. A stream called Konporta flows down along the eastern side of the area, but it was canalized under the ground almost all along to its mouth on the bay pushed by urban building pressure.","title":"Districts of the city"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hernani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernani,_Spain"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SaezGarcia-34"}],"sub_title":"Loiola","text":"It lies by the Urumea at the south-east end of the city. It comprises a small patch of detached houses (Ciudad Jardín) and a core area of 6-odd floor buildings. The district has recently gone through a major makeover, with works finishing in 2008. The road axis coming from important industrial areas (Astigarraga-Hernani) crosses the district heading downtown. A military base stands across the river,[33] home to an uprising in 1936. Attempts by the city council to close it have been unsuccessful so far.","title":"Districts of the city"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Riberas de Loiola","text":"New modern district erected in the 2000s next to the city's inner bypass and south road entrance to San Sebastián. A pedestrian bridge spans the Urumea river onto the Cristina Enea Park.","title":"Districts of the city"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martutene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martutene"},{"link_name":"Astigarraga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astigarraga"}],"sub_title":"Martutene","text":"The Martutene district bordering to the south on the town of Astigarraga comes next to Loiola in the south direction. This part of the city features an industrial area, a football pitch for lower leagues, a disused vocational training building and enclosure as well as a prison, much in decay and due to be transferred soon to a new location, probably in the municipality's exclave of Zubieta, while this option is coming in for much opposition.","title":"Districts of the city"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:El_Deposito_-_Lumina_Nocte.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mount Ulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ulia"},{"link_name":"San Sebastián","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donostia"},{"link_name":"Pasaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasaia"},{"link_name":"Irun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irun"},{"link_name":"Park of Nurseries of Ulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_of_Nurseries_of_Ulia"}],"sub_title":"Ulia","text":"Former tank supplying the city with sanitary water in UliaThis part stands on the east side of the city at the foot of the Mount Ulia Park, on the left hand side of the road heading from San Sebastián to Pasaia and Irun. It consists of a residential area, besides holding a number of educational institutions, culture and sports centres built since 1980. The Park of Nurseries of Ulia sits at the base of the road leading to Mount Ulia, with its name deriving from its function as a nursery of plants for the public gardens of San Sebastián throughout the 20th century until 2008. It includes two ancient water-tanks, architectonic elements, and specific flora and fauna.","title":"Districts of the city"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"caserios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(place)"}],"sub_title":"Añorga","text":"Former area of caserios on the outskirts of San Sebastián, the establishment in 1900 of the Cementos Rezola company in the neighborhood transformed Añorga into an industrial-type neighborhood, although it will lose its rural character that it once had. Even considering Añorga a single neighborhood, three distinct neighborhoods are generally distinguished: Añorga (Añorga Haundi), Añorga-Txiki and Rekalde. According to the National Institute of Statistics, it had 1769 inhabitants in 2013.","title":"Districts of the city"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pelota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_pelota"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"1813 burning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n#Ransacking_and_burning"}],"sub_title":"Zubieta","text":"The exclave Zubieta (meaning 'place of bridges') was a village until recent years, with a number of houses, a pelota pitch (with a single wall as opposed to the regular two) and a church. However, it has since undergone much urban development, and is now a built-up area with paved streets and due equipment.[citation needed] There are two contested proposals for a new solid-waste incinerator and a prison in the area.[citation needed] In the wake of the 1813 burning, inhabitants of San Sebastián held a meeting at a house in the village to decide the reconstruction of the town.","title":"Districts of the city"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Sebastian_Festival_Entrada.JPG"},{"link_name":"European Capital of Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture"},{"link_name":"Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"San Sebastian Jazz Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Sebastian_Jazz_Festival"},{"link_name":"San Sebastián International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Kursaal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursaal_Palace"},{"link_name":"San Telmo Museoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Telmo_Museoa"}],"text":"San Sebastián International Film Festival, Red CarpetSan Sebastián has a dynamic cultural scene, and was selected as European Capital of Culture for 2016 (shared with Wrocław, Poland) with the motto, \"Waves of people's energy\".Cultural events including traditional city festivals, music, theatre, and cinema take place throughout the year, especially in summer. In the last week of July, the city hosts the San Sebastian Jazz Festival (Jazzaldia), the longest continuously running Jazz Festival in Europe, featuring concerts staged in different locations around the city, sometimes with free admission. This is followed by the Musical Fortnight, which features classical music concerts taking place over 15 days into August. The San Sebastián International Film Festival is held in September, for more than 50 years, centred around the Kursaal Palace and the Victoria Eugenia Theatre. The city is also home to the San Telmo Museoa, a major cultural institution with an ethnographic, artistic and civic vocation.Other cinema festivals in the city include: Street Zinema, an international audiovisual festival exploring contemporary art and urban culture; the Horror and Fantasy Festival in October; and the Surfilm Festival, a cinema festival featuring surfing footage, especially shorts.","title":"Culture and events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Sebastian_Tamborrada_Infantil_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tamborrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamborrada"},{"link_name":"Saint Sebastian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sebastian"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SaezGarcia-34"},{"link_name":"Antiguo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donostia#Antiguo"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Historia_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Historia_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n-22"},{"link_name":"txokos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txoko"},{"link_name":"elvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elver_(fish)"}],"sub_title":"San Sebastián Day","text":"Tamborrada, children's sectionEvery year on 20 January, the feast of Saint Sebastian, the people of San Sebastián celebrate a festival known as the \"Tamborrada\", the most celebrated festival of the year for residents of the town. At midnight, in the Konstituzio plaza in the \"Alde Zaharra/Parte Vieja\" (Old Part), the mayor raises the flag of San Sebastián. For 24 hours, the entire city is filled with the sound of drums. The adults march around the city dressed as chefs and soldiers throughout the night as part of the March of San Sebastián.[33]On this day in the early 19th century, a procession was held from the Santa Maria Church in the Old Part to the San Sebastián Church in the district of Antiguo, while later limited due to weather conditions to the walled area. The event finished with a public dance accompanied by the military band's flutes and drums. Every day, a soldiers' parade took place to change the guards at the town's southern walls. Since the San Sebastián Day was the first festival heralding the upcoming Carnival, exuberant youths began to follow them, aping their martial manners and drumrolls, using the buckets left at the fountains as drums.[21]: 107 The celebrations started to take their current form in the period from the 1860s to 1880s, with real military style outfits and parades and music by composer Raimundo Sarriegui.[21]: 110Adults usually have dinner in txokos (\"gourmet clubs\"). Traditionally, these admitted only men, but now even the most conservative ones allow women on the \"Noche de la Tamborrada\". They eat sophisticated meals cooked by themselves, mostly composed of seafood (traditionally elvers, now no longer served due to its exorbitant price) and drink the best wines.","title":"Culture and events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gigantes_San_Sebastian.jpg"},{"link_name":"giants and big-heads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigantes_y_cabezudos"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SaezGarcia-34"},{"link_name":"processional giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processional_giant"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"La Semana Grande/Aste Nagusia","text":"The city giants and big-heads in the Semana Grande/Aste NagusiaA festival, La Semana Grande in Spanish and Aste Nagusia in Basque (\"The Big/Main Week\"), is held every year in mid-August. A major international fireworks competition is held during the festival, in which teams representing various countries and cities put on a fireworks display each night over the bay, with the winner of the contest announced at the end. The displays are sometimes accompanied by a full live orchestra performing on the boardwalk. Attendees often claim spots along the beach and bay hours in advance.[33] The festival also includes a parade of marching bands, entertainers on stilts, and Basque processional giants every afternoon. Semana Grande attracts a lot of domestic and international tourism. [34]","title":"Culture and events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bertsolaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertsolari"},{"link_name":"Basque pelota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_pelota"},{"link_name":"stone lifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrijasotzaileak"},{"link_name":"oxen wagers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idi_probak"},{"link_name":"cider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider"},{"link_name":"rowing boat competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estropadak"},{"link_name":"Bay of Biscay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay"},{"link_name":"Flag of La Concha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontxako_Bandera"}],"sub_title":"Basque Week","text":"Running for several decades at the beginning of September, Basque Week features events related to Basque culture, such as performances of traditional improvising poets (bertsolaris), Basque pelota games, stone lifting contests, oxen wagers, dance exhibitions, and a cider tasting festival. The centrepiece of the festival is the rowing boat competition, in which teams from different towns around the Bay of Biscay compete for the Flag of La Concha. Thousands of supporters from these coastal locations fill the city's streets and promenades overlooking the bay to follow the event, especially on the Sunday of the final race.","title":"Culture and events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basque Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)"},{"link_name":"Saint Agatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Agatha"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SaezGarcia-34"}],"sub_title":"Santa Ageda Bezpera","text":"Saint Agatha's Eve is a traditional event taking place at the beginning of February or end of January in many places around the Basque Country, and is part of the run-up to the city's carnival. Groups dressed up in Basque traditional farmer costumes march across the neighbourhood singing and wielding a characteristic stick beaten on the ground to the rhythm of the traditional tune of Saint Agatha.[33] The singers ask for a small donation, which can be money, a drink or something to eat.","title":"Culture and events"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Sebastian_Puerto.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carnival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival"},{"link_name":"Romani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Caldereros","text":"View of the harbourThis is a local festival held on the first Saturday of February linked to the upcoming Carnival, where different groups of people dressed in Romani tinkers attire take to the streets banging rhythmically a hammer or spoon against a pot or pan, and usually bar-hop while they sing the traditional songs for the occasion. They were just male voices some time ago, but women participate and sing currently too, and the main event is at the City Hall, where the city band plays marches while the crowds bang the pots and pans. The festival began in 1884.[citation needed]","title":"Culture and events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas the Apostle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Gipuzkoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipuzkoa"},{"link_name":"txistorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txistorra"},{"link_name":"chorizo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorizo"},{"link_name":"talo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talo_(food)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SaezGarcia-34"}],"sub_title":"Santo Tomas","text":"The Santo Tomas festival takes place on Thomas the Apostle's day, 21 December. From the early morning, stalls are erected around the city centre, and visitors from across Gipuzkoa come to the centre and the Old Part, many dressed in traditional Basque \"farmer\" outfits. Traditional and typical produce is sold from the stalls; the main drink is cider and the most popular snacks are txistorra, a thin, uncured chorizo wrapped in talo flatbread. A large pig is displayed in Plaza Constitucion, which is raffled off during the festival.[33]","title":"Culture and events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olentzero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olentzero"}],"sub_title":"Olentzero","text":"As in other Basque cities, towns and villages, on Christmas Eve the Olentzero and the accompanying carol singers usually dressed in Basque farmer costume take over the streets, especially in the city centre, asking for small donations in bars, shops and banks after singing their repertoire. Sometimes Olentzero choirs roam around the streets in later dates, on the 31st for example, and are often related to cultural, social or political associations and demands.","title":"Culture and events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ingeba1-10"},{"link_name":"Ikusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ikusi&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The main economic activities are commerce and tourism. San Sebastián is one of the best-known tourist destinations in Spain.[9]The international technology organisation Ikusi is based in San Sebastián.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Euskotren Trena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskotren_Trena"},{"link_name":"Euskotren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskotren"},{"link_name":"Euskotren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskotren"},{"link_name":"Bilbao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbao"},{"link_name":"San Sebastián Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Metro"},{"link_name":"Renfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfe"},{"link_name":"Cercanías San Sebastián","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercan%C3%ADas_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"San Sebastián railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Madrid to Hendaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93Hendaye_railway"},{"link_name":"San Sebastián Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Airport"},{"link_name":"Hondarribia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondarribia"},{"link_name":"Bilbao airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilbao_Airport"},{"link_name":"Biarritz Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biarritz_Pays_Basque_Airport"}],"text":"The city is served by Euskotren Trena, Euskotren's railway network. Euskotren runs trains to Bilbao and other destinations, as well as the San Sebastián Metro; which together with Renfe's Cercanías San Sebastián cover the San Sebastián metropolitan area. There are frequent trains via San Sebastián railway station from Madrid to Hendaye in France, which is connected to the French rail network. The city is also served by San Sebastián Airport in the nearby municipality of Hondarribia. San Sebastián Airport currently has no international destinations. Bilbao airport is 98 km (61 mi) away from San Sebastián city. Biarritz Airport in France is located about 50 km (31 mi) from San Sebastián.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Sebastian_Altstadt.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jamón serrano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam%C3%B3n_serrano"},{"link_name":"pintxos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintxo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Sebastian_06_2012_Basque_Culinary_Center_2573.JPG"},{"link_name":"Basque Culinary Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Culinary_Center"},{"link_name":"Michelin stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelin_Guide"},{"link_name":"Arzak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arzak"},{"link_name":"Mugaritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugaritz"},{"link_name":"Errenteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errenteria"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Michelin stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelin_stars"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Kyoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto"},{"link_name":"The World's 50 Best Restaurants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World%27s_50_Best_Restaurants"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"pintxos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pintxo"},{"link_name":"tapas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapas"},{"link_name":"Basque gastronomical societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txoko"},{"link_name":"txoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txoko"},{"link_name":"Basque Culinary Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Culinary_Center"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"Jamón serrano and pintxos in one of the numerous bars of the Old QuarterBasque Culinary Center campus.San Sebastián is renowned for its Basque cuisine. San Sebastián and the surrounding area is home to a high concentration of restaurants with Michelin stars, including Arzak (San Sebastián), Berasategi (Lasarte), Akelarre (district Igeldo) and Mugaritz (Errenteria).[35] It is the city with the second most Michelin stars per capita in the world,[36] after Kyoto, Japan. According to The World's 50 Best Restaurants ranking in 2013, two of the world's top ten best restaurants were in San Sebastián.[37] As well as these restaurants, the city is known for pintxos (small-plate dishes similar to tapas) which are found in the bars of the Old Quarter and elsewhere in the city.It is also the birthplace of Basque gastronomical societies, with the oldest recorded mention of such a txoko back in 1870. In addition, San Sebastián hosts the first institution to offer a university degree in Gastronomy, the Basque Culinary Center.[38]","title":"Gastronomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conservatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_school#Conservatory"},{"link_name":"University of the Basque Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Basque_Country"},{"link_name":"Gipuzkoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipuzkoa"},{"link_name":"University of Navarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Navarra"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"University of Deusto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Deusto"},{"link_name":"Mondragon University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mondragon_University"},{"link_name":"Faculty of Gastronomic Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Culinary_Center"},{"link_name":"Musikene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikene"}],"text":"Donostia / San Sebastián has become an important University town. Four universities and a superior conservatory are present in the city:University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU): San Sebastián hosts the Gipuzkoa Campus of the public university.\nUniversity of Navarra: The private university has an engineering-centered campus, Tecnun, in San Sebastián.\nUniversity of Deusto: Built in 1956, the San Sebastián campus of the private university offers different university degrees.\nMondragon University: The pioneering Faculty of Gastronomic Sciences of this private university is located in San Sebastián.\nMusikene: The Higher School of Music of the Basque Country is located in San Sebastián.The secondary studies activity is having an increasing impact on social, cultural, technological and economical levels of the city and surroundings. With its pushing innovative and research centers and its research strategies it is becoming one of Spain's main Science production locations, along with Barcelona, Madrid, Bilbao, Seville and Valencia, among others. Donostia / San Sebastián's scientific production covers areas like Materials Science, Cancer Research, Alzheimer and Parkinson, Architecture, Polymer Science, Biomaterials, Nanotechnology, Robotics or Informatics.","title":"University"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Surf_in_Donosti-San_Sebasti%C3%A1n.jpg"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Real Sociedad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Sociedad"},{"link_name":"Segunda División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"2009–10 Segunda División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Anoeta Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_Anoeta"},{"link_name":"Anoeta Sports Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoeta_Sports_Complex"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Biarritz Olympique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biarritz_Olympique"},{"link_name":"Aviron Bayonnais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviron_Bayonnais"},{"link_name":"Gipuzkoa Basket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipuzkoa_Basket"},{"link_name":"LEB Oro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEB_Oro"},{"link_name":"Donostia Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donostia_Arena"},{"link_name":"CHH Txuri Urdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHH_Txuri_Urdin"},{"link_name":"Liga Nacional de Hockey Hielo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Nacional_de_Hockey_Hielo"},{"link_name":"Clásica de San Sebastián","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A1sica_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"UCI World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"UCI ProTour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_ProTour"},{"link_name":"UCI Road World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_Road_World_Cup"}],"text":"Surf in Donostia / San SebastiánThe principal football club in the city is Real Sociedad. After three seasons in the Segunda División, the club won promotion back to La Liga after winning the 2009–10 Segunda División.[39] Real Sociedad was one of the founding members of the top division in Spanish football, La Liga. They enjoyed a particularly successful period of history in the early 1980s when they were Spanish champions for two years running (1980–81, 1981–82). In May 2019, Real Sociedad's female team won the Queen's Cup for the first time.[citation needed] The city's Anoeta Stadium located at the Anoeta Sports Complex is home to the Real Sociedad and also hosts rugby union matches featuring Biarritz Olympique or Aviron Bayonnais. Basketball team Gipuzkoa Basket in the LEB Oro play in the Donostia Arena in San Sebastian, and CHH Txuri Urdin, an ice hockey club in Liga Nacional de Hockey Hielo.Each summer the city plays host to a well known cycling race, the one-day Clásica de San Sebastián (\"San Sebastián Classic\"). Cycling races are popular in Spain, and the Clásica de San Sebastián professional is held during early August. It has been held annually in San Sebastián since 1981. The race is part of the UCI World Tour and was previously part of its predecessors UCI ProTour and UCI Road World Cup. A women's version of the race has been held since 2019.","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wind_Comb_Chillida.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Chillida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Chillida"},{"link_name":"Mikel Arteta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikel_Arteta"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"Aritz Aduriz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritz_Aduriz"},{"link_name":"Athletic Bilbao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao"},{"link_name":"Zarra Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarra_Trophy"},{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"Xabi Alonso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xabi_Alonso"},{"link_name":"Spain national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2010 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Bayer Leverkusen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer_04_Leverkusen"},{"link_name":"Txillardegi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txillardegi"},{"link_name":"Alicia Amatriain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Amatriain"},{"link_name":"Gretel Ammann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretel_Ammann"},{"link_name":"Luis Arconada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Arconada"},{"link_name":"Real Sociedad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Sociedad"},{"link_name":"Spain national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"José de Arteche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Arteche"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Serafin Baroja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serafin_Baroja"},{"link_name":"Pío Baroja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ADo_Baroja"},{"link_name":"Generation of '98","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_of_%2798"},{"link_name":"Carlos Bea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Bea"},{"link_name":"federal judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_judge"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit"},{"link_name":"Alvaro Bermejo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvaro_Bermejo"},{"link_name":"Bilintx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilintx"},{"link_name":"bertsolari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertsolari"},{"link_name":"Carlist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlist_Wars"},{"link_name":"Achille Broutin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Broutin"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Chillida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Chillida"},{"link_name":"Arantza Díaz de Ilarraza Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arantza_D%C3%ADaz_de_Ilarraza_S%C3%A1nchez"},{"link_name":"Language Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_Technology"},{"link_name":"Natural language processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processing"},{"link_name":"Basque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_language"},{"link_name":"Catalina de Erauso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalina_de_Erauso"},{"link_name":"Marina de Gabaráin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_de_Gabar%C3%A1in"},{"link_name":"Iñaki Gabilondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B1aki_Gabilondo"},{"link_name":"Alberto Iglesias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Iglesias"},{"link_name":"Mikel Laboa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikel_Laboa"},{"link_name":"Juana Larando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juana_Larando"},{"link_name":"Imanol Larzabal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imanol_Larzabal"},{"link_name":"Ramon Lazkano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Lazkano"},{"link_name":"Jesús María de Leizaola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Leizaola"},{"link_name":"Rebeca Linares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeca_Linares"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Mackereth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Mackereth"},{"link_name":"Iker Martínez de Lizarduy Lizarribar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iker_Mart%C3%ADnez"},{"link_name":"Julio Medem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Medem"},{"link_name":"Idoia Otaegui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idoia_Otaegui"},{"link_name":"Antonio Peña y Goñi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Go%C3%B1i"},{"link_name":"musicologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musicologist"},{"link_name":"Alex Ubago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Ubago"},{"link_name":"Juan Ugarte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Ugarte"},{"link_name":"Real Sociedad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Sociedad"},{"link_name":"Wrexham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Crewe Alexandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crewe_Alexandra_F.C."},{"link_name":"Julio Urquijo Ibarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Urquijo_Ibarra"},{"link_name":"Andrés Vilariño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Vilari%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"Fernando de Villanueva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_de_Villanueva"},{"link_name":"Spanish New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_New_Mexico"}],"text":"The comb of the wind: Peine del viento/Haizearen orrazia sculptures of Eduardo Chillida at the foot of the Igeldo mountainMikel Arteta (born 1982), current manager and former player of Premier League club Arsenal.\nAritz Aduriz (born 1981), former footballer who played for Athletic Bilbao and winner of the 2015 Zarra Trophy as best domestic goalscorer in La Liga.\nXabi Alonso (born 1981), former professional footballer born in Tolosa but raised in San Sebastián. Part of the Spain national team that won the 2010 World Cup and current manager of German Bundesliga club Bayer Leverkusen.\nJosé Luis Álvarez Enparantza \"Txillardegi\" (1929–2012), Basque linguist, politician and writer.\nAlicia Amatriain, ballet dancer\nGretel Ammann (1947–2000), philosopher, essayist, activist, radical feminist, lesbian separatist.\nLuis Arconada, (born 1954) former football player who played for Real Sociedad and the Spain national team as a goalkeeper.\nJosé de Arteche (1906–1971), author[40]\nSerafin Baroja (1840–1912), writer, Basque culture advocate and liberal. Father of Pio Baroja.\nPío Baroja (1872–1956), writer belonging to the Generation of '98.\nCarlos Bea, (born 18 April 1934), federal judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit\nAlvaro Bermejo (born 1 August 1959) writer and journalist, author of best sellers like The Tibetan Gospel or The Labyrint of Atlantis.\nIndalezio Bizkarrondo \"Bilintx\" (1831–1876), a romantic poet and bertsolari closely attached to the city. Died after being hit by Carlist shelling.\nAchille Broutin (1860–1918), fencer and collector of weapons.\nEduardo Chillida (1924–2002), sculptor, notable for his monumental abstract works.\nArantza Díaz de Ilarraza Sánchez (1957), researcher in Language Technology and Natural language processing for Basque and other languages.\nCatalina de Erauso (1585 or 1592–1650), former nun who travelled around Spain and the Americas as a man.\nMarina de Gabaráin (1917–1972), mezzo-soprano opera singer\nIñaki Gabilondo (born 1942), journalist.\nAlberto Iglesias (born 1955), music composer.\nMikel Laboa (1934–2008), Basque singer-songwriter.\nJuana Larando (fl. 1630), Basque privateer\nImanol Larzabal (1947-2004), Basque singer-songwriter.\nRamon Lazkano (born 1968), composer.\nJesús María de Leizaola (1896–1989), President of the Basque Government in exile after 1960.\nRebeca Linares (born 1983), Spanish pornographic actress\nGilbert Mackereth (1892–1962), British World War I hero, holder of Military Cross for gallantry. Retired to live in San Sebastián and died there 1962, interred at San Sebastián.\nIker Martínez de Lizarduy Lizarribar (1977–), Olympic sailor.\nJulio Medem (born 1958), film director.\nIdoia Otaegui (born 1968), lawyer, jurist, and professor who served as Deputy Minister of Justice of the Basque Government.\nAntonio Peña y Goñi (1846–1896), musicologist\nAlex Ubago (born 1981), pop songwriter and singer. Born in Vitoria but raised in San Sebastián.\nJuan Ugarte (born 1980), former professional footballer for Real Sociedad, Wrexham and Crewe Alexandra.\nJulio Urquijo Ibarra (1871–1950), Basque linguist.\nAndrés Vilariño (born 1951), racing driver\nFernando de Villanueva (died 1679), governor of Spanish New Mexico between 1665 and 1668.","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_city"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara"},{"link_name":"Cape Bojador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Bojador"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Marugame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marugame,_Kagawa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Reno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno,_Nevada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Trento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trento"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Wiesbaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden"},{"link_name":"Stepanakert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepanakert"},{"link_name":"Republic of Artsakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nkr.am-43"}],"sub_title":"Twin towns – sister cities","text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in SpainSan Sebastián is twinned with:[41]Cape Bojador, Western Sahara\n Marugame, Japan\n Plymouth, England, United Kingdom\n Reno, United States\n Trento, Italy\n Wiesbaden, GermanyIn addition, San Sebastián has a friendship declaration with Stepanakert, Republic of Artsakh (2015).[42]","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Easo_1-0"},{"link_name":"Oiasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oiasso"},{"link_name":"Irun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irun"}],"text":"^ The title of la bella Easo (\"the beautiful Easo\") comes from a 19th-century identification of the town as the Roman port of Oiasso. But following the archaeological findings at the end of the 20th century, Irun, some 18 km (11 mi) east, has been identified as the location of Oiasso.","title":"Explanatory notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bibliography of the history of San Sebastián","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n#Bibliography"}],"text":"See also: Bibliography of the history of San Sebastián","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Map of San Sebastián","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Donostiako_auzoak.png/250px-Donostiako_auzoak.png"},{"image_text":"British siege of San Sebastián in 1813","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Ataque_a_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_desde_Chofre.jpg/220px-Ataque_a_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_desde_Chofre.jpg"},{"image_text":"Basilica of Saint Mary of the Chorus","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/San_Sebastian_Basilica_of_Saint_Mary_of_Coro_002_edited.jpg/170px-San_Sebastian_Basilica_of_Saint_Mary_of_Coro_002_edited.jpg"},{"image_text":"Early 20th century residential building (city centre)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/San_Sebastian_47.jpg/170px-San_Sebastian_47.jpg"},{"image_text":"Venue of the Regional Government in the Gipuzkoa Plaza","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Donosti_D%C3%A9putation_Forale.jpg/220px-Donosti_D%C3%A9putation_Forale.jpg"},{"image_text":"Victoria Eugenia Theatre at night","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/San_Sebastian_-_Teatro_Victoria_Eugenia.jpg/220px-San_Sebastian_-_Teatro_Victoria_Eugenia.jpg"},{"image_text":"Maria Cristina Hotel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hotel_Maria_Cristina_San_Sebastian.jpg/220px-Hotel_Maria_Cristina_San_Sebastian.jpg"},{"image_text":"Port of San Sebastián in 1890","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Puerto_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_%281890%29.jpg/220px-Puerto_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_%281890%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Igeldo Lighthouse","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Igueldo_lighthouse_at_San_Sebastian.jpg/220px-Igueldo_lighthouse_at_San_Sebastian.jpg"},{"image_text":"Santa Catalina Bridge after erection of the Maria Cristina Bridge (1905–1910)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Santa_Katalina_zubia._Donostia._Euskal_Herria.jpg/220px-Santa_Katalina_zubia._Donostia._Euskal_Herria.jpg"},{"image_text":"San Sebastián in 1843, by Eugène de Malbos","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/St._S%C3%A9bastien_-_Guipuscoa_-_Fonds_Ancely_-_B315556101_A_MALBOS_2_019.jpg/220px-St._S%C3%A9bastien_-_Guipuscoa_-_Fonds_Ancely_-_B315556101_A_MALBOS_2_019.jpg"},{"image_text":"Donostia's Amara before river canalization in the mid 20th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Amara_Errondotik_urumea.jpg/220px-Amara_Errondotik_urumea.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ondarreta gardens, and former prison by the beach (far background)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ondarretako_espetxea.jpg/220px-Ondarretako_espetxea.jpg"},{"image_text":"Outlying rural areas were absorbed during the 1960s (Loiola)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Patxillardegi_baserria_Donostia_2007.JPG/220px-Patxillardegi_baserria_Donostia_2007.JPG"},{"image_text":"Kursaal Congress Centre and Zurriola Bridge over the Urumea river","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/San_Sebastian_Kursaal_noche.jpg/220px-San_Sebastian_Kursaal_noche.jpg"},{"image_text":"Monuments of the city","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Monumentos_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n.jpg/220px-Monumentos_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n.jpg"},{"image_text":"Façade of the Constitution Square (Plaza) in San Sebastián","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Plaza_Constituci%C3%B3n.jpg/220px-Plaza_Constituci%C3%B3n.jpg"},{"image_text":"City hall of San Sebastián","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/San_Sebastian_Town_Hall_-_April_2019.jpg/220px-San_Sebastian_Town_Hall_-_April_2019.jpg"},{"image_text":"San Sebastián's Cathedral","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/San_Sebastian_Buen_Pastor.jpg/170px-San_Sebastian_Buen_Pastor.jpg"},{"image_text":"María Cristina Bridge","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/San_Sebastian_Puente_Maria_Cristina.jpg/220px-San_Sebastian_Puente_Maria_Cristina.jpg"},{"image_text":"Miramar Palace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/San_Sebastian_Palacio_Miramar_edited.jpg/220px-San_Sebastian_Palacio_Miramar_edited.jpg"},{"image_text":"Zurriola Bridge and mouth of the Urumea","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/San_Sebastian_from_Zurriola.jpg/220px-San_Sebastian_from_Zurriola.jpg"},{"image_text":"Former tank supplying the city with sanitary water in Ulia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/El_Deposito_-_Lumina_Nocte.jpg/220px-El_Deposito_-_Lumina_Nocte.jpg"},{"image_text":"San Sebastián International Film Festival, Red Carpet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/San_Sebastian_Festival_Entrada.JPG/170px-San_Sebastian_Festival_Entrada.JPG"},{"image_text":"Tamborrada, children's section","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/San_Sebastian_Tamborrada_Infantil_cropped.jpg/220px-San_Sebastian_Tamborrada_Infantil_cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"The city giants and big-heads in the Semana Grande/Aste Nagusia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gigantes_San_Sebastian.jpg/220px-Gigantes_San_Sebastian.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of the harbour","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/San_Sebastian_Puerto.jpg/220px-San_Sebastian_Puerto.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jamón serrano and pintxos in one of the numerous bars of the Old Quarter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/San_Sebastian_Altstadt.jpg/220px-San_Sebastian_Altstadt.jpg"},{"image_text":"Basque Culinary Center campus.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/San_Sebastian_06_2012_Basque_Culinary_Center_2573.JPG/220px-San_Sebastian_06_2012_Basque_Culinary_Center_2573.JPG"},{"image_text":"Surf in Donostia / San Sebastián","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Surf_in_Donosti-San_Sebasti%C3%A1n.jpg/220px-Surf_in_Donosti-San_Sebasti%C3%A1n.jpg"},{"image_text":"The comb of the wind: Peine del viento/Haizearen orrazia sculptures of Eduardo Chillida at the foot of the Igeldo mountain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Wind_Comb_Chillida.jpg/220px-Wind_Comb_Chillida.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Eneko Goia, nuevo alcalde de San Sebastián\". El Diario Vasco (in Spanish).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.diariovasco.com/politica/201506/13/recupera-alcaldia-sebastian-perdio-20150613082759.html","url_text":"\"Eneko Goia, nuevo alcalde de San Sebastián\""}]},{"reference":"Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Statistics_Institute_(Spain)","url_text":"National Statistics Institute"}]},{"reference":"\"Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions\". ec.europa.eu.","urls":[{"url":"https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en","url_text":"\"Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orden Foral de 27 de julio de 2012, de la Diputación Foral de Gipuzkoa, por la que se modifica el nombre oficial del municipio (incluida su capital) de Donostia-San Sebastián\". Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (230). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado: 67877. 24 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2012-11967#:~:text=Aprobar%20la%20modificaci%C3%B3n%20del%20nombre,fin%20a%20la%20v%C3%ADa%20administrativa.","url_text":"\"Orden Foral de 27 de julio de 2012, de la Diputación Foral de Gipuzkoa, por la que se modifica el nombre oficial del municipio (incluida su capital) de Donostia-San Sebastián\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolet%C3%ADn_Oficial_del_Estado","url_text":"Boletín Oficial del Estado"}]},{"reference":"\"Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (Spanish Statistical Institute)\". www.ine.es. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161129150352/http://www.ine.es/nomen2/index.do?accion=busquedaAvanzada&entidad_amb=no&codProv=20&codMuni=69&codEC=0&codES=0&codNUC=0&L=0","url_text":"\"Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (Spanish Statistical Institute)\""},{"url":"http://www.ine.es/nomen2/index.do?accion=busquedaAvanzada&entidad_amb=no&codProv=20&codMuni=69&codEC=0&codES=0&codNUC=0&L=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Geography and Economy of Donostia-San Sebastián\". Retrieved 3 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ingeba.org/liburua/donostia/55econ/55econ.htm","url_text":"\"Geography and Economy of Donostia-San Sebastián\""}]},{"reference":"European Commission (31 December 2015). \"Wroclaw and San Sebastian: European Capitals of Culture in 2016\". Retrieved 27 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/pt/IP_15_6399","url_text":"\"Wroclaw and San Sebastian: European Capitals of Culture in 2016\""}]},{"reference":"Sada, Javier Maria; Sada, Asier (2007). San Sebastián: La Historia de la Ciudad a través de sus Calles, Plazas, Barrios, Montes y Caminos (3rd ed.). Andoain: Txertoa. p. 92. ISBN 978-84-7148-399-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7148-399-7","url_text":"978-84-7148-399-7"}]},{"reference":"Meteorología, Agencia Estatal de. \"Evolución de los climas de Köppen en España en el periodo 1951-2020 - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España\". www.aemet.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aemet.es/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/detalles/NT_37_AEMET","url_text":"\"Evolución de los climas de Köppen en España en el periodo 1951-2020 - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España\""}]},{"reference":"\"Météo climat stats Moyennes 1991/2020 Espagne (page 2)\" (in French). Retrieved 8 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1991-2020-2-p62.php","url_text":"\"Météo climat stats Moyennes 1991/2020 Espagne (page 2)\""}]},{"reference":"\"VValores climatológicos normales. Hondarribia, Malkarroa\". November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=1014&k=pva","url_text":"\"VValores climatológicos normales. Hondarribia, Malkarroa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hallan un centenar de objetos de hace 22.000 años en el parque de Ametzagaina\". El Diario Vasco. 23 March 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.diariovasco.com/20070323/sansebastian/hallan-centenar-objetos-hace_200703230910.html","url_text":"\"Hallan un centenar de objetos de hace 22.000 años en el parque de Ametzagaina\""}]},{"reference":"\"LOS GASCONES EN GUIPÚZCOA\" (in Spanish). IMPRENTA DE LA DIPUTACION DE GUIPUZCOA. Retrieved 17 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://atzoatzokoa.gipuzkoakultura.net/c78f6/","url_text":"\"LOS GASCONES EN GUIPÚZCOA\""}]},{"reference":"Sadaba, Javier (1995). Historia de San Sebastián. San Sebastián: Editorial Txertoa. ISBN 84-7148-318-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7148-318-1","url_text":"84-7148-318-1"}]},{"reference":"Berruso Barés, Pedro. \"San Sebastián en los Siglos XIX y XX\". Geografía e historia de Donostia-San Sebastián. Ingeba. Retrieved 15 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ingeba.org/liburua/donostia/46contem/46contem.htm","url_text":"\"San Sebastián en los Siglos XIX y XX\""}]},{"reference":"Gomez Piñeiro, Javier. \"La Estructura Urbana\". Geografía e historia de Donostia-San Sebastián. Ingeba. Retrieved 15 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ingeba.org/liburua/donostia/53geourb/53geourb.htm","url_text":"\"La Estructura Urbana\""}]},{"reference":"Gina Kolata (2000). Flu: The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus That Caused It. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gina_Kolata","url_text":"Gina Kolata"}]},{"reference":"Paul Preston (2013). The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain. London, UK: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-638695-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-638695-7","url_text":"978-0-00-638695-7"}]},{"reference":"EiTB. \"Inaugurada la nueva estación de autobuses de Donostia\". www.eitb.eus (in European Spanish). Retrieved 10 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eitb.eus/es/noticias/sociedad/detalle/3812986/inaugurada-nueva-estacion-autobuses-donostiasan-sebastian/","url_text":"\"Inaugurada la nueva estación de autobuses de Donostia\""}]},{"reference":"Segurola Lázaro, Carmen. \"La Actividad Económica\". GEOGRAFIA E HISTORIA DE DONOSTIA-SAN SEBASTIAN. Ingeba. Retrieved 15 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ingeba.org/liburua/donostia/55econ/55econ.htm","url_text":"\"La Actividad Económica\""}]},{"reference":"\"Auzoak eta Herriak: Altza\". Donostiako Udala – Ayuntamiento de San Sebastián. Retrieved 21 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.donostia.org/info/ciudadano/part_barrios.nsf/vowebContenidosId/NT0000097E?OpenDocument&idioma=eus&id=a608306614310&doc=D","url_text":"\"Auzoak eta Herriak: Altza\""}]},{"reference":"Saez Garcia, Juan Antonio. \"La Tamborrada y otras Fiestas\". Geografía e historia de Donostia-San Sebastián. Ingeba. Retrieved 15 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ingeba.org/liburua/donostia/62ssfies/623ssfies.htm","url_text":"\"La Tamborrada y otras Fiestas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Great Week - San Sebastian Tourism\". sansebastianturismoa.eus. Retrieved 20 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sansebastianturismoa.eus/en/blog/culture/1337-great-week","url_text":"\"Great Week - San Sebastian Tourism\""}]},{"reference":"\"Donostia-San Sebastián Michelin restaurants\". Via Michelin. 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.viamichelin.com/web/Restaurants/Restaurants-San_Sebastian-_-Guipuzcoa-Spain?strLocid=31NDEzZ2IxMGNORE11TXpJd09ERT1jTFRFdU9UZzBORFU9#resultSearch@address=&merge=Donostia-San%20Sebasti%C3%A1n&sK=844&sejour=&michelin=false&arrivaldate=&nights=&people","url_text":"\"Donostia-San Sebastián Michelin restaurants\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 20 Most Michelin-Starred Cities in the World (PHOTOS)\". The Huffington Post. 16 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/16/best-restaurant-cities_n_928196.html","url_text":"\"The 20 Most Michelin-Starred Cities in the World (PHOTOS)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The World's 50 Best Restaurants (1–10)\". The World's 50 Best Restaurants. William Reed Business Media Ltd. 2013. Archived from the original on 7 June 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130607141909/http://www.theworlds50best.com/list/1-50-winners/","url_text":"\"The World's 50 Best Restaurants (1–10)\""},{"url":"http://www.theworlds50best.com/list/1-50-winners/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Home – Basque Culinary Center\". bculinary.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://grado.bculinary.com/en/","url_text":"\"Home – Basque Culinary Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"Real Sociedad & Levante Promoted To Primera Liga\". Goal.com. 13 June 2010. Retrieved 17 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.goal.com/en/news/12/spain/2010/06/14/1974996/real-sociedad-levante-promoted-to-primera-liga","url_text":"\"Real Sociedad & Levante Promoted To Primera Liga\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ciudades Hermanadas\" (in Spanish). Donostia Kultura. Retrieved 14 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.donostiakultura.eus/index.php?option=com_flexicontent&view=items&cid=47&id=306&Itemid=260&lang=es","url_text":"\"Ciudades Hermanadas\""}]},{"reference":"\"International Cooperation | NKR\". Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 9 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nkr.am/en/international-cooperation","url_text":"\"International Cooperation | NKR\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210301004114/http://www.nkr.am/en/international-cooperation","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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Gobierno de España\""},{"Link":"http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1991-2020-2-p62.php","external_links_name":"\"Météo climat stats Moyennes 1991/2020 Espagne (page 2)\""},{"Link":"http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=1014&k=pva","external_links_name":"\"VValores climatológicos normales. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Harvey_(Final_Fantasy)
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Cecil Harvey
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["1 Concept and creation","2 Appearances","3 Reception","4 References"]
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Final Fantasy IV protagonist
This article is about the video game character. For the Northern Irish politician, see Cecil Harvey (Northern Ireland politician).
Fictional character
Cecil HarveyFinal Fantasy characterConcept art of Cecil Harvey as a Paladin (above) and Dark Knight (below) by Yoshitaka AmanoFirst gameFinal Fantasy IV (1991)Voiced byEN: Yuri LowenthalJA: Shizuma Hidoshima
Cecil Harvey (Japanese: セシル・ハーヴィ, Hepburn: Seshiru Hāvi) is the protagonist in the 1991 video game Final Fantasy IV. He is a Dark Knight, and spends much of the game grappling with the actions he committed while serving the kingdom of Baron. He eventually overcomes his demons, abandoning his role as a Dark Knight and becoming a Paladin. He has been recognized as a standout protagonist in the Final Fantasy series, with his transformation into a Paladin receiving commentary, particularly as a representation of abandoning violent masculinity.
Concept and creation
Cecil was created for Final Fantasy IV, the first character created for the game. He starts the game as a Dark Knight, but eventually becomes a Paladin over the course of the game. The concept of a Dark Knight changing into a Paladin was a concept implemented at the start of the game's development. When designing Final Fantasy IV, the development team tied the growth of characters to their in-battle abilities, Cecil included.
Cecil is voiced in Japanese in the Nintendo DS remake by Shizuma Hidoshima. He is voiced by Yuri Lowenthal in English in PlayStation Portable video game Dissidia Final Fantasy, and he later performed the role in Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy.
Appearances
Cecil Harvey first appears in 1991's Final Fantasy IV as its protagonist. The game opens with him having successfully stealing the Water Crystal from the town of Mysidia as part of the Red Wings militia, though he expresses doubt about the morality of his mission. After raising concerns with the King of Baron, he is discharged from his role before being sent to collect Eidolons in the Mist Valley with a package. He is accompanied by his friend Kain Highwind after Kain defends him. Later, he is visited by Rosa Farrell, with Cecil struggling over his moral objections and his loyalty to the king. He also struggles with his love for Rosa, which conflicts with his role as a Dark Knight. Cecil and Kain leave for Mist, at which point they battle and kill a creature called the Mist Dragon. When they arrive at the village, the package turns out to be a bomb, destroying the village. They find a girl named Rydia, and discover that her mother died due to her connection to the Mist Dragon. They offer to take her to safety, but Rydia instead summons a creature called Titan, who causes an earthquake.
Cecil awakens with Rydia, with Kain nowhere to be found. They go together, but are eventually found by Baron soldiers, who intended to kill Rydia, believing that she is too dangerous to be left alive. He protects her and they manage to escape, with Rydia introducing herself and becoming his ally. Cecil later hears that Rosa has fallen ill, searching for a cure with Rydia, where they meet an old man named Tellah. Together, they witness the Red Wings, led by a man named Golbez, who kill Tellah's daughter, Anna, before taking the Fire Crystal from the kingdom of Damcyan. leading Tellah to seek revenge. Cecil is able to snap her lover and the prince of Damcyan, Edward, out of his sadness, leading Edward to help them find the cure for Rosa. The group decides to protect the remaining Crystals, going to protect the Air Crystal of Fabul next.
Reception
Cecil has received generally positive reception. In a poll of Japanese players, he ranked ninth among male Final Fantasy characters. Engadget writer Kat Bailey discussed how Cecil defied stereotypes of Japanese role-playing game protagonists, being that he is an established warrior with a wife instead of a teenager. This aspect of his character appealed to Bailey, who noted that she likely would not have cared when she was younger, but because she's thinking of starting a family of her own, him fighting alongside his wife resonates with her.
Cecil's pursuit of redemption, alongside him becoming a Paladin, was Game Informer writer Joe Juba's favorite moment from Final Fantasy IV. He compared this to an earlier scene in the series where the player has to earn class changes for their characters, but noted that the search for atonement helped make it stand out. Game Developer writer Christian Nutt stated that Cecil was one of the first characters to have a "real character arc," which "set the stage for the kind of characters we would see from RPGs from that point forward." GamesRadar+ writer Heidi Kemps agreed with this, saying that Cecil's arc felt real and brought the series to new heights. GamesRadar+ staff felt he was a standout of protagonists, believing that "few heroes have made a journey as personal and stricken with loss" as Cecil went through. They felt that he was one of the most "unquestionably good-hearted characters in the history of Final Fantasy," while also being one of the most mature. They also discussed his relationship with the rest of the cast, feeling that it makes the story more personable.
In the book Queerness in Play, the authors discuss androgyny and masculinity in the series, noting how, in his Dark Knight armor, his strength is built around aggression and self-injury, while his armor emphasizes his "stoicism, loyalty, and emotional reservation." Meanwhile, they argued that his Paladin form emphasized protecting his allies, claiming that by abandoning the "strict, obedient, violent masculinity," he becomes a more complete character.
References
^ a b Ward, Dave (November 2, 2009). "Yuri Lowenthal Interview". RPG Site. Retrieved April 14, 2024.
^ a b Gantayat, Anoop (September 28, 2007). "Final Fantasy IV Voice Cast Announced". IGN. Retrieved April 14, 2024.
^ "FINAL FANTASY IV 30th Anniversary Special Interview!". Square Enix. July 19, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2024.
^ a b Nutt, Christian (April 18, 2011). "Years After: The Final Fantasy IV Interview". Game Developer. Retrieved April 14, 2024.
^ Holzworth, Chris (December 17, 2012). "And Now, a List of Japan's Favorite Final Fantasy Characters (Male Edition)". Electronic Gaming Monthly. Archived from the original on June 17, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2024.
^ Bailey, Kat (April 6, 2012). "Rethinking the JRPG protagonist". Engadget. Retrieved April 14, 2024.
^ Juba, Joe (November 27, 2012). "Moments: Cecil Becomes A Paladin". Game Informer. Retrieved April 14, 2024.
^ Kemps, Heidi (May 4, 2011). "Why every Final Fantasy game is the best AND worst in the series". GamesRadar+. Retrieved April 14, 2024.
^ "The five best Final Fantasy heroes". GamesRadar+. March 2, 2010. Retrieved April 14, 2024.
^ Adams, Meghan Blythe; Harper, Todd; Taylor, Nicholas (2018). Queerness in Play. Springer International Publishing. p. 124. Retrieved April 14, 2024.
vteFinal Fantasyby Square Enix (formerly Square)Main gamesFinal FantasyFinal Fantasy IIFinal Fantasy IIIFinal Fantasy IV
Music
Stranger of Paradise
Music
Music
Remake
Characters
Cecil
Rydia
Music
Chronicles
Remake
The After Years
Complete
Final Fantasy VFinal Fantasy VIFinal Fantasy VIIFinal Fantasy VIII
Characters
Faris Scherwiz
Exdeath
Music
Characters
Terra
Celes
Cyan
Edgar and Sabin
Gau
Leo
Locke
Relm
Setzer
Shadow
Strago
Kefka
Music
Opera House
Characters
Cloud
Barret
Tifa
Aerith
Yuffie
Cait Sith
Vincent
Sephiroth
Zack
Music
Compilation
Remake
Rebirth
Midgar
Characters
Squall
Rinoa
Selphie
Edea
Music
Triple Triad
Final Fantasy IXFinal Fantasy XFinal Fantasy XIFinal Fantasy XII
Characters
Zidane
Vivi
Garnet
Freya
Quina
Kuja
Beatrix
Music
Characters
Tidus
Yuna
Lulu
Rikku
Music
X-2
Music
HD Remaster
Spira
Grandmasters
Music
Characters
Vaan
Fran
Music
Revenant Wings
Ivalice
Final Fantasy XIIIFinal Fantasy XIVFinal Fantasy XVFinal Fantasy XVI
Characters
Lightning
Vanille
Music
XIII-2
Music
Lightning Returns
Music
Hildibrand
Music
Original version
Heavensward
Stormblood
Shadowbringers
Endwalker
Characters
Noctis
Ignis
Prompto
Lunafreya
Ardyn
Cindy
Development
DLC
Music
Pocket Edition
The Dawn of the Future
Characters
Dion Lesage
Music
Subseries
Brave Exvius
War of the Visions
Chocobo
List of media
Dimensions
II
Crystal Chronicles
Dissidia
Fabula Nova Crystallis
Ivalice
Theatrhythm
Curtain Call
Final Bar Line
Other games
Airborne Brigade
All the Bravest
Artniks
Explorers
Mario Hoops 3-on-3
Mobius
Mystic Quest
Record Keeper
The 4 Heroes of Light
Type-0
HD
World of Final Fantasy
Related series
Bravely Default
Itadaki Street
Kingdom Hearts
Mana
SaGa
Super Smash Bros.
Films and animation
Legend of the Crystals
The Spirits Within
Unlimited
Advent Children
Last Order
Brotherhood
Kingsglaive
Final Fantasy XIV: Dad of Light
Brave Father Online: Our Story of Final Fantasy XIV
Related
The Black Mages
Final Fantasy Trading Card Game
8-Bit Theater
Final Fantasy VII NES demake
Moguri Mod
Category
Media
video games
Recurring elements
ATB
Cactuar
Chocobo
Moogle
Music
concerts
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cecil Harvey (Northern Ireland politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Harvey_(Northern_Ireland_politician)"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Final Fantasy IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_IV"},{"link_name":"Final Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy"}],"text":"This article is about the video game character. For the Northern Irish politician, see Cecil Harvey (Northern Ireland politician).Fictional characterCecil Harvey (Japanese: セシル・ハーヴィ, Hepburn: Seshiru Hāvi) is the protagonist in the 1991 video game Final Fantasy IV. He is a Dark Knight, and spends much of the game grappling with the actions he committed while serving the kingdom of Baron. He eventually overcomes his demons, abandoning his role as a Dark Knight and becoming a Paladin. He has been recognized as a standout protagonist in the Final Fantasy series, with his transformation into a Paladin receiving commentary, particularly as a representation of abandoning violent masculinity.","title":"Cecil Harvey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Final Fantasy IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_IV"},{"link_name":"Paladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GD-4"},{"link_name":"Nintendo DS remake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_IV_(2007_video_game)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-va-jp-2"},{"link_name":"Yuri Lowenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Lowenthal"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Portable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Portable"},{"link_name":"Dissidia Final Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissidia_Final_Fantasy"},{"link_name":"Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissidia_012_Final_Fantasy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yuri-1"}],"text":"Cecil was created for Final Fantasy IV, the first character created for the game. He starts the game as a Dark Knight, but eventually becomes a Paladin over the course of the game. The concept of a Dark Knight changing into a Paladin was a concept implemented at the start of the game's development.[3] When designing Final Fantasy IV, the development team tied the growth of characters to their in-battle abilities, Cecil included.[4]Cecil is voiced in Japanese in the Nintendo DS remake by Shizuma Hidoshima.[2] He is voiced by Yuri Lowenthal in English in PlayStation Portable video game Dissidia Final Fantasy, and he later performed the role in Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy.[1]","title":"Concept and creation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kain Highwind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kain_Highwind"},{"link_name":"Rosa Farrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Farrell"},{"link_name":"Rydia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rydia"},{"link_name":"Tellah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tellah_(Final_Fantasy)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Golbez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golbez_(Final_Fantasy)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_(Final_Fantasy)"}],"text":"Cecil Harvey first appears in 1991's Final Fantasy IV as its protagonist. The game opens with him having successfully stealing the Water Crystal from the town of Mysidia as part of the Red Wings militia, though he expresses doubt about the morality of his mission. After raising concerns with the King of Baron, he is discharged from his role before being sent to collect Eidolons in the Mist Valley with a package. He is accompanied by his friend Kain Highwind after Kain defends him. Later, he is visited by Rosa Farrell, with Cecil struggling over his moral objections and his loyalty to the king. He also struggles with his love for Rosa, which conflicts with his role as a Dark Knight. Cecil and Kain leave for Mist, at which point they battle and kill a creature called the Mist Dragon. When they arrive at the village, the package turns out to be a bomb, destroying the village. They find a girl named Rydia, and discover that her mother died due to her connection to the Mist Dragon. They offer to take her to safety, but Rydia instead summons a creature called Titan, who causes an earthquake.Cecil awakens with Rydia, with Kain nowhere to be found. They go together, but are eventually found by Baron soldiers, who intended to kill Rydia, believing that she is too dangerous to be left alive. He protects her and they manage to escape, with Rydia introducing herself and becoming his ally. Cecil later hears that Rosa has fallen ill, searching for a cure with Rydia, where they meet an old man named Tellah. Together, they witness the Red Wings, led by a man named Golbez, who kill Tellah's daughter, Anna, before taking the Fire Crystal from the kingdom of Damcyan. leading Tellah to seek revenge. Cecil is able to snap her lover and the prince of Damcyan, Edward, out of his sadness, leading Edward to help them find the cure for Rosa. The group decides to protect the remaining Crystals, going to protect the Air Crystal of Fabul next.","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Final Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Game Developer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Developer_(website)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GD-4"},{"link_name":"GamesRadar+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Cecil has received generally positive reception. In a poll of Japanese players, he ranked ninth among male Final Fantasy characters.[5] Engadget writer Kat Bailey discussed how Cecil defied stereotypes of Japanese role-playing game protagonists, being that he is an established warrior with a wife instead of a teenager. This aspect of his character appealed to Bailey, who noted that she likely would not have cared when she was younger, but because she's thinking of starting a family of her own, him fighting alongside his wife resonates with her.[6]Cecil's pursuit of redemption, alongside him becoming a Paladin, was Game Informer writer Joe Juba's favorite moment from Final Fantasy IV. He compared this to an earlier scene in the series where the player has to earn class changes for their characters, but noted that the search for atonement helped make it stand out.[7] Game Developer writer Christian Nutt stated that Cecil was one of the first characters to have a \"real character arc,\" which \"set the stage for the kind of characters we would see from RPGs from that point forward.\"[4] GamesRadar+ writer Heidi Kemps agreed with this, saying that Cecil's arc felt real and brought the series to new heights.[8] GamesRadar+ staff felt he was a standout of protagonists, believing that \"few heroes have made a journey as personal and stricken with loss\" as Cecil went through. They felt that he was one of the most \"unquestionably good-hearted characters in the history of Final Fantasy,\" while also being one of the most mature. They also discussed his relationship with the rest of the cast, feeling that it makes the story more personable.[9]In the book Queerness in Play, the authors discuss androgyny and masculinity in the series, noting how, in his Dark Knight armor, his strength is built around aggression and self-injury, while his armor emphasizes his \"stoicism, loyalty, and emotional reservation.\" Meanwhile, they argued that his Paladin form emphasized protecting his allies, claiming that by abandoning the \"strict, obedient, violent masculinity,\" he becomes a more complete character.[10]","title":"Reception"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Ward, Dave (November 2, 2009). \"Yuri Lowenthal Interview\". RPG Site. Retrieved April 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rpgsite.net/interview/2888-yuri-lowenthal-interview","url_text":"\"Yuri Lowenthal Interview\""}]},{"reference":"Gantayat, Anoop (September 28, 2007). \"Final Fantasy IV Voice Cast Announced\". IGN. Retrieved April 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2007/09/28/final-fantasy-iv-voice-cast-announced","url_text":"\"Final Fantasy IV Voice Cast Announced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"}]},{"reference":"\"FINAL FANTASY IV 30th Anniversary Special Interview!\". Square Enix. July 19, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://na.finalfantasy.com/topics/296","url_text":"\"FINAL FANTASY IV 30th Anniversary Special Interview!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_Enix","url_text":"Square Enix"}]},{"reference":"Nutt, Christian (April 18, 2011). \"Years After: The Final Fantasy IV Interview\". Game Developer. Retrieved April 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamedeveloper.com/design/years-after-the-i-final-fantasy-iv-i-interview","url_text":"\"Years After: The Final Fantasy IV Interview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Developer_(website)","url_text":"Game Developer"}]},{"reference":"Holzworth, Chris (December 17, 2012). \"And Now, a List of Japan's Favorite Final Fantasy Characters (Male Edition)\". Electronic Gaming Monthly. Archived from the original on June 17, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190617140708/https://egmnow.com/platforms/pc/and-now-a-list-of-japans-favorite-final-fantasy-characters-male-edition/","url_text":"\"And Now, a List of Japan's Favorite Final Fantasy Characters (Male Edition)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly","url_text":"Electronic Gaming Monthly"},{"url":"https://egmnow.com/platforms/pc/and-now-a-list-of-japans-favorite-final-fantasy-characters-male-edition/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bailey, Kat (April 6, 2012). \"Rethinking the JRPG protagonist\". Engadget. Retrieved April 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.engadget.com/2012-04-06-rethinking-the-jrpg-protagonist.html","url_text":"\"Rethinking the JRPG protagonist\""}]},{"reference":"Juba, Joe (November 27, 2012). \"Moments: Cecil Becomes A Paladin\". Game Informer. Retrieved April 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2012/11/27/moments-cecil-becomes-a-paladin.aspx","url_text":"\"Moments: Cecil Becomes A Paladin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer","url_text":"Game Informer"}]},{"reference":"Kemps, Heidi (May 4, 2011). \"Why every Final Fantasy game is the best AND worst in the series\". GamesRadar+. Retrieved April 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesradar.com/why-every-final-fantasy-game-is-the-best-and-worst-in-the-series/2/","url_text":"\"Why every Final Fantasy game is the best AND worst in the series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B","url_text":"GamesRadar+"}]},{"reference":"\"The five best Final Fantasy heroes\". GamesRadar+. March 2, 2010. Retrieved April 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesradar.com/the-five-best-final-fantasy-heroes/2/","url_text":"\"The five best Final Fantasy heroes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B","url_text":"GamesRadar+"}]},{"reference":"Adams, Meghan Blythe; Harper, Todd; Taylor, Nicholas (2018). Queerness in Play. Springer International Publishing. p. 124. Retrieved April 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Queerness_in_Play/awZ0DwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Queerness in Play"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.rpgsite.net/interview/2888-yuri-lowenthal-interview","external_links_name":"\"Yuri Lowenthal Interview\""},{"Link":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2007/09/28/final-fantasy-iv-voice-cast-announced","external_links_name":"\"Final Fantasy IV Voice Cast Announced\""},{"Link":"https://na.finalfantasy.com/topics/296","external_links_name":"\"FINAL FANTASY IV 30th Anniversary Special Interview!\""},{"Link":"https://www.gamedeveloper.com/design/years-after-the-i-final-fantasy-iv-i-interview","external_links_name":"\"Years After: The Final Fantasy IV Interview\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190617140708/https://egmnow.com/platforms/pc/and-now-a-list-of-japans-favorite-final-fantasy-characters-male-edition/","external_links_name":"\"And Now, a List of Japan's Favorite Final Fantasy Characters (Male Edition)\""},{"Link":"https://egmnow.com/platforms/pc/and-now-a-list-of-japans-favorite-final-fantasy-characters-male-edition/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.engadget.com/2012-04-06-rethinking-the-jrpg-protagonist.html","external_links_name":"\"Rethinking the JRPG protagonist\""},{"Link":"https://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2012/11/27/moments-cecil-becomes-a-paladin.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Moments: Cecil Becomes A Paladin\""},{"Link":"https://www.gamesradar.com/why-every-final-fantasy-game-is-the-best-and-worst-in-the-series/2/","external_links_name":"\"Why every Final Fantasy game is the best AND worst in the series\""},{"Link":"https://www.gamesradar.com/the-five-best-final-fantasy-heroes/2/","external_links_name":"\"The five best Final Fantasy heroes\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Queerness_in_Play/awZ0DwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Queerness in Play"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansuetus_(bishop_of_Milan)
|
Mansuetus (bishop of Milan)
|
["1 Life","2 Notes"]
|
MansuetusArchbishop of MilanChurchCatholic ChurchAppointed676Term ended685PredecessorAmpeliusSuccessorBenedictSainthoodFeast dayFebruary 19Venerated inCatholic Church
Mansuetus (Latin: Mansuetus, Italian: Mansueto) was Archbishop of Milan from 676 to 685. He is honoured as a saint in the Catholic Church.
Life
Among the scant information about his life, it is known that in 679 he organized and held a synod with his suffragan bishops in Milan in order to condemn the Monothelite doctrine. According to Paul the Deacon this synod issued a letter, written by a Damian later bishop of Pavia, directly to Emperor Constantine IV. A year later Mansuetus and his suffragan bishops participated in Rome to a synod opened by Pope Agatho on 27 march 680 and subscribed the acts there issued. This 680 Rome synod was held in preparation of the Third Council of Constantinople, which a few months later condemned the Monothelitism.
Mansuetus died on 19 February probably of 685. His remains were buried in the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio, but were later translated to the Basilica di Santo Stefano Maggiore and again in 1987 to South transept of the Milan Cathedral.
His feast day is February 19 in the Roman Rite and September 2 in the Ambrosian Rite. A late tradition, with no historical basis, associates Mansuetus with the Roman family of the Savelli.
Notes
^ a b Cazzani, Eugenio (1996). Vescovi e arcivescovi di Milano (in Italian). Milano: Massimo. pp. 56–57. ISBN 88-7030-891-X.
^ a b Magnoli, Claudio, ed. (2010). Celebrazioni dei santi. Messale ambrosiano quotidiano (in Italian). Vol. 4. Milano: Centro Ambrosiano. pp. 740–741. ISBN 978-88-8025-763-9.
^ Majo, Angelo (1989). "Mansueto, santo". Dizionario della Chiesa Ambrosiana (in Italian). Vol. 3. Milano: NED. p. 1863. ISBN 88-7023-102-X.
vteBishops and Archbishops of MilanAncient age
St Barnabas (50–55)
St Anathalon (53–63)
St Caius (63–85)
sede vacante
St Castricianus (97–138)
St Calimerius (138–191)
sede vacante
St Monas (283–313?)
St Mirocles (313–316?)
St Maternus (316–328?)
St Protasius (328–343?)
St Eustorgius I (343–349?)
St Dionysius (349–355)
Auxentius$ (355–374)
St Ambrose (374–397)
St Simplician (397–400)
St Venerius (400–408)
St Marolus (408–423)
St Martinianus (423–435)
St Glycerius (436–438)
St Lazarus (438–449)
St Eusebius (449–462)
St Gerontius (462–465)
St Benignus (465–472)
St Senator (472–475)
St Theodorus I (475–490)
St Lawrence I (490–512)
St Eustorgius II (512–518)
St Magnus (518–530?)
St Dacius (530–552)
Vitale (552–556)
St Ausanus (556–559?)
Genoa period
St Honoratus (560–571?)
Frontone (571–573?)
Lawrence II (573–592)
Constantius (593–600)
Deodatus (601–628)
Asterius (629–639)
Forte (639–641)
Middle Ages
St John the Good (641–669)
St Antonino (669–671)
St Maurilio (671)
St Ampelius (671–676)
St Mansuetus (676–685)
St Benedict (685–732)
Theodorus II (732–746)
St Natalis (746–747)
Arifred (747–748)
Stabile (748–750)
Leto (751–755)
Thomas (755–783)
Peter (784–803)
Odelpert (803–813)
St Anselm I (813–818)
St Buono (818–822)
Angilbert I (822–823)
Angilbert II Pusterla (824–859)
Tadone (860–868)
Anspert (868–881)
Anselmo II Capra (882–896)
Landulf I (896–899)
Andrea of Canciano (899–906)
Aicone (906–918)
Gariberto of Besana (918–921)
Lambert (921–931)
Elduin (931–936)
Arderico (936–948)
Adelman (948–953)
Walpert (953–970)
Arnulf I (970–974)
Gotofredo I (974–979)
Landulf II of Carcano (980–998)
Arnolfo II da Arsago (998–1018)
Ariberto da Intimiano (1018–1045)
Guido da Velate (1045–1069)
Attone (1070–1075)
Gotofredo II da Castiglione (1070–1075, antibishop)
Tebald da Castiglione (1075–1080)
Anselmo III da Rho (1086–1093)
Arnolfo III (1093–1097)
Anselmo IV da Bovisio (1097–1101)
Grosolanus (1102–1112)
Giordano da Clivio (1112–1120)
Ulrich da Corte (1120–1126)
Anselmo della Pusterla (1126–1135)
Robaldo (1135–1145)
Umberto I da Pirovano (1146–1166)
St Galdino della Sala (1166–1176)
Algisio da Pirovano (1176–1185)
Umberto II Crivelli (1185–1187, elected Pope Urban III)
Milone da Cardano (1187–1195)
Umberto III da Terzago (1195–1196)
Filippo I da Lampugnano (1196–1206)
Umberto IV da Pirovano (1206–1211)
Gerardo da Sesso (1211, elect)
Enrico I da Settala (1213–1230)
Guglielmo I da Rizolio (1230–1241)
Leon da Perego (1241–1257)
Ottone Visconti (1262–1295)
Ruffino da Frisseto (1295–1296)
Francesco I da Parma (1296–1308)
Cassone della Torre (1308–1317)
Aicardo da Intimiano (1317–1339)
Giovanni II Visconti (1342–1354)
Roberto Visconti (1354–1361)
Guglielmo II della Pusterla (1361–1370)
Simon da Borsano (1370–1380)
Antonio de' Saluzzi (1380–1401)
Pietro II di Candia (1402–1410)
Francesco II Crippa (1409–1414)
Bartolommeo Capra (1414–1433)
Francesco III Piccolpasso (1433–1443)
Enrico II Rampini (1443–1450)
Giovanni III Visconti (1450–1453)
Nicolò Amidano (1453–1454)
Timoteo Maffei (1454)
Gabriele Sforza (1454–1457)
Carlo I da Forlì (1457–1461)
Stefano Nardini (1461–1484)
Giovanni Arcimboldi (1484–1488)
Guido Antonio Arcimboldi (1488–1497)
Ottaviano Arcimboldi (1497)
Ippolito d'Este (1497–1520)
Ippolito II d'Este (1520–1550)
Giovan Angelo Arcimboldi (1550–1555)
Filippo II Archinto (1556–1558)
sede vacante
Modern age
St. Carlo Borromeo (1564–1584)
Gaspare Visconti (1584–1595)
Federico I Borromeo (1595–1631)
Cesare Monti (1632–1650)
Alfonso Litta (1652–1679)
Federico II Visconti (1681–1693)
Federico III Caccia (1693–1699)
Giuseppe Archinto (1699–1712)
Benedetto II Erba Odescalchi (1712–1737)
Carlo Gaetano Stampa (1737–1742)
Giuseppe II Pozzobonelli (1743–1783)
Filippo Maria Visconti (1784–1801)
Giovanni Battista Caprara (1802–1810)
sede vacante
Carlo Gaetano Gaisruck (1818–1846)
Bartolomeo Carlo Romilli (1847–1859)
Paolo Angelo Ballerini (1859–1867)
Luigi Nazari di Calabiana (1867–1893)
Bl. Andrea Ferrari (1894–1921)
Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti (1921–1922, elected Pope Pius XI)
Eugenio Tosi (1922–1929)
Bl. Ildefonso Schuster (1929–1954)
St. Giovanni Battista Montini (1954–1963, elected Pope Paul VI)
Giovanni Colombo (1963–1979)
Carlo Maria Martini, SJ (1979–2002)
Dionigi Tettamanzi (2002–2011)
Angelo Scola (2011–2017)
Mario Delpini (2017–present)
$=considered an intruder by the Catholic Church
Catholicism portal
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cazzani-1"}],"text":"Mansuetus (Latin: Mansuetus, Italian: Mansueto) was Archbishop of Milan from 676 to 685. He is honoured as a saint in the Catholic Church.[1]","title":"Mansuetus (bishop of Milan)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"synod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod"},{"link_name":"suffragan bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragan_bishops"},{"link_name":"Monothelite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monothelite"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cazzani-1"},{"link_name":"Paul the Deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon"},{"link_name":"Damian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damian_of_Pavia"},{"link_name":"Constantine IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_IV"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MA-2"},{"link_name":"Pope Agatho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Agatho"},{"link_name":"Third Council of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Sant%27Ambrogio"},{"link_name":"translated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(relics)"},{"link_name":"Basilica di Santo Stefano Maggiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_di_Santo_Stefano_Maggiore"},{"link_name":"transept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transept"},{"link_name":"Milan Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DCA-3"},{"link_name":"Roman Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Rite"},{"link_name":"Ambrosian Rite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MA-2"},{"link_name":"Savelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savelli_family"}],"text":"Among the scant information about his life, it is known that in 679 he organized and held a synod with his suffragan bishops in Milan in order to condemn the Monothelite doctrine.[1] According to Paul the Deacon this synod issued a letter, written by a Damian later bishop of Pavia, directly to Emperor Constantine IV.[2] A year later Mansuetus and his suffragan bishops participated in Rome to a synod opened by Pope Agatho on 27 march 680 and subscribed the acts there issued. This 680 Rome synod was held in preparation of the Third Council of Constantinople, which a few months later condemned the Monothelitism.Mansuetus died on 19 February probably of 685. His remains were buried in the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio, but were later translated to the Basilica di Santo Stefano Maggiore and again in 1987 to South transept of the Milan Cathedral.[3]His feast day is February 19 in the Roman Rite and September 2 in the Ambrosian Rite.[2] A late tradition, with no historical basis, associates Mansuetus with the Roman family of the Savelli.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cazzani_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cazzani_1-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"88-7030-891-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-7030-891-X"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MA_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MA_2-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-88-8025-763-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8025-763-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DCA_3-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"88-7023-102-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-7023-102-X"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bishops_and_archbishops_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Bishops_and_archbishops_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bishops_and_archbishops_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"Bishops and Archbishops of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"Barnabas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnabas"},{"link_name":"Anathalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anathalon"},{"link_name":"Caius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caius_(bishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"Castricianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castritian"},{"link_name":"Calimerius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calimerius"},{"link_name":"Monas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monas_(bishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"Mirocles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirocles_(bishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"Maternus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternus_(bishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"Protasius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protasius_(bishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"Eustorgius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustorgius_I"},{"link_name":"Dionysius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_(bishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"Auxentius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxentius_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"Ambrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose"},{"link_name":"Simplician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplician"},{"link_name":"Venerius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venerius_(bishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"Marolus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marolus"},{"link_name":"Martinianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinianus_(bishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"Glycerius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerius_(bishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"Lazarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarus_(bishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"Eusebius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius_(bishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"Gerontius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerontius_(bishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"Benignus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benignus_(bishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senator_(bishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"Theodorus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodorus_I_(bishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"Lawrence I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_I_(bishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"Eustorgius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustorgius_II"},{"link_name":"Magnus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_(bishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"Dacius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacius_(bishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"John the Good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Good_(bishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"Ampelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampelius_(bishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"Mansuetus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Benedict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_(bishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"Natalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalis_(bishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"Angilbert II Pusterla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angilbert_II"},{"link_name":"Anspert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anspert"},{"link_name":"Anselmo II Capra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_II_(archbishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"Aicone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aicone"},{"link_name":"Gariberto of Besana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gariberto_of_Besana"},{"link_name":"Arnulf I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnulf_I_(archbishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"Gotofredo I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotofredo_I_(archbishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"Landulf II of Carcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landulf_of_Carcano"},{"link_name":"Arnolfo II da Arsago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnulf_II_(archbishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"Ariberto da Intimiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aribert_(archbishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"Guido da Velate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_da_Velate"},{"link_name":"Attone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atto_(archbishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"Gotofredo II da Castiglione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotofredo_da_Castiglione"},{"link_name":"Tebald da Castiglione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedald_(archbishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"Anselmo III da Rho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_III_(archbishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"Arnolfo III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnulf_III_(archbishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"Anselmo IV da Bovisio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_IV_(archbishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"Grosolanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grosolanus"},{"link_name":"Giordano da Clivio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_(archbishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"Anselmo della Pusterla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselmo_della_Pusterla"},{"link_name":"Galdino della Sala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galdino_della_Sala"},{"link_name":"Umberto II Crivelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_III"},{"link_name":"Gerardo da Sesso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardo_da_Sesso"},{"link_name":"Enrico I da Settala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_da_Settala"},{"link_name":"Ottone Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottone_Visconti"},{"link_name":"Cassone della Torre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassone_della_Torre"},{"link_name":"Giovanni II Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Visconti_(archbishop_of_Milan)"},{"link_name":"Roberto Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Visconti"},{"link_name":"Pietro II di Candia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipope_Alexander_V"},{"link_name":"Gabriele Sforza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_Sforza"},{"link_name":"Stefano Nardini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_Nardini"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Arcimboldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Arcimboldi"},{"link_name":"Guido Antonio Arcimboldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Antonio_Arcimboldi"},{"link_name":"Ippolito d'Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ippolito_d%27Este"},{"link_name":"Ippolito II d'Este","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ippolito_II_d%27Este"},{"link_name":"Filippo II Archinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Archinto"},{"link_name":"Carlo Borromeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Borromeo"},{"link_name":"Gaspare Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspare_Visconti"},{"link_name":"Federico I Borromeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Borromeo"},{"link_name":"Cesare Monti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Monti"},{"link_name":"Alfonso Litta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Litta"},{"link_name":"Federico II Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Visconti"},{"link_name":"Federico III Caccia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Caccia"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Archinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Archinto"},{"link_name":"Benedetto II Erba Odescalchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Erba_Odescalchi"},{"link_name":"Carlo Gaetano Stampa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Gaetano_Stampa"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe II Pozzobonelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Pozzobonelli"},{"link_name":"Filippo Maria Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Maria_Visconti_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Battista Caprara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Caprara"},{"link_name":"Carlo Gaetano Gaisruck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Gaetano_Gaisruck"},{"link_name":"Bartolomeo Carlo Romilli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolomeo_Carlo_Romilli"},{"link_name":"Paolo Angelo Ballerini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Angelo_Ballerini"},{"link_name":"Luigi Nazari di Calabiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Nazari_di_Calabiana"},{"link_name":"Andrea Ferrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Carlo_Ferrari"},{"link_name":"Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI"},{"link_name":"Eugenio Tosi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenio_Tosi"},{"link_name":"Ildefonso Schuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ildefonso_Schuster"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Battista Montini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Colombo"},{"link_name":"Carlo Maria Martini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Martini"},{"link_name":"Dionigi Tettamanzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionigi_Tettamanzi"},{"link_name":"Angelo Scola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Scola"},{"link_name":"Mario Delpini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Delpini"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Catholicism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3818636#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/84485770"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kup19980000061161&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Francesco.jpg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mansuetus_(bishop_of_Milan)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Italy-saint-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Italy-saint-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy-saint-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:External_Ornaments_of_an_Archbishop.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mansuetus_(bishop_of_Milan)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Italy-RC-archbishop-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Italy-RC-archbishop-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy-RC-archbishop-stub"}],"text":"^ a b Cazzani, Eugenio (1996). Vescovi e arcivescovi di Milano (in Italian). Milano: Massimo. pp. 56–57. ISBN 88-7030-891-X.\n\n^ a b Magnoli, Claudio, ed. (2010). Celebrazioni dei santi. Messale ambrosiano quotidiano (in Italian). Vol. 4. Milano: Centro Ambrosiano. pp. 740–741. ISBN 978-88-8025-763-9.\n\n^ Majo, Angelo (1989). \"Mansueto, santo\". Dizionario della Chiesa Ambrosiana (in Italian). Vol. 3. Milano: NED. p. 1863. ISBN 88-7023-102-X.vteBishops and Archbishops of MilanAncient age\nSt Barnabas (50–55)\nSt Anathalon (53–63)\nSt Caius (63–85)\nsede vacante\nSt Castricianus (97–138)\nSt Calimerius (138–191)\nsede vacante\nSt Monas (283–313?)\nSt Mirocles (313–316?)\nSt Maternus (316–328?)\nSt Protasius (328–343?)\nSt Eustorgius I (343–349?)\nSt Dionysius (349–355)\nAuxentius$ (355–374)\nSt Ambrose (374–397)\nSt Simplician (397–400)\nSt Venerius (400–408)\nSt Marolus (408–423)\nSt Martinianus (423–435)\nSt Glycerius (436–438)\nSt Lazarus (438–449)\nSt Eusebius (449–462)\nSt Gerontius (462–465)\nSt Benignus (465–472)\nSt Senator (472–475)\nSt Theodorus I (475–490)\nSt Lawrence I (490–512)\nSt Eustorgius II (512–518)\nSt Magnus (518–530?)\nSt Dacius (530–552)\nVitale (552–556)\nSt Ausanus (556–559?)\nGenoa period\nSt Honoratus (560–571?)\nFrontone (571–573?)\nLawrence II (573–592)\nConstantius (593–600)\nDeodatus (601–628)\nAsterius (629–639)\nForte (639–641)\nMiddle Ages\nSt John the Good (641–669)\nSt Antonino (669–671)\nSt Maurilio (671)\nSt Ampelius (671–676)\nSt Mansuetus (676–685)\nSt Benedict (685–732)\nTheodorus II (732–746)\nSt Natalis (746–747)\nArifred (747–748)\nStabile (748–750)\nLeto (751–755)\nThomas (755–783)\nPeter (784–803)\nOdelpert (803–813)\nSt Anselm I (813–818)\nSt Buono (818–822)\nAngilbert I (822–823)\nAngilbert II Pusterla (824–859)\nTadone (860–868)\nAnspert (868–881)\nAnselmo II Capra (882–896)\nLandulf I (896–899)\nAndrea of Canciano (899–906)\nAicone (906–918)\nGariberto of Besana (918–921)\nLambert (921–931)\nElduin (931–936)\nArderico (936–948)\nAdelman (948–953)\nWalpert (953–970)\nArnulf I (970–974)\nGotofredo I (974–979)\nLandulf II of Carcano (980–998)\nArnolfo II da Arsago (998–1018)\nAriberto da Intimiano (1018–1045)\nGuido da Velate (1045–1069)\nAttone (1070–1075)\nGotofredo II da Castiglione (1070–1075, antibishop)\nTebald da Castiglione (1075–1080)\nAnselmo III da Rho (1086–1093)\nArnolfo III (1093–1097)\nAnselmo IV da Bovisio (1097–1101)\nGrosolanus (1102–1112)\nGiordano da Clivio (1112–1120)\nUlrich da Corte (1120–1126)\nAnselmo della Pusterla (1126–1135)\nRobaldo (1135–1145)\nUmberto I da Pirovano (1146–1166)\nSt Galdino della Sala (1166–1176)\nAlgisio da Pirovano (1176–1185)\nUmberto II Crivelli (1185–1187, elected Pope Urban III)\nMilone da Cardano (1187–1195)\nUmberto III da Terzago (1195–1196)\nFilippo I da Lampugnano (1196–1206)\nUmberto IV da Pirovano (1206–1211)\nGerardo da Sesso (1211, elect)\nEnrico I da Settala (1213–1230)\nGuglielmo I da Rizolio (1230–1241)\nLeon da Perego (1241–1257)\nOttone Visconti (1262–1295)\nRuffino da Frisseto (1295–1296)\nFrancesco I da Parma (1296–1308)\nCassone della Torre (1308–1317)\nAicardo da Intimiano (1317–1339)\nGiovanni II Visconti (1342–1354)\nRoberto Visconti (1354–1361)\nGuglielmo II della Pusterla (1361–1370)\nSimon da Borsano (1370–1380)\nAntonio de' Saluzzi (1380–1401)\nPietro II di Candia (1402–1410)\nFrancesco II Crippa (1409–1414)\nBartolommeo Capra (1414–1433)\nFrancesco III Piccolpasso (1433–1443)\nEnrico II Rampini (1443–1450)\nGiovanni III Visconti (1450–1453)\nNicolò Amidano (1453–1454)\nTimoteo Maffei (1454)\nGabriele Sforza (1454–1457)\nCarlo I da Forlì (1457–1461)\nStefano Nardini (1461–1484)\nGiovanni Arcimboldi (1484–1488)\nGuido Antonio Arcimboldi (1488–1497)\nOttaviano Arcimboldi (1497)\nIppolito d'Este (1497–1520)\nIppolito II d'Este (1520–1550)\nGiovan Angelo Arcimboldi (1550–1555)\nFilippo II Archinto (1556–1558)\nsede vacante\nModern age\nSt. Carlo Borromeo (1564–1584)\nGaspare Visconti (1584–1595)\nFederico I Borromeo (1595–1631)\nCesare Monti (1632–1650)\nAlfonso Litta (1652–1679)\nFederico II Visconti (1681–1693)\nFederico III Caccia (1693–1699)\nGiuseppe Archinto (1699–1712)\nBenedetto II Erba Odescalchi (1712–1737)\nCarlo Gaetano Stampa (1737–1742)\nGiuseppe II Pozzobonelli (1743–1783)\nFilippo Maria Visconti (1784–1801)\nGiovanni Battista Caprara (1802–1810)\nsede vacante\nCarlo Gaetano Gaisruck (1818–1846)\nBartolomeo Carlo Romilli (1847–1859)\nPaolo Angelo Ballerini (1859–1867)\nLuigi Nazari di Calabiana (1867–1893)\nBl. Andrea Ferrari (1894–1921)\nAmbrogio Damiano Achille Ratti (1921–1922, elected Pope Pius XI)\nEugenio Tosi (1922–1929)\nBl. Ildefonso Schuster (1929–1954)\nSt. Giovanni Battista Montini (1954–1963, elected Pope Paul VI)\nGiovanni Colombo (1963–1979)\nCarlo Maria Martini, SJ (1979–2002)\nDionigi Tettamanzi (2002–2011)\nAngelo Scola (2011–2017)\nMario Delpini (2017–present)\n$=considered an intruder by the Catholic Church\n Catholicism portalAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nCzech RepublicThis article about an Italian saint is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis article about a Roman Catholic archbishop from Italy is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"reference":"Cazzani, Eugenio (1996). Vescovi e arcivescovi di Milano (in Italian). Milano: Massimo. pp. 56–57. ISBN 88-7030-891-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-7030-891-X","url_text":"88-7030-891-X"}]},{"reference":"Magnoli, Claudio, ed. (2010). Celebrazioni dei santi. Messale ambrosiano quotidiano (in Italian). Vol. 4. Milano: Centro Ambrosiano. pp. 740–741. ISBN 978-88-8025-763-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8025-763-9","url_text":"978-88-8025-763-9"}]},{"reference":"Majo, Angelo (1989). \"Mansueto, santo\". Dizionario della Chiesa Ambrosiana (in Italian). Vol. 3. Milano: NED. p. 1863. ISBN 88-7023-102-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-7023-102-X","url_text":"88-7023-102-X"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/84485770","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kup19980000061161&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mansuetus_(bishop_of_Milan)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mansuetus_(bishop_of_Milan)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline_bitartrate
|
Choline bitartrate
|
["1 Chemistry","2 Production","3 Uses","4 Safety","5 References"]
|
Choline bitartrate
Choline (2R,3R)-bitartrate
Names
IUPAC name
Choline (2R,3R)-bitartrate
Systematic IUPAC name
(2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylaminium hydrogen (2R,3R)-tartrate
Other names
Choline hydrogen L-(+)-tartrateCholine (2R,3R)-tartrate (1:1)(2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium hydrogen (2R,3R)-tartrate(2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium L-(+)-bitartrate(2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium (2R,3R)-bitartrate(2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium L-(+)-tartrate salt (1:1)
Identifiers
CAS Number
87-67-2
3D model (JSmol)
Non-isomeric: Interactive imageIsomeric: Interactive image
ECHA InfoCard
100.001.604
PubChem CID
6900
UNII
6K2W7T9V6Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID00889332
InChI
: InChI=1S/C5H14NO.C4H6O6/c1-6(2,3)4-5-7;5-1(3(7)8)2(6)4(9)10/h7H,4-5H2,1-3H3;1-2,5-6H,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)/q+1;/p-1/t;1-,2-/m.1/s1Key: QWJSAWXRUVVRLH-LREBCSMRSA-M
SMILES
Non-isomeric: C(C)(C)CCO.C(C(C(=O))O)(C(=O)O)OIsomeric: C(C)(C)CCO.((C(=O))O)(C(=O)O)O
Properties
Chemical formula
C9H19NO7
Molar mass
253.251 g·mol−1
Appearance
White crystalline powder
Odor
Odorless or faint trimethylamine-like odor
Melting point
147–153 °C (297–307 °F; 420–426 K)
Solubility
Water (slightly), ethanol (slightly), DMSO (slightly), methanol (slightly, when heated); insoluble in diethyl ether, chloroform and benzene
Structure
Coordination geometry
Tetrahedral molecular geometry at the nitrogen atom
Hazards
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)
200 to 400 grams (as choline, human, estimated)
Related compounds
Other anions
Choline chlorideCholine hydroxide
Other cations
N,N-Dimethylethanolamine bitartrate
Related compounds
CholineEthanolamineTartaric acidTrimethylamine
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Choline bitartrate is an organic compound with the chemical formula +HOOC−CH(OH)−CH(OH)−COO−. It is a white crystalline powder with an acid taste. It is hygroscopic when exposed to air. Modern texts refer to the choline salt of the natural form of tartaric acid, that is, the salt called choline dextrobitartrate, choline (2R,3R)-bitartrate or choline L-(+)-bitartrate.
Chemistry
Choline bitartrate is a choline salt of tartaric acid. Choline bitartrate contains quaternary ammonium cations ((2-hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium +) and bitartrate anions (HOOC−CH(OH)−CH(OH)−COO−). Quaternary ammonium cation is a cation in which all four hydrogen atoms of ammonium are replaced with organyl groups. In the choline cation, the four substituents of ammonium are three methyl groups (−CH3) and one 2-hydroxyethyl group (−CH2CH2OH). The bitartrate anion is chiral (there are left, right and meso forms of bitartrate, see tartaric acid).
Production
Choline bitartrate can be produced by the chemical reaction of trimethylamine with ethylene oxide and water, followed by reaction with tartaric acid.
N(CH3)3 + CH2CH2O + H2O → +OH−
+OH− + C4H6O6 → +C4H5O−6 + H2O
Uses
Choline bitartrate is used as a dietary supplement, a food additive, a nutrient and as a lipotropic compound. It is also used as a medication against bipolar disorder and mania (see: choline). Certain conducted double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of the effects of choline bitartrate treatment against Alzheimer-type dementias suggest improvement in some areas of patients' cognitive performance.
Safety
Choline bitartrate is flammable. When burned, choline bitartrate may release toxic gases, like carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2). May react violently with strong oxidizing agents.
The toxicity of this compound is similar to toxicity of choline itself, which is fairly low, and it is used as a dietary supplement. Oral LD50 value for a human is estimated to be 200 to 400 grams (as choline). Nevertheless, choline bitartrate can be harmful, if absorbed through skin. It may cause skin, eye and respiratory system irritation. May cause gastrointestinal system irritation as well. If swallowed in high doses, may cause dizziness, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, and a rotten fish-like body smell resulting from the excretion of trimethylamine from the body (trimethylamine is a choline metabolite). There are reports of depression or increased symptoms of it in patients using high doses of choline bitartrate. When choline bitartrate is used appropriately, hazardous effects are unlikely to occur.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Choline bitartrate". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
^ a b c d e f https://www.trc-canada.com/prod-img/MSDS/C432640MSDS.pdf
^ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "quaternary ammonium compounds". doi:10.1351/goldbook.Q05003
^ "87-67-2 | Choline Bitartrate | Choline Tartrate; Choline Hydrogen Tartrate; Choline Tartrate (1:1); 2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-Ethanaminium Salt with (2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid (1:1); , 2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium Salt with -2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic Acid (1:1); (2R,3R)-2,3-Dihydroxybutanedioic Acid Ion(1-) 2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium; -2,3-Dihydroxybutanedioic Acid Ion(1-), 2-Hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium; Tartaric acid Ion(1-) Choline; (2-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium Bitartrate; | C₉H₁₉NO₇ | TRC".
^ "APA PsycNet". psycnet.apa.org.
^ a b https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/GB/en/sds/usp/1133536
^ a b https://www.oxfordlabchem.com/msds/(C-02684)%20CHOLINE%20BITARTRATE.pdf
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organic compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compound"},{"link_name":"chemical formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pubchem-1"},{"link_name":"hygroscopic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygroscopic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pubchem-1"},{"link_name":"choline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline"},{"link_name":"salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"tartaric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartaric_acid"}],"text":"Chemical compoundCholine bitartrate is an organic compound with the chemical formula [(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]+HOOC−CH(OH)−CH(OH)−COO−. It is a white crystalline powder with an acid taste.[1] It is hygroscopic when exposed to air.[1] Modern texts refer to the choline salt of the natural form of tartaric acid, that is, the salt called choline dextrobitartrate, choline (2R,3R)-bitartrate or choline L-(+)-bitartrate.","title":"Choline bitartrate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"choline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline"},{"link_name":"quaternary ammonium cations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_cation"},{"link_name":"bitartrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitartrate"},{"link_name":"anions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anions"},{"link_name":"hydrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen"},{"link_name":"ammonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium"},{"link_name":"organyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organyl"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"methyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl"},{"link_name":"ethyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethyl_group"},{"link_name":"chiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirality_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"tartaric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartaric_acid"}],"text":"Choline bitartrate is a choline salt of tartaric acid. Choline bitartrate contains quaternary ammonium cations ((2-hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium [(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]+) and bitartrate anions (HOOC−CH(OH)−CH(OH)−COO−). Quaternary ammonium cation is a cation in which all four hydrogen atoms of ammonium are replaced with organyl groups.[3] In the choline cation, the four substituents of ammonium are three methyl groups (−CH3) and one 2-hydroxyethyl group (−CH2CH2OH). The bitartrate anion is chiral (there are left, right and meso forms of bitartrate, see tartaric acid).","title":"Chemistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chemical reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction"},{"link_name":"trimethylamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylamine"},{"link_name":"ethylene oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene_oxide"},{"link_name":"tartaric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartaric_acid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pubchem-1"},{"link_name":"[(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]+OH−","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline_hydroxide"}],"text":"Choline bitartrate can be produced by the chemical reaction of trimethylamine with ethylene oxide and water, followed by reaction with tartaric acid.[1]N(CH3)3 + CH2CH2O + H2O → [(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]+OH−\n[(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]+OH− + C4H6O6 → [(CH3)3NCH2CH2OH]+C4H5O−6 + H2O","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dietary supplement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_supplement"},{"link_name":"food additive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_additive"},{"link_name":"nutrient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient"},{"link_name":"lipotropic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipotropic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pubchem-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trc-canada1-4"},{"link_name":"medication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medication"},{"link_name":"bipolar disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder"},{"link_name":"mania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mania"},{"link_name":"choline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pubchem-1"},{"link_name":"double-blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-blind"},{"link_name":"placebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placebo"},{"link_name":"Alzheimer-type dementias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"cognitive performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognition"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-psycnet-5"}],"text":"Choline bitartrate is used as a dietary supplement, a food additive, a nutrient and as a lipotropic compound.[1][4] It is also used as a medication against bipolar disorder and mania (see: choline).[1] Certain conducted double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of the effects of choline bitartrate treatment against Alzheimer-type dementias suggest improvement in some areas of patients' cognitive performance.[5]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flammable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flammable"},{"link_name":"carbon monoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"nitrogen oxides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxides"},{"link_name":"oxidizing agents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidizing_agents"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trc-canada-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sigmaaldrich-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oxfordlabchem-7"},{"link_name":"choline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline"},{"link_name":"dietary supplement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_supplement"},{"link_name":"LD50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LD50"},{"link_name":"respiratory system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_system"},{"link_name":"gastrointestinal system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_system"},{"link_name":"dizziness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizziness"},{"link_name":"diarrhea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarrhea"},{"link_name":"rotten fish-like body smell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylaminuria"},{"link_name":"trimethylamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylamine"},{"link_name":"choline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline"},{"link_name":"metabolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite"},{"link_name":"depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pubchem-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trc-canada-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sigmaaldrich-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oxfordlabchem-7"}],"text":"Choline bitartrate is flammable. When burned, choline bitartrate may release toxic gases, like carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2). May react violently with strong oxidizing agents.[2][6][7]The toxicity of this compound is similar to toxicity of choline itself, which is fairly low, and it is used as a dietary supplement. Oral LD50 value for a human is estimated to be 200 to 400 grams (as choline). Nevertheless, choline bitartrate can be harmful, if absorbed through skin. It may cause skin, eye and respiratory system irritation. May cause gastrointestinal system irritation as well. If swallowed in high doses, may cause dizziness, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, and a rotten fish-like body smell resulting from the excretion of trimethylamine from the body (trimethylamine is a choline metabolite). There are reports of depression or increased symptoms of it in patients using high doses of choline bitartrate. When choline bitartrate is used appropriately, hazardous effects are unlikely to occur.[1][2][6][7]","title":"Safety"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Chermside
|
Herbert Chermside
|
["1 Early life and education","2 Military career","3 Governor of Queensland","4 Family and later life","5 Honours and legacy","6 References"]
|
British Army general
Lieutenant-GeneralSir Herbert ChermsideGCMG, CB9th Governor of QueenslandIn office24 March 1902 – 10 October 1904MonarchEdward VIIPreceded byThe Lord LamingtonSucceeded byThe Lord Chelmsford
Personal detailsBorn(1850-07-31)31 July 1850Wilton, Wiltshire, EnglandDied24 September 1929(1929-09-24) (aged 79)London, EnglandSpouse(s)Geraldine Katharine Webb (1899–1910)Clementine Maria Reuter (from 1920)Military serviceAllegianceUnited KingdomBranch/serviceBritish ArmyYears of service1870–1907RankLieutenant-GeneralCommands3rd Division14th BrigadeCurragh CampBattles/warsMahdist War
Suakin Expedition
Second Boer WarAwardsKnight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St GeorgeCompanion of the Order of the Bath
Lieutenant-General Sir Herbert Charles Chermside, GCMG, CB (31 July 1850 – 24 September 1929) was a British Army officer who served as Governor of Queensland from 1902 to 1904.
Early life and education
Chermside was born in the town of Wilton in Wiltshire on 31 July 1850. His parents were Rev. Richard Seymour Conway Chermside, rector of Wilton and son of Sir Robert Alexander Chermside, and Emily Dawson. He was a scholar at Eton College and then attended the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, where he graduated at the top of his year and was commissioned in the Royal Engineers in 1870.
Military career
In 1871, Chermside and several other officers visited Paris during the Paris Commune, and were accused of supporting the Communards, narrowly escaping execution. After a posting in Ireland, he joined Benjamin Leigh Smith's expedition to the Arctic in 1873.
In 1876, Chermside was sent to Ottoman Turkey to work with the Turkish forces after Serbia and Montenegro declared war on the country in July. He was working as a military attaché to Turkey in 1877, when Russia also declared war. After six months with the Turkish boundary commission, he was appointed Military Vice Consul to Anatolia in July 1879.
In 1882, Chermside was promoted to captain, and appointed to the British Army's intelligence staff in Egypt. He was given command of the Egyptian Army's 1st Battalion by the army's Sirdar, Evelyn Wood, and spent four years in Egypt where he took part in the Suakin Expedition of 1884, against Muhammad Ahmad's Mahdist forces and served as governor-general of the Red Sea littoral. He was transferred to Wadi Halfa in October 1886, and spent the next two years repelling Mahdist incursions at Sarras.
Although still a captain in the Royal Engineers, Chermside was brevetted major in 1883, lieutenant-colonel in 1884 and colonel in 1887. In 1888 he returned to consular duties, spending a year in Kurdistan and seven years as military attaché to Constantinople. He then was assigned to reorganise the gendarmerie of the newly-autonomous Cretan State, later taking command of the British troops there and serving as military commissioner from 1896.
In 1899 Chermside returned to Britain, but was soon sent to South Africa to command the 14th Brigade and the 3rd Division during the Second Boer War. He was back in the United Kingdom to take up command of the Curragh Camp in Ireland from January 1901. In January the following year he was, however, appointed the first post-Federation Governor of Queensland.
Governor of Queensland
Chermside arrived in Australia in early March 1902, landing in Fremantle. On arrival he stated to local reporters that one of the first matters to which the Australian Commonwealth should attend, was the formation of a military college. He arrived in Brisbane on 24 March 1902 to find Queensland in the grip of a drought and economic recession. He immediately volunteered to forgo 15 per cent of his vice-regal salary, and his sacrifice and approachable nature made him a popular figure amongst the Queensland public. However, concerned by the parliamentary attitude to the role of governor, Chermside decided to resign in 1904, although he delayed the announcement until a political crisis had been dealt with by granting a dissolution of parliament to Premier Sir Arthur Morgan after several failed attempts to establish a stable government. Once he had opened the new parliament, Chermside announced his retirement and left Queensland on 8 October on pre-retirement leave.
Family and later life
Chermside was the second son of the rector of Wilton, Reverend Richard Seymour Conway Chermside, and his wife, Emily Dawson. His paternal grandfather was the military surgeon Sir Robert Chermside.
Chermside was married twice. His first marriage was in 1899 to Geraldine Katherine Webb, daughter of W. F. Webb, of Newstead Abbey, Nottinghamshire. They had a stillborn son on 9 October 1902 in Brisbane, and she childless died in 1910. He remarried in 1920 to Clementine Maria Reuter (daughter of Paul Reuter), and there were no children of the marriage.
Chermside retired from the British Army in 1907 at the rank of lieutenant-general. He died in London, aged 79, on 24 September 1929.
Honours and legacy
Chermside was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1886. He was also made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1880, upgraded to Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1897, and Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1899.
The Brisbane suburb of Chermside is named in Chermside's honour.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Herbert Chermside.
^ Jones, M. G. M. "Chermside, Sir Herbert Charles". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32390. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ a b c d Paul D. Wilson, Chermside, Sir Herbert Charles (1850–1929) Archived 2 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Australian Dictionary of Biography, Volume 7, Melbourne University Press, 1979, pp 631–632.
^ "No. 23636". The London Gazette. 22 July 1870. p. 3479.
^ a b c d e f C. V. Owen, Chermside, Sir Herbert Charles (1850–1929), rev. M. G. M. Jones, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008.
^ "Naval & Military intelligence". The Times. No. 36345. London. 7 January 1901. p. 8.
^ "No. 27393". The London Gazette. 3 January 1902. p. 1.
^ "Latest intelligence – Australia". The Times. No. 36710. London. 8 March 1902. p. 7.
^ "Lady Chermside". The Telegraph. No. 9, 326. Queensland, Australia. 10 October 1902. p. 5 (SECOND EDITION). Retrieved 27 October 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "Births". The Times. No. 36896. London. 11 October 1902. p. 1.
^ "History of Chermside". Our Brisbane. Brisbane City Council. Archived from the original on 28 April 2008.
Government offices
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Succeeded byLord Chelmsford
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lieutenant-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-general_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"GCMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"CB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Governor of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Queensland"}],"text":"Lieutenant-General Sir Herbert Charles Chermside, GCMG, CB (31 July 1850 – 24 September 1929) was a British Army officer who served as Governor of Queensland from 1902 to 1904.","title":"Herbert Chermside"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilton,_Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"Wiltshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Eton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"Royal Military Academy, Woolwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy,_Woolwich"},{"link_name":"Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Chermside was born in the town of Wilton in Wiltshire on 31 July 1850. His parents were Rev. Richard Seymour Conway Chermside, rector of Wilton and son of Sir Robert Alexander Chermside, and Emily Dawson.[1] He was a scholar at Eton College and then attended the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, where he graduated at the top of his year and was commissioned in the Royal Engineers in 1870.[2][3]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Paris Commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Commune"},{"link_name":"Communards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communards"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Leigh Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Leigh_Smith"},{"link_name":"Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odb-4"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"military attaché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_attach%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Vice Consul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Consul"},{"link_name":"Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odb-4"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Sirdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardar"},{"link_name":"Evelyn Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Wood_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"Suakin Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suakin_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad"},{"link_name":"Mahdist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi"},{"link_name":"Red Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea"},{"link_name":"littoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral"},{"link_name":"Wadi Halfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_Halfa"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odb-4"},{"link_name":"brevetted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevet_(military)"},{"link_name":"Kurdistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Cretan State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_State"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odb-4"},{"link_name":"Second Boer War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Boer_War"},{"link_name":"Curragh Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curragh_Camp"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Governor of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governors_of_the_Australian_states"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odb-4"}],"text":"In 1871, Chermside and several other officers visited Paris during the Paris Commune, and were accused of supporting the Communards, narrowly escaping execution. After a posting in Ireland, he joined Benjamin Leigh Smith's expedition to the Arctic in 1873.[4]In 1876, Chermside was sent to Ottoman Turkey to work with the Turkish forces after Serbia and Montenegro declared war on the country in July. He was working as a military attaché to Turkey in 1877, when Russia also declared war. After six months with the Turkish boundary commission, he was appointed Military Vice Consul to Anatolia in July 1879.[4]In 1882, Chermside was promoted to captain, and appointed to the British Army's intelligence staff in Egypt. He was given command of the Egyptian Army's 1st Battalion by the army's Sirdar, Evelyn Wood, and spent four years in Egypt where he took part in the Suakin Expedition of 1884, against Muhammad Ahmad's Mahdist forces and served as governor-general of the Red Sea littoral. He was transferred to Wadi Halfa in October 1886, and spent the next two years repelling Mahdist incursions at Sarras.[4]Although still a captain in the Royal Engineers, Chermside was brevetted major in 1883, lieutenant-colonel in 1884 and colonel in 1887. In 1888 he returned to consular duties, spending a year in Kurdistan and seven years as military attaché to Constantinople. He then was assigned to reorganise the gendarmerie of the newly-autonomous Cretan State, later taking command of the British troops there and serving as military commissioner from 1896.[4]In 1899 Chermside returned to Britain, but was soon sent to South Africa to command the 14th Brigade and the 3rd Division during the Second Boer War. He was back in the United Kingdom to take up command of the Curragh Camp in Ireland from January 1901.[5] In January the following year he was, however, appointed the first post-Federation Governor of Queensland.[6][4]","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fremantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremantle"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"drought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought"},{"link_name":"recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recession"},{"link_name":"dissolution of parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_parliament"},{"link_name":"Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Sir Arthur Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Morgan_(Queensland_politician)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-2"}],"text":"Chermside arrived in Australia in early March 1902, landing in Fremantle. On arrival he stated to local reporters that one of the first matters to which the Australian Commonwealth should attend, was the formation of a military college.[7] He arrived in Brisbane on 24 March 1902 to find Queensland in the grip of a drought and economic recession. He immediately volunteered to forgo 15 per cent of his vice-regal salary, and his sacrifice and approachable nature made him a popular figure amongst the Queensland public. However, concerned by the parliamentary attitude to the role of governor, Chermside decided to resign in 1904, although he delayed the announcement until a political crisis had been dealt with by granting a dissolution of parliament to Premier Sir Arthur Morgan after several failed attempts to establish a stable government. Once he had opened the new parliament, Chermside announced his retirement and left Queensland on 8 October on pre-retirement leave.[2]","title":"Governor of Queensland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)#Anglican_churches"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Chermside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Alexander_Chermside"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odb-4"},{"link_name":"Newstead Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newstead_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Nottinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshire"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Paul Reuter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Reuter"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-2"},{"link_name":"lieutenant-general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant-general_(United_Kingdom)"}],"text":"Chermside was the second son of the rector of Wilton, Reverend Richard Seymour Conway Chermside, and his wife, Emily Dawson. His paternal grandfather was the military surgeon Sir Robert Chermside.[4]Chermside was married twice. His first marriage was in 1899 to Geraldine Katherine Webb, daughter of W. F. Webb, of Newstead Abbey, Nottinghamshire. They had a stillborn son on 9 October 1902 in Brisbane,[8][9] and she childless died in 1910. He remarried in 1920 to Clementine Maria Reuter (daughter of Paul Reuter), and there were no children of the marriage.[2]Chermside retired from the British Army in 1907 at the rank of lieutenant-general. He died in London, aged 79, on 24 September 1929.","title":"Family and later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Companion of the Order of the Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-2"},{"link_name":"Chermside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chermside,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Chermside was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1886. He was also made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1880, upgraded to Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1897, and Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1899.[2]The Brisbane suburb of Chermside is named in Chermside's honour.[10]","title":"Honours and legacy"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordseewerke
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Nordseewerke
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["1 History","1.1 Submarines (U-boats)","2 References","3 External links"]
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Nordseewerke Emden GmbHCompany typePrivateIndustryShipbuildingGenreShipbuildingFounded1903Defunct2010, successor Schaaf Industrie AG (SIAG)HeadquartersEmden, GermanyNumber of employees1400 (in 2010)ParentFosen Yard (Norway)Websitewww.nordseewerke.de
Nordseewerke with the inland port of Emden in the foreground seen from the southwest in 2010
Nordseewerke Emden GmbH (sometimes abbreviated NSWE, in English: North Sea Company) was a shipbuilding company, located in the Emden Harbor of the north German city of Emden. Founded in 1903, shipbuilding ended in 2010, and the company was taken over by the Schaaf Industrie AG, which among other products, makes components for off-shore systems.
The shipyard employed some 1,400 people in 2010 and was the second-largest employer in Emden, following the plant of the Volkswagen automotive company. Today only few of the former coworkers of the shipyard are still employed with the new owner Schaaf, which also went insolvent in 2012.
History
Nordseewerke was founded on March 11, 1903, and was one of the oldest among the still-existing shipyards in Germany. Its successor was the Schaaf Industrie AG. The company built merchant ships of all categories, but also ships for the Kaiserliche Marine during World War I, the Kriegsmarine later, and today's modern Deutsche Marine.
The shipyard has also constructed ships for use by other navies, such as the Kobben (Type 207) and Ula (Klasse 210)-class submarines for the Royal Norwegian Navy, which were built to operate in shallow, coastal waters. In the past 20 years, submarines were also exported to South Africa, Argentina (TR-1700-class submarine), and Israel.
Besides container and other freight-carrying ships, Nordseewerke also built naval vessels. In 1971, the cruise liner Sea Venture (later renamed the Pacific Princess) was constructed. The ship is well known as the film location of The Love Boat.
Submarines (U-boats)
Type 207 submarines
Type 1700 submarines
Type 210 submarines
Ships built by Nordseewerke (selection)
1915/1916, first construction of minesweepers for Kaiserliche Marine (M13 and M14)
1915–1917, construction of 10 fishing vessels (among them Geier, Bielefeld, Münster), all used as outpost-ships during World War I
1920, 14,000 t tanker Baltic for the Deutsch-Amerikanische Petroleum AG (DAPG), largest ship built by NSWE at that time
1922, construction of a floating dock for Argentina
1931, ore-transport ship Odin for the Hamburger Seereederei Frigga
1931, 17,500 t tanker J. H. Senior for the Baltisch Amerikanische Petroleum Import GmbH in Danzig
1940–1944, delivery of 30 submarines of type VII C (U-331 to U-350 and U-1101 to U-1110); additional submarine orders were cancelled
1973, Four container-carrier SeaTrain in US with gas-turbine propulsion, worldwide fastest merchant ships at that time
1976, Constr.No.399, freighter Aegir for the Seereederei Frigga; altogether NSWE built 23 ships for this company between 1921 and 1968
1977, CNo.455, combined ore-oil freighter Saggat for a Swedish company
1978/1979, CNo.463/465, TR-1700-class submarines Santa Cruz and San Juan for the Argentine Navy
1979, BACO-LINER 1, a new developed concept barge/container-ship (BACO = BArges und COntainer); followed BACO-LINER 2 and BACO-LINER 3
1983, CNo. 464, F 122 Bremen-class frigate Emden; followed 1990 frigate Lübeck
1986, reconstruction of the Soviet icebreaker Mudyug with new technology (among them Thyssen-Waas Bow and Air Bubble System); followed icebreaker Kapitan Sorokin
1994–1996, CNo.469, F 123 Brandenburg-class frigate Bayern for the German Navy
1999, CNo. 525, suction dredge Vasco da Gama for Belgium Jan de Nul Offshore-Company, worldwide greatest suction dredge at that time
1999, Dolphin-class submarine Dolphin for the Israeli Navy; altogether 3 units of this class were built at NSWE (Dolphin, Leviathan and Tekumah)
2001, CNo. 521, F 124 Sachsen-class frigate Hessen in cooperation with Blohm & Voss and HDW (ARGE F 124) for the German Navy
December 2009, launching of container carrier Frisia Cottbus, last ship of NSWE
References
^ "Schaaf Industrie AG: Company/History". Retrieved 18 July 2011.
Hans Jürgen Witthöft, 100 Jahre Nordseewerke, Edition Schiff & Hafen Bd. 6, Seehafen Verlag, Hamburg 2004, ISBN 3-87743-806-7
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nordseewerke.
Company homepage
U-boats built by Nordseewerke during WWII
ThyssenKrupp base information about Nordseewerke
vteThyssenKruppRelated articles
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Atlas Elektronik
Berco S.p.A.
Krupp
Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach
Thyssen AG
ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems
thyssenkrupp Materials Services
Transrapid
Thyssen AG
August Thyssen
Fritz Thyssen
Vereinigte Stahlwerke
ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems
Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft
Hellenic Shipyards Co. (25%)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nordseewerke,_Emder_Hafen.jpg"},{"link_name":"shipbuilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipbuilding"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Emden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emden"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Volkswagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Nordseewerke with the inland port of Emden in the foreground seen from the southwest in 2010Nordseewerke Emden GmbH (sometimes abbreviated NSWE, in English: North Sea Company) was a shipbuilding company, located in the Emden Harbor of the north German city of Emden. Founded in 1903, shipbuilding ended in 2010, and the company was taken over by the Schaaf Industrie AG,[1] which among other products, makes components for off-shore systems.The shipyard employed some 1,400 people in 2010 and was the second-largest employer in Emden, following the plant of the Volkswagen automotive company. Today only few of the former coworkers of the shipyard are still employed with the new owner Schaaf, which also went insolvent in 2012.[citation needed]","title":"Nordseewerke"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaiserliche Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserliche_Marine"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Kriegsmarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriegsmarine"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Navy"},{"link_name":"Kobben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobben-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Ula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ula-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Royal Norwegian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Navy"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"TR-1700-class submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TR-1700-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Sea Venture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Princess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_(ship)"},{"link_name":"The Love Boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Love_Boat"}],"text":"Nordseewerke was founded on March 11, 1903, and was one of the oldest among the still-existing shipyards in Germany. Its successor was the Schaaf Industrie AG. The company built merchant ships of all categories, but also ships for the Kaiserliche Marine during World War I, the Kriegsmarine later, and today's modern Deutsche Marine.The shipyard has also constructed ships for use by other navies, such as the Kobben (Type 207) and Ula (Klasse 210)-class submarines for the Royal Norwegian Navy, which were built to operate in shallow, coastal waters. In the past 20 years, submarines were also exported to South Africa, Argentina (TR-1700-class submarine), and Israel.Besides container and other freight-carrying ships, Nordseewerke also built naval vessels. In 1971, the cruise liner Sea Venture (later renamed the Pacific Princess) was constructed. The ship is well known as the film location of The Love Boat.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Type 207 submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobben-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Type 1700 submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TR-1700-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Type 210 submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ula-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Kaiserliche Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserliche_Marine"},{"link_name":"submarines of type VII C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Type_VII_submarine"},{"link_name":"U-331","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-331"},{"link_name":"U-350","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-350"},{"link_name":"U-1101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-1101"},{"link_name":"U-1110","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-1110"},{"link_name":"TR-1700-class submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TR-1700-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARA_Santa_Cruz_(S-41)"},{"link_name":"San Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARA_San_Juan_(S-42)"},{"link_name":"Argentine Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Navy"},{"link_name":"barge/container-ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baco_Liner"},{"link_name":"Bremen-class frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen-class_frigate"},{"link_name":"Emden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_frigate_Emden_(F210)"},{"link_name":"Lübeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_frigate_L%C3%BCbeck_(F214)"},{"link_name":"Mudyug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudyug_(icebreaker)"},{"link_name":"Brandenburg-class frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandenburg-class_frigate"},{"link_name":"Bayern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_frigate_Bayern"},{"link_name":"German Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Navy"},{"link_name":"Dolphin-class submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Dolphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=INS_Dolphin_(1996)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leviathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=INS_Leviathan_(1997)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tekumah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=INS_Tekumah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sachsen-class frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsen-class_frigate"},{"link_name":"Hessen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_frigate_Hessen"},{"link_name":"Blohm & Voss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blohm_%26_Voss"},{"link_name":"HDW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDW"}],"sub_title":"Submarines (U-boats)","text":"Type 207 submarines\nType 1700 submarines\nType 210 submarinesShips built by Nordseewerke (selection)1915/1916, first construction of minesweepers for Kaiserliche Marine (M13 and M14)\n1915–1917, construction of 10 fishing vessels (among them Geier, Bielefeld, Münster), all used as outpost-ships during World War I\n1920, 14,000 t tanker Baltic for the Deutsch-Amerikanische Petroleum AG (DAPG), largest ship built by NSWE at that time\n1922, construction of a floating dock for Argentina\n1931, ore-transport ship Odin for the Hamburger Seereederei Frigga\n1931, 17,500 t tanker J. H. Senior for the Baltisch Amerikanische Petroleum Import GmbH in Danzig\n1940–1944, delivery of 30 submarines of type VII C (U-331 to U-350 and U-1101 to U-1110); additional submarine orders were cancelled\n1973, Four container-carrier SeaTrain in US with gas-turbine propulsion, worldwide fastest merchant ships at that time\n1976, Constr.No.399, freighter Aegir for the Seereederei Frigga; altogether NSWE built 23 ships for this company between 1921 and 1968\n1977, CNo.455, combined ore-oil freighter Saggat for a Swedish company\n1978/1979, CNo.463/465, TR-1700-class submarines Santa Cruz and San Juan for the Argentine Navy\n1979, BACO-LINER 1, a new developed concept barge/container-ship (BACO = BArges und COntainer); followed BACO-LINER 2 and BACO-LINER 3\n1983, CNo. 464, F 122 Bremen-class frigate Emden; followed 1990 frigate Lübeck\n1986, reconstruction of the Soviet icebreaker Mudyug with new technology (among them Thyssen-Waas Bow and Air Bubble System); followed icebreaker Kapitan Sorokin\n1994–1996, CNo.469, F 123 Brandenburg-class frigate Bayern for the German Navy\n1999, CNo. 525, suction dredge Vasco da Gama for Belgium Jan de Nul Offshore-Company, worldwide greatest suction dredge at that time\n1999, Dolphin-class submarine Dolphin for the Israeli Navy; altogether 3 units of this class were built at NSWE (Dolphin, Leviathan and Tekumah)\n2001, CNo. 521, F 124 Sachsen-class frigate Hessen in cooperation with Blohm & Voss and HDW (ARGE F 124) for the German Navy\nDecember 2009, launching of container carrier Frisia Cottbus, last ship of NSWE","title":"History"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Nordseewerke with the inland port of Emden in the foreground seen from the southwest in 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nordseewerke%2C_Emder_Hafen.jpg/370px-Nordseewerke%2C_Emder_Hafen.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Schaaf Industrie AG: Company/History\". Retrieved 18 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.siag.de/mod/Company-GB.htm?id=52","url_text":"\"Schaaf Industrie AG: Company/History\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.nordseewerke.de/","external_links_name":"www.nordseewerke.de"},{"Link":"http://www.siag.de/mod/Company-GB.htm?id=52","external_links_name":"\"Schaaf Industrie AG: Company/History\""},{"Link":"http://www.nordseewerke.de/","external_links_name":"Company homepage"},{"Link":"http://www.uboat.net/technical/shipyards/nordsee.htm","external_links_name":"U-boats built by Nordseewerke during WWII"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161112173623/http://base.thyssenkrupp.com/pages/en/ID838_266259855.html","external_links_name":"ThyssenKrupp base information about Nordseewerke"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/241506372","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4208357-6","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z.N._Tahmida_Begum
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Z. N. Tahmida Begum
|
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 References"]
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Z. N. Tahomida Begumজেড. এন. তাহমিদা বেগম9th Chairman of Bangladesh Public Service CommissionIn office9 May 2002 – 7 May 2007Appointed byA. Q. M. Badruddoza ChowdhuryPresidentA. Q. M. Badruddoza ChowdhuryMuhammad Jamiruddin SircarIajuddin AhmedPreceded byMd. Mustafa ChowdhurySucceeded bySaadat Husain
Personal detailsBorn26 November 1945Rajshahi District, East Bengal, British IndiaNationalityBangladeshiAlma materUniversity of Dhaka
Z. N. Tahmida Begum (Bengali: জিনাতুন নেসা তাহমিদা বেগম) is a botanist and former chairperson of Bangladesh Public Service Commission, the first woman chairperson of the commission. She is a professor of botany at the University of Dhaka.
Early life
Begum was born on 26 November 1945 in Rajshahi District, East Bengal, British India. She completed her bachelor's degree and masters in botany from the University of Dhaka in 1966 and 1967 respectively. In 1977, she finished her PhD from the University of London. She completed her post doctoral research at the University of Nottingham.
Career
Begum has served as a Trustee Board member of Bangladesh National Museum from 1993 to 1995. She was a member of the Syndicate Board of the University of Dhaka from 1994 to 1996.
From 1999 to 2001, Begum served as the chairperson of the Department of Botany of the University of Dhaka.
From 2001 to 2002, Begum served as the pro vice-chancellor of the University of Dhaka. She was a member of the Syndicate Board of the University of Dhaka from 2004 to 2006.
Begum is a member of the editorial board of the Journal of Science Foundation, published by Bangladesh Science Foundation. She is a professor of botany at the University of Dhaka. She is the chief editor of Bangladesh Journal of Botany published by Bangladesh Botanical Society.
Begum faced allegation of corruption by Transparency International Bangladesh during her term as the chairperson of Bangladesh Public Service Commission. She organized a meeting on the matter on 25 March 2007 where Hafizur Rahman, law teacher at the University of Dhaka, called for a judicial investigation against her and the commission. The meeting ended chaotically following the demand for investigation. In 2005, her resignation was demanded following alleged leak of question papers of the 25th Bangladesh Civil Service exam. On 8 May 2007, she ended her term as chairperson and was replaced by Saadat Husain. She had recommended canceling the quota system in the Bangladesh Civil Service to the President of Bangladesh.
Begum is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences. She is a member of the Bangladesh Society of Microbiologists.
In June 2018, Begum participated in a protest calling for the release of for Prime Minister Khaleda Zia from prison organized by Shoto Nagarik.
References
^ Bhattacharjee, Partha Pratim (2021-06-14). "The republic of BUREAUCRATS!". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
^ "'Women yet to get due recognition for contribution to agri sector'". The Daily Star. 2010-04-02. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
^ "'Bangladesh self-sufficient in food'". bangladeshpost.net. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
^ a b c d e f "Fellow Details - Bangladesh Academy of Sciences". mcdtest.bol-online.com. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
^ a b c d e "Resume" (PDF). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
^ a b "Editorial Board". Bangladesh Science Foundation. 2015-01-24. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
^ "Bangladesh Botanical Society - Home". www.bdbotsociety.org. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
^ a b c "DU teacher calls for trial of PSC chair, members". bdnews24.com. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
^ "The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 5 Num 269". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
^ "The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 5 Num 1044". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
^ "Recruitment reforms hold little hope". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
^ bsmduadmin. "Life Members". Bangladesh Society of Microbiologists. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
^ "Police bar noted citizens' sit-in for Khaleda's release". New Age. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Public Service Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Public_Service_Commission"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Z. N. Tahmida Begum (Bengali: জিনাতুন নেসা তাহমিদা বেগম) is a botanist and former chairperson of Bangladesh Public Service Commission, the first woman chairperson of the commission.[1][2] She is a professor of botany at the University of Dhaka.[3]","title":"Z. N. Tahmida Begum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rajshahi District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajshahi_District"},{"link_name":"East Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bengal"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"University of Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"Begum was born on 26 November 1945 in Rajshahi District, East Bengal, British India.[4] She completed her bachelor's degree and masters in botany from the University of Dhaka in 1966 and 1967 respectively.[4] In 1977, she finished her PhD from the University of London.[4] She completed her post doctoral research at the University of Nottingham.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bangladesh National Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_National_Museum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Science Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangladesh_Science_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Botanical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Botanical_Society"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Transparency International Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_International_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Saadat Husain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadat_Husain"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh Society of Microbiologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Society_of_Microbiologists"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Khaleda Zia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaleda_Zia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Begum has served as a Trustee Board member of Bangladesh National Museum from 1993 to 1995.[4][5] She was a member of the Syndicate Board of the University of Dhaka from 1994 to 1996.[5]From 1999 to 2001, Begum served as the chairperson of the Department of Botany of the University of Dhaka.[5]From 2001 to 2002, Begum served as the pro vice-chancellor of the University of Dhaka.[5] She was a member of the Syndicate Board of the University of Dhaka from 2004 to 2006.[5]Begum is a member of the editorial board of the Journal of Science Foundation, published by Bangladesh Science Foundation.[6] She is a professor of botany at the University of Dhaka.[6] She is the chief editor of Bangladesh Journal of Botany published by Bangladesh Botanical Society.[7]Begum faced allegation of corruption by Transparency International Bangladesh during her term as the chairperson of Bangladesh Public Service Commission.[8] She organized a meeting on the matter on 25 March 2007 where Hafizur Rahman, law teacher at the University of Dhaka, called for a judicial investigation against her and the commission.[8] The meeting ended chaotically following the demand for investigation.[8] In 2005, her resignation was demanded following alleged leak of question papers of the 25th Bangladesh Civil Service exam.[9] On 8 May 2007, she ended her term as chairperson and was replaced by Saadat Husain.[10] She had recommended canceling the quota system in the Bangladesh Civil Service to the President of Bangladesh.[11]Begum is a fellow of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences.[4] She is a member of the Bangladesh Society of Microbiologists.[12]In June 2018, Begum participated in a protest calling for the release of for Prime Minister Khaleda Zia from prison organized by Shoto Nagarik.[13]","title":"Career"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Bhattacharjee, Partha Pratim (2021-06-14). \"The republic of BUREAUCRATS!\". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2022-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/the-republic-bureaucrats-2110361","url_text":"\"The republic of BUREAUCRATS!\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Women yet to get due recognition for contribution to agri sector'\". The Daily Star. 2010-04-02. Retrieved 2022-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-132666","url_text":"\"'Women yet to get due recognition for contribution to agri sector'\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Bangladesh self-sufficient in food'\". bangladeshpost.net. Retrieved 2022-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://bangladeshpost.net/posts/bangladesh-self-sufficient-in-food-23349","url_text":"\"'Bangladesh self-sufficient in food'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fellow Details - Bangladesh Academy of Sciences\". mcdtest.bol-online.com. Retrieved 2022-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://mcdtest.bol-online.com/bas/fellow-details/59","url_text":"\"Fellow Details - Bangladesh Academy of Sciences\""}]},{"reference":"\"Resume\" (PDF). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Retrieved 1 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asiaticsociety.org.bd/CVZNTahmidaBegum.pdf","url_text":"\"Resume\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh","url_text":"Asiatic Society of Bangladesh"}]},{"reference":"\"Editorial Board\". Bangladesh Science Foundation. 2015-01-24. Retrieved 2022-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bsf.org.bd/editorial-board/","url_text":"\"Editorial Board\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bangladesh Botanical Society - Home\". www.bdbotsociety.org. Retrieved 2022-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bdbotsociety.org/","url_text":"\"Bangladesh Botanical Society - Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"DU teacher calls for trial of PSC chair, members\". bdnews24.com. Retrieved 2022-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2007/03/25/du-teacher-calls-for-trial-of-psc-chair-members","url_text":"\"DU teacher calls for trial of PSC chair, members\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 5 Num 269\". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2022-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.thedailystar.net/2005/02/28/d50228101090.htm","url_text":"\"The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 5 Num 269\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 5 Num 1044\". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2022-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/05/10/d70510012719.htm","url_text":"\"The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 5 Num 1044\""}]},{"reference":"\"Recruitment reforms hold little hope\". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2022-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/cache/cached-news-details-18174.html","url_text":"\"Recruitment reforms hold little hope\""}]},{"reference":"bsmduadmin. \"Life Members\". Bangladesh Society of Microbiologists. Retrieved 2022-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bsm.org.bd/life-member/","url_text":"\"Life Members\""}]},{"reference":"\"Police bar noted citizens' sit-in for Khaleda's release\". New Age. Retrieved 2022-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newagebd.net/article/43608/onelink.to/onelink.to/index.php","url_text":"\"Police bar noted citizens' sit-in for Khaleda's release\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Friedel
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Jacques Friedel
|
["1 Education","2 Career","3 Awards and honors","4 Personal life","5 See also","6 References"]
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French physicist (1921–2014)
Jacques FriedelFriedel in June 2011Born(1921-02-11)11 February 1921Died27 August 2014(2014-08-27) (aged 93)Alma mater
Mines ParisTech
École Polytechnique
University of Paris
University of Bristol (PhD)
Known forTheory of transition metalsTheory of dislocationsFriedel oscillationsFriedel sum ruleAwards
Legion of Honour (1989)
FRS (1988)
Three Physicists Prize (1987)
Dannie Heineman Prize (1981)
CNRS Gold medal (1970)
Holweck Prize (1964)
Scientific careerFieldsCondensed matter physicsDoctoral advisorNevill Francis Mott
Jacques Friedel ForMemRS (French: ; 11 February 1921 – 27 August 2014) was a French physicist and material scientist.
Education
Friedel attended the Cours Hattemer, a private school. He studied at the École Polytechnique from 1944 to 1946, and the École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris from 1946 to 1948. He graduated from the University of Paris with a licence ès sciences degree in 1948, then studied at the Metallurgy Laboratory of the School of Mines with Charles Crussard. He graduated from the University of Bristol with a PhD in 1952, where he studied with Nevill Francis Mott, and a Doctorat d'Etat in Paris in 1954.
Career
He was assistant professor at Paris-Sorbonne University in 1956, then full professor of Solid State Physics (from 1959 to 1989) at the University of Paris-Sud where he co-founded the Laboratory of Solid State Physics. He authored more than 200 journal articles.
He was the president of the Société française de physique, the European Physical Society, and the French Academy of Sciences from 1992 to 1994.
Awards and honors
Friedel was awarded the gold medal of the French CNRS in 1970, elected as a foreign member of the National Academy of Sciences, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1988. He was a fellow of American Physical Society and fellow of European Physical Society. He received in 1964 the Holweck Prize and in 1988 the Von Hippel Award. He was appointed a Knight of the Légion d'Honneur, promoted to Officer and subsequently to Commander on 31 March 1989 and to Grand Officer on 30 December 1995. He was promoted to Grand Cross on 14 July 2013.
Personal life
Friedel's great-grandfather Charles Friedel was an organic chemist and crystallographer at Paris-Sorbonne University, his grandfather Georges Friedel worked on liquid crystals, and his father Edmond Friedel was the director of the National School of Mines from 1937 to 1965.
See also
Slater–Pauling rule
References
^ a b c d Sutton, Adrian P.; Duparc, Olivier Hardouin (2015). "Jacques Friedel 11 February 1921 — 27 August 2014". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 61. Royal Society publishing: 123–143. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2015.0020. ISSN 0080-4606.
^ Friedel, Jacques (1956). Les dislocations. Monographies de chimie physique (in French) (2nd ed.). Paris: Gauthier-Villars. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
^ Friedel, Jacques (1994-04-01). Graine de mandarin (in French). Paris: Odile Jacob. ISBN 2738102549. Retrieved 2014-02-15.
^ "Jacques Friedel introduction". Authors.library.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2011-11-21.
^ "Jacques Friedel (1921-2014), pionnier de la physique des solides". Le Monde.fr. 2014-08-29.
^ "Quelques Anciens Celebres". Hattemer. Archived from the original on 2015-06-18. Retrieved 2015-06-30.
^ Georges, Antoine (2016). "The beauty of impurities: Two revivals of Friedel's virtual bound-state concept". Comptes Rendus Physique. 17 (3–4): 430–446. Bibcode:2016CRPhy..17..430G. doi:10.1016/j.crhy.2015.12.005.
^ Pippard, B. (1998). "Sir Nevill Francis Mott, C. H. 30 September 1905-8 August 1996". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 44: 315–328. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1998.0021.
^ a b "the "Leonardo da Vinci" Award 2010". Eurasc. Archived from the original on 2012-04-05. Retrieved 2011-11-21.
^ "Members of the Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien".
^ "Laboratoire de Physique des Solides - UMR 8502 - Jacques Friedel". Lps.u-psud.fr. Archived from the original on 2014-01-11. Retrieved 2011-11-21.
^ "1988 Von Hippel Award, Materials Research Society".
^ DECRET ORDRE DE LA LEGION D'HONNEUR Décret du 30 décembre 1995 portant élévation à la dignité de grand officier
^ Décret du 12 juillet 2013 portant élévation aux dignités de grand'croix et de grand officier (fr)
Media related to Jacques Friedel at Wikimedia Commons
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ForMemRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Member_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-1"},{"link_name":"[fʁidɛl]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Jacques Friedel ForMemRS[1] (French: [fʁidɛl]; 11 February 1921 – 27 August 2014) was a French physicist and material scientist.[4][5]","title":"Jacques Friedel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cours Hattemer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cours_Hattemer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"École Polytechnique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique"},{"link_name":"École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_des_mines_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"University of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"licence ès sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licentiate_(degree)#France"},{"link_name":"University of Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bristol"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crp-7"},{"link_name":"Nevill Francis Mott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Doctorat d'Etat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habilitation"}],"text":"Friedel attended the Cours Hattemer, a private school.[6] He studied at the École Polytechnique from 1944 to 1946, and the École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris from 1946 to 1948. He graduated from the University of Paris with a licence ès sciences degree in 1948, then studied at the Metallurgy Laboratory of the School of Mines with Charles Crussard. He graduated from the University of Bristol with a PhD in 1952,[7] where he studied with Nevill Francis Mott,[8] and a Doctorat d'Etat in Paris in 1954.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris-Sorbonne University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris-Sorbonne_University"},{"link_name":"University of Paris-Sud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris-Sud"},{"link_name":"Laboratory of Solid State Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_of_Solid_State_Physics"},{"link_name":"Société française de physique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_fran%C3%A7aise_de_physique"},{"link_name":"European Physical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Physical_Society"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurasc1-9"},{"link_name":"French Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences"}],"text":"He was assistant professor at Paris-Sorbonne University in 1956, then full professor of Solid State Physics (from 1959 to 1989) at the University of Paris-Sud where he co-founded the Laboratory of Solid State Physics. He authored more than 200 journal articles.He was the president of the Société française de physique, the European Physical Society,[9] and the French Academy of Sciences from 1992 to 1994.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CNRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNRS"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1988"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frs-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eurasc1-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"American Physical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Physical_Society"},{"link_name":"European Physical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Physical_Society"},{"link_name":"Holweck Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holweck_Prize"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Légion d'Honneur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27Honneur"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Friedel was awarded the gold medal of the French CNRS in 1970, elected as a foreign member of the National Academy of Sciences, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences[10] and a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1988.[1][9][11] He was a fellow of American Physical Society and fellow of European Physical Society. He received in 1964 the Holweck Prize and in 1988 the Von Hippel Award.[12] He was appointed a Knight of the Légion d'Honneur, promoted to Officer and subsequently to Commander on 31 March 1989 and to Grand Officer on 30 December 1995. He was promoted to Grand Cross on 14 July 2013.[13][14]","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Friedel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Friedel"},{"link_name":"Paris-Sorbonne University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris-Sorbonne_University"},{"link_name":"Georges Friedel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Friedel"},{"link_name":"National School of Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mines_ParisTech"}],"text":"Friedel's great-grandfather Charles Friedel was an organic chemist and crystallographer at Paris-Sorbonne University, his grandfather Georges Friedel worked on liquid crystals, and his father Edmond Friedel was the director of the National School of Mines from 1937 to 1965.","title":"Personal life"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Slater–Pauling rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slater%E2%80%93Pauling_rule"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_Self-Administered_Zone
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Naga Self-Administered Zone
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["1 History","2 Government and politics","3 Administrative divisions","4 Demographics","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 26°19′46″N 95°26′41″E / 26.32944°N 95.44472°E / 26.32944; 95.44472This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Self-administered zone in Sagaing Region, MyanmarNaga Self-Administered Zone
နာဂကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရဒေသSelf-administered zone
FlagSeallocation in Sagaing regionCountry MyanmarRegion Sagaing RegionNo. of Townships3CapitalLaheGovernment • ChairpersonKay HsaiPopulation (2014) • Total116,828DemonymNagaTime zoneUTC+6.30 (MMT)WebsiteNaga Self-Administered Zone
The Naga Self-Administered Zone (Burmese: နာဂကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရဒေသ ), is a self-administered zone in the Naga Hills area of Sagaing Region of Myanmar. Its administrative seat is the town of Lahe.
History
The Naga Self-Administered Zone was created under the terms of the 2008 Constitution of Myanmar. Its official name was announced by decree on 20 August 2010.
In August 2016, an outbreak of measles caused the deaths of 44 children. The outbreak may have been caused by a lack of measles vaccinations due to poor health infrastructure.
Government and politics
The Naga Self-Administered Zone is administered by a Leading Body, which consists of at least ten members and includes Regional Hluttaw (Assembly) members elected from the Zone and members nominated by the Armed Forces. The Leading Body performs both executive and legislative functions and is led by a Chairperson, currently Kay Hsai. The Leading Body has competence in ten areas of policy, including urban and rural development, road construction and maintenance, and public health. Though the region does not lack medical infrastructure, it only had two medical doctors for around 130,000 residents as of May 2020.
Administrative divisions
Townships of Naga SAZ Lahe
Layshi
Nanyun
The zone is made up of the three townships:
Lahe
Leshi
Nanyun
Subtownship
Donhee
Htanparkway
Mobaingluk
Pansaung
Sonemara
The three townships were previously part of the Hkamti District prior to the creation of the Naga Self-Administered Zone.
In 2015, it was proposed that Hkamti and Homalin townships be added to the Naga Self-Administered zone. This was welcomed by ethnic Nagas but came against opposition from other ethnic groups in the townships.
Demographics
The zone was created to be self-administered by the Naga people. Two-thirds of the Naga people in Myanmar are Christian and one-third practice Theravada Buddhism.
In total, nearly one million Nagas divided into 10 tribes live in Burma. But the majority of them live outside the Naga Self-Administered Zone (mostly in Western Sagaing Division). Naga Self-Administered Zone is consisted of a total of 270 villages. According to the Census of 2014, the total population within the Zone is 62,766. However, according to the administration of SAZ, the total population as of 2018 is 127,439.
In terms of ethnicity, out of a total population of 127,439, the majority are Naga (122,239 or 95.9%). Chin (2,893) and Bamar (2,156) are also present in Naga SAZ. As far as religion is concerned, there are 93,188 Christians (73.1%) and 31,969 Buddhists (25.1%). There is a small population of 2,070 (1.6%) who follow traditional religion, mostly in Lahe.
See also
Naga people
Naga Hills
Nagaland, a Naga majority state in India
References
^ Sagaing Region. The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census. Vol. 3-E. Naypyitaw: Ministry of Immigration and Population. May 2015. p. 17.
^ a b Xinhua Staff (21 August 2010) "Myanmar re-designates areas under new constitution ahead of election" People's Daily Online, last accessed 5 October 2010
^ "Online Burma Library > Main Library > Law and Constitution > Constitutional and parliamentary processes > National constitutions, draft constitutions, amendments and announcements (texts)". www.burmalibrary.org. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
^ "တိုင်းခုနစ်တိုင်းကို တိုင်းဒေသကြီးများအဖြစ် လည်းကောင်း၊ ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရ တိုင်းနှင့် ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရ ဒေသများ ရုံးစိုက်ရာ မြို့များကို လည်းကောင်း ပြည်ထောင်စုနယ်မြေတွင် ခရိုင်နှင့်မြို့နယ်များကို လည်းကောင်း သတ်မှတ်ကြေညာ". Weekly Eleven News (in Burmese). 20 August 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2010.
^ "Measles death toll reaches 44 in Naga | Eleven Myanmar". www.elevenmyanmar.com. Archived from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
^ "WHO doctors in Myanmar's Naga areas identify 'mystery disease' – Eastern Mirror". www.easternmirrornagaland.com. 6 August 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
^ "Myanmar (02): (SA) fatal, measles conf". www.promedmail.org (Archive Number: 20160806.4398118). International Society for Infectious Diseases. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
^ http://www.msco.gov.mm/en/latest-news-news/union-minister-u-kyaw-tint-swe-meets-officials-naga-self-administered-zone
^ "Nagaland: A frontier, for now". 9 April 2019.
^ Lei Lei (21 May 2020). "Myanmar's Remote Naga SAZ Has Only Two Doctors for Its 130,000 Residents". The Irrawaddy. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
^ ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော် ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေ (၂၀၀၈ ခုနှစ်) (in Burmese). 2008. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015.
^ "Naga zone expansion plan sparks protests, petitions | The Myanmar Times". 2 February 2015.
^ "The Naga tribes of Myanmar - The Boston Globe". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
^ a b Li, Nu Sandar (1 May 2019). A Study on Socio-economic Conditions on Naga Self-Administered Zone (Masters thesis). Yangon University of Economics. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
External links
Naga Self-Administered Zone
vteAdministrative divisions of MyanmarStates
Chin
Kachin
Kayah
Kayin
Mon
Rakhine
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Regions
Ayeyarwady
Bago
Magway
Mandalay
Sagaing
Tanintharyi
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Self-Administered Zones
Danu
Kokang
Naga
Pa Laung
Pa-O
Self-Administered Divisions
Wa
Union Territories
Naypyidaw
Myanmar portal
vteSagaing RegionCapital: MonywaHkamti District
Hkamti Township (Singkaling Hkamti)
Homalin District
Homalin Township (Homalin)
Kale District
Kale Township (Kalaymyo)
Kalewa Township (Kalewa)
Mingin Township (Mingin)
Kanbalu District
Kanbalu Township (Kanbalu)
Kyunhla Township (Kyunhla)
Katha District
Banmauk Township (Banmauk)
Htigyaing Township (Htigyaing)
Indaw Township (Indaw)
Katha Township (Katha)
Kawlin District
Kawlin Township (Kawlin)
Pinlebu Township (Pinlebu)
Wuntho Township (Wuntho)
Mawlaik District
Mawlaik Township (Mawlaik)
Paungbyin Township (Paungbyin)
Monywa District
Ayadaw Township (Ayadaw)
Budalin Township (Budalin)
Chaung-U Township (Chaung-U)
Monywa Township (Monywa)
Naga Self-Administered Zone
Lahe Township (Lahe)
Leshi Township (Leshi)
Nanyun Township (Nanyun)
Sagaing District
Myaung Township (Myaung)
Myinmu Township (Myinmu)
Sagaing Township (Sagaing)
Shwebo District
Khin-U Township (Khin-U)
Shwebo Township (Shwebo)
Wetlet Township (Wetlet)
Tamu District
Tamu Township (Tamu)
Ye-U District
Tabayin Township (Tabayin)
Taze Township (Taze)
Ye-U Township (Ye-U)
Yinmabin District
Kani Township (Kani)
Pale Township (Pale)
Salingyi Township (Salingyi)
Yinmabin Township (Yinmabin)
26°19′46″N 95°26′41″E / 26.32944°N 95.44472°E / 26.32944; 95.44472
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burmese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_language"},{"link_name":"[nàɡa̰ kòbàɪɰ̃ ʔoʊʔtɕʰoʊʔ kʰwɪ̰ɰ̃ja̰ dèθa̰]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese"},{"link_name":"self-administered zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-administered_zone"},{"link_name":"Naga Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_Hills"},{"link_name":"Sagaing Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagaing_Region"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Lahe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahe,_Myanmar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PDO-2"}],"text":"Self-administered zone in Sagaing Region, MyanmarThe Naga Self-Administered Zone (Burmese: နာဂကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရဒေသ [nàɡa̰ kòbàɪɰ̃ ʔoʊʔtɕʰoʊʔ kʰwɪ̰ɰ̃ja̰ dèθa̰]), is a self-administered zone in the Naga Hills area of Sagaing Region of Myanmar. Its administrative seat is the town of Lahe.[2]","title":"Naga Self-Administered Zone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2008 Constitution of Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Constitution_of_Myanmar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PDO-2"},{"link_name":"measles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Naga Self-Administered Zone was created under the terms of the 2008 Constitution of Myanmar.[3] Its official name was announced by decree on 20 August 2010.[4][2]In August 2016, an outbreak of measles caused the deaths of 44 children.[5][6] The outbreak may have been caused by a lack of measles vaccinations due to poor health infrastructure.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Regional Hluttaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Hluttaw"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Naga Self-Administered Zone is administered by a Leading Body, which consists of at least ten members and includes Regional Hluttaw (Assembly) members elected from the Zone and members nominated by the Armed Forces. The Leading Body performs both executive and legislative functions and is led by a Chairperson, currently Kay Hsai.[8] The Leading Body has competence in ten areas of policy, including urban and rural development, road construction and maintenance, and public health.[9] Though the region does not lack medical infrastructure, it only had two medical doctors for around 130,000 residents as of May 2020.[10]","title":"Government and politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Naga_SAZ.svg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2008constbur-11"},{"link_name":"Lahe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahe_Township"},{"link_name":"Leshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leshi_Township"},{"link_name":"Nanyun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanyun_Township"},{"link_name":"Hkamti District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hkamti_District"},{"link_name":"Hkamti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hkamti_Township"},{"link_name":"Homalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homalin_Township"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Townships of Naga SAZLaheLayshiNanyunThe zone is made up of the three townships:[11]Lahe\nLeshi\nNanyunSubtownshipDonhee\nHtanparkway\nMobaingluk\nPansaung\nSonemaraThe three townships were previously part of the Hkamti District prior to the creation of the Naga Self-Administered Zone.In 2015, it was proposed that Hkamti and Homalin townships be added to the Naga Self-Administered zone. This was welcomed by ethnic Nagas but came against opposition from other ethnic groups in the townships.[12]","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naga people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_people"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Theravada Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thesis-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thesis-14"}],"text":"The zone was created to be self-administered by the Naga people. Two-thirds of the Naga people in Myanmar are Christian and one-third practice Theravada Buddhism.[13]In total, nearly one million Nagas divided into 10 tribes live in Burma. But the majority of them live outside the Naga Self-Administered Zone (mostly in Western Sagaing Division). Naga Self-Administered Zone is consisted of a total of 270 villages. According to the Census of 2014, the total population within the Zone is 62,766. However, according to the administration of SAZ, the total population as of 2018 is 127,439.[14]In terms of ethnicity, out of a total population of 127,439, the majority are Naga (122,239 or 95.9%). Chin (2,893) and Bamar (2,156) are also present in Naga SAZ. As far as religion is concerned, there are 93,188 Christians (73.1%) and 31,969 Buddhists (25.1%). There is a small population of 2,070 (1.6%) who follow traditional religion, mostly in Lahe.[14]","title":"Demographics"}]
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[{"image_text":"Townships of Naga SAZ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Naga_SAZ.svg/220px-Naga_SAZ.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"Naga people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_people"},{"title":"Naga Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga_Hills"},{"title":"Nagaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagaland"}]
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[{"reference":"Sagaing Region. The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census. Vol. 3-E. Naypyitaw: Ministry of Immigration and Population. May 2015. p. 17.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Online Burma Library > Main Library > Law and Constitution > Constitutional and parliamentary processes > National constitutions, draft constitutions, amendments and announcements (texts)\". www.burmalibrary.org. Retrieved 24 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.burmalibrary.org/show.php?cat=1140&lo=d&sl=0","url_text":"\"Online Burma Library > Main Library > Law and Constitution > Constitutional and parliamentary processes > National constitutions, draft constitutions, amendments and announcements (texts)\""}]},{"reference":"\"တိုင်းခုနစ်တိုင်းကို တိုင်းဒေသကြီးများအဖြစ် လည်းကောင်း၊ ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရ တိုင်းနှင့် ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရ ဒေသများ ရုံးစိုက်ရာ မြို့များကို လည်းကောင်း ပြည်ထောင်စုနယ်မြေတွင် ခရိုင်နှင့်မြို့နယ်များကို လည်းကောင်း သတ်မှတ်ကြေညာ\". Weekly Eleven News (in Burmese). 20 August 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news-eleven.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4375:2010-08-20-12-39-51&catid=42:2009-11-10-07-36-59&Itemid=112","url_text":"\"တိုင်းခုနစ်တိုင်းကို တိုင်းဒေသကြီးများအဖြစ် လည်းကောင်း၊ ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရ တိုင်းနှင့် ကိုယ်ပိုင်အုပ်ချုပ်ခွင့်ရ ဒေသများ ရုံးစိုက်ရာ မြို့များကို လည်းကောင်း ပြည်ထောင်စုနယ်မြေတွင် ခရိုင်နှင့်မြို့နယ်များကို လည်းကောင်း သတ်မှတ်ကြေညာ\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekly_Eleven","url_text":"Weekly Eleven News"}]},{"reference":"\"Measles death toll reaches 44 in Naga | Eleven Myanmar\". www.elevenmyanmar.com. Archived from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 20 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170819063408/http://www.elevenmyanmar.com/local/5707","url_text":"\"Measles death toll reaches 44 in Naga | Eleven Myanmar\""},{"url":"http://www.elevenmyanmar.com/local/5707","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"WHO doctors in Myanmar's Naga areas identify 'mystery disease' – Eastern Mirror\". www.easternmirrornagaland.com. 6 August 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/who-doctors-in-myanmars-naga-areas-identify-mystery-disease/","url_text":"\"WHO doctors in Myanmar's Naga areas identify 'mystery disease' – Eastern Mirror\""}]},{"reference":"\"Myanmar (02): (SA) fatal, measles conf\". www.promedmail.org (Archive Number: 20160806.4398118). International Society for Infectious Diseases. Retrieved 8 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.promedmail.org/post/4398118","url_text":"\"Myanmar (02): (SA) fatal, measles conf\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nagaland: A frontier, for now\". 9 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/nagaland-a-frontier-for-now","url_text":"\"Nagaland: A frontier, for now\""}]},{"reference":"Lei Lei (21 May 2020). \"Myanmar's Remote Naga SAZ Has Only Two Doctors for Its 130,000 Residents\". The Irrawaddy. Retrieved 19 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irrawaddy.com/specials/myanmar-covid-19/myanmars-remote-naga-saz-two-doctors-130000-residents.html","url_text":"\"Myanmar's Remote Naga SAZ Has Only Two Doctors for Its 130,000 Residents\""}]},{"reference":"ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော် ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေ (၂၀၀၈ ခုနှစ်) (in Burmese). 2008. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20151119231456/http://www.amyothahluttaw.gov.mm/?p=32748","url_text":"ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော် ဖွဲ့စည်းပုံအခြေခံဥပဒေ (၂၀၀၈ ခုနှစ်)"},{"url":"http://www.amyothahluttaw.gov.mm/?p=32748","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Naga zone expansion plan sparks protests, petitions | The Myanmar Times\". 2 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mmtimes.com/national-news/12977-naga-zone-expansion-plan-sparks-protests-petitions.html","url_text":"\"Naga zone expansion plan sparks protests, petitions | The Myanmar Times\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Naga tribes of Myanmar - The Boston Globe\". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 10 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/bigpicture/2015/01/16/the-naga-tribes-myanmar/2vat0F9BMYfQs3VbHFPWHO/story.html","url_text":"\"The Naga tribes of Myanmar - The Boston Globe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"}]},{"reference":"Li, Nu Sandar (1 May 2019). A Study on Socio-economic Conditions on Naga Self-Administered Zone (Masters thesis). Yangon University of Economics. Retrieved 9 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://meral.edu.mm/records/1387","url_text":"A Study on Socio-economic Conditions on Naga Self-Administered Zone"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inert_gas_asphyxiation
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Inert gas asphyxiation
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["1 Process","2 Physiology","3 Animals","3.1 Slaughter","3.2 Euthanasia","4 Accidental deaths and injury","5 Suicide","6 Capital punishment","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
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Insufficient oxygen in breathed air
Inert gas asphyxiation is a form of asphyxiation which results from breathing a physiologically inert gas in the absence of oxygen, or a low amount of oxygen, rather than atmospheric air (which is composed largely of nitrogen and oxygen). Examples of physiologically inert gases, which have caused accidental or deliberate death by this mechanism, are argon, helium, nitrogen and methane. The term "physiologically inert" is used to indicate a gas which has no toxic or anesthetic properties and does not act upon the heart or hemoglobin. Instead, the gas acts as a simple diluent to reduce the oxygen concentration in inspired gas and blood to dangerously low levels, thereby eventually depriving cells in the body of oxygen.
According to the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, in humans, "breathing an oxygen deficient atmosphere can have serious and immediate effects, including unconsciousness after only one or two breaths. The exposed person has no warning and cannot sense that the oxygen level is too low." In the US, at least 80 people died from accidental nitrogen asphyxiation between 1992 and 2002. Hazards with inert gases and the risks of asphyxiation are well-established.
An occasional cause of accidental death in humans, inert gas asphyxia with gases including helium, nitrogen, methane and argon has been used as a suicide method. Inert gas asphyxia has been advocated by proponents of euthanasia, using a gas-retaining plastic hood device colloquially referred to as a suicide bag.
Nitrogen asphyxiation has been approved in some places as a method of capital punishment. In the world's first and only instance of its use so far, on January 25, 2024, Alabama executed convicted murderer Kenneth Eugene Smith via this method.
Alternatively, the use of the term hypoxia has been used but this term is flawed given hypoxia does not necessarily imply death. On the other hand, asphyxiation is technically incorrect given respiration continues and the carbon dioxide metabolically produced from the oxygen inhaled prior to inert gas asphyxiation can be exhaled without restriction, which can prevent acidosis and the strong urge to breathe caused by hypercapnia.
Process
When humans breathe in an asphyxiant gas, such as pure nitrogen, helium, neon, argon, methane, or any other physiologically inert gas, they exhale carbon dioxide without re-supplying oxygen. Physiologically inert gases (those that have no toxic effect, but merely dilute oxygen) are generally free of odor and taste. Accordingly, the human subject detects little abnormal sensation as the oxygen level falls. This leads to asphyxiation (death from lack of oxygen) without the painful and traumatic feeling of suffocation (the hypercapnic alarm response, which in humans arises mostly from carbon dioxide levels rising), or the side effects of poisoning. In scuba diving rebreather accidents, a slow decrease in oxygen breathing gas content can produce variable or no sensation. By contrast, suddenly breathing pure inert gas causes oxygen levels in the blood to fall precipitously, and may lead to unconsciousness in only a few breaths, with no symptoms at all.
Some animals are better equipped than humans to detect hypoxia, and these species are less comfortable in low-oxygen environments that result from inert gas exposure, though more averse to CO2 exposure.
Physiology
A typical human breathes between 12 and 20 times per minute at a rate influenced primarily by carbon dioxide concentration, and thus pH, in the blood. With each breath, a volume of about 0.6 litres is exchanged from an active lung volume of about three litres. The normal composition of the Earth's atmosphere is about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% argon, carbon dioxide, and other gases. After just two or three breaths of nitrogen, the oxygen concentration in the lungs would be low enough for some oxygen already in the bloodstream to exchange back to the lungs and be eliminated by exhalation.
Unconsciousness in cases of accidental asphyxia can occur within one minute. Loss of consciousness results from critical hypoxia, when arterial oxygen saturation is less than 60%. "At oxygen concentrations of 4 to 6%, there is loss of consciousness in 40 seconds and death within a few minutes". At an altitude over 43,000 ft (13,000 m), where the ambient oxygen concentration is equivalent to a concentration of 3.6% at sea level, an average individual can perform flying duties efficiently for only 9 to 12 seconds without oxygen supplementation. The US Air Force trains air crews to recognize their subjective signs of approaching hypoxia. Some individuals experience headache, dizziness, fatigue, nausea and euphoria, and some become unconscious without warning.
Loss of consciousness may be accompanied by convulsions and is followed by cyanosis and cardiac arrest. In a 1963 study by the RAF Institute of Aviation Medicine, subjects were asked to hyperventilate in a nitrogen atmosphere. Among the results:
When the duration of over-ventilation with nitrogen was greater than 8–10 sec the subject reported a transient dimming of vision. In the experiments in which nitrogen breathing was carried out for 15–16 sec the subject experienced some general clouding of consciousness and impairment of vision. Vision was frequently lost in these experiments for a short period. In the few experiments in which nitrogen was breathed for 17–20 sec unconsciousness supervened and was accompanied on most occasions by a generalized convulsion. The duration of the interval between the start of over-ventilation with nitrogen and the onset of symptoms was 12–14 sec.
The study did not report how much discomfort the subjects felt.
Animals
Slaughter
Main article: Animal slaughter
Pigs being stunned using carbon dioxide gas.
Controlled atmosphere killing (CAK) or controlled atmosphere stunning (CAS) is a method for slaughtering or stunning animals such as swine, poultry, or cane toads by placing the animals in a container in which the atmosphere lacks oxygen and consists of an asphyxiant gas (one or more of argon, nitrogen or carbon dioxide), causing the animals to lose consciousness. Argon and nitrogen are important components of a gassing process which seem to cause no pain, and for this reason many consider some types of controlled atmosphere killing more humane than other methods of killing. Most animals are stunned by carbon dioxide.
If carbon dioxide is used, controlled atmosphere killing is not the same as inert gas asphyxia, because carbon dioxide at high concentrations (above 5%) is not biologically inert, but rather is toxic and also produces initial distress in some animal species. The addition of toxic carbon dioxide to hypoxic atmospheres used in slaughter without animal distress is a complex and highly species-specific matter, which also depends on the concentration of carbon dioxide.
Euthanasia
Diving animals such as rats and minks and burrowing animals are sensitive to low-oxygen atmospheres and will avoid them. For this reason, the use of inert gas (hypoxic) atmospheres (without CO2) for euthanasia is also species-specific.
Accidental deaths and injury
Accidental nitrogen asphyxiation is a possible hazard where large quantities of nitrogen are used. It causes several deaths per year in the United States, which is asserted to be more than from any other industrial gas. In one accident in 1981, shortly before the launch of the first Space Shuttle mission, five technicians lost consciousness and two of them died after they entered the aft compartment of the orbiter. Nitrogen had been used to flush oxygen from the compartment as a precaution against fire. They were not wearing air packs because of a last-minute change in safety procedures.
During a pool party in Mexico in 2013, eight party-goers were rendered unconscious and one 21-year-old male went into a coma after liquid nitrogen was poured into the pool.
Occasional deaths are reported from recreational inhalation of helium, but these are very rare from direct inhalation from small balloons. The inhalation from larger helium balloons has been reportedly fatal. A fatal fall from a tree occurred after the inhalation of helium from a toy balloon, which caused the person to become either unconscious or lightheaded.
In 2015, a technician at a health spa was asphyxiated while conducting unsupervised cryotherapy using nitrogen.
In 2021, six people died of asphyxiation and 11 more were hospitalized following a liquid nitrogen leak at a poultry plant in Gainesville, Georgia.
Suicide
Main article: Suicide bag
Use of inert gas for suicide was first proposed by a Canadian, Dr Bruce Dunn. Dunn commented that "...the acquisition of a compressed gas cylinder, an appropriate pressure reducing regulator, and suitable administration equipment... not inaccessible to a determined individual, but relatively difficult for a member of the public to acquire casually or quickly". Dunn collaborated with other researchers, notably the Canadian campaigner, John Hofsess, who in 1997 formed the group "NuTech" with Derek Humphry and Philip Nitschke. Two years later, NuTech had streamlined Dunn's work by using readily-available party balloon cylinders of helium.
The method of suicide based on self-administration of helium in a bag, a colloquial name being the "exit bag" or suicide bag, has been referenced by some medical euthanasia advocacy groups. Originally such bags were used with helium, and 30 deaths were reported with use of them from 2001 to 2005, and another 79 from 2005 to 2009. This suggested to one set of reviewers that the popularity of the technique was increasing, as also did the increase in helium suicides in Sweden during the latter half of the same decade.
After attempts were made by authorities to control helium sales in Australia, a new method was introduced that instead uses nitrogen. Nitrogen became the main gas promoted by euthanasia advocates, such as Philip Nitschke, who founded a company called Max Dog Brewing in order to import canisters of nitrogen into Australia. Nitschke stated that the gas cylinders can be used for both brewing and, if required, to end life at a later stage in a "peaceful, reliable totally legal" manner. Nitschke said that nitrogen is "undetectable even by autopsy, which was important to some people".
Nitschke produced a 3D printed pod, "Sarco", that fills with nitrogen at the push of a button, claiming to cause its user to become unconscious within a minute and then die of oxygen deprivation.
Capital punishment
Execution by nitrogen asphyxiation was discussed briefly in print as a theoretical method of capital punishment in a 1995 National Review article. The idea was then proposed by Lawrence J. Gist II, an attorney at law, under the title, International Humanitarian Hypoxia Project.
In a televised documentary in 2007, the British political commentator and former MP Michael Portillo examined execution techniques in use around the world and found them unsatisfactory; his conclusion was that nitrogen asphyxiation would be the best method.
In April 2015, Governor Mary Fallin of Oklahoma signed a bill allowing nitrogen asphyxiation as an alternative execution method. Three years later, in March 2018, Oklahoma announced that, due to the difficulty in procuring lethal injection drugs, nitrogen gas would be used to carry out executions. After making "good progress" in designing a nitrogen execution protocol, but not actually carrying out any executions, Oklahoma announced in February 2020 it had found a new reliable source of lethal injection drugs, but would continue working on nitrogen execution as a contingency method.
In March 2018, Alabama became the third state (after Oklahoma and Mississippi), to authorize the use of nitrogen asphyxiation as a method of execution. In August 2023, the Alabama Department of Corrections released its protocol for nitrogen hypoxia executions, designating Kenneth Eugene Smith, convicted of murder for hire in 1996, with his first execution attempt by lethal injection in 2022 already being botched, as the first death row inmate to undergo this method. On November 1, the Supreme Court of Alabama authorized the execution to go ahead using the nitrogen hypoxia protocol. On 25 January 2024, he became the first person to be executed by nitrogen hypoxia in the world. Though the State Attorney General said afterward that Smith's execution showed that nitrogen hypoxia was an "effective and humane method of execution", several people watching the execution reported that Smith "thrashed violently on the gurney" for several minutes, with his death reportedly occurring 10 minutes after the nitrogen was administered to the chamber. The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights condemned the use.
On March 5, 2024, Louisiana Governor Jeff Landry signed a law allowing executions to be carried out via nitrogen gas.
After Smith's execution, several other states became open to the possibility of legally carrying out nitrogen gas executions. Notably, lawmakers from Ohio, where a moratorium is in effect since the state's last execution in 2018, were considering to legalize nitrogen gas as a new method of execution aside from lethal injection.
In the case Bucklew v. Precythe in 2019, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a Missouri death row inmate with cavernous hemangioma, a rare disorder that causes swelling of blood-filled cavities, could not avoid death by lethal injection and choose inert gas asphyxiation using nitrogen, since it had never been used in any execution in the world.
See also
Gas chamber, a chamber for death by asphyxiation or poisoning
References
^ European Industrial Gases Association (2009), Hazards of Inert Gases and Oxygen Depletion, Archived 2017-05-17 at the Wayback Machine, IGC Doc 44/09/E
^ "Argon, hydrogen, helium, and nitrogen are inert gases that cause asphyxiation if present in high enough concentration to dilute O2 in the inspired air to dangerous levels. ... Asphyxia, which is synonymous with respiratory failure, can be defined as insufficient oxygen at the cellular level. ... Simple asphyxiants are gases that are physiologically inert. They do not suppress cardiac output or alter the function of the hemoglobin. Rather, they cause asphyxiation only when present in high enough concentration to lower the concentration of O2 in the inspired air to levels at which the SaO2 and PaO2 fall, resulting in inadequate O2 delivery to tissues." Quoted from Simple Asphyxiants, Mark Wilkenfield, M.D. Chapter 34, pp. 556–7. in: Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Editors William N. Rom, Steven B. Markawitz. 4th Edition, Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007. ISBN 0781762995, 9780781762991.
^ a b Chemical Safety Board Bulletin Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine This is a government summary of accidental 80 nitrogen inhalation deaths, mostly in occupational circumstances. For a presentation form with additional material, see Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Hazards of Inert Gases and Oxygen Depletion". Singapore: Asia Industrial Gases Association.
^ "Alabama puts to death Kenneth Smith in first known execution using nitrogen gas". CNN. 25 January 2024. Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
^ Copland, Michael; Parr, Thom; Paras, Christine. Nitrogen Induced Hypoxia as a Form of Capital Punishment (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-10-22. Retrieved 2023-11-02.
^ Hamilton, RW (Bill) (March 1997). "Rebreather physiology review" (PDF). SPUMS Journal. 27 (1). Archived from the original on 2014-12-04. Retrieved 2020-01-23.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "ALTERNATIVES TO CARBON DIOXIDE EUTHANASIA FOR LABORATORY RATS" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-03-20. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
^ a b c d Paul W. Fisher. "2 - High Altitude Respiratory Physiology". USAF Flight Surgeon's Guide. USAF School of Aerospace Medicine. Archived from the original on 16 March 2007. Retrieved 5 March 2015. With there may be convulsions and eventual failure of the respiratory center.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "Forensic Pathology 2e, Chapter 8: Asphyxia". charlydmiller.com. Archived from the original on 2021-02-24. Retrieved 2007-02-08.
^ a b J. Ernsting (1963). "The effect of brief profound hypoxia upon the arterial and venous oxygen tensions in man". Journal of Physiology. 169 (2): 292–311. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1963.sp007257. PMC 1368754. PMID 14079668.
^ Doorn, Dick Van (2016-03-16). "CO2 stunning for poultry - worldwide interest". Poultry World. Archived from the original on 2023-09-24. Retrieved 2023-03-15.
^ PETA's Animal Times, UK, Autumn 2005
^ Wepruk, Jacqueline. "The Disposal of Spent Laying Hens". The Animal Welfare Foundation of Canada. Archived from the original on 2012-12-04. Retrieved 2012-12-06.
^ Andy Coghlan (Feb 3, 2018). "A more humane way of slaughtering chickens might get EU approval". New Scientist. Archived from the original on June 24, 2018. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
^ "Is carbon dioxide stunning of pigs humane? – RSPCA Knowledgebase". Archived from the original on 2023-03-15. Retrieved 2023-03-15.
^ Archie Campbell (Mar 10, 2018). "Humane execution and the fear of the tumbril". New Scientist. Archived from the original on June 24, 2018. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
^ "When is carbon dioxide stunning used in abattoirs?". RSPCA. Archived from the original on April 9, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
^ Jong E.C.; Barnett J.L.; Hemsworth P.H. (2000). "The aversiveness of carbon dioxide stunning in pigs and a comparison of the CO2 stunner crate vs. the V-restrainer". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 67 (1–2): 67–76. doi:10.1016/S0168-1591(99)00103-3. PMID 10719190.
^ Raj, A.B.M. and Gregory, N.G., (1995).
^ Makowska, Inez Joanna (2008). Alternatives to carbon dioxide euthanasia for laboratory rats (Thesis). University of British Columbia. doi:10.14288/1.0066849. Archived from the original on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
^ "Hazards of Nitrogen Asphyxiation" (PDF). U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board. 2003-06-11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-02-03. Retrieved 2007-02-15.
^ "Shuttle Tragedy". Time. 30 March 1981. Archived from the original on February 6, 2008.
^ "Liquid nitrogen at Jägermeister Mexican pool party sickens guests: one man in a coma, eight others ill". NY Daily Times. Archived from the original on 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2014-11-16.
^ Bracher, Paul (18 June 2013). "Awful Idea: Liquid Nitrogen at a Pool Party". chembark.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2014.
^ "2 College Students Found Dead Inside Helium Balloon in Florida". Fox News. 2006-06-04. Archived from the original on 2013-06-19. Retrieved 2013-06-15.
^ Lung ruptures and fatal gas embolisms have occurred from inhalation from a pressure tank and although this was reported as a helium inhalation death, it differs greatly from the process of inert gas asphyxiation. See gas embolism helium death Archived 2015-09-29 at the Wayback Machine
^ Saeidi, Mahsa (2015-11-11). "Coroner rules cryochamber death due to lack of oxygen". KTNV. Archived from the original on 2016-10-18. Retrieved 2016-10-17.
^ Mcgee, Kimberley; Turkewitz, Julie (2015-10-26). "Death of Woman in Tank at a Nevada Cryotherapy Center Raises Questions About Safety". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2021-05-16. Retrieved 2016-01-26.
^ Amy, Jeff (January 28, 2021). "Liquid nitrogen leak at Georgia poultry plant kills 6". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
^ Sharpe, Joshua (March 12, 2021). "Cause of death released for Gainesville poultry plant workers". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 23, 2021.
^ Dunn B, Nitrogen and other Inert Gases. In: Smith K, Docker C, Hofsess J, Dunn B, "Beyond Final Exit", published by the Right to Die Society of Canada 1995, pp.65-71. The book was distributed internationally by Canadian, American, and British organizations. See also Exit (Right-to-Die Organisation)
^ "Dunn B, Beyond Final Exit, p.70. Dunn's work and other chapters from Beyond Final Exit was also publicised on the Canadian website (now offline) called DeathNET. Côte R, In Search of Gentle Death, Corinthian Books 2012, page 314.
^ See: Euthanasia device
^ Humphry, Derek (2014). "Obtaining drugs via the internet and using helium hood kits" Archived 2015-09-17 at the Wayback Machine. finalexit.org.
^ Grassberger M, Krauskopf A (2007). "Suicidal asphyxiation with helium: report of three cases". Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. 119 (9–10): 323–5. doi:10.1007/s00508-007-0785-4. PMID 17571238. S2CID 22894287.
^ Austin A, Winskog C, van den Heuvel C, Byard RW (May 2011). "Recent trends in suicides utilizing helium". J. Forensic Sci. 56 (3): 649–51. doi:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01723.x. PMID 21361949. S2CID 30521706.
^ Harding BE, Wolf BC (Sep 2008). "Case report of suicide by inhalation of nitrogen gas". Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 29 (3): 235–7. doi:10.1097/PAF.0b013e318183240c. PMID 18725778.
^ "Death in a Can: Australia's Euthanasia Loophole". VICE Australia. VICE Media LLC. 2014-07-04. Archived from the original on 2015-02-26. Retrieved 2015-04-11.
^ Sexton, Mike (18 December 2012). "Euthanasia campaigner under scrutiny". ABC. Archived from the original on 7 July 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
^ Orr, Aleisha (3 May 2013). "Euthanasia group to show West Aussies how to die 'well'". WAToday. Archived from the original on 7 May 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
^ Mark, Julian (December 9, 2021). "In the works for years, a suicide machine will soon be tested in Switzerland". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 9, 2021.
^ Creque, S.A. "Killing with kindness – capital punishment by nitrogen asphyxiation" National Review. 1995-9-11.
^ International Humanitarian Hypoxia Project. gistprobono.org.
^ "How to Kill a Human Being – in search of a painless death". VideoSift. Archived from the original on 2009-02-25. Retrieved 2009-05-23.
^ "Oklahoma Gov. Mary Fallin signs bill allowing nitrogen asphyxiation as alternative execution method". NewsOK.com. Archived from the original on 2018-04-23. Retrieved 2015-04-18.
^ "Oklahoma governor signs 'foolproof' nitrogen gas execution method". The Guardian. Associated Press. 18 April 2015. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
^ "Oklahoma Turns to Nitrogen Gas for Executions". Live Science. 15 March 2018. Archived from the original on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
^ Mark Berman (March 18, 2018). "Oklahoma says it will begin using nitrogen for all executions in an unprecedented move". Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 31, 2020. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
^ "Oklahoma Attorney general says state will resume executions". nypost.com. 13 February 2020. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
^ "Alabama 3rd state to allow execution by nitrogen gas". Associated Press. 22 March 2018. Archived from the original on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
^ Harcourt, Bernard E. (18 September 2023). "Alabama Has a Horrible New Way of Killing People on Death Row". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
^ Allen, Jonathan (22 September 2023). "Alabama seeks to execute prisoner using nitrogen gas asphyxiation". Reuters. Archived from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
^ a b "Alabama court approves nitrogen gas as new method for executions". The Guardian. Associated Press. 2 November 2023. Archived from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
^ a b "Kenneth Eugene Smith: Alabama carries out first US nitrogen gas execution". BBC. January 25, 2024. Archived from the original on January 26, 2024. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
^ "Alabama executes a man with nitrogen gas, the first time the new method has been used". The Korea Times. 26 January 2024. Archived from the original on January 26, 2024. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
^ Roney, Marty (26 January 2024). "Nitrogen gas execution: Kenneth Smith convulses for four minutes in Alabama death chamber". Montgomery Advertiser. Archived from the original on January 26, 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
^ "Alabama execution: Statement by UN High Commissioner for Human Rights". OHCHR. 26 January 2024. Archived from the original on January 27, 2024. Retrieved 27 January 2024.
^ Finn, James (March 5, 2024). "Jeff Landry signs bills to expand Louisiana death penalty, eliminate parole". The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate. Archived from the original on March 6, 2024. Retrieved March 6, 2024.
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External links
NIOSH respirator fact sheet
U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board
Restraint asphyxia
The Welfare of Birds at Slaughter: Humane Society of the United States comparison of controlled-atmosphere killing (CAK) to electrical water-bath stunning
Controlled Atmosphere Killing: People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
Nitrogen Induced Hypoxia as a Form of Capital Punishment, by Michael P. Copeland, J.D., Thom Parr, M.S., and Christine Pappas, J.D., Ph.D.
Execution by Nitrogen Hypoxia: Search for Scientific Consensus, by Kevin M. Morrow, J.D.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"asphyxiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphyxiation"},{"link_name":"inert gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inert_gas"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"low amount of oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"atmospheric air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_air"},{"link_name":"argon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon"},{"link_name":"helium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium"},{"link_name":"nitrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen"},{"link_name":"methane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilkenfield-2"},{"link_name":"U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Chemical_Safety_and_Hazard_Investigation_Board"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSB.gov_Safety_Bulletin-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"euthanasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasia"},{"link_name":"suicide bag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_bag"},{"link_name":"capital punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Eugene Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Eugene_Smith"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"hypoxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"respiration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)"},{"link_name":"hypercapnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercapnia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Inert gas asphyxiation is a form of asphyxiation which results from breathing a physiologically inert gas in the absence of oxygen, or a low amount of oxygen,[1] rather than atmospheric air (which is composed largely of nitrogen and oxygen). Examples of physiologically inert gases, which have caused accidental or deliberate death by this mechanism, are argon, helium, nitrogen and methane. The term \"physiologically inert\" is used to indicate a gas which has no toxic or anesthetic properties and does not act upon the heart or hemoglobin. Instead, the gas acts as a simple diluent to reduce the oxygen concentration in inspired gas and blood to dangerously low levels, thereby eventually depriving cells in the body of oxygen.[2]According to the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, in humans, \"breathing an oxygen deficient atmosphere can have serious and immediate effects, including unconsciousness after only one or two breaths. The exposed person has no warning and cannot sense that the oxygen level is too low.\" In the US, at least 80 people died from accidental nitrogen asphyxiation between 1992 and 2002.[3] Hazards with inert gases and the risks of asphyxiation are well-established.[4]An occasional cause of accidental death in humans, inert gas asphyxia with gases including helium, nitrogen, methane and argon has been used as a suicide method. Inert gas asphyxia has been advocated by proponents of euthanasia, using a gas-retaining plastic hood device colloquially referred to as a suicide bag.Nitrogen asphyxiation has been approved in some places as a method of capital punishment. In the world's first and only instance of its use so far, on January 25, 2024, Alabama executed convicted murderer Kenneth Eugene Smith via this method.[5]Alternatively, the use of the term hypoxia has been used but this term is flawed given hypoxia does not necessarily imply death. On the other hand, asphyxiation is technically incorrect given respiration continues and the carbon dioxide metabolically produced from the oxygen inhaled prior to inert gas asphyxiation can be exhaled without restriction, which can prevent acidosis and the strong urge to breathe caused by hypercapnia.[6]","title":"Inert gas asphyxiation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hypercapnic alarm response","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercapnic_alarm_response"},{"link_name":"scuba diving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_diving"},{"link_name":"rebreather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebreather"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hamilton-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSB.gov_Safety_Bulletin-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Joanna-thesis-8"}],"text":"When humans breathe in an asphyxiant gas, such as pure nitrogen, helium, neon, argon, methane, or any other physiologically inert gas, they exhale carbon dioxide without re-supplying oxygen. Physiologically inert gases (those that have no toxic effect, but merely dilute oxygen) are generally free of odor and taste. Accordingly, the human subject detects little abnormal sensation as the oxygen level falls. This leads to asphyxiation (death from lack of oxygen) without the painful and traumatic feeling of suffocation (the hypercapnic alarm response, which in humans arises mostly from carbon dioxide levels rising), or the side effects of poisoning. In scuba diving rebreather accidents, a slow decrease in oxygen breathing gas content can produce variable or no sensation.[7] By contrast, suddenly breathing pure inert gas causes oxygen levels in the blood to fall precipitously, and may lead to unconsciousness in only a few breaths, with no symptoms at all.[3]Some animals are better equipped than humans to detect hypoxia, and these species are less comfortable in low-oxygen environments that result from inert gas exposure, though more averse to CO2 exposure.[8]","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH"},{"link_name":"hypoxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fisher-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DiMaio-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fisher-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fisher-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fisher-9"},{"link_name":"cyanosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanosis"},{"link_name":"RAF Institute of Aviation Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Institute_of_Aviation_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAF-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAF-11"}],"text":"A typical human breathes between 12 and 20 times per minute at a rate influenced primarily by carbon dioxide concentration, and thus pH, in the blood. With each breath, a volume of about 0.6 litres is exchanged from an active lung volume of about three litres. The normal composition of the Earth's atmosphere is about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% argon, carbon dioxide, and other gases. After just two or three breaths of nitrogen, the oxygen concentration in the lungs would be low enough for some oxygen already in the bloodstream to exchange back to the lungs and be eliminated by exhalation.Unconsciousness in cases of accidental asphyxia can occur within one minute. Loss of consciousness results from critical hypoxia, when arterial oxygen saturation is less than 60%.[9] \"At oxygen concentrations [in air] of 4 to 6%, there is loss of consciousness in 40 seconds and death within a few minutes\".[10] At an altitude over 43,000 ft (13,000 m), where the ambient oxygen concentration is equivalent to a concentration of 3.6% at sea level, an average individual can perform flying duties efficiently for only 9 to 12 seconds without oxygen supplementation.[9] The US Air Force trains air crews to recognize their subjective signs of approaching hypoxia. Some individuals experience headache, dizziness, fatigue, nausea and euphoria, and some become unconscious without warning.[9]Loss of consciousness may be accompanied by convulsions[9] and is followed by cyanosis and cardiac arrest. In a 1963 study by the RAF Institute of Aviation Medicine,[11] subjects were asked to hyperventilate in a nitrogen atmosphere. Among the results:When the duration of over-ventilation with nitrogen was greater than 8–10 sec the subject reported a transient dimming of vision. In the experiments in which nitrogen breathing was carried out for 15–16 sec the subject experienced some general clouding of consciousness and impairment of vision. Vision was frequently lost in these experiments for a short period. In the few experiments in which nitrogen was breathed for 17–20 sec unconsciousness supervened and was accompanied on most occasions by a generalized convulsion. The duration of the interval between the start of over-ventilation with nitrogen and the onset of symptoms was 12–14 sec.The study did not report how much discomfort the subjects felt.[11]","title":"Physiology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Animals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stunning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stunning"},{"link_name":"swine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swine"},{"link_name":"poultry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultry"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"cane toads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cane_toads_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"asphyxiant gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphyxiant_gas"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Auto40-1-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awfc-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Slaughter","text":"Pigs being stunned using carbon dioxide gas.Controlled atmosphere killing (CAK) or controlled atmosphere stunning (CAS) is a method for slaughtering or stunning animals such as swine, poultry,[12] or cane toads by placing the animals in a container in which the atmosphere lacks oxygen and consists of an asphyxiant gas (one or more of argon, nitrogen or carbon dioxide), causing the animals to lose consciousness. Argon and nitrogen are important components of a gassing process which seem to cause no pain, and for this reason many consider some types of controlled atmosphere killing more humane than other methods of killing.[13][14] Most animals are stunned by carbon dioxide.[15][16]If carbon dioxide is used, controlled atmosphere killing is not the same as inert gas asphyxia, because carbon dioxide at high concentrations (above 5%) is not biologically inert, but rather is toxic and also produces initial distress in some animal species.[17] The addition of toxic carbon dioxide to hypoxic atmospheres used in slaughter without animal distress is a complex and highly species-specific matter, which also depends on the concentration of carbon dioxide.[18][19][20]","title":"Animals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"euthanasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_euthanasia"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Euthanasia","text":"Diving animals such as rats and minks and burrowing animals are sensitive to low-oxygen atmospheres and will avoid them. For this reason, the use of inert gas (hypoxic) atmospheres (without CO2) for euthanasia is also species-specific.[21]","title":"Animals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSB-22"},{"link_name":"first Space Shuttle mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"cryotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryotherapy"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"a liquid nitrogen leak at a poultry plant in Gainesville, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Georgia_poultry_plant_accident"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Accidental nitrogen asphyxiation is a possible hazard where large quantities of nitrogen are used. It causes several deaths per year in the United States,[22] which is asserted to be more than from any other industrial gas. In one accident in 1981, shortly before the launch of the first Space Shuttle mission, five technicians lost consciousness and two of them died after they entered the aft compartment of the orbiter. Nitrogen had been used to flush oxygen from the compartment as a precaution against fire. They were not wearing air packs because of a last-minute change in safety procedures.[23]During a pool party in Mexico in 2013, eight party-goers were rendered unconscious and one 21-year-old male went into a coma after liquid nitrogen was poured into the pool.[24][25]Occasional deaths are reported from recreational inhalation of helium, but these are very rare from direct inhalation from small balloons. The inhalation from larger helium balloons has been reportedly fatal.[26] A fatal fall from a tree occurred after the inhalation of helium from a toy balloon, which caused the person to become either unconscious or lightheaded.[27]In 2015, a technician at a health spa was asphyxiated while conducting unsupervised cryotherapy using nitrogen.[28][29]In 2021, six people died of asphyxiation and 11 more were hospitalized following a liquid nitrogen leak at a poultry plant in Gainesville, Georgia.[30][31]","title":"Accidental deaths and injury"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"John Hofsess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hofsess"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Austin-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Philip Nitschke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Nitschke"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-death_in_a_can-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"3D printed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing"},{"link_name":"Sarco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarco_device"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WashPost_20211209-42"}],"text":"Use of inert gas for suicide was first proposed by a Canadian, Dr Bruce Dunn.[32] Dunn commented that \"...the acquisition of a compressed gas cylinder, an appropriate pressure reducing regulator, and suitable administration equipment... [was] not inaccessible to a determined individual, but relatively difficult for a member of the public to acquire casually or quickly\".[33] Dunn collaborated with other researchers, notably the Canadian campaigner, John Hofsess, who in 1997 formed the group \"NuTech\" with Derek Humphry and Philip Nitschke.[34] Two years later, NuTech had streamlined Dunn's work by using readily-available party balloon cylinders of helium.[35]The method of suicide based on self-administration of helium in a bag, a colloquial name being the \"exit bag\" or suicide bag, has been referenced by some medical euthanasia advocacy groups.[36] Originally such bags were used with helium, and 30 deaths were reported with use of them from 2001 to 2005, and another 79 from 2005 to 2009. This suggested to one set of reviewers that the popularity of the technique was increasing, as also did the increase in helium suicides in Sweden during the latter half of the same decade.[37]After attempts were made by authorities to control helium sales in Australia, a new method was introduced that instead uses nitrogen.[38] Nitrogen became the main gas promoted by euthanasia advocates, such as Philip Nitschke, who founded a company called Max Dog Brewing in order to import canisters of nitrogen into Australia.[39] Nitschke stated that the gas cylinders can be used for both brewing and, if required, to end life at a later stage in a \"peaceful, reliable [and] totally legal\" manner.[40] Nitschke said that nitrogen is \"undetectable even by autopsy, which was important to some people\".[41]Nitschke produced a 3D printed pod, \"Sarco\", that fills with nitrogen at the push of a button, claiming to cause its user to become unconscious within a minute and then die of oxygen deprivation.[42]","title":"Suicide"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"capital punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment"},{"link_name":"National Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Review"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Creque-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_UK_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Michael Portillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Portillo"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-videosift-45"},{"link_name":"Mary Fallin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Fallin"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsok.com-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"lethal injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethal_injection"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Eugene Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_of_Kenneth_Eugene_Smith"},{"link_name":"murder for hire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_for_hire"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-al-54"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Alabama"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-al-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-Al-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-Al-55"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Jeff Landry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Landry"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"last execution in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_of_Robert_Van_Hook"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Bucklew v. Precythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucklew_v._Precythe"},{"link_name":"U.S. Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"cavernous hemangioma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavernous_hemangioma"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"Execution by nitrogen asphyxiation was discussed briefly in print as a theoretical method of capital punishment in a 1995 National Review article.[43] The idea was then proposed by Lawrence J. Gist II, an attorney at law, under the title, International Humanitarian Hypoxia Project.[44]In a televised documentary in 2007, the British political commentator and former MP Michael Portillo examined execution techniques in use around the world and found them unsatisfactory; his conclusion was that nitrogen asphyxiation would be the best method.[45]In April 2015, Governor Mary Fallin of Oklahoma signed a bill allowing nitrogen asphyxiation as an alternative execution method.[46][47] Three years later, in March 2018, Oklahoma announced that, due to the difficulty in procuring lethal injection drugs, nitrogen gas would be used to carry out executions.[48][49] After making \"good progress\" in designing a nitrogen execution protocol, but not actually carrying out any executions, Oklahoma announced in February 2020 it had found a new reliable source of lethal injection drugs, but would continue working on nitrogen execution as a contingency method.[50]In March 2018, Alabama became the third state (after Oklahoma and Mississippi), to authorize the use of nitrogen asphyxiation as a method of execution.[51] In August 2023, the Alabama Department of Corrections released its protocol for nitrogen hypoxia executions, designating Kenneth Eugene Smith, convicted of murder for hire in 1996, with his first execution attempt by lethal injection in 2022 already being botched, as the first death row inmate to undergo this method.[52][53][54] On November 1, the Supreme Court of Alabama authorized the execution to go ahead using the nitrogen hypoxia protocol.[54] On 25 January 2024, he became the first person to be executed by nitrogen hypoxia in the world.[55] Though the State Attorney General said afterward that Smith's execution showed that nitrogen hypoxia was an \"effective and humane method of execution\",[56] several people watching the execution reported that Smith \"thrashed violently on the gurney\"[55] for several minutes, with his death reportedly occurring 10 minutes after the nitrogen was administered to the chamber.[57] The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights condemned the use.[58]On March 5, 2024, Louisiana Governor Jeff Landry signed a law allowing executions to be carried out via nitrogen gas.[59]After Smith's execution, several other states became open to the possibility of legally carrying out nitrogen gas executions. Notably, lawmakers from Ohio, where a moratorium is in effect since the state's last execution in 2018, were considering to legalize nitrogen gas as a new method of execution aside from lethal injection.[60][61][62]In the case Bucklew v. Precythe in 2019, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a Missouri death row inmate with cavernous hemangioma, a rare disorder that causes swelling of blood-filled cavities, could not avoid death by lethal injection and choose inert gas asphyxiation using nitrogen, since it had never been used in any execution in the world.[63]","title":"Capital punishment"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Pigs being stunned using carbon dioxide gas."}]
|
[{"title":"Gas chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_chamber"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Alabama puts to death Kenneth Smith in first known execution using nitrogen gas\". CNN. 25 January 2024. Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/25/us/kenneth-smith-nitrogen-gas-execution-alabama","url_text":"\"Alabama puts to death Kenneth Smith in first known execution using nitrogen gas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240126024427/https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/25/us/kenneth-smith-nitrogen-gas-execution-alabama","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Copland, Michael; Parr, Thom; Paras, Christine. Nitrogen Induced Hypoxia as a Form of Capital Punishment (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-10-22. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Falls_(TV_series)
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Angel Falls (TV series)
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["1 Premise","2 Cast","3 Episodes","4 External links"]
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American television series
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Angel Falls" TV series – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Angel FallsGenreDramaCreated byJoyce EliasonStarring
Peggy Lipton
Grace Zabriskie
Shirley Knight
Cassidy Rae
William Frankfather
Kim Cattrall
ComposerChristopher FrankeCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes6 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producers
Joyce Eliason
Frank Konigsberg
Larry Sanitsky
ProducerGregory PrangeRunning time60 minutesProduction companiesThe Konigsberg-Sanitsky CompanyACIOriginal releaseNetworkCBSReleaseAugust 26 (1993-08-26) –September 30, 1993 (1993-09-30)
Angel Falls is an American drama television series created by Joyce Eliason, that aired on CBS from August 26 to September 30, 1993.
Premise
Rae Dawn Snow moves back to her hometown of Angel Falls in Montana. She meets up with an old flame, while her 16-year-old son becomes involved with his daughter. The show follows the relationship between three families: The Snows, the Larsons and the Harrisons.
Cast
Starring
James Brolin as Luke Larson
Kim Cattrall as Genna Harrison
Chelsea Field as Rae Dawn Snow
Brian Kerwin as Eli Harrison
Peggy Lipton as Hadley Larson
Jeremy London as Sonny Snow
Cassidy Rae as Molly Harrison
Robert Rusler as Toby Riopelle
Jean Simmons as Irene Larson
Guest starring
Jimmy Baker as Robbie Larson
William Frankfather as Sheriff Bailey
Shirley Knight as Edie Wren Cox
Ashlee Lauren as Sophie Harrison
Marley Shelton as Brandi Dare
Shannon Wilcox as Rowena Dare
Grace Zabriskie as Cuema
Episodes
No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date1"Pilot"UnknownJoyce EliasonAugust 26, 1993 (1993-08-26)
Rae Dawn snow returns to Angel Falls with her teenage son to attend her father's funeral. Rae inherits her father's poolhall and becomes involved with married rancher Eli. Eli's alcoholic wife feels neglected and turns to the ranch's new hired hand. Luke Larson struggles with his marriage after the death of his son.
2"Only the Lonely"UnknownUnknownSeptember 2, 1993 (1993-09-02)
Someone finds out about the Rae Dawn and Eli's affair. Luke and Hadley's lives are about to turn around, but only for a short while. Sonny dumps Molly for Brandi Dare.
3"Traps"UnknownUnknownSeptember 9, 1993 (1993-09-09)
Hadley tries to hide that she is haunted by the memories of her deceased son. The police are called, when Eli punches someone from the bank. Eli rejects Genna's sexual advances. Brandi tells Molly that she and Sonny had sex.
4"The Beginning of the End"UnknownUnknownSeptember 16, 1993 (1993-09-16)
Luke is taking Hadley to a doctor in Missoula. Genna wants to use her inheritance to save the Harrison ranch. Sonny wants to break up with Brandi and go back to Molly. Sheriff Bailey questions Toby about his past.
5"Lost Souls"Jack BenderJoyce EliasonSeptember 23, 1993 (1993-09-23)
Rae Dawn learns that Genna and Eli are "reconnecting". Brandi claims that Sonny raped her. Hadly disappears. Toby's past is finally revealed.
6"The Fall from Grace"Larry ShawJoyce EliasonSeptember 30, 1993 (1993-09-30)
Hadley become friends with a pregnant teen. Toby runs away from the police. Rae Dawn reveals a secret about Sonny.
External links
Angel Falls at IMDb
Angel Falls at epguides.com
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)"},{"link_name":"Joyce Eliason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Eliason"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"}],"text":"Angel Falls is an American drama television series created by Joyce Eliason, that aired on CBS from August 26 to September 30, 1993.","title":"Angel Falls (TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana"}],"text":"Rae Dawn Snow moves back to her hometown of Angel Falls in Montana. She meets up with an old flame, while her 16-year-old son becomes involved with his daughter. The show follows the relationship between three families: The Snows, the Larsons and the Harrisons.","title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Brolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brolin"},{"link_name":"Kim Cattrall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Cattrall"},{"link_name":"Chelsea Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Field"},{"link_name":"Brian Kerwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Kerwin"},{"link_name":"Peggy Lipton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_Lipton"},{"link_name":"Jeremy London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_London"},{"link_name":"Cassidy Rae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassidy_Rae"},{"link_name":"Robert Rusler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rusler"},{"link_name":"Jean Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Simmons"},{"link_name":"William Frankfather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Frankfather"},{"link_name":"Shirley Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Knight"},{"link_name":"Marley Shelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marley_Shelton"},{"link_name":"Shannon Wilcox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Wilcox"},{"link_name":"Grace Zabriskie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Zabriskie"}],"text":"StarringJames Brolin as Luke Larson\nKim Cattrall as Genna Harrison\nChelsea Field as Rae Dawn Snow\nBrian Kerwin as Eli Harrison\nPeggy Lipton as Hadley Larson\nJeremy London as Sonny Snow\nCassidy Rae as Molly Harrison\nRobert Rusler as Toby Riopelle\nJean Simmons as Irene LarsonGuest starringJimmy Baker as Robbie Larson\nWilliam Frankfather as Sheriff Bailey\nShirley Knight as Edie Wren Cox\nAshlee Lauren as Sophie Harrison\nMarley Shelton as Brandi Dare\nShannon Wilcox as Rowena Dare\nGrace Zabriskie as Cuema","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Angel+Falls%22+TV+series","external_links_name":"\"Angel Falls\" TV series"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Angel+Falls%22+TV+series+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Angel+Falls%22+TV+series&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Angel+Falls%22+TV+series+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Angel+Falls%22+TV+series","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Angel+Falls%22+TV+series&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0105940/","external_links_name":"Angel Falls"},{"Link":"http://epguides.com/AngelFalls","external_links_name":"Angel Falls"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Planet_Circular
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Minor Planet Center
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["1 Function","2 History","2.1 Directors","3 Periodical publications","4 Natural Satellites Ephemeris Service","5 See also","6 References","7 External links","7.1 Videos"]
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International astronomical organization
The Minor Planet Center (MPC) is the official body for observing and reporting on minor planets under the auspices of the International Astronomical Union (IAU). Founded in 1947, it operates at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory.
Function
The Minor Planet Center is the official worldwide organization in charge of collecting observational data for minor planets (such as asteroids), calculating their orbits and publishing this information via the Minor Planet Circulars. Under the auspices of the International Astronomical Union (IAU), it operates at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, which is part of the Center for Astrophysics along with the Harvard College Observatory.
The MPC runs a number of free online services for observers to assist them in observing minor planets and comets. The complete catalogue of minor planet orbits (sometimes referred to as the "Minor Planet Catalogue") may also be freely downloaded. In addition to astrometric data, the MPC collects light curve photometry of minor planets. A key function of the MPC is helping observers coordinate follow up observations of possible near-Earth objects (NEOs) via its NEO web form and blog, the Near-Earth Object Confirmation Page. The MPC is also responsible for identifying, and alerting to, new NEOs with a risk of impacting Earth in the few weeks following their discovery (see Potentially hazardous objects and § Videos).
History
The Minor Planet Center was set up at the University of Cincinnati in 1947, under the direction of Paul Herget.: 63 Upon Herget's retirement on June 30, 1978,: 67 the MPC was moved to the SAO, under the direction of Brian G. Marsden.: 67 From 2006 to 2015, the director of the MPC was Timothy Spahr, who oversaw a staff of five. From 2015 to 2021, the Minor Planet Center was headed by interim director Matthew Holman. Under his leadership, the MPC experienced a significant period of reorganization and growth, doubling both its staff size and the volume of observations processed per year. Upon Holman's resignation on February 9, 2021 (announced on February 19, 2021) Matthew Payne became acting director of the MPC.
Directors
1947–1978: Paul Herget
1978–2006: Brian Marsden
2006–2015: Timothy Spahr
2015–2021: Matthew Holman
2021–present: Matthew Payne
Periodical publications
"Minor Planet Circulars" and "Minor Planet Electronic Circulars" redirect here. For the publication by ALPO, see The Minor Planet Bulletin.
The MPC periodically releases astrometric observations of minor planets, as well as of comets and natural satellites. These publications are the Minor Planet Circulars (MPCs), the Minor Planet Electronic Circulars (MPECs), and the Minor Planet Supplements (MPSs and MPOs). An extensive archive of publications in a PDF format is available at the Minor Planet Center's website. The archive's oldest publication dates back to 1 November 1977 (MPC 4937–5016).
Minor Planet Circulars (M.P.C. or MPCs), established 1947, is a scientific journal that is generally published by the Minor Planet Center on the date of each full moon, when the number of reported observations are minimal due to the brighter night sky. The Circulars contain astrometric observations, orbits and ephemerides of minor planets, comets and certain natural satellites. The astrometric observations of comets are published in full, while the minor planet observations are summarised by observatory code (the full observations now being given in the Minor Planet Circulars Supplement). New numberings and namings of minor planets (also see Naming of Minor Planets), as well as numberings of periodic comets and natural satellites, are announced in the Circulars. New orbits for comets and natural satellites appear in the Circulars; new orbits for minor planets appear in the Minor Planets and Comets Orbit Supplement (see below).
The Minor Planet Electronic Circulars (MPECs) are published by the Minor Planet Center. They generally contain positional observations and orbits of unusual minor planets and all comets. Monthly lists of observable unusual objects, observable distant objects, observable comets and the critical list of numbered minor planets also appear on these circulars. Daily Orbit Update MPECs, issued every day, contain new identifications and orbits of minor planets, obtained over the previous 24 hours.
The Minor Planets and Comets Supplement (MPS) is published on behalf of IAU's Division F (Planetary Systems and Bioastronomy) by the Minor Planet Center.
The Minor Planets and Comets Orbit Supplement (MPO) is published on behalf of IAU's Division F by the Minor Planet Center.
Natural Satellites Ephemeris Service
The Natural Satellites Ephemeris Service is an online service of the Minor Planet Center. The service provides "ephemerides, orbital elements and residual blocks for the outer irregular satellites of the giant planets".
See also
Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams
IAU Circular
List of astronomical societies
List of minor-planet groups
List of minor planets
List of minor planets § Main index
Meanings of minor-planet names
References
^ a b Centres: Minor Planet Center. International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
^ Marsden, B. G.; Williams, G. V. (February–March 1998). "The NEO Confirmation Page". Planetary and Space Science. 46 (2–3): 299. Bibcode:1998P&SS...46..299M. doi:10.1016/S0032-0633(96)00153-5.
^ "Real time reporting of NEOCP follow up". NEOCP Blog. Minor Planet Center. Archived from the original on 2016-04-13. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
^ Donald E. Osterbrock & P. Kenneth Seidelmann (1987). "Paul Herget: 1908–1981" (PDF). Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences. Vol. 57. National Academies Press. pp. 64–65. ISBN 9780585272801. OCLC 45729798.
^ a b c Brian G. Marsden (July 1980). "The Minor Planet Center". Celestial Mechanics. 22 (1): 63–71. Bibcode:1980CeMec..22...63M. doi:10.1007/BF01228757. S2CID 119526916.
^ Galoche, J.L. (6 January 2015). "Minor Planet Center Director Steps Down". The Daily Minor Planet Blog. Minor Planet Center. Archived from the original on 2015-08-14. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
^ Gareth V. Williams (18 November 2010). "MPEC 2010-W10: Brian Marsden (1937 Aug. 5 – 2010 Nov. 18)". Minor Planet Electronic Circular.
^ Galoche, J.L. (4 February 2015). "Interim Director Appointed to the Minor Planet Center". The Daily Minor Planet Blog. Minor Planet Center. Archived from the original on 2015-05-26. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
^ "New acting MPC Director – MPEC 2021-D60". Minor Planet Electronic Circular. Minor Planet Center. 19 February 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
^ "Staff – Matthew Payne, MPC Acting Director". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
^ "MPC: Publications". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
^ "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
^ "Division F Planetary Systems and Astrobiology". International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 2017-11-07.
External links
Official website
MPC/MPO/MPS Archive, all published circulars since 1977 (downloadable as PDF)
The MPC Orbit (MPCORB) Database
The Minor Planet Center Status Report, Matthew J. Holman, 8 November 2015
Recent MPECs, list of most-recently published Minor Planet Electronic Circulars
Videos
Asteroid Hazards, Part 1: What Makes an Asteroid a Hazard? on YouTube (min. 6:04)
Asteroid Hazards, Part 2: The Challenge of Detection on YouTube (min. 7:14)
Asteroid Hazards, Part 3: Finding the Path on YouTube (min. 5:38)
Portals: Astronomy Stars Spaceflight Outer space Solar System Education Science
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
2
United States
Czech Republic
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"minor planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_planet"},{"link_name":"International Astronomical Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Astrophysical_Observatory"}],"text":"The Minor Planet Center (MPC) is the official body for observing and reporting on minor planets under the auspices of the International Astronomical Union (IAU). Founded in 1947, it operates at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory.","title":"Minor Planet Center"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"minor planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_planet"},{"link_name":"asteroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid"},{"link_name":"orbits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit"},{"link_name":"Minor Planet Circulars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Publications"},{"link_name":"International Astronomical Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Astrophysical_Observatory"},{"link_name":"Center for Astrophysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Astrophysics"},{"link_name":"Harvard College Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IAU-Centres-1"},{"link_name":"astrometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrometric"},{"link_name":"near-Earth objects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-Earth_object"},{"link_name":"Near-Earth Object Confirmation Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-Earth_Object_Confirmation_Page"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPC-NEO-confirmation-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPC-NEO-blog-3"},{"link_name":"Potentially hazardous objects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object"},{"link_name":"§ Videos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Videos"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IAU-Centres-1"}],"text":"The Minor Planet Center is the official worldwide organization in charge of collecting observational data for minor planets (such as asteroids), calculating their orbits and publishing this information via the Minor Planet Circulars. Under the auspices of the International Astronomical Union (IAU), it operates at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, which is part of the Center for Astrophysics along with the Harvard College Observatory.[1]The MPC runs a number of free online services for observers to assist them in observing minor planets and comets. The complete catalogue of minor planet orbits (sometimes referred to as the \"Minor Planet Catalogue\") may also be freely downloaded. In addition to astrometric data, the MPC collects light curve photometry of minor planets. A key function of the MPC is helping observers coordinate follow up observations of possible near-Earth objects (NEOs) via its NEO web form and blog, the Near-Earth Object Confirmation Page.[2][3] The MPC is also responsible for identifying, and alerting to, new NEOs with a risk of impacting Earth in the few weeks following their discovery (see Potentially hazardous objects and § Videos).[1]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Paul Herget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Herget"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hergetbio-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marsden1980-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marsden1980-5"},{"link_name":"Brian G. Marsden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_G._Marsden"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marsden1980-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPC-blog-Marsden-stepdown-6"},{"link_name":"Timothy Spahr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Spahr"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mpec2010W10-7"},{"link_name":"Matthew Holman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_J._Holman"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPC-blog-Interim-Director-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPEC-2021-D60-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPC-About-10"}],"text":"The Minor Planet Center was set up at the University of Cincinnati in 1947, under the direction of Paul Herget.[4][5]: 63 Upon Herget's retirement on June 30, 1978,[5]: 67 the MPC was moved to the SAO, under the direction of Brian G. Marsden.[5]: 67 From 2006 to 2015,[6] the director of the MPC was Timothy Spahr,[7] who oversaw a staff of five. From 2015 to 2021, the Minor Planet Center was headed by interim director Matthew Holman.[8] Under his leadership, the MPC experienced a significant period of reorganization and growth, doubling both its staff size and the volume of observations processed per year. Upon Holman's resignation on February 9, 2021 (announced on February 19, 2021) Matthew Payne became acting director of the MPC.[9][10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Herget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Herget"},{"link_name":"Brian Marsden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_G._Marsden"},{"link_name":"Timothy Spahr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_B._Spahr"},{"link_name":"Matthew Holman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_J._Holman"}],"sub_title":"Directors","text":"1947–1978: Paul Herget\n1978–2006: Brian Marsden\n2006–2015: Timothy Spahr\n2015–2021: Matthew Holman\n2021–present: Matthew Payne","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ALPO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Lunar_and_Planetary_Observers"},{"link_name":"The Minor Planet Bulletin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Minor_Planet_Bulletin"},{"link_name":"astrometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrometric"},{"link_name":"comets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet"},{"link_name":"natural satellites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_satellite"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPC-Publications-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPC-Circulars-Archive-12"},{"link_name":"scientific journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_journal"},{"link_name":"full moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_moon"},{"link_name":"Naming of Minor Planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_of_Minor_Planets"},{"link_name":"positional observations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrometry"},{"link_name":"orbits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler_orbit"},{"link_name":"unusual minor planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unusual_minor_planet"},{"link_name":"comets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet"},{"link_name":"critical list of numbered minor planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical-list_minor_planet"},{"link_name":"IAU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"\"Minor Planet Circulars\" and \"Minor Planet Electronic Circulars\" redirect here. For the publication by ALPO, see The Minor Planet Bulletin.The MPC periodically releases astrometric observations of minor planets, as well as of comets and natural satellites. These publications are the Minor Planet Circulars (MPCs), the Minor Planet Electronic Circulars (MPECs), and the Minor Planet Supplements (MPSs and MPOs).[11] An extensive archive of publications in a PDF format is available at the Minor Planet Center's website. The archive's oldest publication dates back to 1 November 1977 (MPC 4937–5016).[12]Minor Planet Circulars (M.P.C. or MPCs), established 1947, is a scientific journal that is generally published by the Minor Planet Center on the date of each full moon, when the number of reported observations are minimal due to the brighter night sky. The Circulars contain astrometric observations, orbits and ephemerides of minor planets, comets and certain natural satellites. The astrometric observations of comets are published in full, while the minor planet observations are summarised by observatory code (the full observations now being given in the Minor Planet Circulars Supplement). New numberings and namings of minor planets (also see Naming of Minor Planets), as well as numberings of periodic comets and natural satellites, are announced in the Circulars. New orbits for comets and natural satellites appear in the Circulars; new orbits for minor planets appear in the Minor Planets and Comets Orbit Supplement (see below).\nThe Minor Planet Electronic Circulars (MPECs) are published by the Minor Planet Center. They generally contain positional observations and orbits of unusual minor planets and all comets. Monthly lists of observable unusual objects, observable distant objects, observable comets and the critical list of numbered minor planets also appear on these circulars. Daily Orbit Update MPECs, issued every day, contain new identifications and orbits of minor planets, obtained over the previous 24 hours.\nThe Minor Planets and Comets Supplement (MPS) is published on behalf of IAU's Division F (Planetary Systems and Bioastronomy)[13] by the Minor Planet Center.\nThe Minor Planets and Comets Orbit Supplement (MPO) is published on behalf of IAU's Division F by the Minor Planet Center.","title":"Periodical publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//minorplanetcenter.net//iau/NatSats/NaturalSatellites.html"}],"text":"The Natural Satellites Ephemeris Service is an online service of the Minor Planet Center. The service provides \"ephemerides, orbital elements and residual blocks for the outer irregular satellites of the giant planets\".[1]","title":"Natural Satellites Ephemeris Service"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bureau_for_Astronomical_Telegrams"},{"title":"IAU Circular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAU_Circular"},{"title":"List of astronomical societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astronomical_societies"},{"title":"List of minor-planet groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor-planet_groups"},{"title":"List of minor planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets"},{"title":"List of minor planets § Main index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets#Main_index"},{"title":"Meanings of minor-planet names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings_of_minor-planet_names"}]
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[{"reference":"Centres: Minor Planet Center. International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 20 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iau.org/science/scientific_bodies/centres/","url_text":"Centres: Minor Planet Center"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union","url_text":"International Astronomical Union"}]},{"reference":"Marsden, B. G.; Williams, G. V. (February–March 1998). \"The NEO Confirmation Page\". Planetary and Space Science. 46 (2–3): 299. Bibcode:1998P&SS...46..299M. doi:10.1016/S0032-0633(96)00153-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_G._Marsden","url_text":"Marsden, B. 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Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences. Vol. 57. National Academies Press. pp. 64–65. ISBN 9780585272801. OCLC 45729798.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/herget-paul.pdf","url_text":"\"Paul Herget: 1908–1981\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_Press","url_text":"National Academies Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780585272801","url_text":"9780585272801"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45729798","url_text":"45729798"}]},{"reference":"Brian G. Marsden (July 1980). \"The Minor Planet Center\". Celestial Mechanics. 22 (1): 63–71. Bibcode:1980CeMec..22...63M. doi:10.1007/BF01228757. S2CID 119526916.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_G._Marsden","url_text":"Brian G. Marsden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_Mechanics_and_Dynamical_Astronomy","url_text":"Celestial Mechanics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980CeMec..22...63M","url_text":"1980CeMec..22...63M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01228757","url_text":"10.1007/BF01228757"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119526916","url_text":"119526916"}]},{"reference":"Galoche, J.L. (6 January 2015). \"Minor Planet Center Director Steps Down\". The Daily Minor Planet Blog. Minor Planet Center. Archived from the original on 2015-08-14. Retrieved 20 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150814031126/http://minorplanetcenter.net/blog/minor-planet-center-director-steps-down/","url_text":"\"Minor Planet Center Director Steps Down\""},{"url":"http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/blog/?p=911","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gareth V. Williams (18 November 2010). \"MPEC 2010-W10: Brian Marsden (1937 Aug. 5 – 2010 Nov. 18)\". Minor Planet Electronic Circular.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K10/K10W10.html","url_text":"\"MPEC 2010-W10: Brian Marsden (1937 Aug. 5 – 2010 Nov. 18)\""}]},{"reference":"Galoche, J.L. (4 February 2015). \"Interim Director Appointed to the Minor Planet Center\". The Daily Minor Planet Blog. Minor Planet Center. Archived from the original on 2015-05-26. Retrieved 1 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150526013828/http://www.minorplanetcenter.org/blog/?p=922","url_text":"\"Interim Director Appointed to the Minor Planet Center\""},{"url":"http://www.minorplanetcenter.org/blog/?p=922","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New acting MPC Director – MPEC 2021-D60\". Minor Planet Electronic Circular. Minor Planet Center. 19 February 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K21/K21D60.html","url_text":"\"New acting MPC Director – MPEC 2021-D60\""}]},{"reference":"\"Staff – Matthew Payne, MPC Acting Director\". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 22 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://minorplanetcenter.net/about","url_text":"\"Staff – Matthew Payne, MPC Acting Director\""}]},{"reference":"\"MPC: Publications\". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 6 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://minorplanetcenter.net//iau/services/MPCServices.html","url_text":"\"MPC: Publications\""}]},{"reference":"\"MPC/MPO/MPS Archive\". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 6 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html","url_text":"\"MPC/MPO/MPS Archive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Division F Planetary Systems and Astrobiology\". International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 2017-11-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iau.org/science/scientific_bodies/divisions/F/","url_text":"\"Division F Planetary Systems and Astrobiology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union","url_text":"International Astronomical Union"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldenzaal
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Oldenzaal
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["1 Transportation","2 Notable residents","2.1 Sport","3 Gallery","4 References","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 52°19′N 6°56′E / 52.317°N 6.933°E / 52.317; 6.933Municipality in Overijssel, NetherlandsOldenzaalMunicipalityFormer city hall of Oldenzaal
FlagCoat of armsLocation in OverijsselCoordinates: 52°19′N 6°56′E / 52.317°N 6.933°E / 52.317; 6.933CountryNetherlandsProvinceOverijsselGovernment • BodyMunicipal council • MayorPatrick Welman (CDA)Area • Total21.95 km2 (8.47 sq mi) • Land21.55 km2 (8.32 sq mi) • Water0.40 km2 (0.15 sq mi)Elevation48 m (157 ft)Population (January 2021) • Total31,701 • Density1,471/km2 (3,810/sq mi)Demonym(s)Oldenzaler, BoeskoolTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postcode7570–7579Area code0541Websitewww.oldenzaal.nl
Oldenzaal (Dutch pronunciation: ⓘ; Tweants: Oldnzel) is a municipality and a city in the eastern province of Overijssel in the Netherlands. It is part of the region of Twente and is close to the German border.
It received city rights in 1249. Historically, the city was part of the Hanseatic League as a subsidiary city of the fellow Hanseatic city of Deventer.
Located on the A1 motorway from Amsterdam to Germany, Oldenzaal also has a rail connection to Hengelo and Bad Bentheim.
As of December 2022 Oldenzaal has a population of 31,958 people.
In the Netherlands, Oldenzaal is well known for its carnival festivities. During the carnival season Oldenzaal is known as "Boeskool-stad" which is a local dialect of the word Cabbage-town. During the main carnival weekend over 100,000 people come for the big parade showing high and mighty carnival trucks.
Transportation
The town is served by the Oldenzaal railway station.
Dutch Topographic map of Oldenzaal (town), as of June 2014
Notable residents
Balderic of Utrecht (897–975) Bishop of Utrecht, 918 to 975
Henri Max Corwin (1903–1962) a Dutch businessman, philatelist and humanitarian; shielded Jewish victims of the Nazis in WWII
Mieke Telkamp (1934–2016) a Dutch singer and TV personality
Hedy de Graas (born 1988) artist name: 'Ame Bibabi', a Dutch rapper and an internet personality
Zoraya Ter Beek (1995-2024) autistic advocate for euthanasia and disability rights.
Sport
Theo Pahlplatz (born 1947) a Dutch retired footballer; 468 caps with FC Twente
Wilfried Brookhuis (born 1961) a retired football goalkeeper with 404 club caps
Raimond van der Gouw (born 1963) a Dutch former football goalkeeper with 493 club caps
Ellen van Langen (born 1966) a Dutch former middle-distance runner, gold medallist in the 800 m. at the 1992 Summer Olympics
Rudie Kemna (born 1967) a former Dutch racing cyclist
Björn Kuipers (born 1973) a Dutch FIFA listed football referee
Jan Vennegoor of Hesselink (born 1978) a Dutch former footballer with 438 club caps
Tim Breukers (born 1987) a Dutch professional footballer with over 250 club caps
Wout Droste (born 1989) a Dutch professional footballer with over 250 club caps
Nathalie Timmermans (born 1989) a Dutch softball player, competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics
Jules Reimerink (born 1989) a Dutch professional footballer with over 250 club caps
Alexander Bannink (born 1990) a Dutch professional footballer with over 220 club caps
Sanne Wevers (born 1991) a Dutch artistic gymnast, gold medallist at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Lieke Wevers (born 1991) a Dutch artistic gymnast, won four medals at the 2015 European Games
Jill Roord (born 1997) a Dutch midfield footballer
Erik ten Hag (born 1970) former footballer with 336 club caps and coach. Current head coach for Manchester United
Gallery
The Basilica of St Plechelm
Marktplein (market square)
Watertower
Ziekenhuis (hospital), Oldenzaal
References
^ "Burgemeester Patrick Welman" (in Dutch). Gemeente Oldenzaal. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
^ "Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2020" . StatLine (in Dutch). CBS. 24 July 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
^ "Postcodetool for 7571CD". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
^ "Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand" . CBS Statline (in Dutch). CBS. 1 January 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ "Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand". CBS StatLine. Statistics Netherlands. 31 August 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
^ IMDb Database retrieved 17 January 2020
^ Agten, Elke (2021-10-06). "Single 'Chin up High' van Ame Bibabi (33) uit Oldenzaal lokt nogal wat reacties uit: 'Laat niet met me sollen'". Tubantia (in Dutch). Retrieved 2023-11-18.
External links
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Oldenzaal.
Media related to Oldenzaal at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
Places adjacent to Oldenzaal
Dinkelland
Dinkelland
Oldenzaal
Losser
Enschede
vteMembers of the Hanseatic League by quarter, and trading posts of the Hanseatic LeagueChief cities shown in smallcaps.Free Imperial Cities of the Holy Roman Empire shown in italics.WendishLübeck
Anklam
Demmin
Greifswald
Hamburg
Kolberg (Kołobrzeg)
Lüneburg
Rostock
Rügenwalde (Darłowo)
Stettin (Szczecin)
Stolp (Słupsk)
Stargard
Stockholm
Stralsund
Visby
Wismar
SaxonBrunswickMagdeburg
Berlin
Bremen
Erfurt
Frankfurt an der Oder
Goslar
Mühlhausen
Nordhausen
BalticDanzig(Gdańsk)
Breslau (Wrocław)
Dorpat (Tartu)
Elbing (Elbląg)
Königsberg (Kaliningrad)
Cracow (Kraków)
Reval (Tallinn)
Riga (Rīga)
Thorn (Toruń)
WestphalianCologne 1Dortmund 1
Deventer
Groningen
Kampen
Münster
Osnabrück
Soest
Zutphen
Zwolle
Kontore
Bryggen (Bergen)
Kontor of Bruges
Bruges
Antwerp2
Steelyard (London)
Peterhof (Novgorod)
Vitten
Falsterbo
Malmö
Factories
Bishop's Lynn
Bristol
Boston
Ipswich
Kaunas
Leith
Herford
Hull
Newcastle
Polotsk
Pskov
Yarmouth
York
1 Cologne and Dortmund were both chief city of the Westphalian Quarter at different times.2 The kontor was moved to Antwerp once Bruges became inaccessible due to the silting of the Zwin channel.
vteOverijssel provinceMunicipalities
Almelo
Borne
Dalfsen
Deventer
Dinkelland
Enschede
Haaksbergen
Hardenberg
Hellendoorn
Hengelo
Hof van Twente
Kampen
Losser
Oldenzaal
Olst-Wijhe
Ommen
Raalte
Rijssen-Holten
Staphorst
Steenwijkerland
Tubbergen
Twenterand
Wierden
Zwartewaterland
Zwolle
Regions
Kop van Overijssel
Salland
Twente
See also
Netherlands
Provinces
Municipalities
Regions and subregions
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
This Overijssel location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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It is part of the region of Twente and is close to the German border.It received city rights in 1249. Historically, the city was part of the Hanseatic League as a subsidiary city of the fellow Hanseatic city of Deventer.Located on the A1 motorway from Amsterdam to Germany, Oldenzaal also has a rail connection to Hengelo and Bad Bentheim.As of December 2022 Oldenzaal has a population of 31,958 people.[5]In the Netherlands, Oldenzaal is well known for its carnival festivities. During the carnival season Oldenzaal is known as \"Boeskool-stad\" which is a local dialect of the word Cabbage-town. During the main carnival weekend over 100,000 people come for the big parade showing high and mighty carnival trucks.","title":"Oldenzaal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oldenzaal railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldenzaal_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oldenzaal-plaats-OpenTopo.jpg"}],"text":"The town is served by the Oldenzaal railway station.Dutch Topographic map of Oldenzaal (town), as of June 2014","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balderic of Utrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balderic_of_Utrecht"},{"link_name":"Henri Max Corwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Max_Corwin"},{"link_name":"victims of the Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"Mieke Telkamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieke_Telkamp"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hedy de Graas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hedy_de_Graas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Zoraya Ter Beek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoraya_ter_Beek"}],"text":"Balderic of Utrecht (897–975) Bishop of Utrecht, 918 to 975\nHenri Max Corwin (1903–1962) a Dutch businessman, philatelist and humanitarian; shielded Jewish victims of the Nazis in WWII\nMieke Telkamp (1934–2016) a Dutch singer and TV personality[6]\nHedy de Graas (born 1988) artist name: 'Ame Bibabi', a Dutch rapper and an internet personality [7]\nZoraya Ter Beek (1995-2024) autistic advocate for euthanasia and disability rights.","title":"Notable residents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theo Pahlplatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_Pahlplatz"},{"link_name":"FC Twente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Twente"},{"link_name":"Wilfried Brookhuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfried_Brookhuis"},{"link_name":"Raimond van der Gouw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raimond_van_der_Gouw"},{"link_name":"Ellen van Langen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_van_Langen"},{"link_name":"1992 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Rudie Kemna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudie_Kemna"},{"link_name":"Björn Kuipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Kuipers"},{"link_name":"FIFA listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_International_Referees_List"},{"link_name":"Jan Vennegoor of Hesselink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Vennegoor_of_Hesselink"},{"link_name":"Tim Breukers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Breukers"},{"link_name":"Wout Droste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wout_Droste"},{"link_name":"Nathalie Timmermans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathalie_Timmermans"},{"link_name":"2008 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Jules Reimerink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Reimerink"},{"link_name":"Alexander Bannink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Bannink"},{"link_name":"Sanne Wevers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanne_Wevers"},{"link_name":"2016 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Lieke Wevers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieke_Wevers"},{"link_name":"2015 European Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_European_Games"},{"link_name":"Jill Roord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Roord"},{"link_name":"Erik ten Hag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_ten_Hag"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United"}],"sub_title":"Sport","text":"Theo Pahlplatz (born 1947) a Dutch retired footballer; 468 caps with FC Twente\nWilfried Brookhuis (born 1961) a retired football goalkeeper with 404 club caps\nRaimond van der Gouw (born 1963) a Dutch former football goalkeeper with 493 club caps\nEllen van Langen (born 1966) a Dutch former middle-distance runner, gold medallist in the 800 m. at the 1992 Summer Olympics\nRudie Kemna (born 1967) a former Dutch racing cyclist\nBjörn Kuipers (born 1973) a Dutch FIFA listed football referee\nJan Vennegoor of Hesselink (born 1978) a Dutch former footballer with 438 club caps\nTim Breukers (born 1987) a Dutch professional footballer with over 250 club caps\nWout Droste (born 1989) a Dutch professional footballer with over 250 club caps\nNathalie Timmermans (born 1989) a Dutch softball player, competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics\nJules Reimerink (born 1989) a Dutch professional footballer with over 250 club caps\nAlexander Bannink (born 1990) a Dutch professional footballer with over 220 club caps\nSanne Wevers (born 1991) a Dutch artistic gymnast, gold medallist at the 2016 Summer Olympics\nLieke Wevers (born 1991) a Dutch artistic gymnast, won four medals at the 2015 European Games\nJill Roord (born 1997) a Dutch midfield footballer\nErik ten Hag (born 1970) former footballer with 336 club caps and coach. Current head coach for Manchester United","title":"Notable residents"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oldenzaalplechelmus1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marktplein_(market_square)_-_panoramio_-_Frans-Banja_Mulder_(1).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oldenzaal,_de_watertoren_IMG_7374_2020-08-10_17.41.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ziekenhuis_(hospital)_Oldenzaal_-_panoramio.jpg"}],"text":"The Basilica of St Plechelm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMarktplein (market square)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWatertower\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tZiekenhuis (hospital), Oldenzaal","title":"Gallery"}]
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| null |
[{"reference":"\"Burgemeester Patrick Welman\" [Mayor Patrick Welman] (in Dutch). Gemeente Oldenzaal. Retrieved 15 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oldenzaal.nl/patrickwelman","url_text":"\"Burgemeester Patrick Welman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2020\" [Key figures for neighbourhoods 2020]. StatLine (in Dutch). CBS. 24 July 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/84799NED/table?dl=41062","url_text":"\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Netherlands","url_text":"CBS"}]},{"reference":"\"Postcodetool for 7571CD\". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Retrieved 31 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool","url_text":"\"Postcodetool for 7571CD\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand\" [Population growth; regions per month]. CBS Statline (in Dutch). CBS. 1 January 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=37230NED&D1=17-18&D2=57-650&D3=l&LA=EN&HDR=T&STB=G1,G2&VW=T","url_text":"\"Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Netherlands","url_text":"CBS"}]},{"reference":"\"Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand\". CBS StatLine. Statistics Netherlands. 31 August 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37230NED/table?dl=95D67","url_text":"\"Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Netherlands","url_text":"Statistics Netherlands"}]},{"reference":"Agten, Elke (2021-10-06). \"Single 'Chin up High' van Ame Bibabi (33) uit Oldenzaal lokt nogal wat reacties uit: 'Laat niet met me sollen'\". Tubantia (in Dutch). Retrieved 2023-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tubantia.nl/oldenzaal/single-chin-up-high-van-ame-bibabi-33-uit-oldenzaal-lokt-nogal-wat-reacties-uit-laat-niet-met-me-sollen~a8fc1bc7/","url_text":"\"Single 'Chin up High' van Ame Bibabi (33) uit Oldenzaal lokt nogal wat reacties uit: 'Laat niet met me sollen'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubantia_(newspaper)","url_text":"Tubantia"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Connaught_(hotel)
|
The Connaught (hotel)
|
["1 History","1.1 Restoration","1.2 Notable guests","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Hotel in London
For other uses, see Connacht (disambiguation).
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Connaught" hotel – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The ConnaughtLocation within Central LondonGeneral informationLocationCarlos Place, Mayfair, London, England, United KingdomCoordinates51°30′36″N 0°08′59″W / 51.51000°N 0.14972°W / 51.51000; -0.14972Opened1897; 127 years ago (1897)OwnerMaybourne Hotel GroupTechnical detailsFloor count6Other informationNumber of rooms121Number of restaurants3Number of bars3ParkingyesWebsitewww.the-connaught.co.uk
The Connaught in 2008
The Connaught is a five-star luxury hotel, located on the corner of Carlos Place and Mount Street in Mayfair, London. The hotel is owned and managed by Maybourne Hotel Group.
History
The hotel first opened in 1815 as the Prince of Saxe Coburg Hotel, an offshoot of a hotel opened by Alexander Grillon in Albemarle Street, Mayfair, and was originally a pair of Georgian houses in Charles Street, near Grosvenor Square. The 1st Duke of Westminster decided to redevelop the area, and the street was changed, becoming Carlos Place. In 1892 Scorrier, the owner, applied to rebuild the hotel, although work did not start until two years later, when the original houses were demolished.
In 1897, the Coburg Hotel was reopened. In 1917, during the First World War, the decision was made to change the name to the less-German "Connaught". The name chosen was taken from the title of Queen Victoria's third son, Prince Arthur, the first Duke of Connaught.
In 1935, Rudolph Richard, a young Swiss hotelier, became general manager of The Connaught and ran the hotel almost as an English private house, with the highest standards of comfort and service. In 1956, The Connaught was acquired by the Savoy Group, owners of Claridge's, The Berkeley and the Savoy Hotel in London. In 2005, the Savoy Group, including The Connaught, was sold to a group of Irish investors, which sold off the Savoy Hotel and Savoy Theatre and renamed the group Maybourne Hotel Group.
Restoration
In March 2007, The Connaught closed for a £70 million restoration programme, described as a "contemporary interpretation". Guy Oliver was the lead designer of the restoration, refurbishment and redecoration of the old hotel, completing a total of 88 rooms and suites (including The Prince's Lodge, The Eagles Lodge and The Sutherland and Somerset Suites) as well as the restoration and redecoration of the main staircase, new lifts, concierge and public areas, L'Espelette Restaurant and The Georgian and Regency Rooms. Immediately after this work was completed he designed a further 31 rooms and suites in the new addition to the hotel, a terrace penthouse, and all of the public spaces and function rooms, including the Ballroom, Maple Oak and Silver Rooms. The Maybourne Hotel Group stated that they intended to preserve the traditional values for which the hotel is known. Chef Angela Hartnett was replaced by French chef Hélène Darroze.
The hotel reopened in December 2007 with fewer rooms than usually available; development continued throughout 2008 when The Connaught Bar, designed by David Collins, opened. The hotel also has a swimming pool and Asian-inspired spa managed in conjunction with Aman Resorts. Other changes include a new Espelette Restaurant, with a covered terrace, and the Coburg Bar, managed by Andreas Cortes. The Connaught Bar is run by mixologist Agostino Perrone, which has received several international awards including World's Best Cocktail Bar at the coveted Tales of the Cocktail Spirited Awards in both 2012 and 2016, the only bar in the world to have won it twice. In 2023 The Connaught Bar placed 5th on The World's 50 Best Bars list.
Notable guests
The Connaught has hosted guests such as Edward VII, Charles de Gaulle, U.S. Admiral Alan G. Kirk, Princess Grace of Monaco, Cecil Beaton, Cary Grant, David Niven, Lauren Bacall, Eric Clapton, Jack Nicholson and Ralph Lauren. The hotel was a particular favourite of actor Sir Alec Guinness, who from the 1970s until shortly before his death in 2000 would often stay at the Connaught when working in London. A suite was always at his disposal and he would often entertain friends in the Grill or in a private dining room. In addition, the following nobles attended this esteemed hotel’s afternoon high tea experience: Princess Adi of Alterman, Sir Omri Farhi of Kensington, Princess Mia of West Vinsentville, Lady Charlie Grace of Lakeville, and Lady Sivan of Sorasky.
The Connaught Hotel entrance in 2019
References
^ Darwin Porter, Danforth Prince, London 2010, Frommer's, New York City: John Wiley & Sons, 2011, p. 140
^ 'Mount Street and Carlos Place: Mount Street: North Side', Survey of London: volume 40: The Grosvenor Estate in Mayfair, Part 2 (The Buildings) (1980), pp. 321-326. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=42158 Date accessed: 17 July 2010.
^ Walsh, Dominic. "Savoy Group changes name after deal", The Times, 25 January 2005
^ "The Connaught Bar". 14 August 2008.
^ Eastmond, Dean. "IN Pursuit of the Perfect Martini: Welcome to the Connaught". Hiskind. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
^ "Five of the World's 50 Best Bars can be found in London". 18 October 2023.
^ "A history of The Connaught". cosmopolis.ch. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
^ Read, Piers Paul. (2003). Alec Guinness: The Authorised Biography. Simon & Schuster UK Ltd. Pp. 423-424 ISBN 0-7432-4498-2
External links
The Connaught website
Architect's summary of recent work
A history of The Connaught by cosmopolis.ch
French-Indian interior architect India Mahdavi designed major parts of the hotel
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The 1st Duke of Westminster decided to redevelop the area, and the street was changed, becoming Carlos Place. In 1892 Scorrier, the owner, applied to rebuild the hotel, although work did not start until two years later, when the original houses were demolished.In 1897, the Coburg Hotel was reopened. In 1917, during the First World War, the decision was made to change the name to the less-German \"Connaught\". The name chosen was taken from the title of Queen Victoria's third son, Prince Arthur, the first Duke of Connaught.In 1935, Rudolph Richard, a young Swiss hotelier, became general manager of The Connaught and ran the hotel almost as an English private house, with the highest standards of comfort and service. In 1956, The Connaught was acquired by the Savoy Group, owners of Claridge's, The Berkeley and the Savoy Hotel in London. 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Kirk, Princess Grace of Monaco, Cecil Beaton, Cary Grant, David Niven, Lauren Bacall, Eric Clapton, Jack Nicholson and Ralph Lauren.[7] The hotel was a particular favourite of actor Sir Alec Guinness, who from the 1970s until shortly before his death in 2000 would often stay at the Connaught when working in London. A suite was always at his disposal and he would often entertain friends in the Grill or in a private dining room. In addition, the following nobles attended this esteemed hotel’s afternoon high tea experience: Princess Adi of Alterman, Sir Omri Farhi of Kensington, Princess Mia of West Vinsentville, Lady Charlie Grace of Lakeville, and Lady Sivan of Sorasky.[8]The Connaught Hotel entrance in 2019","title":"History"}]
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| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Tait
|
Jason Tait
|
["1 Career","2 See also","3 References"]
|
Jason TaitTait performing with the Weakerthans in Winnipeg 22 December 2007Background informationOriginWinnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaGenresIndie rockInstrument(s)DrumsMusical artist
Jason Tait is a Canadian musician from Winnipeg, Manitoba. He is the drummer for the Canadian indie rock band The Weakerthans. Tait has also been a contributing member of Broken Social Scene and The FemBots.
Career
Tait played drums for the Painted Thin 1995 album Small Acts of Love and Rebellion; Stephen Carroll, guitarist for The Weakerthans, was also a member of Painted Thin.
Tait moved to Toronto in about 2003, and lived there for ten years. He played drums on Greg Graffin's 2006 album, Cold as the Clay. and Bob Egan's album The Glorious Decline.
In 2010 Tait set out on a cross-Canada tour with Toronto-based singer/songwriter Afie Jurvanen, who uses the stage name Bahamas.
Tait returned to Winnipeg in 2013. In 2015, he collaborated with his Weakerthans bandmate John K. Samson, Christine Fellows and Ashley Au on the music for For the Turnstiles, a dance performance by Winnipeg's Contemporary Dancers troupe inspired by Neil Young's 1974 album On the Beach. In 2016, Tait and Fellows coproduced Samson's solo album Winter Wheat.
Currently, Tait continues to play drums for Bahamas. While on tour, he plays kits made by C&C Drums, a Gladstone, Missouri-based custom drums manufacturer whose products he endorses.
See also
Music portalCanada portal
Music of Canada
Canadian rock
List of Canadian musicians
References
^
Nathanson, Ian (2 August 2001). "Power of the word". Jam!. Archived from the original on 15 January 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^
Proefrock, Stacia. "The Weakerthans Biography". AllMusic. Retrieved 17 May 2010.
^ "The Weakerthans Spellbound". Exclaim!, By James Keast, 1 Sep 2003
^
"Jason Tait Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
^ Barclay, Michael (1 February 2003). "Cuff the Duke / Fembots Underground, Hamilton ON - January 11". Exclaim!.
^ Molgat, Chuck (1 April 2003). "Fembots Small Town Murder Scene". Exclaim!.
^
"Small Acts of Love and Rebellion". G7 Welcoming Committee Records. 29 August 2006. Archived from the original on 21 October 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
^ a b "Whose House? Jason’s House". The Uniter,19 January 2017. Thomas Pashko
^
"Media: Greg Graffin posts another track from "Cold as the Clay"". Punknews.org. 12 June 2006. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
^ "Bob Egan The Glorious Decline". Exclaim, By Kerry Doole, 16 February 2007
^ "Cutting their hockey teeth". Queens Journal, 19 November 2010 Claire Nelischer
^ "John K. Samson Scores Neil Young-Inspired Project in Winnipeg". Exclaim!, 29 April 2015.
^ "John K. Samson Returns with 'Winter Wheat' Solo LP, Shares New Single". Exclaim!, 15 August 2016.
^ "C&C Drum Company Artist Profile: Jason Tait". C&C Drums. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
vteThe Weakerthans
John K. Samson
Jason Tait
Stephen Carroll
Greg Smith
John P. Sutton
Studio albums
Fallow
Left and Leaving
Reconstruction Site
Reunion Tour
Live albums
Live at the Burton Cummings Theatre
Related articles
Discography
Propagandhi
Cold as the Clay
The Falcon Lake Incident
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jam.canoe.ca-1"},{"link_name":"drummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum"},{"link_name":"indie rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indie_rock"},{"link_name":"The Weakerthans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weakerthans"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic.comWeakerthans-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Broken Social Scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broken_Social_Scene"},{"link_name":"The FemBots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_FemBots"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic.comCredits-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Musical artistJason Tait is a Canadian musician from Winnipeg, Manitoba.[1] He is the drummer for the Canadian indie rock band The Weakerthans.[2][3] Tait has also been a contributing member of Broken Social Scene and The FemBots.[4][5][6]","title":"Jason Tait"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Painted Thin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painted_Thin"},{"link_name":"Small Acts of Love and Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Acts_of_Love_and_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Stephen Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Carroll_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g7welcomingcommittee.com-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pashko-8"},{"link_name":"Greg Graffin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Graffin"},{"link_name":"Cold as the Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_as_the_Clay"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-punknews.org1-9"},{"link_name":"Bob Egan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Egan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Afie Jurvanen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afie_Jurvanen"},{"link_name":"Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamas_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pashko-8"},{"link_name":"John K. Samson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_K._Samson"},{"link_name":"Christine Fellows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Fellows"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg's Contemporary Dancers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg%27s_Contemporary_Dancers"},{"link_name":"Neil Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Young"},{"link_name":"On the Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Beach_(Neil_Young_album)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Winter Wheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Wheat_(album)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamas_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Gladstone, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladstone,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Tait played drums for the Painted Thin 1995 album Small Acts of Love and Rebellion; Stephen Carroll, guitarist for The Weakerthans, was also a member of Painted Thin.[7]Tait moved to Toronto in about 2003, and lived there for ten years.[8] He played drums on Greg Graffin's 2006 album, Cold as the Clay.[9] and Bob Egan's album The Glorious Decline.[10]In 2010 Tait set out on a cross-Canada tour with Toronto-based singer/songwriter Afie Jurvanen, who uses the stage name Bahamas.[11]Tait returned to Winnipeg in 2013.[8] In 2015, he collaborated with his Weakerthans bandmate John K. Samson, Christine Fellows and Ashley Au on the music for For the Turnstiles, a dance performance by Winnipeg's Contemporary Dancers troupe inspired by Neil Young's 1974 album On the Beach.[12] In 2016, Tait and Fellows coproduced Samson's solo album Winter Wheat.[13]Currently, Tait continues to play drums for Bahamas. While on tour, he plays kits made by C&C Drums, a Gladstone, Missouri-based custom drums manufacturer whose products he endorses.[14]","title":"Career"}]
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[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo
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Rugby union in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
|
["1 Governing body","2 History","3 See also","4 External links","5 References"]
|
Not to be confused with Rugby union in the Republic of the Congo.
Rugby union in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is a minor but growing sport.
Governing body
The national union is a member of the Confederation of African Rugby, but not of World Rugby.
History
Rugby in the Democratic Republic of the Congo suffers from a number of hindrances, such as lack of good transport networks, general infrastructure, political instability and war, and also the extreme poverty of the country, which means it is difficult for it to maintain a proper national league structure. The DRC is a particularly large country, at 2,344,858 km2 (the 12th largest in the world), but without the necessary economy to maintain it.
The sport is centred on the national capital, Kinshasa.
Like many African countries, the historical connection with France is a mixed blessing. For a number of years, Congolese rugby players would leave to play in France, which deprived the sport of any real competition in the DRC.
See also
Democratic Republic of the Congo national rugby union team
Confederation of African Rugby
Africa Cup
External links
CAR
References
vteRugby union in World Rugby affiliated nations not present in the Rugby World CupsThird tier withoutWorld Cup experience
Algeria
American Samoa
Andorra
Arab states of the Persian Gulf
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas
Barbados
Belgium
Bermuda
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
British Virgin Islands
Brunei
Bulgaria
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Cayman Islands
Chile
China
Chinese Taipei (Taiwan)
Colombia
Cook Islands
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Ecuador
Finland
French Polynesia (Tahiti)
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Guam
Guyana
Hong Kong
Hungary
India
Israel
Jamaica
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macau
Madagascar
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Monaco
Mongolia
Morocco
Nauru
Netherlands
Nigeria
Niue
Norway
Pakistan
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Rwanda
Senegal
Serbia
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
South Korea
Sri Lanka
St Lucia
St Vincent & Grenadines
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Tunisia
Trinidad & Tobago
Uganda
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Zambia
Former states withoutWorld Cup experience
Czechoslovakia
East Germany
USSR
West Germany
Yugoslavia
vteRugby union in Africa Sovereign states
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Eswatini
Ethiopia
Gabon
The Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
States with limitedrecognition
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Somaliland
Dependencies andother territories
Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain)
Madeira (Portugal)
Mayotte / Réunion (France)
Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)
This article about sports in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This rugby union article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
|
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|
[]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%AEroc
|
Cîroc
|
["1 Etymology","2 Vodka production process","3 Flavored products containing vodka","4 Brandy","5 Background","6 Marketing","6.1 Marketing campaign history","6.2 Lack of sponsorship disclosure","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
|
Brand of French alcoholic beverages
CîrocCîroc Snap Frost VodkaTypeVodka and flavored vodkaManufacturerDiageoCountry of origin FranceIntroduced2003Proof (US)80 (vodka and brandy)70 (flavored varieties)VariantsSnap Frost (blue)French Vanilla (beige)Red Berry (red)Coconut (silver)Peach (orange)Amaretto (brown)Pineapple (yellow)Apple (green)Mango
(pink)Pink Grapefruit (pink)Summer Colada (gold)Black Raspberry (black)Summer Citrus Summer Watermelon (red)Pomegranate burgundyWhite Grape (gold)Websiteciroc.com
Cîroc is a brand of alcoholic beverages produced in France since 2003 and owned by the British-based multinational alcoholic beverage maker Diageo. The brand family includes vodka, flavored products containing vodka, and brandy. From 2007 the marketing and promotion for Cîroc in the United States was in conjunction with rapper Sean Combs in an "equal-share venture" with profits from the brand being split between Combs and Diageo, but this was terminated in 2024 after a legal dispute, leaving Diageo the sole owner.
Etymology
The name "Cîroc" is a portmanteau of the French word cime, meaning peak or summit-top, and roche, meaning rock, a reference to the high-altitude vineyards of the Gaillac region where Mauzac grapes are grown (the 'î' in the Cîroc logo is the i-circumflex letter used in the French language.)
Vodka production process
Cîroc's vodka is distinguished from nearly all other vodkas by being derived from grapes, rather than using grain, potatoes, or maize (corn). It is distilled to a very high level of alcohol by volume (ABV) concentration – about 96% (roughly the practical limit of ordinary distillation practices due to the ethanol and water becoming an azeotrope mixture) and is not aged or flavored before being diluted with water to 40% ABV (80 U.S. proof) for bottling, and thus fulfills the criteria for labeling as vodka (which in the United States requires at least 95% distillation concentration and 40% ABV bottling concentration for vodka).
The producer of Cîroc emphasizes its being distilled five times. The first four distillations use column stills and the final distillation is performed in a traditional copper pot still at the Distillerie de Chevanceaux.
Flavored products containing vodka
Since 2010, the Cîroc brand has included a family of flavored drinks containing vodka. In the United States, these flavored beverages are bottled at 70 U.S. proof (35% ABV) – a lower ABV level than (unflavored) vodka, although much higher than that of a typical mixed drink. In the United States, the labels of these products say "made with vodka" rather than simply "vodka", although they are referred to as vodkas on the company website.
The brand introduced two flavored varieties to the market in 2010: Red Berry and Coconut. In 2011, the company added a Peach flavor. In May 2013, Cîroc and Puff Daddy announced that a new flavor would be released called Cîroc Amaretto. On 15 July 2014, Combs announced via his Instagram page that Cîroc Pineapple would be the next flavor. In 2015, he announced a green apple flavor, in 2016 DJ Khaled was signed as another brand ambassador co-promoting a new mango flavor, and in 2017 Puff Daddy announced a French vanilla flavor to be produced in partnership with hip-hop artist French Montana. As of October 2021, the U.S. brand offerings include seven main-line flavor varieties: Mango, Apple, Pineapple, Red Berry, Coconut, Peach, and French Vanilla, and four "limited edition" varieties: White Grape, Summer Citrus, Summer Watermelon, and Pomegranate. In April 2022 Ciroc introduce one more flavor as CÎROC PASSION.
Brandy
Cîroc VS Brandy, bottled at 80 U.S. proof (40% ABV), was added to the brand family in June 2018. It is a blend of aged French brandies, some of which is distilled in copper pot stills and aged in French oak. A review in The Spirits Business said its taste profile has "'rich' notes of fresh fruit, vanilla and a hint of French oak". In brandy production, "VS" is an abbreviation for "very special" and typically refers to a blend in which the youngest brandy has been aged for at least two years in a cask.
Background
Cîroc was founded in France by Jean-Sébastien Robicquet, whose family is from the wine-growing region of Bordeaux. Robicquet, whose family has been in the wine and spirits business since the early 17th century, had studied winemaking in university before moving into spirits production. Having worked for French cognac-maker Hennessy for ten years, he was approached by the British-based Diageo – which owns a 34% stake in Hennessy – to produce a vodka made from grapes as opposed to grain or potato common among most vodka. Jean-Sebastien Robicquet is recognized as a "Commander of Bordeaux" by the Great Council of Bordeaux for his accomplishments in the field of wine/liquor.
Marketing
Marketing campaign history
When the brand was launched in 2003, NFL football player Earl Little was one of the first American brand ambassadors to promote the beverage in the U.S. market. It was introduced to nightclubs and venues throughout the United States and marketed especially in cities such as Atlanta and Miami.
In 2007, Jay-Z became a brand ambassador for the vodka brand, which had been struggling to sell 40,000 cases in its first few years on the market. In December 2007, the commercial for Cîroc had Sean Combs calling the drink the "official vodka of New Year's" after brand became official sponsor for Cîroc The New Year event. Describing his ambassadorship of the brand, Combs sometimes jokingly refers to himself as "Cîroc Obama". Combs's brand evangelism improved sales substantially; By 2014, the brand was selling more than two million cases per year.
Following the success of the partnership, Combs and Diageo also co-purchased the DeLeón Tequila brand in December 2013. Combs's ownership of the liquor brands is managed through his company Combs Enterprises, which also includes AquaHydrate bottled water and various non-beverage businesses.
The Colangelo brand development company was involved in the development of brand positioning.
Brand Development agency Haines McGregor are responsible for Global research, positioning and identity development for Cîroc. The work included the development of brand guidelines and growth driver tool-kits for all markets.
On 14 December 2011, the company began airing a "Luck Be a Lady" advertising campaign for ultra premium vodka, directed by Anthony Mandler. The ads feature a group of elegantly dressed friends (Puff Daddy, Frank Vincent, Eva Pigford, Michael K. Williams, Aaron Paul, Dania Ramirez, Chrissy Teigen, and Jesse Williams) enjoying a festive night on the town.
Other artists such as DJ Khaled (added in 2016) and rapper French Montana (starting in 2017) have also been involved in the brand's development and marketing.
In 2020, Cîroc introduced a #CÎROCStands initiative, which encouraged voting in the 2020 United States elections and was expanded to promote Black-owned businesses and especially businesses owned by Black women.
In Nigeria, Cîroc promoted fashion entrepreneur Ozinna Anumudu as its "newly unveiled member of the Cîroc circle" in September 2021.
Lack of sponsorship disclosure
The brand's marketing on social media has come under criticism for a lack of adequate disclosure of paid promotional activities. In 2017, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) sent a letter to Puff Daddy and 45 other celebrities to remind them of legal requirements to properly disclose their paid sponsorships, and in early 2018 the Truth in Advertising watchdog organization (abbreviated TINA) sent a letter of complaint to DJ Khaled and Diageo expressing concerns about Cîroc. Later in 2018, TINA sent a letter of complaint to the FTC, pointing out the actions of 50 influencers that it said were in violation of disclosure requirements involving their promotion of the Cîroc brand. These influencers included Puff Daddy, DJ Khaled, French Montana, Alessandra Ambrosio, Cassie, Bow Wow, and Ashanti. DJ Khaled later removed the problematic advertisements that he was involved with, which had included more than 300 promotions of Cîroc and other brands between June 2017 and March 2018. TINA also complained that the brand's promotion activities included material likely to reach audiences who are under the legal drinking age.
See also
Liquor portal
References
^ a b "Cîroc – Our Roots". Cîroc. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
^ "How A Splash of Premium Vodka and 2 Parts Diddy Catapulted Cîroc". MadameNoire. 11 April 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
^ a b Cleary, Andrew (30 October 2009). "Diageo Turns to Dutch, Diddy Partnerships for Vodka Expansion". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 1 May 2011.
^ "Diddy and drinks giant Diageo settle dispute over tequila". BBC News. 17 January 2024.
^ "Diageo.com – Ciroc". Archived from the original on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
^ Connor, Jamie. "Cîroc". Prezi.
^ a b "United States Code of Federal Regulations 27 CFR 5.22(a) Standards of Identity for Distilled Spirits".
^ "Brand Heritage and Distillation Process". Cîroc. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
^ a b "Our Vodkas". Cîroc. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
^ "Ciroc And Diddy Reveal The Newest Flavor: Amaretto". The Source. 31 May 2013.
^ "Diddy's Luck Be A Lady Cîroc Commercial (extended version) ". soulculture.co.uk. 21 December 2011.
^ "Buy Ciroc Pineapple from Azure Drinks". Azure Drinks. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
^ Ketchum, William E. III (17 October 2016). "DJ Khaled Talks Becoming the Face of CÎROC Mango, Forthcoming Book & Love for Hillary Clinton". Billboard.
^ Diddy (10 August 2017). "Hip Hop Can Get Money Together!". YouTube. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021.
^ "liqinfluencer.com Website". Retrieved 22 July 2022.
^ a b c Carruthers, Nicola (12 June 2018). "Cîroc vodka moves into brandy". The Spirits Business. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
^ "All about Cognac – Reading a label". Bureau National Interprofessionnel du Cognac. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
^ a b c d "My life in food: Jean-Sebastien Robicquet, founder, Cîroc vodka". Independent.co.uk. 15 August 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
^ a b c "Jean-Sebastien Robicquet: The genius behind Vodka". The Gleaner. 31 May 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
^ "Distilleride Chevanceauxin (Ciroc Distillery): Jean-Sébastien Robicquet". Difford's Guide. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
^ a b Banks, Alec (2017). "How Diddy Became the Highest Paid Musician Without Releasing an Album". High Snobiety. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
^ Paine, Jake (30 December 2009). "Diddy & Ciroc Offer Cabfare and Metrocards For New Years Eve". HipHopDX. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
^ Heine, Christopher (17 November 2015). "Sean 'Diddy' Combs Is Rebranding Ciroc for the Millennial Mindset". Adweek. Retrieved 9 October 2021.
^ "Sean 'Diddy' Combs buys premium tequila brand DeLeon with Diageo". The Guardian. 8 January 2014.
^ "Combs Enterprises". Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
^ "CÎROC Vodka for All". Colangelo. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
^ Gabbara, Princess (24 September 2021). "Meet The Marketing Pro Behind Diddy's Cîroc Vodka & DeLeón Tequila". Bustle. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
^ "Ciroc unveils Ozinna in plush Summer Brunch Party". BellaNaija. 26 September 2021.
^ a b Notopoulos, Katie (12 December 2018). "Cîroc Ads By Diddy And Others Violate FTC Rules On Influencer Ads Once Again, An Advocacy Group Said". Buzzfeed News.
^ Marr, Madeleine (7 February 2019). "DJ Khaled was under fire about his alcohol use. So he did something about it". Miami Herald.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alcoholic beverages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beverages"},{"link_name":"multinational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation"},{"link_name":"Diageo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diageo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OurRoots-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-madamenoire-2"},{"link_name":"vodka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodka"},{"link_name":"brandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy"},{"link_name":"Sean Combs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Combs"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ciroc2009-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Brand of French alcoholic beveragesCîroc is a brand of alcoholic beverages produced in France since 2003 and owned by the British-based multinational alcoholic beverage maker Diageo.[1][2] The brand family includes vodka, flavored products containing vodka, and brandy. From 2007 the marketing and promotion for Cîroc in the United States was in conjunction with rapper Sean Combs in an \"equal-share venture\" with profits from the brand being split between Combs and Diageo,[3] but this was terminated in 2024 after a legal dispute, leaving Diageo the sole owner.[4]","title":"Cîroc"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"portmanteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau"},{"link_name":"Gaillac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaillac_AOC"},{"link_name":"Mauzac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauzac_(grape)"},{"link_name":"i-circumflex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8E"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The name \"Cîroc\" is a portmanteau of the French word cime, meaning peak or summit-top, and roche, meaning rock, a reference to the high-altitude vineyards of the Gaillac region where Mauzac grapes are grown (the 'î' in the Cîroc logo is the i-circumflex letter used in the French language.)[5][6]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"grain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain"},{"link_name":"potatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato"},{"link_name":"maize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"},{"link_name":"alcohol by volume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume"},{"link_name":"ethanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol"},{"link_name":"azeotrope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeotrope"},{"link_name":"U.S. proof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._proof"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIDS-7"},{"link_name":"column stills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_still"},{"link_name":"pot still","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot_still"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Cîroc's vodka is distinguished from nearly all other vodkas by being derived from grapes, rather than using grain, potatoes, or maize (corn). It is distilled to a very high level of alcohol by volume (ABV) concentration – about 96% (roughly the practical limit of ordinary distillation practices due to the ethanol and water becoming an azeotrope mixture) and is not aged or flavored before being diluted with water to 40% ABV (80 U.S. proof) for bottling, and thus fulfills the criteria for labeling as vodka (which in the United States requires at least 95% distillation concentration and 40% ABV bottling concentration for vodka).[7]The producer of Cîroc emphasizes its being distilled five times. The first four distillations use column stills and the final distillation is performed in a traditional copper pot still at the Distillerie de Chevanceaux.[8]","title":"Vodka production process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. proof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._proof"},{"link_name":"ABV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_by_volume"},{"link_name":"mixed drink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_drink"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIDS-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OurVodkas-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"green apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granny_Smith"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"DJ Khaled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Khaled"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"French vanilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_vanilla"},{"link_name":"French Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Montana"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OurVodkas-9"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Since 2010, the Cîroc brand has included a family of flavored drinks containing vodka. In the United States, these flavored beverages are bottled at 70 U.S. proof (35% ABV) – a lower ABV level than (unflavored) vodka, although much higher than that of a typical mixed drink. In the United States, the labels of these products say \"made with vodka\" rather than simply \"vodka\", although they are referred to as vodkas on the company website.[7][9]The brand introduced two flavored varieties to the market in 2010: Red Berry and Coconut. In 2011, the company added a Peach flavor. In May 2013, Cîroc and Puff Daddy announced that a new flavor would be released called Cîroc Amaretto.[10] On 15 July 2014, Combs announced via his Instagram page that Cîroc Pineapple would be the next flavor. In 2015, he announced a green apple flavor,[11][12] in 2016 DJ Khaled was signed as another brand ambassador co-promoting a new mango flavor,[13] and in 2017 Puff Daddy announced a French vanilla flavor to be produced in partnership with hip-hop artist French Montana.[14] As of October 2021, the U.S. brand offerings include seven main-line flavor varieties: Mango, Apple, Pineapple, Red Berry, Coconut, Peach, and French Vanilla, and four \"limited edition\" varieties: White Grape, Summer Citrus, Summer Watermelon, and Pomegranate.[9] In April 2022 Ciroc introduce one more flavor as CÎROC PASSION.[15]","title":"Flavored products containing vodka"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSBbrandy2018-16"},{"link_name":"pot stills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot_still"},{"link_name":"French oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak_(wine)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSBbrandy2018-16"},{"link_name":"The Spirits Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spirits_Business"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSBbrandy2018-16"},{"link_name":"VS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy#Labelling_of_grades"},{"link_name":"cask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel#Brandy"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNIC_etiquette-17"}],"text":"Cîroc VS Brandy, bottled at 80 U.S. proof (40% ABV), was added to the brand family in June 2018.[16] It is a blend of aged French brandies, some of which is distilled in copper pot stills and aged in French oak.[16] A review in The Spirits Business said its taste profile has \"'rich' notes of fresh fruit, vanilla and a hint of French oak\".[16] In brandy production, \"VS\" is an abbreviation for \"very special\" and typically refers to a blend in which the youngest brandy has been aged for at least two years in a cask.[17]","title":"Brandy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean-Sébastien Robicquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-S%C3%A9bastien_Robicquet"},{"link_name":"wine-growing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux_wine"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robicquet1-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robicquet2-19"},{"link_name":"spirits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilled_beverage"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robicquet1-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robicquet3-20"},{"link_name":"cognac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognac"},{"link_name":"Hennessy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hennessy"},{"link_name":"Diageo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diageo"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robicquet1-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robicquet2-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robicquet1-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robicquet2-19"}],"text":"Cîroc was founded in France by Jean-Sébastien Robicquet, whose family is from the wine-growing region of Bordeaux.[18][19] Robicquet, whose family has been in the wine and spirits business since the early 17th century, had studied winemaking in university before moving into spirits production.[18][20] Having worked for French cognac-maker Hennessy for ten years, he was approached by the British-based Diageo – which owns a 34% stake in Hennessy – to produce a vodka made from grapes as opposed to grain or potato common among most vodka.[18][19] Jean-Sebastien Robicquet is recognized as a \"Commander of Bordeaux\" by the Great Council of Bordeaux for his accomplishments in the field of wine/liquor.[18][19]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Marketing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NFL football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Earl Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Little"},{"link_name":"brand ambassadors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_ambassadors"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HighSnobiety-21"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"Cîroc The New Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C3%AEroc_The_New_Year&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ciroc2009-3"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HighSnobiety-21"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"DeLeón Tequila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeLe%C3%B3n_Tequila"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Combs Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combs_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"bottled water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottled_water"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Haines McGregor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haines_McGregor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Luck Be a Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luck_Be_a_Lady"},{"link_name":"Anthony Mandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Mandler"},{"link_name":"Frank Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Vincent"},{"link_name":"Eva Pigford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Pigford"},{"link_name":"Michael K. Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_K._Williams"},{"link_name":"Aaron Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Paul"},{"link_name":"Dania Ramirez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dania_Ramirez"},{"link_name":"Chrissy Teigen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrissy_Teigen"},{"link_name":"Jesse Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Williams_(actor)"},{"link_name":"DJ Khaled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Khaled"},{"link_name":"French Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Montana"},{"link_name":"2020 United States elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_elections"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Marketing campaign history","text":"When the brand was launched in 2003, NFL football player Earl Little was one of the first American brand ambassadors to promote the beverage in the U.S. market.[21] It was introduced to nightclubs and venues throughout the United States and marketed especially in cities such as Atlanta and Miami.In 2007, Jay-Z became a brand ambassador for the vodka brand, which had been struggling to sell 40,000 cases in its first few years on the market. In December 2007, the commercial for Cîroc had Sean Combs calling the drink the \"official vodka of New Year's\" after brand became official sponsor for Cîroc The New Year event.[22] Describing his ambassadorship of the brand, Combs sometimes jokingly refers to himself as \"Cîroc Obama\". Combs's brand evangelism improved sales substantially;[3] By 2014, the brand was selling more than two million cases per year.[21][23]Following the success of the partnership, Combs and Diageo also co-purchased the DeLeón Tequila brand in December 2013.[24] Combs's ownership of the liquor brands is managed through his company Combs Enterprises, which also includes AquaHydrate bottled water and various non-beverage businesses.[25]The Colangelo brand development company was involved in the development of brand positioning.[26]\nBrand Development agency Haines McGregor are responsible for Global research, positioning and identity development for Cîroc. The work included the development of brand guidelines and growth driver tool-kits for all markets.[citation needed]On 14 December 2011, the company began airing a \"Luck Be a Lady\" advertising campaign for ultra premium vodka, directed by Anthony Mandler. The ads feature a group of elegantly dressed friends (Puff Daddy, Frank Vincent, Eva Pigford, Michael K. Williams, Aaron Paul, Dania Ramirez, Chrissy Teigen, and Jesse Williams) enjoying a festive night on the town.Other artists such as DJ Khaled (added in 2016) and rapper French Montana (starting in 2017) have also been involved in the brand's development and marketing.In 2020, Cîroc introduced a #CÎROCStands initiative, which encouraged voting in the 2020 United States elections and was expanded to promote Black-owned businesses and especially businesses owned by Black women.[27]In Nigeria, Cîroc promoted fashion entrepreneur Ozinna Anumudu as its \"newly unveiled member of the Cîroc circle\" in September 2021.[28]","title":"Marketing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"U.S. Federal Trade Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Federal_Trade_Commission"},{"link_name":"Truth in Advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_in_Advertising_(organization)"},{"link_name":"Alessandra Ambrosio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandra_Ambrosio"},{"link_name":"Cassie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassie_Ventura"},{"link_name":"Bow Wow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_Wow_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Ashanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FTCads-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FTCads-29"}],"sub_title":"Lack of sponsorship disclosure","text":"The brand's marketing on social media has come under criticism for a lack of adequate disclosure of paid promotional activities. In 2017, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) sent a letter to Puff Daddy and 45 other celebrities to remind them of legal requirements to properly disclose their paid sponsorships, and in early 2018 the Truth in Advertising watchdog organization (abbreviated TINA) sent a letter of complaint to DJ Khaled and Diageo expressing concerns about Cîroc. Later in 2018, TINA sent a letter of complaint to the FTC, pointing out the actions of 50 influencers that it said were in violation of disclosure requirements involving their promotion of the Cîroc brand. These influencers included Puff Daddy, DJ Khaled, French Montana, Alessandra Ambrosio, Cassie, Bow Wow, and Ashanti.[29] DJ Khaled later removed the problematic advertisements that he was involved with, which had included more than 300 promotions of Cîroc and other brands between June 2017 and March 2018.[30] TINA also complained that the brand's promotion activities included material likely to reach audiences who are under the legal drinking age.[29]","title":"Marketing"}]
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[]
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Retrieved 1 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924151558/https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aJC.eTdMO4vk","url_text":"\"Diageo Turns to Dutch, Diddy Partnerships for Vodka Expansion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_News","url_text":"Bloomberg"},{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aJC.eTdMO4vk","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Diddy and drinks giant Diageo settle dispute over tequila\". BBC News. 17 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-68002039","url_text":"\"Diddy and drinks giant Diageo settle dispute over tequila\""}]},{"reference":"\"Diageo.com – Ciroc\". Archived from the original on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101007042128/http://www.diageo.com/en-row/ourbrands/categories/spirits/Pages/Vodka.aspx#ciroc","url_text":"\"Diageo.com – Ciroc\""},{"url":"http://www.diageo.com/en-row/ourbrands/categories/spirits/Pages/Vodka.aspx#ciroc","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Connor, Jamie. \"Cîroc\". Prezi.","urls":[{"url":"https://prezi.com/g17p7tcqg7j4/ciroc/","url_text":"\"Cîroc\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezi","url_text":"Prezi"}]},{"reference":"\"United States Code of Federal Regulations 27 CFR 5.22(a) Standards of Identity for Distilled Spirits\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-27/chapter-I/subchapter-A/part-5/subpart-C","url_text":"\"United States Code of Federal Regulations 27 CFR 5.22(a) Standards of Identity for Distilled Spirits\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brand Heritage and Distillation Process\". Cîroc. Retrieved 8 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://ciroc.com/abouts/view/5","url_text":"\"Brand Heritage and Distillation Process\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Vodkas\". Cîroc. Retrieved 7 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ciroc.com/en-us/vodkas","url_text":"\"Our Vodkas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ciroc And Diddy Reveal The Newest Flavor: Amaretto\". The Source. 31 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://thesource.com/2013/05/31/ciroc-unveils-the-newest-flavor-amaretto/","url_text":"\"Ciroc And Diddy Reveal The Newest Flavor: Amaretto\""}]},{"reference":"\"Diddy's Luck Be A Lady Cîroc Commercial (extended version) [Video]\". soulculture.co.uk. 21 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soulculture.co.uk/culture-2/film-tv/diddys-luck-be-a-lady-ciroc-commercial-extended-version-video/","url_text":"\"Diddy's Luck Be A Lady Cîroc Commercial (extended version) [Video]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Buy Ciroc Pineapple from Azure Drinks\". Azure Drinks. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 29 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095028/http://www.azuredrinks.co.uk/ciroc-pineapple/","url_text":"\"Buy Ciroc Pineapple from Azure Drinks\""},{"url":"http://www.azuredrinks.co.uk/ciroc-pineapple/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ketchum, William E. III (17 October 2016). \"DJ Khaled Talks Becoming the Face of CÎROC Mango, Forthcoming Book & Love for Hillary Clinton\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/hip-hop/7542086/dj-khaled-ciroc-mango-the-keys-hillary-clinton","url_text":"\"DJ Khaled Talks Becoming the Face of CÎROC Mango, Forthcoming Book & Love for Hillary Clinton\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Diddy (10 August 2017). \"Hip Hop Can Get Money Together!\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=84i79CjjvKE","url_text":"\"Hip Hop Can Get Money Together!\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211213/84i79CjjvKE","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"liqinfluencer.com Website\". Retrieved 22 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://liqinfluencer.com/product-category/ciroc/","url_text":"\"liqinfluencer.com Website\""}]},{"reference":"Carruthers, Nicola (12 June 2018). \"Cîroc vodka moves into brandy\". The Spirits Business. Retrieved 8 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thespiritsbusiness.com/2018/06/diageo-moves-into-brandy-with-ciroc-vs/","url_text":"\"Cîroc vodka moves into brandy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spirits_Business","url_text":"The Spirits Business"}]},{"reference":"\"All about Cognac – Reading a label\". Bureau National Interprofessionnel du Cognac. Archived from the original on 23 December 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161223223212/http://www.bnic.fr/cognac/_en/2_cognac/index.aspx?page=etiquette","url_text":"\"All about Cognac – Reading a label\""},{"url":"http://www.bnic.fr/cognac/_en/2_cognac/index.aspx?page=etiquette","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"My life in food: Jean-Sebastien Robicquet, founder, Cîroc vodka\". Independent.co.uk. 15 August 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/features/my-life-in-food-jeansebastien-robicquet-founder-croc-vodka-8764346.html","url_text":"\"My life in food: Jean-Sebastien Robicquet, founder, Cîroc vodka\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent.co.uk","url_text":"Independent.co.uk"}]},{"reference":"\"Jean-Sebastien Robicquet: The genius behind Vodka\". The Gleaner. 31 May 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20130531/social/social2.html","url_text":"\"Jean-Sebastien Robicquet: The genius behind Vodka\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gleaner","url_text":"The Gleaner"}]},{"reference":"\"Distilleride Chevanceauxin (Ciroc Distillery): Jean-Sébastien Robicquet\". Difford's Guide. Retrieved 9 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.diffordsguide.com/producers/1446/ciroc-distillery-ewg/history","url_text":"\"Distilleride Chevanceauxin (Ciroc Distillery): Jean-Sébastien Robicquet\""}]},{"reference":"Banks, Alec (2017). \"How Diddy Became the Highest Paid Musician Without Releasing an Album\". High Snobiety. Retrieved 9 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.highsnobiety.com/p/diddy-highest-paid-musician/","url_text":"\"How Diddy Became the Highest Paid Musician Without Releasing an Album\""}]},{"reference":"Paine, Jake (30 December 2009). \"Diddy & Ciroc Offer Cabfare and Metrocards For New Years Eve\". HipHopDX. Retrieved 16 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.10351/title.diddy-ciroc-offer-cabfare-and-metrocards-for-new-years-eve","url_text":"\"Diddy & Ciroc Offer Cabfare and Metrocards For New Years Eve\""}]},{"reference":"Heine, Christopher (17 November 2015). \"Sean 'Diddy' Combs Is Rebranding Ciroc for the Millennial Mindset\". Adweek. Retrieved 9 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/sean-diddy-combs-rebranding-ciroc-millennial-mindset-161454/","url_text":"\"Sean 'Diddy' Combs Is Rebranding Ciroc for the Millennial Mindset\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adweek","url_text":"Adweek"}]},{"reference":"\"Sean 'Diddy' Combs buys premium tequila brand DeLeon with Diageo\". The Guardian. 8 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/jan/08/sean-diddy-combs-buys-deleon-tequila-diageo","url_text":"\"Sean 'Diddy' Combs buys premium tequila brand DeLeon with Diageo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Combs Enterprises\". Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zden%C4%9Bk_Burian
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Zdeněk Burian
|
["1 Early life and career","2 Palaeoart","2.1 Collaboration with Josef Augusta (1937–1968)","2.2 Later work (1968–1981)","2.3 Palaeoartistic style","3 Personal life","4 Legacy","5 Partial bibliography","5.1 Palaeoartistic illustration","5.2 Posthumous art collections","6 References","7 External links"]
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Czech painter, book illustrator and palaeoartist
Zdeněk BurianBorn(1905-02-11)11 February 1905Kopřivnice, Moravia, Austria-HungaryDied1 July 1981(1981-07-01) (aged 76)Prague, CzechoslovakiaNationalityCzechAlma materAcademy of Fine Arts, PragueOccupation(s)Painter, illustratorYears active1921–1981SpouseFrantiška LoudováChildren1
Zdeněk Michael František Burian (11 February 1905 – 1 July 1981) was a Czech painter, book illustrator and palaeoartist. Burian's artwork played a central role in the development of palaeontological reconstruction and he is regarded as one of the most influential palaeoartists of all time.
Burian began his career as an illustrator in the 1920s and became famous in his native Czechoslovakia for his illustrations of novels, mainly adventure novels and classic works. His illustrations of the novel The Mammoth Hunters (1937) by Eduard Štorch gained the attention of the Czech palaeontologist Josef Augusta, who collaborated with Burian as a scientific advisor. Their collaboration resulted in Burian's work being used in a number of books on prehistoric life written by Augusta, culminating in a series of six great illustrated volumes published in 1956–1966, the most famous of which was Prehistoric Animals (1956). After Augusta's death in 1968, Burian worked with numerous other scientists. He continued to produce artwork for further books, as well as for magazines and museums.
It is not known precisely how many paintings Burian produced, with estimates ranging between 1000 and 20,000. Between 500 and 800 of his paintings were prehistoric reconstructions. In total, his illustrations were published in over 500 books, out of which approximately two dozen were on prehistory. Many of his paintings have reached an iconic status; they were extensively copied by later artists and influenced conceptions of dinosaurs and how they were depicted in popular culture.
Early life and career
Zdeněk Michael František Burian was born on 11 February 1905 in the town of Kopřivnice, then part of Moravia in Austria-Hungary. In his youth, Burian's talent for art was noticed by his art teacher A. P. Bartoň, who encouraged him to pursue further artistic education.
In 1919, Burian graduated from a municipal school and began an education in art at the Academy of Fine Arts in Prague. Burian did not complete his education at the academy. He completed his second year in July 1920 and began the third year, though dropped out in the fall of 1920. Instead of pursuing further studies, Burian began to make a living as an illustrator. The first book to be illustrated by Burian, a Czech edition of Robert Louis Stevenson's Kidnapped, was released in 1921.
In the interwar period (i.e. 1918–1939), Burian became famous in Czechoslovakia as an illustrator of adventure novels and classic works. He collaborated with numerous publishers and illustrated Czech releases of the works of authors such as Jules Verne, Karl May, Jack London, Rudyard Kipling, and Daniel Defoe. Burian also illustrated books by Czech authors, such as Jaroslav Foglar, as well as explorers and travellers, such as Emil Holub, Alberto Vojtěch Frič, and Enrique Stanko Vráz . In terms of style, Burian was very much influenced by artists of the nineteenth century and never leaned towards any particular artistic movement.
Although Burian continued to paint artwork for adventure novels through most of his life and such art accounts for the greatest share of his output, he is for the most part only known internationally for his palaeontological and palaeoanthropological artwork. Burian is most well-known both in the Czech Republic and internationally for his oil paintings. In addition to these, he also produced many gouache paintings and line drawings.
Palaeoart
Collaboration with Josef Augusta (1937–1968)
Burian (left) with Josef Augusta, looking at Burian's Iguanodon (1950)
Burian began painting artwork depicting prehistoric life in the 1930s, the first completed painting being a 1935 piece depicting two temnospondyls. He is known to have been inspired to pursue palaeoart by the paintings of the American painter Charles R. Knight, with additional inspiration perhaps also coming in the form of childhood experiences at fossil sites. In the twentieth century, it was common for palaeontological reconstructions to only be produced through the efforts of paired artists and palaeontological advisors and authors. There were several such pairs, although the pairing of Burian and the palaeontologist Josef Augusta remains one of the most famous. Augusta approached Burian about collaborating after Burian illustrated the adventure novel The Mammoth Hunters (Širým světem) by Eduard Štorch in 1937.
Burian's first painting known to have been completed with the advice and oversight of Augusta was a 1938 oil painting depicting Trachodons being attacked by a Tyrannosaurus rex. This painting, along with others, was published in the early 1940s in serials written by Augusta, called The Wonders of the Prehistoric World (Divy prasvěta). Prior to the end of the Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1945, Augusta and Burian's work was suppressed by the occupation authorities. Through the late 1940s, Burian illustrated several of Augusta's palaeontology-themed short stories. He would through the 1950s also go on to illustrate a number of books, collaborate with other researchers, and provide paintings for museums and other institutions.
The most well-known result of Augusta and Burian's collaboration was a series of six great volumes on prehistoric life published by Atria; Prehistoric Animals (1956), Prehistoric Man (1960), Prehistoric Reptiles and Birds (1961), The Book of Mammoths (1962), Prehistoric Sea Monsters (1964), and The Age of Monsters (1966). These large-format books were first only published in Czechoslovakia but eventually reached international publishers and garnered Burian popularity worldwide in countries such as Germany, France, England, Japan, and Italy. The American palaeontologist Stephen Jay Gould assessed Prehistoric Animals as one of the three most influential books on prehistory published in the twentieth century.
Later work (1968–1981)
A display showing some of Burian's palaeoartFollowing Augusta's death in 1968, Burian collaborated with various other scientists. This later period of his career in palaeontological art also coincided with the discoveries and art trends of the Dinosaur renaissance, to which Burian reacted positively and worked to adapt. Even before the Dinosaur Renaissance, Burian worked to depict dinosaurs as active animals with mammal or bird-like musculature and limb movements, unlike many artists of his time. Among the artwork produced by Burian in the early 1970s is a painting of Velociraptor as an active and fast-moving creature, produced at a time when Robert Bakker's arguments for such depictions were still relatively unknown. Although Burian's early paintings of sauropod dinosaurs tended to depict them as sluggish animals, in-line with conceptions at the time, his later (after c. 1970) sauropods show them as active and fully terrestrial animals. In some cases, Burian was the first to paint certain ideas about the behaviours of prehistoric life, such as scenes with pterosaurs feeding their young.
Prominent scientists with whom Burian collaborated and illustrated books after 1968 include Zdeněk Špinar, Josef Wolf, Josef Beneš, and Vratislav Mazák. Under the advice of these researchers, Burian was able to incorporate new discoveries into his paintings, such as including pycnofibres on pterosaurs. Paintings produced by Burian after 1968 have sometimes been described as more "flat and uninteresting" than his previous work; he was during this time requested by publishers to portray animals in this way and to showcase them as individual figures rather than as part of a group. Many of the books published during this period nevertheless also reused many of the paintings and illustrations Burian had produced during the preceding time with Augusta, sometimes in slightly updated versions. In the 1960s, Burian also began collaborating with international authors and publishers, particularly in Italy.
Palaeoartistic style
Burian had no access to the actual fossil material of the different prehistoric animals he illustrated and painted. For the most part his work was based on illustrations and published descriptions of the bones. In the vast majority of cases, he only had a single photograph to serve as the basis of a painting. Despite this, Burian's work paid close attention to skeletal anatomy and form. He is for instance considered to in many cases surpass Charles R. Knight in the adherence to the underlying skeletal anatomy of his animals, despite Knight often working more closely with museums and having access to their collections. Burian's process of reconstruction was a lengthy one. He began by creating several sketches for each scene, the most important of which were skeletal reconstructions of the animals to be depicted. These skeletal reconstructions, sometimes done in different poses, were sometimes followed by sketches of their musculature.
Burian's artwork has been described as having a certain romantic touch, absent in the majority of palaeoart produced after his time. The paintings are for the most part free of scenes depicting fighting or other brutality and are almost entirely without blood. In the few cases where fighting animals are depicted, it is usually just before any damage is done. There are several scenes where the animals, although depicted in a naturalistic manner, are imbued with personality, sympathy or antipathy, such as depictions of an old and lonely Iguanodon in a "cemetery of its species" (painted in 1950) or a famous painting of a "heroic" Tarbosaurus (painted in 1970).
Burian's palaeoartistic work was not limited to paintings of dinosaurs but depicted various prehistoric animals, as well as prehistoric plants and landscapes. He very rarely used the "overcrowded" format common in some historical palaeoart; this style pushed together several animal species into a confined landscape in order to be able to depict all of them. Burian's palaeoart is noteworthy for its uses of plants and environments. Many palaeoartists before (including Knight) and after Burian were highly "zoocentric", paying little attention to plants and relegating them either to simplistic renditions in the background or omitting them entirely. Compared with Knight's nearly universal use of plants such as palm trees and grass in the background, Burian's selection of plant life almost always appears plausible. His renditions of plants, although often also confined to the background, were always detailed and naturalistic. Several of Burian's paintings also include plant life as prominently as animals and some of his scenes are entirely devoid of animal life.
Personal life
In the summer of 1924, Burian met Františka Loudová near Vyšehrad in Prague. The two were married on 14 February 1927. On 11 May that year, the couple had a daughter, Eva Hochmanová Burianová. Burian and his family lived in Vršovice in Prague until 1928, when they moved to an apartment in Žižkov (also in Prague). In 1956, they moved to Burian's most famous residence, a villa in Podolí.
In addition to painting prehistoric life out of personal interest and commissions, Burian saw his palaeoart as socially significant in that his paintings were used to spread scientific knowledge. Burian had a particular interest in human evolution and rejected the racist ideas that were still present in scholarship during much of his life; he is quoted to have said that further studies on human origins had the potential to "prove the absurdity of racist theories."
Františka died on 18 October 1979. Burian survived her by little over a year. He died on 1 July 1981 at the Na Františku hospital in Prague due to complications after surgery on the abdominal aorta.
Legacy
Memorial plaque of Zdeněk Burian in KopřivniceMany Burian paintings have become celebrated images of palaeontology and palaeoanthropology. In his native Czech Republic, his paintings are considered national treasures. Although he never achieved quite the same level of international recognition, Burian is sometimes regarded as a European counterpart to Charles R. Knight and he is widely seen as another master in the field. He is regarded as probably the most prolific painter of prehistoric life in twentieth-century Europe and one of the most influential palaeoartists. Particular palaeoartistic paintings by Burian that reached an iconic status and became widespread in the second half of the twentieth century include his Tyrannosaurus with Trachodon (1938), Brachiosaurus (1941), Iguanodon (1950), Brontosaurus (1950), and Tarbosaurus (1970). Burian's Brachiosaurus is one of the most widely used dinosaur paintings ever created. His Iguanodon painting has been referred to as "the most valuable work in the entire history of palaeoart".
It is not known precisely how many paintings Burian produced over the course of his career since he himself never compiled a listing of his work. His palaeontological and palaeoanthropological paintings are thought to number between 500 and 800, and the total number of paintings (including on other subjects) range from anywhere between 1000 and 20,000. In total, Burian's artwork and illustrations have been published in over 500 books. He also illustrated approximately 500 short stories and painted around 600 book covers. Numerous exhibitions with Burian's artwork have been held in the Czech Republic, the largest of which was held in Prague Castle in 2005.
Several of Burian's paintings and designs have been extensively copied by other artists. Some have even been used as the basis for merchandise, including toy designs. Burian's artwork was also influential when it came to depictions of dinosaurs and other prehistoric life in popular culture. Already in 1955, his designs served as the basis of the dinosaurs depicted in the Czech stop-motion film Journey to the Beginning of Time. It is possible that Burian's dinosaurs were among the inspirations for the original design of Godzilla. In 2015, Google Doodle commemorated his 110th birthday.
One of the streets in Burian's home town of Kopřivnice is named after him. In 2000, the minor planet 7867 Burian was named after him. The first validly described dinosaur found in the Czech Republic was in 2017 named Burianosaurus augustai in honour of both Burian and Josef Augusta.
Partial bibliography
Palaeoartistic illustration
In total, Burian illustrated around two dozen books on palaeontology and palaeonthropology, as well as numerous magazine articles. In addition to several books published in Czechoslovakia, he produced paintings for various international books, including encyclopedias, textbooks, and children's books. The list below includes only the main works illustrated by Burian.
Illustrated books on prehistoric life written by Josef Augusta (1956–1966)
Prehistoric Animals (1956), 60 plates
Prehistoric Man (1960), 52 plates
Prehistoric Reptiles and Birds (1961), 39 plates
The Book of Mammoths (1962), 19 plates
Prehistoric Sea Monsters (1964), 21 plates
The Age of Monsters (1966), 23 plates
A seventh volume in the series, an entirely palaeobotanical book with the working title History of the Forests, was being prepared in 1967–1968. Burian painted 17 new paintings for this book, though it was never completed due to Augusta's death early in 1968.
Illustrated books on prehistoric life by other authors (1972–1980)
After Augusta's death, Burian worked with other scientists and illustrated four more main works on prehistoric life that were translated into English.
Life Before Man (1972), written by Zdeněk Špinar.
The Dawn of Man (1978), written by Josef Wolf.
Prehistoric Animals and Plants (1979), written by Josef Beneš.
Prehistoric Man (1980), written by Vratislav Mazák.
Life Before Man reused 130 paintings from the time of the earlier series of books by Augusta, although many of them had never before been published, and also included 27 new oil paintings commissioned specifically for it. The Dawn of Man likewise included both earlier artwork and new palaeoanthropological art produced in the 1970s. Both Prehistoric Animals and Plants and Prehistoric Man were "pocket-sized", contrary to earlier books. Both reused many older images (often cropped due to their smaller format) but also included new artwork, with Animals and Plants featuring sixteen new colour gouaches and Man featuring seven new gouaches and seven new oil paintings.
Posthumous art collections
Only a few attempts have been made to collect Burian's artwork in modern books. In addition to the volumes listed below, some of Burian's palaeoart was featured along work by several other 'classic' palaeoartists in the 2017 art book Paleoart: Visions of the Prehistoric Past by Zoë Lescaze.
Die verlorenen Welten des Zdeněk Burian (2013), German-language art book collecting 230 of Burian's palaeoartistic paintings.
Since 2016, much of Burian's artwork has been collected and published in large Czech-language monographs in the series "The Worlds of Zdeněk Burian", a project headed by Ondřej Müller, Rostislav Walica, and Ondrej Neff. The series is slated to encompass six volumes, out of which four have so far been published.
Dobrodružný svět Zdeňka Buriana (2016), adventure novel artwork 1921–1947.
Podivuhodný svět Zdeňka Buriana (2018), artwork produced for Jules Verne novels 1930s–1940s.
Zapomenutý svět Zdeňka Buriana (2020), obscure and often never before published artwork.
Pravěký svět Zdeňka Buriana (2022–), three-volume set of monographs collecting Burian's palaeoart.
I: Od vzniku Země po zánik dinosaurů (2022), Palaeozoic and Mesozoic artwork. The volume includes 412 illustrations (not just paintings but also other illustrations and sketches), encompassing all of Burian's known pre-Cenozoic palaeoart.
II: Monstra Třetihor a Čtvrtohor (upcoming 2024), Cenozoic artwork.
III: Cesta k Člověku (upcoming), palaeoanthropological artwork
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j Debus, Allen A.; Debus, Diane E. (2002). Paleoimagery: The Evolution of Dinosaurs in Art. McFarland & Company, Publishers. pp. 95, 105–107, 254. ISBN 978-0-7864-1222-8.
^ a b c d e f g h i j "Eva Hochmanová Burianová: Zdeněk Burian – pravěk a dobrodružství. Vzpomínky na malíře lovců mamutů". Plus (in Czech). 21 September 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "ZDENĚK BURIAN | O malíři". burianzdenek.cz. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
^ "Zdeněk Burian - Zdeněk Burian | autorská práva". zdenekburian.com. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
^ a b Werra, Dagmara H.; Woźny, Marzena (2018). Between History and Archaeology: Papers in honour of Jacek Lech. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. p. 463. ISBN 978-1-78491-773-9.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac "Prehistoric World of Zdeněk Burian, Volume 1". albatros.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 2023-03-01.
^ a b c "Zdeněk Burian je mistr detailu, říká galerista a sběratel Jiří Vybíral". Hanácké novinky (in Czech). 2022-12-12. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
^ a b c d e f "A Portrait of Czech Artist Zdenĕk Burian". PragueLife. Retrieved 2023-03-02.
^ a b "Paleophilatelie.eu - Czech 1994". paleophilatelie.eu. Retrieved 2023-03-01.
^ Debus, Allen A. (2006). Dinosaurs in Fantastic Fiction: A Thematic Survey. McFarland. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-7864-2672-0.
^ Moody, Richard; Buffetaut, E. (2010). Dinosaurs and Other Extinct Saurians: A Historical Perspective. Geological Society of London. p. 376. ISBN 978-1-86239-311-0.
^ a b c d e Witton, Mark P. (2018). "The Classic Era: 1890–1970". Palaeoartist's Handbook: Recreating prehistoric animals in art. The Crowood Press. ISBN 978-1-78500-462-9.
^ a b c d Vujaković, Peter (2019). "Battle of the giants: Plants versus animals in idealised landscapes of 'deep time'". Plants, People, Planet. 1 (3): 188–196. doi:10.1002/ppp3.10058. ISSN 2572-2611. S2CID 199105318.
^ Noble, Brian (2016). Articulating Dinosaurs: A Political Anthropology. University of Toronto Press. pp. 435–436. ISBN 978-1-4426-2705-5.
^ a b Moore, Randy (2014). Dinosaurs by the Decades: A Chronology of the Dinosaur in Science and Popular Culture: A Chronology of the Dinosaur in Science and Popular Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-313-39365-5.
^ Lucas, Spencer G.; Estep, John W.; Hoffer, Jerry M. (1998). Permian Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Robledo Mountain, New Mexico: Bulletin 12. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. p. 68.
^ a b c Reichenbach, Herman (2015). "SETZ, Clemens J. and FISCHEL, Angela. Die verlorenen Welten des Zdeněk Burian . Matthes & Seitz, Berlin: 2013 (Naturkunden no. 8). Pp 240; illustrated. Price € 68.00 (hardback). ISBN 9783882210811. MILNER, Richard. Charles R. Knight: the artist who saw through time . Abrams, New York: 2012. Pp 180; illustrated. Price US$ 40.00, £ 24.99 (hardback). ISBN 9780810984790". Archives of Natural History. 42 (1): 192–193. doi:10.3366/anh.2015.0301. ISSN 0260-9541.
^ a b Debus, Allen A. (2022). Kong, Godzilla and the Living Earth: Gaian Environmentalism in Daikaiju Cinema. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-4653-4.
^ Zdeněk Burian’s 110th Birthday
^ Madzia, Daniel; Boyd, Clint A.; Mazuch, Martin (2017). "A basal ornithopod dinosaur from the Cenomanian of the Czech Republic". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 16 (11): 967–979. doi:10.1080/14772019.2017.1371258. S2CID 90008574.
^ a b c d e Colbert, Edwin H. (1980). Evolution of the Vertebrates: A History of the Backboned Animals Through Time. Wiley. p. 471. ISBN 978-0-471-04966-1.
^ Sarmiento, Esteban E.; Mowbray, Kenneth; Sawyer, Gary J.; Milner, Richard; Deak, Viktor; Tattersall, Ian (2007). The Last Human: A Guide to Twenty-two Species of Extinct Humans. Yale University Press. p. 247. ISBN 978-0-300-10047-1.
^ "Review: Paleoart". palaeo-electronica.org. Retrieved 2023-03-01.
^ a b c d e f "DOBRODRUŽNÝ SVĚT ZDEŇKA BURIANA (prvá kniha zo šesťdielnej edície) – leetvanskee.com". leetvanskee.com. Retrieved 2023-03-03.
^ "Dobrodružná vyhlídka #8". albatros.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 2023-03-03.
External links
Gal"lery of 31 paintings with descriptions (in Russian)
Gallery of 152 paintings (in Russian)
Gallery of 60 paintings (in Russian)
Zdenek Burian Museum (in Czech)
Zdenek Burian memorabilia
Zdenek Burian - Illustrations
Zdeněk Burian - Upper Paleolithic large color images
Zdeněk Burian - Middle Paleolithic large color images
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechs"},{"link_name":"palaeoartist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeoart"},{"link_name":"palaeontological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeontology"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Eduard Štorch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_%C5%A0torch"},{"link_name":"Josef Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Augusta_(paleontologist)"}],"text":"Zdeněk Michael František Burian (11 February 1905 – 1 July 1981) was a Czech painter, book illustrator and palaeoartist. Burian's artwork played a central role in the development of palaeontological reconstruction and he is regarded as one of the most influential palaeoartists of all time.Burian began his career as an illustrator in the 1920s and became famous in his native Czechoslovakia for his illustrations of novels, mainly adventure novels and classic works. His illustrations of the novel The Mammoth Hunters (1937) by Eduard Štorch gained the attention of the Czech palaeontologist Josef Augusta, who collaborated with Burian as a scientific advisor. Their collaboration resulted in Burian's work being used in a number of books on prehistoric life written by Augusta, culminating in a series of six great illustrated volumes published in 1956–1966, the most famous of which was Prehistoric Animals (1956). After Augusta's death in 1968, Burian worked with numerous other scientists. He continued to produce artwork for further books, as well as for magazines and museums.It is not known precisely how many paintings Burian produced, with estimates ranging between 1000 and 20,000. Between 500 and 800 of his paintings were prehistoric reconstructions. In total, his illustrations were published in over 500 books, out of which approximately two dozen were on prehistory. Many of his paintings have reached an iconic status; they were extensively copied by later artists and influenced conceptions of dinosaurs and how they were depicted in popular culture.","title":"Zdeněk Burian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kopřivnice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kop%C5%99ivnice"},{"link_name":"Moravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margraviate_of_Moravia"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-3"},{"link_name":"Academy of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts,_Prague"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-2"},{"link_name":"Robert Louis Stevenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson"},{"link_name":"Kidnapped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapped_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"interwar period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interwar_period"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-5"},{"link_name":"Jules Verne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Verne"},{"link_name":"Karl May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_May"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-2"},{"link_name":"Jack London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_London"},{"link_name":"Rudyard Kipling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling"},{"link_name":"Daniel Defoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-3"},{"link_name":"Jaroslav Foglar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaroslav_Foglar"},{"link_name":"Emil Holub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Holub"},{"link_name":"Alberto Vojtěch Frič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Vojt%C4%9Bch_Fri%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"Enrique Stanko Vráz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enrique_Stanko_Vr%C3%A1z&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"cs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Stanko_Vr%C3%A1z"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-7"},{"link_name":"gouache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouache"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-7"}],"text":"Zdeněk Michael František Burian was born on 11 February 1905 in the town of Kopřivnice, then part of Moravia in Austria-Hungary.[1] In his youth, Burian's talent for art was noticed by his art teacher A. P. Bartoň, who encouraged him to pursue further artistic education.[2]In 1919, Burian graduated from a municipal school[3] and began an education in art at the Academy of Fine Arts in Prague.[1][2] Burian did not complete his education at the academy.[2] He completed his second year in July 1920 and began the third year, though dropped out in the fall of 1920.[3] Instead of pursuing further studies, Burian began to make a living as an illustrator.[2] The first book to be illustrated by Burian, a Czech edition of Robert Louis Stevenson's Kidnapped, was released in 1921.[3][4]In the interwar period (i.e. 1918–1939), Burian became famous in Czechoslovakia as an illustrator of adventure novels and classic works.[5] He collaborated with numerous publishers and illustrated Czech releases of the works of authors such as Jules Verne, Karl May,[2] Jack London, Rudyard Kipling, and Daniel Defoe.[3] Burian also illustrated books by Czech authors, such as Jaroslav Foglar, as well as explorers and travellers, such as Emil Holub, Alberto Vojtěch Frič, and Enrique Stanko Vráz [cs].[2] In terms of style, Burian was very much influenced by artists of the nineteenth century and never leaned towards any particular artistic movement.[6]Although Burian continued to paint artwork for adventure novels through most of his life and such art accounts for the greatest share of his output, he is for the most part only known internationally for his palaeontological and palaeoanthropological artwork.[7] Burian is most well-known both in the Czech Republic and internationally for his oil paintings. In addition to these, he also produced many gouache paintings and line drawings.[7]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Palaeoart"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zdenek_Burian_and_Josef_Augusta.jpg"},{"link_name":"Josef Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Augusta_(paleontologist)"},{"link_name":"Iguanodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguanodon"},{"link_name":"temnospondyls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temnospondyli"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"},{"link_name":"Charles R. Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_R._Knight"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Josef Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Augusta_(paleontologist)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Eduard Štorch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_%C5%A0torch"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Trachodons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachodon"},{"link_name":"Tyrannosaurus rex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrannosaurus_rex"},{"link_name":"Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-8"},{"link_name":"Stephen Jay Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-8"}],"sub_title":"Collaboration with Josef Augusta (1937–1968)","text":"Burian (left) with Josef Augusta, looking at Burian's Iguanodon (1950)Burian began painting artwork depicting prehistoric life in the 1930s, the first completed painting being a 1935 piece depicting two temnospondyls.[1] He is known to have been inspired to pursue palaeoart by the paintings of the American painter Charles R. Knight,[1] with additional inspiration perhaps also coming in the form of childhood experiences at fossil sites.[6] In the twentieth century, it was common for palaeontological reconstructions to only be produced through the efforts of paired artists and palaeontological advisors and authors. There were several such pairs, although the pairing of Burian and the palaeontologist Josef Augusta remains one of the most famous.[6] Augusta approached Burian about collaborating after Burian illustrated the adventure novel The Mammoth Hunters (Širým světem) by Eduard Štorch in 1937.[2][6]Burian's first painting known to have been completed with the advice and oversight of Augusta was a 1938 oil painting depicting Trachodons being attacked by a Tyrannosaurus rex. This painting, along with others, was published in the early 1940s in serials written by Augusta, called The Wonders of the Prehistoric World (Divy prasvěta). Prior to the end of the Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1945, Augusta and Burian's work was suppressed by the occupation authorities.[6] Through the late 1940s, Burian illustrated several of Augusta's palaeontology-themed short stories. He would through the 1950s also go on to illustrate a number of books, collaborate with other researchers, and provide paintings for museums and other institutions.[6]The most well-known result of Augusta and Burian's collaboration was a series of six great volumes on prehistoric life published by Atria; Prehistoric Animals (1956), Prehistoric Man (1960), Prehistoric Reptiles and Birds (1961), The Book of Mammoths (1962), Prehistoric Sea Monsters (1964), and The Age of Monsters (1966).[1] These large-format books were first only published in Czechoslovakia but eventually reached international publishers and garnered Burian popularity worldwide in countries such as Germany, France, England, Japan, and Italy.[8] The American palaeontologist Stephen Jay Gould assessed Prehistoric Animals as one of the three most influential books on prehistory published in the twentieth century.[8]","title":"Palaeoart"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zden%C4%9Bk_Burian_display.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dinosaur renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur_renaissance"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-9"},{"link_name":"Velociraptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velociraptor"},{"link_name":"Robert Bakker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bakker"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"sauropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropoda"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Zdeněk Špinar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zden%C4%9Bk_%C5%A0pinar"},{"link_name":"Vratislav Mazák","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vratislav_Maz%C3%A1k"},{"link_name":"pycnofibres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pycnofibres"},{"link_name":"pterosaurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterosaur"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"}],"sub_title":"Later work (1968–1981)","text":"A display showing some of Burian's palaeoartFollowing Augusta's death in 1968, Burian collaborated with various other scientists. This later period of his career in palaeontological art also coincided with the discoveries and art trends of the Dinosaur renaissance, to which Burian reacted positively and worked to adapt.[6] Even before the Dinosaur Renaissance, Burian worked to depict dinosaurs as active animals[8][9] with mammal or bird-like musculature and limb movements, unlike many artists of his time.[9] Among the artwork produced by Burian in the early 1970s is a painting of Velociraptor as an active and fast-moving creature, produced at a time when Robert Bakker's arguments for such depictions were still relatively unknown.[10] Although Burian's early paintings of sauropod dinosaurs tended to depict them as sluggish animals, in-line with conceptions at the time,[11] his later (after c. 1970) sauropods show them as active and fully terrestrial animals.[6] In some cases, Burian was the first to paint certain ideas about the behaviours of prehistoric life, such as scenes with pterosaurs feeding their young.[6]Prominent scientists with whom Burian collaborated and illustrated books after 1968 include Zdeněk Špinar, Josef Wolf, Josef Beneš, and Vratislav Mazák. Under the advice of these researchers, Burian was able to incorporate new discoveries into his paintings, such as including pycnofibres on pterosaurs.[6] Paintings produced by Burian after 1968 have sometimes been described as more \"flat and uninteresting\" than his previous work; he was during this time requested by publishers to portray animals in this way and to showcase them as individual figures rather than as part of a group.[8] Many of the books published during this period nevertheless also reused many of the paintings and illustrations Burian had produced during the preceding time with Augusta, sometimes in slightly updated versions.[6] In the 1960s, Burian also began collaborating with international authors and publishers, particularly in Italy.[6]","title":"Palaeoart"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-12"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-12"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Iguanodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iguanodon"},{"link_name":"Tarbosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarbosaurus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-13"}],"sub_title":"Palaeoartistic style","text":"Burian had no access to the actual fossil material of the different prehistoric animals he illustrated and painted.[8][12] For the most part his work was based on illustrations and published descriptions of the bones.[12] In the vast majority of cases, he only had a single photograph to serve as the basis of a painting.[6] Despite this, Burian's work paid close attention to skeletal anatomy and form. He is for instance considered to in many cases surpass Charles R. Knight in the adherence to the underlying skeletal anatomy of his animals, despite Knight often working more closely with museums and having access to their collections.[12] Burian's process of reconstruction was a lengthy one. He began by creating several sketches for each scene, the most important of which were skeletal reconstructions of the animals to be depicted. These skeletal reconstructions, sometimes done in different poses, were sometimes followed by sketches of their musculature.[6]Burian's artwork has been described as having a certain romantic touch, absent in the majority of palaeoart produced after his time. The paintings are for the most part free of scenes depicting fighting or other brutality and are almost entirely without blood. In the few cases where fighting animals are depicted, it is usually just before any damage is done. There are several scenes where the animals, although depicted in a naturalistic manner, are imbued with personality, sympathy or antipathy, such as depictions of an old and lonely Iguanodon in a \"cemetery of its species\" (painted in 1950) or a famous painting of a \"heroic\" Tarbosaurus (painted in 1970).[6]Burian's palaeoartistic work was not limited to paintings of dinosaurs but depicted various prehistoric animals, as well as prehistoric plants and landscapes.[2] He very rarely used the \"overcrowded\" format common in some historical palaeoart; this style pushed together several animal species into a confined landscape in order to be able to depict all of them.[13] Burian's palaeoart is noteworthy for its uses of plants and environments. Many palaeoartists before (including Knight) and after Burian were highly \"zoocentric\", paying little attention to plants and relegating them either to simplistic renditions in the background or omitting them entirely. Compared with Knight's nearly universal use of plants such as palm trees and grass in the background, Burian's selection of plant life almost always appears plausible. His renditions of plants, although often also confined to the background, were always detailed and naturalistic. Several of Burian's paintings also include plant life as prominently as animals and some of his scenes are entirely devoid of animal life.[13]","title":"Palaeoart"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vyšehrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vy%C5%A1ehrad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-2"},{"link_name":"Vršovice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vr%C5%A1ovice"},{"link_name":"Žižkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDi%C5%BEkov"},{"link_name":"Podolí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podol%C3%AD_(Prague)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-3"},{"link_name":"human evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_evolution"},{"link_name":"racist ideas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_racism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-3"},{"link_name":"abdominal aorta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_aorta"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-3"}],"text":"In the summer of 1924, Burian met Františka Loudová near Vyšehrad in Prague. The two were married on 14 February 1927.[3] On 11 May that year, the couple had a daughter,[3] Eva Hochmanová Burianová.[2] Burian and his family lived in Vršovice in Prague until 1928, when they moved to an apartment in Žižkov (also in Prague). In 1956, they moved to Burian's most famous residence, a villa in Podolí.[3]In addition to painting prehistoric life out of personal interest and commissions, Burian saw his palaeoart as socially significant in that his paintings were used to spread scientific knowledge. Burian had a particular interest in human evolution and rejected the racist ideas that were still present in scholarship during much of his life; he is quoted to have said that further studies on human origins had the potential to \"prove the absurdity of racist theories.\"[6]Františka died on 18 October 1979.[3] Burian survived her by little over a year. He died on 1 July 1981 at the Na Františku hospital in Prague due to complications after surgery on the abdominal aorta.[3]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zdenek_Burian_memorial_plaque.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kopřivnice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kop%C5%99ivnice"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Tyrannosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrannosaurus"},{"link_name":"Trachodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachodon"},{"link_name":"Brachiosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachiosaurus"},{"link_name":"Brontosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brontosaurus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-17"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-3"},{"link_name":"Prague Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_Castle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-15"},{"link_name":"Journey to the Beginning of Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_to_the_Beginning_of_Time"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-18"},{"link_name":"Godzilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godzilla"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-7"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-18"},{"link_name":"Google Doodle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Doodle"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-3"},{"link_name":"minor planet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_planet"},{"link_name":"7867 Burian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7867_Burian"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-3"},{"link_name":"Burianosaurus augustai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burianosaurus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-2"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Memorial plaque of Zdeněk Burian in KopřivniceMany Burian paintings have become celebrated images of palaeontology and palaeoanthropology. In his native Czech Republic, his paintings are considered national treasures.[1] Although he never achieved quite the same level of international recognition, Burian is sometimes regarded as a European counterpart to Charles R. Knight and he is widely seen as another master in the field.[12][13] He is regarded as probably the most prolific painter of prehistoric life in twentieth-century Europe and one of the most influential palaeoartists.[13][14][15][16] Particular palaeoartistic paintings by Burian that reached an iconic status and became widespread in the second half of the twentieth century include his Tyrannosaurus with Trachodon (1938), Brachiosaurus (1941), Iguanodon (1950), Brontosaurus (1950), and Tarbosaurus (1970).[6] Burian's Brachiosaurus is one of the most widely used dinosaur paintings ever created.[8] His Iguanodon painting has been referred to as \"the most valuable work in the entire history of palaeoart\".[6]It is not known precisely how many paintings Burian produced over the course of his career since he himself never compiled a listing of his work.[1] His palaeontological and palaeoanthropological paintings are thought to number between 500[1] and 800,[17] and the total number of paintings (including on other subjects) range from anywhere between 1000 and 20,000.[1] In total, Burian's artwork and illustrations have been published in over 500 books.[5] He also illustrated approximately 500 short stories and painted around 600 book covers.[3] Numerous exhibitions with Burian's artwork have been held in the Czech Republic, the largest of which was held in Prague Castle in 2005.[3]Several of Burian's paintings and designs have been extensively copied by other artists.[6] Some have even been used as the basis for merchandise, including toy designs.[15] Burian's artwork was also influential when it came to depictions of dinosaurs and other prehistoric life in popular culture. Already in 1955, his designs served as the basis of the dinosaurs depicted in the Czech stop-motion film Journey to the Beginning of Time.[18] It is possible that Burian's dinosaurs were among the inspirations for the original design of Godzilla.[7][18] In 2015, Google Doodle commemorated his 110th birthday.[19]One of the streets in Burian's home town of Kopřivnice is named after him.[3] In 2000, the minor planet 7867 Burian was named after him.[3] The first validly described dinosaur found in the Czech Republic was in 2017 named Burianosaurus augustai in honour of both Burian and Josef Augusta.[2][20]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Partial bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-17"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Josef Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Augusta_(paleontologist)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-21"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Zdeněk Špinar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zden%C4%9Bk_%C5%A0pinar"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Vratislav Mazák","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vratislav_Maz%C3%A1k"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"}],"sub_title":"Palaeoartistic illustration","text":"In total, Burian illustrated around two dozen books on palaeontology and palaeonthropology, as well as numerous magazine articles.[17] In addition to several books published in Czechoslovakia, he produced paintings for various international books, including encyclopedias, textbooks, and children's books.[6] The list below includes only the main works illustrated by Burian.Illustrated books on prehistoric life written by Josef Augusta (1956–1966)Prehistoric Animals (1956), 60 plates[21]\nPrehistoric Man (1960), 52 plates[21]\nPrehistoric Reptiles and Birds (1961), 39 plates[21]\nThe Book of Mammoths (1962), 19 plates[21]\nPrehistoric Sea Monsters (1964),[22] 21 plates\nThe Age of Monsters (1966), 23 plates[21]A seventh volume in the series, an entirely palaeobotanical book with the working title History of the Forests, was being prepared in 1967–1968. Burian painted 17 new paintings for this book, though it was never completed due to Augusta's death early in 1968.[6]Illustrated books on prehistoric life by other authors (1972–1980)After Augusta's death, Burian worked with other scientists and illustrated four more main works on prehistoric life that were translated into English.Life Before Man (1972), written by Zdeněk Špinar.[6]\nThe Dawn of Man (1978), written by Josef Wolf.[1]\nPrehistoric Animals and Plants (1979), written by Josef Beneš.[6]\nPrehistoric Man (1980), written by Vratislav Mazák.[6]Life Before Man reused 130 paintings from the time of the earlier series of books by Augusta, although many of them had never before been published, and also included 27 new oil paintings commissioned specifically for it.[6] The Dawn of Man likewise included both earlier artwork and new palaeoanthropological art produced in the 1970s.[6] Both Prehistoric Animals and Plants and Prehistoric Man were \"pocket-sized\", contrary to earlier books. Both reused many older images (often cropped due to their smaller format) but also included new artwork, with Animals and Plants featuring sixteen new colour gouaches and Man featuring seven new gouaches and seven new oil paintings.[6]","title":"Partial bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-12"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-17"},{"link_name":"monographs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monograph"},{"link_name":"Ondrej Neff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ond%C5%99ej_Neff"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-24"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Palaeozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoic"},{"link_name":"Mesozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Cenozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenozoic"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-24"}],"sub_title":"Posthumous art collections","text":"Only a few attempts have been made to collect Burian's artwork in modern books.[12] In addition to the volumes listed below, some of Burian's palaeoart was featured along work by several other 'classic' palaeoartists in the 2017 art book Paleoart: Visions of the Prehistoric Past by Zoë Lescaze.[23]Die verlorenen Welten des Zdeněk Burian (2013), German-language art book collecting 230 of Burian's palaeoartistic paintings.[17]Since 2016, much of Burian's artwork has been collected and published in large Czech-language monographs in the series \"The Worlds of Zdeněk Burian\", a project headed by Ondřej Müller, Rostislav Walica, and Ondrej Neff. The series is slated to encompass six volumes,[24] out of which four have so far been published.Dobrodružný svět Zdeňka Buriana (2016),[24] adventure novel artwork 1921–1947.\nPodivuhodný svět Zdeňka Buriana (2018),[24] artwork produced for Jules Verne novels 1930s–1940s.\nZapomenutý svět Zdeňka Buriana (2020),[24] obscure and often never before published artwork.\nPravěký svět Zdeňka Buriana (2022–),[24] three-volume set of monographs collecting Burian's palaeoart.[6]\nI: Od vzniku Země po zánik dinosaurů (2022), Palaeozoic and Mesozoic artwork. The volume includes 412 illustrations (not just paintings but also other illustrations and sketches), encompassing all of Burian's known pre-Cenozoic palaeoart.[6]\nII: Monstra Třetihor a Čtvrtohor (upcoming 2024),[25] Cenozoic artwork.\nIII: Cesta k Člověku (upcoming),[24] palaeoanthropological artwork","title":"Partial bibliography"}]
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[{"image_text":"Burian (left) with Josef Augusta, looking at Burian's Iguanodon (1950)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Zdenek_Burian_and_Josef_Augusta.jpg/280px-Zdenek_Burian_and_Josef_Augusta.jpg"},{"image_text":"A display showing some of Burian's palaeoart","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d8/Zden%C4%9Bk_Burian_display.jpg/220px-Zden%C4%9Bk_Burian_display.jpg"},{"image_text":"Memorial plaque of Zdeněk Burian in Kopřivnice","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Zdenek_Burian_memorial_plaque.jpg/220px-Zdenek_Burian_memorial_plaque.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Debus, Allen A.; Debus, Diane E. (2002). Paleoimagery: The Evolution of Dinosaurs in Art. McFarland & Company, Publishers. pp. 95, 105–107, 254. ISBN 978-0-7864-1222-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BGlOAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Paleoimagery: The Evolution of Dinosaurs in Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1222-8","url_text":"978-0-7864-1222-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Eva Hochmanová Burianová: Zdeněk Burian – pravěk a dobrodružství. Vzpomínky na malíře lovců mamutů\". Plus (in Czech). 21 September 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://plus.rozhlas.cz/eva-hochmanova-burianova-zdenek-burian-pravek-a-dobrodruzstvi-vzpominky-na-8824445","url_text":"\"Eva Hochmanová Burianová: Zdeněk Burian – pravěk a dobrodružství. Vzpomínky na malíře lovců mamutů\""}]},{"reference":"\"ZDENĚK BURIAN | O malíři\". burianzdenek.cz. Retrieved 2023-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.burianzdenek.cz/","url_text":"\"ZDENĚK BURIAN | O malíři\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zdeněk Burian - Zdeněk Burian | autorská práva\". zdenekburian.com. Retrieved 2023-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zdenekburian.com/cz/zdenek-burian","url_text":"\"Zdeněk Burian - Zdeněk Burian | autorská práva\""}]},{"reference":"Werra, Dagmara H.; Woźny, Marzena (2018). Between History and Archaeology: Papers in honour of Jacek Lech. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. p. 463. ISBN 978-1-78491-773-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=frETEAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Between History and Archaeology: Papers in honour of Jacek Lech"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78491-773-9","url_text":"978-1-78491-773-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Prehistoric World of Zdeněk Burian, Volume 1\". albatros.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 2023-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.albatros.cz/c/prehistoric-world-of-zdenek-burian/","url_text":"\"Prehistoric World of Zdeněk Burian, Volume 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zdeněk Burian je mistr detailu, říká galerista a sběratel Jiří Vybíral\". Hanácké novinky (in Czech). 2022-12-12. Retrieved 2023-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://hanackenovinky.cz/2022/12/zdenek-burian-je-mistr-detailu-rika-galerista-a-sberatel-jiri-vybiral","url_text":"\"Zdeněk Burian je mistr detailu, říká galerista a sběratel Jiří Vybíral\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Portrait of Czech Artist Zdenĕk Burian\". PragueLife. Retrieved 2023-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://cz.citymedia.network/prague/features/portrait-czech-artist-zdenek-burian/","url_text":"\"A Portrait of Czech Artist Zdenĕk Burian\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paleophilatelie.eu - Czech 1994\". paleophilatelie.eu. Retrieved 2023-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.paleophilatelie.eu/description/stamps/czech_1994.html","url_text":"\"Paleophilatelie.eu - Czech 1994\""}]},{"reference":"Debus, Allen A. (2006). Dinosaurs in Fantastic Fiction: A Thematic Survey. McFarland. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-7864-2672-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N8qXUT06WucC","url_text":"Dinosaurs in Fantastic Fiction: A Thematic Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2672-0","url_text":"978-0-7864-2672-0"}]},{"reference":"Moody, Richard; Buffetaut, E. (2010). Dinosaurs and Other Extinct Saurians: A Historical Perspective. Geological Society of London. p. 376. 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Pp 240; illustrated. Price € 68.00 (hardback). ISBN 9783882210811. MILNER, Richard. Charles R. Knight: the artist who saw through time . Abrams, New York: 2012. Pp 180; illustrated. Price US$ 40.00, £ 24.99 (hardback). ISBN 9780810984790\". Archives of Natural History. 42 (1): 192–193. doi:10.3366/anh.2015.0301. ISSN 0260-9541.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/anh.2015.0301","url_text":"\"SETZ, Clemens J. and FISCHEL, Angela. Die verlorenen Welten des Zdeněk Burian . Matthes & Seitz, Berlin: 2013 (Naturkunden no. 8). Pp 240; illustrated. Price € 68.00 (hardback). ISBN 9783882210811. MILNER, Richard. Charles R. Knight: the artist who saw through time . Abrams, New York: 2012. Pp 180; illustrated. Price US$ 40.00, £ 24.99 (hardback). 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ISBN 978-0-471-04966-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=giTwAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Evolution of the Vertebrates: A History of the Backboned Animals Through Time"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-04966-1","url_text":"978-0-471-04966-1"}]},{"reference":"Sarmiento, Esteban E.; Mowbray, Kenneth; Sawyer, Gary J.; Milner, Richard; Deak, Viktor; Tattersall, Ian (2007). The Last Human: A Guide to Twenty-two Species of Extinct Humans. Yale University Press. p. 247. ISBN 978-0-300-10047-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bmZR8nMyS8sC","url_text":"The Last Human: A Guide to Twenty-two Species of Extinct Humans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10047-1","url_text":"978-0-300-10047-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Review: Paleoart\". palaeo-electronica.org. Retrieved 2023-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/in-press/2031-review-paleoart","url_text":"\"Review: Paleoart\""}]},{"reference":"\"DOBRODRUŽNÝ SVĚT ZDEŇKA BURIANA (prvá kniha zo šesťdielnej edície) – leetvanskee.com\". leetvanskee.com. Retrieved 2023-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.leetvanskee.com/2021/03/12/dobrodruzny-svet-zdenka-buriana-prva-kniha-zo-sestdielnej-edicie/","url_text":"\"DOBRODRUŽNÝ SVĚT ZDEŇKA BURIANA (prvá kniha zo šesťdielnej edície) – leetvanskee.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dobrodružná vyhlídka #8\". albatros.cz (in Czech). Retrieved 2023-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.albatros.cz/aktualita/dobrodruzna-vyhlidka-8/","url_text":"\"Dobrodružná vyhlídka #8\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untold:_The_Race_of_the_Century
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Untold: The Race of the Century
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["1 Summary","2 References","3 External links"]
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2022 documentary
Untold: The Race of the CenturyPromotional posterDirected by
Chapman Way
Maclain Way
Music byBrocker WayProductioncompanyPlayers' TribuneDistributed byNetflixRelease date
September 6, 2022 (2022-09-06)
CountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
Untold: The Race of the Century is a 2022 American Netflix original documentary film directed by Chapman Way and Maclain Way. The film was released on September 6, 2022.
Summary
The film is the ninth installment in the nine-part Untold: documentary film series. Its story follows The Australia II yacht crew who dethroned the New York Yacht Club at the 1983 America's Cup, breaking their 132-year win streak.
References
^ Springer, Bill. "New Documentary About Historic 1983 America's Cup To Debut On Netflix". Forbes. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
^ "Untold: The Race of the Century Film releasing in the United States on September 6th, 2022 at 3:00 AM EDT". Netflix Media Center. Retrieved August 17, 2022.
^ "'UNTOLD: The Race of The Century' Netflix Review: Stream It Or Skip It?". Retrieved September 19, 2022.
^ Kelly, Vivienne (August 17, 2022). "Netflix to Tell Story of Aussie Upset at 1983 America's Cup in 'Untold'". Variety Australia. Retrieved August 17, 2022.
External links
Untold: The Race of the Century at IMDb
Untold: The Race of the Century on Netflix
Untold: The Race of the Century at Rotten Tomatoes
vteNetflix Untold series2021
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The Race of the Century
This article about a sports-related documentary film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Netflix original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_Netflix_original_films"},{"link_name":"documentary film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_film"},{"link_name":"Chapman Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman_Way"},{"link_name":"Maclain Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maclain_Way"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Untold: The Race of the Century is a 2022 American Netflix original documentary film directed by Chapman Way and Maclain Way.[1] The film was released on September 6, 2022.[2]","title":"Untold: The Race of the Century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Yacht Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yacht_Club"},{"link_name":"1983 America's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_America%27s_Cup"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The film is the ninth installment in the nine-part Untold: documentary film series. Its story follows The Australia II yacht crew who dethroned the New York Yacht Club at the 1983 America's Cup, breaking their 132-year win streak.[3][4]","title":"Summary"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Springer, Bill. \"New Documentary About Historic 1983 America's Cup To Debut On Netflix\". Forbes. Retrieved September 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/billspringer/2022/09/04/new-documentary-about-historic-1983-americas-cup-to-debut-on-netflix/","url_text":"\"New Documentary About Historic 1983 America's Cup To Debut On Netflix\""}]},{"reference":"\"Untold: The Race of the Century Film releasing in the United States on September 6th, 2022 at 3:00 AM EDT\". Netflix Media Center. Retrieved August 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://media.netflix.com/en/only-on-netflix/81026435","url_text":"\"Untold: The Race of the Century Film releasing in the United States on September 6th, 2022 at 3:00 AM EDT\""}]},{"reference":"\"'UNTOLD: The Race of The Century' Netflix Review: Stream It Or Skip It?\". Retrieved September 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://decider.com/2022/09/08/untold-the-race-of-the-century-netflix-review-stream-it-or-skip-it/","url_text":"\"'UNTOLD: The Race of The Century' Netflix Review: Stream It Or Skip It?\""}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Vivienne (August 17, 2022). \"Netflix to Tell Story of Aussie Upset at 1983 America's Cup in 'Untold'\". Variety Australia. Retrieved August 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://au.variety.com/2022/film/news/untold-race-of-the-century-5061/","url_text":"\"Netflix to Tell Story of Aussie Upset at 1983 America's Cup in 'Untold'\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudeness
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Rudeness
|
["1 Relationship to morality","2 Cultural differences","3 Utility","4 Examples","4.1 Speech","4.2 Behaviours","5 See also","6 References","7 Bibliography"]
|
Display of disrespect
"Rude" redirects here. For other uses, see Rude (disambiguation).
"Impolite" redirects here. For the film, see Impolite (film).
It is considered rude to take up more than one parking space in a parking lot, which inconveniences other motorists.
Rudeness (also called effrontery) is a display of actual or perceived disrespect by not complying with the social norms or etiquette expected within a relationship, social group, or culture. Social norms are established as the essential guidelines of normally accepted behavior within a given context, and individuals often establish personal boundaries to meet their own needs and desires within smaller settings, such as friendships. To be unwilling to align one's behavior with these norms known to the general population of what is socially acceptable is to be rude. These norms may resemble a sort of "unspoken law", with social repercussions or rewards for violators or advocates, respectively.
Rudeness, "constituted by deviation from whatever counts as politic in a given social context, is inherently confrontational and disruptive to social equilibrium". Forms of rudeness include behaving in ways that are inconsiderate, insensitive, deliberately offensive, impolite, obscene, or that violate taboos. In some cases, an act of rudeness can go so far as to be a crime (e.g., the crime of hate speech). In many cultures, joking can create a context where rudeness is temporarily excused or indulged for the purpose of making people laugh.
The concept of rudeness is somewhat subjective (i.e., different people may have different views) and contextual (i.e., it depends on the setting). Some actions, such as wearing shoes, using vulgar language, wearing headphones, or addressing elders by their first name, may be deemed rude in one setting and perfectly acceptable or even expected in others.
Relationship to morality
A "V sign" with the fingers can mean "peace" in some situations and "up yours" in others.
Both manners and morality deal with whether a thing is morally good or bad, but at different levels. Unlike morality, which, for example, condemns murder as a violation of a person, manners primarily concerns itself with violations of human dignity, rather than the person's health or property. Rude behaviour is a violation of human dignity or of the respect due to others.
The moral basis for opposing rudeness is that people ought to give some consideration to other people's feelings, and thus avoid causing them needless or undue distress.
Cultural differences
Main article: Intercultural competence
In some places, removing shoes before going indoors is a sign of respect.In other places, shoes may be worn.
The specific actions that are considered polite or rude vary dramatically by place, time, and context. Differences in social role, gender, social class, religion, and cultural identity may all affect the appropriateness of a given behaviour. Consequently, a behaviour that is considered perfectly acceptable by one group of people may be considered clearly rude by another.
For example, in medieval and Renaissance Europe, it was rude to indicate that a man wearing a mask in public could be recognized. Instead, polite behaviour demanded that the masked person be treated as a completely unknown person and that no one ever attribute the masked person's actions to the individual who performed them. By contrast, in the modern era, greeting a friend by name while he is wearing a mask, or talking to them later about their costume or activities, is not generally regarded as rude.
Cultural differences also appear over time. In the mid-20th century, the meaning of eye rolling changed from its older signal of lust and passion to expressing contempt.
Utility
An example of grafitti where a sign has been edited to spell the word "fart". Grafitti and farting are widely considered to be rude, but this rudeness is often seen as having comic potential.
Sometimes, people deliberately employ rude behaviours to achieve a goal. Early works in linguistic pragmatism interpreted rudeness as a defective mode of communication. However, most rudeness serves functional or instrumental purposes in communication, and skillfully choosing when and how to be rude may indicate a person's pragmatic competence.
Robin Lakoff addressed what she named strategic rudeness, a style of communication used by prosecutors and therapists (attack therapy) to force their interlocutors (a courtroom defendant or patient) to talk or react in a certain way. Rudeness in everyday speech "is frequently instrumental, and is not merely pragmatic failure". Most rude speakers are attempting to accomplish one of two important instrumental functions: to vent negative feelings, or to get power.
Additionally, sometimes a rude behavior is chosen to communicate disapproval or disrespect. While it is generally rude to refuse to greet someone, refusing to shake hands with a traitor may be justifiable.
Examples
Edsel Ford Fong, credited with being the world's rudest waiter
In every culture, it is possible to act rudely, although what constitutes rude behaviour varies. The following are examples of behaviour that many Western societies would consider rude or a breach of etiquette, though views may vary by culture, setting, or individual circumstances:
Speech
What constitutes rude speech depends on the culture, the setting, and the speaker's social position in the culture. In every culture, some words or statements are considered hate speech or inappropriate ethnic slurs (such as using the word Hun to a German, using the word Jap to a Japanese person, etc.). In most modern cultures, insulting a person or group of people, especially for any reason outside their immediate control, such as having a medical condition, being a particular gender, or being poor, is considered rude. Rude speech also includes derogatory terms describing an individual person and asking inappropriate questions or pressing for answers to a question.
However, there is no universal rule about which terms are considered derogatory and which questions are inappropriate under what circumstances. A question or comment that is acceptable between family members might be resented from strangers, just like a question that is acceptable among young people in one culture might be unacceptable to older people or to young people in a different culture.
Rude ways of speaking include inappropriately discouraging a person's participation in a conversation with rude phrases, such as shut up or using a tone of voice that indicates disrespect for the other person. An impolite tone may amplify obviously rude remarks or contradict nominally polite words. A rude person may interrupt a speaker to indicate that the first speaker is unimportant.
Failing to speak can also be rude: a rude person might pointedly ignore a legitimate and polite greeting or question to communicate disregard for the other person, or might fail to express appropriate thanks for favors or gifts by way of communicating either a sense of selfish entitlement or a disregard for the efforts of the giver. Sometimes people will leave very short gaps when speaking that may allow another person to begin speaking on a subject, however that can vary, and sometimes two or more people speaking at the same time can be considered rude. Which acts and communications require a response from which persons, under which circumstances, and what kind of response is required, depends on the culture and the social situation of the people concerned.
One last form of using rudeness is as a rite of passage. For example, some black communities in the United States use The Dozens as a mechanism to promote verbal abuse resilience and maturity among young people.
Behaviours
Many behaviours can be rude. These often depend upon the context, including time, place, and culture.
This includes a failure to dress appropriately for an occasion, whether by dressing too informally, too formally, immodestly, or otherwise inappropriately (e.g., a young woman in public without a veil in Iran; a young woman in public with a veil in France). C. S. Lewis writes that "A girl in the Pacific islands wearing hardly any clothes and a Victorian lady completely covered in clothes might both be equally 'modest,' proper, or decent, according to the standards of their own societies"—but that in each culture, the idea of immodest, improper, and indecent dress existed, and that violating the culture's standard was rude.
Rude behaviours often disturb other people, such as making noise or playing loud music. An acceptable level of sound depends on the context: yelling might be the only way to be heard at a noisy construction site, and rock concerts are expected to feature loud music, but a conversation at a normal level, either by telephone or in person, might be rude in an environment where a reasonable degree of silence is expected, such as a library, and complete silence is expected at other times, such as during religious ceremonies or performances of classical music. This includes speaking over a presentation or film with no consideration for the other viewers. Similarly, poor table manners can disturb or disgust nearby people, as can yawning, coughing, farting or sneezing without covering the mouth.
Other rude behaviours have the effect of communicating disrespect for other people. In extreme cases, this can rise to complete and deliberate social exclusion of the disrespected person; in others, the rudeness is only temporary and may be unintentional. For example, it can be rude to use electronic devices, such as mobile phones, if this results in ignoring someone or otherwise indicating that the present company is less interesting or important than the people elsewhere or the text messages they send. Similarly, cutting in line signals that the person cutting in the line believes themselves to be more important than the people their action delays. Barging into someone else's space without permission, whether that be a violation of personal space or crashing a party, is rude because it does not respect the person's property rights or right to make personal choices.
Other examples include:
Bullying or intimidating people with the threat of violence
Lying to people
Snobbery
Aggressive driving
See also
Dysphemism
Emily Post
Incivility
Innuendo
Loaded language
Miss Manners
Workplace incivility
Worldwide etiquette
Eye-rolling
References
^ Kasper 1990, p. 208.
^ a b c d e f g h Westacott, Emrys (2013-11-24). The Virtues of Our Vices: A Modest Defense of Gossip, Rudeness, and Other Bad Habits. Princeton University Press. pp. 15–21. ISBN 978-0-691-16221-8.
^ a b Martin 1996, p. 123.
^ Palleschi 2005.
^ Wickman 2013.
^ Lakoff 1989.
^ Beebe 1995, p. 154.
^ Beebe 1995, p. 159.
^ Lewis 2001, p. 94.
Bibliography
Look up rudeness in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Beebe, L. M. (1995). "Polite fictions: Instrumental rudeness as pragmatic competence". In Alatis, J. E.; Straehle, C. A.; Gallenberger, B.; Ronkin, M. (eds.). Georgetown University round table on language teachers: Ethnolinguistic, psycholinguistic, and sociolinguistic aspects. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. pp. 154–168.
Brown, P.; Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language use. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-31355-1.
Grice, H. P. (1975). "Logic and conversation". In Cole, P.; Morgan, J. (eds.). Syntax and semantics: Speech acts. Vol. 3. New York: Academic Press. pp. 41–53.
Kasper, Gabriele (April 1990). "Linguistic politeness: Current research issues". Journal of Pragmatics. 14: 193–218. doi:10.1016/0378-2166(90)90080-W. ISSN 0378-2166.
Labov, W. (1972). Language in the inner city: Studies in the Black English vernacular. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-1051-4.
Lakoff, Robin (1989). "The limits of politeness: Therapeutic and courtroom discourse". Multilingua. 8 (2/3): 101–129. doi:10.1515/mult.1989.8.2-3.101. ISSN 0167-8507. S2CID 144630209.
Lewis, C. S. (2001). Mere Christianity: a revised and amplified edition, with a new introduction, of the three books, Broadcast talks, Christian behaviour, and Beyond personality. : HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 0-06-065292-6.
Martin, Judith (1996). Miss Manners rescues civilization: from sexual harassment, frivolous lawsuits, dissing, and other lapses in civility. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 0-517-70164-2.
Moumni, H. (2005). Politeness in Parliamentary Discourse: A Comparative Pragmatic Study of British and Moroccan MPs' Speech Acts at Question Time (Unpub. Ph.D. Thesis). Rabat, Morocco: Mohammed V University.
Palleschi, Marino (5 December 2005). "The Commedia dell'Arte: Its Origins, Development & Influence on the Ballet" (in Italian). Retrieved 6 January 2009.
Tannen, D. (1984). Conversational style: Analyzing talk among friends. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing. ISBN 0-19-522181-8.
Tannen, D. (1990). You just don't understand: Men and women in conversation. New York: Ballantine. ISBN 978-0-06-095962-3.
Thomas, Jenny A. (1983). "Cross-cultural pragmatic failure". Applied Linguistics. 4 (2): 91–112. doi:10.1093/applin/4.2.91. hdl:11059/14627. ISSN 0142-6001.
Westacott, E (2006). "The Rights and Wrongs of Rudeness". International Journal of Applied Philosophy. 20 (1): 1–22. doi:10.5840/ijap20062013.
Wickman, Forrest (15 January 2013). "Oh, Please: When did we start rolling our eyes to express contempt?". Slate.
vteBullyingTypes
Abusive supervision
Cyberbullying
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Doxing
LGBT bullying
Hazing
Military bullying
Mobbing
Parental bullying of children
Peer victimization
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Elements
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Kiss up kick down
Mind games
Moving the goalposts
Nagging
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Personal attacks
Physical abuse
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Rudeness
Sarcasm
Screaming
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Social exclusion
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Swatting
Taunting
Workplace incivility
Verbal abuse
Organizations
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It Gets Better Project
Kidscape
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ExpertsAcademics
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Actions
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Notable suicides(List)
William Arthur Gibbs (1877)
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Hamed Nastoh (2000)
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Nicola Ann Raphael (2001)
Ryan Halligan (2003)
Megan Meier (2006)
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Murder–suicides(incidents)
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Virginia Tech, 2007
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Jokela High School, 2007
Matti Juhani Saari
Kauhajoki School of Hospitality, 2008
Elliot Rodger
Isla Vista, 2014
Related topics
Emotional blackmail
Just-world hypothesis
List of LGBT-related suicides
Machiavellianism in the workplace
Narcissism in the workplace
Personal boundaries
Personality disorders
Playing the victim
Psychopathy in the workplace
Scapegoating
Self-esteem
Social dominance orientation
Suicide among LGBT youth
Victim blaming
Victimisation
Victimology
vteAbuseTypes
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neglect
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Traumatic bonding
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|
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For other uses, see Rude (disambiguation).\"Impolite\" redirects here. For the film, see Impolite (film).It is considered rude to take up more than one parking space in a parking lot, which inconveniences other motorists.Rudeness (also called effrontery) is a display of actual or perceived disrespect by not complying with the social norms or etiquette expected within a relationship, social group, or culture. Social norms are established as the essential guidelines of normally accepted behavior within a given context, and individuals often establish personal boundaries to meet their own needs and desires within smaller settings, such as friendships. To be unwilling to align one's behavior with these norms known to the general population of what is socially acceptable is to be rude. These norms may resemble a sort of \"unspoken law\", with social repercussions or rewards for violators or advocates, respectively.Rudeness, \"constituted by deviation from whatever counts as politic in a given social context, is inherently confrontational and disruptive to social equilibrium\".[1] Forms of rudeness include behaving in ways that are inconsiderate, insensitive, deliberately offensive, impolite, obscene, or that violate taboos. In some cases, an act of rudeness can go so far as to be a crime (e.g., the crime of hate speech). In many cultures, joking can create a context where rudeness is temporarily excused or indulged for the purpose of making people laugh.The concept of rudeness is somewhat subjective (i.e., different people may have different views) and contextual (i.e., it depends on the setting). Some actions, such as wearing shoes, using vulgar language, wearing headphones, or addressing elders by their first name,[2] may be deemed rude in one setting and perfectly acceptable or even expected in others.","title":"Rudeness"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peace_sign_photo.jpg"},{"link_name":"manners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manners"},{"link_name":"morality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morality"},{"link_name":"murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder"},{"link_name":"dignity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dignity"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1996123-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1996123-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"A \"V sign\" with the fingers can mean \"peace\" in some situations and \"up yours\" in others.Both manners and morality deal with whether a thing is morally good or bad, but at different levels. Unlike morality, which, for example, condemns murder as a violation of a person, manners primarily concerns itself with violations of human dignity, rather than the person's health or property.[3] Rude behaviour is a violation of human dignity or of the respect due to others.[3]The moral basis for opposing rudeness is that people ought to give some consideration to other people's feelings, and thus avoid causing them needless or undue distress.[2]","title":"Relationship to morality"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:No_Shoes_Sign_in_Farsi.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dirty_boots_welcome_in_Malham.JPG"},{"link_name":"social role","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_role"},{"link_name":"gender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender"},{"link_name":"social class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class"},{"link_name":"religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion"},{"link_name":"cultural identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_identity"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"mask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mask"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalleschi2005-4"},{"link_name":"eye rolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_rolling"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWickman2013-5"}],"text":"In some places, removing shoes before going indoors is a sign of respect.In other places, shoes may be worn.The specific actions that are considered polite or rude vary dramatically by place, time, and context. Differences in social role, gender, social class, religion, and cultural identity may all affect the appropriateness of a given behaviour. Consequently, a behaviour that is considered perfectly acceptable by one group of people may be considered clearly rude by another.For example, in medieval and Renaissance Europe, it was rude to indicate that a man wearing a mask in public could be recognized.[4] Instead, polite behaviour demanded that the masked person be treated as a completely unknown person and that no one ever attribute the masked person's actions to the individual who performed them. By contrast, in the modern era, greeting a friend by name while he is wearing a mask, or talking to them later about their costume or activities, is not generally regarded as rude.Cultural differences also appear over time. In the mid-20th century, the meaning of eye rolling changed from its older signal of lust and passion to expressing contempt.[5]","title":"Cultural differences"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sacred_Fart_Activity_Center.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"linguistic pragmatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_pragmatism"},{"link_name":"attack therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_therapy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELakoff1989-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeebe1995154-7"},{"link_name":"power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeebe1995159-8"},{"link_name":"shake hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handshake"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"An example of grafitti where a sign has been edited to spell the word \"fart\". Grafitti and farting are widely considered to be rude, but this rudeness is often seen as having comic potential.Sometimes, people deliberately employ rude behaviours to achieve a goal.[2] Early works in linguistic pragmatism interpreted rudeness as a defective mode of communication. However, most rudeness serves functional or instrumental purposes in communication, and skillfully choosing when and how to be rude may indicate a person's pragmatic competence.Robin Lakoff addressed what she named strategic rudeness, a style of communication used by prosecutors and therapists (attack therapy) to force their interlocutors (a courtroom defendant or patient) to talk or react in a certain way.[6] Rudeness in everyday speech \"is frequently instrumental, and is not merely pragmatic failure\".[7] Most rude speakers are attempting to accomplish one of two important instrumental functions: to vent negative feelings, or to get power.[8]Additionally, sometimes a rude behavior is chosen to communicate disapproval or disrespect. While it is generally rude to refuse to greet someone, refusing to shake hands with a traitor may be justifiable.[2]","title":"Utility"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edsel_Ford_Fong_1982.png"},{"link_name":"Edsel Ford Fong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edsel_Ford_Fong"}],"text":"Edsel Ford Fong, credited with being the world's rudest waiterIn every culture, it is possible to act rudely, although what constitutes rude behaviour varies. The following are examples of behaviour that many Western societies would consider rude or a breach of etiquette, though views may vary by culture, setting, or individual circumstances:","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hate speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_speech"},{"link_name":"ethnic slurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs"},{"link_name":"Hun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hun#20th-century_use_in_reference_to_Germans"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_people"},{"link_name":"Jap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jap"},{"link_name":"Japanese person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_people"},{"link_name":"insulting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulting"},{"link_name":"shut up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shut_up#English"},{"link_name":"tone of voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_of_voice"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"thanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratitude"},{"link_name":"rite of passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rite_of_passage"},{"link_name":"The Dozens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dozens"}],"sub_title":"Speech","text":"What constitutes rude speech depends on the culture, the setting, and the speaker's social position in the culture. In every culture, some words or statements are considered hate speech or inappropriate ethnic slurs (such as using the word Hun to a German, using the word Jap to a Japanese person, etc.). In most modern cultures, insulting a person or group of people, especially for any reason outside their immediate control, such as having a medical condition, being a particular gender, or being poor, is considered rude. Rude speech also includes derogatory terms describing an individual person and asking inappropriate questions or pressing for answers to a question.However, there is no universal rule about which terms are considered derogatory and which questions are inappropriate under what circumstances. A question or comment that is acceptable between family members might be resented from strangers, just like a question that is acceptable among young people in one culture might be unacceptable to older people or to young people in a different culture.Rude ways of speaking include inappropriately discouraging a person's participation in a conversation with rude phrases, such as shut up or using a tone of voice that indicates disrespect for the other person. An impolite tone may amplify obviously rude remarks or contradict nominally polite words. A rude person may interrupt a speaker to indicate that the first speaker is unimportant.Failing to speak can also be rude: a rude person might pointedly ignore a legitimate and polite greeting or question to communicate disregard for the other person,[2] or might fail to express appropriate thanks for favors or gifts by way of communicating either a sense of selfish entitlement or a disregard for the efforts of the giver. Sometimes people will leave very short gaps when speaking that may allow another person to begin speaking on a subject, however that can vary, and sometimes two or more people speaking at the same time can be considered rude. Which acts and communications require a response from which persons, under which circumstances, and what kind of response is required, depends on the culture and the social situation of the people concerned.One last form of using rudeness is as a rite of passage. For example, some black communities in the United States use The Dozens as a mechanism to promote verbal abuse resilience and maturity among young people.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dress appropriately","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dress_code"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"C. S. Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200194-9"},{"link_name":"noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise"},{"link_name":"construction site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_site"},{"link_name":"rock concerts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_concert"},{"link_name":"library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library"},{"link_name":"table manners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_manners"},{"link_name":"disgust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disgust"},{"link_name":"yawning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawn"},{"link_name":"coughing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cough"},{"link_name":"farting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fart"},{"link_name":"sneezing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneeze"},{"link_name":"social exclusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_exclusion"},{"link_name":"mobile phones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone"},{"link_name":"cutting in line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutting_in_line"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"personal space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_space"},{"link_name":"crashing a party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_crashing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Bullying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullying"},{"link_name":"intimidating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intimidating"},{"link_name":"Lying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie"},{"link_name":"Snobbery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snob"},{"link_name":"Aggressive driving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggressive_driving"}],"sub_title":"Behaviours","text":"Many behaviours can be rude. These often depend upon the context, including time, place, and culture.This includes a failure to dress appropriately for an occasion, whether by dressing too informally, too formally, immodestly, or otherwise inappropriately (e.g., a young woman in public without a veil in Iran; a young woman in public with a veil in France).[2] C. S. Lewis writes that \"A girl in the Pacific islands wearing hardly any clothes and a Victorian lady completely covered in clothes might both be equally 'modest,' proper, or decent, according to the standards of their own societies\"—but that in each culture, the idea of immodest, improper, and indecent dress existed, and that violating the culture's standard was rude.[9]Rude behaviours often disturb other people, such as making noise or playing loud music. An acceptable level of sound depends on the context: yelling might be the only way to be heard at a noisy construction site, and rock concerts are expected to feature loud music, but a conversation at a normal level, either by telephone or in person, might be rude in an environment where a reasonable degree of silence is expected, such as a library, and complete silence is expected at other times, such as during religious ceremonies or performances of classical music. This includes speaking over a presentation or film with no consideration for the other viewers. Similarly, poor table manners can disturb or disgust nearby people, as can yawning, coughing, farting or sneezing without covering the mouth.Other rude behaviours have the effect of communicating disrespect for other people. In extreme cases, this can rise to complete and deliberate social exclusion of the disrespected person; in others, the rudeness is only temporary and may be unintentional. For example, it can be rude to use electronic devices, such as mobile phones, if this results in ignoring someone or otherwise indicating that the present company is less interesting or important than the people elsewhere or the text messages they send. Similarly, cutting in line signals that the person cutting in the line believes themselves to be more important than the people their action delays.[2] Barging into someone else's space without permission, whether that be a violation of personal space or crashing a party, is rude because it does not respect the person's property rights or right to make personal choices.[2]Other examples include:Bullying or intimidating people with the threat of violence\nLying to people\nSnobbery\nAggressive driving","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rudeness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/rudeness"},{"link_name":"Politeness: Some universals in language use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/politenesssomeun00brow"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-31355-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31355-1"},{"link_name":"Grice, H. P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Grice"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0378-2166(90)90080-W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-2166%2890%2990080-W"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0378-2166","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0378-2166"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8122-1051-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1051-4"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1515/mult.1989.8.2-3.101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1515%2Fmult.1989.8.2-3.101"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0167-8507","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0167-8507"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"144630209","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144630209"},{"link_name":"Lewis, C. S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis"},{"link_name":"Mere Christianity: a revised and amplified edition, with a new introduction, of the three books, Broadcast talks, Christian behaviour, and Beyond personality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/merechristianity00csle_1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-06-065292-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-065292-6"},{"link_name":"Miss Manners rescues civilization: from sexual harassment, frivolous lawsuits, dissing, and other lapses in civility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/missmannersrescu00mart"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-517-70164-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-70164-2"},{"link_name":"\"The Commedia dell'Arte: Its Origins, Development & Influence on the Ballet\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//auguste.vestris.free.fr/Essays/Commedia.html"},{"link_name":"Ablex Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablex_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-522181-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-522181-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-06-095962-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-095962-3"},{"link_name":"Applied Linguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Linguistics_(journal)"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/applin/4.2.91","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fapplin%2F4.2.91"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11059/14627","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/11059%2F14627"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0142-6001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0142-6001"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.5840/ijap20062013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.5840%2Fijap20062013"},{"link_name":"\"Oh, Please: When did we start rolling our eyes to express contempt?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//slate.com/human-interest/2013/01/eye-rolling-why-do-people-roll-their-eyes-when-theyre-annoyed.html"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bullying"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Bullying"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bullying"},{"link_name":"Bullying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullying"},{"link_name":"Abusive supervision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abusive_supervision"},{"link_name":"Cyberbullying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberbullying"},{"link_name":"Disability bullying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_abuse"},{"link_name":"Displaced aggression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displaced_aggression"},{"link_name":"Doxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxing"},{"link_name":"LGBT bullying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_bullying"},{"link_name":"Hazing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazing"},{"link_name":"Military bullying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullying_in_the_military"},{"link_name":"Mobbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobbing"},{"link_name":"Parental bullying of children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_bullying_of_children"},{"link_name":"Peer victimization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_victimization"},{"link_name":"Prison bullying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullying#Prison_bullying"},{"link_name":"Rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rankism"},{"link_name":"Relational aggression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_aggression"},{"link_name":"School bullying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_bullying"},{"link_name":"Higher education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullying_of_students_in_higher_education"},{"link_name":"Sexual bullying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_bullying"},{"link_name":"Workplace harassment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_harassment"},{"link_name":"Workplace bullying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_bullying"},{"link_name":"Academia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_bullying_in_academia"},{"link_name":"Information technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullying_in_information_technology"},{"link_name":"Legal aspects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_workplace_bullying"},{"link_name":"Legal profession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullying_in_the_legal_profession"},{"link_name":"Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullying_in_medicine"},{"link_name":"Nursing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullying_in_nursing"},{"link_name":"Teaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullying_in_teaching"},{"link_name":"Toxic leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_leader"},{"link_name":"Toxic workplace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_workplace"},{"link_name":"Betrayal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betrayal"},{"link_name":"Blacklisting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacklisting"},{"link_name":"Bullying and emotional intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullying_and_emotional_intelligence"},{"link_name":"Cancel culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancel_culture"},{"link_name":"Character assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_assassination"},{"link_name":"Coercion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coercion"},{"link_name":"Culture of fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_fear"},{"link_name":"Defamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defamation"},{"link_name":"Destabilisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destabilisation"},{"link_name":"Discrediting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smear_campaign"},{"link_name":"Embarrassment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embarrassment"},{"link_name":"False accusation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_accusation"},{"link_name":"Gaslighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaslighting"},{"link_name":"Gossip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossip"},{"link_name":"Harassment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harassment"},{"link_name":"Humiliation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humiliation"},{"link_name":"Incivility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incivility"},{"link_name":"Intimidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intimidation"},{"link_name":"Isolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse"},{"link_name":"Kiss up kick down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_up_kick_down"},{"link_name":"Mind games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_games"},{"link_name":"Moving the goalposts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_the_goalposts"},{"link_name":"Nagging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagging"},{"link_name":"Name calling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_calling"},{"link_name":"Personal attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hominem"},{"link_name":"Physical abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_abuse"},{"link_name":"Psychological abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_abuse"},{"link_name":"Rudeness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Sarcasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcasm"},{"link_name":"Screaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screaming"},{"link_name":"Smear campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smear_campaign"},{"link_name":"Social exclusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_exclusion"},{"link_name":"Social undermining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_undermining"},{"link_name":"Swatting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swatting"},{"link_name":"Taunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunting"},{"link_name":"Workplace incivility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_incivility"},{"link_name":"Verbal abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_abuse"},{"link_name":"Act Against Bullying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_Against_Bullying"},{"link_name":"Ban Bossy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Bossy"},{"link_name":"Bullying UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullying_UK"},{"link_name":"Bystander Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bystander_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Canadian Centre for Gender and Sexual Diversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Centre_for_Gender_and_Sexual_Diversity"},{"link_name":"Ditch the Label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditch_the_Label"},{"link_name":"GRIN Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRIN_Campaign"},{"link_name":"It Gets Better Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Gets_Better_Project"},{"link_name":"Kidscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidscape"},{"link_name":"Society Against Violence in Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_Against_Violence_in_Education"},{"link_name":"Anna Costanza Baldry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Costanza_Baldry"},{"link_name":"Wendy Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Craig_(psychologist)"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Espelage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Espelage"},{"link_name":"David P. Farrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_P._Farrington"},{"link_name":"Shelley Hymel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelley_Hymel"},{"link_name":"Heinz Leymann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Leymann"},{"link_name":"Gary Namie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Namie"},{"link_name":"James O'Higgins Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_O%27Higgins_Norman"},{"link_name":"Dan Olweus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Olweus"},{"link_name":"Debra Pepler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debra_Pepler"},{"link_name":"Christina Salmivalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Salmivalli"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Westhues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Westhues"},{"link_name":"Andrea Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Adams"},{"link_name":"Louise Burfitt-Dons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Burfitt-Dons"},{"link_name":"Tim Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Field"},{"link_name":"SuEllen Fried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuEllen_Fried"},{"link_name":"Liam Hackett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Hackett"},{"link_name":"Lizzie Velásquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizzie_Vel%C3%A1squez"},{"link_name":"Anti-Bullying Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Bullying_Day"},{"link_name":"Anti-Bullying Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Bullying_Week"},{"link_name":"Anti-bullying legislation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-bullying_legislation"},{"link_name":"International Day of Pink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Day_of_Pink"},{"link_name":"International Stand Up to Bullying Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Stand_Up_to_Bullying_Day"},{"link_name":"Think Before You Speak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Think_Before_You_Speak_(campaign)"},{"link_name":"suicides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullying_and_suicide"},{"link_name":"List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_suicides_that_have_been_attributed_to_bullying"},{"link_name":"William Arthur Gibbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_of_William_Arthur_Gibbs"},{"link_name":"Kelly Yeomans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_of_Kelly_Yeomans"},{"link_name":"Hamed Nastoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_of_Hamed_Nastoh"},{"link_name":"Dawn-Marie Wesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_of_Dawn-Marie_Wesley"},{"link_name":"Nicola Ann Raphael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_of_Nicola_Ann_Raphael"},{"link_name":"Ryan Halligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_of_Ryan_Halligan"},{"link_name":"Megan Meier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_of_Megan_Meier"},{"link_name":"Sladjana Vidovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_of_Sladjana_Vidovic"},{"link_name":"Phoebe Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_of_Phoebe_Prince"},{"link_name":"Tyler Clementi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_of_Tyler_Clementi"},{"link_name":"Jamey Rodemeyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_of_Jamey_Rodemeyer"},{"link_name":"Jamie Hubley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Hubley#Family"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Weishuhn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_of_Kenneth_Weishuhn"},{"link_name":"Audrie Pott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_of_Audrie_Pott"},{"link_name":"Amanda Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_of_Amanda_Todd"},{"link_name":"Jadin Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_of_Jadin_Bell"},{"link_name":"Rehtaeh Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_of_Rehtaeh_Parsons"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Sedwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_of_Rebecca_Sedwick"},{"link_name":"Leelah Alcorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leelah_Alcorn"},{"link_name":"Conrad Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Conrad_Roy"},{"link_name":"Tyrone Unsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_of_Tyrone_Unsworth"},{"link_name":"Murder–suicides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder%E2%80%93suicide"},{"link_name":"Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Harris_and_Dylan_Klebold"},{"link_name":"Columbine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre"},{"link_name":"Jeff Weise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Weise"},{"link_name":"Red Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Lake_shootings"},{"link_name":"Seung-Hui Cho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seung-Hui_Cho"},{"link_name":"Virginia Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting"},{"link_name":"Pekka-Eric Auvinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jokela_school_shooting#Perpetrator"},{"link_name":"Jokela High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jokela_school_shooting"},{"link_name":"Matti Juhani Saari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauhajoki_school_shooting#Perpetrator"},{"link_name":"Kauhajoki School of Hospitality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauhajoki_school_shooting"},{"link_name":"Elliot Rodger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Isla_Vista_killings#Perpetrator"},{"link_name":"Isla Vista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Isla_Vista_killings"},{"link_name":"Emotional blackmail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_blackmail"},{"link_name":"Just-world hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-world_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"List of LGBT-related suicides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_suicides"},{"link_name":"Machiavellianism in the workplace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machiavellianism_in_the_workplace"},{"link_name":"Narcissism in the workplace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissism_in_the_workplace"},{"link_name":"Personal boundaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_boundaries"},{"link_name":"Personality disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_disorder"},{"link_name":"Playing the victim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playing_the_victim"},{"link_name":"Psychopathy in the workplace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathy_in_the_workplace"},{"link_name":"Scapegoating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapegoating"},{"link_name":"Self-esteem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-esteem"},{"link_name":"Social dominance orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_dominance_orientation"},{"link_name":"Suicide among LGBT youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBT_youth"},{"link_name":"Victim blaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victim_blaming"},{"link_name":"Victimisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victimisation"},{"link_name":"Victimology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victimology"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Abuse"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Abuse"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abuse"},{"link_name":"Abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuse"},{"link_name":"Types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuse#Types_and_contexts_of_abuse"},{"link_name":"Adverse childhood experiences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences"},{"link_name":"Anti-social behaviour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-social_behaviour"},{"link_name":"Bullying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullying"},{"link_name":"Child abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abuse"},{"link_name":"neglect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_neglect"},{"link_name":"sexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse"},{"link_name":"military","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_in_the_military"},{"link_name":"marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_marriage"},{"link_name":"Cruelty to animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals"},{"link_name":"Disability abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_abuse"},{"link_name":"military draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability_draft"},{"link_name":"Domestic abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_violence"},{"link_name":"Elder abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_abuse"},{"link_name":"Financial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elder_financial_abuse"},{"link_name":"Marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predatory_marriage"},{"link_name":"Gaslighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaslighting"},{"link_name":"Harassment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harassment"},{"link_name":"Humiliation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humiliation"},{"link_name":"Incivility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incivility"},{"link_name":"Institutional abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_abuse"},{"link_name":"Intimidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intimidation"},{"link_name":"Neglect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neglect"},{"link_name":"Persecution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution"},{"link_name":"Professional abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_abuse"},{"link_name":"Psychological abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_abuse"},{"link_name":"Physical abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_abuse"},{"link_name":"Social abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_abuse"},{"link_name":"Police brutality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_brutality"},{"link_name":"Referee and umpire abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umpire_abuse"},{"link_name":"Religious abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_abuse"},{"link_name":"Sexual abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_abuse"},{"link_name":"Stalking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalking"},{"link_name":"Structural abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_abuse"},{"link_name":"Verbal abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbal_abuse"},{"link_name":"more...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuse#Types_and_contexts_of_abuse"},{"link_name":"Abusive supervision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abusive_supervision"},{"link_name":"Abuse of power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuse_of_power"},{"link_name":"Abusive power and control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abusive_power_and_control"},{"link_name":"Child grooming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_grooming"},{"link_name":"Complex post-traumatic stress disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_post-traumatic_stress_disorder"},{"link_name":"Dehumanization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehumanization"},{"link_name":"Denial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial"},{"link_name":"Destabilisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destabilisation"},{"link_name":"Exaggeration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exaggeration"},{"link_name":"Isolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse"},{"link_name":"Just-world hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-world_hypothesis"},{"link_name":"Lying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie"},{"link_name":"Manipulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_manipulation"},{"link_name":"Minimisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimisation_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"Narcissism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissism"},{"link_name":"Playing the victim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playing_the_victim"},{"link_name":"Psychological projection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_projection"},{"link_name":"Psychological trauma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_trauma"},{"link_name":"Psychopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopathy"},{"link_name":"Rationalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalization_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"Traumatic bonding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traumatic_bonding"},{"link_name":"Victim blaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victim_blaming"},{"link_name":"Victimisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victimisation"},{"link_name":"Victimology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victimology"}],"text":"Look up rudeness in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Beebe, L. M. (1995). \"Polite fictions: Instrumental rudeness as pragmatic competence\". In Alatis, J. E.; Straehle, C. A.; Gallenberger, B.; Ronkin, M. (eds.). Georgetown University round table on language teachers: Ethnolinguistic, psycholinguistic, and sociolinguistic aspects. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. pp. 154–168.\nBrown, P.; Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language use. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-31355-1.\nGrice, H. P. (1975). \"Logic and conversation\". In Cole, P.; Morgan, J. (eds.). Syntax and semantics: Speech acts. Vol. 3. New York: Academic Press. pp. 41–53.\nKasper, Gabriele (April 1990). \"Linguistic politeness: Current research issues\". Journal of Pragmatics. 14: 193–218. doi:10.1016/0378-2166(90)90080-W. ISSN 0378-2166.\nLabov, W. (1972). Language in the inner city: Studies in the Black English vernacular. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-1051-4.\nLakoff, Robin (1989). \"The limits of politeness: Therapeutic and courtroom discourse\". Multilingua. 8 (2/3): 101–129. doi:10.1515/mult.1989.8.2-3.101. ISSN 0167-8507. S2CID 144630209.\nLewis, C. S. (2001). Mere Christianity: a revised and amplified edition, with a new introduction, of the three books, Broadcast talks, Christian behaviour, and Beyond personality. [San Francisco]: HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 0-06-065292-6.\nMartin, Judith (1996). Miss Manners rescues civilization: from sexual harassment, frivolous lawsuits, dissing, and other lapses in civility. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 0-517-70164-2.\nMoumni, H. (2005). Politeness in Parliamentary Discourse: A Comparative Pragmatic Study of British and Moroccan MPs' Speech Acts at Question Time (Unpub. Ph.D. Thesis). Rabat, Morocco: Mohammed V University.\nPalleschi, Marino (5 December 2005). \"The Commedia dell'Arte: Its Origins, Development & Influence on the Ballet\" (in Italian). Retrieved 6 January 2009.\nTannen, D. (1984). Conversational style: Analyzing talk among friends. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing. ISBN 0-19-522181-8.\nTannen, D. (1990). You just don't understand: Men and women in conversation. New York: Ballantine. ISBN 978-0-06-095962-3.\nThomas, Jenny A. (1983). \"Cross-cultural pragmatic failure\". Applied Linguistics. 4 (2): 91–112. doi:10.1093/applin/4.2.91. hdl:11059/14627. ISSN 0142-6001.\nWestacott, E (2006). \"The Rights and Wrongs of Rudeness\". International Journal of Applied Philosophy. 20 (1): 1–22. doi:10.5840/ijap20062013.\nWickman, Forrest (15 January 2013). \"Oh, Please: When did we start rolling our eyes to express contempt?\". Slate.vteBullyingTypes\nAbusive supervision\nCyberbullying\nDisability bullying\nDisplaced aggression\nDoxing\nLGBT bullying\nHazing\nMilitary bullying\nMobbing\nParental bullying of children\nPeer victimization\nPrison bullying\nRank\nRelational aggression\nSchool bullying\nHigher education\nSexual bullying\nWorkplace harassment\nWorkplace bullying\nAcademia\nInformation technology\nLegal aspects\nLegal profession\nMedicine\nNursing\nTeaching\nToxic leader\nToxic workplace\nElements\nBetrayal\nBlacklisting\nBullying and emotional intelligence\nCancel culture\nCharacter assassination\nCoercion\nCulture of fear\nDefamation\nDestabilisation\nDiscrediting\nEmbarrassment\nFalse accusation\nGaslighting\nGossip\nHarassment\nHumiliation\nIncivility\nIntimidation\nIsolation\nKiss up kick down\nMind games\nMoving the goalposts\nNagging\nName calling\nPersonal attacks\nPhysical abuse\nPsychological abuse\nRudeness\nSarcasm\nScreaming\nSmear campaign\nSocial exclusion\nSocial undermining\nSwatting\nTaunting\nWorkplace incivility\nVerbal abuse\nOrganizations\nAct Against Bullying\nBan Bossy\nBullying UK\nBystander Revolution\nCanadian Centre for Gender and Sexual Diversity\nDitch the Label\nGRIN Campaign\nIt Gets Better Project\nKidscape\nSociety Against Violence in Education\nExpertsAcademics\nAnna Costanza Baldry\nWendy Craig\nDorothy Espelage\nDavid P. Farrington\nShelley Hymel\nHeinz Leymann\nGary Namie\nJames O'Higgins Norman\nDan Olweus\nDebra Pepler\nChristina Salmivalli\nKenneth Westhues\nActivists\nAndrea Adams\nLouise Burfitt-Dons\nTim Field\nSuEllen Fried\nLiam Hackett\nLizzie Velásquez\nActions\nAnti-Bullying Day\nAnti-Bullying Week\nAnti-bullying legislation\nInternational Day of Pink\nInternational Stand Up to Bullying Day\nThink Before You Speak\nNotable suicides(List)\nWilliam Arthur Gibbs (1877)\nKelly Yeomans (1997)\nHamed Nastoh (2000)\nDawn-Marie Wesley (2000)\nNicola Ann Raphael (2001)\nRyan Halligan (2003)\nMegan Meier (2006)\nSladjana Vidovic (2008)\nPhoebe Prince (2010)\nTyler Clementi (2010)\nJamey Rodemeyer (2011)\nJamie Hubley (2011)\nKenneth Weishuhn (2012)\nAudrie Pott (2012)\nAmanda Todd (2012)\nJadin Bell (2013)\nRehtaeh Parsons (2013)\nRebecca Sedwick (2013)\nLeelah Alcorn (2014)\nConrad Roy (2014)\nTyrone Unsworth (2016)\nMurder–suicides(incidents)\nEric Harris and Dylan Klebold\nColumbine, 1999\nJeff Weise\nRed Lake, 2005\nSeung-Hui Cho\nVirginia Tech, 2007\nPekka-Eric Auvinen\nJokela High School, 2007\nMatti Juhani Saari\nKauhajoki School of Hospitality, 2008\nElliot Rodger\nIsla Vista, 2014\nRelated topics\nEmotional blackmail\nJust-world hypothesis\nList of LGBT-related suicides\nMachiavellianism in the workplace\nNarcissism in the workplace\nPersonal boundaries\nPersonality disorders\nPlaying the victim\nPsychopathy in the workplace\nScapegoating\nSelf-esteem\nSocial dominance orientation\nSuicide among LGBT youth\nVictim blaming\nVictimisation\nVictimologyvteAbuseTypes\nAdverse childhood experiences\nAnti-social behaviour\nBullying\nChild abuse\nneglect\nsexual\nmilitary\nmarriage\nCruelty to animals\nDisability abuse\nmilitary draft\nDomestic abuse\nElder abuse\nFinancial\nMarriage\nGaslighting\nHarassment\nHumiliation\nIncivility\nInstitutional abuse\nIntimidation\nNeglect\nPersecution\nProfessional abuse\nPsychological abuse\nPhysical abuse\nSocial abuse\nPolice brutality\nReferee and umpire abuse\nReligious abuse\nSexual abuse\nStalking\nStructural abuse\nVerbal abuse\nmore...\nRelated topics\nAbusive supervision\nAbuse of power\nAbusive power and control\nChild grooming\nComplex post-traumatic stress disorder\nDehumanization\nDenial\nDestabilisation\nExaggeration\nIsolation\nJust-world hypothesis\nLying\nManipulation\nMinimisation\nNarcissism\nPlaying the victim\nPsychological projection\nPsychological trauma\nPsychopathy\nRationalization\nTraumatic bonding\nVictim blaming\nVictimisation\nVictimology","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"image_text":"It is considered rude to take up more than one parking space in a parking lot, which inconveniences other motorists.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ot%C3%A1rio_%284579726197%29.jpg/220px-Ot%C3%A1rio_%284579726197%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A \"V sign\" with the fingers can mean \"peace\" in some situations and \"up yours\" in others.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Peace_sign_photo.jpg/220px-Peace_sign_photo.jpg"},{"image_text":"An example of grafitti where a sign has been edited to spell the word \"fart\". Grafitti and farting are widely considered to be rude, but this rudeness is often seen as having comic potential.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sacred_Fart_Activity_Center.jpg/220px-Sacred_Fart_Activity_Center.jpg"},{"image_text":"Edsel Ford Fong, credited with being the world's rudest waiter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Edsel_Ford_Fong_1982.png/220px-Edsel_Ford_Fong_1982.png"}]
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[{"title":"Dysphemism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysphemism"},{"title":"Emily Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Post"},{"title":"Incivility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incivility"},{"title":"Innuendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innuendo"},{"title":"Loaded language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loaded_language"},{"title":"Miss Manners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Manners"},{"title":"Workplace incivility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workplace_incivility"},{"title":"Worldwide etiquette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldwide_etiquette"},{"title":"Eye-rolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye-rolling"}]
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[{"reference":"Westacott, Emrys (2013-11-24). The Virtues of Our Vices: A Modest Defense of Gossip, Rudeness, and Other Bad Habits. Princeton University Press. pp. 15–21. ISBN 978-0-691-16221-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2mqYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19","url_text":"The Virtues of Our Vices: A Modest Defense of Gossip, Rudeness, and Other Bad Habits"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16221-8","url_text":"978-0-691-16221-8"}]},{"reference":"Beebe, L. M. (1995). \"Polite fictions: Instrumental rudeness as pragmatic competence\". In Alatis, J. E.; Straehle, C. A.; Gallenberger, B.; Ronkin, M. (eds.). Georgetown University round table on language teachers: Ethnolinguistic, psycholinguistic, and sociolinguistic aspects. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. pp. 154–168.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Brown, P.; Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language use. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-31355-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/politenesssomeun00brow","url_text":"Politeness: Some universals in language use"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31355-1","url_text":"978-0-521-31355-1"}]},{"reference":"Grice, H. P. (1975). \"Logic and conversation\". In Cole, P.; Morgan, J. (eds.). Syntax and semantics: Speech acts. Vol. 3. New York: Academic Press. pp. 41–53.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Grice","url_text":"Grice, H. P."}]},{"reference":"Kasper, Gabriele (April 1990). \"Linguistic politeness: Current research issues\". Journal of Pragmatics. 14: 193–218. doi:10.1016/0378-2166(90)90080-W. ISSN 0378-2166.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0378-2166%2890%2990080-W","url_text":"10.1016/0378-2166(90)90080-W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0378-2166","url_text":"0378-2166"}]},{"reference":"Labov, W. (1972). Language in the inner city: Studies in the Black English vernacular. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-1051-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1051-4","url_text":"978-0-8122-1051-4"}]},{"reference":"Lakoff, Robin (1989). \"The limits of politeness: Therapeutic and courtroom discourse\". Multilingua. 8 (2/3): 101–129. doi:10.1515/mult.1989.8.2-3.101. ISSN 0167-8507. S2CID 144630209.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fmult.1989.8.2-3.101","url_text":"10.1515/mult.1989.8.2-3.101"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0167-8507","url_text":"0167-8507"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144630209","url_text":"144630209"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, C. S. (2001). Mere Christianity: a revised and amplified edition, with a new introduction, of the three books, Broadcast talks, Christian behaviour, and Beyond personality. [San Francisco]: HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 0-06-065292-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis","url_text":"Lewis, C. S."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/merechristianity00csle_1","url_text":"Mere Christianity: a revised and amplified edition, with a new introduction, of the three books, Broadcast talks, Christian behaviour, and Beyond personality"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-065292-6","url_text":"0-06-065292-6"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Judith (1996). Miss Manners rescues civilization: from sexual harassment, frivolous lawsuits, dissing, and other lapses in civility. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 0-517-70164-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/missmannersrescu00mart","url_text":"Miss Manners rescues civilization: from sexual harassment, frivolous lawsuits, dissing, and other lapses in civility"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-70164-2","url_text":"0-517-70164-2"}]},{"reference":"Moumni, H. (2005). Politeness in Parliamentary Discourse: A Comparative Pragmatic Study of British and Moroccan MPs' Speech Acts at Question Time (Unpub. Ph.D. Thesis). Rabat, Morocco: Mohammed V University.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Palleschi, Marino (5 December 2005). \"The Commedia dell'Arte: Its Origins, Development & Influence on the Ballet\" (in Italian). Retrieved 6 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://auguste.vestris.free.fr/Essays/Commedia.html","url_text":"\"The Commedia dell'Arte: Its Origins, Development & Influence on the Ballet\""}]},{"reference":"Tannen, D. (1984). Conversational style: Analyzing talk among friends. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing. ISBN 0-19-522181-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablex_Publishing","url_text":"Ablex Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-522181-8","url_text":"0-19-522181-8"}]},{"reference":"Tannen, D. (1990). You just don't understand: Men and women in conversation. New York: Ballantine. ISBN 978-0-06-095962-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-095962-3","url_text":"978-0-06-095962-3"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Jenny A. (1983). \"Cross-cultural pragmatic failure\". Applied Linguistics. 4 (2): 91–112. doi:10.1093/applin/4.2.91. hdl:11059/14627. ISSN 0142-6001.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Linguistics_(journal)","url_text":"Applied Linguistics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fapplin%2F4.2.91","url_text":"10.1093/applin/4.2.91"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11059%2F14627","url_text":"11059/14627"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0142-6001","url_text":"0142-6001"}]},{"reference":"Westacott, E (2006). \"The Rights and Wrongs of Rudeness\". International Journal of Applied Philosophy. 20 (1): 1–22. doi:10.5840/ijap20062013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fijap20062013","url_text":"10.5840/ijap20062013"}]},{"reference":"Wickman, Forrest (15 January 2013). \"Oh, Please: When did we start rolling our eyes to express contempt?\". Slate.","urls":[{"url":"https://slate.com/human-interest/2013/01/eye-rolling-why-do-people-roll-their-eyes-when-theyre-annoyed.html","url_text":"\"Oh, Please: When did we start rolling our eyes to express contempt?\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Aronstein_Black
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Barbara Aronstein Black
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["1 Life and career","2 References","3 External links"]
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American legal scholar
Barbara Aronstein BlackBorn (1933-05-06) May 6, 1933 (age 91)Borough Park, New York, U.S.EducationBrooklyn College (BA)Columbia University (LLB)Yale University (PhD)Occupation(s)Law professor, academic
Barbara Aronstein Black (born 1933) is an American legal scholar. Born and raised in Brooklyn. She was the first woman to serve as dean of an Ivy League law school. when she became Dean of Columbia Law School in 1986. Black is the George Wellwood Murray Professor of Legal History at Columbia.
Life and career
Black received her B.A. from Brooklyn College in 1953, her LL.B. from Columbia Law School in 1955, and a Ph.D. from Yale University in 1975. While at Law School, she was editor of the Columbia Law Review.
Black was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1989 and a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1991. She was also for two years president of the American Society for Legal History.
Black's work has been concentrated in the area of contracts and legal history. She is a recipient of the Elizabeth Blackwell Award and of the Federal Bar Association Prize of Columbia Law School.
Barbara Black is the widow of constitutional scholar and civil rights pioneer Charles Black, with whom she had three children, two sons and a daughter. She left Academia for a time to focus on raising her children, and returned in 1965.
References
^ a b "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved July 26, 2011.
^ Kleiman, Carol (March 9, 1987). "More women practice law, but barriers remain". Chicago Tribune.
^ a b "Biography · Barbara Aronstein Black · ABA Women Trailblazers Project". abawtp.law.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
^ "Winning due credit for life experience". Milwaukee Journal. January 6, 1986.
^ a b McFadde, Robert (May 8, 2001). "Charles L. Black Jr., 85, constitutional law expert who wrote on impeachment, dies". New York Times.
^ Moss, Michael (6 June 1988). "Challenge rules, roles, new graduates told". Newsday.
^ a b "Faculty Profiles - Barbara Aronstein Black". Columbia Law School. Archived from the original on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
^ "Barbara A. Black". www.law.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2022-04-07.
^ "The Blackwell Award". Hobart and William Smith College.
^ "HWS: Barbara Aronstein Black". Hobart and William Smith College.
^ "Some memories of Charles L. Black, Jr". Yale Law Journal. June 1, 2002.
^ "Woman in the News: Barbara Aronstein Black; Incoming Law School Dean with 2 Careers". The New York Times. 1986-01-02. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
External links
Columbia Law School Faculty Profile
Academic offices
Preceded byBenno C. Schmidt Jr.
Dean of Columbia Law School 1986–1991
Succeeded byLance Liebman
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Other
SNAC
This biographical article about an American legal academic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Robert_K_S
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User talk:Robert K S
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["1 ArbCom 2019 election voter message","2 \"Irina(Bond Girl)\" listed at Redirects for discussion","3 Speedy deletion nomination of ENIAC (disambiguation)","4 ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message","5 ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message"]
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"Irina(Bond Girl)" listed at Redirects for discussion
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Speedy deletion nomination of ENIAC (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Hall_Guild_of_Great_Britain_and_America
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The Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America
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["1 Projects","2 References","3 Further reading"]
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The Music Hall Guild of Great Britain & America and the Theatre and Film Guild of Great Britain and AmericaOfficial logoFormation18 September 1985TypeCharitable organizationPurposeEducation, History of Music HallChairman of TrusteesMatthew NeilFounderAdrian BarryMain organBoard of TrusteesWebsitewww.themusichallguild.com
The Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America and the Theatre and Film Guild of Great Britain and America is a registered theatre charity and non-profit making theatre organisation based in London. The Guild's patrons include Brian Croucher, Anita Dobson, Sheila Ferguson, Jessica Martin, Lorraine Chase, Gillian Gregory, Mark Lester, and Shani Wallis.
The aims of the Guild are:
To advance education through the presentation of music hall and theatre productions and encouragement of the Arts; and
To advance education in the history of Music Hall and Theatre performers by undertaking research and identifying, restoring, erecting and beautifying memorials which are of educational Interest.
The Guild's activities include research, the collection of theatre archive, exhibitions, professional theatre productions, reminiscence, educational and restoration projects. The Guild erects commemorative blue plaques and cares for the final resting places of many music hall, variety, vaudeville, musical comedy, theatre and pantomime artistes, including Nelly Power, George Leybourne, Albert Chevalier, Herbert Campbell, Edmund Payne, Kay Kendall, Marie Lloyd, Lupino Lane, Dan Leno and Gabrielle Ray.
The Guild had an income of £57,854 in 2009–10, the majority of which was spent on restoration and commemoration projects.
Projects
Date
Subject
Memorial
Venue
Notes
2009
Music Hall and Variety stars
Variety Artistes Benevolent Fund memorial stone
Streatham Park Cemetery
The stone commemorates over 200 music hall and variety performers buried there. They received a grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund to create a new memorial garden and create an on-line database.
2009
Lupino Lane
Restoration of gravestone
Streatham Park Cemetery
Erected to mark the 50th anniversary of Lane's death, and held a memorial service at the Actors' Church, Covent Garden with a reception at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane.
8 November 2010
Male impersonator Hetty King
Blue plaque
19 Palmerston Road, Wimbledon
Hetty King's last home
5 March 2011
Music Hall Comedian Austin Rudd
Restoration of gravestone
St Lawrence Church, Morden
25 September 2011
Music Hall star Marie Kendall
Blue plaque
Okeover Manor, Clapham Common Northside
Marie Kendall's last home in Clapham
26 November 2011
Music Hall comedian Herbert Campbell
Restoration of gravestone
Abney Park Cemetery
10 March 2012
Musical Comedy actress Marie Studholme
Blue plaque and restoration of gravestone
East Finchley Cemetery
11 May 2012
Music Hall star Nelly Power
Restoration of gravestone
Abney Park Cemetery
3 August 2012
Music Hall star Dan Crawley
Restoration of gravestone
Abney Park Cemetery
Rededicated his memorial on 21 October 2012 to mark the 100th anniversary of Crawley's death and re-cleaned in March 2016.
27 August 2012
Composer G. W. Hunt
Restoration of gravestone
Abney Park Cemetery
30 September 2012
Music Hall impresario Fred Karno
Blue plaque
Clockwork Studios, Southwell Road, Camberwell
Erected at Fred Karno's former Fun Factory where the likes of Charles Chaplin, Fred Kitchen and Stan Laurel learn their skills.
20 October 2012
Music Hall star Walter Laburnum
Restoration of gravestone
Abney Park Cemetery
8 May 2013
Music Hall star Fred Albert
Restoration of gravestone
Abney Park Cemetery
22 September 2013
Actress Kay Kendall
Restoration of gravestone
St John-at-Hampstead Church in Hampstead, London
28 September 2013
Music Hall star Alice Lloyd
Restoration of gravestone
All Saints Churchyard, Banstead, Surrey
7 October 2013
Music Hall star Marie Lloyd
Blue plaque
37 Woodstock Road, Golders Green
Marie Lloyd's last home.
20 October 2013
Music Hall star Alice Lloyd
Blue plaque
239 Banstead Road, Surrey
Alice Lloyd's last home.
15 June 2014
Lupino Lane
Blue plaque
32 Maida Vale, London
Lupino Lane's former home.
29 June 2014
Comedian & Actor Edmund Payne
Restoration of memorial
Abney Park Cemetery
21 August 2014
Music Hall performer Joe O'Gorman (senior)
Restoration of memorial
Putney Vale Cemetery
6 September 2014
Kay Kendall
Blue plaque
61 Hull Road, Withernsea, East Yorkshire
The house where Kay Kendall was born
2 October 2014
Nellie Farren
Restoration of memorial
Brompton Cemetery
2 October 2014
Farren Soutar
Restoration of memorial
Brompton Cemetery
18 October 2014
Gus Elen
Restoration of memorial
Streatham Park Cemetery
Gus Elen grave restored
30 May 2015
Music Hall Performer Lew Lake
Restoration of memorial
Abney Park Cemetery
5 September 2015
Music Hall Comedian Austin Rudd
Blue plaque
254 Edgware Road, London W2 1DS
25 November 2015
Comedian Herbert Campbell
Blue plaque
44 Lawford Road, Hackney
16 February 2016
Comedian Stanley Lupino
Blue plaque
33 Ardbeg Road, Herne Hill, London
16 February 2016
Actress and Director Ida Lupino
Blue plaque
33 Ardbeg Road, Herne Hill, London
The birthplace of Ida Lupino
27 March 2016
Comedian Fred Kitchen
Restoration of Grave
West Norwood Cemetery
27 March 2016
Pantomimist R. H. Kitchen
Restoration of Grave
West Norwood Cemetery
29 July 2016
Actor Fred Allandale
Restoration of Grave
Abney Park Cemetery
29 July 2016
Actress Maie Ash
Restoration of Grave
Abney Park Cemetery
12 August 2016
Harry Nicholls (comedian)
Restoration of Grave
Old Chiswick Cemetery
14 August 2016
Actress Fannie Leslie
Restoration of Grave
St Pancras and Islington Cemetery
15 September 2016
Music Hall comedian Jenny Hill (music hall performer)
Restoration of Grave
Nunhead Cemetery
3 November 2016
Tom McNaughton (Comedian)
Restoration of Grave
Hampstead Cemetery
5 November 2016
Harry Hunter (Composer and Vocalist)
Restoration of Grave
Abney Park Cemetery
Harry Hunter was one third of the prolific music publishers Francis, Day and Hunter
6 November 2016
George Leybourne (Music Hall Vocalist)
Restoration of Grave
Abney Park Cemetery
6 November 2016
Albert Chevalier (Actor, Comedian, Lyricist and Vocalist)
Restoration of Grave
Abney Park Cemetery
24 February 2017
Edward Lewis (Actor and Comedian)
Restoration of Grave
Brockley and Ladywell Cemeteries
30 June 2017
Samuel Lockhart (Acrobat, Clown & Equestrian)
Restoration of Grave
Brockley and Ladywell Cemeteries
Father of George and Samuel Lockhart famous elephant trainers.
2 July 2017
William Pinder (Circus Proprietor)
Restoration of Grave
West Norwood Cemetery
16 July 2017
Edmund Payne
Blue Plaque
West Heath Avenue Hampstead
Edmund Payne's last home.
29 July 2017
Harry Randall (actor)
Restoration of Grave
Hampstead Cemetery
14 August 2017
Nelly Power
Blue Plaque
97 Southgate Road Islington
1 September 2017
Lottie Collins
Restoration of Grave
St Pancras and Islington Cemetery
11 September 2017
Harry Weldon (comedian)
Restoration of Grave
Hampstead Cemetery
2 October 2017
Ben Greet
Restoration of Grave
Charlton Cemetery
25 November 2017
Kate Carney
Restoration of Grave
Putney Vale Cemetery
23 December 2017
Tony Walsh (Comic Juggler)
New Memorial
Streatham Park Cemetery
23 December 2017
Agar Young (Acrobat and Pantomimist)
New Memorial
Streatham Park Cemetery
Agar Young was born John Davidson MacDonald in Scotland and started out as one half of the music hall duo Agar and Young
15 June 2018
Nora Posford (Actress and Comedienne)
Restoration of Grave
Abney Park Cemetery
24 August 2018
Anne Shelton (singer) Singer
Restoration of Grave
Camberwell New Cemetery
14 November 2018
Gabrielle Ray (Actress and Dancer)
New Memorial
Englefield Green Cemetery
17 May 2019
Margot Fonteyn
Blue Plaque
3 Elm Grove Road Ealing
This plaque marked the 100th anniversary of Fonteyn's birth
7 July 2019
Thora Hird
Blue Plaque
Leinster Mews Bayswater
12 February 2020
Marie Lloyd
Blue Plaque
73 Carleton Road, Tuffnell Park N7
This plaque marked the 150th anniversary of Marie Lloyd's birth
13 July 2020
Percy Anderson
New memorial
All Saint's Churchyard, Crondall
This new memorial stone for Percy Anderson marks his grave which has remained anonymous for 92 years
References
^ a b "The Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America". opencharities.org. 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
^ "About Us". themusichallguild.com. 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
^ Morkunas, pp. 2–3
^ "Resting Places". themusichallguild.com. 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
^ Morkunas, p. 6
^ "Music Hall and Variety Artistes Burial Places". arthurlloyd.co.uk. 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
^ "Music Hall stars to shine once more". Heritage Lottery Fund. 1 August 2009. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
^ Burnett, Craig (13 July 2009). "Spotlight to shine again on Wimbledon music hall stars". Streatham Guardian. Newsquest South & West London. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
^ a b c d e f g "News". themusichallguild.com. 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
^ "Austin Rudd Grave Restored", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 5 March 2011
^ "Marie Studholme Memorial Restored", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 10 March 2012
^ "Nelly Power Memorial Restored", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 16 April 2012
^ "Dan Crawley Memorial Restored", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 11 August 2012
^ "G.W.Hunt Memorial Restored", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 28 August 2012
^ a b "Fred Karno Commemorated", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 30 September 2012
^ "Walter Laburnum Memorial Restored", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 22 October 2012
^ "Fred Albert Memorial Restored", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 22 October 2012
^ "Kay Kendall's Grave Restored", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 22 September 2013
^ "Alice Lloyd's Grave Restored", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 22 September 2013
^ "Marie Lloyd Commemorated", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 7 October 2013
^ "Lupino Lane is Commemorated", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 15 June 2014
^ "Edmund Payne is remembered", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 29 June 2014
^ "Kay Kendall is commemorated with blue plaque", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 6 September 2014
^ "Nellie Farren grave restored", the Music Hall Gulid of Great Britain and America, accessed 2 October 2014
^ "Nellie Farren grave restored", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 2 October 2014
^ "Gus Elen Grave Restored", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 18 October 2014
^ "Lew Lake Memorial Restored", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 30 May 2015
^ "Austin Rudd Commemorated", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 5 September 2015
^ "Austin Rudd Commemorated", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 25 November 2015
^ "Stanley Lupino Commemorated", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 16 February 2016
^ "Ida Lupino Commemorated", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 16 February 2016
^ "Fred Kitchen Memorial restored", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 25 March 2016
^ "R.H. Kitchen Memorial restored", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 25 March 2016
^ a b "The Grave of actress Maie Ash and actor Fred Allandale has been restored", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 29 July 2016
^ "The Grave of Music Hall Harry Nicolls has been restored", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 14 August 2016
^ "The Grave of actress Fannie Leslie has been restored", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 14 August 2016
^ "The Grave of Music Hall comedienne Jenny Hill has been restored", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 14 August 2016
^ "The Grave of Music Hall Comedian Tom McNaughton has been restored", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 3 November 2016
^ "The Grave of Composer and Vocalist Harry Hunter has been restored", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 5 November 2016
^ "The Grave of George Leybourne has been restored", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 6 November 2016
^ "The Grave of Albert Chevalier has been restored", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 6 November 2016
^ "The Grave of actor and comedian Edward Lewis has been restored", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 24 February 2017
^ "The Grave of Lockhart family has been restored", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 30 June 2017
^ "The Grave of Pinder family has been restored", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 2 July 2017
^ "Edmund Payne Commemorated", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 16 July 2017
^ "The Grave of comedian Harry Randall has been restored", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 29 July 2017
^ "Nelly Power Commemorated", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 14 August 2017
^ "The Grave of Music Hall star Lottie Collins has been restored", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 1 September 2017
^ "The Grave of Music Hall Comedian Harry Weldon is Restored", The Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 11 September 2017
^ "The Grave of Shakespearean actor Ben Greet is restored", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 1 September 2017
^ "The Grave of music hall star Kate Carney is restored", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 25 November 2017
^ a b "The Variety memorial installed"\, the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 23 December 2017
^ "The Grave of Nora Posford has been restored", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 15 June 2018
^ "The Grave of Anne Shelton OBE restored", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 27 August 2018
^ "Gabrielle Ray remembered", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 14 November 2018
^ "Margot Fonteyn Commemorated", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 17 May 2019
^ "Dame Thora Hird is Commemorated", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 7 July 2019
^ "Marie Lloyd Commemorated", the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 12 February 2020
^ "The Grave of Percy Anderson" The Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America, accessed 14 June 2020
Further reading
Morkunas, Neil (4 May 2010). "Annual Report to Charity Commission 2009-2010" (PDF). charitycommission.gov.uk.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_Skips_a_Beat
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Heart Skips a Beat
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["1 Background","2 Critical reception","3 Music videos","4 Live performances","5 Track listing","6 Appearances in other media","7 Charts and certifications","7.1 Weekly charts","7.2 Year-end charts","7.3 Certifications","8 Release history","9 References"]
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2011 single by Olly Murs
This article is about the 2011 Olly Murs song. For the cardiac condition, see skipped beat. For other uses, see Heart Skips a Beat (disambiguation).
"Heart Skips a Beat"Single by Olly Murs featuring Rizzle Kicks or Chiddy Bangfrom the album In Case You Didn't Know and Right Place, Right Time (US version) B-side"On My Cloud"Released19 August 2011 (UK)29 May 2012 (U.S.)Recorded2010GenrePopLength3:22LabelEpicSycoSongwriter(s)Alex SmithSamuel PrestonJim EliotJordan StephensHarley Alexander-SuleProducer(s)Alex Smith & Matt FurmidgeOlly Murs singles chronology
"Busy" (2011)
"Heart Skips a Beat" (2011)
"Dance with Me Tonight" (2011)
Rizzle Kicks singles chronology
"Down with the Trumpets"(2011)
"Heart Skips a Beat"(2011)
"When I Was a Youngster"(2011)
"Heart Skips a Beat" is a song by English singer-songwriter Olly Murs, taken from his second studio album, In Case You Didn't Know. The song features vocals from English hip hop duo Rizzle Kicks, and was released as the album's lead single on 19 August 2011. It was written by Alex Smith, Preston, Kish Mauve and Rizzle Kicks. In the United Kingdom, the song debuted at number one with first-week sales of over 109,000 copies, becoming his second number-one single. It also served as the closing song at Murs' 2012 arena tour.
The song achieved further success topping the charts in Germany and Switzerland, until it was overtaken by Murs' 2012 single "Troublemaker". The song has charted at number six in Ireland, becoming his second highest-charting single in the country at the time. The song gave Murs his second consecutive nomination for "Best British Single" at the 2012 BRIT Awards, after "Please Don't Let Me Go" was nominated at the 2011 ceremony. The track was released as Murs' debut single in the United States on 22 May 2012. The track was remixed for the American market, removing Rizzle Kicks and including a new verse from Chiddy Bang. It entered the Billboard Hot 100 at #96, and managed to peak at #25 on the Pop chart.
Background
"Heart Skips a Beat" was written by Alex Smith, Preston, Jim Eliot and Rizzle Kicks. It is the only song Murs did not co-write for the In Case You Didn't Know album. Of the track, he said: "It was a curve ball and nothing like anything else on the album, but I loved the production and the writers wrote it for me." The song had originally been put forward for his debut album but Murs' team held it back in order to launch his second album In Case You Didn't Know, with Rizzle Kicks being implemented on the track two weeks before the final version was made.
The U.S. version of the song features Philadelphia hip hop duo Chiddy Bang. The decision to replace Rizzle Kicks for the U.S. release was received negatively by both UK and U.S. fans of Murs, and in an interview with Murs for the Metro in August 2012, it emerged that it had been Columbia's decision to change the track for the U.S. release: "It wasn't my decision, it was the label. It said UK rappers don't go down well in the US. The boys knew that and were fine about it. I called them and told them Chiddy Bang was going to be on it instead and they were fine. I'd like it if they were on it because it's been a hit with them on it in the UK and Europe but I understand the American market is different. There are no hard feelings."
Critical reception
"Heart Skips a Beat"
A 20-second sample of "Heart Skips a Beat", an electropop song.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Lewis Corner of Digital Spy gave the song a four out of five stars, stating, "Murs confesses over a ska-flecked melody, reggae beats and the cheeky vocal twang that grabbed Si's attention first time out – while a skit from street-rapping duo Rizzle Kicks ensures the whole thing remains child and chart-friendly. The result is another infectious summer-pop ditty of the back garden barbecue variety – meaning his chops can rest easy... at least for now." Entertainment website 4Music gave the song a positive review: "We're loving the new track, which has a danceable chorus and some sweet rhymes from Rizzle and Harley Sylvester, who make up our new favourite hip hop duo."
Music videos
A total of three official music videos have been made to accompany the different releases of "Heart Skips a Beat". The first, for the original UK version, was first released onto YouTube on 15 July 2011. The video was filmed at Mile End Skate Park in East London in early July 2011. It features Murs dancing on what looks like a giant record player, with a giant record labelled as the single. The video features numerous dancers and skateboarders as extras. "Rose", the papier-mâché figure of a woman, as seen in the music video of his single "Busy", also makes a cameo appearance. Murs parodied this version of the video along with his The Xtra Factor co-host Caroline Flack for the first episode of the show's ninth series in August 2012.
A separate music video for the U.S. remix of the song was shot on 14 May 2012 at the Rose Bowl in Los Angeles. Murs confirmed on his Twitter account that same day that Chiddy Bang would feature in the U.S. version of the video, and he released a picture of himself dressed as a football coach. This version of the video was released onto YouTube on 1 June 2012 and sees Murs playing a spectator in a crowd at a football match, as well as a coach and a midfielder, trying to entice the rest of the all female team with his dance moves and tricks.
A second music video for the U.S. remix of the song was shot on 20 September 2012 at the broadwalk on Venice Beach in California, and was released onto YouTube a few days later on 27 September. This version of the video sees Murs spotting and then pursuing an attractive woman (Sofia Mattsson) up the broadwalk, trying to get her attention for the duration of the song. Just as they are about to kiss at the song's end, Murs finds himself back where he was at the start of the video, with the idea being that he dreamt about it happening. The group, Chiddy Bang, does not appear in this version of the video, and their raps are filled with cut scenes of street dancers.
Live performances
Murs has performed "Heart Skips a Beat" live, with and without Rizzle Kicks, numerous times, in the lead up to and after its release. He first performed the song with Rizzle Kicks on the weekend of release at V Festival on 20 and 21 August 2011. He also performed the song with them at Children in Need on 18 November, and on that year's Christmas Day edition of Top of the Pops. He also performed the song with them as the closing number on the two sold out nights of his arena tour at London's O2 Arena on 4 and 5 February 2012. He performed the song with them again at the 2012 BRIT Awards ceremony on 21 February, where the song was nominated for the "Best British Single" award, losing out to One Direction's single "What Makes You Beautiful". Here, the mix of the song for this performance incorporated a sample of Deee-Lite's song "Groove Is in the Heart". This performance was made available to download on iTunes the following day.
Murs' performances of the song without Rizzle Kicks were on TV shows such as Daybreak, This Morning, The Hollyoaks Music Show, OK! TV and Murs' special for The Album Chart Show.
Internationally, Murs has also given live performances of the song on television. In Germany, he has performed it as part of a medley with Sean Paul (who performed his song "She Doesn't Mind") and Taio Cruz (who performed his song "Troublemaker" – not to be confused with Murs' 2012 single of the same name) at the 2012 ECHO Awards in Berlin, the WOK-WM Qualifying event for Pro7 and acoustically on the Sat.1 morning show (all in March 2012). He also performed it at the 63rd edition of the bi-annual live music programme The Dome in August 2012. In Austria and Sweden, he has performed the song on the TV shows 'Joiz Livingroom' and 'Sommarkrysset' respectively in April and August 2012.
He also performed the song live with Rizzle Kicks at the French music show Taratata in March 2012 (although the performance, along with a live cover of Stevie Wonder's "Master Blaster (Jammin')" was not shown until early June 2012). In Australia, he performed the song live on morning breakfast show Sunrise and daytime chat show The Circle. Murs' first U.S. TV performance of the track was on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on 15 June 2012. The song was also performed along with "Dance with Me Tonight" on Good Morning America on 28 September 2012.
Track listing
UK CD singleNo.TitleLength1."Heart Skips a Beat"3:222."On My Cloud"2:24
Digital EPNo.TitleLength1."Heart Skips a Beat"3:222."Heart Skips a Beat" (MNEK's Gimmabeat Mix)3:373."Heart Skips a Beat" (PokerFace Lyndsey Club)5:274."On My Cloud"2:24
German CD singleNo.TitleLength1."Heart Skips a Beat"3:222."Please Don't Let Me Go" (Acoustic)3:24
US digital downloadNo.TitleLength1."Heart Skips a Beat" (US Remix) (featuring Chiddy Bang)3:21
Appearances in other media
In October 2013 the song was used in an advert for Heart FM where it shows pairs of people connecting hands to make heart shapes until it reaches a woman watching Murs perform on stage and joins her hand with his.
Charts and certifications
Weekly charts
Chart (2011–12)
Peakposition
Australia (ARIA)
85
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)
6
Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders)
9
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)
91
Czech Republic (Rádio – Top 100)
12
Germany (Official German Charts)
1
Europe (Euro Digital Songs)
2
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)
12
Ireland (IRMA)
6
Luxembourg Digital Songs (Billboard)
1
Netherlands (Single Top 100)
76
Poland (Polish Airplay Top 100)
1
Romanian Top 100
67
Scotland (OCC)
2
Slovakia (Rádio Top 100)
31
Sweden (Sverigetopplistan)
60
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)
1
UK Singles (OCC)
1
US Billboard Hot 100
96
US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)
25
Year-end charts
Chart (2011)
Position
Austrian Singles Chart
66
UK Singles Chart
27
Chart (2012)
Position
Germany (Media Control Charts)
10
Hungary (Rádiós Top 40)
96
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)
18
UK Singles Chart
168
Certifications
Region
Certification
Certified units/sales
Austria (IFPI Austria)
Gold
15,000*
Germany (BVMI)
3× Gold
450,000^
Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland)
2× Platinum
60,000^
United Kingdom (BPI)
Platinum
706,000
* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
Release history
Country
Date
Format
Label
Ireland
19 August 2011
Digital download
Epic Records, Syco Music
United Kingdom
21 August 2011
22 August 2011
CD single
Spain
21 August 2011
Digital download
Australia
14 October 2011
Digital download
Germany
6 January 2012
3 February 2012
CD single
France
9 March 2012
Digital download
United States
29 May 2012
Digital download
Sony Music
References
^ "Dream reality for Murs and Young as talent stars take over charts". The Official Charts Company. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
^ "SoundCloud - Hear the world's sounds". SoundCloud.com. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
^ Jones, Stephen (25 August 2011). "TALENT FOCUS: Olly Murs". Music Week. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
^ "Olly Murs Releases US Version of "My Heart Skips a Beat"". homorazzi.com. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
^ "Olly Murs Teams With Chiddy Bang For 'Heart Skips A Beat' US Version - Audio". Capitalfm.com. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
^ "Metro – Olly Murs: My fans aren't as obsessed as One Direction's, mine are chilled". Metro Online. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
^ Lewis Corner (8 August 2011). "Olly Murs: 'Heart Skips A Beat'". Digital Spy. digitalspy.co.uk.
^ "4Music – News – News – Olly Murs feat. Rizzle Kicks – Heart Skips A Beat". 4Music. Archived from the original on 16 September 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
^ Olly Murs – Heart Skips a Beat ft. Rizzle Kicks on YouTube
^ Olly Murs (@ollyofficial) Twitter
^ Olly Murs feat. Chiddy Bang – Heart Skips a Beat on YouTube
^ a b c "Heart Skips A Beat: Olly Murs feat. Rizzle Kicks: Amazon.co.uk: Music". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
^ a b "Heart Skips a Beat (feat. Rizzle Kicks) - EP by Olly Murs". 19 August 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2022 – via Apple Music.
^ "Heart Skips a Beat". Amazon.de. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
^ "Chartifacts – Week Commencing: 7th May 2012". Australian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
^ "Olly Murs feat. Rizzle Kicks – Heart Skips a Beat" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40.
^ "Olly Murs feat. Rizzle Kicks – Heart Skips a Beat" (in Dutch). Ultratip.
^ "Olly Murs – Charts & Awards – Billboard Single". Allmusic. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Czech). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiální. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: Change the chart to CZ – RADIO – TOP 100 and insert 201225 into search.
^ "Olly Murs feat. Rizzle Kicks – Heart Skips a Beat" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts.
^ "Chart Search Results – Euro Digital Songs 2011-09-10". Billboard.biz. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége.
^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Heart Skips a Beat". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved 19 January 2020.
^ "Chart Search Results – Luxembourg Digital Songs 2012-04-07". Billboard.biz. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
^ "Olly Murs feat. Rizzle Kicks – Heart Skips a Beat" (in Dutch). Single Top 100.
^ "Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video". Polish Airplay Top 100. Retrieved 28 November 2011.
^ "Official Rumania chart". Archived from the original on 5 December 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
^ "ČNS IFPI" (in Slovak). Hitparáda – Radio Top 100 Oficiálna. IFPI Czech Republic. Note: insert 201142 into search.
^ "Veckolista Singlar – Vecka 35, 31 augusti 2012". Sverigetopplistan. Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
^ "Olly Murs feat. Rizzle Kicks – Heart Skips a Beat". Swiss Singles Chart.
^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company.
^ "Olly Murs Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard.
^ "Olly Murs Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard.
^ "Austria Top 40 – oe3.ORF.at". Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
^ "The Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles of the Year". BBC. 31 December 2011.
^ "Jahrescharts". VIVA. 5 January 2013. Archived from the original on 6 January 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
^ "MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 2012" (in Hungarian). Mahasz. Retrieved 18 January 2013.
^ "Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2012 – hitparade.ch". Hung Medien. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
^ "End of Year Charts 2012" (PDF). Ukchartsplus.co.uk. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
^ "Austrian single certifications – Olly Murs – Heart Skips a Beat" (in German). IFPI Austria. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Olly Murs; 'Heart Skips a Beat')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
^ "The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('Heart Skips a Beat')". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
^ Myers, Justin (16 November 2016). "Olly Murs' Official Top 10 biggest songs revealed". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
^ "British single certifications – Olly Murs feat. Rizzle Kicks – Heart Skips a Beat". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 4 May 2012.
^ "ITunes - Music - Heart Skips a Beat (Feat. Rizzle Kicks) - EP by Olly Murs". iTunes. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
^ "Heart Skips a Beat (feat. Rizzle Kicks) - EP de Olly Murs". 19 August 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2022 – via Apple Music.
^
^ "Heart Skips a Beat". Amazon.de. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
^ "Heart Skips a Beat". Amazon.de. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
vteOlly Murs
Discography
Songs
Studio albums
Olly Murs (2010)
In Case You Didn't Know (2011)
Right Place Right Time (2012)
Never Been Better (2014)
24 Hrs (2016)
You Know I Know (2018)
Marry Me (2022)
Singles
"Please Don't Let Me Go"
"Thinking of Me"
"Heart on My Sleeve"
"Busy"
"Heart Skips a Beat"
"Dance with Me Tonight"
"Oh My Goodness"
"Troublemaker"
"Army of Two"
"Dear Darlin'"
"Right Place Right Time"
"Hand on Heart"
"Wrapped Up"
"Up"
"Seasons"
"Beautiful to Me"
"Kiss Me"
"You Don't Know Love"
"Grow Up"
"Years & Years"
"Unpredictable"
"Moves"
Featured singles
"Inner Ninja"
"More Mess"
Other songs
"I Wan'na Be like You"
Concert tours
In Case You Didn't Know Tour
Right Place Right Time Tour
Never Been Better Tour
24 Hrs Tour
You Know I Know Tour
vteRizzle Kicks
Jordan Stephens
Harley Alexander-Sule
Albums
Stereo Typical (2011)
Roaring 20s (2013)
Singles
"Prophet (Better Watch It)"
"Down with the Trumpets"
"When I Was a Youngster"
"Mama Do the Hump"
"Traveller's Chant"
"Dreamers"
"Lost Generation"
"Skip to the Good Bit"
"Tell Her"
Featured singles
"Heart Skips a Beat"
"Teardrop"
Related articles
Discography
vteChiddy BangStudio albums
Breakfast (2012)
EPs
The Preview (2010)
Mixtapes
The Swelly Express (2009)
Peanut Butter and Swelly (2011)
Singles
"Opposite of Adults"
"Truth"
"Mind Your Manners"
"Ray Charles"
As featured artist
"Rescue Me"
"Children"
"Heart Skips a Beat"
Related articles
Discography
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz work
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"skipped beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skipped_beat_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Heart Skips a Beat (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_Skips_a_Beat_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Olly Murs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olly_Murs"},{"link_name":"In Case You Didn't Know","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Case_You_Didn%27t_Know"},{"link_name":"Rizzle Kicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizzle_Kicks"},{"link_name":"Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Kish Mauve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kish_Mauve"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Troublemaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troublemaker_(Olly_Murs_song)"},{"link_name":"2012 BRIT Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_BRIT_Awards"},{"link_name":"Please Don't Let Me Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Please_Don%27t_Let_Me_Go"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Chiddy Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiddy_Bang"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"}],"text":"This article is about the 2011 Olly Murs song. For the cardiac condition, see skipped beat. For other uses, see Heart Skips a Beat (disambiguation).\"Heart Skips a Beat\" is a song by English singer-songwriter Olly Murs, taken from his second studio album, In Case You Didn't Know. The song features vocals from English hip hop duo Rizzle Kicks, and was released as the album's lead single on 19 August 2011. It was written by Alex Smith, Preston, Kish Mauve and Rizzle Kicks. In the United Kingdom, the song debuted at number one with first-week sales of over 109,000 copies, becoming his second number-one single.[1] It also served as the closing song at Murs' 2012 arena tour.The song achieved further success topping the charts in Germany and Switzerland, until it was overtaken by Murs' 2012 single \"Troublemaker\". The song has charted at number six in Ireland, becoming his second highest-charting single in the country at the time. The song gave Murs his second consecutive nomination for \"Best British Single\" at the 2012 BRIT Awards, after \"Please Don't Let Me Go\" was nominated at the 2011 ceremony. The track was released as Murs' debut single in the United States on 22 May 2012. The track was remixed for the American market, removing Rizzle Kicks and including a new verse from Chiddy Bang.[2] It entered the Billboard Hot 100 at #96, and managed to peak at #25 on the Pop chart.","title":"Heart Skips a Beat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Rizzle Kicks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizzle_Kicks"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"In Case You Didn't Know","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Case_You_Didn%27t_Know"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Chiddy Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiddy_Bang"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_(British_newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"\"Heart Skips a Beat\" was written by Alex Smith, Preston, Jim Eliot and Rizzle Kicks. It is the only song Murs did not co-write for the In Case You Didn't Know album. Of the track, he said: \"It was a curve ball and nothing like anything else on the album, but I loved the production and the writers wrote it for me.\"[3] The song had originally been put forward for his debut album but Murs' team held it back in order to launch his second album In Case You Didn't Know, with Rizzle Kicks being implemented on the track two weeks before the final version was made.The U.S. version of the song features Philadelphia hip hop duo Chiddy Bang.[4][5] The decision to replace Rizzle Kicks for the U.S. release was received negatively by both UK and U.S. fans of Murs, and in an interview with Murs for the Metro in August 2012, it emerged that it had been Columbia's decision to change the track for the U.S. release: \"It wasn't my decision, it was the label. It said UK rappers don't go down well in the US. The boys [Rizzle Kicks] knew that and were fine about it. I called them and told them Chiddy Bang was going to be on it instead and they were fine. I'd like it if they were on it because it's been a hit with them on it in the UK and Europe but I understand the American market is different. There are no hard feelings.\"[6]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Heart Skips a Beat\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heart_Skips_a_Beat.ogg"},{"link_name":"electropop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electropop"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"Digital Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"4Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Music"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"\"Heart Skips a Beat\"\n\nA 20-second sample of \"Heart Skips a Beat\", an electropop song.\nProblems playing this file? See media help.Lewis Corner of Digital Spy gave the song a four out of five stars, stating, \"Murs confesses over a ska-flecked melody, reggae beats and the cheeky vocal twang that grabbed Si's attention first time out – while a skit from street-rapping duo Rizzle Kicks ensures the whole thing remains child and chart-friendly. The result is another infectious summer-pop ditty of the back garden barbecue variety – meaning his chops can rest easy... at least for now.\"[7] Entertainment website 4Music gave the song a positive review: \"We're loving the new track, which has a danceable chorus and some sweet rhymes from Rizzle and Harley Sylvester, who make up our new favourite hip hop duo.\"[8]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Mile End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile_End"},{"link_name":"papier-mâché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Busy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busy_(Olly_Murs_song)"},{"link_name":"The Xtra Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Xtra_Factor_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Caroline Flack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Flack"},{"link_name":"ninth series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_X_Factor_(British_series_9)"},{"link_name":"Rose Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Bowl_(stadium)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Chiddy Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiddy_Bang"},{"link_name":"football coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Venice Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice,_Los_Angeles#Venice_Beach"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"A total of three official music videos have been made to accompany the different releases of \"Heart Skips a Beat\". The first, for the original UK version, was first released onto YouTube on 15 July 2011.[9] The video was filmed at Mile End Skate Park in East London in early July 2011. It features Murs dancing on what looks like a giant record player, with a giant record labelled as the single. The video features numerous dancers and skateboarders as extras. \"Rose\", the papier-mâché figure of a woman, as seen in the music video of his single \"Busy\", also makes a cameo appearance. Murs parodied this version of the video along with his The Xtra Factor co-host Caroline Flack for the first episode of the show's ninth series in August 2012.A separate music video for the U.S. remix of the song was shot on 14 May 2012 at the Rose Bowl in Los Angeles. Murs confirmed on his Twitter account that same day that Chiddy Bang would feature in the U.S. version of the video, and he released a picture of himself dressed as a football coach.[10] This version of the video was released onto YouTube on 1 June 2012 and sees Murs playing a spectator in a crowd at a football match, as well as a coach and a midfielder, trying to entice the rest of the all female team with his dance moves and tricks.A second music video for the U.S. remix of the song was shot on 20 September 2012 at the broadwalk on Venice Beach in California, and was released onto YouTube a few days later on 27 September.[11] This version of the video sees Murs spotting and then pursuing an attractive woman (Sofia Mattsson) up the broadwalk, trying to get her attention for the duration of the song. Just as they are about to kiss at the song's end, Murs finds himself back where he was at the start of the video, with the idea being that he dreamt about it happening. The group, Chiddy Bang, does not appear in this version of the video, and their raps are filled with cut scenes of street dancers.","title":"Music videos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"V Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_Festival"},{"link_name":"Children in Need","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_in_Need"},{"link_name":"Top of the Pops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops"},{"link_name":"O2 Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_O2_Arena_(London)"},{"link_name":"2012 BRIT Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_BRIT_Awards"},{"link_name":"One Direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Direction"},{"link_name":"What Makes You Beautiful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_Makes_You_Beautiful"},{"link_name":"Deee-Lite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deee-Lite"},{"link_name":"Groove Is in the Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groove_Is_in_the_Heart"},{"link_name":"Daybreak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daybreak_(2010_TV_programme)"},{"link_name":"This Morning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Morning_(TV_programme)"},{"link_name":"The Hollyoaks Music Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollyoaks_Music_Show"},{"link_name":"OK! TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OK!_TV"},{"link_name":"The Album Chart Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Album_Chart_Show&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sean Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Paul"},{"link_name":"She Doesn't Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_Doesn%27t_Mind"},{"link_name":"Taio Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taio_Cruz"},{"link_name":"Troublemaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troublemaker_(Taio_Cruz_song)"},{"link_name":"Murs' 2012 single of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troublemaker_(Olly_Murs_song)"},{"link_name":"ECHO Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECHO_Awards"},{"link_name":"WOK-WM Qualifying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wok_racing"},{"link_name":"Pro7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro7"},{"link_name":"Sat.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat.1"},{"link_name":"The Dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dome_(TV_program)"},{"link_name":"Taratata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taratata"},{"link_name":"Stevie Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Wonder"},{"link_name":"Master Blaster (Jammin')","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Blaster_(Jammin%27)"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Sunrise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise_(Australian_TV_program)"},{"link_name":"The Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Circle_(TV_program)"},{"link_name":"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tonight_Show_with_Jay_Leno"},{"link_name":"Dance with Me Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_with_Me_Tonight"},{"link_name":"Good Morning America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Morning_America"}],"text":"Murs has performed \"Heart Skips a Beat\" live, with and without Rizzle Kicks, numerous times, in the lead up to and after its release. He first performed the song with Rizzle Kicks on the weekend of release at V Festival on 20 and 21 August 2011. He also performed the song with them at Children in Need on 18 November, and on that year's Christmas Day edition of Top of the Pops. He also performed the song with them as the closing number on the two sold out nights of his arena tour at London's O2 Arena on 4 and 5 February 2012. He performed the song with them again at the 2012 BRIT Awards ceremony on 21 February, where the song was nominated for the \"Best British Single\" award, losing out to One Direction's single \"What Makes You Beautiful\". Here, the mix of the song for this performance incorporated a sample of Deee-Lite's song \"Groove Is in the Heart\". This performance was made available to download on iTunes the following day.Murs' performances of the song without Rizzle Kicks were on TV shows such as Daybreak, This Morning, The Hollyoaks Music Show, OK! TV and Murs' special for The Album Chart Show.Internationally, Murs has also given live performances of the song on television. In Germany, he has performed it as part of a medley with Sean Paul (who performed his song \"She Doesn't Mind\") and Taio Cruz (who performed his song \"Troublemaker\" – not to be confused with Murs' 2012 single of the same name) at the 2012 ECHO Awards in Berlin, the WOK-WM Qualifying event for Pro7 and acoustically on the Sat.1 morning show (all in March 2012). He also performed it at the 63rd edition of the bi-annual live music programme The Dome in August 2012. In Austria and Sweden, he has performed the song on the TV shows 'Joiz Livingroom' and 'Sommarkrysset' respectively in April and August 2012.He also performed the song live with Rizzle Kicks at the French music show Taratata in March 2012 (although the performance, along with a live cover of Stevie Wonder's \"Master Blaster (Jammin')\" was not shown until early June 2012). In Australia, he performed the song live on morning breakfast show Sunrise and daytime chat show The Circle. Murs' first U.S. TV performance of the track was on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on 15 June 2012. The song was also performed along with \"Dance with Me Tonight\" on Good Morning America on 28 September 2012.","title":"Live performances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukcd-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukep-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukcd-12"},{"link_name":"Chiddy Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiddy_Bang"}],"text":"UK CD single[12]No.TitleLength1.\"Heart Skips a Beat\"3:222.\"On My Cloud\"2:24Digital EP[13]No.TitleLength1.\"Heart Skips a Beat\"3:222.\"Heart Skips a Beat\" (MNEK's Gimmabeat Mix)3:373.\"Heart Skips a Beat\" (PokerFace Lyndsey Club)5:274.\"On My Cloud\"2:24German CD single[14]No.TitleLength1.\"Heart Skips a Beat\"3:222.\"Please Don't Let Me Go\" (Acoustic)3:24US digital download[12]No.TitleLength1.\"Heart Skips a Beat\" (US Remix) (featuring Chiddy Bang)3:21","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heart FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_(radio_network)"}],"text":"In October 2013 the song was used in an advert for Heart FM where it shows pairs of people connecting hands to make heart shapes until it reaches a woman watching Murs perform on stage and joins her hand with his.","title":"Appearances in other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heart_Skips_a_Beat&action=edit§ion=8"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Austria_Olly_Murs_feat._Rizzle_Kicks-16"},{"link_name":"Ultratip Bubbling Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop#Ultratip"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Tip_Olly_Murs_feat._Rizzle_Kicks-17"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Rádio – Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_%E2%80%93_Top_100_(Czech_Republic)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Czech_Republic_-19"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Germany_Olly_Murs_feat._Rizzle_Kicks-20"},{"link_name":"Euro Digital Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_Digital_Songs"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Rádiós Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Hungary_Olly_Murs-22"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland2_Olly_Murs-23"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Olly_Murs_feat._Rizzle_Kicks-25"},{"link_name":"Polish Airplay Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Society_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Poland_-26"},{"link_name":"Romanian Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Scotland_Olly_Murs-28"},{"link_name":"Rádio Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_%E2%80%93_Top_100_(Slovakia)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Slovakia_-29"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Switzerland_Olly_Murs_feat._Rizzle_Kicks-31"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UK_Olly_Murs-32"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardhot100_Olly_Murs-33"},{"link_name":"Mainstream Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardpopsongs_Olly_Murs-34"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heart_Skips_a_Beat&action=edit§ion=9"},{"link_name":"Austrian Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Media Control Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Control_Charts"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Rádiós Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahasz"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizer_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heart_Skips_a_Beat&action=edit§ion=10"},{"link_name":"Certified units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_music_recording_certifications"},{"link_name":"IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AustriaOlly_MursHeart_Skips_a_BeatsingleCertRef-41"},{"link_name":"BVMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GermanyOlly_MursHeart_Skips_a_BeatsingleCertRef-42"},{"link_name":"IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SwitzerlandOlly_Murs_feat._Rizzle_KicksHeart_Skips_a_BeatsingleCertRef-43"},{"link_name":"BPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-United_KingdomOlly_Murs_feat._Rizzle_KicksHeart_Skips_a_BeatsingleCertRef-45"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (2011–12)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[15]\n\n85\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[16]\n\n6\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders)[17]\n\n9\n\n\nCanada (Canadian Hot 100)[18]\n\n91\n\n\nCzech Republic (Rádio – Top 100)[19]\n\n12\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[20]\n\n1\n\n\nEurope (Euro Digital Songs)[21]\n\n2\n\n\nHungary (Rádiós Top 40)[22]\n\n12\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[23]\n\n6\n\n\nLuxembourg Digital Songs (Billboard)[24]\n\n1\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[25]\n\n76\n\n\nPoland (Polish Airplay Top 100)[26]\n\n1\n\n\nRomanian Top 100[27]\n\n67\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[28]\n\n2\n\n\nSlovakia (Rádio Top 100)[29]\n\n31\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[30]\n\n60\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[31]\n\n1\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[32]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[33]\n\n96\n\n\nUS Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[34]\n\n25\n\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2011)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustrian Singles Chart[35]\n\n66\n\n\nUK Singles Chart[36]\n\n27\n\n\nChart (2012)\n\nPosition\n\n\nGermany (Media Control Charts)[37]\n\n10\n\n\nHungary (Rádiós Top 40)[38]\n\n96\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[39]\n\n18\n\n\nUK Singles Chart[40]\n\n168\n\nCertifications[edit]\n\n\n\n\nRegion\n\nCertification\nCertified units/sales\n\n\n\n\nAustria (IFPI Austria)[41]\n\nGold\n\n15,000*\n\n\n\nGermany (BVMI)[42]\n\n3× Gold\n\n450,000^\n\n\n\nSwitzerland (IFPI Switzerland)[43]\n\n2× Platinum\n\n60,000^\n\n\n\nUnited Kingdom (BPI)[45]\n\nPlatinum\n\n706,000[44]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n* Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.","title":"Charts and certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Dream reality for Murs and Young as talent stars take over charts\". The Official Charts Company. Retrieved 28 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theofficialcharts.com/chart-news/dream-reality-for-murs-and-young-as-talent-stars-take-over-charts/","url_text":"\"Dream reality for Murs and Young as talent stars take over charts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"The Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"SoundCloud - Hear the world's sounds\". SoundCloud.com. Retrieved 21 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://soundcloud.com/ollymurs/heart-skips-a-beat-feat-chiddy","url_text":"\"SoundCloud - Hear the world's sounds\""}]},{"reference":"Jones, Stephen (25 August 2011). \"TALENT FOCUS: Olly Murs\". Music Week. Retrieved 26 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musicweek.com/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=1046377&c=1","url_text":"\"TALENT FOCUS: Olly Murs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]},{"reference":"\"Olly Murs Releases US Version of \"My Heart Skips a Beat\"\". homorazzi.com. Retrieved 19 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.homorazzi.com/article/olly-murs-my-heart-skips-a-beat-chiddy-bang-us-version-tour-dates-one-direction/","url_text":"\"Olly Murs Releases US Version of \"My Heart Skips a Beat\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olly Murs Teams With Chiddy Bang For 'Heart Skips A Beat' US Version - Audio\". Capitalfm.com. Retrieved 21 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.capitalfm.com/artists/olly-murs/news/heart-skips-a-beat-chiddy-bang/","url_text":"\"Olly Murs Teams With Chiddy Bang For 'Heart Skips A Beat' US Version - Audio\""}]},{"reference":"\"Metro – Olly Murs: My fans aren't as obsessed as One Direction's, mine are chilled\". Metro Online. Retrieved 17 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metro.co.uk/music/906921-olly-murs-my-fans-aren-t-as-obsessed-as-one-directions-mine-are-chilled","url_text":"\"Metro – Olly Murs: My fans aren't as obsessed as One Direction's, mine are chilled\""}]},{"reference":"Lewis Corner (8 August 2011). \"Olly Murs: 'Heart Skips A Beat'\". Digital Spy. digitalspy.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/singlesreviews/a333414/olly-murs-heart-skips-a-beat.html","url_text":"\"Olly Murs: 'Heart Skips A Beat'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"}]},{"reference":"\"4Music – News – News – Olly Murs feat. Rizzle Kicks – Heart Skips A Beat\". 4Music. Archived from the original on 16 September 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110916002543/http://www.4music.com/news/news/849/Olly-Murs-feat.-Rizzle-Kicks-Heart-Skips-A-Beat","url_text":"\"4Music – News – News – Olly Murs feat. Rizzle Kicks – Heart Skips A Beat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4Music","url_text":"4Music"},{"url":"http://www.4music.com/news/news/849/Olly-Murs-feat.-Rizzle-Kicks-Heart-Skips-A-Beat","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Heart Skips A Beat: Olly Murs feat. Rizzle Kicks: Amazon.co.uk: Music\". Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 26 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/Heart-Skips-feat-Rizzle-Kicks/dp/B005991V28/","url_text":"\"Heart Skips A Beat: Olly Murs feat. Rizzle Kicks: Amazon.co.uk: Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heart Skips a Beat (feat. Rizzle Kicks) - EP by Olly Murs\". 19 August 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2022 – via Apple Music.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/gb/album/heart-skips-a-beat-feat-rizzle-kicks-ep/452738579","url_text":"\"Heart Skips a Beat (feat. Rizzle Kicks) - EP by Olly Murs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Heart Skips a Beat\". Amazon.de. Retrieved 21 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.de/Heart-Skips-Beat-Olly-Murs/dp/B006OG4JVU/ref=sr_1_5?s=music&ie=UTF8&qid=1327671365&sr=1-5","url_text":"\"Heart Skips a Beat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chartifacts – Week Commencing: 7th May 2012\". Australian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120525010101/http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/chartifacts.htm","url_text":"\"Chartifacts – Week Commencing: 7th May 2012\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association","url_text":"Australian Recording Industry Association"},{"url":"http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/chartifacts.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Olly Murs – Charts & Awards – Billboard Single\". Allmusic. Retrieved 4 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/olly-murs-p2221069/charts-awards/billboard-singles","url_text":"\"Olly Murs – Charts & Awards – Billboard Single\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Chart Search Results – Euro Digital Songs 2011-09-10\". Billboard.biz. Retrieved 27 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/11993297","url_text":"\"Chart Search Results – Euro Digital Songs 2011-09-10\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard.biz","url_text":"Billboard.biz"}]},{"reference":"\"Chart Search Results – Luxembourg Digital Songs 2012-04-07\". Billboard.biz. Retrieved 27 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart-search-results/singles/14075297","url_text":"\"Chart Search Results – Luxembourg Digital Songs 2012-04-07\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard.biz","url_text":"Billboard.biz"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Rumania chart\". Archived from the original on 5 December 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101205101210/http://www.rt100.ro/#/?page=all","url_text":"\"Official Rumania chart\""},{"url":"http://www.rt100.ro/#/?page=all","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Veckolista Singlar – Vecka 35, 31 augusti 2012\". Sverigetopplistan. Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130801083424/http://www.hitlistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/lista?liid=41&dfom=20120822&newi=0&mode=list&navi=no&platform=macppc&browser=safari","url_text":"\"Veckolista Singlar – Vecka 35, 31 augusti 2012\""},{"url":"http://www.hitlistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/lista?liid=41&dfom=20120822&newi=0&mode=list&navi=no&platform=macppc&browser=safari","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Austria Top 40 – oe3.ORF.at\". Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130103122233/http://oe3.orf.at/charts/stories/singleyear/","url_text":"\"Austria Top 40 – oe3.ORF.at\""},{"url":"http://oe3.orf.at/charts/stories/singleyear/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles of the Year\". BBC. 31 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b018sjyc","url_text":"\"The Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles of the Year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Jahrescharts\". VIVA. 5 January 2013. Archived from the original on 6 January 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130106044835/http://www.viva.tv/charts/52-top-100-jahrescharts-2012","url_text":"\"Jahrescharts\""},{"url":"http://www.viva.tv/charts/52-top-100-jahrescharts-2012","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 2012\" (in Hungarian). Mahasz. Retrieved 18 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://zene.slagerlistak.hu/archivum/eves-osszesitett-listak/radios/2012","url_text":"\"MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2012 – hitparade.ch\". Hung Medien. Retrieved 5 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://hitparade.ch/charts/jahreshitparade/2012","url_text":"\"Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2012 – hitparade.ch\""}]},{"reference":"\"End of Year Charts 2012\" (PDF). Ukchartsplus.co.uk. Retrieved 21 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ukchartsplus.co.uk/UKChartsPlusEOY2012.pdf","url_text":"\"End of Year Charts 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"Austrian single certifications – Olly Murs – Heart Skips a Beat\" (in German). IFPI Austria. Retrieved 4 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://ifpi.at/auszeichnungen/?fwp_per_page=100&fwp_interpret=Olly+Murs&fwp_titel=Heart+Skips+a+Beat&fwp_format=single&","url_text":"\"Austrian single certifications – Olly Murs – Heart Skips a Beat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"IFPI"}]},{"reference":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Olly Murs; 'Heart Skips a Beat')\" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved 4 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musikindustrie.de/wie-musik-zur-karriere-werden-kann/markt-bestseller/gold-/platin-und-diamond-auszeichnung/datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=Heart+Skips+a+Beat&strInterpret=Olly+Murs&strTtArt=alle&strAwards=checked","url_text":"\"Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Olly Murs; 'Heart Skips a Beat')\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie","url_text":"Bundesverband Musikindustrie"}]},{"reference":"\"The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('Heart Skips a Beat')\". IFPI Switzerland. Hung Medien. Retrieved 29 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swisscharts.com/search_certifications.asp?search=Heart_Skips_a_Beat","url_text":"\"The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards ('Heart Skips a Beat')\""}]},{"reference":"Myers, Justin (16 November 2016). \"Olly Murs' Official Top 10 biggest songs revealed\". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 24 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/olly-murs-official-top-10-biggest-songs-revealed__17056/","url_text":"\"Olly Murs' Official Top 10 biggest songs revealed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company","url_text":"Official Charts Company"}]},{"reference":"\"British single certifications – Olly Murs feat. Rizzle Kicks – Heart Skips a Beat\". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 4 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/11232-3403-1","url_text":"\"British single certifications – Olly Murs feat. Rizzle Kicks – Heart Skips a Beat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry","url_text":"British Phonographic Industry"}]},{"reference":"\"ITunes - Music - Heart Skips a Beat (Feat. Rizzle Kicks) - EP by Olly Murs\". iTunes. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140107030201/https://itunes.apple.com/ie/album/heart-skips-beat-feat.-rizzle/id452738579","url_text":"\"ITunes - Music - Heart Skips a Beat (Feat. Rizzle Kicks) - EP by Olly Murs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes","url_text":"iTunes"},{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/ie/album/heart-skips-beat-feat.-rizzle/id452738579","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Heart Skips a Beat (feat. Rizzle Kicks) - EP de Olly Murs\". 19 August 2011. Retrieved 21 March 2022 – via Apple Music.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/es/album/heart-skips-a-beat-feat-rizzle-kicks-ep/452738579","url_text":"\"Heart Skips a Beat (feat. Rizzle Kicks) - EP de Olly Murs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"}]},{"reference":"\"Heart Skips a Beat\". Amazon.de. Retrieved 21 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.de/Heart-Skips-A-Beat/dp/B006N5I1UC/ref=sr_shvl_album_4?ie=UTF8&qid=1325594865&sr=301-4","url_text":"\"Heart Skips a Beat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heart Skips a Beat\". Amazon.de. Retrieved 21 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amazon.de/Heart-Skips-Beat-Olly-Murs/dp/B006OG4JVU/ref=sr_1_16?s=music&ie=UTF8&qid=1327162943&sr=1-16","url_text":"\"Heart Skips a Beat\""}]}]
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Rizzle Kicks) - EP de Olly Murs\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/heart-skips-beat-feat.-rizzle/id452738579","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.de/Heart-Skips-A-Beat/dp/B006N5I1UC/ref=sr_shvl_album_4?ie=UTF8&qid=1325594865&sr=301-4","external_links_name":"\"Heart Skips a Beat\""},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.de/Heart-Skips-Beat-Olly-Murs/dp/B006OG4JVU/ref=sr_1_16?s=music&ie=UTF8&qid=1327162943&sr=1-16","external_links_name":"\"Heart Skips a Beat\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/90e447e6-0948-44f9-ad56-e1ebb084187f","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Scheff
|
Otto Scheff
|
["1 Biography","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Austrian swimmer
Otto ScheffPersonal informationBorn(1889-12-12)December 12, 1889Berlin, German EmpireDiedOctober 26, 1956(1956-10-26) (aged 66)Maria Enzersdorf, AustriaSportSportSwimming
Medal record
Representing Austrian Empire
Olympic Games
1908 London
400 m freestyle
Intercalated Games
1906 Athens
400 m freestyle
1906 Athens
1 mile
Otto Scheff, born Otto Sochaczewsky (December 12, 1889 – October 26, 1956) was an Austrian freestyle swimmer, water polo player, lawyer, politician, and sports official who competed in the 1906 Intercalated Games, in the 1908 Summer Olympics, and in the 1912 Summer Olympics.
Biography
Scheff was born in Berlin, he was still at school in 1906 and it was only for the intervention of the Austrian Olympic Committee he was allowed three weeks leave to compete in the 1906 Intercalated Games in Athens. At those Games he competed in three events, first up was the 1 mile freestyle race, it was a straight final with Scheff coming in third for the bronze medal behind winner Henry Taylor and second place John Arthur Jarvis both from Great Britain, three days later Scheff got revenge on the two British swimmers by winning the gold medal by two seconds in the 400 metre freestyle, he was also part of the 4×250 metre freestyle relay team, but they didn't finish the race.
Two years later he was in London for the 1908 Summer Olympics, again he entered three events, in the 400 metre freestyle he won another bronze medal and again losing to Henry Taylor, he also reached the final of the 1500 metre freestyle but didn't finish the race, he also managed to reach the semi-finals of the 100 metre freestyle.
At the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm he participated in the water polo tournament as part of the Austrian team finishing in fourth place.
From 1945 to 1953 he was elected to the National Council of Austria as a member of the Austrian People's Party.
He was vice president of the Austrian Olympic Committee.
He died at Maria Enzersdorf in 1956.
His daughter Gertraud Scheff was already qualified for the 1940 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, when the games were cancelled.
Mödling named a street "Dr. Otto Scheff-Weg".
See also
List of members of the International Swimming Hall of Fame
List of select Jewish swimmers
World record progression 200 metres freestyle
References
^ "Otto Scheff". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
^ a b c d e "Otto Scheff - Austria's youngest Olympian winner". olympia.at. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
^ "Swimming at the 1906 Athina Summer Games: Men's One Mile Freestyle". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
^ "Swimming at the 1906 Athina Summer Games: Men's 400 metres Freestyle". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
^ "Swimming at the 1906 Athina Summer Games: Men's 4 × 250 metres Freestyle Relay". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
^ "Swimming at the 1908 London Summer Games: Men's 400 metres Freestyle". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
^ "Swimming at the 1908 London Summer Games: Men's 1,500 metres Freestyle". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
^ "Swimming at the 1908 London Summer Games: Men's 100 metres Freestyle". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
^ a b "1912 - Olympic Games in Stockholm". h2opolo.be. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
^ "Otto Scheff". Olympedia. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
External links
profile with picture (in German)
Otto Scheff at databaseOlympics.com at the Wayback Machine (archived February 21, 2007)
Otto Scheff at Olympics at Sports-Reference.com (archived)
Otto Scheff at Olympics.com
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"freestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_swimming"},{"link_name":"swimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimmer"},{"link_name":"water polo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo"},{"link_name":"lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"1906 Intercalated Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_Intercalated_Games"},{"link_name":"1908 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1912 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Otto-2"}],"text":"Otto Scheff, born Otto Sochaczewsky (December 12, 1889 – October 26, 1956) was an Austrian freestyle swimmer, water polo player, lawyer, politician, and sports official who competed in the 1906 Intercalated Games, in the 1908 Summer Olympics, and in the 1912 Summer Olympics.[1][2]","title":"Otto Scheff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"1906 Intercalated Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_Intercalated_Games"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Otto-2"},{"link_name":"1 mile freestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1906_Intercalated_Games"},{"link_name":"Henry Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Taylor_(swimmer)"},{"link_name":"John Arthur Jarvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Arthur_Jarvis"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"400 metre freestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1906_Intercalated_Games"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"4×250 metre freestyle relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1906_Intercalated_Games"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"1908 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"400 metre freestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_400_metre_freestyle"},{"link_name":"Henry Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Taylor_(swimmer)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"1500 metre freestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_1500_metre_freestyle"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"100 metre freestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1908_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_100_metre_freestyle"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"1912 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"water polo tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polo-9"},{"link_name":"National Council of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Austrian People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Otto-2"},{"link_name":"Austrian Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Otto-2"},{"link_name":"Maria Enzersdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Enzersdorf"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Gertraud Scheff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gertraud_Scheff&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"1940 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Otto-2"},{"link_name":"Mödling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6dling"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-polo-9"}],"text":"Scheff was born in Berlin, he was still at school in 1906 and it was only for the intervention of the Austrian Olympic Committee he was allowed three weeks leave to compete in the 1906 Intercalated Games in Athens.[2] At those Games he competed in three events, first up was the 1 mile freestyle race, it was a straight final with Scheff coming in third for the bronze medal behind winner Henry Taylor and second place John Arthur Jarvis both from Great Britain,[3] three days later Scheff got revenge on the two British swimmers by winning the gold medal by two seconds in the 400 metre freestyle,[4] he was also part of the 4×250 metre freestyle relay team, but they didn't finish the race.[5]Two years later he was in London for the 1908 Summer Olympics, again he entered three events, in the 400 metre freestyle he won another bronze medal and again losing to Henry Taylor,[6] he also reached the final of the 1500 metre freestyle but didn't finish the race,[7] he also managed to reach the semi-finals of the 100 metre freestyle.[8]At the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm he participated in the water polo tournament as part of the Austrian team finishing in fourth place.[9]From 1945 to 1953 he was elected to the National Council of Austria as a member of the Austrian People's Party.[2]He was vice president of the Austrian Olympic Committee.[2]He died at Maria Enzersdorf in 1956.[10]His daughter Gertraud Scheff was already qualified for the 1940 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, when the games were cancelled.[2]Mödling named a street \"Dr. Otto Scheff-Weg\".[9]","title":"Biography"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"List of members of the International Swimming Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_International_Swimming_Hall_of_Fame"},{"title":"List of select Jewish swimmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jews_in_sports#Swimming"},{"title":"World record progression 200 metres freestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_record_progression_200_metres_freestyle"}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LOADHIGH_(DOS_command)
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LOADHIGH
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["1 Overview","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading"]
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LOADHIGH / LH / HILOADDeveloper(s)Digital Research, Novell, Microsoft, IBM, CalderaInitial release11 June 1991; 33 years ago (1991-06-11)Operating systemDOSTypeCommand
In computing, LOADHIGH (abbreviated LH) is an internal DOS command in COMMAND.COM that is used to load a program into the upper memory area (UMA) instead of conventional memory.
The command was introduced with MS-DOS 5.0 / PC DOS 5.0 in 1991, copying the built-in HILOAD command earlier introduced with DR DOS 5.0 in 1990. DR DOS 6.0 added support for this naming variant as well in 1991.
Overview
Due to design of the IBM PC, DOS suffered from what was known as the 640 KB barrier. The size of this memory area, known as conventional memory, was fixed and independent of the amount of system memory actually installed. Various schemes were developed to support extra memory (see also EMS, XMS) and DOS extenders, but conventional memory was still an issue due to compatibility issues. It was a scarce resource as many applications demanded a large part of this basic memory fragment at runtime. Therefore, it was often necessary to move high some TSR programs like the mouse driver or the disk caching driver (like SMARTDRV) prior to running a memory-hungry application. This was achieved by using LOADHIGH called with the program's name as the parameter.
To load TSRs high within CONFIG.SYS, the INSTALLHIGH directive must be used instead of the LOADHIGH command. The equivalent of LOADHIGH for device drivers is DEVICEHIGH (usable only within CONFIG.SYS).
These are also supported since DR DOS 6.0. DR DOS 5.0 and higher also support HIINSTALL and HIDEVICE, respectively.
Most modern operating systems now run in protected mode with support for an unsegmented (flat) memory model and do not have a 640 KB constraint. LOADHIGH and other methods of freeing conventional memory have largely become obsolete.
LOADHIGH is part of the Windows XP MS-DOS subsystem to maintain MS-DOS and MS OS/2 version 1.x syntax compatibility only. It is not available at all on Windows XP 64-Bit Edition and also no longer available in the command interpreter of newer Windows operating systems.
See also
BUFFERSHIGH / HIBUFFERS (DOS 7.0+)
STACKSHIGH / HISTACKS (DOS 7.0+)
LASTDRIVEHIGH / HILASTDRIVE (DOS 7.0+)
FILESHIGH / HIFILES (DOS 7.0+)
FCBSHIGH / HIFCBS (DOS 7.0+)
DOS / HIDOS (DOS 5.0+)
DOSDATA
HIINSTALLLAST
List of DOS commands
Self-highloading
Self-relocation
References
^ a b "Overview of Memory-Management Functionality in MS-DOS". Microsoft. 2001-06-06. Q95555. Archived from the original on 2020-02-08. Retrieved 2020-02-08.
^ Wolverton, Van (2003). Running MS-DOS Version 6.22. 20th Anniversary Edition (6th revised ed.). Microsoft Press. ISBN 0-7356-1812-7.
^ Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds . MPDOSTIP (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-05. Retrieved 2012-01-11. (NB. NWDOSTIP.TXT is a comprehensive work on Novell DOS 7 and OpenDOS 7.01, including the description of many undocumented features and internals. It is part of the author's yet larger MPDOSTIP.ZIP collection maintained up to 2001 and distributed on many sites at the time. The provided link points to a HTML-converted older version of the NWDOSTIP.TXT file.)
^ a b "Chapter 10 Managing Memory". Caldera DR-DOS 7.02 User Guide. Caldera, Inc. 1998 . Archived from the original on 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2017-08-30.
^ "Loadhigh". Technet. Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2019-08-13. Retrieved 2020-02-08. Windows XP does not use this command. It is accepted only for compatibility with MS-DOS files.
^ "MS-DOS subsystem commands". Microsoft.
^ "Windows Commands". Microsoft. 2023-04-26.
Further reading
Cooper, Jim (2001). Special Edition Using MS-DOS 6.22 (3 ed.). Que Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7897-2573-8.
Ivens, Kathy; Proffit, Brian (1993). OS/2 Inside & Out. Osborne McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-881871-4.
This DOS software-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS"},{"link_name":"command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_(computing)"},{"link_name":"COMMAND.COM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMMAND.COM"},{"link_name":"upper memory area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_memory_area"},{"link_name":"conventional memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_memory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Microsoft_Q95555-1"},{"link_name":"MS-DOS 5.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS_5.0"},{"link_name":"PC DOS 5.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_DOS_5.0"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RUNNINGMSDOS-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Microsoft_Q95555-1"},{"link_name":"DR DOS 5.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR_DOS_5.0"},{"link_name":"DR DOS 6.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR_DOS_6.0"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paul_1997_NWDOSTIP-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Caldera_1998_DRDOS702-4"}],"text":"In computing, LOADHIGH (abbreviated LH) is an internal DOS command in COMMAND.COM that is used to load a program into the upper memory area (UMA) instead of conventional memory.[1]The command was introduced with MS-DOS 5.0 / PC DOS 5.0 in 1991,[2][1] copying the built-in HILOAD command earlier introduced with DR DOS 5.0 in 1990. DR DOS 6.0 added support for this naming variant as well in 1991.[3][4]","title":"LOADHIGH"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IBM PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC"},{"link_name":"640 KB barrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/640_KB_barrier"},{"link_name":"conventional memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_memory"},{"link_name":"EMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expanded_memory"},{"link_name":"XMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_memory"},{"link_name":"DOS extenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS_extender"},{"link_name":"TSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminate_and_stay_resident"},{"link_name":"mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_mouse"},{"link_name":"SMARTDRV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMARTDRV"},{"link_name":"CONFIG.SYS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONFIG.SYS"},{"link_name":"INSTALLHIGH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INSTALLHIGH_(CONFIG.SYS_directive)"},{"link_name":"device drivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver"},{"link_name":"DEVICEHIGH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DEVICEHIGH_(CONFIG.SYS_directive)"},{"link_name":"CONFIG.SYS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONFIG.SYS"},{"link_name":"HIINSTALL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIINSTALL_(CONFIG.SYS_directive)"},{"link_name":"HIDEVICE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIDEVICE_(CONFIG.SYS_directive)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Caldera_1998_DRDOS702-4"},{"link_name":"protected mode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_mode"},{"link_name":"Windows XP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_XP"},{"link_name":"MS-DOS subsystem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTVDM"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Microsoft_XP-5"},{"link_name":"Windows XP 64-Bit Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_XP_64-Bit_Edition"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Microsoft_64-6"},{"link_name":"command interpreter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_interpreter"},{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Microsoft_Commands-7"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"text":"Due to design of the IBM PC, DOS suffered from what was known as the 640 KB barrier. The size of this memory area, known as conventional memory, was fixed and independent of the amount of system memory actually installed. Various schemes were developed to support extra memory (see also EMS, XMS) and DOS extenders, but conventional memory was still an issue due to compatibility issues. It was a scarce resource as many applications demanded a large part of this basic memory fragment at runtime. Therefore, it was often necessary to move high some TSR programs like the mouse driver or the disk caching driver (like SMARTDRV) prior to running a memory-hungry application. This was achieved by using LOADHIGH called with the program's name as the parameter.To load TSRs high within CONFIG.SYS, the INSTALLHIGH directive must be used instead of the LOADHIGH command. The equivalent of LOADHIGH for device drivers is DEVICEHIGH (usable only within CONFIG.SYS).\nThese are also supported since DR DOS 6.0. DR DOS 5.0 and higher also support HIINSTALL and HIDEVICE, respectively.[4]Most modern operating systems now run in protected mode with support for an unsegmented (flat) memory model and do not have a 640 KB constraint. LOADHIGH and other methods of freeing conventional memory have largely become obsolete.LOADHIGH is part of the Windows XP MS-DOS subsystem to maintain MS-DOS and MS OS/2 version 1.x syntax compatibility only.[5] It is not available at all on Windows XP 64-Bit Edition[6] and also no longer available in the command interpreter of newer Windows operating systems.[7][clarification needed]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Que Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Que_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7897-2573-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7897-2573-8"},{"link_name":"Osborne McGraw-Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osborne_McGraw-Hill"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-07-881871-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-881871-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Synaptic.png"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LOADHIGH&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:DOS-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:DOS-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:DOS-stub"}],"text":"Cooper, Jim (2001). Special Edition Using MS-DOS 6.22 (3 ed.). Que Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7897-2573-8.\nIvens, Kathy; Proffit, Brian (1993). OS/2 Inside & Out. Osborne McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-881871-4.This DOS software-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
|
[{"title":"BUFFERSHIGH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BUFFERSHIGH_(CONFIG.SYS_directive)"},{"title":"HIBUFFERS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIBUFFERS_(CONFIG.SYS_directive)"},{"title":"STACKSHIGH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STACKSHIGH_(CONFIG.SYS_directive)"},{"title":"HISTACKS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HISTACKS_(CONFIG.SYS_directive)"},{"title":"LASTDRIVEHIGH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LASTDRIVEHIGH_(CONFIG.SYS_directive)"},{"title":"HILASTDRIVE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HILASTDRIVE_(CONFIG.SYS_directive)"},{"title":"FILESHIGH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FILESHIGH_(CONFIG.SYS_directive)"},{"title":"HIFILES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIFILES_(CONFIG.SYS_directive)"},{"title":"FCBSHIGH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FCBSHIGH_(CONFIG.SYS_directive)"},{"title":"HIFCBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIFCBS_(CONFIG.SYS_directive)"},{"title":"DOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS_(CONFIG.SYS_directive)"},{"title":"HIDOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIDOS_(CONFIG.SYS_directive)"},{"title":"DOSDATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOSDATA_(CONFIG.SYS_directive)"},{"title":"HIINSTALLLAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIINSTALLLAST_(CONFIG.SYS_directive)"},{"title":"List of DOS commands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DOS_commands"},{"title":"Self-highloading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-highloading"},{"title":"Self-relocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-relocation"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Overview of Memory-Management Functionality in MS-DOS\". Microsoft. 2001-06-06. Q95555. Archived from the original on 2020-02-08. Retrieved 2020-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://jeffpar.github.io/kbarchive/kb/095/Q95555/","url_text":"\"Overview of Memory-Management Functionality in MS-DOS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft","url_text":"Microsoft"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200208161927/https://jeffpar.github.io/kbarchive/kb/095/Q95555/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wolverton, Van (2003). Running MS-DOS Version 6.22. 20th Anniversary Edition (6th revised ed.). Microsoft Press. ISBN 0-7356-1812-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Press","url_text":"Microsoft Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7356-1812-7","url_text":"0-7356-1812-7"}]},{"reference":"Paul, Matthias R. (1997-07-30). NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds [Tips & tricks for Novell DOS 7, with a focus on undocumented details, bugs and workarounds]. MPDOSTIP (in German) (3 ed.). Archived from the original on 2016-11-05. Retrieved 2012-01-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm","url_text":"NWDOS-TIPs — Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161105172944/http://www.antonis.de/dos/dos-tuts/mpdostip/html/nwdostip.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Chapter 10 Managing Memory\". Caldera DR-DOS 7.02 User Guide. Caldera, Inc. 1998 [1993, 1997]. Archived from the original on 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2017-08-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170830153325/http://www.drdos.net/documentation/usergeng/10ugch10.htm","url_text":"\"Chapter 10 Managing Memory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldera,_Inc.","url_text":"Caldera, Inc."},{"url":"http://www.drdos.net/documentation/usergeng/10ugch10.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Loadhigh\". Technet. Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2019-08-13. Retrieved 2020-02-08. Windows XP does not use this command. It is accepted only for compatibility with MS-DOS files.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-xp/bb490692%28v%3dtechnet.10%29","url_text":"\"Loadhigh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft","url_text":"Microsoft"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190813102714/https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-xp/bb490692(v%3Dtechnet.10)","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"MS-DOS subsystem commands\". Microsoft.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/previous-versions/windows/it-pro/windows-xp/bb490895(v%3dtechnet.10)","url_text":"\"MS-DOS subsystem commands\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft","url_text":"Microsoft"}]},{"reference":"\"Windows Commands\". Microsoft. 2023-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/windows-commands/windows-commands","url_text":"\"Windows Commands\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft","url_text":"Microsoft"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Jim (2001). Special Edition Using MS-DOS 6.22 (3 ed.). Que Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7897-2573-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Que_Publishing","url_text":"Que Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7897-2573-8","url_text":"978-0-7897-2573-8"}]},{"reference":"Ivens, Kathy; Proffit, Brian (1993). OS/2 Inside & Out. Osborne McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-881871-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osborne_McGraw-Hill","url_text":"Osborne McGraw-Hill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-881871-4","url_text":"978-0-07-881871-4"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRF2BPL
|
IRF2BPL
|
["1 References","2 External links","3 Further reading"]
|
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
IRF2BPLAvailable structuresPDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes2CS3IdentifiersAliasesIRF2BPL, C14orf4, EAP1, interferon regulatory factor 2 binding protein like, enhanced at puberty protein 1, NEDAMSSExternal IDsOMIM: 611720; MGI: 2442463; HomoloGene: 11555; GeneCards: IRF2BPL; OMA:IRF2BPL - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 14 (human)Band14q24.3Start77,024,543 bpEnd77,028,708 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 12 (mouse)Band12|12 D2Start86,927,475 bpEnd86,931,572 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed ingerminal epitheliumcardiac muscle tissue of right atriumendothelial cellparotid glandpancreatic epithelial cellepithelium of lactiferous glandlactiferous ductmyocardium of left ventriclevisceral pleuraskin of armTop expressed inmolarinterventricular septumleft lung lobecervixhandrenal corpusclemedial ganglionic eminenceparotid glandtransitional epithelium of urinary bladdersuperior cervical ganglionMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function
metal ion binding
RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific
molecular function
protein binding
ubiquitin protein ligase activity
transferase activity
Cellular component
nucleus
nucleoplasm
extracellular space
ubiquitin ligase complex
Biological process
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
development of secondary female sexual characteristics
nervous system development
protein ubiquitination
Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez64207238330EnsemblENSG00000119669ENSMUSG00000034168UniProtQ9H1B7Q8K3X4RefSeq (mRNA)NM_024496NM_145836RefSeq (protein)NP_078772NP_665835Location (UCSC)Chr 14: 77.02 – 77.03 MbChr 12: 86.93 – 86.93 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse
Interferon regulatory factor 2 binding protein like is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRF2BPL gene. Mutations are associated with neurological problems. More specifically, mutations of the gene cause the NEDAMSS syndrome, whose abbreviation stands for NEurodevelopmental Disorder with regression, Abnormal Movements, loss of Speech, and Seizures, first described in 2018.
References
^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000119669 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000034168 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Rampazzo A, Pivotto F, Occhi G, Tiso N, Bortoluzzi S, Rowen L, Hood L, Nava A, Danieli GA (Nov 2000). "Characterization of C14orf4, a novel intronless human gene containing a polyglutamine repeat, mapped to the ARVD1 critical region". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 278 (3): 766–74. doi:10.1006/bbrc.2000.3883. PMID 11095982.
^ Heger S, Mastronardi C, Dissen GA, Lomniczi A, Cabrera R, Roth CL, Jung H, Galimi F, Sippell W, Ojeda SR (Aug 2007). "Enhanced at puberty 1 (EAP1) is a new transcriptional regulator of the female neuroendocrine reproductive axis". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 117 (8): 2145–54. doi:10.1172/JCI31752. PMC 1906733. PMID 17627301.
^ "IRF2BPL interferon regulatory factor 2 binding protein like ".
^ Paul C. Marcogliese; et al. (2018). "IRF2BPL Is Associated with Neurological Phenotypes". American Journal of Human Genetics. 103 (2): 245–260. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.07.006. PMC 6081494. PMID 30057031.
External links
Human IRF2BPL genome location and IRF2BPL gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.
Parent Group Europe http://irf2bpl.de
Further reading
Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB (Sep 1996). "Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery". Genome Research. 6 (9): 791–806. doi:10.1101/gr.6.9.791. PMID 8889548.
Nagase T, Nakayama M, Nakajima D, Kikuno R, Ohara O (Apr 2001). "Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XX. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro". DNA Research. 8 (2): 85–95. doi:10.1093/dnares/8.2.85. PMID 11347906.
Scott MP, Zappacosta F, Kim EY, Annan RS, Miller WT (Aug 2002). "Identification of novel SH3 domain ligands for the Src family kinase Hck. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP), WASP-interacting protein (WIP), and ELMO1". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (31): 28238–46. doi:10.1074/jbc.M202783200. PMID 12029088.
Beausoleil SA, Jedrychowski M, Schwartz D, Elias JE, Villén J, Li J, Cohn MA, Cantley LC, Gygi SP (Aug 2004). "Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (33): 12130–5. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10112130B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0404720101. PMC 514446. PMID 15302935.
Ballif BA, Villén J, Beausoleil SA, Schwartz D, Gygi SP (Nov 2004). "Phosphoproteomic analysis of the developing mouse brain". Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. 3 (11): 1093–101. doi:10.1074/mcp.M400085-MCP200. PMID 15345747.
Olsen JV, Blagoev B, Gnad F, Macek B, Kumar C, Mortensen P, Mann M (Nov 2006). "Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks". Cell. 127 (3): 635–48. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026. PMID 17081983.
vtePDB gallery
2cs3: Solution structure of the zf-C3HC4 domain of human KIAA1865
This article on a gene on human chromosome 14 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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Genome Research. 6 (9): 791–806. doi:10.1101/gr.6.9.791. PMID 8889548.\nNagase T, Nakayama M, Nakajima D, Kikuno R, Ohara O (Apr 2001). \"Prediction of the coding sequences of unidentified human genes. XX. The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins in vitro\". DNA Research. 8 (2): 85–95. doi:10.1093/dnares/8.2.85. PMID 11347906.\nScott MP, Zappacosta F, Kim EY, Annan RS, Miller WT (Aug 2002). \"Identification of novel SH3 domain ligands for the Src family kinase Hck. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP), WASP-interacting protein (WIP), and ELMO1\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (31): 28238–46. doi:10.1074/jbc.M202783200. PMID 12029088.\nBeausoleil SA, Jedrychowski M, Schwartz D, Elias JE, Villén J, Li J, Cohn MA, Cantley LC, Gygi SP (Aug 2004). \"Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (33): 12130–5. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10112130B. doi:10.1073/pnas.0404720101. PMC 514446. PMID 15302935.\nBallif BA, Villén J, Beausoleil SA, Schwartz D, Gygi SP (Nov 2004). \"Phosphoproteomic analysis of the developing mouse brain\". Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. 3 (11): 1093–101. doi:10.1074/mcp.M400085-MCP200. PMID 15345747.\nOlsen JV, Blagoev B, Gnad F, Macek B, Kumar C, Mortensen P, Mann M (Nov 2006). \"Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks\". Cell. 127 (3): 635–48. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026. PMID 17081983.vtePDB gallery\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2cs3: Solution structure of the zf-C3HC4 domain of human KIAA1865This article on a gene on human chromosome 14 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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PMID 17627301.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1906733","url_text":"\"Enhanced at puberty 1 (EAP1) is a new transcriptional regulator of the female neuroendocrine reproductive axis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI31752","url_text":"10.1172/JCI31752"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1906733","url_text":"1906733"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17627301","url_text":"17627301"}]},{"reference":"\"IRF2BPL interferon regulatory factor 2 binding protein like [ Homo sapiens (human) ]\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=64207","url_text":"\"IRF2BPL interferon regulatory factor 2 binding protein like [ Homo sapiens (human) ]\""}]},{"reference":"Paul C. Marcogliese; et al. (2018). \"IRF2BPL Is Associated with Neurological Phenotypes\". American Journal of Human Genetics. 103 (2): 245–260. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.07.006. PMC 6081494. PMID 30057031.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6081494","url_text":"\"IRF2BPL Is Associated with Neurological Phenotypes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2018.07.006","url_text":"10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.07.006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6081494","url_text":"6081494"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30057031","url_text":"30057031"}]},{"reference":"Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB (Sep 1996). \"Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery\". 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Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP), WASP-interacting protein (WIP), and ELMO1\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M202783200","external_links_name":"10.1074/jbc.M202783200"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12029088","external_links_name":"12029088"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC514446","external_links_name":"\"Large-scale characterization of HeLa cell nuclear phosphoproteins\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PNAS..10112130B","external_links_name":"2004PNAS..10112130B"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0404720101","external_links_name":"10.1073/pnas.0404720101"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC514446","external_links_name":"514446"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15302935","external_links_name":"15302935"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fmcp.M400085-MCP200","external_links_name":"\"Phosphoproteomic analysis of the developing mouse brain\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fmcp.M400085-MCP200","external_links_name":"10.1074/mcp.M400085-MCP200"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15345747","external_links_name":"15345747"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.09.026","external_links_name":"\"Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.09.026","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17081983","external_links_name":"17081983"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IRF2BPL&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdean_Stadium
|
Withdean Stadium
|
["1 History","2 Use by Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.","3 Withdean Sports Complex","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 50°51′7″N 0°9′32″W / 50.85194°N 0.15889°W / 50.85194; -0.15889Athletics stadium
Withdean StadiumWithdean, BrightonFull nameWithdean StadiumLocationBrighton, EnglandCapacity1,350Field size110 x 75 yardsConstructionBuilt1936Opened1936TenantsBrighton & Hove Athletics Club
Brighton Phoenix
Arena 80
Withdean (1989–2000)Brighton & Hove Albion (1999–2011)Brighton Electricity (2014–)AFC Varndeanians (2015–)
Withdean Stadium is an athletics stadium in Withdean, a suburb of Brighton. It was constructed in 1930. It was the home track of Olympic athlete Steve Ovett. Between 1999 and 2011 it was the home ground of football team Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.
History
The site was opened as a lawn tennis club venue in 1936, having been used as playing fields before this. The centre court had seating for 2,000 and was used for the Davis Cup match between Great Britain and New Zealand in the spring of 1939. Later developments included a zoo and miniature railway.
In 1955 the then mayor of Brighton, Walter Dudeney, opened Brighton Sports Arena as a new athletics arena hosting various sporting activities and events. The arena was upgraded over the years, with lighting added and additional squash courts. In 1980 Steve Ovett opened an all-weather running track, and was resurfaced in 1997. In 1999 it became the temporary home of Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.
Use by Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.
The club's original stadium, the Goldstone Ground, had been sold for commercial redevelopment in 1997. This resulted in the team playing their home matches for two seasons at Gillingham's Priestfield Stadium, over 70 miles (110 km) from Brighton, before moving to Withdean Stadium. The only other local option for Albion had been to play at Sussex CCC's County Cricket Ground, Hove.
North Stand in the distance, in the foreground a temporary stand that has since been removed
South Stand which existed while it was used by Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.
Withdean Stadium was voted the fourth worst football stadium in the UK by The Observer in 2004. The temporary nature of the stadium was obvious - the stadium was primarily used for athletics; there was a single permanent stand along the north side, while the other stands were assembled from scaffolding, some of which also served as temporary seating at the Open Championship golf tournament. The largest was the South Stand, running the entire length of the pitch. The east end of the pitch contained two medium-sized and one small stand. One of the larger stands here was designated as the family stand. The West Stand was the designated away stand. Changing and hospitality facilities were provided with portable cabins placed haphazardly around the site, and there was very limited on-site car parking.
There was considerable opposition in the local neighbourhood to allowing the football club to use the stadium. After some unique concessions were made, the club was allowed to move into Withdean in 1999. Amplified music was banned during football matches (except for the traditional "Sussex by the Sea"), and matchday parking restrictions were imposed within a one-mile radius of the ground. After a year, the music restrictions were eased, but the parking limitations continued in force. The price of each match ticket also included a public transport voucher allowing free bus or rail travel throughout the Brighton and Hove area on match day.
For Albion's match against Sheffield United on 2 October 2004 the stadium was temporarily renamed Palookaville as it hosted the launch party for Fatboy Slim's album of the same name. The album was released on Skint Records, then the club's shirt sponsor, and for that match the team wore shirts bearing the name Palookaville instead of Skint. The name Palookaville was also considered humorously appropriate by fans because it reflected the inadequacy of the club's temporary home.
Additional seating was added at the East and West Ends of the ground in November 2005. The club played their last game at Withdean on Saturday 30 April 2011 against Huddersfield Town.
Since the club has moved out, the temporary seating and other structures have been removed with only the original North Stand remaining, with seating for around 1,300.
Withdean Sports Complex
Today the Stadium is part of the Withdean Sports Complex leisure centre owned by Brighton and Hove City Council and operated by Freedom Leisure. Facilities include squash and tennis courts, a gym and rock climbing wall.
References
^ Newman, Anne. "Developed as a tennis centre in 1936". My Brighton and Hove. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
^ "A visit in the 1950s". My Brighton and Hove. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
^ Newman, Anne. "Developed as a tennis centre in 1936". My Brighton and Hove. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
^ "Withdean Stadium". www.runtrackdir.com. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
^ "Simply the worst" Archived 30 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Gemma Clarke, The Observer, 10 October 2004
^ "Fatboy calls the tune". The Argus. Melbourne. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
^ "Police praise Albion fans after last game at Withdean". The Argus. Melbourne. 30 April 2011. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
^ "Withdean Sports Complex | Brighton". Freedom Leisure. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Withdean Stadium.
50°51′7″N 0°9′32″W / 50.85194°N 0.15889°W / 50.85194; -0.15889
External links
Withdean sports complex official site
vteBrighton & Hove Albion Football ClubClub
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Withdean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdean"},{"link_name":"Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton"},{"link_name":"Steve Ovett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Ovett"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer"},{"link_name":"Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_%26_Hove_Albion_F.C."}],"text":"Athletics stadiumWithdean Stadium is an athletics stadium in Withdean, a suburb of Brighton. It was constructed in 1930. It was the home track of Olympic athlete Steve Ovett. Between 1999 and 2011 it was the home ground of football team Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.","title":"Withdean Stadium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Steve Ovett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Ovett"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The site was opened as a lawn tennis club venue in 1936, having been used as playing fields before this. The centre court had seating for 2,000 and was used for the Davis Cup match between Great Britain and New Zealand in the spring of 1939.[1] Later developments included a zoo[2] and miniature railway.In 1955 the then mayor of Brighton, Walter Dudeney, opened Brighton Sports Arena as a new athletics arena hosting various sporting activities and events. The arena was upgraded over the years, with lighting added and additional squash courts. In 1980 Steve Ovett opened an all-weather running track,[3] and was resurfaced in 1997.[4] In 1999 it became the temporary home of Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goldstone Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldstone_Ground"},{"link_name":"Gillingham's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillingham_F.C."},{"link_name":"Priestfield Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priestfield_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Sussex CCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_CCC"},{"link_name":"County Cricket Ground, Hove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cricket_Ground,_Hove"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Withdean_Stadium_-_2_-_geograph-1993792.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Withdean_Stadium_-_1_-_geograph-1993833.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Open Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Championship"},{"link_name":"Sussex by the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex_by_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"Sheffield United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Palookaville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Palookaville"},{"link_name":"Fatboy Slim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatboy_Slim"},{"link_name":"album of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palookaville_(album)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Skint Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skint_Records"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The club's original stadium, the Goldstone Ground, had been sold for commercial redevelopment in 1997. This resulted in the team playing their home matches for two seasons at Gillingham's Priestfield Stadium, over 70 miles (110 km) from Brighton, before moving to Withdean Stadium. The only other local option for Albion had been to play at Sussex CCC's County Cricket Ground, Hove.North Stand in the distance, in the foreground a temporary stand that has since been removedSouth Stand which existed while it was used by Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.Withdean Stadium was voted the fourth worst football stadium in the UK by The Observer in 2004.[5] The temporary nature of the stadium was obvious - the stadium was primarily used for athletics; there was a single permanent stand along the north side, while the other stands were assembled from scaffolding, some of which also served as temporary seating at the Open Championship golf tournament. The largest was the South Stand, running the entire length of the pitch. The east end of the pitch contained two medium-sized and one small stand. One of the larger stands here was designated as the family stand. The West Stand was the designated away stand. Changing and hospitality facilities were provided with portable cabins placed haphazardly around the site, and there was very limited on-site car parking.There was considerable opposition in the local neighbourhood to allowing the football club to use the stadium. After some unique concessions were made, the club was allowed to move into Withdean in 1999. Amplified music was banned during football matches (except for the traditional \"Sussex by the Sea\"), and matchday parking restrictions were imposed within a one-mile radius of the ground. After a year, the music restrictions were eased, but the parking limitations continued in force. The price of each match ticket also included a public transport voucher allowing free bus or rail travel throughout the Brighton and Hove area on match day.For Albion's match against Sheffield United on 2 October 2004 the stadium was temporarily renamed Palookaville as it hosted the launch party for Fatboy Slim's album of the same name.[6] The album was released on Skint Records, then the club's shirt sponsor, and for that match the team wore shirts bearing the name Palookaville instead of Skint. The name Palookaville was also considered humorously appropriate by fans because it reflected the inadequacy of the club's temporary home.Additional seating was added at the East and West Ends of the ground in November 2005. The club played their last game at Withdean on Saturday 30 April 2011 against Huddersfield Town.[7]Since the club has moved out, the temporary seating and other structures have been removed with only the original North Stand remaining, with seating for around 1,300.","title":"Use by Brighton & Hove Albion F.C."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brighton and Hove City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Today the Stadium is part of the Withdean Sports Complex leisure centre owned by Brighton and Hove City Council and operated by Freedom Leisure. Facilities include squash and tennis courts, a gym and rock climbing wall.[8]","title":"Withdean Sports Complex"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Withdean.jpg/300px-Withdean.jpg"},{"image_text":"North Stand in the distance, in the foreground a temporary stand that has since been removed","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Withdean_Stadium_-_2_-_geograph-1993792.jpg/220px-Withdean_Stadium_-_2_-_geograph-1993792.jpg"},{"image_text":"South Stand which existed while it was used by Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Withdean_Stadium_-_1_-_geograph-1993833.jpg/220px-Withdean_Stadium_-_1_-_geograph-1993833.jpg"}]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_lion
|
Barbary lion
|
["1 Characteristics","2 Taxonomy","2.1 Genetic research","3 Former distribution and habitat","4 Behaviour and ecology","5 In captivity","6 Cultural significance","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
|
Lion population
Barbary lion
Barbary lion in Algeria, 1893
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Carnivora
Suborder:
Feliformia
Family:
Felidae
Subfamily:
Pantherinae
Genus:
Panthera
Species:
P. leo
Subspecies:
P. l. leo
Population:
†Barbary lion
The Barbary lion was a population of the lion subspecies Panthera leo leo. It was also called North African lion, Atlas lion and Egyptian lion. It lived in the mountains and deserts of the Maghreb of North Africa from Morocco to Egypt. It was eradicated following the spread of firearms and bounties for shooting lions. A comprehensive review of hunting and sighting records revealed that small groups of lions may have survived in Algeria until the early 1960s, and in Morocco until the mid-1960s. Today, it is locally extinct in this region. Fossils of the Barbary lion dating to between 100,000 and 110,000 years were found in the cave of Bizmoune near Essaouira.
Until 2017, the Barbary lion was considered a distinct lion subspecies. Results of morphological and genetic analyses of lion samples from North Africa showed that the Barbary lion does not differ significantly from the Asiatic lion and falls into the same subclade. This North African/Asian subclade is closely related to lions from West Africa and northern parts of Central Africa, and therefore grouped into the northern lion subspecies Panthera leo leo.
Characteristics
A Barbary lion in the Bronx Zoo, 1897
Barbary lion zoological specimens range in colour from light to dark tawny. Male lion skins had manes of varying colouration and length.
Head-to-tail length of stuffed males in zoological collections varies from 2.35 to 2.8 m (7 ft 9 in to 9 ft 2 in), and of females around 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in). Skull size varied from 30.85 to 37.23 cm (1 ft 0.15 in to 1 ft 2.66 in). Some manes extended over the shoulder and under the belly to the elbows. The mane hair was 8 to 22 cm (3.1 in to 8.7 in) long.
In 19th-century hunter accounts, the Barbary lion was claimed to be the largest lion, with a weight of wild males ranging from 270 to 300 kg (600 to 660 lb). Yet, the accuracy of such data measured in the field is questionable. Captive Barbary lions were much smaller but kept under such poor conditions that they might not have attained their full potential size and weight.
The colour and size of lions' manes was long thought to be a sufficiently distinct morphological characteristic to accord a subspecific status to lion populations. Mane development varies with age and between individuals from different regions, and is therefore not a sufficient characteristic for subspecific identification. The size of manes is not regarded as evidence for Barbary lions' ancestry. Instead, results of mitochondrial DNA research support the genetic distinctness of Barbary lions in a unique haplotype found in museum specimens that is thought to be of Barbary lion descent. The presence of this haplotype is considered a reliable molecular marker to identify captive Barbary lions.
Barbary lions may have developed long-haired manes, because of lower temperatures in the Atlas Mountains than in other African regions, particularly in winter.
Results of a long-term study on lions in Serengeti National Park indicate that ambient temperature, nutrition and the level of testosterone influence the colour and size of lion manes.
Taxonomy
Map shows range of P. l. leo and P. l. melanochaita
Felis leo was the scientific name proposed by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 for a type specimen from Constantine, Algeria. Following Linnaeus's description, several lion zoological specimens from North Africa were described and proposed as subspecies in the 19th century:
Felis leo barbaricus, described by the Austrian zoologist Johann Nepomuk Meyer in 1826, was a lion skin from the Barbary Coast.
Felis leo nubicus, described by Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville in 1843, was a male lion from Nubia that had been sent by Antoine Clot from Cairo to Paris, and died in the Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes in 1841.
In 1930, Reginald Innes Pocock subordinated the lion to the genus Panthera, when he wrote about the Asiatic lion.
In the 20th and early 21st centuries, there has been much debate and controversy among zoologists on lion classification and validity of proposed subspecies:
In 1939, Glover Morrill Allen considered F. l. barbaricus and nubicus synonymous with F. l. leo.
In 1951, John Ellerman and Terence Morrison-Scott recognized only two lion subspecies in the Palearctic realm, namely the African lion Panthera leo leo and the Asiatic lion P. l. persica.
Some authors considered P. l. nubicus a valid subspecies and synonymous with P. l. massaica.
In 2005, P. l. barbarica, nubica and somaliensis were subsumed under P. l. leo.
In 2016, IUCN Red List assessors used P. l. leo for all lion populations in Africa.
The Barbary lion was considered a distinct lion subspecies.
In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group subsumed the lion populations in North, West and Central Africa and Asia to P. l. leo.
The Barbary lion was also called North African lion, Atlas lion, and Egyptian lion.
Genetic research
Results of a phylogeographic analysis using samples from African and Asiatic lions was published in 2006. One of the African samples was a vertebra from the National Museum of Natural History (France) that originated in the Nubian part of Sudan. In terms of mitochondrial DNA, it grouped with lion skull samples from the Central African Republic, Ethiopia and the northern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
While the historical Barbary lion was morphologically distinct, its genetic uniqueness remained questionable.
In a comprehensive study about the evolution of lions in 2008, 357 samples of wild and captive lions from Africa and India were examined. Results showed that four captive lions from Morocco did not exhibit any unique genetic characteristic, but shared mitochondrial haplotypes with lion samples from West and Central Africa. They were all part of a major mtDNA grouping that also included Asiatic lion samples. Results provided evidence for the hypothesis that this group developed in East Africa, and about 118,000 years ago traveled north and west in the first wave of lion expansion. It broke up within Africa, and later in West Asia. Lions in Africa probably constitute a single population that interbred during several waves of migration since the Late Pleistocene. Genome-wide data of a wild-born historical lion specimen from Sudan clustered with P. l. leo in mtDNA-based phylogenies, but with a high affinity to P. l. melanochaita.
A comprehensive genetic study published in 2016 confirmed the close relationship between the extinct Barbary lions from Northern Africa and lions from Central and West Africa and in addition showed that the former fall into the same subclade as the Asiatic lion.
Former distribution and habitat
The last photograph of a wild lion in the Atlas Mountains, taken by Marcelin Flandrin in 1925
This detail of a map by Jan Janssonius (1588-1664) shows the former "Barbary Coast" of North Africa, known in the 17th century as Barbaria, now covered by Algeria.
Fossils of the Barbary lion dating to between 100,000 and 110,000 years were found in the cave of Bizmoune near Essaouira.
The Barbary lion lived in the mountains and deserts of the Maghreb of North Africa from Morocco to Egypt. It was eradicated following the spread of firearms and bounties for shooting lions.
Today, it is locally extinct in this region.
Historical sighting and hunting records from the 19th and 20th centuries show that the Barbary lion survived in Algeria until the early 1960s, and in Morocco until the mid-1960s. It inhabited Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub. The westernmost sighting of a Barbary lion reportedly occurred in the Anti-Atlas in western Morocco. It ranged from the Atlas Mountains and the Rif in Morocco, the Ksour and Amour Ranges in Algeria to the Aurès Mountains in Tunisia.
In Algeria, the Barbary lion was sighted in the forested hills and mountains between Ouarsenis in the west to the Chelif River plains in the north and the Pic de Taza in the east. It inhabited the forests and wooded hills of the Constantine Province southward into the Aurès Mountains.
In the 1830s, lions may have already been eliminated along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea and near human settlements.
In Libya, the Barbary lion persisted along the coast until the beginning of the 18th century, and was extirpated in Tunisia by 1890. By the mid-19th century, the Barbary lion population had massively declined, since bounties were paid for shooting lions. The cedar forests of Chelia and neighbouring mountains in Algeria harboured lions until about 1884. The Barbary lion disappeared in the Bône region by 1890, in the Khroumire and Souk Ahras regions by 1891, and in Batna Province by 1893.
The last recorded shooting of a wild Barbary lion took place in 1942 near Tizi n'Tichka in the Moroccan part of the Atlas Mountains. A small relict population may have survived in remote montane areas into the early 1960s. The last known sighting of a lion in Algeria occurred in 1956 in Beni Ourtilane District.
Historical accounts indicate that in Egypt, lions occurred in the Sinai Peninsula, along the Nile, in the Eastern and Western Deserts, in the region of Wadi El Natrun and along the maritime coast of the Mediterranean. In the 14th century BC, Thutmose IV hunted lions in the hills near Memphis. The growth of civilizations along the Nile and in the Sinai Peninsula by the beginning of the second millennium BC and desertification contributed to isolating lion populations in North Africa.
Behaviour and ecology
In the early 20th century, when Barbary lions were rare, they were sighted in pairs or in small family groups comprising a male and female lion with one or two cubs. Between 1839 and 1942, sightings of wild lions involved solitary animals, pairs and family units. Analysis of these sightings indicate that lions retained living in prides even when under increasing persecution, particularly in the eastern Maghreb. The size of prides was likely similar to prides living in sub-Saharan habitats, whereas the density of the Barbary lion population is considered to have been lower than in moister habitats.
When Barbary stag (Cervus elaphus barbarus) and gazelles became scarce in the Atlas Mountains, lions preyed on herds of livestock that were carefully tended. They also preyed on wild boar (Sus scrofa).
Sympatric predators in this region included the African leopard (P. pardus pardus) and Atlas bear (Ursus arctos crowtheri).
In captivity
See also: Damnatio ad bestias
The lions kept in the menagerie at the Tower of London in the Middle Ages were Barbary lions, as shown by DNA testing on two well-preserved skulls excavated at the Tower between 1936 and 1937. The skulls were radiocarbon-dated to around 1280–1385 and 1420−1480.
In the 19th century and the early 20th century, lions were often kept in hotels and circus menageries. In 1835, the lions in the Tower of London were transferred to improved enclosures at the London Zoo on the orders of the Duke of Wellington.
The lions in the Rabat Zoo exhibited characteristics thought typical for the Barbary lion. Nobles and Berber people presented lions as gifts to the royal family of Morocco. When the family was forced into exile in 1953, the lions in Rabat, numbering 21 altogether, were transferred to two zoos in the region. Three of these were shifted to a zoo in Casablanca, with the rest being shifted to Meknès. The lions at Meknès were moved back to the palace in 1955, but those at Casablanca never came back. In the late 1960s, new lion enclosures were built in Temara near Rabat. Results of a mtDNA research revealed in 2006 that a lion kept in the German Zoo Neuwied originated from this collection and is very likely a descendant of a Barbary lion.
Five lion samples from this collection were not Barbary lions maternally. Nonetheless, genes of the Barbary lion are likely to be present in common European zoo lions, since this was one of the most frequently introduced subspecies. Many lions in European and American zoos, which are managed without subspecies classification, are most likely descendants of Barbary lions. Several researchers and zoos supported the development of a studbook of lions directly descended from the King of Morocco's collection.
At the beginning of the 21st century, the Addis Ababa Zoo kept 16 adult lions. With their dark, brown manes extending through the front legs, they looked like Barbary or Cape lions. Their ancestors were caught in southwestern Ethiopia as part of a zoological collection for Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia.
Since 2005, Belfast Zoo has kept 3 alleged adult Barbary lions, transferred from Port Lympne Wild Animal Park. In partnership with Panthera.org, Belfast Zoo opened a new Barbary lion habitat in 2023.
Cultural significance
Further information: Cultural depictions of lions and Lion § Cultural significance
Painting of a lion hunt in Morocco by Eugène Delacroix, 1855, in the Hermitage Museum
The lion also appeared frequently in early Egyptian art and literature. Statues and statuettes of lions found at Hierakonpolis and Koptos in Upper Egypt date to the Early Dynastic Period. The early Egyptian deity Mehit was depicted with a lion head. In Ancient Egypt, the lion-headed deity Sekhmet was venerated as protector of the country. She represented destructive power, but was also regarded as protector against famine and disease. Lion-headed figures and amulets were excavated in tombs in the Aegean islands of Crete, Euboea, Rhodes, Paros and Chios. They are associated with Sekhmet and date to the early Iron Age between the 9th and 6th centuries BC. The remains of seven mostly subadult lions were excavated at the necropolis Umm El Qa'ab in a tomb of Hor-Aha, dated to the 31st century BC. In 2001, the skeleton of a mummified lion was found in the tomb of Maïa in a necropolis dedicated to Tutankhamun at Saqqara. It had probably lived and died in the Ptolemaic period, showed signs of malnutrition and had probably lived in captivity for many years.
The Barbary lion is a symbol in Nubian culture and was often depicted in art and architecture. Nubian deities, such as Amun, Amesemi, Apedemak, Arensnuphis, Hathor, Bastet, Dedun, Mehit, Menhit, and Sebiumeker, were depicted as lion protectors in Kushite religion.
In Roman North Africa, lions were regularly captured by experienced hunters for venatio spectacles in amphitheatres.
The Morocco national football team is called the "Atlas Lions", and the supporters are usually seen wearing T-shirts with a lion's face or wearing a lion suit.
See also
Wild cats in Africa:CheetahAfrican golden catCaracalServalAfrican wildcatSand catBlack-footed cat
History of lions in Europe
Holocene extinction
Cats in Ancient Egypt
Lion-baiting
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External links
Marks, T. (2018). "'I find myself making growling noises while I'm painting' – an interview with Walton Ford, who painted Barbary lions". Apollo Magazine.
Babas, L. (2018). "History : When London's very first zoo housed Morocco's Atlas Lions". Yabiladi.
Moroccan 'Atlas' lion at Parc Sindibad, Casablanca (video). Archived from the original on 2021-12-22.
Black, S. (2014). "Moroccan lions in zoos today". University of Kent Blog.
"Barbary Lion Information". Being Lion.
Taxon identifiersPanthera leo leo
Wikidata: Q221094
Wikispecies: Panthera leo leo
CoL: 5K5L8
EoL: 1273814
iNaturalist: 557485
ITIS: 622059
MSW: 14000229
NCBI: 1446311
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"},{"link_name":"Panthera leo leo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera_leo_leo"},{"link_name":"Maghreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghreb"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"firearms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firearms"},{"link_name":"bounties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounty_(reward)"},{"link_name":"locally extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locally_extinct"},{"link_name":"Fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil"},{"link_name":"Essaouira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essaouira"},{"link_name":"lion subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion#Subspecies"},{"link_name":"morphological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)"},{"link_name":"genetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"},{"link_name":"Asiatic lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_lion"},{"link_name":"subclade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subclade"},{"link_name":"West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa"},{"link_name":"Central Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Africa"}],"text":"The Barbary lion was a population of the lion subspecies Panthera leo leo. It was also called North African lion, Atlas lion and Egyptian lion. It lived in the mountains and deserts of the Maghreb of North Africa from Morocco to Egypt. It was eradicated following the spread of firearms and bounties for shooting lions. A comprehensive review of hunting and sighting records revealed that small groups of lions may have survived in Algeria until the early 1960s, and in Morocco until the mid-1960s. Today, it is locally extinct in this region. Fossils of the Barbary lion dating to between 100,000 and 110,000 years were found in the cave of Bizmoune near Essaouira.Until 2017, the Barbary lion was considered a distinct lion subspecies. Results of morphological and genetic analyses of lion samples from North Africa showed that the Barbary lion does not differ significantly from the Asiatic lion and falls into the same subclade. This North African/Asian subclade is closely related to lions from West Africa and northern parts of Central Africa, and therefore grouped into the northern lion subspecies Panthera leo leo.","title":"Barbary lion"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sultan_the_Barbary_Lion.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bronx Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronx_Zoo"},{"link_name":"zoological specimens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoological_specimen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mazak70-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mazak70-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hemmer1974-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yamaguchi2002-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yamaguchi2002-5"},{"link_name":"morphological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)"},{"link_name":"subspecific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecific_name"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BarnettYamaguchi2006-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"mitochondrial DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA"},{"link_name":"haplotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplotype"},{"link_name":"molecular marker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_marker"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnett2006-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yamaguchi2002-5"},{"link_name":"Serengeti National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serengeti_National_Park"},{"link_name":"ambient temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient_temperature"},{"link_name":"testosterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-West2002-9"}],"text":"A Barbary lion in the Bronx Zoo, 1897Barbary lion zoological specimens range in colour from light to dark tawny. Male lion skins had manes of varying colouration and length.[2]\nHead-to-tail length of stuffed males in zoological collections varies from 2.35 to 2.8 m (7 ft 9 in to 9 ft 2 in), and of females around 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in). Skull size varied from 30.85 to 37.23 cm (1 ft 0.15 in to 1 ft 2.66 in). Some manes extended over the shoulder and under the belly to the elbows. The mane hair was 8 to 22 cm (3.1 in to 8.7 in) long.[2][3][4]In 19th-century hunter accounts, the Barbary lion was claimed to be the largest lion, with a weight of wild males ranging from 270 to 300 kg (600 to 660 lb).[5] Yet, the accuracy of such data measured in the field is questionable. Captive Barbary lions were much smaller but kept under such poor conditions that they might not have attained their full potential size and weight.[5]The colour and size of lions' manes was long thought to be a sufficiently distinct morphological characteristic to accord a subspecific status to lion populations.[6] Mane development varies with age and between individuals from different regions, and is therefore not a sufficient characteristic for subspecific identification.[7] The size of manes is not regarded as evidence for Barbary lions' ancestry. Instead, results of mitochondrial DNA research support the genetic distinctness of Barbary lions in a unique haplotype found in museum specimens that is thought to be of Barbary lion descent. The presence of this haplotype is considered a reliable molecular marker to identify captive Barbary lions.[8]\nBarbary lions may have developed long-haired manes, because of lower temperatures in the Atlas Mountains than in other African regions, particularly in winter.[5]\nResults of a long-term study on lions in Serengeti National Park indicate that ambient temperature, nutrition and the level of testosterone influence the colour and size of lion manes.[9]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lion_subspecies_distribution3.png"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bertola2016-10"},{"link_name":"scientific name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_name"},{"link_name":"Carl Linnaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"type specimen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_specimen"},{"link_name":"Constantine, Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Linn1758-11"},{"link_name":"zoological specimens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoological_specimen"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Barbary Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_Coast"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Marie_Ducrotay_de_Blainville"},{"link_name":"Nubia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubia"},{"link_name":"Antoine Clot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Clot"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9nagerie_du_Jardin_des_Plantes"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeBlainville1843-13"},{"link_name":"Reginald Innes Pocock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Innes_Pocock"},{"link_name":"Panthera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panthera"},{"link_name":"Asiatic lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_lion"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Glover Morrill Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glover_Morrill_Allen"},{"link_name":"synonymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allen1939-15"},{"link_name":"John Ellerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Ellerman,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Terence Morrison-Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Morrison-Scott"},{"link_name":"Palearctic realm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palearctic_realm"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ems66-16"},{"link_name":"valid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valid_name_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hemmer1974-3"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haas2005-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kingdonetal.2013-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSW3-19"},{"link_name":"IUCN Red List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSW3-19"},{"link_name":"lion subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion#Subspecies"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAP-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSW3-19"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-catsg-22"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pease1913-1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burger2006-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geptner-24"}],"text":"Map shows range of P. l. leo and P. l. melanochaita[10]Felis leo was the scientific name proposed by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 for a type specimen from Constantine, Algeria.[11] Following Linnaeus's description, several lion zoological specimens from North Africa were described and proposed as subspecies in the 19th century:Felis leo barbaricus, described by the Austrian zoologist Johann Nepomuk Meyer in 1826, was a lion skin from the Barbary Coast.[12]\nFelis leo nubicus, described by Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville in 1843, was a male lion from Nubia that had been sent by Antoine Clot from Cairo to Paris, and died in the Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes in 1841.[13]In 1930, Reginald Innes Pocock subordinated the lion to the genus Panthera, when he wrote about the Asiatic lion.[14]In the 20th and early 21st centuries, there has been much debate and controversy among zoologists on lion classification and validity of proposed subspecies:In 1939, Glover Morrill Allen considered F. l. barbaricus and nubicus synonymous with F. l. leo.[15]\nIn 1951, John Ellerman and Terence Morrison-Scott recognized only two lion subspecies in the Palearctic realm, namely the African lion Panthera leo leo and the Asiatic lion P. l. persica.[16]\nSome authors considered P. l. nubicus a valid subspecies and synonymous with P. l. massaica.[3][17][18]\nIn 2005, P. l. barbarica, nubica and somaliensis were subsumed under P. l. leo.[19]\nIn 2016, IUCN Red List assessors used P. l. leo for all lion populations in Africa.[20][19]\nThe Barbary lion was considered a distinct lion subspecies.[21][19]\nIn 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group subsumed the lion populations in North, West and Central Africa and Asia to P. l. leo.[22]The Barbary lion was also called North African lion,[1] Atlas lion,[23] and Egyptian lion.[24]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phylogeographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogeographic"},{"link_name":"vertebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebra"},{"link_name":"National Museum of Natural History (France)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History_(France)"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"mitochondrial DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA"},{"link_name":"Central African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnett2006-8"},{"link_name":"morphologically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Black2010-25"},{"link_name":"mitochondrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial"},{"link_name":"haplotypes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplotype"},{"link_name":"West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Africa"},{"link_name":"Central Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Africa"},{"link_name":"mtDNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MtDNA"},{"link_name":"West Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Asia"},{"link_name":"Late Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Agostinho-26"},{"link_name":"Genome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeManuel_al.2020-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bertola_al2016-28"}],"sub_title":"Genetic research","text":"Results of a phylogeographic analysis using samples from African and Asiatic lions was published in 2006. One of the African samples was a vertebra from the National Museum of Natural History (France) that originated in the Nubian part of Sudan. In terms of mitochondrial DNA, it grouped with lion skull samples from the Central African Republic, Ethiopia and the northern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[8]While the historical Barbary lion was morphologically distinct, its genetic uniqueness remained questionable.[25]\nIn a comprehensive study about the evolution of lions in 2008, 357 samples of wild and captive lions from Africa and India were examined. Results showed that four captive lions from Morocco did not exhibit any unique genetic characteristic, but shared mitochondrial haplotypes with lion samples from West and Central Africa. They were all part of a major mtDNA grouping that also included Asiatic lion samples. Results provided evidence for the hypothesis that this group developed in East Africa, and about 118,000 years ago traveled north and west in the first wave of lion expansion. It broke up within Africa, and later in West Asia. Lions in Africa probably constitute a single population that interbred during several waves of migration since the Late Pleistocene.[26] Genome-wide data of a wild-born historical lion specimen from Sudan clustered with P. l. leo in mtDNA-based phylogenies, but with a high affinity to P. l. melanochaita.[27]A comprehensive genetic study published in 2016 confirmed the close relationship between the extinct Barbary lions from Northern Africa and lions from Central and West Africa and in addition showed that the former fall into the same subclade as the Asiatic lion.[28]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wild_Barbary_lion_in_1925.tif"},{"link_name":"Marcelin Flandrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelin_Flandrin"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Black_et_al.2013-29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atlas_Van_der_Hagen_-_Barbary_Coast.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Essaouira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essaouira"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Maghreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghreb"},{"link_name":"North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"firearms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firearms"},{"link_name":"bounties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounty_(reward)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pease1913-1"},{"link_name":"locally extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locally_extinct"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-20"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_forests,_woodlands,_and_scrub"},{"link_name":"Anti-Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Atlas"},{"link_name":"Atlas Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Rif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rif"},{"link_name":"Ksour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksour_Range"},{"link_name":"Amour Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amour_Range"},{"link_name":"Aurès Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aur%C3%A8s_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Black_et_al.2013-29"},{"link_name":"Ouarsenis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouarsenis"},{"link_name":"Chelif River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelif_River"},{"link_name":"Taza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taza_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Constantine Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Province"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pease1913-1"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"bounties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounty_(reward)"},{"link_name":"Chelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pease1913-1"},{"link_name":"Bône","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B4ne_(d%C3%A9partement)"},{"link_name":"Khroumire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khroumire"},{"link_name":"Souk Ahras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souk_Ahras_Province"},{"link_name":"Batna Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batna_Province"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Tizi n'Tichka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tizi_n%27Tichka"},{"link_name":"relict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relict_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Black_et_al.2013-29"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Beni Ourtilane District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beni_Ourtilane_District"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Black_et_al.2013-29"},{"link_name":"Sinai Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Desert"},{"link_name":"Western Deserts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Desert_(Egypt)"},{"link_name":"Wadi El Natrun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_El_Natrun"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"BC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Before_Christ"},{"link_name":"Thutmose IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_IV"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"desertification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desertification"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnett_al2008-37"}],"text":"The last photograph of a wild lion in the Atlas Mountains, taken by Marcelin Flandrin in 1925[29]This detail of a map by Jan Janssonius (1588-1664) shows the former \"Barbary Coast\" of North Africa, known in the 17th century as Barbaria, now covered by Algeria.Fossils of the Barbary lion dating to between 100,000 and 110,000 years were found in the cave of Bizmoune near Essaouira.[30][31]\nThe Barbary lion lived in the mountains and deserts of the Maghreb of North Africa from Morocco to Egypt. It was eradicated following the spread of firearms and bounties for shooting lions.[1]\nToday, it is locally extinct in this region.[20]\nHistorical sighting and hunting records from the 19th and 20th centuries show that the Barbary lion survived in Algeria until the early 1960s, and in Morocco until the mid-1960s. It inhabited Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub. The westernmost sighting of a Barbary lion reportedly occurred in the Anti-Atlas in western Morocco. It ranged from the Atlas Mountains and the Rif in Morocco, the Ksour and Amour Ranges in Algeria to the Aurès Mountains in Tunisia.[29]\nIn Algeria, the Barbary lion was sighted in the forested hills and mountains between Ouarsenis in the west to the Chelif River plains in the north and the Pic de Taza in the east. It inhabited the forests and wooded hills of the Constantine Province southward into the Aurès Mountains.[1]In the 1830s, lions may have already been eliminated along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea and near human settlements.[32]\nIn Libya, the Barbary lion persisted along the coast until the beginning of the 18th century, and was extirpated in Tunisia by 1890.[33] By the mid-19th century, the Barbary lion population had massively declined, since bounties were paid for shooting lions. The cedar forests of Chelia and neighbouring mountains in Algeria harboured lions until about 1884.[1] The Barbary lion disappeared in the Bône region by 1890, in the Khroumire and Souk Ahras regions by 1891, and in Batna Province by 1893.[34]\nThe last recorded shooting of a wild Barbary lion took place in 1942 near Tizi n'Tichka in the Moroccan part of the Atlas Mountains. A small relict population may have survived in remote montane areas into the early 1960s.[29] The last known sighting of a lion in Algeria occurred in 1956 in Beni Ourtilane District.[29]Historical accounts indicate that in Egypt, lions occurred in the Sinai Peninsula, along the Nile, in the Eastern and Western Deserts, in the region of Wadi El Natrun and along the maritime coast of the Mediterranean.[35] In the 14th century BC, Thutmose IV hunted lions in the hills near Memphis.[36] The growth of civilizations along the Nile and in the Sinai Peninsula by the beginning of the second millennium BC and desertification contributed to isolating lion populations in North Africa.[37]","title":"Former distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pease1913-1"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Black_et_al.2013-29"},{"link_name":"Barbary stag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbary_stag"},{"link_name":"gazelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazelle"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bryden1-38"},{"link_name":"wild boar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_boar"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bryden2-39"},{"link_name":"Sympatric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympatry"},{"link_name":"African leopard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_leopard"},{"link_name":"Atlas bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_bear"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAP-21"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bryden3-40"}],"text":"In the early 20th century, when Barbary lions were rare, they were sighted in pairs or in small family groups comprising a male and female lion with one or two cubs.[1] Between 1839 and 1942, sightings of wild lions involved solitary animals, pairs and family units. Analysis of these sightings indicate that lions retained living in prides even when under increasing persecution, particularly in the eastern Maghreb. The size of prides was likely similar to prides living in sub-Saharan habitats, whereas the density of the Barbary lion population is considered to have been lower than in moister habitats.[29]When Barbary stag (Cervus elaphus barbarus) and gazelles became scarce in the Atlas Mountains, lions preyed on herds of livestock that were carefully tended.[38] They also preyed on wild boar (Sus scrofa).[39]Sympatric predators in this region included the African leopard (P. pardus pardus) and Atlas bear (Ursus arctos crowtheri).[21][40]","title":"Behaviour and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Damnatio ad bestias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damnatio_ad_bestias"},{"link_name":"menagerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menagerie"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"radiocarbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barnett_al2008-37"},{"link_name":"circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus"},{"link_name":"menageries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menagerie"},{"link_name":"London Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Zoo"},{"link_name":"Duke of Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edwards1996-41"},{"link_name":"Rabat Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabat_Zoo"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NowellJacksonImages-42"},{"link_name":"Berber people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berber_people"},{"link_name":"Casablanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca"},{"link_name":"Meknès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekn%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Temara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temara"},{"link_name":"Rabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabat"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yamaguchi2002-5"},{"link_name":"mtDNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MtDNA"},{"link_name":"Zoo Neuwied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoo_Neuwied"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Burger2006-23"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BarnettYamaguchi2006-6"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Black2010-25"},{"link_name":"Addis Ababa Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa_Zoo"},{"link_name":"Cape lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_lion"},{"link_name":"Haile Selassie of Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie_of_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Belfast Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast_Zoo"},{"link_name":"Port Lympne Wild Animal Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Lympne_Wild_Animal_Park"},{"link_name":"Panthera.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//panthera.org"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"See also: Damnatio ad bestiasThe lions kept in the menagerie at the Tower of London in the Middle Ages were Barbary lions, as shown by DNA testing on two well-preserved skulls excavated at the Tower between 1936 and 1937. The skulls were radiocarbon-dated to around 1280–1385 and 1420−1480.[37]\nIn the 19th century and the early 20th century, lions were often kept in hotels and circus menageries. In 1835, the lions in the Tower of London were transferred to improved enclosures at the London Zoo on the orders of the Duke of Wellington.[41]The lions in the Rabat Zoo exhibited characteristics thought typical for the Barbary lion.[42] Nobles and Berber people presented lions as gifts to the royal family of Morocco. When the family was forced into exile in 1953, the lions in Rabat, numbering 21 altogether, were transferred to two zoos in the region. Three of these were shifted to a zoo in Casablanca, with the rest being shifted to Meknès. The lions at Meknès were moved back to the palace in 1955, but those at Casablanca never came back. In the late 1960s, new lion enclosures were built in Temara near Rabat.[5] Results of a mtDNA research revealed in 2006 that a lion kept in the German Zoo Neuwied originated from this collection and is very likely a descendant of a Barbary lion.[23]\nFive lion samples from this collection were not Barbary lions maternally. Nonetheless, genes of the Barbary lion are likely to be present in common European zoo lions, since this was one of the most frequently introduced subspecies. Many lions in European and American zoos, which are managed without subspecies classification, are most likely descendants of Barbary lions.[6] Several researchers and zoos supported the development of a studbook of lions directly descended from the King of Morocco's collection.[25]At the beginning of the 21st century, the Addis Ababa Zoo kept 16 adult lions. With their dark, brown manes extending through the front legs, they looked like Barbary or Cape lions. Their ancestors were caught in southwestern Ethiopia as part of a zoological collection for Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia.[43]Since 2005, Belfast Zoo has kept 3 alleged adult Barbary lions, transferred from Port Lympne Wild Animal Park. In partnership with Panthera.org, Belfast Zoo opened a new Barbary lion habitat in 2023.[44]","title":"In captivity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cultural depictions of lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_lions"},{"link_name":"Lion § Cultural significance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion#Cultural_significance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Lion_Hunt_in_Morocco_-_WGA6228.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eugène Delacroix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix"},{"link_name":"Hermitage Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitage_Museum"},{"link_name":"Egyptian art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_art"},{"link_name":"literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_literature"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Porter1894-45"},{"link_name":"Hierakonpolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierakonpolis"},{"link_name":"Koptos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koptos"},{"link_name":"Upper Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Early Dynastic Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Mehit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehit"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Ancient Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Sekhmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekhmet"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Aegean islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_islands"},{"link_name":"Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete"},{"link_name":"Euboea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euboea"},{"link_name":"Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Paros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paros"},{"link_name":"Chios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chios"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Umm El Qa'ab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_El_Qa%27ab"},{"link_name":"Hor-Aha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hor-Aha"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"mummified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummy"},{"link_name":"Maïa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maia_(nurse)"},{"link_name":"necropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necropolis"},{"link_name":"Tutankhamun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutankhamun"},{"link_name":"Saqqara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqqara"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Calou_al2004-51"},{"link_name":"Ptolemaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Amun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amun"},{"link_name":"Amesemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amesemi"},{"link_name":"Apedemak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apedemak"},{"link_name":"Arensnuphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arensnuphis"},{"link_name":"Hathor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hathor"},{"link_name":"Bastet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastet"},{"link_name":"Dedun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedun"},{"link_name":"Menhit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menhit"},{"link_name":"Sebiumeker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebiumeker"},{"link_name":"Kushite religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushite_religion"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Roman North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_North_Africa"},{"link_name":"venatio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venatio"},{"link_name":"amphitheatres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphitheatre"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bryden2-39"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Morocco national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"Further information: Cultural depictions of lions and Lion § Cultural significancePainting of a lion hunt in Morocco by Eugène Delacroix, 1855, in the Hermitage MuseumThe lion also appeared frequently in early Egyptian art and literature.[45] Statues and statuettes of lions found at Hierakonpolis and Koptos in Upper Egypt date to the Early Dynastic Period.[46] The early Egyptian deity Mehit was depicted with a lion head.[47] In Ancient Egypt, the lion-headed deity Sekhmet was venerated as protector of the country.[48] She represented destructive power, but was also regarded as protector against famine and disease. Lion-headed figures and amulets were excavated in tombs in the Aegean islands of Crete, Euboea, Rhodes, Paros and Chios. They are associated with Sekhmet and date to the early Iron Age between the 9th and 6th centuries BC.[49] The remains of seven mostly subadult lions were excavated at the necropolis Umm El Qa'ab in a tomb of Hor-Aha, dated to the 31st century BC.[50] In 2001, the skeleton of a mummified lion was found in the tomb of Maïa in a necropolis dedicated to Tutankhamun at Saqqara.[51] It had probably lived and died in the Ptolemaic period, showed signs of malnutrition and had probably lived in captivity for many years.[52]\nThe Barbary lion is a symbol in Nubian culture and was often depicted in art and architecture. Nubian deities, such as Amun, Amesemi, Apedemak, Arensnuphis, Hathor, Bastet, Dedun, Mehit, Menhit, and Sebiumeker, were depicted as lion protectors in Kushite religion.[53]In Roman North Africa, lions were regularly captured by experienced hunters for venatio spectacles in amphitheatres.[39][54]The Morocco national football team is called the \"Atlas Lions\", and the supporters are usually seen wearing T-shirts with a lion's face or wearing a lion suit.[55]","title":"Cultural significance"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A Barbary lion in the Bronx Zoo, 1897","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sultan_the_Barbary_Lion.jpg/220px-Sultan_the_Barbary_Lion.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map shows range of P. l. leo and P. l. melanochaita[10]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Lion_subspecies_distribution3.png/220px-Lion_subspecies_distribution3.png"},{"image_text":"The last photograph of a wild lion in the Atlas Mountains, taken by Marcelin Flandrin in 1925[29]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Wild_Barbary_lion_in_1925.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Wild_Barbary_lion_in_1925.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"This detail of a map by Jan Janssonius (1588-1664) shows the former \"Barbary Coast\" of North Africa, known in the 17th century as Barbaria, now covered by Algeria.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen_-_Barbary_Coast.jpeg/220px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen_-_Barbary_Coast.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Painting of a lion hunt in Morocco by Eugène Delacroix, 1855, in the Hermitage Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Lion_Hunt_in_Morocco_-_WGA6228.jpg/220px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Lion_Hunt_in_Morocco_-_WGA6228.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Cheetah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheetah"},{"title":"African golden cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_golden_cat"},{"title":"Caracal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracal"},{"title":"Serval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serval"},{"title":"African wildcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_wildcat"},{"title":"Sand cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_cat"},{"title":"Black-footed cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-footed_cat"},{"title":"History of lions in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_lions_in_Europe"},{"title":"Holocene extinction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene_extinction"},{"title":"Cats in Ancient Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cats_in_Ancient_Egypt"},{"title":"Lion-baiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion-baiting"}]
|
[{"reference":"Pease, A. E. (1913). \"The Distribution of Lions\". The Book of the Lion. London: John Murray. pp. 109−147.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Edward_Pease","url_text":"Pease, A. E."},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/bookoflion1913alfr#page/112/mode/2up","url_text":"\"The Distribution of Lions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)","url_text":"John Murray"}]},{"reference":"Mazák, V. (1970). \"The Barbary lion, Panthera leo leo (Linnaeus, 1758); some systematic notes, and an interim list of the specimens preserved in European museums\". Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde. 35: 34−45.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hemmer, H. (1974). \"Untersuchungen zur Stammesgeschichte der Pantherkatzen (Pantherinae) Teil 3. Zur Artgeschichte des Löwen Panthera (Panthera) leo (Linnaeus, 1758)\". 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International Zoo News. 49 (8): 465–481.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755974","url_text":"\"The North African Barbary Lion and the Atlas Lion Project\""}]},{"reference":"Barnett, R.; Yamaguchi, N.; Barnes, I.; Cooper, A. (2006). \"Lost populations and preserving genetic diversity in the lion Panthera leo: Implications for its ex situ conservation\" (PDF). Conservation Genetics. 7 (4): 507–514. doi:10.1007/s10592-005-9062-0. S2CID 24190889. 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Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170728131140/http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/762_Panthera_leo.pdf","url_text":"\"Panthera leo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1644%2F1545-1410%282005%29762%5B0001%3APL%5D2.0.CO%3B2","url_text":"10.1644/1545-1410(2005)762[0001:PL]2.0.CO;2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198968757","url_text":"198968757"},{"url":"http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/762_Panthera_leo.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"West, P. M.; Packer, C. (2013). \"Panthera leo Lion\". In Kingson, J.; Happold, D.; Butynski, T.; Hoffmann, M.; Happold, M.; Kalina, J. (eds.). Mammals of Africa. Vol. 5. A & C Black. p. 149−159. 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E.; Antunes, A.; Sicheritz-Ponten, T.; Gopalakrishnan, S.; Larson, G.; Yang, H.; O’Brien, S. J.; Hansen, A. J.; Zhang, G.; Marques-Bonet, T. & Gilbert, M. T. P. (2020). \"The evolutionary history of extinct and living lions\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 117 (20): 10927–10934. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11710927D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1919423117. PMC 7245068. 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D.; Jongbloed, H.; Van Der Gaag, K. J.; De Knijff, P.; Yamaguchi, N.; Hooghiemstra, H.; Bauer, H.; Henschel, P.; White, P. A.; Driscoll, C. A. & Tende, T. (2016). \"Phylogeographic patterns in Africa and High Resolution Delineation of genetic clades in the Lion (Panthera leo)\". Scientific Reports. 6: 30807. Bibcode:2016NatSR...630807B. doi:10.1038/srep30807. PMC 4973251. 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Étude géologique de la région de Bône et de La Calle. Alger: Bulletin du Service de la Carte Géologique de l’Algérie. p. 174.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Planhol, X. (2004). Le Paysage Animal. L'homme et la Grande Faune: Une Zoogéographie Historique. Paris: Fayard.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wilkinson, J. G. (1878). The manners and customs of the ancient Egyptians. Volume III (revised ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead and Co.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Barnett, R.; Yamaguchi, N.; Shapiro, B.; Sabin, R. (2008). \"Ancient DNA analysis indicates the first English lions originated from North Africa\". Contributions to Zoology. 77 (1): 7–16. doi:10.1163/18759866-07701002. 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London: Rowland Ward Ltd. pp. 564–568.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/greatsmallgameof00majo#page/564/mode/2up","url_text":"\"The lion in Algeria\""}]},{"reference":"Johnston, H. H. (1899). \"African bear\". In Bryden, H. A. (ed.). Great and small game of Africa. London: Rowland Ward Ltd. pp. 607–608.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/greatsmallgameof00majo#page/607/mode/2up","url_text":"\"African bear\""}]},{"reference":"Edwards, J. (1996). London Zoo from Old Photographs 1852–1914. London: John Edwards.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nowell, K.; Jackson, P. (1996). \"Wild Cats of Africa\" (PDF). Wild Cats: status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland. pp. Plate I.","urls":[{"url":"http://carnivoractionplans1.free.fr/wildcats.pdf","url_text":"\"Wild Cats of Africa\""}]},{"reference":"Tefera, M. (2003). \"Phenotypic and reproductive characteristics of lions (Panthera leo) at Addis Ababa Zoo\". Biodiversity and Conservation. 12 (8): 1629–1639. doi:10.1023/A:1023641629538. S2CID 24543070.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1023641629538","url_text":"10.1023/A:1023641629538"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24543070","url_text":"24543070"}]},{"reference":"\"Lord Mayor opens New Kingdom at Belfast Zoo!\". Belfast Zoo. Retrieved 2023-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/zoo/news-and-events/news/lord-mayor-opens-new-kingdom-at-belfast-zoo!","url_text":"\"Lord Mayor opens New Kingdom at Belfast Zoo!\""}]},{"reference":"Porter, J. H. (1894). \"The Lion\". Wild beasts; a study of the characters and habits of the elephant, lion, leopard, panther, jaguar, tiger, puma, wolf, and grizzly bear. New York: C. Scribner's sons. pp. 76–134.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/wildbeastsstud00port#page/76","url_text":"\"The Lion\""}]},{"reference":"Adams, B. (1992). \"Two more lions from Upper Egypt: Hierakonpolis and Koptos\". In Friedmann, R.; Adams, B. (eds.). The Followers of Horus. Studies Dedicated to Michael Allen Hoffman. Oxford: Oxbow Press. pp. 69–76.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wilkinson, T. A. H. (1999). Early Dynastic Egypt. London, New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415260116.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415260116","url_text":"0415260116"}]},{"reference":"Engels, D.W. (2001). Classical Cats. The Rise and Fall of the Sacred Cat. London, New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415261627.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/classicalcats00dona","url_text":"Classical Cats. The Rise and Fall of the Sacred Cat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415261627","url_text":"0415261627"}]},{"reference":"Apostola, E. (2014). \"Cross-cultural Relations between Egypt and Greece during the Early Iron Age: Representations of Egyptian Lion-Headed Deities in the Aegean\". In Pinarello, M.S.; Yoo, J.; Lundock, J.; Walsh, C. (eds.). Current Research in Egyptology: Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Symposium. Oxford: Oxbow Books. pp. 100–112.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Boessneck, J., von den Driesch, A. (1990). \"Die Tierknochenfunde\". In Dreyer, G. (ed.). Umm el-Qaab: Nachuntersuchungen im frühzeitlichen Königsfriedhof. 3./4. Vorbericht. Abteilung Kairo. Berlin: 46. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Callou, C.; Samzun, A.; Zivie, A. (2004). \"A lion found in the Egyptian tomb of Maïa\". Nature. 427 (6971): 211–212. doi:10.1038/427211a. PMID 14724625. S2CID 4422033.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F427211a","url_text":"10.1038/427211a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14724625","url_text":"14724625"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4422033","url_text":"4422033"}]},{"reference":"Samzun, A.; Hennet, P.; Lichtenberg, R.; Callou, C.; Zivie, A. (2011). \"Le lion du Bubasteion à Saqqara (Égypte)\" (PDF). Anthropozoologica. 46 (2): 63–84. doi:10.5252/az2011n2a4. S2CID 129186181.","urls":[{"url":"https://hal-mnhn.archives-ouvertes.fr/mnhn-02103375/file/az2011n2a4.pdf","url_text":"\"Le lion du Bubasteion à Saqqara (Égypte)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5252%2Faz2011n2a4","url_text":"10.5252/az2011n2a4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129186181","url_text":"129186181"}]},{"reference":"Fisher, M. M.; Lacovara, P.; Ikram, S.; D'Auria, S.; Yellin, J. W. & Knoblauch, C. (2012). Ancient Nubia: African Kingdoms on the Nile. Cairo, Egypt: American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 9789774164781.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Lu6nZwEACAAJ","url_text":"Ancient Nubia: African Kingdoms on the Nile"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789774164781","url_text":"9789774164781"}]},{"reference":"Sparreboom, A. (2016). \"Chapter 2: Procuring beasts for hunting spectacles\". Venationes Africanae: Hunting spectacles in Roman North Africa: cultural significance and social function. Amsterdam: Amsterdam School of Historical Studies. pp. 67–98. ISBN 9789463320238.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789463320238","url_text":"9789463320238"}]},{"reference":"Marks, T. (2018). \"'I find myself making growling noises while I'm painting' – an interview with Walton Ford, who painted Barbary lions\". 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(2014). \"Moroccan lions in zoos today\". University of Kent Blog.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.kent.ac.uk/barbarylion/2014/07/10/moroccan-royal-lions-in-zoos-today","url_text":"\"Moroccan lions in zoos today\""}]},{"reference":"\"Barbary Lion Information\". Being Lion.","urls":[{"url":"http://beinglion.com/barbary-lions.php","url_text":"\"Barbary Lion Information\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_Models_(Gentner-Stevens_book)
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Mental Models
|
["1 Chapters","2 Reception","3 References","4 External links"]
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1983 book
For the explanation of the thought process, see Mental model.
Mental Models is a book published by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., in 1983 ISBN 0-89859-242-9. It was edited by Dedre Gentner and Albert L. Stevens, both employees of Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Inc. at the time. It appeared at about the same time as a book by the same name by Philip Johnson-Laird. According to the acknowledgment of the book, it resulted from a workshop on mental models held at the University of California, San Diego in October 1980, that was jointly sponsored by the Office of Naval Research and the Sloan Foundation.
Chapters
Some Observations on Mental Models — Donald A. Norman, UCSD
Dr. Norman describes the properties of mental models — that they can be contradictory, incomplete, superstitious, erroneous, and unstable, varying in time. So the job of system designers is to help users form an accurate and useful mental model of a system. And the job of researchers is to set up experiments to learn to understand actual mental models, even though they may be messy and incomplete.
Phenomenology and the Evolution of Intuition — Andrea diSessa, MIT
Surrogates and Mappings: Two Kinds of Conceptual Models for Interactive Devices — Richard M. Young, Medical Research Council, Applied Psychology Unit, Cambridge, England
Qualitative Reasoning About Space and Motion — Kenneth D. Forbus, MIT
The Role of Problem Representation in Physics — Jill H. Larkin, Carnegie Mellon University
Flowing Waters or Teeming Crowds:Mental Models of Electricity — Dedre Gentner, Bolt Beranek and Newman, and Donald R. Gentner, UCSD
Human Reasoning About a Simple Physical System — Michael D. Williams, Xerox PARC, James D. Hollan, and Albert L. Stevens, Bolt Beranek and Newman
Assumptions and Ambiguities in Mechanistic Mental Models — Johan de Kleer and John Seely Brown, Xerox PARC
Understanding Micronesian Navigation — Edwin Hutchins, Navy Personnel Research and Development Center
Conceptual Entities — James G. Greeno, University of Pittsburgh
Using the Method of Fibres in Mecho to Calculate Radii of Gyration — Alan Bundy, University of Edinburgh
When Heat and Temperature Were One — Marianne Wiser and Susan Carey, MIT
Naive Theories of Motion — Michael McCloskey, Johns Hopkins University
A Conceptual Model Discussed by Galileo and Used Intuitively by Physics Students — John Clement, University of Massachusetts Amherst
Reception
Upon release, Mental Models received reviews from journals such as American Anthropologist. The American Journal of Psychology reviewed the work, stating that it would be of interest to "those who are concerned with what is new in cognitive science". Instructional Science also wrote a review, writing "Mental Models succeeds as an introduction to the vigorous, multidisciplinary attack on the ethereal problems surrounding knowledge representation. Whether mental models will prove their mettle in the earthly settings of instructional applications remains an open question."
References
^ Kempton, Willett; Lave, Jean (1983-01-01). "Review of Mental Models". American Anthropologist. 85 (4): 1002–1004. doi:10.1525/aa.1983.85.4.02a00640. JSTOR 679637.
^ Mayer, Richard E.; Bayman, Piraye (1984-01-01). "Review of Mental Models". The American Journal of Psychology. 97 (3): 467–469. doi:10.2307/1422536. JSTOR 1422536.
^ Egan, Dennis E. (1985-01-01). "Review of Mental Models". Instructional Science. 13 (4): 361–363. JSTOR 23369018.
External links
Preview at Google Books
|
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It was edited by Dedre Gentner and Albert L. Stevens, both employees of Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Inc. at the time. It appeared at about the same time as a book by the same name by Philip Johnson-Laird. According to the acknowledgment of the book, it resulted from a workshop on mental models held at the University of California, San Diego in October 1980, that was jointly sponsored by the Office of Naval Research and the Sloan Foundation.","title":"Mental Models"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Donald A. Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_A._Norman"},{"link_name":"UCSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCSD"},{"link_name":"Andrea diSessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_diSessa"},{"link_name":"MIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Kenneth D. Forbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Forbus"},{"link_name":"Jill H. Larkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_H._Larkin"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University"},{"link_name":"Xerox PARC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_PARC"},{"link_name":"John Seely Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Seely_Brown"},{"link_name":"Edwin Hutchins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hutchins"},{"link_name":"James G. Greeno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Greeno"},{"link_name":"University of Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Alan Bundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bundy"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Susan Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Carey"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"},{"link_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst"}],"text":"Some Observations on Mental Models — Donald A. Norman, UCSD\nDr. Norman describes the properties of mental models — that they can be contradictory, incomplete, superstitious, erroneous, and unstable, varying in time. So the job of system designers is to help users form an accurate and useful mental model of a system. And the job of researchers is to set up experiments to learn to understand actual mental models, even though they may be messy and incomplete.\nPhenomenology and the Evolution of Intuition — Andrea diSessa, MIT\nSurrogates and Mappings: Two Kinds of Conceptual Models for Interactive Devices — Richard M. Young, Medical Research Council, Applied Psychology Unit, Cambridge, England\nQualitative Reasoning About Space and Motion — Kenneth D. Forbus, MIT\nThe Role of Problem Representation in Physics — Jill H. Larkin, Carnegie Mellon University\nFlowing Waters or Teeming Crowds:Mental Models of Electricity — Dedre Gentner, Bolt Beranek and Newman, and Donald R. Gentner, UCSD\nHuman Reasoning About a Simple Physical System — Michael D. Williams, Xerox PARC, James D. Hollan, and Albert L. Stevens, Bolt Beranek and Newman\nAssumptions and Ambiguities in Mechanistic Mental Models — Johan de Kleer and John Seely Brown, Xerox PARC\nUnderstanding Micronesian Navigation — Edwin Hutchins, Navy Personnel Research and Development Center\nConceptual Entities — James G. Greeno, University of Pittsburgh\nUsing the Method of Fibres in Mecho to Calculate Radii of Gyration — Alan Bundy, University of Edinburgh\nWhen Heat and Temperature Were One — Marianne Wiser and Susan Carey, MIT\nNaive Theories of Motion — Michael McCloskey, Johns Hopkins University\nA Conceptual Model Discussed by Galileo and Used Intuitively by Physics Students — John Clement, University of Massachusetts Amherst","title":"Chapters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Anthropologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Anthropologist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"The American Journal of Psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Psychology"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Upon release, Mental Models received reviews from journals such as American Anthropologist.[1] The American Journal of Psychology reviewed the work, stating that it would be of interest to \"those who are concerned with what is new in cognitive science\".[2] Instructional Science also wrote a review, writing \"Mental Models succeeds as an introduction to the vigorous, multidisciplinary attack on the ethereal problems surrounding knowledge representation. Whether mental models will prove their mettle in the earthly settings of instructional applications remains an open question.\"[3]","title":"Reception"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Kempton, Willett; Lave, Jean (1983-01-01). \"Review of Mental Models\". American Anthropologist. 85 (4): 1002–1004. doi:10.1525/aa.1983.85.4.02a00640. JSTOR 679637.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1983.85.4.02a00640","url_text":"10.1525/aa.1983.85.4.02a00640"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/679637","url_text":"679637"}]},{"reference":"Mayer, Richard E.; Bayman, Piraye (1984-01-01). \"Review of Mental Models\". The American Journal of Psychology. 97 (3): 467–469. doi:10.2307/1422536. JSTOR 1422536.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1422536","url_text":"10.2307/1422536"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1422536","url_text":"1422536"}]},{"reference":"Egan, Dennis E. (1985-01-01). \"Review of Mental Models\". Instructional Science. 13 (4): 361–363. JSTOR 23369018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23369018","url_text":"23369018"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1983.85.4.02a00640","external_links_name":"10.1525/aa.1983.85.4.02a00640"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/679637","external_links_name":"679637"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1422536","external_links_name":"10.2307/1422536"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1422536","external_links_name":"1422536"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23369018","external_links_name":"23369018"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4zmYAgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Preview at Google Books"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_Mei
|
Stefano Mei
|
["1 Biography","2 Achievements","3 National titles","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Italian long-distance runner
Stefano MeiPersonal informationNationalityItalianBorn (1963-02-03) February 3, 1963 (age 61)La Spezia, ItalyHeight1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)Weight80 kg (176 lb)SportCountry ItalySportAthleticsEvent(s)Middle distance runLong-distance runClubG.S. Fiamme OroAchievements and titlesPersonal bests
1500 m: 3:34.57 (1986)
5000 m: 13:11.57 (1986)
10000 m: 27:43.92 (1986)
Medal record
Event
1st
2nd
3rd
European Championships
1
1
1
European Indoor Championships
0
1
0
Universiade
2
0
0
World Cup
0
1
0
European Cup
0
0
1
Total
3
3
2
European Championships
1986 Stuttgart
10000 m
1986 Stuttgart
5000 m
1990 Split
10000 m
European Indoor Championships
1986 Madrid
3000 m
Universiade
1985 Kobe
5000 m
1989 Duisburg
5000 m
World Cup
1985 Canberra
5000 m
European Cup
1985 Moscow
1500 m
Stefano Mei (born 3 February 1963 in La Spezia) is an Italian long-distance runner who specialized in the 5000 and 10000 metres. European champion on 10000 m in 1986.
From 31 January 2021 he is the new president of Italian Athletics Federation (FIDAL).
Biography
Stefano Mei won eight medals, at senior level, at the International athletics competitions. He participated at two editions of the Summer Olympics (1984 and 1988), he has 42 caps in national team from 1981 to 1994. In his career he won 8 times the national championships. Since 2 December 2012 Stefano Mei was Federal Councillor of the Federazione Italiana di Atletica Leggera (FIDAL), in the Franco Arese leaderships.
Achievements
Year
Competition
Venue
Position
Event
Notes
Representing Italy
1982
European Championships
Athens, Greece
17th (h)
1500 m
3:43.05
1983
World Championships
Helsinki, Finland
20th (sf)
1500 m
3:41.78
1984
Olympic Games
Los Angeles, United States
14th (sf)
1500 m
3:37.96
1985
European Indoor Championships
Piraeus, Greece
7th
1500 m
3:41.26
European Cup
Moscow, Soviet Union
3rd
1500 m
3:45.14
Universiade
Kobe, Japan
1st
5000 m
13:56.48
World Cup
Canberra, Australia
2nd
5000 m
14:05.99
1986
European Indoor Championships
Madrid, Spain
2nd
3000 m
7:59.12
European Championships
Stuttgart, West Germany
2nd
5000 m
13:11.57
1st
10,000m
27:56.79
1988
Olympic Games
Seoul, South Korea
7th
5000 m
13:26.17
1989
World Indoor Championships
Budapest, Hungary
8th
3000 m
7:53.73
Universiade
Duisburg, West Germany
1st
5000 m
13:39.04
1990
European Championships
Split, Yugoslavia
7th
5000 m
13:27.13
3rd
10,000 m
28:04.46
1991
World Championships
Tokyo, Japan
—
5000 m
DNF
1992
European Indoor Championships
Genoa, Italy
7th
3000 m
7:51.42
National titles
Stefano Mei has won 8 times the individual national championship.
4 wins in 5000 metres at the Italian Athletics Championships (1984, 1986, 1989, 1991)
1 win in 1500 metres at the Italian Athletics Championships (1985)
3 wins in 3000 metres at the Italian Athletics Indoor Championships (1985, 1986, 1989)
See also
Italian all-time lists - 1500 metres
Italian all-time lists - 5000 metres
Italian all-time lists - 10000 metres
FIDAL Hall of Fame
References
^ "Fidal, Stefano Mei nuovo presidente: "L'atletica è gioia, ora discontinuità"" (in Italian). gazzetta.it. 31 January 2021. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
^ "PODIO INTERNAZIONALE DAL 1908 AL 2008 - UOMINI" (PDF). sportolimpico.it. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2013.
^ Annuario dell'Atletica 2009. FIDAL. 2009.
^ "Stefano Mei - Consigliere federale" (in Italian). fidal.it. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
^ He ran 3:37.96 in Heats.
^ a b "ITALIAN CHAMPIONSHIPS". gbrathletics.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
^ "ITALIAN INDOOR CHAMPIONSHIPS". gbrathletics.com. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
External links
Stefano Mei at World Athletics
Stefano Mei at the Italian Athletics Federation (in Italian)
Stefano Mei at Olympics.com
Stefano Mei at Olympedia
Interview: Stefano Mei
Related
vteEuropean Athletics Championships champions in men's 10,000 metres
1934: Ilmari Salminen (FIN)
1938: Ilmari Salminen (FIN)
1946: Viljo Heino (FIN)
1950: Emil Zátopek (TCH)
1954: Emil Zátopek (TCH)
1958: Zdzisław Krzyszkowiak (POL)
1962: Pyotr Bolotnikov (URS)
1966: Jürgen Haase (GDR)
1969: Jürgen Haase (GDR)
1971: Juha Väätäinen (FIN)
1974: Manfred Kuschmann (GDR)
1978: Martti Vainio (FIN)
1982: Alberto Cova (ITA)
1986: Stefano Mei (ITA)
1990: Salvatore Antibo (ITA)
1994: Abel Antón (ESP)
1998: António Pinto (POR)
2002: José Manuel Martínez (ESP)
2006: Jan Fitschen (GER)
2010: Mo Farah (GBR)
2012: Polat Kemboi Arıkan (TUR)
2014: Mo Farah (GBR)
2016: Polat Kemboi Arıkan (TUR)
2018: Morhad Amdouni (FRA)
2022: Yemaneberhan Crippa (ITA)
2024: Dominic Lobalu (SUI)
vteSummer Universiade champions in men's 5000 metres
1959: Kevin Gilligan (GBR)
1961: János Pintér (HUN)
1963: Leonid Ivanov (URS)
1965–1967: Keisuke Sawaki (JPN)
1970: Nikolay Puklakov (URS)
1973: Mikhail Zhelobovskiy (URS)
1975: Franco Fava (ITA)
1977: Enn Sellik (URS)
1979: Ilie Floroiu (ROM)
1981: Doug Padilla (USA)
1983: Steve Harris (GBR)
1985: Stefano Mei (ITA)
1987: Anacleto Jiménez (ESP)
1989: Stefano Mei (ITA)
1991: John Mayock (GBR)
1993: Khalid Khannouchi (MAR)
1995: Katsuhiro Kawauchi (JPN)
1997: Simone Zanon (ITA)
1999–2003: Serhiy Lebid (UKR)
2005: Wilson Busienei (UGA)
2007: Halil Akkaş (TUR)
2009: Halil Akkaş (TUR)
2011: Andy Vernon (GBR)
2013–2015: Hayle Ibrahimov (AZE)
2017: François Barrer (FRA)
2019: Jonas Raess (SUI)
2021: Simon Bédard (FRA)
vteItalian Athletics Champions in men's 1500 m
1906: Emilio Lunghi
1907-1912: not held
1913: Emilio Lunghi
1914: Mario Candelori
1915-1918: not held
1919: Arturo Porro
1920: Ernesto Ambrosini
1921: Ernesto Ambrosini
1922: Ferruccio Bruni
1923: Disma Ferrario
1924: Disma Ferrario
1925: Disma Ferrario
1926: Giovanni Garaventa
1927: Angelo Davoli
1928: Luigi Beccali
1929: Luigi Beccali
1930: Luigi Beccali
1931: Luigi Beccali
1932: Mario Martini
1933: Alfredo Furia
1934: Luigi Beccali
1935: Luigi Beccali
1936: Luigi Beccali
1937: Mario Martini
1938: Luigi Beccali
1939: Guerrino Vitale
1940: Guerrino Vitale
1941: Guerrino Vitale
1942: Guerrino Vitale
1943: Mario Cosi
1944: not held
1945: Giovanni Bard
1946: Umberto Fiori
1947: Giovanni Nocco
1948: Umberto Fiori
1949: Angelo Tagliapietra
1950: Rinaldo Molina
1951: Vittorio Maggioni
1952: Vittorio Maggioni
1953: Vittorio Maggioni
1954: Vittorio Maggioni
1955: Gianfranco Baraldi
1956: Gianfranco Baraldi
1957: Gianfranco Baraldi
1958: Gianfranco Baraldi
1959: Alfredo Rizzo
1960: Alfredo Rizzo
1961: Alfredo Rizzo
1962: Francesco Bianchi
1963: Francesco Bianchi
1964: Francesco Bianchi
1965: Francesco Bianchi
1966: Franco Arese
1967: Franco Arese
1968: Franco Arese
1969: Gianni Del Buono
1970: Franco Arese
1971: Renzo Finelli
1972: Giulio Riga
1973: Gianni Del Buono
1974: Luigi Zarcone
1975: Vittorio Fontanella
1976: Vittorio Fontanella
1977: Giacinto De Cataldo
1978: Fulvio Costa
1979: Vittorio Fontanella
1980: Carlo Grippo
1981: Claudio Patrignani
1982: Claudio Patrignani
1983: Claudio Patrignani
1984: Claudio Patrignani
1985: Stefano Mei
1986: Alessandro Lambruschini
1987: Claudio Patrignani
1988: Davide Tirelli
1989: Davide Tirelli
1990: Gennaro Di Napoli
1991: Gennaro Di Napoli
1992: Gennaro Di Napoli
1993: Aless. Lambruschini
1994: Tonino Viali
1995: Massimo Pegoretti
1996: Roberto Baderna
1997: Andrea Abelli
1998: Lorenzo Lazzari
1999: Lorenzo Lazzari
2000: Christian Obrist
2001: Lorenzo Lazzari
2002: Christian Obrist
2003: Christian Obrist
2004: Christian Obrist
2005: Christian Obrist
2006: Christian Obrist
2007: Christian Obrist
2008: Lukas Rifesser
2009: Mario Scapini
2010: Giulio Iannone
2011: Merihun Crespi
2012: Christian Obrist
2013: Merihun Crespi
2014: Mohad Abdikadar Sheik
2015: Mohad Abdikadar Sheik
2016: Yemaneberhan Crippa
2017: Joao Bussotti
2018: Joao Bussotti
2019: Matteo Spanu
2020: Joao Bussotti
2021: Mohamed Zerrad
2022: Ossama Meslek
vteItalian Athletics Champions in men's 5000 m
1907: Dorando Pietri
1908: Pericle Pagliani
1909: Ezio Cappellini
1910: Giuseppe Cattro
1911: Alfonso Orlando
1912: Alfonso Orlando
1913: Oreste Luppi
1914: Primo Brega
1915-1918: not held
1919: Primo Brega
1920: Carlo Speroni
1921: Carlo Speroni
1922: Ernesto Ambrosini
1923: Ernesto Ambrosini
1924: Angelo Davoli
1925: Giovanni Busan
1926: Angelo Davoli
1927: Luigi Boero
1928: Luigi Boero
1929: Luigi Boero
1930: Nello Bartolini
1931: Corrado Franceschini
1932: Giuseppe Lippi
1933: Bruno Betti
1934: Salvatore Mastroieni
1935: Luigi Beccali
1936: Umberto Cerati
1937: Luigi Pellin
1938: Giuseppe Beviacqua
1939: Giuseppe Beviacqua
1940: Giuseppe Beviacqua
1941: Giuseppe Beviacqua
1942: Giuseppe Beviacqua
1943: Giuseppe Beviacqua
1944: not held
1945: Alfredo Lazzerini
1946: Giovanni Nocco
1947: Giovanni Nocco
1948: Giovanni Nocco
1949: Mario Nocco
1950: Giovanni Nocco
1951: Valentino Manzutti
1952: Giacomo Peppicelli
1953: Rino Lavelli
1954: Giacomo Peppicelli
1955: Francesco Perrone
1956: Francesco Perrone
1957: Gianfranco Baraldi
1958: Antonio Ambu
1959: Luigi Conti
1960: Luigi Conti
1961: Antonio Ambu
1962: Antonio Ambu
1963: Luigi Conti
1964–: Antonio Ambu
1965: Antonio Ambu
1966: Renzo Finelli
1967: Antonio Ambu
1968: Giuseppe Ardizzone
1969: Renzo Finelli
1970: Giuseppe Ardizzone
1971: Franco Arese
1972: Aldo Tomasini
1973: Aldo Tomasini
1974: Giuseppe Cindolo
1975: Giuseppe Cindolo
1976: Giuseppe Gerbi
1977: Venanzio Ortis
1978: Piero Selvaggio
1979: Mariano Scartezzini
1980: Alberto Cova
1981: Piero Selvaggio
1982: Alberto Cova
1983: Alberto Cova
1984: Stefano Mei
1985: Alberto Cova
1986: Stefano Mei
1987: Ranieri Carenza
1988: Francesco Panetta
1989: Stefano Mei
1990: Renato Gotti
1991: Stefano Mei
1992: Renato Gotti
1993: Giuliano Baccani
1994: Angelo Carosi
1995: Francesco Bennici
1996: Umberto Pusterla
1997: Simone Zanon
1998: Angelo Carosi
1999: Luciano Di Pardo
2000: Gennaro Di Napoli
2001: Salvatore Vincenti
2002: Salvatore Vincenti
2003: Salvatore Vincenti
2004: Michele Gamba
2005: Simone Zanon
2006: Cosimo Caliandro
2007: Daniele Meucci
2008: Daniele Meucci
2009: Stefano La Rosa
2010: Stefano La Rosa
2011: Stefano La Rosa
2012: Stefano La Rosa
2013: Stefano La Rosa
2014: Marouan Razine
2015: Marouan Razine
2016: Yassine Rachik
2017: Najibe Salami
2018: Marouan Razine
2019: Marouan Razine
2020: Ala Zoghlami
2021: Pietro Riva
2022: Yemaneberhan Crippa
vteItalian Athletics Champions in men's indoor 3000 m
1970: Franco Arese
1971: Giuseppe Cindolo
1972: Gianni Del Buono
1973: Gianni Del Buono
1974: Franco Fava
1975: Aldo Tomasini
1976: Fernando Cerrada (ESP)
1977: Giuseppe Gerbi
1978: Venanzio Ortis
1979: Franco Fava
1980: Fulvio Costa
1981: Alberto Cova
1982: Alberto Cova
1983: Mariano Scartezzini
1984: Alberto Cova
1985: Stefano Mei
1986: Stefano Mei
1987: Franco Boffi
1988: Mauro Pregnolato
1989: Stefano Mei
1990: Angelo Carosi
1991: Alessandro Lambruschini
1992: Alessandro Lambruschini
1993: Fabio Olivo
1994: Gianni Bruzzi
1995: Gianni Crepaldi
1996: Luciano Di Pardo
1997: Gennaro Di Napoli
1998: Moses Kiptanui (KEN)
1999: Gennaro Di Napoli
2000: Gennaro Di Napoli
2001: Salvatore Vincenti
2002: Abdallah Abdelhak
2003: Lorenzo Perrone
2004: Salvatore Vincenti
2005: Cosimo Caliandro
2006: Cosimo Caliandro
2007: Najibe Salami
2008: Daniele Meucci
2009: Daniele Meucci
2010: Christian Obrist
2011: Simone Gariboldi
2012: Abdellah Haidane
2013: Abdellah Haidane
2014: Abdellah Haidane
2015: Said El Otmani
2016: Yemaneberhan Crippa
2017: Yassin Bouih
2018: Yassin Bouih
2019: Ossama Meslek
2020: Yassin Bouih
2021: Pietro Arese
2022: Federico Riva
2023: Ossama Meslek
vte1984 Italy Olympic Athletics TeamMen's track & road athletes
Salvatore Antibo
Sandro Bellucci
Franco Boffi
Giovanni Bongiorni
Alberto Cova
Giovanni D'Aleo
Maurizio Damilano
Raffaello Ducceschi
Daniele Fontecchio
Marco Marchei
Riccardo Materazzi
Carlo Mattioli
Stefano Mei
Pietro Mennea
Ernesto Nocco
Francesco Panetta
Claudio Patrignani
Pierfrancesco Pavoni
Alessandro Pezzatini
Roberto Ribaud
Donato Sabia
Antonio Selvaggio
Piero Selvaggio
Carlo Simionato
Stefano Tilli
Roberto Tozzi
Antonio Ullo
Mauro Zuliani
Men's field athletes
Alessandro Andrei
Dario Badinelli
Mauro Barella
Orlando Bianchini
Giovanni Evangelisti
Agostino Ghesini
Marco Martino
Marco Montelatici
Giampaolo Urlando
Lucio Serrani
Luciano Zerbini
Women's track & road athletes
Cosetta Campana
Giuseppina Cirulli
Gabriella Dorio
Laura Fogli
Patrizia Lombardo
Marisa Masullo
Alba Milana
Paola Moro
Agnese Possamai
Erica Rossi
Women's field athletes
Fausta Quintavalla
Sara Simeoni
vte1988 Italy Olympic Athletics TeamMen's track & road athletes
Salvatore Antibo
Sandro Bellucci
Gelindo Bordin
Alberto Cova
Maurizio Damilano
Giovanni De Benedictis
Gennaro Di Napoli
Raffaello Ducceschi
Sandro Floris
Alessandro Lambruschini
Michele Lazazzera
Ezio Madonia
Carlo Mattioli
Stefano Mei
Pietro Mennea
Francesco Panetta
Pierfrancesco Pavoni
Giovanni Perricelli
Orlando Pizzolato
Gianni Poli
Donato Sabia
Stefano Tilli
Tonino Viali
Men's field athletes
Alessandro Andrei
Giovanni Evangelisti
Lucio Serrani
Luca Toso
Women's track & road athletes
Anna Rita Angotzi
Antonella Bizioli
Roberta Brunet
Maria Curatolo
Daniela Ferrian
Laura Fogli
Marisa Masullo
Rosanna Munerotto
Rosella Tarolo
Irmgard Trojer
Women's field athletes
Antonella Capriotti
Authority control databases: People
World Athletics
|
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|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Athletics_pictogram.svg/50px-Athletics_pictogram.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Athletics_pictogram.svg/50px-Athletics_pictogram.svg.png"}]
|
[{"title":"Italian all-time lists - 1500 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_in_Italy#1500_metres"},{"title":"Italian all-time lists - 5000 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_in_Italy#5000_metres"},{"title":"Italian all-time lists - 10000 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_in_Italy#10,000_metres"},{"title":"FIDAL Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDAL_Hall_of_Fame"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Fidal, Stefano Mei nuovo presidente: \"L'atletica è gioia, ora discontinuità\"\" (in Italian). gazzetta.it. 31 January 2021. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gazzetta.it/Atletica/31-01-2021/fidal-stefano-mei-nuovo-presidente-l-atletica-gioia-ora-discontinuita-400294536569.shtml","url_text":"\"Fidal, Stefano Mei nuovo presidente: \"L'atletica è gioia, ora discontinuità\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210131211931/https://www.gazzetta.it/Atletica/31-01-2021/fidal-stefano-mei-nuovo-presidente-l-atletica-gioia-ora-discontinuita-400294536569.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"PODIO INTERNAZIONALE DAL 1908 AL 2008 - UOMINI\" (PDF). sportolimpico.it. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sportolimpico.it/dmdocuments/MEDAGLIE_U_1908_2008.pdf","url_text":"\"PODIO INTERNAZIONALE DAL 1908 AL 2008 - UOMINI\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180917223622/http://www.sportolimpico.it/dmdocuments/MEDAGLIE_U_1908_2008.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Annuario dell'Atletica 2009. FIDAL. 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federazione_Italiana_di_Atletica_Leggera","url_text":"FIDAL"}]},{"reference":"\"Stefano Mei - Consigliere federale\" (in Italian). fidal.it. Retrieved 14 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fidal.it/content/Stefano-Mei/49926","url_text":"\"Stefano Mei - Consigliere federale\""}]},{"reference":"\"ITALIAN CHAMPIONSHIPS\". gbrathletics.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gbrathletics.com/nc/ita.htm","url_text":"\"ITALIAN CHAMPIONSHIPS\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222211/http://www.gbrathletics.com/nc/ita.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ITALIAN INDOOR CHAMPIONSHIPS\". gbrathletics.com. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gbrathletics.com/nc/itai.htm","url_text":"\"ITALIAN INDOOR CHAMPIONSHIPS\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181004120252/http://www.gbrathletics.com/nc/itai.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.gazzetta.it/Atletica/31-01-2021/fidal-stefano-mei-nuovo-presidente-l-atletica-gioia-ora-discontinuita-400294536569.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Fidal, Stefano Mei nuovo presidente: \"L'atletica è gioia, ora discontinuità\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210131211931/https://www.gazzetta.it/Atletica/31-01-2021/fidal-stefano-mei-nuovo-presidente-l-atletica-gioia-ora-discontinuita-400294536569.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sportolimpico.it/dmdocuments/MEDAGLIE_U_1908_2008.pdf","external_links_name":"\"PODIO INTERNAZIONALE DAL 1908 AL 2008 - UOMINI\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180917223622/http://www.sportolimpico.it/dmdocuments/MEDAGLIE_U_1908_2008.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.fidal.it/content/Stefano-Mei/49926","external_links_name":"\"Stefano Mei - Consigliere federale\""},{"Link":"http://www.gbrathletics.com/nc/ita.htm","external_links_name":"\"ITALIAN CHAMPIONSHIPS\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222211/http://www.gbrathletics.com/nc/ita.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.gbrathletics.com/nc/itai.htm","external_links_name":"\"ITALIAN INDOOR CHAMPIONSHIPS\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181004120252/http://www.gbrathletics.com/nc/itai.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14353898","external_links_name":"Stefano Mei"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205893#P1146"},{"Link":"http://www.fidal.it/atleta_one.php?t=fKuTlpM","external_links_name":"Stefano Mei"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205893#P3446"},{"Link":"https://olympics.com/en/athletes/stefano-mei","external_links_name":"Stefano Mei"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205893#P5815"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/72051","external_links_name":"Stefano Mei"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205893#P8286"},{"Link":"http://www.fitnesschic.it/interview/stefano_mei.html","external_links_name":"Interview: Stefano Mei"},{"Link":"https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/_/14353898","external_links_name":"World Athletics"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Susan_Ann_Howard_(1863)
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USS Susan Ann Howard
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["1 Service history","2 See also","3 References"]
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Tender of the United States Navy
History
United States
NameSusan Ann Howard
Acquired19 May 1863
In servicecirca 5 June 1864
FateSold, 15 September 1864
General characteristics
Length50 ft (15 m)
Beam17 ft 4 in (5.28 m)
Depth of hold5 ft 4 in (1.63 m)
Propulsionschooner sail
USS Susan Ann Howard was a schooner requisitioned from the prize court by the Union Navy during the Union blockade of the American Civil War.
Susan Ann Howard was used by the Union Navy for a number of minor roles: storeship, ammunition ship, and collier. She did not remain in service long.
Service history
Few facts exist concerning Susan Ann Howard, a center-board schooner purchased by the Union Navy from the New York City Prize Court on 19 May 1863. Usually referred to as Susan A. Howard, the ship was listed on 5 June 1864 as one of a group of schooners serving on the sounds of North Carolina, presumably at New Bern, North Carolina, as ordnance and store vessels. On 7 July, she was at New Bern serving as an ordnance boat. On 7 September, she was listed as a hulk and serving as a coal schooner. On 30 August, the schooner was ordered to Washington, D.C.; and Susan Ann Howard was sold at the Washington Navy Yard on 15 September to H. F. Hammil.
See also
American Civil War portal
Blockade runners of the American Civil War
Blockade mail of the Confederacy
References
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.
This article about a specific ship or boat of the United States Armed Forces is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"schooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schooner"},{"link_name":"prize court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prize_court"},{"link_name":"Union Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Navy"},{"link_name":"Union blockade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_blockade"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"storeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storeship"},{"link_name":"ammunition ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammunition_ship"},{"link_name":"collier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier_(ship_type)"}],"text":"USS Susan Ann Howard was a schooner requisitioned from the prize court by the Union Navy during the Union blockade of the American Civil War.Susan Ann Howard was used by the Union Navy for a number of minor roles: storeship, ammunition ship, and collier. She did not remain in service long.","title":"USS Susan Ann Howard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Prize Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prize_Court"},{"link_name":"sounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_(geography)"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"New Bern, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Bern,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Washington Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Navy_Yard"}],"text":"Few facts exist concerning Susan Ann Howard, a center-board schooner purchased by the Union Navy from the New York City Prize Court on 19 May 1863. Usually referred to as Susan A. Howard, the ship was listed on 5 June 1864 as one of a group of schooners serving on the sounds of North Carolina, presumably at New Bern, North Carolina, as ordnance and store vessels. On 7 July, she was at New Bern serving as an ordnance boat. On 7 September, she was listed as a hulk and serving as a coal schooner. On 30 August, the schooner was ordered to Washington, D.C.; and Susan Ann Howard was sold at the Washington Navy Yard on 15 September to H. F. Hammil.","title":"Service history"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"American Civil War portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War"},{"title":"Blockade runners of the American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War"},{"title":"Blockade mail of the Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Confederate_States#Blockade_mail"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/s20/susan_ann_howard.htm","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Susan_Ann_Howard&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Haddon
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John Haddon
|
["1 Biography","2 Vegetarianism","3 Selected publications","4 Quotes","5 References"]
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Scottish physician and writer
John HaddonBorn1845Died1924DenholmOccupation(s)Physician, writer
John Haddon (1845–1924) was a Scottish physician, dietitian and vegetarianism activist.
Biography
Haddon's father was Andrew Haddon (1818–1894), his mother was Anne White (1821–1878) and he had ten siblings. He was educated at the University of Edinburgh where he obtained his M.D. degree. He was awarded the Thesis Gold Medal in 1869. He set up his medical practice in Manchester and later Hawick. Around 1880 he published a paper on Public Health for the Manchester and Salford Sanitary Association. In 1882 at the age of 37, Haddon went on a world trip across the Atlantic through America and Canada and through the Pacific. He contributed to the Hawick Archaeological Society in 1897.
Haddon resided in Denholm and authored papers on dietetics. He designed and commissioned "The Text House" in Denholm, a category B listed building. He held a number of unorthodox views. Haddon opposed marriage and described it as an "unnatural and immoral institution". Instead, he promoted individualism. He identified as a materialist but also expressed a belief in God which confused Rev David Cathels.
Haddon never married and had no children. He died age 80 at his residence in Denholm. His remains were cremated at Glasgow and the ashes were deposited at the crematorium.
Vegetarianism
Haddon became a vegetarian in 1896 and practiced fasting which he claimed improved his health. He opposed drug therapy and attributed health to diet only. He believed that a minimalist diet would cure every disease and prolong life.
Haddon promoted a low-fat vegetarian diet and attributed all disease to unhealthy foods. He opposed the drinking of water and became known as an "anti-water medical man". Haddon stated that vegetarianism was a panacea for drinking habits and that he himself drank nothing at all. Haddon stated that one could go without water if a strict vegetarian diet was adhered to as plenty of fluid could be obtained in fruits and other foods. Haddon did not eat eggs or drink milk. He said that milk is only natural to the calf and disappears when it can feed itself and wild eggs only lay eggs that hatch. He ate only one meal a day and his diet was almost vegan. The only animal product that he would eat was butter.
Haddon was associated with the Vegetarian Society. In 1899, he attended the 52nd anniversary of the Vegetarian Society in Manchester. Haddon read a paper, "Experiments in dietetics" which argued that vegetarianism could cure alcoholism. In 1900, Haddon attended a branch meeting for The British Medical Journal at Newtown St Boswells. He read a paper "Elimination of Animal Products From Diet". Haddon argued from personal experience that a vegetarian diet improved digestion, ability to sleep, increased vigour, increased bodily temperature, improved the nervous system and gave a higher moral tone by giving up animal foods. The paper caused considerable discussion but few of the members present agreed with Haddon's views.
Haddon criticized overeating. In 1905, Haddon debated Dr. Litton Forbes on the subject "Do We Eat Too Much?". Their answers were published in The Grand Magazine. Haddon argued that the practice of medicine was not reaching its full potential because it was not giving dietetics a key priority. In 1919, he commented that "when we have a true science of dietetics we will be able to prescribe a diet as easily as we can now prescribe drugs, and with more beneficial and lasting results."
In 1911, Haddon authored a book entitled A Doctor's Discovery, which recommended fasting and a vegetarian diet. The book argued that food is the chief cause of disease but despite this doctors continue to cram foods into their patients to 'keep up their strength' which in many cases deprives them of recovery.
Alexander Haig who was a friend of Haddon disputed his "one meal a day" treatment for neurasthenia and other disorders. Haig commented that "this treatment entails underfeeding and leads eventually to defective nutrition of all the muscles, including that of the heart". Haddon advocated a vegetarian diet to treat gout and many other diseases. The subject of gout was debated in the British Medical Journal and Arthur P. Luff disagreed with Haddon's suggestion that a vegetarian diet was necessary to treat gout.
At age 73, Haddon commented in the British Medical Journal, "I am going to try to be a fruitarian, for I believe that man is a frugivorous animal, as our comparative anatomists have all along taught."
Haddon supported the Vegetarian Federal Union.
Selected publications
Acute Rheumatism in Private Practice (The Edinburgh Medical Journal, 1873)
A Report on Infection (British Medical Journal, 1875)
On Tetany (British Medical Journal, 1875)
On Intemperance in Women (British Medical Journal, 1876)
Clothing, and Its Relation to Health and Disease (1878)
Health and How to Preserve It (1878)
Note on the Excretion of Urea (The Edinburgh Medical Journal, 1879)
Vegetarianism And Gout (British Medical Journal, 1898)
Food versus Physic (The Edinburgh Medical Journal, 1900)
Influenza and Pneumonia (British Medical Journal, 1900)
Sir William Banks on Cancer (British Medical Journal, 1900)
Therapeutic Value Of Vegetable Diet (British Medical Journal, 1902)
Fasting in Therapeutics (The Lancet, 1904)
Diet in Chronic Diseases (The Lancet, 1905)
Physician, Heal Thyself (The Westminster Review, 1909)
The Treatment Of Neurasthenia (1913)
A Doctor's Discovery: Or the Elixir of Life. With Appendices on Fasting and Cooking (1911, 1918)
Quotes
This section is a candidate for copying over to Wikiquote using the Transwiki process.
Whatever may be the conclusions of the physiologists of the future, I feel sure that it will be proved that all, even vegetarians, are at present eating not only too much food, but taking food too often, and I begin to see that eating too often is about as bad as eating too much. I am more and more convinced
that few if any suffer from eating too little, while all suffer from transgressing those laws of nature which we must, as best we can, discover and obey if we would have a sound mind in a sound body.— John Haddon, in 1904
References
^ a b c d "Dr John Haddon & The Text House". Denholm Village.
^ a b c The Late Dr John Haddon. Hawick Express (17 October 1924). p. 3
^ a b c d Cathels, David. (10 September 1920). Dr. John Haddon: A Character Sketch. Hawick News and Border Chronicle. p. 4
^ "Letters, Notes, And Answers". The British Medical Journal. 2 (2913): 608. 1916. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.2913.608. S2CID 220220305.
^ Rhyl Record and Advertiser (28 October 1899). p. 5
^ Could Do Without the Water. Coventry Evening Telegraph (30 October 1899). p. 3
^ Campbell, Harry; Scott, Lindley; Sommerville, David; Mullick, Sarat K; Haddon, John; Gore, William Ringrose (1900). "A Discussion On Diet In The Treatment Of Disease". The British Medical Journal. 2 (2076): 1081–1082. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.3651.1081. JSTOR 20265999. PMC 2452839. PMID 20775921.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ One Meal A Day. Luton Times and Advertiser (28 July 1905). p. 3
^ Vegetarians in Conference in Manchester. Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser (17 October 1899). p. 10
^ a b "Association Intelligence". The British Medical Journal. 1 (2041): 349–350. 1900. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2041.349. S2CID 220006181.
^ a b "Letters, Notes, And Answers". The British Medical Journal. 2 (3057): 157–158. 1919. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.3057.157. S2CID 220160257.
^ True Nature Cure. Merthyr Express. 6 May 1933. p. 3
^ Haig, Alexander (1913). "The Treatment of Neurasthenia". The British Medical Journal. 2 (2742): 149–150. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.2742.149-b. PMC 2345452.
^ Luff, Arthur P. (1898). "Vegetarianism and Gout". The British Medical Journal. 1 (1939): 593. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1939.593-a. PMC 2410733.
^ "Letters, Notes, And Answers To Correspondents". The British Medical Journal. 1 (2037): 118–120. 1900. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2037.118. S2CID 220003502.
^ "A Doctor's Discovery, or The Elixir of Life". Medical Record. 95 (14): 583. 1919.
^ "Mens Sana in Corpore Sano". The Animals' Defender. 9 (1): 9–10. 1904.
vteVeganism and vegetarianismPerspectivesVeganism
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Groupsand eventsVegan
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Companies
List of vegetarian and vegan companies
Books,reports, journals
On Abstinence from Eating Animals (3rd century)
An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty (1802)
Vegetable Cookery (1812)
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Reasons for not Eating Animal Food (1814)
Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes (1824)
Nature's Own Book (1835)
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The Pleasure Boat (1845)
The Ethics of Diet (1883)
What is Vegetarianism? (1886)
Shelley's Vegetarianism (1891)
Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses (1892)
Why I Am a Vegetarian (1895)
Figs or Pigs? (1896)
Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian (1903)
The Meat Fetish (1904)
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Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows (2009)
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Films and shows
The Animals Film (1981)
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A Cow at My Table (1998)
Meet Your Meat (2002)
Post Punk Kitchen (2003–2005)
Peaceable Kingdom (2004)
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A Sacred Duty (2007)
Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead (2010)
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Eating You Alive (2018)
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You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment (2024)
Magazines
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Academics, authors, physiciansContemporary
Elisa Aaltola
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dietitian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietitian"}],"text":"John Haddon (1845–1924) was a Scottish physician, dietitian and vegetarianism activist.","title":"John Haddon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Denholm_Village-1"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"Hawick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawick"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obituary-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Denholm_Village-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Denholm_Village-1"},{"link_name":"Denholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denholm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Denholm_Village-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cathels_1920-3"},{"link_name":"individualism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cathels_1920-3"},{"link_name":"materialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialism"},{"link_name":"David Cathels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cathels"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cathels_1920-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obituary-2"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obituary-2"}],"text":"Haddon's father was Andrew Haddon (1818–1894), his mother was Anne White (1821–1878) and he had ten siblings. He was educated at the University of Edinburgh where he obtained his M.D. degree. He was awarded the Thesis Gold Medal in 1869.[1] He set up his medical practice in Manchester and later Hawick.[2] Around 1880 he published a paper on Public Health for the Manchester and Salford Sanitary Association.[1] In 1882 at the age of 37, Haddon went on a world trip across the Atlantic through America and Canada and through the Pacific. He contributed to the Hawick Archaeological Society in 1897.[1]Haddon resided in Denholm and authored papers on dietetics. He designed and commissioned \"The Text House\" in Denholm, a category B listed building.[1] He held a number of unorthodox views.[3] Haddon opposed marriage and described it as an \"unnatural and immoral institution\". Instead, he promoted individualism.[3] He identified as a materialist but also expressed a belief in God which confused Rev David Cathels.[3]Haddon never married and had no children.[2] He died age 80 at his residence in Denholm. His remains were cremated at Glasgow and the ashes were deposited at the crematorium.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasting"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cathels_1920-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"eggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_as_food"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Vegetarian Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarian_Society"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The British Medical Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_BMJ"},{"link_name":"Newtown St Boswells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtown_St_Boswells"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_BMJ_1900-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_BMJ_1900-10"},{"link_name":"The Grand Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grand_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_BMJ_1919-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Alexander Haig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Haig_(physician)"},{"link_name":"neurasthenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurasthenia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"gout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gout"},{"link_name":"Arthur P. Luff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_P._Luff"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_BMJ_1919-11"},{"link_name":"Vegetarian Federal Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarian_Federal_Union"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Haddon became a vegetarian in 1896 and practiced fasting which he claimed improved his health.[4] He opposed drug therapy and attributed health to diet only. He believed that a minimalist diet would cure every disease and prolong life.[3]Haddon promoted a low-fat vegetarian diet and attributed all disease to unhealthy foods. He opposed the drinking of water and became known as an \"anti-water medical man\". Haddon stated that vegetarianism was a panacea for drinking habits and that he himself drank nothing at all.[5] Haddon stated that one could go without water if a strict vegetarian diet was adhered to as plenty of fluid could be obtained in fruits and other foods.[6] Haddon did not eat eggs or drink milk. He said that milk is only natural to the calf and disappears when it can feed itself and wild eggs only lay eggs that hatch.[7] He ate only one meal a day and his diet was almost vegan. The only animal product that he would eat was butter.[8]Haddon was associated with the Vegetarian Society. In 1899, he attended the 52nd anniversary of the Vegetarian Society in Manchester. Haddon read a paper, \"Experiments in dietetics\" which argued that vegetarianism could cure alcoholism.[9] In 1900, Haddon attended a branch meeting for The British Medical Journal at Newtown St Boswells.[10] He read a paper \"Elimination of Animal Products From Diet\". Haddon argued from personal experience that a vegetarian diet improved digestion, ability to sleep, increased vigour, increased bodily temperature, improved the nervous system and gave a higher moral tone by giving up animal foods. The paper caused considerable discussion but few of the members present agreed with Haddon's views.[10]Haddon criticized overeating. In 1905, Haddon debated Dr. Litton Forbes on the subject \"Do We Eat Too Much?\". Their answers were published in The Grand Magazine. Haddon argued that the practice of medicine was not reaching its full potential because it was not giving dietetics a key priority. In 1919, he commented that \"when we have a true science of dietetics we will be able to prescribe a diet as easily as we can now prescribe drugs, and with more beneficial and lasting results.\"[11]In 1911, Haddon authored a book entitled A Doctor's Discovery, which recommended fasting and a vegetarian diet. The book argued that food is the chief cause of disease but despite this doctors continue to cram foods into their patients to 'keep up their strength' which in many cases deprives them of recovery.[12]Alexander Haig who was a friend of Haddon disputed his \"one meal a day\" treatment for neurasthenia and other disorders. Haig commented that \"this treatment entails underfeeding and leads eventually to defective nutrition of all the muscles, including that of the heart\".[13] Haddon advocated a vegetarian diet to treat gout and many other diseases. The subject of gout was debated in the British Medical Journal and Arthur P. Luff disagreed with Haddon's suggestion that a vegetarian diet was necessary to treat gout.[14]At age 73, Haddon commented in the British Medical Journal, \"I am going to try to be a fruitarian, for I believe that man is a frugivorous animal, as our comparative anatomists have all along taught.\"[11]Haddon supported the Vegetarian Federal Union.[15]","title":"Vegetarianism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acute Rheumatism in Private Practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5326286/"},{"link_name":"A Report on Infection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2295844/?page=1"},{"link_name":"On Tetany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2297680/?page=1"},{"link_name":"On Intemperance in Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2296375/"},{"link_name":"Clothing, and Its Relation to Health and Disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wellcomecollection.org/works/pzb8wzue/items?sierraId=b21450341&langCode=eng&canvas=1"},{"link_name":"Health and How to Preserve It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wellcomecollection.org/works/ktp6jbwv/items?sierraId=b21450304&langCode=eng&canvas=1"},{"link_name":"Note on the Excretion of Urea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5317830/"},{"link_name":"Vegetarianism And Gout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2410728/?page=1"},{"link_name":"Food versus Physic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5260200/"},{"link_name":"Influenza and Pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2207218/"},{"link_name":"Sir William Banks on Cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2506120/?page=1"},{"link_name":"Fasting in Therapeutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101074831221&view=1up&seq=1411"},{"link_name":"Diet in Chronic Diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101074831247&view=1up&seq=75"},{"link_name":"The Treatment Of Neurasthenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2345533/"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Acute Rheumatism in Private Practice (The Edinburgh Medical Journal, 1873)\nA Report on Infection (British Medical Journal, 1875)\nOn Tetany (British Medical Journal, 1875)\nOn Intemperance in Women (British Medical Journal, 1876)\nClothing, and Its Relation to Health and Disease (1878)\nHealth and How to Preserve It (1878)\nNote on the Excretion of Urea (The Edinburgh Medical Journal, 1879)\nVegetarianism And Gout (British Medical Journal, 1898)\nFood versus Physic (The Edinburgh Medical Journal, 1900)\nInfluenza and Pneumonia (British Medical Journal, 1900)\nSir William Banks on Cancer (British Medical Journal, 1900)\nTherapeutic Value Of Vegetable Diet (British Medical Journal, 1902)\nFasting in Therapeutics (The Lancet, 1904)\nDiet in Chronic Diseases (The Lancet, 1905)\nPhysician, Heal Thyself (The Westminster Review, 1909)\nThe Treatment Of Neurasthenia (1913)\nA Doctor's Discovery: Or the Elixir of Life. With Appendices on Fasting and Cooking (1911, 1918)[16]","title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Whatever may be the conclusions of the physiologists of the future, I feel sure that it will be proved that all, even vegetarians, are at present eating not only too much food, but taking food too often, and I begin to see that eating too often is about as bad as eating too much. I am more and more convinced\nthat few if any suffer from eating too little, while all suffer from transgressing those laws of nature which we must, as best we can, discover and obey if we would have a sound mind in a sound body.— John Haddon, in 1904[17]","title":"Quotes"}]
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PMID 20775921.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2452839","url_text":"\"A Discussion On Diet In The Treatment Of Disease\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_BMJ","url_text":"The British Medical Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.2.3651.1081","url_text":"10.1136/bmj.2.3651.1081"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20265999","url_text":"20265999"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2452839","url_text":"2452839"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20775921","url_text":"20775921"}]},{"reference":"\"Association Intelligence\". The British Medical Journal. 1 (2041): 349–350. 1900. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2041.349. S2CID 220006181.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_BMJ","url_text":"The British Medical Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.1.2041.349","url_text":"10.1136/bmj.1.2041.349"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220006181","url_text":"220006181"}]},{"reference":"\"Letters, Notes, And Answers\". The British Medical Journal. 2 (3057): 157–158. 1919. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.3057.157. S2CID 220160257.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_BMJ","url_text":"The British Medical Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.2.3057.157","url_text":"10.1136/bmj.2.3057.157"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220160257","url_text":"220160257"}]},{"reference":"Haig, Alexander (1913). \"The Treatment of Neurasthenia\". The British Medical Journal. 2 (2742): 149–150. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.2742.149-b. PMC 2345452.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2345452","url_text":"\"The Treatment of Neurasthenia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_BMJ","url_text":"The British Medical Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.2.2742.149-b","url_text":"10.1136/bmj.2.2742.149-b"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2345452","url_text":"2345452"}]},{"reference":"Luff, Arthur P. (1898). \"Vegetarianism and Gout\". The British Medical Journal. 1 (1939): 593. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1939.593-a. PMC 2410733.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2410733","url_text":"\"Vegetarianism and Gout\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_BMJ","url_text":"The British Medical Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.1.1939.593-a","url_text":"10.1136/bmj.1.1939.593-a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2410733","url_text":"2410733"}]},{"reference":"\"Letters, Notes, And Answers To Correspondents\". The British Medical Journal. 1 (2037): 118–120. 1900. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2037.118. S2CID 220003502.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_BMJ","url_text":"The British Medical Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.1.2037.118","url_text":"10.1136/bmj.1.2037.118"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220003502","url_text":"220003502"}]},{"reference":"\"A Doctor's Discovery, or The Elixir of Life\". Medical Record. 95 (14): 583. 1919.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015022653789&view=1up&seq=623","url_text":"\"A Doctor's Discovery, or The Elixir of Life\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mens Sana in Corpore Sano\". The Animals' Defender. 9 (1): 9–10. 1904.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044081510844&view=1up&seq=339","url_text":"\"Mens Sana in Corpore Sano\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intarsia
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Intarsia
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["1 History","2 Process","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Form of wood inlayingThis article is about the form of wood inlaying. For the knitting technique, see Intarsia (knitting).
Look up intarsia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Geometric figure (1537), intarsia by fra Damiano da Bergamo; Museum of the Basilica of Saint Dominic, Bologna, Italy
Intarsia on the First aid kit of Alexander Karađorđević, Prince of Serbia, Historical Museum of Serbia
Intarsia is a form of Arab wood inlaying that is similar to marquetry. The start of the practice dates from before the seventh century AD. The technique of intarsia inlays sections of wood (at times with contrasting ivory or bone, or mother-of-pearl) within the solid wood matrix of floors and walls or of tabletops and other furniture; by contrast marquetry assembles a pattern out of veneers glued upon the carcass. The word intarsia may derive from the Latin word interserere (to insert).
Certosina is a variant also using pieces of ivory, bone or mother of pearl. Intarsia is mostly used of Italian, or at least European work. Similar techniques are found over much of Asia and the Middle East.
History
When Egypt came under Arab rule in the seventh century, indigenous arts of intarsia and wood inlay, which lent themselves to non-representational decors and tiling patterns, spread throughout the Maghreb. The technique of intarsia was already perfected in Islamic North Africa before it was introduced into Christian Europe through Sicily and Andalusia. The art was further developed in Siena and by Sienese masters at the cathedral of Orvieto, where figurative intarsia made their first appearance, c. 1330 and continuing into the 15th century and in northern Italy in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, spreading to German centers and introduced into London by Flemish craftsmen in the later sixteenth century. The most elaborate examples of intarsia can be found in cabinets of this period, which were items of great luxury and prestige. Multiple colors could be used by exploiting differently-colored spalted woods. After about 1620, marquetry tended to supplant intarsia in urbane cabinet work.
Intarsia gained popularity in the United States in the 1980s as a wooden art technique using a band saw or scroll saw. Early practitioners made money both by selling their art, and by selling patterns for others to use. In France Georges Vriz proposed a new method for marquetry. Contrary to other techniques, based on a decoration "flat" made of wood or other material, George Virz superimposed the layers of wood using thin, transparent elements that impart color and depth.
Process
Table with marquetry top (as evidenced by cracking joints on left and right of top, but having wood grain carry on to both cleats indicating the surface is veneered) Mihailo Obrenović, Prince of Serbia
Intarsia uses varied shapes, sizes, and species of wood fitted together to create a mosaic-like picture with an illusion of depth. Intarsia is created through the selection of different types of wood, using their grain pattern and coloring to create variations in the pattern. After selecting the specific woods for the pattern, the woodworker cuts, shapes, and finishes each piece. Some areas of the pattern may be raised to create more depth. The completed individual pieces fit together like a jig-saw puzzle, glued to a wooden backer-board cut to the outline of the pattern. This typically creates a three-dimensional effect as seen in the studiolo of the Palazzo Ducale, Urbino.
Today intarsia can be made from purchased patterns. To make intarsia from a pattern, first wood is chosen based on color and grain pattern. Next the pattern is transferred onto the wood and individual pieces are precisely cut out on the band saw or scroll saw. The pieces are then sanded individually or in groups to add depth to the piece. Once the sanding is completed, the wood pieces are fitted together to form the final result. A finish (for example a clear gel stain) can be applied to the individual pieces before gluing, or to the glued final version.
See also
Cosmatesque
Cosmati
Damascening
Duomo di Siena
Lathart
Pietra dura
References
^ MS Dimand, "An Egypto-Arabic Panel with Mosaic Decoration" The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, 33.3 (March 1938:78-79)
^ Antoine Wilmering, "Domenico di Niccolò, Mattia di Nanni and the Development of Sienese Intarsia Techniques Domenico di Niccolò, Mattia di Nanni and the Development of Sienese Intarsia Techniques", The Burlington Magazine 139 No. 1131 (June 1997:376-97).
^ Ángeles Jordano, "The Plus Oultra Writing Cabinet of Charles V: Expression of the Sacred Imperialism of the Austrias", Journal of Conservation and Museum Studies 9 (2011:14-26), doi:10.5334/jcms.91105.
^ Bruno., Bontempelli (2002). Vriz : la marqueterie, un art revisité. Vriz, Georges. Anglet: Atlantica. ISBN 9782843945557. OCLC 52602867.
^ Pierre., Ramond (2000). Masterpieces of marquetry. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum. ISBN 9780892365951. OCLC 43366042.
^ "Intarsia, How to Do it". Archived from the original on 2015-07-12. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
Opificio delle Pietre Dure, Florence, an institute of the Ministry for Cultural Heritage
Jackson, F. Hamilton, Intarsia and Marquetry, (London: Sands & Co.) 1903 excerpt
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Intarsia.
Scrollsaw Association of the World website Archived 2021-12-16 at the Wayback Machine
The Gubbio Studiolo and its conservation, volumes 1 & 2, from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on intarsia (see index)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Intarsia (knitting)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intarsia_(knitting)"},{"link_name":"intarsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/intarsia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San_Domenico56.jpg"},{"link_name":"Damiano da Bergamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damiano_da_Bergamo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Intarsia_on_the_First_aid_kit_of_Prince_Aleksandar_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evi%C4%87,_Historical_Museum_of_Serbia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alexander Karađorđević, Prince of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evi%C4%87,_Prince_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Historical Museum of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Museum_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"inlaying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inlay"},{"link_name":"marquetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquetry"},{"link_name":"veneers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_veneer"},{"link_name":"interserere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/intersero#Latin"},{"link_name":"Certosina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certosina"},{"link_name":"mother of pearl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_of_pearl"}],"text":"This article is about the form of wood inlaying. For the knitting technique, see Intarsia (knitting).Look up intarsia in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.Geometric figure (1537), intarsia by fra Damiano da Bergamo; Museum of the Basilica of Saint Dominic, Bologna, ItalyIntarsia on the First aid kit of Alexander Karađorđević, Prince of Serbia, Historical Museum of SerbiaIntarsia is a form of Arab wood inlaying that is similar to marquetry. The start of the practice dates from before the seventh century AD. The technique of intarsia inlays sections of wood (at times with contrasting ivory or bone, or mother-of-pearl) within the solid wood matrix of floors and walls or of tabletops and other furniture; by contrast marquetry assembles a pattern out of veneers glued upon the carcass. The word intarsia may derive from the Latin word interserere (to insert).Certosina is a variant also using pieces of ivory, bone or mother of pearl. Intarsia is mostly used of Italian, or at least European work. Similar techniques are found over much of Asia and the Middle East.","title":"Intarsia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation"},{"link_name":"Maghreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghreb"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"Andalusia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia"},{"link_name":"Siena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siena"},{"link_name":"cathedral of Orvieto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Orvieto"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"spalted woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalting"},{"link_name":"Georges Vriz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Vriz"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"When Egypt came under Arab rule in the seventh century, indigenous arts of intarsia and wood inlay, which lent themselves to non-representational decors and tiling patterns, spread throughout the Maghreb.[1] The technique of intarsia was already perfected in Islamic North Africa before it was introduced into Christian Europe through Sicily and Andalusia. The art was further developed in Siena and by Sienese masters at the cathedral of Orvieto, where figurative intarsia made their first appearance, c. 1330 and continuing into the 15th century[2] and in northern Italy in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, spreading to German centers and introduced into London by Flemish craftsmen in the later sixteenth century. The most elaborate examples of intarsia can be found in cabinets of this period, which were items of great luxury and prestige.[3] Multiple colors could be used by exploiting differently-colored spalted woods. After about 1620, marquetry tended to supplant intarsia in urbane cabinet work.Intarsia gained popularity in the United States in the 1980s as a wooden art technique using a band saw or scroll saw. Early practitioners made money both by selling their art, and by selling patterns for others to use. In France Georges Vriz proposed a new method for marquetry. Contrary to other techniques, based on a decoration \"flat\" made of wood or other material, George Virz superimposed the layers of wood using thin, transparent elements that impart color and depth.[4][5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mihailo Obrenović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihailo_Obrenovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"studiolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studiolo"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Ducale, Urbino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Ducale,_Urbino"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Table with marquetry top (as evidenced by cracking joints on left and right of top, but having wood grain carry on to both cleats indicating the surface is veneered) Mihailo Obrenović, Prince of SerbiaIntarsia uses varied shapes, sizes, and species of wood fitted together to create a mosaic-like picture with an illusion of depth. Intarsia is created through the selection of different types of wood, using their grain pattern and coloring to create variations in the pattern. After selecting the specific woods for the pattern, the woodworker cuts, shapes, and finishes each piece. Some areas of the pattern may be raised to create more depth. The completed individual pieces fit together like a jig-saw puzzle, glued to a wooden backer-board cut to the outline of the pattern. This typically creates a three-dimensional effect as seen in the studiolo of the Palazzo Ducale, Urbino.Today intarsia can be made from purchased patterns. To make intarsia from a pattern, first wood is chosen based on color and grain pattern. Next the pattern is transferred onto the wood and individual pieces are precisely cut out on the band saw or scroll saw. The pieces are then sanded individually or in groups to add depth to the piece. Once the sanding is completed, the wood pieces are fitted together to form the final result. A finish (for example a clear gel stain) can be applied to the individual pieces before gluing, or to the glued final version.[6]","title":"Process"}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Johannsen
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Kyle Johannsen
|
["1 Education and career","2 Works","3 References","4 External links"]
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Canadian philosopher
For the American politician, see Kyle Johansen.
Kyle Johannsen is a Canadian philosopher who is the author of a A Conceptual Investigation of Justice (2018) and Wild Animal Ethics (2020). He specialises in animal and environmental ethics, as well as political and social philosophy. He is presently affiliated with Trent University, Wilfrid Laurier University, and Queen's University.
Education and career
Johannesen read for a BA in philosophy with a minor in history at York University from 2003 to 2007, before reading for an MA in philosophy at the same institution from 2007 to 2009. He read for a PhD in philosophy at Queen's University from 2010 to 2015. Johannesen took up visiting assistant professorships at Saint Mary's University, Halifax from 2016 to 2017, and then at Trent University from 2017 to 2018. He remained a course instructor at Trent from 2018, and also became a course instructor at Wilfrid Laurier University in 2019. In 2020, Johannsen became an adjunct assistant professor at Queen's, as well as a fellow in Animals in Politics, Philosophy, Law, and Ethics (APPLE) at the university.
Works
Johannsen published A Conceptual Investigation of Justice in 2018. It was the subject of a symposium at the Canadian Philosophical Association's 2018 meeting; the presented papers were later published in Dialogue: Canadian Philosophical Review.
Wild Animal Ethics was published in 2020; a symposium was held by APPLE at Queen's University in the same year, with the papers later published in Philosophia. It was reviewed by Thomas Lepeltier in the French-language popular science magazine Sciences Humaines.
References
^ "Kyle Johannsen". Routledge. Retrieved 2021-10-18.
^ "Kyle Johannsen CV". 2021-10-12.
^ "Recent PhD Kyle Johannsen's new book: A Conceptual Investigation of Justice". Queen's University. 2018-03-01. Retrieved 2021-10-18.
^ "Book Symposium: Kyle Johannsen's A Conceptual Investigation of Justice". Dialogue: Canadian Philosophical Review. 58 (4): 701–778. Retrieved 2021-10-18.
^ "Symposium on Kyle Johannsen's Wild Animal Ethics". APPLE. 2021-01-21. Retrieved 2021-09-30.
^ Johannsen, Kyle (2021-09-27). "Defending Wild Animal Ethics". Philosophia. 50 (3): s11406–021–00424-5. doi:10.1007/s11406-021-00424-5. ISSN 0048-3893. S2CID 244216354.
^ Lepeltier, Thomas (July 2021). "Manipuler les animaux sauvages pour leur bien". Sciences Humaines (in French). Retrieved 12 April 2022.
External links
"Kyle Johannsen on the Predation Problem" - Herbivorize Predators
"Can Addressing Wild Animal Suffering Prevent the next Pandemic?" - Forum Daily
"That’s moral progress – you have to interfere in things" – Philosopher Kyle Johannsen - Sentientism Conversations podcast
Reducing wild animal suffering with Kyle Johannsen - Knowing Animals podcast
Kyle Johannsen, "Wild Animal Ethics: The Moral and Political Problem of Wild Animal Suffering" (Routledge, 2020) - New Books in Philosophy podcast
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Methodologies
Direct Action Everywhere
Hunt sabotage
Observances
World Animal Day
World Day for the End of Speciesism
World Day for Laboratory Animals
World Day for the End of Fishing
Advocates (academics, writers, activists)Academicsand writersContemporary
Carol J. Adams
Aysha Akhtar
Kristin Andrews
Tom Beauchamp
Marc Bekoff
Steven Best
Stephen St. C. Bostock
Paola Cavalieri
Stephen R. L. Clark
Alasdair Cochrane
J. M. Coetzee
Alice Crary
David DeGrazia
Daniel Dombrowski
Sue Donaldson
Josephine Donovan
Joan Dunayer
Mylan Engel
Catia Faria
Lawrence Finsen
Gary L. Francione
Robert Garner
Valéry Giroux
Lori Gruen
John Hadley
Oscar Horta
Dale Jamieson
Kyle Johannsen
Melanie Joy
Hilda Kean
Will Kymlicka
Renan Larue
Thomas Lepeltier
Andrew Linzey
Clair Linzey
Dan Lyons
David Nibert
Martha Nussbaum
Clare Palmer
Charles Patterson
David Pearce
Jessica Pierce
Evelyn Pluhar
Mark Rowlands
Richard D. Ryder
Steve F. Sapontzis
Jeff Sebo
Jérôme Segal
Peter Singer
Gary Steiner
Cass Sunstein
David Sztybel
Michael Tye
Tatjana Višak
Paul Waldau
Corey Lee Wrenn
Historical
Jeremy Bentham
David Renaud Boullier
Brigid Brophy
Peter Buchan
Mona Caird
Priscilla Cohn
Henry Crowe
Herman Daggett
Richard Dean
Wilhelm Dietler
William Hamilton Drummond
Edward Payson Evans
Thomas Ignatius Maria Forster
John Galsworthy
Thomas G. Gentry
Arthur Helps
John Hildrop
John Zephaniah Holwell
Soame Jenyns
Karl Christian Friedrich Krause
John Lawrence
Charles R. Magel
Jean Meslier
Mary Midgley
J. Howard Moore
José Ferrater Mora
Leonard Nelson
Edward Nicholson
Siobhan O'Sullivan
Rod Preece
Humphrey Primatt
James Rachels
Tom Regan
Nathaniel Peabody Rogers
Bernard Rollin
Henry Stephens Salt
Arthur Schopenhauer
Laurids Smith
John Styles
Thomas Tryon
Gary Varner
Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann
Mary Anne Warren
Adam Gottlieb Weigen
Johann Heinrich Winckler
Steven M. Wise
Jon Wynne-Tyson
ActivistsContemporary
James Aspey
Greg Avery
Matt Ball
Martin Balluch
Carole Baskin
Barbi Twins
Brigitte Bardot
Gene Baur
Yves Bonnardel
Joey Carbstrong
Aymeric Caron
Jake Conroy
Rod Coronado
Karen Dawn
Chris DeRose
John Feldmann
Bruce Friedrich
Juliet Gellatley
Tal Gilboa
Antoine Goetschel
Mark Gold
Brigitte Gothière
Wayne Hsiung
Charlotte Laws
Ronnie Lee
Howard Lyman
Evanna Lynch
Bill Maher
Keith Mann
Jim Mason
Dan Mathews
Jo-Anne McArthur
Luísa Mell
Virginia McKenna
Ingrid Newkirk
Heather Nicholson
Jack Norris
Ric O'Barry
David Olivier
Alex Pacheco
Craig Rosebraugh
Nathan Runkle
Jasmin Singer
Kim Stallwood
Lynda Stoner
Marianne Thieme
Darren Thurston
Christine Townend
Wendy Turner-Webster
Jerry Vlasak
Louise Wallis
Gary Yourofsky
That Vegan Teacher
Historical
Cleveland Amory
Henry B. Amos
Bob Barker
Ernest Bell
Edith Carrington
Frances Power Cobbe
Joan Court
Karen Davis
Royal Dixon
Muriel Dowding
Elizabeth Farians
Emarel Freshel
André Géraud
Lewis Gompertz
James Granger
Nina Douglas-Hamilton
Barry Horne
Marie Huot
Lizzy Lind af Hageby
Jessie Mackay
Norm Phelps
Jill Phipps
Maud Ingersoll Probasco
Hans Ruesch
Nell Shipman
Henry Spira
Andrew Tyler
Gretchen Wyler
Movement (groups, parties)GroupsContemporary
American Anti-Vivisection Society
Animal Aid
Animal Ethics
Animal Justice
Animal Justice Project
Animal Legal Defense Fund
Animal Liberation
Animal Liberation Front
Animal Rising
AnimaNaturalis
Anti-Vivisection Coalition
Anonymous for the Voiceless
Beauty Without Cruelty
Born Free Foundation
Centre for Animals and Social Justice
Chinese Animal Protection Network
Cruelty Free International
Direct Action Everywhere
Doctors Against Animal Experiments
Equanimal
Every Animal
Farm Animal Rights Movement
Faunalytics
Great Ape Project
Hunt Saboteurs Association
In Defense of Animals
Korea Animal Rights Advocates
L214
Last Chance for Animals
Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition
Mercy for Animals
Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
Rise for Animals
Sentience Politics
Uncaged Campaigns
United Activists for Animal Rights
United Poultry Concerns
UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics
Viva!
Voice for Animals Humane Society
Historical
Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society
Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society
Humanitarian League (1891–1919)
Oxford Group
Parties
Animal Justice Party (Australia)
Animal Politics EU (Europe)
Animal Protection Party of Canada (Canada)
Animal Justice Party of Finland (Finland)
Animals' Party (Sweden)
Animalist Movement (Italy)
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (Spain)
DierAnimal (Belgium)
Human Environment Animal Protection (Germany)
Italian Animalist Party (Italy)
Party for the Animals (Netherlands)
People Animals Nature (Portugal)
V-Partei³ (Germany)
Activism
Animal Rights National Conference
Media (books, films, periodicals, albums)Books
On Abstinence from Eating Animals (3rd century)
Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes (1824)
The Rights of Animals (1838)
Animals' Rights (1892)
Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology (1897)
The Universal Kinship (1906)
The New Ethics (1907)
Animals, Men and Morals (1971)
Animal Liberation (1975)
The Case for Animal Rights (1983)
Morals, Reason, and Animals (1987)
Zoos and Animal Rights (1993)
Animals, Property, and the Law (1995)
The Lives of Animals (1999)
Eternal Treblinka (2001)
Do Animals Have Rights? (2005)
Striking at the Roots (2008)
An American Trilogy (2009)
An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory (2010)
Animal Rights Without Liberation (2012)
Political Animals and Animal Politics (2014)
Animal (De)liberation (2016)
Sentientist Politics (2018)
Wild Animal Ethics (2020)
Animal Ethics in the Wild (2022)
Making a Stand for Animals (2022)
Films
The Animals Film (1981)
A Cow at My Table (1998)
Shores of Silence (2000)
The Witness (2000)
Meet Your Meat (2002)
Legally Blonde 2 (2003)
The Meatrix (2003)
Peaceable Kingdom (2004)
Earthlings (2005)
Behind the Mask (2006)
Your Mommy Kills Animals (2007)
The Cove (2009)
Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home (2009)
Forks Over Knives (2011)
Vegucated (2011)
An Apology to Elephants (2013)
Speciesism: The Movie (2013)
The Ghosts in Our Machine (2013)
Unlocking the Cage (2016)
Dominion (2018)
Seaspiracy (2021)
PeriodicalsJournals
Animal Sentience
Between the Species
Cahiers antispécistes
Etica & Animali
Journal of Animal Ethics
Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism
The Animals' Defender
Magazines
Arkangel
Bite Back
Muutoksen kevät
No Compromise
Satya
Albums
Animal Liberation (1987)
Tame Yourself (1991)
Manifesto (2008)
Salvation of Innocents (2014)
Onward to Freedom (2014)
Fairs and exhibitions
Holocaust on your Plate (2003)
Category ( 139 )
vteWild animal sufferingConcepts
Animal ethics
Ecology of fear
Predation problem
Relationship between animal ethics and environmental ethics
Speciesism
Welfare biology
Interventions
Contraception
Rehabilitation
Vaccination
Media
Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes (1824)
The Universal Kinship (1906)
Morals, Reason, and Animals (1987)
Nature Red in Tooth and Claw (2008)
"The Meat Eaters" (2010)
Sentientist Politics (2019)
Wild Animal Ethics (2020)
Animal Ethics in the Wild (2022)
Organizations
Animal Ethics
Wild Animal Initiative
Wildlife Disaster Network
WritersContemporary
Elisa Aaltola
Jacy Reese Anthis
Yves Bonnardel
J. Baird Callicott
Richard Dawkins
Sue Donaldson
Catia Faria
Oscar Horta
Kyle Johannsen
Jeff McMahan
Will Kymlicka
Thomas Lepeltier
Ole Martin Moen
Arne Næss
Yew-Kwang Ng
David Olivier
William MacAskill
Martha Nussbaum
Clare Palmer
David Pearce
Holmes Rolston III
Stephen R. L. Clark
Steven Nadler
Steve F. Sapontzis
Jeff Sebo
Peter Singer
Peter Vallentyne
Historical
Charles Darwin
Erasmus Darwin
Lewis Gompertz
William Paley
J. Howard Moore
Tom Regan
Alexander Skutch
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
Israel
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kyle Johansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Johansen"},{"link_name":"Wild Animal Ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Animal_Ethics"},{"link_name":"animal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_ethics"},{"link_name":"environmental ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_ethics"},{"link_name":"political","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_philosophy"},{"link_name":"social philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_philosophy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Trent University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_University"},{"link_name":"Wilfrid Laurier University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier_University"},{"link_name":"Queen's University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University,_Kingston"}],"text":"For the American politician, see Kyle Johansen.Kyle Johannsen is a Canadian philosopher who is the author of a A Conceptual Investigation of Justice (2018) and Wild Animal Ethics (2020). He specialises in animal and environmental ethics, as well as political and social philosophy.[1] He is presently affiliated with Trent University, Wilfrid Laurier University, and Queen's University.","title":"Kyle Johannsen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_University,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Queen's University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University,_Kingston"},{"link_name":"visiting assistant professorships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visiting_assistant_professorships"},{"link_name":"Saint Mary's University, Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Mary%27s_University,_Halifax"},{"link_name":"Trent University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_University"},{"link_name":"Wilfrid Laurier University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier_University"},{"link_name":"adjunct assistant professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjunct_professors_in_North_America"},{"link_name":"fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Johannesen read for a BA in philosophy with a minor in history at York University from 2003 to 2007, before reading for an MA in philosophy at the same institution from 2007 to 2009. He read for a PhD in philosophy at Queen's University from 2010 to 2015. Johannesen took up visiting assistant professorships at Saint Mary's University, Halifax from 2016 to 2017, and then at Trent University from 2017 to 2018. He remained a course instructor at Trent from 2018, and also became a course instructor at Wilfrid Laurier University in 2019. In 2020, Johannsen became an adjunct assistant professor at Queen's, as well as a fellow in Animals in Politics, Philosophy, Law, and Ethics (APPLE) at the university.[2]","title":"Education and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Canadian Philosophical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Philosophical_Association"},{"link_name":"Dialogue: Canadian Philosophical Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogue:_Canadian_Philosophical_Review"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Wild Animal Ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Animal_Ethics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Philosophia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophia_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"Thomas Lepeltier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Lepeltier"},{"link_name":"popular science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_science"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Johannsen published A Conceptual Investigation of Justice in 2018.[3] It was the subject of a symposium at the Canadian Philosophical Association's 2018 meeting; the presented papers were later published in Dialogue: Canadian Philosophical Review.[4]Wild Animal Ethics was published in 2020; a symposium was held by APPLE at Queen's University in the same year,[5] with the papers later published in Philosophia.[6] It was reviewed by Thomas Lepeltier in the French-language popular science magazine Sciences Humaines.[7]","title":"Works"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Kyle Johannsen\". Routledge. Retrieved 2021-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.routledge.com/authors/i16987-kyle-johannsen","url_text":"\"Kyle Johannsen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kyle Johannsen CV\". 2021-10-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://philpeople.org/public_cache/file?content_type=application%2Fpdf&key=mvrSXBjn8rpAjHsFH1YbehSw","url_text":"\"Kyle Johannsen CV\""}]},{"reference":"\"Recent PhD Kyle Johannsen's new book: A Conceptual Investigation of Justice\". Queen's University. 2018-03-01. Retrieved 2021-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.queensu.ca/philosophy/news/recent-phd-kyle-johannsens-new-book-conceptual-investigation-justice","url_text":"\"Recent PhD Kyle Johannsen's new book: A Conceptual Investigation of Justice\""}]},{"reference":"\"Book Symposium: Kyle Johannsen's A Conceptual Investigation of Justice\". Dialogue: Canadian Philosophical Review. 58 (4): 701–778. Retrieved 2021-10-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/dialogue-canadian-philosophical-review-revue-canadienne-de-philosophie/issue/F09B82A2E6D0631263628BD4DAE8E17F","url_text":"\"Book Symposium: Kyle Johannsen's A Conceptual Investigation of Justice\""}]},{"reference":"\"Symposium on Kyle Johannsen's Wild Animal Ethics\". APPLE. 2021-01-21. Retrieved 2021-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://animalpolitics.queensu.ca/symposium-on-kyle-johannsens-wild-animal-ethics/","url_text":"\"Symposium on Kyle Johannsen's Wild Animal Ethics\""}]},{"reference":"Johannsen, Kyle (2021-09-27). \"Defending Wild Animal Ethics\". Philosophia. 50 (3): s11406–021–00424-5. doi:10.1007/s11406-021-00424-5. ISSN 0048-3893. S2CID 244216354.","urls":[{"url":"https://philarchive.org/archive/JOHDWA-2","url_text":"\"Defending Wild Animal Ethics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11406-021-00424-5","url_text":"10.1007/s11406-021-00424-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0048-3893","url_text":"0048-3893"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244216354","url_text":"244216354"}]},{"reference":"Lepeltier, Thomas (July 2021). \"Manipuler les animaux sauvages pour leur bien\". Sciences Humaines (in French). Retrieved 12 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Lepeltier","url_text":"Lepeltier, Thomas"},{"url":"https://www.scienceshumaines.com/manipuler-les-animaux-sauvages-pour-leur-bien_fr_43570.html","url_text":"\"Manipuler les animaux sauvages pour leur bien\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.routledge.com/authors/i16987-kyle-johannsen","external_links_name":"\"Kyle Johannsen\""},{"Link":"https://philpeople.org/public_cache/file?content_type=application%2Fpdf&key=mvrSXBjn8rpAjHsFH1YbehSw","external_links_name":"\"Kyle Johannsen CV\""},{"Link":"https://www.queensu.ca/philosophy/news/recent-phd-kyle-johannsens-new-book-conceptual-investigation-justice","external_links_name":"\"Recent PhD Kyle Johannsen's new book: A Conceptual Investigation of Justice\""},{"Link":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/dialogue-canadian-philosophical-review-revue-canadienne-de-philosophie/issue/F09B82A2E6D0631263628BD4DAE8E17F","external_links_name":"\"Book Symposium: Kyle Johannsen's A Conceptual Investigation of Justice\""},{"Link":"https://animalpolitics.queensu.ca/symposium-on-kyle-johannsens-wild-animal-ethics/","external_links_name":"\"Symposium on Kyle Johannsen's Wild Animal Ethics\""},{"Link":"https://philarchive.org/archive/JOHDWA-2","external_links_name":"\"Defending Wild Animal Ethics\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11406-021-00424-5","external_links_name":"10.1007/s11406-021-00424-5"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0048-3893","external_links_name":"0048-3893"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244216354","external_links_name":"244216354"},{"Link":"https://www.scienceshumaines.com/manipuler-les-animaux-sauvages-pour-leur-bien_fr_43570.html","external_links_name":"\"Manipuler les animaux sauvages pour leur bien\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pdZ2v1v2yPI","external_links_name":"Kyle Johannsen on the Predation Problem"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=4329134913797249","external_links_name":"Can Addressing Wild Animal Suffering Prevent the next Pandemic?"},{"Link":"https://sentientism.info/thats-moral-progress-you-have-to-interfere-in-things-philosopher-kyle-johannsen","external_links_name":"\"That’s moral progress – you have to interfere in things\" – Philosopher Kyle Johannsen"},{"Link":"https://iroarpod.com/episode-162-reducing-wild-animal-suffering-with-kyle-johannsen/","external_links_name":"Reducing wild animal suffering with Kyle Johannsen"},{"Link":"https://newbooksnetwork.com/wild-animal-ethics","external_links_name":"Kyle Johannsen, \"Wild Animal Ethics: The Moral and Political Problem of Wild Animal Suffering\" (Routledge, 2020)"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/4505151595775405470004","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1150247959","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987012124840505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2017046353","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranald_Macdonald_(journalist)
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Ranald Macdonald (journalist)
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["1 Early life","2 Education","3 Career","3.1 The Age","3.2 Academia","3.3 Other work","4 Honours and awards","4.1 Associations","5 Personal life","6 References","7 Bibliography"]
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Ranald MacdonaldAOBorn (1938-06-27) 27 June 1938 (age 85)Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaNationalityAustralianOccupation(s)Journalist and newspaper executive; broadcaster; educatorSpousePatricia TryonChildrenLaura, Hamish
Chesborough Ranald Macdonald AO (born 27 June 1938) known personally and professionally as Ranald Macdonald, is a retired Australian journalist, media executive, broadcaster and educator. Macdonald served as Managing Director of David Syme & Co. Limited (publisher of The Age newspaper in Melbourne, Australia) from 1964 to 1983 and as editor-in-chief from 1966 to 1970. From 1995 until 1999 he served as the Chairman of the Boston University College of Communication Department of Journalism.
Early life
Macdonald was born in Melbourne, Australia, to Hamish Claude Henry Macdonald and Nancy Alison Syme, on 27 June 1938. He spent his early years in Wantabadgery West, near Wagga Wagga in New South Wales, where the family neighbours included Sir Keith Murdoch and his family, cousins of his mother Nancy.
His father Hamish, a captain in the Second Australian Imperial Force, 2/19th Battalion, was killed in the Fall of Singapore on 19 January 1942, leaving three children — Ranald and two sisters, Jean and Morna. It was two years before the family had confirmation of his death.
His mother Nancy later re-married Colonel E.H.B. (Ted) Neill, known as "The Colonel" and they had one child, James. The Colonel had shared rooms at Jesus College, Cambridge University with Hamish Macdonald.
Education
Macdonald was educated at Geelong Grammar School, where he was a boarder from the age of 6 and attended the inaugural year of Geelong Grammar's rural Victorian campus Timbertop, when it opened in 1953. The innovative educational program at Timbertop gained fame when Charles III attended in 1966. Macdonald greatly admired his Headmaster, Sir James Darling, who initiated Timbertop and gave the eulogy at his grandfather Oswald Syme's funeral.
As did his father, Macdonald attended Jesus College, Cambridge, where he studied law and history from 1957 to 1960. On completing his degree, Macdonald returned to Australia and worked as a cadet reporter at The Age for three years, until a fortuitous golf game with a US naval captain at Royal Melbourne Golf Club, led to an introduction to Ed Barrett, Dean of the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. Macdonald had scribbled his details on the back of their scorecard, which resulted in him attending Columbia on scholarship to study a combined business and journalism Master of Science degree (1963–64), the first of its kind in the United States.
For his thesis, Macdonald imagined 'The Great American Newspaper'. He cherry-picked the top editorial initiatives and other aspects of the best newspapers in America and combined them to create his 'ideal' publication, selecting opinion pieces from the Washington Post, political coverage from The Courier-Journal in Louisville, editorials from the New York Times, classified ads from the Miami Herald and advertising from the Denver Post, among others.
He sent a copy of his thesis to each newspaper he had featured, and was invited to visit almost all of them. He undertook a road trip to learn about the best in American journalism before returning to Australia. Macdonald was offered a few jobs along the way, one by Katharine Graham at the Washington Post, who became a good friend.
Career
The Age
In 1964, a twist of fate saw Macdonald appointed to the position of managing director of The Age when his grandfather and chairman of Age publisher David Syme & Co. Limited, Oswald Syme, misheard his grandson and thought he was threatening to leave the paper unless he was given the position. He was actually suggesting the role of marketing manager. He served as managing director until 1983.
Also in 1964, the board of David Syme & Co. appointed Macdonald's stepfather, Colonel Neill, as Chairman when Oswald retired.
In his early years at The Age, Macdonald rebuffed takeover bids by, among others, Frank Packer, his own cousin Rupert Murdoch, and The Times owner Roy Thomson. To maintain the newspaper's independence, Macdonald created the Syme-Fairfax Partnership with John Fairfax & Sons, which allowed the Syme Trust to continue after Oswald's death in 1967. The partnership ran from 1966 until 1983, when Fairfax bought out the remaining shares in David Syme and Co. and Macdonald stepped down as managing director.
In 1966, after two years of battles, Macdonald replaced deeply entrenched editor Keith Sinclair and appointed Graham Perkin, while Macdonald assumed the role of editor-in-chief, serving until 1970. Macdonald and Perkin guided the paper through a transformation from its staid, conservative roots to what news magazine The Bulletin called "Australia's Most Important Newspaper".
Macdonald and Perkin set out to make The Age the best, most influential and trusted journal, through quality journalism, encouragement and leadership. Their partnership was described by John Jost in Playboy as, "a perfect union of editorial and newspaper management skills". They believed in challenging decisionmakers and informing the public so that readers of The Age could make up their own minds about issues.
Macdonald's tenure saw sweeping changes at The Age, including the addition of bylines to stories and the introduction of columnists, such as highly respected Phillip Adams. An independent ombudsman was hired and a corrections column was launched, entitled "We Were Wrong". Columnists like Nancy Dexter broke ground for women journalists with her column "Nancy Dexter Takes Note" discussing issues of the day, including the fight for equal pay, domestic violence and abortion law reform. Macdonald and Perkin introduced talented cartoonists to readers of The Age, including Les Tanner, Ron Tandberg, Bruce Petty, Michael Leunig, John Spooner and Peter Nicholson.
In 1981, Macdonald prodded the Victorian Government to establish the Norris Inquiry into press ownership in Victoria, as he believed that a significant investment by John Fairfax & Sons in the Herald and Weekly Times group, the Melbourne-based rival of The Age, created a conflict of interest.
Macdonald stepped down as managing director in 1983. That same year, the Syme–Fairfax partnership ended as the Syme family found it impossible to continue its financial support of the partnership.
Academia
Having lectured on journalism at Curtin and Murdoch Universities, Macdonald accepted a position in 1987 as associate professor at the Royal Melbourne University of Technology (later known as RMIT), serving until 1995, when he accepted a faculty position at Boston University. Chilean professor Claudio Veliz, under Chancellor John Silber, headhunted Macdonald for the University Professors program, which already included Nobel Prize laureates Elie Wiesel and Saul Bellow. He became chair of the Department of Journalism within a year.
Macdonald established special summer programs to help orient foreign students in Boston, including American Journalism and American Society, in order to expose the students to different accents and new ideas. Macdonald also created The Boston University Great Debate series, inspired by Oxford–Cambridge debating. These debates were broadcast live on WBUR public radio, and became so popular that the final one during Macdonald's tenure was broadcast on C-SPAN, an arrangement that continued after Macdonald's departure.
In 1999, Macdonald accepted the position of Boston University's international programme in London, where he helped to establish new overseas study programs in Auckland and Sydney. He co-founded the European Study Abroad Program (EUSA), a company which organises internships for thousands of American students a year in Dublin, Grenoble, Madrid, Paris, Sydney, London, Los Angeles and Boston.
Other work
Macdonald served as President of Collingwood Football Club from 1982 to 1986. He appointed Leigh Matthews, who later coached Collingwood to the Premiership in 1990, ending a 32-year title drought.
Before leaving The Age, Macdonald was appointed by Victorian Premier John Cain Jr. to chair Victoria's 150th Anniversary Board from 1982–85, which organised the yearlong activities. He also represented Victoria on the Australian Bicentennial Authority (ABA) from 1983–85, but resigned, with the support of Prime Minister Bob Hawke, over his concerns about financial irregularities at the ABA.
In 1983, he turned down an invitation from then Chairman of the ABC, Ken Myer, to become the first Managing Director of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC).
In 1990, he began hosting ABC Radio 774/3LO's leading current affairs show between 8:30 until 10am every weekday. He successfully increased ratings until his departure in 1995.
Honours and awards
Elected to the Media Hall of Fame at the Melbourne Press Club, 2014
Officer of the Order of Australia AO, 1986
Associations
Chairman, International Press Institute (IPI), Australian section (1971–84)
Founder, Australian Press Council
President, Australian Newspapers Council (1974–77)
Chairman, Media Council of Australia (1975–77)
Vice Chairman IPI, Asian and Pacific Region (1978–80)
World Chairman IPI (1978–80; first Australian to hold the position)
Vice Chairman, Press Foundation of Asia (1981–84)
Personal life
Macdonald is the great-grandson of powerful newspaper proprietor David Syme, who with his brother Ebenezer, bought The Age in 1854. They turned it into a powerful force for political and social change in Victoria.
On 11 August 1973, Macdonald married Patricia Tryon in Great Durnford, Wiltshire, England. They have two children, Laura (born 30 December 1974) and Hamish (born 27 April 1977). Patricia has worked in many areas of the arts, including exhibition curation. She re-opened and ran the Melbourne office of Christie's auction house, became head of the pictures department and later a director of the company.
In 1985, unsuccessful investments in a string of health clubs combined with an over-commitment to unpaid positions, led to financial troubles for Macdonald.
Macdonald is passionate about golf and has won numerous championships at Royal Melbourne and Barwon Heads. He is a life member of The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, Scotland. The late champion Peter Thomson was one of his closest friends.
Macdonald continues to campaign for press freedom and for the independence of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. He is active in community environmental projects on the Mornington Peninsula, where he has retired with his wife Patricia.
References
^ Hills 2010, p. 207.
^ "Dedicated to Syme Traditions". The Age. Melbourne. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
^ Hills 2010, p. 220.
^ Hills 2010, p. 221.
^ Hills 2010, pp. 206–241.
^ Jost, John (April 1980). "Ranald Macdonald, The Knight at The Age Assails the Fairfax Citadel". Australian Playboy.
^ Hills 2010, pp. 252–256.
^ Carlyon, Les (1982). Paper Chase – The Press Under Examination. The Herald and Weekly Times Limited. ISBN 978-0909917401.
^ Inglis, K. S. (2006). Whose ABC? The Australian Broadcasting Corporation 1983-2006. Black Inc. ISBN 978-1863951890.
^ "Chesborough Ranald Macdonald". Australian Honours Search Facility, Dept of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. Retrieved 22 September 2020.
^ Pini, Michelle (15 September 2015). "The Macdonald Age – Michelle Pini meets a living legend". Retrieved 12 May 2020.
^ Usher, Robin (7 December 2005). "Hauling canvas to begin a new life". Retrieved 20 May 2020.
Bibliography
Hills, Ben (2010). Breaking News – The Golden Age of Graham Perkin. Scribe Publications. p. 220. ISBN 978-1921640377.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Australia
People
Trove
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"The Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Boston University College of Communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University_College_of_Communication"}],"text":"Chesborough Ranald Macdonald AO (born 27 June 1938) known personally and professionally as Ranald Macdonald, is a retired Australian journalist, media executive, broadcaster and educator. Macdonald served as Managing Director of David Syme & Co. Limited (publisher of The Age newspaper in Melbourne, Australia) from 1964 to 1983 and as editor-in-chief from 1966 to 1970. From 1995 until 1999 he served as the Chairman of the Boston University College of Communication Department of Journalism.","title":"Ranald Macdonald (journalist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Wantabadgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wantabadgery"},{"link_name":"Wagga Wagga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagga_Wagga"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Sir Keith Murdoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Murdoch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHills2010207-1"},{"link_name":"Second Australian Imperial Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Australian_Imperial_Force"},{"link_name":"2/19th Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2/19th_Battalion_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Jesus College, Cambridge University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Macdonald was born in Melbourne, Australia, to Hamish Claude Henry Macdonald and Nancy Alison Syme, on 27 June 1938. He spent his early years in Wantabadgery West, near Wagga Wagga in New South Wales, where the family neighbours included Sir Keith Murdoch and his family, cousins of his mother Nancy.[1]His father Hamish, a captain in the Second Australian Imperial Force, 2/19th Battalion, was killed in the Fall of Singapore on 19 January 1942, leaving three children — Ranald and two sisters, Jean and Morna. It was two years before the family had confirmation of his death.His mother Nancy later re-married Colonel E.H.B. (Ted) Neill, known as \"The Colonel\" and they had one child, James. The Colonel had shared rooms at Jesus College, Cambridge University with Hamish Macdonald.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geelong Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"Timbertop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbertop"},{"link_name":"Charles III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III"},{"link_name":"Sir James Darling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ralph_Darling"},{"link_name":"Royal Melbourne Golf Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Melbourne_Golf_Club"},{"link_name":"Ed Barrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_W._Barrett"},{"link_name":"Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Graduate_School_of_Journalism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHills2010220-3"},{"link_name":"Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"The Courier-Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier-Journal"},{"link_name":"Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Miami Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Herald"},{"link_name":"Denver Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Post"},{"link_name":"Katharine Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine_Graham"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHills2010221-4"}],"text":"Macdonald was educated at Geelong Grammar School, where he was a boarder from the age of 6 and attended the inaugural year of Geelong Grammar's rural Victorian campus Timbertop, when it opened in 1953. The innovative educational program at Timbertop gained fame when Charles III attended in 1966. Macdonald greatly admired his Headmaster, Sir James Darling, who initiated Timbertop and gave the eulogy at his grandfather Oswald Syme's funeral.As did his father, Macdonald attended Jesus College, Cambridge, where he studied law and history from 1957 to 1960. On completing his degree, Macdonald returned to Australia and worked as a cadet reporter at The Age for three years, until a fortuitous golf game with a US naval captain at Royal Melbourne Golf Club, led to an introduction to Ed Barrett, Dean of the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. Macdonald had scribbled his details on the back of their scorecard, which resulted in him attending Columbia on scholarship to study a combined business and journalism Master of Science degree (1963–64), the first of its kind in the United States.[3]For his thesis, Macdonald imagined 'The Great American Newspaper'. He cherry-picked the top editorial initiatives and other aspects of the best newspapers in America and combined them to create his 'ideal' publication, selecting opinion pieces from the Washington Post, political coverage from The Courier-Journal in Louisville, editorials from the New York Times, classified ads from the Miami Herald and advertising from the Denver Post, among others.He sent a copy of his thesis to each newspaper he had featured, and was invited to visit almost all of them. He undertook a road trip to learn about the best in American journalism before returning to Australia. Macdonald was offered a few jobs along the way, one by Katharine Graham at the Washington Post, who became a good friend.[4]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oswald Syme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age#Syme_family"},{"link_name":"Frank Packer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Packer"},{"link_name":"Rupert Murdoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"Roy Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Thomson_of_Fleet"},{"link_name":"John Fairfax & Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_Media"},{"link_name":"Graham Perkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Perkin"},{"link_name":"The Bulletin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bulletin_(Australian_periodical)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHills2010206%E2%80%93241-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Phillip Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillip_Adams_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Nancy Dexter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Dexter"},{"link_name":"Les Tanner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Tanner"},{"link_name":"Ron Tandberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Tandberg"},{"link_name":"Bruce Petty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Petty"},{"link_name":"Michael Leunig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Leunig"},{"link_name":"John Spooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Spooner"},{"link_name":"Peter Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Nicholson_(cartoonist)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHills2010252%E2%80%93256-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"The Age","text":"In 1964, a twist of fate saw Macdonald appointed to the position of managing director of The Age when his grandfather and chairman of Age publisher David Syme & Co. Limited, Oswald Syme, misheard his grandson and thought he was threatening to leave the paper unless he was given the position. He was actually suggesting the role of marketing manager. He served as managing director until 1983.Also in 1964, the board of David Syme & Co. appointed Macdonald's stepfather, Colonel Neill, as Chairman when Oswald retired.In his early years at The Age, Macdonald rebuffed takeover bids by, among others, Frank Packer, his own cousin Rupert Murdoch, and The Times owner Roy Thomson. To maintain the newspaper's independence, Macdonald created the Syme-Fairfax Partnership with John Fairfax & Sons, which allowed the Syme Trust to continue after Oswald's death in 1967. The partnership ran from 1966 until 1983, when Fairfax bought out the remaining shares in David Syme and Co. and Macdonald stepped down as managing director.In 1966, after two years of battles, Macdonald replaced deeply entrenched editor Keith Sinclair and appointed Graham Perkin, while Macdonald assumed the role of editor-in-chief, serving until 1970. Macdonald and Perkin guided the paper through a transformation from its staid, conservative roots to what news magazine The Bulletin called \"Australia's Most Important Newspaper\".[5]Macdonald and Perkin set out to make The Age the best, most influential and trusted journal, through quality journalism, encouragement and leadership. Their partnership was described by John Jost in Playboy as, \"a perfect union of editorial and newspaper management skills\".[6] They believed in challenging decisionmakers and informing the public so that readers of The Age could make up their own minds about issues.Macdonald's tenure saw sweeping changes at The Age, including the addition of bylines to stories and the introduction of columnists, such as highly respected Phillip Adams. An independent ombudsman was hired and a corrections column was launched, entitled \"We Were Wrong\". Columnists like Nancy Dexter broke ground for women journalists with her column \"Nancy Dexter Takes Note\" discussing issues of the day, including the fight for equal pay, domestic violence and abortion law reform. Macdonald and Perkin introduced talented cartoonists to readers of The Age, including Les Tanner, Ron Tandberg, Bruce Petty, Michael Leunig, John Spooner and Peter Nicholson.[7]In 1981, Macdonald prodded the Victorian Government to establish the Norris Inquiry into press ownership in Victoria, as he believed that a significant investment by John Fairfax & Sons in the Herald and Weekly Times group, the Melbourne-based rival of The Age, created a conflict of interest.[8]Macdonald stepped down as managing director in 1983. That same year, the Syme–Fairfax partnership ended as the Syme family found it impossible to continue its financial support of the partnership.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Curtin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtin_University"},{"link_name":"Murdoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murdoch_University"},{"link_name":"Royal Melbourne University of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMIT_University"},{"link_name":"Boston University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University"},{"link_name":"Claudio Veliz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Veliz"},{"link_name":"John Silber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Silber"},{"link_name":"Elie Wiesel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elie_Wiesel"},{"link_name":"Saul Bellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Bellow"}],"sub_title":"Academia","text":"Having lectured on journalism at Curtin and Murdoch Universities, Macdonald accepted a position in 1987 as associate professor at the Royal Melbourne University of Technology (later known as RMIT), serving until 1995, when he accepted a faculty position at Boston University. Chilean professor Claudio Veliz, under Chancellor John Silber, headhunted Macdonald for the University Professors program, which already included Nobel Prize laureates Elie Wiesel and Saul Bellow. He became chair of the Department of Journalism within a year.Macdonald established special summer programs to help orient foreign students in Boston, including American Journalism and American Society, in order to expose the students to different accents and new ideas. Macdonald also created The Boston University Great Debate series, inspired by Oxford–Cambridge debating. These debates were broadcast live on WBUR public radio, and became so popular that the final one during Macdonald's tenure was broadcast on C-SPAN, an arrangement that continued after Macdonald's departure.In 1999, Macdonald accepted the position of Boston University's international programme in London, where he helped to establish new overseas study programs in Auckland and Sydney. He co-founded the European Study Abroad Program (EUSA), a company which organises internships for thousands of American students a year in Dublin, Grenoble, Madrid, Paris, Sydney, London, Los Angeles and Boston.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collingwood Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingwood_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Leigh Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh_Matthews"},{"link_name":"John Cain Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cain_(41st_Premier_of_Victoria)"},{"link_name":"Bob Hawke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hawke"},{"link_name":"Ken Myer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Myer"},{"link_name":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Other work","text":"Macdonald served as President of Collingwood Football Club from 1982 to 1986. He appointed Leigh Matthews, who later coached Collingwood to the Premiership in 1990, ending a 32-year title drought.Before leaving The Age, Macdonald was appointed by Victorian Premier John Cain Jr. to chair Victoria's 150th Anniversary Board from 1982–85, which organised the yearlong activities. He also represented Victoria on the Australian Bicentennial Authority (ABA) from 1983–85, but resigned, with the support of Prime Minister Bob Hawke, over his concerns about financial irregularities at the ABA.In 1983, he turned down an invitation from then Chairman of the ABC, Ken Myer, to become the first Managing Director of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC).[9]In 1990, he began hosting ABC Radio 774/3LO's leading current affairs show between 8:30 until 10am every weekday. He successfully increased ratings until his departure in 1995.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melbourne Press Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Press_Club"},{"link_name":"AO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Elected to the Media Hall of Fame at the Melbourne Press Club, 2014\nOfficer of the Order of Australia AO, 1986[10]","title":"Honours and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Press Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Press_Institute"},{"link_name":"Australian Press Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Press_Council"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Associations","text":"Chairman, International Press Institute (IPI), Australian section (1971–84)\nFounder, Australian Press Council\nPresident, Australian Newspapers Council (1974–77)\nChairman, Media Council of Australia (1975–77)\nVice Chairman IPI, Asian and Pacific Region (1978–80)\nWorld Chairman IPI (1978–80; first Australian to hold the position)[11]\nVice Chairman, Press Foundation of Asia (1981–84)","title":"Honours and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Syme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Syme"},{"link_name":"Ebenezer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Syme"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Christie's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christie%27s"},{"link_name":"The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_and_Ancient_Golf_Club_of_St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Peter Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Thomson_(golfer)"},{"link_name":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Mornington Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mornington_Peninsula"}],"text":"Macdonald is the great-grandson of powerful newspaper proprietor David Syme, who with his brother Ebenezer, bought The Age in 1854. They turned it into a powerful force for political and social change in Victoria.On 11 August 1973, Macdonald married Patricia Tryon in Great Durnford, Wiltshire, England. They have two children, Laura (born 30 December 1974) and Hamish (born 27 April 1977). Patricia has worked in many areas of the arts, including exhibition curation.[12] She re-opened and ran the Melbourne office of Christie's auction house, became head of the pictures department and later a director of the company.In 1985, unsuccessful investments in a string of health clubs combined with an over-commitment to unpaid positions, led to financial troubles for Macdonald.Macdonald is passionate about golf and has won numerous championships at Royal Melbourne and Barwon Heads. He is a life member of The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, Scotland. The late champion Peter Thomson was one of his closest friends.Macdonald continues to campaign for press freedom and for the independence of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. He is active in community environmental projects on the Mornington Peninsula, where he has retired with his wife Patricia.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1921640377","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1921640377"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75492902#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/94388825"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36150615"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/people/616010"}],"text":"Hills, Ben (2010). Breaking News – The Golden Age of Graham Perkin. Scribe Publications. p. 220. ISBN 978-1921640377.Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nAustralia\nPeople\nTrove","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_Washington_College_of_Law
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American University Washington College of Law
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["1 History","1.1 Early beginnings","1.2 Continuing growth","1.3 Move to Tenley Campus","2 Campus and facilities","2.1 Pence Law Library","3 Academics","3.1 Enrollment","3.2 Degrees offered","3.3 Clinical program","3.4 Study abroad programs","3.5 Programs and centers","3.6 Online programs","3.7 Costs and student debt","3.8 Employment outcomes","4 Publications","4.1 Notes and recognition","5 Notable people","5.1 Current and former faculty","5.2 Notable alumni","6 References","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 38°56′42″N 77°04′48″W / 38.94500°N 77.08000°W / 38.94500; -77.08000Private law school in Washington, D.C., US
For other uses, see Washington School of Law (disambiguation).
American UniversityWashington College of LawSeal of the schoolMottoChampion What MattersParent schoolAmerican UniversityEstablishedFebruary 1, 1896; 128 years ago (February 1, 1896)School typePrivate law schoolParent endowment$908.9 million (2022)DeanRoger FairfaxLocationWashington, D.C., U.S.38°56′42″N 77°04′48″W / 38.94500°N 77.08000°W / 38.94500; -77.08000Enrollment1,167 (2022)Faculty259 (2022)USNWR ranking98th (2024)Bar pass rate73.02% (2022)Websitewww.wcl.american.eduABA profileABA profile
The American University Washington College of Law (AUWCL or WCL) is the law school of American University, a private research university in Washington, D.C. It is located on the western side of Tenley Circle in the Tenleytown section of northwest Washington, D.C. The school is accredited by the American Bar Association and a member of the AALS.
Begun in 1896, WCL was the first law school founded by women, the first with a female dean, and the first to graduate an all-female class. Roger Fairfax was appointed as the school's dean in 2021.
History
Early beginnings
Ellen Spencer Mussey and Emma Gillett began teaching in Mussey's law offices in 1898 after they were approached by three women who wished to study with them. Not originally intending to create a full-fledged law school, they requested the law school of Columbian College to accept the six women for their final year. When Columbian refused the request on the ground that "women did not have the mentality for law," the two women became determined to complete the students' education themselves and found a co-educational law school that was specifically open to women. Although Gillett was a graduate of Howard University School of Law, Washington College of Law only accepted white applicants.
With its first graduating class, the Washington College of Law became the first law school founded by women, the first with a female dean, and the first law school to graduate an all-female class. Mussey's male law clerk enrolled in 1897, making the school officially coeducational.
Continuing growth
Washington D.C. incorporated WCL in 1898. After several temporary locations, the school moved to the Le Droit Building on 8th & F Streets in 1900. Enrollment rose to 55 students by 1908 and doubled in five years to 128 students. Dean Mussey secured a lease in 1909 in the Chesley Building on New York Ave until the school outgrew the six-classroom lease. The school moved to its first permanent home in 1920, the former residence of Robert G. Ingersoll on K Street. Continually growing, WCL moved in 1924 to the former home of Oscar Underwood and former residence of Archibald Butt. WCL merged with American University in 1949 and graduated its first African American student in 1953.
The Women & the Law Program was launched in 1948, to promote the integration of women's rights and gender studies into legal education, practice and doctrine.
After years of work by Dean Myers, the John Sherman Myers Law School building was constructed on the American University main campus and dedicated in 1963 by Chief Justice Earl Warren. In the same year, U.S. Senator Robert Byrd (D-W.Va.) graduated from WCL after ten years of night-study classes, the first time a sitting member of Congress had begun and completed a law degree while serving.
By 1988, WCL had grown to over 1,000 students. Dean Milstein pushed for a new building, and in 1996 WCL moved less than a mile to The John Sherman Myers and Alvina Reckman Myers Law Center on Massachusetts Avenue in the American University Park section of Northwest Washington, D.C. The building was two and a half times larger than the previous Myers building and included the new Pence Law Library.
View of the American University Washington College of Law's Capital Building from Tenley Circle
Move to Tenley Campus
In April 2012, the D.C. Zoning Commission approved the plans for American University Washington College of Law to relocate from Spring Valley to American University's Tenley Campus. The approval of plans for further processing and zoning variances for the law school was handed down after American University's full campus plan was approved in March. Construction began in the summer of 2013, with the relocation of the law school to the new campus completed in early 2016. Spring 2016 semester classes began at the new campus on January 11, 2016.
Campus and facilities
The Washington College of Law is located on American University's Tenley Campus at 4300 Nebraska Avenue NW. on the northwest edge of Washington, DC, approximately 1 mile from the Maryland state line. Construction on the Tenley Campus was completed in early 2016 and included three primary buildings:
Capital Hall - Historically preserved and renovated, this building includes administrative offices, student publications, four courtrooms, two classrooms, and an atrium.
Warren Building - Brand new construction, housing the Pence Law Library on two and a half floors, nine classrooms, the ceremonial courtroom, an active learning lab, and a roof deck.
Yuma Building - Brand new construction, housing 13 classrooms, faculty offices, clinical and international programs, dining, and Claudio Grossman Hall, which seats 500.
The law school campus is less than a mile from the main American University campus; however, a shuttle system is available for students and staff to travel between the two locations. The campus is accessible to students and faculty 24/7 with the use of an AU ID card.
An American University shuttle stops in front of Pence Law Library at the Washington College of Law
Pence Law Library
The Pence Law Library is 54,000 square feet (5,000 m2), with more than 600,000 volumes, access to multiple databases, 14 group-study rooms and seating for over 600. The library is open 24 hours a day, seven days a week to students and faculty with the use of an AU ID card.
The library collection includes European Community and US government depositories and the Baxter Collection in International Law. Students and faculty also have access to the university's library, the Library of Congress, specialized agency libraries, and other area law libraries electronically.
The National Jurist placed WCL's Library 41st out of 199 in its Best Law Libraries ranking.
Academics
WCL's Master of Laws (LL.M.) program ranked 13th nationally in the 2012 AUAP rankings. The Brian Leiter Law School rankings placed the WCL 47th in the 2012 Top 70 Law Faculties in Scholarly Impact. National Jurist ranked WCL the fifth best law school for Hispanic students in 2008. It ranked WCL the 4th best public interest law school in the nation.
WCL is ranked tied for 89th in the nation among the 197 ranked schools in the Best Law Schools by U.S. News & World Report, and has ranked specialty programs in Clinical Training (tied #1), Trial Advocacy (tied #15), Part-Time Law (tied #16), International Law (tied #5), Intellectual Property (tied #7), and Health Care Law (tied #20), as well as program rankings in Legal Writing (tied #104), Business/Corporate (tied #60), Contracts/Commercial Law (tied #64), and Dispute Resolution (tied #64).
The school maintains programs in both human rights and public interest law. WCL's Equal Justice Foundation (EJF) provides scholarships to students who obtain unpaid summer internships with public interest organizations.
Enrollment
In 2021, the school had an acceptance rate of 37.94%. The 75th, 50th and 25th percentile undergraduate GPAs were 3.71, 3.57 and 3.39 respectively, while LSAT percentiles were 163, 161 and 157 respectively.
There was 36% minority representation and 64% female representation in the 2021 entering class, with representation from 42 states and 28 countries.
Degrees offered
WCL offers the Juris Doctor (J.D.), Master of Laws (LL.M.) in either international or constitutional law, and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.) degrees. The Washington College of Law now offers an online Master of Legal Studies degree.
Additionally, students can enroll in one of several dual degree programs:
J.D./M.A. program with the School of International Service
J.D./M.B.A. and LL.M/M.B.A. programs with the Kogod School of Business
J.D/M.P.P and LL.M./M.P.P. with the School of Public Affairs,
J.D./J.D. with the University of Ottawa in Canada
J.D./Master I/Master II with the Paris Nanterre University in France
J.D./LL.M. with the Universidad Carlos III in Spain
J.D./LL.M. with the Universidad Pontificia Comillas in Spain
J.D./LL.M. with LUISS Guido Carli in Italy
Clinical program
WCL's clinical program is one of the most comprehensive in the nation. The school was one of the first law schools to develop a modern clinical legal education program. With over 200 students participating in the 11 clinics every year, the program is one of the largest in the country.
The clinic serves various clients, including immigrants and refugees, victims/survivors of domestic violence, juveniles, criminal defendants, low-income taxpayers, individuals seeking help with family law, consumer, disability, and intellectual property issues, community groups, and nonprofit organizations.
Clinics include the General Practice Clinic, Community and Economic Development Law Clinic, Criminal Justice Clinic, DC Law Students in Court Clinic, Disability Rights Law Clinic, Domestic Violence Law Clinic, Janet R. Spragens Federal Tax Clinic, Glushko-Samuelson Intellectual Property Law Clinic, Immigrant Justice Clinic, International Human Rights Law Clinic, and Women and the Law Clinic.
Study abroad programs
WCL's study abroad program is considered to be among the best in the country, with 30% of the student body studying abroad every year. In 2012, the National Jurist recognized it as one of the "most robust study abroad programs out of the 200 U.S. Law Schools."
Students can study law for a semester in over 20 countries. WCL also offers summer abroad programs in London, Paris, Brussels, Geneva, and The Hague.
Programs and centers
Academy on Human Rights and Humanitarian Law
Center for Human Rights and Humanitarian law
Clinical Program
Externship Program
Health Law Project
Hospitality & Tourism Law Program (HTL Website)
Humphrey Fellowship Program (Fulbright Exchange)
Center on International Commercial Arbitration
International Legal Studies Program (ILSP)
International Visiting Scholars Program
Marshall-Brennan Constitutional Literacy Project
National Institute of Military Justice
National Institute of Corrections/WCL Project on Addressing Prison Rape
Office of Public Interest
Program on Information Justice and Intellectual Property
Program on International and Comparative Environmental Law
Program on Law & Government
Special Events & Continuing Legal Education
Trial Advocacy Program
UNROW Human Rights Impact Litigation Clinic
War Crimes Research Office
Women & International Law Program
Women & the Law Program
WCL participates in several popular study-abroad and student exchange programs with universities worldwide.
In 2002, the Jessup Moot Court Team was the top-ranked team in the United States and third in the World.
Online programs
WCL offers an online Master of Legal Studies (MLS) created for professionals who have law-related responsibilities. The MLS program provides professionals in a variety of industries with an understanding of the U.S. legal system, but it is not meant for students who want to become a practicing attorney. The program offers the following concentration tracks: General MLS, Business, Health Care Compliance, and Technology. Each concentration features fundamental legal training and industry-specific knowledge to improve students' ability to make informed decisions and legitimize their credibility with clients, co-workers, and partners. The MLS can be completed in as little as 15 months and does not require a GRE/LSAT.
Costs and student debt
The total cost of attendance (indicating the cost of tuition, fees, and living expenses) at WCL for the 2021–2022 academic year is $82,842. The Law School Transparency estimated debt-financed cost of attendance for three years is $293,573. According to U.S. News & World Report, the average indebtedness of 2020 AUWCL graduates who incurred law school debt was $159,723 (not including undergraduate debt), and 76% of 2020 graduates took on debt.
Employment outcomes
According to WCL's official 2020 ABA-required disclosures, 61.8% of the class of 2020 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment nine months after graduation, and 15% were employed in J.D.-preferred positions. Thirteen percent of the class of 2020 were seeking employment 9 months after graduation.
Publications
Administrative Law Review
The Alternative Dispute Resolution Newsletter
The Arbitration Brief
The American Jurist
The American University International Law Review (which publishes ASIL's annual Grotius Lecture).
The American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law
American University Labor & Employment Law Forum
The American University Law Review
The American University Business Law Review
The Criminal Law Brief
Health Law & Policy Brief
The Human Rights Brief
The Intellectual Property Brief
International Commercial Arbitration Brief
Legislation & Policy Brief
The Modern American
National Security Law Brief
Sustainable Development Law & Policy
Notes and recognition
The National Jurist, in its 100 Best Law Review rankings, placed the American University Law Review 47th and the International Law Review 84th.
Administrative Law Review is the official publication of the American Bar Association Section of Administrative Law and Regulatory Practice.
In 2005, the ABA recognized "The Business Law Brief" (since promoted to The American University Business Law Review) as the "Magazine of the Year."
On several occasions, the ABA has recognized The American Jurist as the "Best Law Student Magazine."
Notable people
Current and former faculty
Louis Caldera
Michael W. Carroll
Lia Epperson
Claudio Grossman
Lewis A. Grossman
Kristine Huskey
Cynthia E. Jones
Ralph Nader, political activist and author
Jamie Raskin
Ira P. Robbins
Brenda V. Smith
Gregory Stanton
Michael Tigar
Perry Wallace, first African American scholarship athlete in the Southeastern Conference
Stephen Wermiel
Paul Williams
Judith A. Winston
Notable alumni
Main article: List of American University Washington College of Law alumni
References
^ "Consolidated Financial Statements For the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021" (PDF). American University. November 22, 2022. pp. 23–24. Retrieved November 6, 2023.
^ a b 2022 Standard 509 Information Report (Report). American University Washington College of Law. December 20, 2022. p. 2. Retrieved November 6, 2023.
^ a b "American University (Washington)". Best Law Schools. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved May 13, 2023.
^ Bar Passage Data (2023) (Report). American University Washington College of Law. 2023. Retrieved November 6, 2023.
^ "American University Names Roger A. Fairfax, Jr. as Dean of Washington College of Law". News. American University Washington College of Law. April 6, 2021.
^ a b c "History - Law With Impact". American University Washington College of Law. Retrieved September 27, 2019.
^ Drachman, Virginia G. (November 29, 2001). Sisters in Law: Women Lawyers in Modern American History. Harvard University Press. p. 153. ISBN 0674006941.
^ a b "WCL Timeline". Archived from the original on July 20, 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
^ "Locations History". Archived from the original on July 20, 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
^ "American University 2011 Campus Plan (pg. 33)" (PDF). Retrieved March 3, 2013.
^ "AU Shuttle Information". Retrieved March 3, 2013.
^ a b "LSAC Official Description". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
^ "Pence Law Library FAQ". Retrieved March 3, 2013.
^ "National Jurist Best Law Libraries". October 12, 2010. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
^ "AUAP Rankings". Retrieved January 23, 2009.
^ "TOP 70 LAW FACULTIES IN SCHOLARLY IMPACT, 2007-2011". www.leiterrankings.com. Retrieved September 27, 2019.
^ "National Jurist February 2008 Issue". Retrieved March 13, 2013.
^ a b "National Jurist WCL Page". Retrieved March 3, 2013.
^ "WCL Equal Justice Foundation". Retrieved March 5, 2013.
^ "2019_First_Year_Class". abarequireddisclosures.org. American Bar Association. Retrieved July 5, 2022.
^ "Admissions Profile". American University Washington College of Law. Retrieved July 5, 2022.
^ a b American University-Washington College of Law, "Admissions", http://www.wcl.american.edu/admissions.cfm (last visited July 16, 2008).
^ "Master of Legal Studies". Retrieved November 9, 2018.
^ "International JD Dual Degree Programs". American University, Washington College of Law. Retrieved July 7, 2022.
^ "LSAC Official Guide". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
^ "National Jurist Magazine". Archived from the original on September 11, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2013.
^ Martin, Laira (Spring 2016). "10 out-of-the-ordinary summer classes". The National Jurist.
^ "Master of Legal Studies". Retrieved November 30, 2018.
^ "AUWCL JD Cost of Attendance 2021-2022". Retrieved April 22, 2021.
^ "American University, Finances". www.lstreports.com. Retrieved September 27, 2019.
^ "Law Schools Where Graduates Have the Most Debt". U.S. News & World Report. 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
^ a b "Employment Summary for 2020 Graduates". American University. p. 1. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington School of Law (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_School_of_Law_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"law school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_school"},{"link_name":"American University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University"},{"link_name":"private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_university"},{"link_name":"research university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_university"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Tenley Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenley_Circle"},{"link_name":"Tenleytown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenleytown"},{"link_name":"accredited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"American Bar Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association"},{"link_name":"AALS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AALS"},{"link_name":"Roger Fairfax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Fairfax"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Private law school in Washington, D.C., USFor other uses, see Washington School of Law (disambiguation).The American University Washington College of Law (AUWCL or WCL) is the law school of American University, a private research university in Washington, D.C. It is located on the western side of Tenley Circle in the Tenleytown section of northwest Washington, D.C. The school is accredited by the American Bar Association and a member of the AALS.Begun in 1896, WCL was the first law school founded by women, the first with a female dean, and the first to graduate an all-female class. Roger Fairfax was appointed as the school's dean in 2021.[5]","title":"American University Washington College of Law"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ellen Spencer Mussey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Spencer_Mussey"},{"link_name":"Emma Gillett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Gillett"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wcl.american.edu-6"},{"link_name":"Columbian College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbian_College"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wcl.american.edu-6"},{"link_name":"Howard University School of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_University_School_of_Law"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Early beginnings","text":"Ellen Spencer Mussey and Emma Gillett began teaching in Mussey's law offices in 1898 after they were approached by three women who wished to study with them.[6] Not originally intending to create a full-fledged law school, they requested the law school of Columbian College to accept the six women for their final year. When Columbian refused the request on the ground that \"women did not have the mentality for law,\" the two women became determined to complete the students' education themselves and found a co-educational law school that was specifically open to women.[6] Although Gillett was a graduate of Howard University School of Law, Washington College of Law only accepted white applicants.[7]With its first graduating class, the Washington College of Law became the first law school founded by women, the first with a female dean, and the first law school to graduate an all-female class. Mussey's male law clerk enrolled in 1897, making the school officially coeducational.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert G. Ingersoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_G._Ingersoll"},{"link_name":"Oscar Underwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Underwood"},{"link_name":"Archibald Butt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Butt"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wcl.american.edu-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCL_Timeline-8"},{"link_name":"American University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Earl Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren"},{"link_name":"Robert Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Byrd"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Congress"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WCL_Timeline-8"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Avenue_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"American University Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_Park,_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Washington_College_of_Law_Capital_Building.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Continuing growth","text":"Washington D.C. incorporated WCL in 1898. After several temporary locations, the school moved to the Le Droit Building on 8th & F Streets in 1900. Enrollment rose to 55 students by 1908 and doubled in five years to 128 students. Dean Mussey secured a lease in 1909 in the Chesley Building on New York Ave until the school outgrew the six-classroom lease. The school moved to its first permanent home in 1920, the former residence of Robert G. Ingersoll on K Street. Continually growing, WCL moved in 1924 to the former home of Oscar Underwood and former residence of Archibald Butt. WCL merged with American University in 1949[6] and graduated its first African American student in 1953.The Women & the Law Program was launched in 1948, to promote the integration of women's rights and gender studies into legal education, practice and doctrine.[8]After years of work by Dean Myers, the John Sherman Myers Law School building was constructed on the American University main campus and dedicated in 1963 by Chief Justice Earl Warren. In the same year, U.S. Senator Robert Byrd (D-W.Va.) graduated from WCL after ten years of night-study classes, the first time a sitting member of Congress had begun and completed a law degree while serving.[8]By 1988, WCL had grown to over 1,000 students. Dean Milstein pushed for a new building, and in 1996 WCL moved less than a mile to The John Sherman Myers and Alvina Reckman Myers Law Center on Massachusetts Avenue in the American University Park section of Northwest Washington, D.C. The building was two and a half times larger than the previous Myers building and included the new Pence Law Library.[9]View of the American University Washington College of Law's Capital Building from Tenley Circle","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Move to Tenley Campus","text":"In April 2012, the D.C. Zoning Commission approved the plans for American University Washington College of Law to relocate from Spring Valley to American University's Tenley Campus. The approval of plans for further processing and zoning variances for the law school was handed down after American University's full campus plan was approved in March. Construction began in the summer of 2013, with the relocation of the law school to the new campus completed in early 2016. Spring 2016 semester classes began at the new campus on January 11, 2016.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:American_University_Shuttle_Pence_Law_Library.jpg"}],"text":"The Washington College of Law is located on American University's Tenley Campus at 4300 Nebraska Avenue NW. on the northwest edge of Washington, DC, approximately 1 mile from the Maryland state line. Construction on the Tenley Campus was completed in early 2016 and included three primary buildings:Capital Hall - Historically preserved and renovated, this building includes administrative offices, student publications, four courtrooms, two classrooms, and an atrium.\nWarren Building - Brand new construction, housing the Pence Law Library on two and a half floors, nine classrooms, the ceremonial courtroom, an active learning lab, and a roof deck.\nYuma Building - Brand new construction, housing 13 classrooms, faculty offices, clinical and international programs, dining, and Claudio Grossman Hall, which seats 500.The law school campus is less than a mile from the main American University campus; however, a shuttle system is available for students and staff to travel between the two locations.[11] The campus is accessible to students and faculty 24/7 with the use of an AU ID card.An American University shuttle stops in front of Pence Law Library at the Washington College of Law","title":"Campus and facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LSAC_Official_Description-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LSAC_Official_Description-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Pence Law Library","text":"The Pence Law Library is 54,000 square feet (5,000 m2), with more than 600,000 volumes, access to multiple databases, 14 group-study rooms and seating for over 600.[12] The library is open 24 hours a day, seven days a week to students and faculty with the use of an AU ID card.[13]The library collection includes European Community and US government depositories and the Baxter Collection in International Law. Students and faculty also have access to the university's library, the Library of Congress, specialized agency libraries, and other area law libraries electronically.[12]The National Jurist placed WCL's Library 41st out of 199 in its Best Law Libraries ranking.[14]","title":"Campus and facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Master of Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Brian Leiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Leiter"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_Jurist_WCL_Page-18"},{"link_name":"U.S. News & World Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usnews-3"},{"link_name":"human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights"},{"link_name":"public interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_interest"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"WCL's Master of Laws (LL.M.) program ranked 13th nationally in the 2012 AUAP rankings.[15] The Brian Leiter Law School rankings placed the WCL 47th in the 2012 Top 70 Law Faculties in Scholarly Impact.[16] National Jurist ranked WCL the fifth best law school for Hispanic students in 2008.[17] It ranked WCL the 4th best public interest law school in the nation.[18]WCL is ranked tied for 89th in the nation among the 197 ranked schools in the Best Law Schools by U.S. News & World Report, and has ranked specialty programs in Clinical Training (tied #1), Trial Advocacy (tied #15), Part-Time Law (tied #16), International Law (tied #5), Intellectual Property (tied #7), and Health Care Law (tied #20), as well as program rankings in Legal Writing (tied #104), Business/Corporate (tied #60), Contracts/Commercial Law (tied #64), and Dispute Resolution (tied #64).[3]The school maintains programs in both human rights and public interest law. WCL's Equal Justice Foundation (EJF) provides scholarships to students who obtain unpaid summer internships with public interest organizations.[19]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-21"}],"sub_title":"Enrollment","text":"In 2021, the school had an acceptance rate of 37.94%. The 75th, 50th and 25th percentile undergraduate GPAs were 3.71, 3.57 and 3.39 respectively, while LSAT percentiles were 163, 161 and 157 respectively.[20]There was 36% minority representation and 64% female representation in the 2021 entering class, with representation from 42 states and 28 countries.[21]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juris Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Master of Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Juridical Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Juridical_Science"},{"link_name":"degrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_degree"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Law_2008-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"School of International Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_International_Service"},{"link_name":"School of Public Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Public_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Law_2008-22"},{"link_name":"University of Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ottawa"},{"link_name":"Paris Nanterre University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Nanterre_University"},{"link_name":"Universidad Carlos III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Carlos_III"},{"link_name":"Universidad Pontificia Comillas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_Pontificia_Comillas"},{"link_name":"LUISS Guido Carli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LUISS_Guido_Carli"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Degrees offered","text":"WCL offers the Juris Doctor (J.D.), Master of Laws (LL.M.) in either international or constitutional law, and Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D.) degrees.[22] The Washington College of Law now offers an online Master of Legal Studies degree.[23]Additionally, students can enroll in one of several dual degree programs:J.D./M.A. program with the School of International Service\nJ.D./M.B.A. and LL.M/M.B.A. programs with the Kogod School of Business\nJ.D/M.P.P and LL.M./M.P.P. with the School of Public Affairs,[22]\nJ.D./J.D. with the University of Ottawa in Canada\nJ.D./Master I/Master II with the Paris Nanterre University in France\nJ.D./LL.M. with the Universidad Carlos III in Spain\nJ.D./LL.M. with the Universidad Pontificia Comillas in Spain\nJ.D./LL.M. with LUISS Guido Carli in Italy[24]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Clinical program","text":"WCL's clinical program is one of the most comprehensive in the nation. The school was one of the first law schools to develop a modern clinical legal education program. With over 200 students participating in the 11 clinics every year, the program is one of the largest in the country.[25]The clinic serves various clients, including immigrants and refugees, victims/survivors of domestic violence, juveniles, criminal defendants, low-income taxpayers, individuals seeking help with family law, consumer, disability, and intellectual property issues, community groups, and nonprofit organizations.Clinics include the General Practice Clinic, Community and Economic Development Law Clinic, Criminal Justice Clinic, DC Law Students in Court Clinic, Disability Rights Law Clinic, Domestic Violence Law Clinic, Janet R. Spragens Federal Tax Clinic, Glushko-Samuelson Intellectual Property Law Clinic, Immigrant Justice Clinic, International Human Rights Law Clinic, and Women and the Law Clinic.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Study abroad programs","text":"WCL's study abroad program is considered to be among the best in the country, with 30% of the student body studying abroad every year. In 2012, the National Jurist recognized it as one of the \"most robust study abroad programs out of the 200 U.S. Law Schools.\"[26]Students can study law for a semester in over 20 countries. WCL also offers summer abroad programs in London, Paris, Brussels, Geneva, and The Hague.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Academy on Human Rights and Humanitarian Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_on_Human_Rights_and_Humanitarian_Law"},{"link_name":"Center for Human Rights and Humanitarian law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Human_Rights_and_Humanitarian_law"},{"link_name":"(HTL Website)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wcl.american.edu/htl/"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Center on International Commercial Arbitration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_on_International_Commercial_Arbitration"},{"link_name":"Program on Information Justice and Intellectual Property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wcl.american.edu/impact/initiatives-programs/pijip/"},{"link_name":"Program on Law & Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wcl.american.edu/impact/initiatives-programs/lawandgov/"},{"link_name":"UNROW Human Rights Impact Litigation Clinic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNROW_Human_Rights_Impact_Litigation_Clinic"}],"sub_title":"Programs and centers","text":"Academy on Human Rights and Humanitarian Law\nCenter for Human Rights and Humanitarian law\nClinical Program\nExternship Program\nHealth Law Project\nHospitality & Tourism Law Program (HTL Website) [27]\nHumphrey Fellowship Program (Fulbright Exchange)\nCenter on International Commercial Arbitration\nInternational Legal Studies Program (ILSP)\nInternational Visiting Scholars Program\nMarshall-Brennan Constitutional Literacy Project\nNational Institute of Military Justice\nNational Institute of Corrections/WCL Project on Addressing Prison Rape\nOffice of Public Interest\nProgram on Information Justice and Intellectual Property\nProgram on International and Comparative Environmental Law\nProgram on Law & Government\nSpecial Events & Continuing Legal Education\nTrial Advocacy Program\nUNROW Human Rights Impact Litigation Clinic\nWar Crimes Research Office\nWomen & International Law Program\nWomen & the Law ProgramWCL participates in several popular study-abroad and student exchange programs with universities worldwide.In 2002, the Jessup Moot Court Team was the top-ranked team in the United States and third in the World.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Online programs","text":"WCL offers an online Master of Legal Studies (MLS) created for professionals who have law-related responsibilities.[28] The MLS program provides professionals in a variety of industries with an understanding of the U.S. legal system, but it is not meant for students who want to become a practicing attorney. The program offers the following concentration tracks: General MLS, Business, Health Care Compliance, and Technology. Each concentration features fundamental legal training and industry-specific knowledge to improve students' ability to make informed decisions and legitimize their credibility with clients, co-workers, and partners. The MLS can be completed in as little as 15 months and does not require a GRE/LSAT.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Costs and student debt","text":"The total cost of attendance (indicating the cost of tuition, fees, and living expenses) at WCL for the 2021–2022 academic year is $82,842.[29] The Law School Transparency estimated debt-financed cost of attendance for three years is $293,573.[30] According to U.S. News & World Report, the average indebtedness of 2020 AUWCL graduates who incurred law school debt was $159,723 (not including undergraduate debt), and 76% of 2020 graduates took on debt.[31]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-employment-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-employment-32"}],"sub_title":"Employment outcomes","text":"According to WCL's official 2020 ABA-required disclosures, 61.8% of the class of 2020 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment nine months after graduation, and 15% were employed in J.D.-preferred positions.[32] Thirteen percent of the class of 2020 were seeking employment 9 months after graduation.[32]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Administrative Law Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_Law_Review"},{"link_name":"ASIL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_International_Law"},{"link_name":"Grotius Lecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotius_Lectures"},{"link_name":"American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University_Journal_of_Gender,_Social_Policy_%26_the_Law"}],"text":"Administrative Law Review\nThe Alternative Dispute Resolution Newsletter\nThe Arbitration Brief\nThe American Jurist\nThe American University International Law Review (which publishes ASIL's annual Grotius Lecture).\nThe American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law\nAmerican University Labor & Employment Law Forum\nThe American University Law Review\nThe American University Business Law Review\nThe Criminal Law Brief\nHealth Law & Policy Brief\nThe Human Rights Brief\nThe Intellectual Property Brief\nInternational Commercial Arbitration Brief\nLegislation & Policy Brief\nThe Modern American\nNational Security Law Brief\nSustainable Development Law & Policy","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_Jurist_WCL_Page-18"}],"sub_title":"Notes and recognition","text":"The National Jurist, in its 100 Best Law Review rankings, placed the American University Law Review 47th and the International Law Review 84th.[18]\nAdministrative Law Review is the official publication of the American Bar Association Section of Administrative Law and Regulatory Practice.\nIn 2005, the ABA recognized \"The Business Law Brief\" (since promoted to The American University Business Law Review) as the \"Magazine of the Year.\"\nOn several occasions, the ABA has recognized The American Jurist as the \"Best Law Student Magazine.\"","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louis Caldera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Caldera"},{"link_name":"Michael W. Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_W._Carroll"},{"link_name":"Lia Epperson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lia_Epperson"},{"link_name":"Claudio Grossman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Grossman"},{"link_name":"Lewis A. Grossman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_A._Grossman"},{"link_name":"Kristine Huskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristine_Huskey"},{"link_name":"Cynthia E. Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynthia_E._Jones"},{"link_name":"Ralph Nader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Nader"},{"link_name":"Jamie Raskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Raskin"},{"link_name":"Ira P. Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_P._Robbins"},{"link_name":"Brenda V. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_V._Smith"},{"link_name":"Gregory Stanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Stanton"},{"link_name":"Michael Tigar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Tigar"},{"link_name":"Perry Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Southeastern Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Conference"},{"link_name":"Stephen Wermiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Wermiel"},{"link_name":"Paul Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Williams_(professor)"},{"link_name":"Judith A. Winston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_A._Winston"}],"sub_title":"Current and former faculty","text":"Louis Caldera\nMichael W. Carroll\nLia Epperson\nClaudio Grossman\nLewis A. Grossman\nKristine Huskey\nCynthia E. Jones\nRalph Nader, political activist and author\nJamie Raskin\nIra P. Robbins\nBrenda V. Smith\nGregory Stanton\nMichael Tigar\nPerry Wallace, first African American scholarship athlete in the Southeastern Conference\nStephen Wermiel\nPaul Williams\nJudith A. Winston","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Notable alumni","title":"Notable people"}]
|
[{"image_text":"View of the American University Washington College of Law's Capital Building from Tenley Circle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Washington_College_of_Law_Capital_Building.jpg/225px-Washington_College_of_Law_Capital_Building.jpg"},{"image_text":"An American University shuttle stops in front of Pence Law Library at the Washington College of Law","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/American_University_Shuttle_Pence_Law_Library.jpg/225px-American_University_Shuttle_Pence_Law_Library.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Consolidated Financial Statements For the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021\" (PDF). American University. November 22, 2022. pp. 23–24. Retrieved November 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.american.edu/finance/annual-report/upload/fy2022-au-financial-statements.pdf","url_text":"\"Consolidated Financial Statements For the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_University","url_text":"American University"}]},{"reference":"2022 Standard 509 Information Report (Report). American University Washington College of Law. December 20, 2022. p. 2. Retrieved November 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wcl.american.edu/academics/academicservices/registrar/documents/2022-standard-509-information-report/","url_text":"2022 Standard 509 Information Report"}]},{"reference":"\"American University (Washington)\". Best Law Schools. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved May 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/american-university-03029","url_text":"\"American University (Washington)\""}]},{"reference":"Bar Passage Data (2023) (Report). American University Washington College of Law. 2023. Retrieved November 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wcl.american.edu/academics/academicservices/registrar/aba-required-disclosure/bar-passage-2023/","url_text":"Bar Passage Data (2023)"}]},{"reference":"\"American University Names Roger A. Fairfax, Jr. as Dean of Washington College of Law\". News. American University Washington College of Law. April 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wcl.american.edu/news-events/news/american-university-names-roger-a-fairfax-jr-as-dean-of-washington-college-of-law/","url_text":"\"American University Names Roger A. Fairfax, Jr. as Dean of Washington College of Law\""}]},{"reference":"\"History - Law With Impact\". American University Washington College of Law. Retrieved September 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wcl.american.edu/impact/history/","url_text":"\"History - Law With Impact\""}]},{"reference":"Drachman, Virginia G. (November 29, 2001). Sisters in Law: Women Lawyers in Modern American History. Harvard University Press. p. 153. ISBN 0674006941.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674006941","url_text":"0674006941"}]},{"reference":"\"WCL Timeline\". Archived from the original on July 20, 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170720202137/https://www.wcl.american.edu/history/locations.cfm","url_text":"\"WCL Timeline\""},{"url":"http://www.wcl.american.edu/history/locations.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Locations History\". Archived from the original on July 20, 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170720202137/https://www.wcl.american.edu/history/locations.cfm","url_text":"\"Locations History\""},{"url":"https://www.wcl.american.edu/history/locations.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"American University 2011 Campus Plan (pg. 33)\" (PDF). Retrieved March 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.american.edu/finance/fas/upload/Public-Draft-FINAL.pdf","url_text":"\"American University 2011 Campus Plan (pg. 33)\""}]},{"reference":"\"AU Shuttle Information\". Retrieved March 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.american.edu/finance/facilities/wclmetroshuttle.cfm","url_text":"\"AU Shuttle Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"LSAC Official Description\". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191342/http://www.lsac.org/officialguide-2013/lsac_5007.asp","url_text":"\"LSAC Official Description\""},{"url":"http://www.lsac.org/officialguide-2013/lsac_5007.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pence Law Library FAQ\". Retrieved March 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://library.wcl.american.edu/faq.cfm","url_text":"\"Pence Law Library FAQ\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Jurist Best Law Libraries\". October 12, 2010. Retrieved March 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationaljurist.com/content/best-law-libraries","url_text":"\"National Jurist Best Law Libraries\""}]},{"reference":"\"AUAP Rankings\". Retrieved January 23, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.auap.com/llm.html","url_text":"\"AUAP Rankings\""}]},{"reference":"\"TOP 70 LAW FACULTIES IN SCHOLARLY IMPACT, 2007-2011\". www.leiterrankings.com. Retrieved September 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.leiterrankings.com/new/2012_scholarlyimpact.shtml","url_text":"\"TOP 70 LAW FACULTIES IN SCHOLARLY IMPACT, 2007-2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Jurist February 2008 Issue\". Retrieved March 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/cypress/nationaljurist0208/index.php?startid=1","url_text":"\"National Jurist February 2008 Issue\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Jurist WCL Page\". Retrieved March 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationaljurist.com/law-schools/american-university/rankings","url_text":"\"National Jurist WCL Page\""}]},{"reference":"\"WCL Equal Justice Foundation\". Retrieved March 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wcl.american.edu/org/ejf/","url_text":"\"WCL Equal Justice Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019_First_Year_Class\". abarequireddisclosures.org. American Bar Association. Retrieved July 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abarequireddisclosures.org/Disclosure509.aspx","url_text":"\"2019_First_Year_Class\""}]},{"reference":"\"Admissions Profile\". American University Washington College of Law. Retrieved July 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wcl.american.edu/school/admissions/jd/apply/first-year/profile/","url_text":"\"Admissions Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Master of Legal Studies\". Retrieved November 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelaw.wcl.american.edu/legal-studies","url_text":"\"Master of Legal Studies\""}]},{"reference":"\"International JD Dual Degree Programs\". American University, Washington College of Law. Retrieved July 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wcl.american.edu/dualdegree/ottawa/","url_text":"\"International JD Dual Degree Programs\""}]},{"reference":"\"LSAC Official Guide\". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191342/http://www.lsac.org/officialguide-2013/lsac_5007.asp","url_text":"\"LSAC Official Guide\""},{"url":"http://www.lsac.org/officialguide-2013/lsac_5007.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National Jurist Magazine\". Archived from the original on September 11, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180911133833/http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/cypress/nationaljurist0112/#/38","url_text":"\"National Jurist Magazine\""},{"url":"http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/cypress/nationaljurist0112/#/38","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Laira (Spring 2016). \"10 out-of-the-ordinary summer classes\". The National Jurist.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Master of Legal Studies\". Retrieved November 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelaw.wcl.american.edu/legal-studies","url_text":"\"Master of Legal Studies\""}]},{"reference":"\"AUWCL JD Cost of Attendance 2021-2022\". Retrieved April 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wcl.american.edu/school/admissions/finaid/documents/jd-cost-of-attendance-2021-2022/","url_text":"\"AUWCL JD Cost of Attendance 2021-2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"American University, Finances\". www.lstreports.com. Retrieved September 27, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lstreports.com/schools/american/costs/","url_text":"\"American University, Finances\""}]},{"reference":"\"Law Schools Where Graduates Have the Most Debt\". U.S. News & World Report. 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/grad-debt-rankings?_sort=indebt-desc","url_text":"\"Law Schools Where Graduates Have the Most Debt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Employment Summary for 2020 Graduates\". American University. p. 1. Retrieved April 22, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wcl.american.edu/career/documents/aba-employment-summary-2020/","url_text":"\"Employment Summary for 2020 Graduates\""}]}]
|
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Fairfax, Jr. as Dean of Washington College of Law\""},{"Link":"https://www.wcl.american.edu/impact/history/","external_links_name":"\"History - Law With Impact\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170720202137/https://www.wcl.american.edu/history/locations.cfm","external_links_name":"\"WCL Timeline\""},{"Link":"http://www.wcl.american.edu/history/locations.cfm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170720202137/https://www.wcl.american.edu/history/locations.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Locations History\""},{"Link":"https://www.wcl.american.edu/history/locations.cfm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.american.edu/finance/fas/upload/Public-Draft-FINAL.pdf","external_links_name":"\"American University 2011 Campus Plan (pg. 33)\""},{"Link":"http://www.american.edu/finance/facilities/wclmetroshuttle.cfm","external_links_name":"\"AU Shuttle Information\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191342/http://www.lsac.org/officialguide-2013/lsac_5007.asp","external_links_name":"\"LSAC Official Description\""},{"Link":"http://www.lsac.org/officialguide-2013/lsac_5007.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://library.wcl.american.edu/faq.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Pence Law Library FAQ\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationaljurist.com/content/best-law-libraries","external_links_name":"\"National Jurist Best Law Libraries\""},{"Link":"http://www.auap.com/llm.html","external_links_name":"\"AUAP Rankings\""},{"Link":"http://www.leiterrankings.com/new/2012_scholarlyimpact.shtml","external_links_name":"\"TOP 70 LAW FACULTIES IN SCHOLARLY IMPACT, 2007-2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/cypress/nationaljurist0208/index.php?startid=1","external_links_name":"\"National Jurist February 2008 Issue\""},{"Link":"http://www.nationaljurist.com/law-schools/american-university/rankings","external_links_name":"\"National Jurist WCL Page\""},{"Link":"http://www.wcl.american.edu/org/ejf/","external_links_name":"\"WCL Equal Justice Foundation\""},{"Link":"http://www.abarequireddisclosures.org/Disclosure509.aspx","external_links_name":"\"2019_First_Year_Class\""},{"Link":"https://www.wcl.american.edu/school/admissions/jd/apply/first-year/profile/","external_links_name":"\"Admissions Profile\""},{"Link":"http://www.wcl.american.edu/admissions.cfm","external_links_name":"http://www.wcl.american.edu/admissions.cfm"},{"Link":"https://onlinelaw.wcl.american.edu/legal-studies","external_links_name":"\"Master of Legal Studies\""},{"Link":"http://www.wcl.american.edu/dualdegree/ottawa/","external_links_name":"\"International JD Dual Degree Programs\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191342/http://www.lsac.org/officialguide-2013/lsac_5007.asp","external_links_name":"\"LSAC Official Guide\""},{"Link":"http://www.lsac.org/officialguide-2013/lsac_5007.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180911133833/http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/cypress/nationaljurist0112/#/38","external_links_name":"\"National Jurist Magazine\""},{"Link":"http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/cypress/nationaljurist0112/#/38","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://onlinelaw.wcl.american.edu/legal-studies","external_links_name":"\"Master of Legal Studies\""},{"Link":"https://www.wcl.american.edu/school/admissions/finaid/documents/jd-cost-of-attendance-2021-2022/","external_links_name":"\"AUWCL JD Cost of Attendance 2021-2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.lstreports.com/schools/american/costs/","external_links_name":"\"American University, Finances\""},{"Link":"https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/grad-debt-rankings?_sort=indebt-desc","external_links_name":"\"Law Schools Where Graduates Have the Most Debt\""},{"Link":"https://www.wcl.american.edu/career/documents/aba-employment-summary-2020/","external_links_name":"\"Employment Summary for 2020 Graduates\""},{"Link":"http://www.wcl.american.edu/","external_links_name":"Washington College of Law website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000419371012","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/149516040","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007576789405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82054905","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20081202013&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA09527916?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/178324019","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TED_Notepad
|
TED Notepad
|
["1 Overview","2 Features","2.1 Text tools","2.2 Other features","3 Reception","3.1 Awards and reviews","3.2 Criticism from users","4 April Fools' hoax","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
|
Text editor for Microsoft Windows
Not to be confused with Ted (word processor).
TED NotepadTED Notepad 5.2.1Developer(s)Juraj ŠimlovičStable release6.3.1
/ 1 December 2021
Operating systemMicrosoft WindowsSize163 KiBTypeText editorLicenseFreewareWebsitejsimlo.sk/notepad
TED Notepad is freeware portable text editor software for Microsoft Windows, developed by Juraj Šimlovič since 2001, originally as a school project. It looks similar to Windows Notepad, but provides additional features, including experimental line completion and selection jumping.
Overview
Key features of TED Notepad include simple text-only interface, large variety of text-processing tools, supplemental text clipboards, high accessibility through hotkeys, and respectable number of settings and options. The application offers several innovative and experimental features like secondary search or line-sensitive completion. It is often described as swiss-army-knife text editor on web forums.
Amongst innovative features, there is a secondary search, which allows users to look for two different things at the same time. The editor also allows users to select text to the next occurrence while searching. Another unusual feature is in go to dialog, which offers to select text upon jumping and to jump relatively from the current position.
One of the experimental features is a line completion. Besides the standard word completion, which is based on a dictionary of the actual document, TED Notepad provides a simple way to complete words also according to line similarities. In comparison to the word completion, the line completion is capable of auto-completing punctuation, special characters and source code operators. Therefore, on lines with many operators and braces, completing source code by similar lines can be more efficient than completing by words.
Features
Text tools
The most visible characteristic of TED Notepad is the number of text functions it offers, including:
Several letter case conversions.
Conversions of newlines between Unix and Mac platforms.
Tools for reversing text, words or entire lines.
Tools for word wrapping and unwrapping lines.
Tools for (un)indenting, (un)closing or (un)tabifying text.
Exhaustive tool for sorting lines.
Unique lines tool, which can exclude or count duplicate lines.
Tool for translating characters into other characters.
Tool for cutting columns from text and adding line numbers.
Extensive text statistics that calculate 12 different values about text.
Support for external user-defined text plugins like grep.
Other features
Other practical features include:
Auto-save and file backup copy.
Favorite Esc key exit.
Many hotkeys.
Several internal clipboards for usual cliché.
File size limited only by actual memory available.
Word completion, based on the actual file dictionary - the words are offered according to words already typed.
Copy word/line above that quickly inserts words typed directly above - very handy for writing lists, where each line starts with the same/similar words.
Favorite files menu.
Auto indentation and Tabs as Spaces.
Minimize to System tray and stay on top.
Reception
Awards and reviews
"Pricelessware" award from alt.comp.freeware participants in 2007.
"Top 10 Freeware" awards from editors of Freeware-Guide.com in March 2006, June 2006, July 2006 and November 2006.
"6/6 ranking" and "100% Virus & Spyware Clean" award from editors of NoNags.com.
"100% clean software" award from Softpedia.com reporting no adware, spyware or viruses present.
Multiple reviews by editors of IDG media in November 2006 and January 2007.
Review by editors of Svet Kompjutera in December 2006.
Criticism from users
To date, TED Notepad does not officially feature versions of the program in any language other than the original English version. The author furthermore forbids anyone to translate and distribute non-official nightly translations. Despite this, there are a few non-official translations for Chinese and French, downloadable directly from the main homepage of the program. The author warns, however, about possible danger that may come from using these translations.
Because of standard windows editbox architecture used in TED Notepad, the editor does not support some of the advanced display and editing techniques like syntax highlighting or block selection. Some users find these features to be the key features of many other professional text editors.
Several users have requested improvements in design and visual feeling of the application, including the missing toolbar or multiple document interface. In response, the author stated that most of these suggestions were "out of scope" of his original interest. To date, none of these features have ever been implemented. Several users also complained about the menu getting "crammed" by adding more and more features. Although the respectable number of various editing functions is the main feature of the application, it is also a sticking point of its design.
Several users have reported various troubles when printing documents from TED Notepad, for example setting up a printing font size.
April Fools' hoax
On April 1, 2007, Juraj Šimlovič pulled an April Fools' hoax on the official web-page of the project. He claimed that Microsoft was going to acquire all TED Notepad sources and copyrights for $701.556, which was the current size of the source code (in bytes). The author would no longer hold the right to develop and further distribute the program or its portions.
According to the report, which was added later to the same site, the hoax lowered visit count and visit-to-download rate.
See also
List of text editors
Comparison of text editors
References
^ https://jsimlo.sk/notepad/changes.php. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Pricelessware 2007 TEXT
^ "Top 10 Freeware – March 2006". Archived from the original on 2013-03-14. Retrieved 2007-05-13.
^ "Top 10 Freeware – June 2006". Archived from the original on 2012-05-09. Retrieved 2007-05-13.
^ "Top 10 Freeware – July 2006". Archived from the original on 2013-03-14. Retrieved 2007-05-13.
^ "Top 10 Freeware – November 2006". Archived from the original on 2012-05-09. Retrieved 2007-05-13.
^ "NONAGS Text Editors – Freeware". Archived from the original on 2016-11-22. Retrieved 2007-05-13.
^ This feature-packed text editor contains lots of additional functions over the built-in Notepad, serving to make it a robust and versatile piece of software
^ Bästa textbehandlaren heter Ted och väger in på 116 kilobyte - IDG.se
^ Ted vinner på knockout - IDG.se
^ SVET KOMPJUTERA - PD KUTAK - TED Notepad 5.0.1
^ TED Notepad – An expanding Notepad replacement
^ a b c TED Notepad – An expanding Notepad replacement
^ TED Notepad – An expanding Notepad replacement
External links
TED Notepad - An expanding Notepad replacement
TED Notepad manual and wiki
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ted (word processor)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_(word_processor)"},{"link_name":"freeware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeware"},{"link_name":"portable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_application"},{"link_name":"text editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_editor"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"Windows Notepad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notepad_(Windows)"},{"link_name":"line completion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_completion"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Ted (word processor).TED Notepad is freeware portable text editor software for Microsoft Windows, developed by Juraj Šimlovič since 2001, originally as a school project. It looks similar to Windows Notepad, but provides additional features, including experimental line completion and selection jumping.","title":"TED Notepad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"line-sensitive completion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_completion"},{"link_name":"line completion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_completion"},{"link_name":"word completion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_completion"}],"text":"Key features of TED Notepad include simple text-only interface, large variety of text-processing tools, supplemental text clipboards, high accessibility through hotkeys, and respectable number of settings and options. The application offers several innovative and experimental features like secondary search or line-sensitive completion. It is often described as swiss-army-knife text editor on web forums.Amongst innovative features, there is a secondary search, which allows users to look for two different things at the same time. The editor also allows users to select text to the next occurrence while searching. Another unusual feature is in go to dialog, which offers to select text upon jumping and to jump relatively from the current position.One of the experimental features is a line completion. Besides the standard word completion, which is based on a dictionary of the actual document, TED Notepad provides a simple way to complete words also according to line similarities. In comparison to the word completion, the line completion is capable of auto-completing punctuation, special characters and source code operators. Therefore, on lines with many operators and braces, completing source code by similar lines can be more efficient than completing by words.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"word wrapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_wrap"},{"link_name":"grep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grep"}],"sub_title":"Text tools","text":"The most visible characteristic of TED Notepad is the number of text functions it offers, including:Several letter case conversions.\nConversions of newlines between Unix and Mac platforms.\nTools for reversing text, words or entire lines.\nTools for word wrapping and unwrapping lines.\nTools for (un)indenting, (un)closing or (un)tabifying text.\nExhaustive tool for sorting lines.\nUnique lines tool, which can exclude or count duplicate lines.\nTool for translating characters into other characters.\nTool for cutting columns from text and adding line numbers.\nExtensive text statistics that calculate 12 different values about text.\nSupport for external user-defined text plugins like grep.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Other features","text":"Other practical features include:Auto-save and file backup copy.\nFavorite Esc key exit.\nMany hotkeys.\nSeveral internal clipboards for usual cliché.\nFile size limited only by actual memory available.\nWord completion, based on the actual file dictionary - the words are offered according to words already typed.\nCopy word/line above that quickly inserts words typed directly above - very handy for writing lists, where each line starts with the same/similar words.\nFavorite files menu.\nAuto indentation and Tabs as Spaces.\nMinimize to System tray and stay on top.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Awards and reviews","text":"\"Pricelessware\" award from alt.comp.freeware participants in 2007.[2]\n\"Top 10 Freeware\" awards from editors of Freeware-Guide.com in March 2006,[3] June 2006,[4] July 2006[5] and November 2006.[6]\n\"6/6 ranking\" and \"100% Virus & Spyware Clean\" award from editors of NoNags.com.[7]\n\"100% clean software\" award from Softpedia.com reporting no adware, spyware or viruses present.[8]\nMultiple reviews by editors of IDG media in November 2006[9] and January 2007.[10]\nReview by editors of Svet Kompjutera in December 2006.[11]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"editbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editbox"},{"link_name":"syntax highlighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax_highlighting"},{"link_name":"toolbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toolbar"},{"link_name":"multiple document interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_document_interface"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-13"}],"sub_title":"Criticism from users","text":"To date, TED Notepad does not officially feature versions of the program in any language other than the original English version. The author furthermore forbids anyone to translate and distribute non-official nightly translations. Despite this, there are a few non-official translations for Chinese and French, downloadable directly from the main homepage of the program. The author warns, however, about possible danger that may come from using these translations.[12]Because of standard windows editbox architecture used in TED Notepad, the editor does not support some of the advanced display and editing techniques like syntax highlighting or block selection. Some users find these features to be the key features of many other professional text editors.Several users have requested improvements in design and visual feeling of the application, including the missing toolbar or multiple document interface. In response, the author stated that most of these suggestions were \"out of scope\" of his original interest.[13] To date, none of these features have ever been implemented. Several users also complained about the menu getting \"crammed\" by adding more and more features. Although the respectable number of various editing functions is the main feature of the application, it is also a sticking point of its design.[13]Several users have reported various troubles when printing documents from TED Notepad, for example setting up a printing font size.[13]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"On April 1, 2007, Juraj Šimlovič pulled an April Fools' hoax on the official web-page of the project. He claimed that Microsoft was going to acquire all TED Notepad sources and copyrights for $701.556, which was the current size of the source code (in bytes). The author would no longer hold the right to develop and further distribute the program or its portions.[14]According to the report, which was added later to the same site, the hoax lowered visit count and visit-to-download rate.","title":"April Fools' hoax"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of text editors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_text_editors"},{"title":"Comparison of text editors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_text_editors"}]
|
[{"reference":"https://jsimlo.sk/notepad/changes.php.","urls":[{"url":"https://jsimlo.sk/notepad/changes.php","url_text":"https://jsimlo.sk/notepad/changes.php"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 10 Freeware – March 2006\". Archived from the original on 2013-03-14. Retrieved 2007-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130314015454/http://www.freeware-guide.com/month/03-06.html","url_text":"\"Top 10 Freeware – March 2006\""},{"url":"http://www.freeware-guide.com/month/03-06.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 10 Freeware – June 2006\". Archived from the original on 2012-05-09. Retrieved 2007-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120509230131/http://www.freeware-guide.com/month/06-06.html","url_text":"\"Top 10 Freeware – June 2006\""},{"url":"http://www.freeware-guide.com/month/06-06.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 10 Freeware – July 2006\". Archived from the original on 2013-03-14. Retrieved 2007-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130314004618/http://www.freeware-guide.com/month/07-06.html","url_text":"\"Top 10 Freeware – July 2006\""},{"url":"http://www.freeware-guide.com/month/07-06.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Top 10 Freeware – November 2006\". Archived from the original on 2012-05-09. Retrieved 2007-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120509230246/http://www.freeware-guide.com/month/11-06.html","url_text":"\"Top 10 Freeware – November 2006\""},{"url":"http://www.freeware-guide.com/month/11-06.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NONAGS Text Editors – Freeware\". Archived from the original on 2016-11-22. Retrieved 2007-05-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161122051546/http://www.nonags.com/nonags/texted32.html#TedNPad","url_text":"\"NONAGS Text Editors – Freeware\""},{"url":"http://www.nonags.com/nonags/texted32.html#TedNPad","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wantage_Rural_District
|
Wantage Rural District
|
["1 Civil parishes","2 Notes","3 References"]
|
Coordinates: 51°37′N 1°26′W / 51.62°N 1.44°W / 51.62; -1.44
Map of boundary as of 1971
A sign erected in Harwell, Oxfordshire by Wantage Rural District Council instructing no rubbish to be dumped. Possibly dating from the early 1970s
Wantage was a rural district of Berkshire, England from 1894 to 1974.
It was created in 1894 as a successor to the Wantage rural sanitary district. It was named after Wantage, which formed a separate urban district entirely surrounded by the rural district. It had its headquarters in Belmont, Wantage.
The district was abolished in 1974 (as were all other rural districts, under the Local Government Act 1972). Its area was split between the Vale of White Horse district in Oxfordshire, and the Newbury district of Berkshire.
Civil parishes
The district contained the following civil parishes during its existence:
Aldworth
Ardington
Beedon
Blewbury
Brightwalton
Catmore
Chaddleworth
Childrey
Chilton
Compton
Denchworth
East Challow
East Hanney
East Hendred
East Ilsley
Farnborough
Fawley
Goosey
Grove
Hampstead Norreys
Harwell
Hermitage
Letcombe Bassett
Letcombe Regis
Lockinge
Peasemore
Sparsholt
Upton
West Challow
West Hanney
West Ilsley
Notes
^ "Wantage Rural District Council". The London Gazette. Retrieved 29 May 2012.
^ Frederic A Youngs Jr., Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England, Volume I: Southern England, London, 1979
References
Wantage RD at Vision of Britain
Local Government Act 1972
vteAdministrative county of Berkshire (1888-1974)Berkshire County CouncilCounty boroughs
Reading
Municipal boroughs
Abingdon
Maidenhead
Newbury
Wallingford
New Windsor
Wokingham
Urban districts
Wantage
Rural districts
Abingdon
Bradfield
Cookham
Easthampstead
Faringdon
Hungerford
Newbury
Wallingford
Wantage
Windsor
Wokingham
vteThe District of the Vale of White Horse
Oxfordshire
County Council elections
District Council elections
Didcot and Wantage County Constituency
Oxford West and Abingdon County Constituency
Witney County Constituency
Towns
Abingdon-on-Thames
Caldecott
Faringdon
Wantage
Belmont
Large villages
Blewbury
Cumnor
Chilswell
Cumnor Hill
Dean Court
Farmoor
Swinford
Drayton
East Challow
East Hendred
Grove
Harwell
Kennington
Kingston Bagpuize with Southmoor
Kingston Bagpuize
Southmoor
Marcham
Cothill
Milton
North Hinksey
Botley
Harcourt Hill
Radley
St. Helen Without
Dry Sandford
Shippon
Shrivenham
Stanford in the Vale
Bow
Steventon
Sunningwell
Bayworth
Boars Hill
Foxcombe Hill
Sutton Courtenay
Watchfield
Wootton
Boars Hill
Henwood
Lamborough Hill
Other civil parishes(component villagesand hamlets)
Appleford-on-Thames
Appleton-with-Eaton
Appleton
Eaton
Ardington and Lockinge
Ardington
Ardington Wick
East Lockinge
West Lockinge
West Ginge
Ashbury
Idstone
Kingstone Winslow
Baulking
Besselsleigh
Bourton
Buckland
Gainfield
Buscot
Charney Bassett
Childrey
Chilton
Coleshill
Compton Beauchamp
Knighton
Denchworth
East Hanney
Eaton Hastings
Fernham
Frilford
Fyfield and Tubney
Fyfield
Tubney
Netherton
Garford
Goosey
Great Coxwell
Hatford
Little Hatford
Hinton Waldrist
Duxford
Kingston Lisle
Letcombe Bassett
Letcombe Regis
Little Coxwell
Littleworth
Longcot
Longworth
Lyford
Pusey
Shellingford
South Hinksey
Hinksey Hill
Sparsholt
Uffington
Upton
West Challow
West Hanney
West Hendred
East Ginge
Western Valley
Woolstone
Wytham
Seacourt
Former districtsand boroughs
Municipal Borough of Abingdon
Abingdon Rural District
Faringdon Rural District
Wantage Urban District
Wantage Rural District
Formerconstituencies
Oxfordshire County Constituency
Abingdon Borough Constituency
Berkshire North or Abingdon County Constituency
Abingdon County Constituency
List of parliamentary constituencies in Oxfordshire
List of places in Oxfordshire
List of civil parishes in Oxfordshire
51°37′N 1°26′W / 51.62°N 1.44°W / 51.62; -1.44
|
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Possibly dating from the early 1970sWantage was a rural district of Berkshire, England from 1894 to 1974.It was created in 1894 as a successor to the Wantage rural sanitary district. It was named after Wantage, which formed a separate urban district entirely surrounded by the rural district. It had its headquarters in Belmont, Wantage.[1]The district was abolished in 1974 (as were all other rural districts, under the Local Government Act 1972). Its area was split between the Vale of White Horse district in Oxfordshire, and the Newbury district of Berkshire.","title":"Wantage Rural District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil parishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Aldworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldworth"},{"link_name":"Ardington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardington"},{"link_name":"Beedon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beedon"},{"link_name":"Blewbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blewbury"},{"link_name":"Brightwalton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brightwalton"},{"link_name":"Catmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catmore"},{"link_name":"Chaddleworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaddleworth"},{"link_name":"Childrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childrey"},{"link_name":"Chilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilton,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Compton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Denchworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denchworth"},{"link_name":"East Challow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Challow"},{"link_name":"East Hanney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Hanney"},{"link_name":"East Hendred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Hendred"},{"link_name":"East Ilsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Ilsley"},{"link_name":"Farnborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnborough,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Fawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fawley,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Goosey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goosey"},{"link_name":"Grove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Hampstead Norreys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead_Norreys"},{"link_name":"Harwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harwell,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Hermitage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitage,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Letcombe Bassett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letcombe_Bassett"},{"link_name":"Letcombe Regis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letcombe_Regis"},{"link_name":"Lockinge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockinge"},{"link_name":"Peasemore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasemore"},{"link_name":"Sparsholt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparsholt,_Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"Upton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upton,_Vale_of_White_Horse"},{"link_name":"West Challow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Challow"},{"link_name":"West Hanney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hanney"},{"link_name":"West Ilsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Ilsley"}],"text":"The district contained the following civil parishes during its existence:[2]Aldworth\nArdington\nBeedon\nBlewbury\nBrightwalton\nCatmore\nChaddleworth\nChildrey\nChilton\nCompton\nDenchworth\nEast Challow\nEast Hanney\nEast Hendred\nEast Ilsley\nFarnborough\nFawley\nGoosey\nGrove\nHampstead Norreys\nHarwell\nHermitage\nLetcombe Bassett\nLetcombe Regis\nLockinge\nPeasemore\nSparsholt\nUpton\nWest Challow\nWest Hanney\nWest Ilsley","title":"Civil parishes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Belmont_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Wantage Rural District Council\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/45888/supplement/1057"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"}],"text":"^ \"Wantage Rural District Council\". The London Gazette. Retrieved 29 May 2012.\n\n^ Frederic A Youngs Jr., Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England, Volume I: Southern England, London, 1979","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A sign erected in Harwell, Oxfordshire by Wantage Rural District Council instructing no rubbish to be dumped. Possibly dating from the early 1970s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/No_rubbish_sign_wantage_rdc.jpg/220px-No_rubbish_sign_wantage_rdc.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_eels
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Eel life history
|
["1 Past studies of eels","2 Search for the spawning grounds","2.1 European eel","2.2 American eel","2.3 Japanese eel","2.4 Southern African eels","2.5 New Zealand longfin eels","3 Decline of the glass eels","4 Threats to eels","5 See also","6 References","7 Sources and further reading","8 External links"]
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Eel life cycle
Distribution and size of leptocephali larvae of the American eel, Anguilla rostrata
Eels are any of several long, thin, bony fishes of the order Anguilliformes. They have a catadromous life cycle, that is: at different stages of development migrating between inland waterways and the deep ocean. Because fishermen never caught anything they recognized as young eels, the life cycle of the eel was long a mystery. Of particular interest has been the search for the spawning grounds for the various species of eels, and identifying the population impacts of different stages of the life cycle.
Past studies of eels
The European eel (Anguilla anguilla) is the one most familiar to Western scientists, beginning with Aristotle, who wrote the earliest known inquiry into the natural history of eels. He speculated that they were born of "earth worms", which he believed were formed of mud, growing from the "guts of wet soil" rather than through sexual reproduction. Many centuries passed before scientists were able to demonstrate that such spontaneous generation does not occur.
In 1777, the Italian Carlo Mondini located an eel's ovaries and demonstrated that eels are a kind of fish. In 1876, as a young student in Austria, Sigmund Freud dissected hundreds of eels in search of the male sex organs. He had to concede failure in his first major published research paper, and turned to other issues in frustration.
Larval eels — transparent, leaflike two-inch (five-cm) creatures of the open ocean — were not generally recognized as eels until 1893; instead, they were thought to be a separate species, Leptocephalus brevirostris (from the Greek leptocephalus meaning "thin- or flat-head"). In 1886, however, the French zoologist Yves Delage discovered the truth when he kept leptocephali alive in a laboratory tank in Roscoff until they matured into eels, and in 1896 Italian zoologist Giovanni Battista Grassi confirmed the finding when he observed the transformation of a Leptocephalus into a round glass eel in the Mediterranean Sea. (He also observed that salt water was necessary to support the maturation process.) Although the connection between larval eels and adult eels is now well understood, the name leptocephalus is still used for larval eel.
Search for the spawning grounds
Leptocephalus larva of an ocean eel
Glass eels at the transition between ocean and fresh water; the skin is still transparent and the red gills and the heart are visible; length about 8 cm
Juvenile eels, length about 25 cm
European eel
The Danish professor Johannes Schmidt, beginning in 1904, led a series of expeditions into the Mediterranean Sea and the North Atlantic (the Dana expeditions) to investigate eels. The expeditions were largely financed by the Carlsberg Foundation. He noted that all the leptocephali he found were very similar, and hypothesized that they all must have descended from a common ancestor. He also observed that the farther out to sea in the Atlantic Ocean he went, the smaller the leptocephali were. In a 1922 expedition, he sailed as far as the Sargasso Sea, south of Bermuda, where he caught the smallest eel-larvae that had ever been seen. Although Schmidt did not directly observe eel spawning, or even find ready-to-spawn adult eels, he deduced the following about the life history of the eel, based on the size distribution of the leptocephali he collected: The larvae of European eels travel with the Gulf Stream across the Atlantic Ocean from the Sargasso Sea, and grow to 75–90 mm within one to three years, before they reach the coasts of Europe. Marine eels of the order Anguilliformes also have a leptocephalus stage, and likely pass through a stage similar to the anguillid glass eels, but they are rarely seen in the ocean.
Eels in this so-called "recruitment" developmental stage are known as glass eels because of the transparency of their bodies. The term typically refers to a transparent eel of the family Anguillidae. It is applied to an intermediary stage in the eel's complex life history between the leptocephalus stage and the juvenile (elver) stage. Glass eels are defined as "all developmental stages from completion of leptocephalus metamorphosis until full pigmentation". Once the glass eels arrive at coastal areas, they migrate up rivers and streams, overcoming various natural and man-made challenges — sometimes by piling up their bodies by the tens of thousands to climb over obstacles — and they reach even the smallest of creeks. At this stage in their growth they are small enough to benefit from surface tension in order to climb vertical walls.
In fresh water they develop pigmentation, turn into elvers (young eels), and feed on creatures such as small crustaceans, worms, and insects. For 10 to 14 years they mature, growing to a length of 60 to 80 cm. The eels can propel themselves over wet grass and dig through wet sand to reach upstream headwaters and ponds, thus colonizing the continent. During this stage they are called yellow eels because of their golden pigmentation.
In July, some mature individuals migrate back towards the sea, sometimes crossing wet grasslands at night to reach rivers that lead to the sea. Eel migrations out of their freshwater growth habitats from various parts of Europe, or through the Baltic Sea in the Danish straits, have been the basis of traditional fisheries with characteristic trapnets.
Details of the adults' migration across 6,000 km (3,700 mi) open ocean journey back to their spawning grounds north of the Antilles, Haiti, and Puerto Rico remain poorly understood. By the time they leave Europe, their gut dissolves, making feeding impossible, so they have to rely on stored energy alone. The external features undergo other dramatic changes, as well: the eyes start to enlarge, the eye pigments change for optimal vision in dim blue clear ocean light, and the sides of their bodies turn silvery, to create a countershading pattern which makes them difficult to see by predators during their long open-ocean migration. These migrating eels are typically called "silver eels" or "big eyes".
German fisheries biologist Friedrich Wilhelm Tesch conducted many expeditions with high-tech instrumentation to follow eel migration, first down the Baltic, then along the coasts of Norway and England, but finally the transmitter signals were lost at the continental shelf when the batteries ran out According to Schmidt, a travel speed in the ocean of 15 km per day can be assumed, so a silver eel would need around 140 to 150 days to reach the Sargasso Sea from Scotland and about 165 to 175 days when leaving from the English Channel.
Tesch — like Schmidt — kept trying to persuade sponsors to provide more funding for expeditions. His proposal was to release 50 silver eels from Danish waters, with transmitters that would detach from the eels each second day, float up toward the surface, and broadcast their position, depth, and temperature to satellite receivers. He also suggested that countries on the western side of the Atlantic could perform a similar release experiment at the same time. In December 2018 researchers in the Azores, (about 1,400 km (870 mi) west of the Iberian coast—the furthest point on the migration route identified in previous experiments) fitted 26 large female European eels with satellite tags and released them into the Atlantic Ocean. Tracking demonstrated that the fishes' journey to the Sargasso took a further year, or more.
American eel
Another Atlantic eel species is known: the American eel, Anguilla rostrata. First it was believed European and American eels were the same species due to their similar appearance and behavior, but they differ in chromosome count and various molecular genetic markers, and in the number of vertebrae, A. anguilla counting 110 to 119 and A. rostrata 103 to 110.
The spawning grounds for the two species are in an overlapping area of the southern Sargasso Sea, with A. rostrata apparently being more westward than A. anguilla. This was confirmed in 2023. After spawning in the Sargasso Sea and moving to the west, the leptocephali of the American eel exit the Gulf Stream earlier than the European eel and begin migrating into the estuaries along the east coast of North America between February and late April at an age around one year and a length around 60 mm.
Japanese eel
The spawning area of the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, has also been found. Their breeding site is to the west of the Suruga seamount (14–17°N, 142–143°E), near the Mariana Islands. and their leptocephali are then transported to the west to East Asia by the North Equatorial Current.
In June and August 2008, Japanese scientists discovered and caught matured adult eels of A. japonica and A. marmorata in the West Mariana Ridge.
Southern African eels
Southern Africa's four species of freshwater eels (A. mossambica, A. bicolor bicolor, A. bengalensis labiata, and A. marmorata) have an interesting migratory pattern: It takes them on a long journey from their spawning grounds in the Indian Ocean north of Madagascar to high up in some of the Southern African river systems and then back again to the ocean off Madagascar.
New Zealand longfin eels
New Zealand longfin eels breed only once at the end of their lives, making a journey of thousands of kilometres from New Zealand to their spawning grounds near Tonga. Their eggs (of which each female eel produces between 1 and 20 million) are fertilized in an unknown manner, but probably in deep tropical water. The mature eels then die, their eggs floating to the surface to hatch into very flat leaf-like larvae (called leptocephalus) that then drift along large oceanic currents back to New Zealand. This drifting is thought to take up to 15 months. There have been no recorded captures of either the eggs or larvae of longfin eels.
Decline of the glass eels
Glass eel on the online in situ microscope at the LEO project
Glass eel
For unknown reasons, beginning in the mid-1980s, glass eel arrival in the spring dropped drastically—in Germany to 10% and in France to 14% of their previous levels—from even conservative estimates. Data from Maine and other North American coasts showed similar declines, although not as drastic.
In 1997, European demand for eels could not be met for the first time ever, and dealers from Asia bought all they could. The traditional European stocking programs could not compete any longer: each week, the price for a kilogram of glass eel went up another US$30. Even before the 1997 generation hit the coasts of Europe, dealers from China alone placed advance orders for more than 250,000 kg, some bidding more than $1,100 per kg. Asian elvers have sold in Hong Kong for as much as $5,000 to $6,000 a kilogram at times when $1,000 would buy the same amount of American glass eels at their catching sites. Such a kilogram, consisting of 5000 glass eels, may bring at least $60,000 and as much as $150,000 after they leave an Asian fish farm. In New Jersey, over 2000 licenses for glass eel catch were issued and reports of 38 kg per night and fisherman have been made, although the average catch is closer to 1 kg.
Glass eels have been harvested for food from the River Severn, England, for centuries, but for about 200 years, from the sixteenth to eighteenth century, the practice was outlawed by act of Parliament. The restriction was removed in 1873 and in 1908 a collection point and holding station for the catch was established at Epney, Gloucestershire. Initially the crop was sold for human consumption but, as infrastructure for live transport improved, the glass eels were exported throughout Europe for stocking natural waterways and to the Far East for eel aquaculture.
The demand for adult eels has continued to grow, as of 2003. Germany imported more than $50 million worth of eels in 2002. In Europe, 25 million kg are consumed each year, but in Japan alone, more than 100 million kg were consumed in 1996. As the European eels become less available, worldwide interest in American eels has increased dramatically.
New high-tech eel aquaculture plants are appearing in Asia, with detrimental effects on the native Japanese eel, A. japonica. Traditional eel aquaculture operations rely on wild-caught elvers, but experimental hormone treatments in Japan have led to artificially spawned eels. Eggs from these treated eels have a diameter of about 1 mm, and each female can produce up to 10 million eggs. However, these treated eels may not solve the eel crisis. Scientists are struggling to get eels to sexual maturity without environmental cues. Additionally, leptocephali (larva) require a diet of marine snow which is difficult to recreate in aquaculture.
Threats to eels
Strong concerns exist that the European eel population might be devastated by a new threat: Anguillicola crassus, a foreign parasitic nematode. This parasite from East Asia (the original host is A. japonica) appeared in European eel populations in the early 1980s. Since 1995, it also appeared in the United States (Texas and South Carolina), most likely due to uncontrolled aquaculture eel shipments. In Europe, eel populations are already from 30% to 100% infected with the nematode. Recently, this parasite was shown to inhibit the function of the swimbladder as a hydrostatic organ. As open ocean voyagers, eels need the carrying capacity of the swimbladder (which makes up 3–6% of the eel's body weight) to cross the ocean on stored energy alone.
Because the eels are catadromous (living in fresh water but spawning in the sea), dams and other river obstructions can block their ability to reach inland feeding grounds. Since the 1970s, an increasing number of eel ladders have been constructed in North America and Europe to help the fish bypass obstructions.
In New Jersey, an ongoing project monitors the glass eel migration with an online in situ microscope. As soon as more funding becomes available, it will be possible to log into the system via a Longterm Ecological Observatory (LEO) site.
See also
Eel ladder
Fish migration
References
^ Mundine, Carolus (1783). De Angillae Ovariis (in Latin). Vol. 6. De Bononiensi Scientiarum et Artium Instituto atque Academia Commentarii. 6:406–18
^ Freud, Sigmund (1877). Beobachtungen über Gestaltung und feineren Bau der als Hoden beschriebenen Lappenorgane des Aals (in German). Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe. Vol. 75, p. 419. Freud's study was in response to Szymon Syrski's book Ueber die Reproductions-Organe der Aale (1874); see Ursula Reidel-Schrewe "Freud's Début in the Sciences" in: Sander L. Gilman, Jutta Birmele, Jay Geller, Valerie D Greenberg (eds.), Reading Freud's Reading, NYU Press, 1995, pp. 1–22.
^ "Was dachten Nazis über den Aal? | Archiv – Berliner Zeitung" (in German). Berlinonline.de. 2004-10-20. Retrieved 2013-07-16.
^ FH. "Der Aal im Nationalsozialismus" (in German). Wno.org. Archived from the original on December 17, 2011. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
^ "Sigmund Freud und der Aal" (in German). Kulturkurier.de. Retrieved 2013-07-16.
^ Tesh F.W. 2003. The eel, third edition. Published by Blackwell Science. 408 pages
^ Safran, Patrick, ed. (2009). Fisheries and aquaculture : towards sustainable aquatic living resources management. Vol. 3. Oxford: UNESCO. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-84826-560-8.
^ Piper, Ross (2007), Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals, Greenwood Press.
^ "Ancient mystery of European eel migration unravelled to help combat decline of critically endangered species". Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
^ Wright, R.M.; Piper, A.T.; Aarestrup, K. (2023). "First direct evidence of adult European eels migrating to their breeding place in the Sargasso Sea". Scientific Reports. 12. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-19248-8.
^ Tsukamoto, Katsumi (23 February 2006). "Spawning of eels near a seamount". Nature. 439 (7079): 929. doi:10.1038/439929a. PMID 16495988. S2CID 4346565.
^ Chow, S.; Kurogi, H.; Mochioka, N.; Kaji, S.; Okazaki, M.; Tsukamoto, K. (2009). "Discovery of mature freshwater eels in the open ocean". Fisheries Science. 75: 257–259. doi:10.1007/s12562-008-0017-5. S2CID 39090269.
^ Jim Cambray (April 2004). "African freshwater eels – new tools in environmental education". Science in Africa. Archived from the original on 2013-03-17. Retrieved 2013-03-29.
^ a b c Jellyman, D.; Tsukamoto, K. (2010). "Vertical migrations may control maturation in migrating female Anguilla dieffenbachii". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 404: 241–247. Bibcode:2010MEPS..404..241J. doi:10.3354/meps08468.
^ Jellyman, D. (2006). "Tagging along when longfins go spawning" (PDF). Water & Atmosphere. 14 (1): 24–25.
^ a b McDowall, R. M. (1990). New Zealand freshwater fishes: a natural history and guide (Rev. ed.). Auckland: Heinemann-Reed.
^ Chisnall, B. L.; Jellyman, D. J.; Bonnett, M. L.; Sykes, J. R. (2002). "Spatial and temporal variability in length of glass eels (Anguilla spp.) in New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 36 (1): 89–104. doi:10.1080/00288330.2002.9517073.
^ "Demand for Baby Eels Brings High Prices and Limits". 2000-12-03. Archived from the original on December 24, 2002. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
^ 25 Henry VIII, c. 7
^ 36 & 37 Vict c. 71
^ Aprahamian, Miran; Wood, Peter (February 2021). "Estimation of glass eel ( Anguilla anguilla ) exploitation in the Severn Estuary, England". Fisheries Management and Ecology. 28 (1): 65–75. doi:10.1111/fme.12455. S2CID 225134755.
^ a b Bird, Winifred. "In Japan, Captive Breeding May Help Save the Wild Eel". Yale Environment 360. Yale School of the Environment. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
^ Schneebauer, Gabriel; Dirks, Ron P.; Pelster, Bernd (2017-08-17). "Anguillicola crassus infection affects mRNA expression levels in gas gland tissue of European yellow and silver eel". PLOS ONE. 12 (8): e0183128. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1283128S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0183128. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5560681. PMID 28817599.
^ Würtz, J.; Taraschewski, H. (2000-01-14). "Histopathological changes in the swimbladder wall of the European eel Anguilla anguilla due to infections with Anguillicola crassus". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 39 (2): 121–134. doi:10.3354/dao039121. ISSN 0177-5103. PMID 10715817.
Sources and further reading
Banks, R.C., R.W. McDiarmid, A.L. Gardner, & W.C. Starnes (2003). Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada.
Bussing, W.A. (1998). Peces de las aguas continentales de Costa Rica . 2nd ed. San José Costa Rica: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica.
Butsch, R.S. (1939). A list of Barbadian fishes. J. B.M.H.S. 7(1): pp. 17–31.
Böhlke, J.E. & C.C.G. Chaplin (1993). Fishes of the Bahamas and adjacent tropical waters. 2nd edition. University of Texas Press, Austin.
Claro, R. (1994). Characterísticas generales de la ictiofauna. pp. 55–70. R. Claro Ecología de los peces marinos de Cuba. Instituto de Oceanología Academia de Ciencias de Cuba and Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo.
Claro, Rodolfo, & Lynne R. Parenti (2001). Chapter 2: The Marine Ichthyofauna of Cuba. Claro, Rodolfo, Kenyon C. Lindeman, & L.R. Parenti, Ecology of the Marine Fishes of Cuba. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, DC, USA. pp. 21–57. ISBN 1-56098-985-8.
Erdman, D.S. (1984). Exotic fishes in Puerto Rico. pp. 162–176. W.R. Courtney, Jr. & J.R. Stauffer, Jr. Distribution, biology and management of exotic fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, USA.
Eschmeyer, William N., (1998). Catalog of Fishes. Special Publication of the Center for Biodiversity Research and Information, no. 1, vol 1–3. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, California, USA. 2905. ISBN 0-940228-47-5.
Fish, M.P. & W.H. Mowbray (1970). Sounds of Western North Atlantic fishes. A reference file of biological underwater sounds. The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, MD.
Food and Agriculture Organization (1992). FAO yearbook 1990. Fishery statistics. Catches and landings. FAO Fish. Ser. (38). FAO Stat. Ser. 70:(105)
Food and Agriculture Organization (1997). Aquaculture production statistics 1986–1995. FAO Fish. Circ. 815, Rev. 9.
Greenfield, D.W & J.E Thomerson (1997). Fishes of the continental waters of Belize. University Press of Florida, Florida.
International Game Fish Association (1991). World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, USA.
Jessop, B.M. (1987). Migrating American eels in Nova Scotia. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 116: pp. 161–170.
Kenny, J.S. (1995). Views from the Bridge: A memoir on the freshwater fishes of Trinidad. Julian S. Kenny, Maracas, St. Joseph, Trinidad, & Tobago.
Lim, P., Meunier, F.J., Keith, P. & Noël, P.Y. (2002). Atlas des poissons et des crustacés d'eau douce de la Martinique. Patrimoines Naturels, 51: Paris: MNHN.
Murdy, Edward O., Ray S. Birdsong, & John A. Musick 1997. Fishes of Chesapeake Bay. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, DC, USA. ISBN 1-56098-638-7.
Nelson, Joseph S., Edwin J. Crossman, Héctor Espinosa-Pérez, Lloyd T. Findley, Carter R. Gilbert, Robert N. Lea, & James D. Williams, (2004). Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico, Sixth Edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication, no. 29. American Fisheries Society. Bethesda, Maryland, USA. ISBN 1-888569-61-1.
Nielsen, J.G. and E. Bertelsen (1992). Fisk i grønlandske farvande. Atuakkiorfik, Nuuk. 65 s.
Nigrelli, R.F. (1959). Longevity of fishes in captivity, with special reference to those kept in the New York Aquarium. pp. 212–230. G.E.W. Wolstehnolmen & M. O'Connor Ciba Foundation Colloquium on Ageing: the life span of animals. Vol. 5., Churchill, London.
Ogden, J.C., J.A. Yntema, & I. Clavijo (1975). An annotated list of the fishes of St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Spec. Publ. No. 3.
Page, L.M. & B.M. Burr (1991). A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.
Piper, R. (2007). Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals, Greenwood Press.
Robins, C.R. & G.C. Ray (1986). A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, MA
Robins, Richard C., Reeve M. Bailey, Carl E. Bond, James R. Brooker, Ernest A. Lachner, et al. (1980). A List of Common and Scientific Names of Fishes from the United States and Canada, Fourth Edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication, no. 12. American Fisheries Society. Bethesda, MD.
Robins, Richard C., Reeve M. Bailey, Carl E. Bond, James R. Brooker, Ernest A. Lachner, et al. 1980. A List of Common and Scientific Names of Fishes from the United States and Canada, Fourth Edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication, no. 12. American Fisheries Society. Bethesda, MD.
Smith, C.L. (1997). National Audubon Society field guide to tropical marine fishes of the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, Florida, the Bahamas, and Bermuda. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York, NY.
Tesch, F.-W. (2003) The eel. Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK.
Wallace, Karen (1993) Think of an Eel, Walker Books, UK.
Wenner, C.A. (1978). Anguillidae. W. Fischer FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. West Atlantic (Fishing Area 31). volume 1. FAO, Rome, IT.
External links
The Maine Eel and Elver Fishery, Maine Department of Marine Resources
The Maine Eel and Elver Fishery, archived copy
Fishbase entry for Anguilla anguilla
Fishbase entry for Anguilla rostrata
ICES report about eel stock collapse
U.K Glass Eels — a large commercial firm's website, with history and fact pages
Projekt eelBASE
vteEels
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Actinopterygii
Superorder: Elopomorpha
Families by suborderProtanguilloidei
Protanguillidae
Synaphobranchoidei
Synaphobranchidae (Cutthroat eels)
Muraenoidei
Heterenchelyidae (Mud eels)
Myrocongridae (Thin eels)
Muraenidae (Moray eels)
Chlopsoidei
Chlopsidae (False morays)
Congroidei
Congridae (Congers)
Derichthyidae (Longneck eels)
Muraenesocidae (Pike congers)
Nettastomatidae (Duckbill eels)
Ophichthidae (Snake eels)
Moringuoidei
Moringuidae (Spaghetti eels)
Saccopharyngoidei
Eurypharyngidae (Pelican eels)
Saccopharyngidae (Gulper eels)
Monognathidae (Onejaws)
Cyematidae (Bobtail snipe eels)
Anguilloidei
Anguillidae (Freshwater eels)
Nemichthyidae (Snipe eels)
Serrivomeridae (Sawtooth eels)
As food
Eel (food)
Anago
Eel pie
Jellied eels
Kabayaki
Eel noodles
Unadon
Related topics
Eel life history
Eel ladder
Ely Eel Day
Eel pot
Glass eels
Leptocephalus (larvae)
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Category
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vtePrincipal commercial fishery species groupsWildLarge pelagic fish
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rostratamuk.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anguilla rostrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla_rostrata"},{"link_name":"Eels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eel"},{"link_name":"bony fishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bony_fish"},{"link_name":"Anguilliformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilliformes"},{"link_name":"catadromous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catadromous"},{"link_name":"life cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_life_cycle"}],"text":"Distribution and size of leptocephali larvae of the American eel, Anguilla rostrataEels are any of several long, thin, bony fishes of the order Anguilliformes. They have a catadromous life cycle, that is: at different stages of development migrating between inland waterways and the deep ocean. Because fishermen never caught anything they recognized as young eels, the life cycle of the eel was long a mystery. Of particular interest has been the search for the spawning grounds for the various species of eels, and identifying the population impacts of different stages of the life cycle.","title":"Eel life history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European eel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_eel"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"spontaneous generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_generation"},{"link_name":"Carlo Mondini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carlo_Mondini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Sigmund Freud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Yves Delage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Delage"},{"link_name":"Roscoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoff"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Battista Grassi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Grassi"},{"link_name":"Leptocephalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptocephalus"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"}],"text":"The European eel (Anguilla anguilla) is the one most familiar to Western scientists, beginning with Aristotle, who wrote the earliest known inquiry into the natural history of eels. He speculated that they were born of \"earth worms\", which he believed were formed of mud, growing from the \"guts of wet soil\" rather than through sexual reproduction. Many centuries passed before scientists were able to demonstrate that such spontaneous generation does not occur.In 1777, the Italian Carlo Mondini located an eel's ovaries and demonstrated that eels are a kind of fish.[1] In 1876, as a young student in Austria, Sigmund Freud dissected hundreds of eels in search of the male sex organs. He had to concede failure in his first major published research paper, and turned to other issues in frustration.[2][3][4][5]Larval eels — transparent, leaflike two-inch (five-cm) creatures of the open ocean — were not generally recognized as eels until 1893; instead, they were thought to be a separate species, Leptocephalus brevirostris (from the Greek leptocephalus meaning \"thin- or flat-head\"). In 1886, however, the French zoologist Yves Delage discovered the truth when he kept leptocephali alive in a laboratory tank in Roscoff until they matured into eels, and in 1896 Italian zoologist Giovanni Battista Grassi confirmed the finding when he observed the transformation of a Leptocephalus into a round glass eel in the Mediterranean Sea. (He also observed that salt water was necessary to support the maturation process.) Although the connection between larval eels and adult eels is now well understood, the name leptocephalus is still used for larval eel.","title":"Past studies of eels"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LeptocephalusConger.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glasseelskils.jpg"},{"link_name":"gills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rostrata.jpg"}],"text":"Leptocephalus larva of an ocean eelGlass eels at the transition between ocean and fresh water; the skin is still transparent and the red gills and the heart are visible; length about 8 cmJuvenile eels, length about 25 cm","title":"Search for the spawning grounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Johannes Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Schmidt_(biologist)"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"Dana expeditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_expeditions"},{"link_name":"Carlsberg Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlsberg_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Sargasso Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargasso_Sea"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda"},{"link_name":"spawning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spawn_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Gulf Stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Stream"},{"link_name":"glass eels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_eel"},{"link_name":"Anguillidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguillidae"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"surface tension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_tension"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"crustaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean"},{"link_name":"worms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worm"},{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Antilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antilles"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye"},{"link_name":"countershading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countershading"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Wilhelm Tesch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Wilhelm_Tesch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"continental shelf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Shelf"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Azores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores"},{"link_name":"Iberian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberia"},{"link_name":"satellite tags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop-up_satellite_archival_tag"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"European eel","text":"The Danish professor Johannes Schmidt, beginning in 1904, led a series of expeditions into the Mediterranean Sea and the North Atlantic (the Dana expeditions) to investigate eels. The expeditions were largely financed by the Carlsberg Foundation. He noted that all the leptocephali he found were very similar, and hypothesized that they all must have descended from a common ancestor. He also observed that the farther out to sea in the Atlantic Ocean he went, the smaller the leptocephali were. In a 1922 expedition, he sailed as far as the Sargasso Sea, south of Bermuda, where he caught the smallest eel-larvae that had ever been seen. Although Schmidt did not directly observe eel spawning, or even find ready-to-spawn adult eels, he deduced the following about the life history of the eel, based on the size distribution of the leptocephali he collected: The larvae of European eels travel with the Gulf Stream across the Atlantic Ocean from the Sargasso Sea, and grow to 75–90 mm within one to three years, before they reach the coasts of Europe. Marine eels of the order Anguilliformes also have a leptocephalus stage, and likely pass through a stage similar to the anguillid glass eels, but they are rarely seen in the ocean.Eels in this so-called \"recruitment\" developmental stage are known as glass eels because of the transparency of their bodies. The term typically refers to a transparent eel of the family Anguillidae. It is applied to an intermediary stage in the eel's complex life history between the leptocephalus stage and the juvenile (elver) stage. Glass eels are defined as \"all developmental stages from completion of leptocephalus metamorphosis until full pigmentation\".[6] Once the glass eels arrive at coastal areas, they migrate up rivers and streams, overcoming various natural and man-made challenges — sometimes by piling up their bodies by the tens of thousands to climb over obstacles[citation needed] — and they reach even the smallest of creeks. At this stage in their growth they are small enough to benefit from surface tension in order to climb vertical walls.[7]In fresh water they develop pigmentation, turn into elvers (young eels), and feed on creatures such as small crustaceans, worms, and insects. For 10 to 14 years they mature, growing to a length of 60 to 80 cm. The eels can propel themselves over wet grass and dig through wet sand to reach upstream headwaters and ponds, thus colonizing the continent. During this stage they are called yellow eels because of their golden pigmentation.In July, some mature individuals migrate back towards the sea, sometimes crossing wet grasslands at night to reach rivers that lead to the sea. Eel migrations out of their freshwater growth habitats from various parts of Europe, or through the Baltic Sea in the Danish straits, have been the basis of traditional fisheries with characteristic trapnets.Details of the adults' migration across 6,000 km (3,700 mi) open ocean journey back to their spawning grounds north of the Antilles, Haiti, and Puerto Rico remain poorly understood. By the time they leave Europe, their gut dissolves, making feeding impossible, so they have to rely on stored energy alone.[8] The external features undergo other dramatic changes, as well: the eyes start to enlarge, the eye pigments change for optimal vision in dim blue clear ocean light, and the sides of their bodies turn silvery, to create a countershading pattern which makes them difficult to see by predators during their long open-ocean migration. These migrating eels are typically called \"silver eels\" or \"big eyes\".German fisheries biologist Friedrich Wilhelm Tesch conducted many expeditions with high-tech instrumentation to follow eel migration, first down the Baltic, then along the coasts of Norway and England, but finally the transmitter signals were lost at the continental shelf when the batteries ran out [when?] According to Schmidt, a travel speed in the ocean of 15 km per day can be assumed, so a silver eel would need around 140 to 150 days to reach the Sargasso Sea from Scotland and about 165 to 175 days when leaving from the English Channel.Tesch — like Schmidt — kept trying to persuade sponsors to provide more funding for expeditions. His proposal was to release 50 silver eels from Danish waters, with transmitters that would detach from the eels each second day, float up toward the surface, and broadcast their position, depth, and temperature to satellite receivers. He also suggested that countries on the western side of the Atlantic could perform a similar release experiment at the same time. In December 2018 researchers in the Azores, (about 1,400 km (870 mi) west of the Iberian coast—the furthest point on the migration route identified in previous experiments) fitted 26 large female European eels with satellite tags and released them into the Atlantic Ocean. Tracking demonstrated that the fishes' journey to the Sargasso took a further year, or more.[9]","title":"Search for the spawning grounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American eel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_eel"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"leptocephali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptocephali"}],"sub_title":"American eel","text":"Another Atlantic eel species is known: the American eel, Anguilla rostrata. First it was believed European and American eels were the same species due to their similar appearance and behavior, but they differ in chromosome count and various molecular genetic markers, and in the number of vertebrae, A. anguilla counting 110 to 119 and A. rostrata 103 to 110.The spawning grounds for the two species are in an overlapping area of the southern Sargasso Sea, with A. rostrata apparently being more westward than A. anguilla. This was confirmed in 2023.[10] After spawning in the Sargasso Sea and moving to the west, the leptocephali of the American eel exit the Gulf Stream earlier than the European eel and begin migrating into the estuaries along the east coast of North America between February and late April at an age around one year and a length around 60 mm.","title":"Search for the spawning grounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japanese eel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_eel"},{"link_name":"Suruga seamount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suruga_seamount&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mariana Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Islands"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nature-11"},{"link_name":"A. marmorata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla_marmorata"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Japanese eel","text":"The spawning area of the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, has also been found. Their breeding site is to the west of the Suruga seamount (14–17°N, 142–143°E), near the Mariana Islands.[11] and their leptocephali are then transported to the west to East Asia by the North Equatorial Current.In June and August 2008, Japanese scientists discovered and caught matured adult eels of A. japonica and A. marmorata in the West Mariana Ridge.[12]","title":"Search for the spawning grounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A. mossambica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla_mossambica"},{"link_name":"A. bicolor bicolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla_bicolor_bicolor"},{"link_name":"A. bengalensis labiata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla_bengalensis_labiata"},{"link_name":"A. marmorata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguilla_marmorata"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Southern African eels","text":"Southern Africa's four species of freshwater eels (A. mossambica, A. bicolor bicolor, A. bengalensis labiata, and A. marmorata) have an interesting migratory pattern: It takes them on a long journey from their spawning grounds in the Indian Ocean north of Madagascar to high up in some of the Southern African river systems and then back again to the ocean off Madagascar.[13]","title":"Search for the spawning grounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand longfin eels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_longfin_eel"},{"link_name":"breed only once","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_longfin_eel#Life_cycle"},{"link_name":"Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jellyman_Tsukamoto-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jellyman_2006-15"},{"link_name":"fertilized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilized"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDowall-16"},{"link_name":"leptocephalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptocephalus"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jellyman_Tsukamoto-14"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McDowall-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jellyman_Tsukamoto-14"}],"sub_title":"New Zealand longfin eels","text":"New Zealand longfin eels breed only once at the end of their lives, making a journey of thousands of kilometres from New Zealand to their spawning grounds near Tonga.[14][15] Their eggs (of which each female eel produces between 1 and 20 million) are fertilized in an unknown manner, but probably in deep tropical water.[16] The mature eels then die, their eggs floating to the surface to hatch into very flat leaf-like larvae (called leptocephalus) that then drift along large oceanic currents back to New Zealand.[14][17] This drifting is thought to take up to 15 months.[16] There have been no recorded captures of either the eggs or larvae of longfin eels.[14]","title":"Search for the spawning grounds"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rostrataluk.jpg"},{"link_name":"LEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longterm_Ecological_Observatory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glasseelkils.gif"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"North American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US$"},{"link_name":"elvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elver_(fish)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"River Severn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Severn"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Epney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epney"},{"link_name":"stocking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_stocking"},{"link_name":"aquaculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eel_life_history&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"sexual maturity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_maturity"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bird-22"},{"link_name":"leptocephali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptocephali"},{"link_name":"marine snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_snow"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bird-22"}],"text":"Glass eel on the online in situ microscope at the LEO projectGlass eelFor unknown reasons, beginning in the mid-1980s, glass eel arrival in the spring dropped drastically—in Germany to 10% and in France to 14% of their previous levels—from even conservative estimates. Data from Maine and other North American coasts showed similar declines, although not as drastic.[citation needed]In 1997, European demand for eels could not be met for the first time ever, and dealers from Asia bought all they could. The traditional European stocking programs could not compete any longer: each week, the price for a kilogram of glass eel went up another US$30. Even before the 1997 generation hit the coasts of Europe, dealers from China alone placed advance orders for more than 250,000 kg, some bidding more than $1,100 per kg. Asian elvers have sold in Hong Kong for as much as $5,000 to $6,000 a kilogram at times when $1,000 would buy the same amount of American glass eels at their catching sites.[18] Such a kilogram, consisting of 5000 glass eels, may bring at least $60,000 and as much as $150,000 after they leave an Asian fish farm. In New Jersey, over 2000 licenses for glass eel catch were issued and reports of 38 kg per night and fisherman have been made, although the average catch is closer to 1 kg.Glass eels have been harvested for food from the River Severn, England, for centuries, but for about 200 years, from the sixteenth to eighteenth century, the practice was outlawed by act of Parliament.[19] The restriction was removed in 1873 and in 1908 a collection point and holding station for the catch was established at Epney, Gloucestershire. Initially the crop was sold for human consumption but, as infrastructure for live transport improved, the glass eels were exported throughout Europe for stocking natural waterways and to the Far East for eel aquaculture.[20][21]The demand for adult eels has continued to grow, as of 2003[update]. Germany imported more than $50 million worth of eels in 2002. In Europe, 25 million kg are consumed each year, but in Japan alone, more than 100 million kg were consumed in 1996. As the European eels become less available, worldwide interest in American eels has increased dramatically.New high-tech eel aquaculture plants are appearing in Asia, with detrimental effects on the native Japanese eel, A. japonica. Traditional eel aquaculture operations rely on wild-caught elvers, but experimental hormone treatments in Japan have led to artificially spawned eels. Eggs from these treated eels have a diameter of about 1 mm, and each female can produce up to 10 million eggs. However, these treated eels may not solve the eel crisis. Scientists are struggling to get eels to sexual maturity without environmental cues.[22] Additionally, leptocephali (larva) require a diet of marine snow which is difficult to recreate in aquaculture.[22]","title":"Decline of the glass eels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anguillicola crassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguillicola_crassus"},{"link_name":"nematode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematode"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"swimbladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimbladder"},{"link_name":"hydrostatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrostatic"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"catadromous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_migration"},{"link_name":"eel ladders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eel_ladder"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Longterm Ecological Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longterm_Ecological_Observatory"}],"text":"Strong concerns exist that the European eel population might be devastated by a new threat: Anguillicola crassus, a foreign parasitic nematode. This parasite from East Asia (the original host is A. japonica) appeared in European eel populations in the early 1980s. Since 1995, it also appeared in the United States (Texas and South Carolina), most likely due to uncontrolled aquaculture eel shipments. In Europe, eel populations are already from 30% to 100% infected with the nematode. Recently, this parasite was shown to inhibit the function of the swimbladder as a hydrostatic organ.[23][24] As open ocean voyagers, eels need the carrying capacity of the swimbladder (which makes up 3–6% of the eel's body weight) to cross the ocean on stored energy alone.Because the eels are catadromous (living in fresh water but spawning in the sea), dams and other river obstructions can block their ability to reach inland feeding grounds. Since the 1970s, an increasing number of eel ladders have been constructed in North America and Europe to help the fish bypass obstructions.In New Jersey, an ongoing project monitors the glass eel migration with an online in situ microscope. As soon as more funding becomes available, it will be possible to log into the system via a Longterm Ecological Observatory (LEO) site.","title":"Threats to eels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-56098-985-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56098-985-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-940228-47-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-940228-47-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-56098-638-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56098-638-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-888569-61-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-888569-61-1"},{"link_name":"Reeve M. Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeve_Maclaren_Bailey"}],"text":"Banks, R.C., R.W. McDiarmid, A.L. Gardner, & W.C. Starnes (2003). Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada.\nBussing, W.A. (1998). Peces de las aguas continentales de Costa Rica [Freshwater fishes of Costa Rica]. 2nd ed. San José Costa Rica: Editorial de la Universidad de Costa Rica.\nButsch, R.S. (1939). A list of Barbadian fishes. J. B.M.H.S. 7(1): pp. 17–31.\nBöhlke, J.E. & C.C.G. Chaplin (1993). Fishes of the Bahamas and adjacent tropical waters. 2nd edition. University of Texas Press, Austin.\nClaro, R. (1994). Characterísticas generales de la ictiofauna. pp. 55–70. [In] R. Claro [ed.] Ecología de los peces marinos de Cuba. Instituto de Oceanología Academia de Ciencias de Cuba and Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo.\nClaro, Rodolfo, & Lynne R. Parenti (2001). Chapter 2: The Marine Ichthyofauna of Cuba. [In] Claro, Rodolfo, Kenyon C. Lindeman, & L.R. Parenti, [eds.] Ecology of the Marine Fishes of Cuba. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, DC, USA. pp. 21–57. ISBN 1-56098-985-8.\nErdman, D.S. (1984). Exotic fishes in Puerto Rico. pp. 162–176. [In] W.R. Courtney, Jr. & J.R. Stauffer, Jr. [eds.] Distribution, biology and management of exotic fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, USA.\nEschmeyer, William N., [ed.] (1998). Catalog of Fishes. Special Publication of the Center for Biodiversity Research and Information, no. 1, vol 1–3. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, California, USA. 2905. ISBN 0-940228-47-5.\nFish, M.P. & W.H. Mowbray (1970). Sounds of Western North Atlantic fishes. A reference file of biological underwater sounds. The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, MD.\nFood and Agriculture Organization (1992). FAO yearbook 1990. Fishery statistics. Catches and landings. FAO Fish. Ser. (38). FAO Stat. Ser. 70:(105)\nFood and Agriculture Organization (1997). Aquaculture production statistics 1986–1995. FAO Fish. Circ. 815, Rev. 9.\nGreenfield, D.W & J.E Thomerson (1997). Fishes of the continental waters of Belize. University Press of Florida, Florida.\nInternational Game Fish Association (1991). World record game fishes. International Game Fish Association, Florida, USA.\nJessop, B.M. (1987). Migrating American eels in Nova Scotia. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 116: pp. 161–170.\nKenny, J.S. (1995). Views from the Bridge: A memoir on the freshwater fishes of Trinidad. Julian S. Kenny, Maracas, St. Joseph, Trinidad, & Tobago.\nLim, P., Meunier, F.J., Keith, P. & Noël, P.Y. (2002). Atlas des poissons et des crustacés d'eau douce de la Martinique. Patrimoines Naturels, 51: Paris: MNHN.\nMurdy, Edward O., Ray S. Birdsong, & John A. Musick 1997. Fishes of Chesapeake Bay. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, DC, USA. ISBN 1-56098-638-7.\nNelson, Joseph S., Edwin J. Crossman, Héctor Espinosa-Pérez, Lloyd T. Findley, Carter R. Gilbert, Robert N. Lea, & James D. Williams, [eds.] (2004). Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico, Sixth Edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication, no. 29. American Fisheries Society. Bethesda, Maryland, USA. ISBN 1-888569-61-1.\nNielsen, J.G. and E. Bertelsen (1992). Fisk i grønlandske farvande. Atuakkiorfik, Nuuk. 65 s.\nNigrelli, R.F. (1959). Longevity of fishes in captivity, with special reference to those kept in the New York Aquarium. pp. 212–230. [In] G.E.W. Wolstehnolmen & M. O'Connor [eds.] Ciba Foundation Colloquium on Ageing: the life span of animals. Vol. 5., Churchill, London.\nOgden, J.C., J.A. Yntema, & I. Clavijo (1975). An annotated list of the fishes of St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Spec. Publ. No. 3.\nPage, L.M. & B.M. Burr (1991). A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.\nPiper, R. (2007). Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals, Greenwood Press.\nRobins, C.R. & G.C. Ray (1986). A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, MA\nRobins, Richard C., Reeve M. Bailey, Carl E. Bond, James R. Brooker, Ernest A. Lachner, et al. (1980). A List of Common and Scientific Names of Fishes from the United States and Canada, Fourth Edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication, no. 12. American Fisheries Society. Bethesda, MD.\nRobins, Richard C., Reeve M. Bailey, Carl E. Bond, James R. Brooker, Ernest A. Lachner, et al. 1980. A List of Common and Scientific Names of Fishes from the United States and Canada, Fourth Edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication, no. 12. American Fisheries Society. Bethesda, MD.\nSmith, C.L. (1997). National Audubon Society field guide to tropical marine fishes of the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, Florida, the Bahamas, and Bermuda. Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., New York, NY.\nTesch, F.-W. (2003) The eel. Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK.\nWallace, Karen (1993) Think of an Eel, Walker Books, UK. [A picture book for children that describes the life cycle of the eel.]\nWenner, C.A. (1978). Anguillidae. [In] W. Fischer [ed.] FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. West Atlantic (Fishing Area 31). volume 1. FAO, Rome, IT.","title":"Sources and further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Distribution and size of leptocephali larvae of the American eel, Anguilla rostrata","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Rostratamuk.jpg/300px-Rostratamuk.jpg"},{"image_text":"Leptocephalus larva of an ocean eel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/LeptocephalusConger.jpg/220px-LeptocephalusConger.jpg"},{"image_text":"Glass eels at the transition between ocean and fresh water; the skin is still transparent and the red gills and the heart are visible; length about 8 cm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Glasseelskils.jpg/220px-Glasseelskils.jpg"},{"image_text":"Juvenile eels, length about 25 cm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Rostrata.jpg/220px-Rostrata.jpg"},{"image_text":"Glass eel on the online in situ microscope at the LEO project","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Rostrataluk.jpg/220px-Rostrataluk.jpg"},{"image_text":"Glass eel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Glasseelkils.gif/220px-Glasseelkils.gif"}]
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[{"title":"Eel ladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eel_ladder"},{"title":"Fish migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_migration"}]
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[{"reference":"Mundine, Carolus (1783). De Angillae Ovariis (in Latin). Vol. 6. De Bononiensi Scientiarum et Artium Instituto atque Academia Commentarii.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/182857#page/566/mode/1up","url_text":"De Angillae Ovariis"}]},{"reference":"Freud, Sigmund (1877). Beobachtungen über Gestaltung und feineren Bau der als Hoden beschriebenen Lappenorgane des Aals [Observations on the configuration and finer structure of the lobed organs in eels described as testes] (in German). Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud","url_text":"Freud, Sigmund"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XLddNAEACAAJ","url_text":"Beobachtungen über Gestaltung und feineren Bau der als Hoden beschriebenen Lappenorgane des Aals"}]},{"reference":"\"Was dachten Nazis über den Aal? | Archiv – Berliner Zeitung\" (in German). Berlinonline.de. 2004-10-20. Retrieved 2013-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/archiv/was-dachten-nazis-ueber-den-aal-,10810590,10223736.html","url_text":"\"Was dachten Nazis über den Aal? | Archiv – Berliner Zeitung\""}]},{"reference":"FH. \"Der Aal im Nationalsozialismus\" (in German). Wno.org. Archived from the original on December 17, 2011. Retrieved 2012-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111217081256/http://www.wno.org/newpages/sci02b.html","url_text":"\"Der Aal im Nationalsozialismus\""},{"url":"http://www.wno.org/newpages/sci02b.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sigmund Freud und der Aal\" (in German). Kulturkurier.de. Retrieved 2013-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kulturkurier.de/veranstaltung_65637.html","url_text":"\"Sigmund Freud und der Aal\""}]},{"reference":"Safran, Patrick, ed. (2009). Fisheries and aquaculture : towards sustainable aquatic living resources management. Vol. 3. Oxford: UNESCO. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-84826-560-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO","url_text":"UNESCO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84826-560-8","url_text":"978-1-84826-560-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Ancient mystery of European eel migration unravelled to help combat decline of critically endangered species\". Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Retrieved 15 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ancient-mystery-of-european-eel-migration-unravelled-to-help-combat-decline-of-critically-endangered-species","url_text":"\"Ancient mystery of European eel migration unravelled to help combat decline of critically endangered species\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs","url_text":"Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs"}]},{"reference":"Wright, R.M.; Piper, A.T.; Aarestrup, K. (2023). \"First direct evidence of adult European eels migrating to their breeding place in the Sargasso Sea\". Scientific Reports. 12. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-19248-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-19248-8","url_text":"\"First direct evidence of adult European eels migrating to their breeding place in the Sargasso Sea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-022-19248-8","url_text":"10.1038/s41598-022-19248-8"}]},{"reference":"Tsukamoto, Katsumi (23 February 2006). \"Spawning of eels near a seamount\". Nature. 439 (7079): 929. doi:10.1038/439929a. PMID 16495988. S2CID 4346565.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F439929a","url_text":"\"Spawning of eels near a seamount\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F439929a","url_text":"10.1038/439929a"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16495988","url_text":"16495988"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4346565","url_text":"4346565"}]},{"reference":"Chow, S.; Kurogi, H.; Mochioka, N.; Kaji, S.; Okazaki, M.; Tsukamoto, K. (2009). \"Discovery of mature freshwater eels in the open ocean\". Fisheries Science. 75: 257–259. doi:10.1007/s12562-008-0017-5. S2CID 39090269.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12562-008-0017-5","url_text":"10.1007/s12562-008-0017-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39090269","url_text":"39090269"}]},{"reference":"Jim Cambray (April 2004). \"African freshwater eels – new tools in environmental education\". Science in Africa. Archived from the original on 2013-03-17. Retrieved 2013-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130317044215/http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2004/april/eels.htm","url_text":"\"African freshwater eels – new tools in environmental education\""},{"url":"http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2004/april/eels.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jellyman, D.; Tsukamoto, K. (2010). \"Vertical migrations may control maturation in migrating female Anguilla dieffenbachii\". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 404: 241–247. Bibcode:2010MEPS..404..241J. doi:10.3354/meps08468.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps08468","url_text":"\"Vertical migrations may control maturation in migrating female Anguilla dieffenbachii\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010MEPS..404..241J","url_text":"2010MEPS..404..241J"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps08468","url_text":"10.3354/meps08468"}]},{"reference":"Jellyman, D. (2006). \"Tagging along when longfins go spawning\" (PDF). Water & Atmosphere. 14 (1): 24–25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.niwa.co.nz/sites/default/files/import/attachments/longfins.pdf","url_text":"\"Tagging along when longfins go spawning\""}]},{"reference":"Chisnall, B. L.; Jellyman, D. J.; Bonnett, M. L.; Sykes, J. R. (2002). \"Spatial and temporal variability in length of glass eels (Anguilla spp.) in New Zealand\". New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 36 (1): 89–104. doi:10.1080/00288330.2002.9517073.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00288330.2002.9517073","url_text":"\"Spatial and temporal variability in length of glass eels (Anguilla spp.) in New Zealand\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00288330.2002.9517073","url_text":"10.1080/00288330.2002.9517073"}]},{"reference":"\"Demand for Baby Eels Brings High Prices and Limits\". 2000-12-03. Archived from the original on December 24, 2002. Retrieved 2012-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20021224001858/http://www.ecoscope.com/eelnews.htm","url_text":"\"Demand for Baby Eels Brings High Prices and Limits\""},{"url":"http://www.ecoscope.com/eelnews.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Aprahamian, Miran; Wood, Peter (February 2021). \"Estimation of glass eel ( Anguilla anguilla ) exploitation in the Severn Estuary, England\". Fisheries Management and Ecology. 28 (1): 65–75. doi:10.1111/fme.12455. S2CID 225134755.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Ffme.12455","url_text":"10.1111/fme.12455"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225134755","url_text":"225134755"}]},{"reference":"Bird, Winifred. \"In Japan, Captive Breeding May Help Save the Wild Eel\". Yale Environment 360. Yale School of the Environment. Retrieved 28 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://e360.yale.edu/features/in_japan_captive_breeding_may_help_save_the_wild_eel","url_text":"\"In Japan, Captive Breeding May Help Save the Wild Eel\""}]},{"reference":"Schneebauer, Gabriel; Dirks, Ron P.; Pelster, Bernd (2017-08-17). \"Anguillicola crassus infection affects mRNA expression levels in gas gland tissue of European yellow and silver eel\". PLOS ONE. 12 (8): e0183128. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1283128S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0183128. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5560681. PMID 28817599.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5560681","url_text":"\"Anguillicola crassus infection affects mRNA expression levels in gas gland tissue of European yellow and silver eel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PLoSO..1283128S","url_text":"2017PLoSO..1283128S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0183128","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0183128"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203","url_text":"1932-6203"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5560681","url_text":"5560681"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28817599","url_text":"28817599"}]},{"reference":"Würtz, J.; Taraschewski, H. (2000-01-14). \"Histopathological changes in the swimbladder wall of the European eel Anguilla anguilla due to infections with Anguillicola crassus\". Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 39 (2): 121–134. doi:10.3354/dao039121. ISSN 0177-5103. PMID 10715817.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fdao039121","url_text":"\"Histopathological changes in the swimbladder wall of the European eel Anguilla anguilla due to infections with Anguillicola crassus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fdao039121","url_text":"10.3354/dao039121"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0177-5103","url_text":"0177-5103"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10715817","url_text":"10715817"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eel_life_history&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/182857#page/566/mode/1up","external_links_name":"De Angillae Ovariis"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XLddNAEACAAJ","external_links_name":"Beobachtungen über Gestaltung und feineren Bau der als Hoden beschriebenen Lappenorgane des Aals"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/sitzungsberichte75kais#page/n367/mode/2up","external_links_name":"p. 419"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xVytX-gaKVEC","external_links_name":"Reading Freud's Reading"},{"Link":"http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/archiv/was-dachten-nazis-ueber-den-aal-,10810590,10223736.html","external_links_name":"\"Was dachten Nazis über den Aal? | Archiv – Berliner Zeitung\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111217081256/http://www.wno.org/newpages/sci02b.html","external_links_name":"\"Der Aal im Nationalsozialismus\""},{"Link":"http://www.wno.org/newpages/sci02b.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.kulturkurier.de/veranstaltung_65637.html","external_links_name":"\"Sigmund Freud und der Aal\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/ancient-mystery-of-european-eel-migration-unravelled-to-help-combat-decline-of-critically-endangered-species","external_links_name":"\"Ancient mystery of European eel migration unravelled to help combat decline of critically endangered species\""},{"Link":"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-19248-8","external_links_name":"\"First direct evidence of adult European eels migrating to their breeding place in the Sargasso Sea\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-022-19248-8","external_links_name":"10.1038/s41598-022-19248-8"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F439929a","external_links_name":"\"Spawning of eels near a seamount\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F439929a","external_links_name":"10.1038/439929a"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16495988","external_links_name":"16495988"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4346565","external_links_name":"4346565"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12562-008-0017-5","external_links_name":"10.1007/s12562-008-0017-5"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39090269","external_links_name":"39090269"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130317044215/http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2004/april/eels.htm","external_links_name":"\"African freshwater eels – new tools in environmental education\""},{"Link":"http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2004/april/eels.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps08468","external_links_name":"\"Vertical migrations may control maturation in migrating female Anguilla dieffenbachii\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010MEPS..404..241J","external_links_name":"2010MEPS..404..241J"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fmeps08468","external_links_name":"10.3354/meps08468"},{"Link":"https://www.niwa.co.nz/sites/default/files/import/attachments/longfins.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Tagging along when longfins go spawning\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00288330.2002.9517073","external_links_name":"\"Spatial and temporal variability in length of glass eels (Anguilla spp.) in New Zealand\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00288330.2002.9517073","external_links_name":"10.1080/00288330.2002.9517073"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20021224001858/http://www.ecoscope.com/eelnews.htm","external_links_name":"\"Demand for Baby Eels Brings High Prices and Limits\""},{"Link":"http://www.ecoscope.com/eelnews.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Ffme.12455","external_links_name":"10.1111/fme.12455"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225134755","external_links_name":"225134755"},{"Link":"https://e360.yale.edu/features/in_japan_captive_breeding_may_help_save_the_wild_eel","external_links_name":"\"In Japan, Captive Breeding May Help Save the Wild Eel\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5560681","external_links_name":"\"Anguillicola crassus infection affects mRNA expression levels in gas gland tissue of European yellow and silver eel\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PLoSO..1283128S","external_links_name":"2017PLoSO..1283128S"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0183128","external_links_name":"10.1371/journal.pone.0183128"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203","external_links_name":"1932-6203"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5560681","external_links_name":"5560681"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28817599","external_links_name":"28817599"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fdao039121","external_links_name":"\"Histopathological changes in the swimbladder wall of the European eel Anguilla anguilla due to infections with Anguillicola crassus\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3354%2Fdao039121","external_links_name":"10.3354/dao039121"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0177-5103","external_links_name":"0177-5103"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10715817","external_links_name":"10715817"},{"Link":"https://www.maine.gov/dmr/fisheries/commercial/fisheries-by-species/eels-and-elvers/the-maine-eel-and-elver-fisheries","external_links_name":"The Maine Eel and Elver Fishery, Maine Department of Marine Resources"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120403170742/https://www.maine.gov/dmr/rm/eel.html","external_links_name":"The Maine Eel and Elver Fishery"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040123132721/http://filaman.uni-kiel.de/Summary/SpeciesSummary.cfm?ID=35&genusname=Anguilla&speciesname=anguilla","external_links_name":"Fishbase entry for Anguilla anguilla"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130212155103/http://filaman.uni-kiel.de/Summary/SpeciesSummary.cfm?ID=296&genusname=Anguilla&speciesname=rostrata","external_links_name":"Fishbase entry for Anguilla rostrata"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050310085414/http://www.ices.dk/marineworld/eel.asp","external_links_name":"ICES report about eel stock collapse"},{"Link":"http://www.glasseel.com/","external_links_name":"U.K Glass Eels — a large commercial firm's website, with history and fact pages"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20001027080113/http://www.ecoscope.com/eelbase.htm","external_links_name":"Projekt eelBASE"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPJF
|
WPJF
|
["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Radio station in Greenville, South CarolinaWPJFGreenville, South CarolinaBroadcast areaUpstate South CarolinaFrequency1260 kHzBrandingRadio Vida 1260 AMProgrammingFormatChristian Talk in SpanishOwnershipOwnerIglesia Vida y Esperanza de Greenville, South CarolinaHistoryFirst air date1948Former call signsWMUU (1948–2008)Technical informationFacility ID73297ClassDPower5,000 watts daytime15 watts nightTransmitter coordinates34°54′30″N 82°20′41″W / 34.90833°N 82.34472°W / 34.90833; -82.34472LinksWebsitehttp://www.radiovida1260.com
WPJF (1260 AM) is Christian Talk in Spanish radio station licensed to Greenville, South Carolina, United States, it serves the Upstate South Carolina area. The outlet is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to broadcast at 1260 kHz with 5,000 watts of power daytime and 15 watts at night. It first began broadcasting in 1948. The station is currently owned by Iglesia Vida y Esperanza de Greenville, South Carolina.
History
1260 AM signed on under the ownership of Bob Jones University in May 1948 and signed on officially on September 15, 1949 as a venue for sacred and classical music, dramatic readings, and gospel preaching. The call letters stand for "World's Most Unusual University," a now-abandoned promotional slogan of BJU. Bob Jones, Sr. intended for the station to operate independently, accepting advertising rather than being supported by the university, but he did not expect the station to make a profit.
The AM station eventually increased its power from 1,000 to 5,000 watts in the early 1960s. Bob Jones University eventually shifted the majority of its sacred and classical music to WMUU-FM, using the AM station for preaching and some religious music.
This practice continued until the university sold the station to Comunidad Cristiana International in early 2008. It then became a Spanish Religious station under the name "Radio Luz." The station went silent in early 2011 due to financial troubles.
On October 1, 2012, the station's license was assigned to Iglesia Nueva Vida of High Point for a purchase price of $200,000. On May 17, 2018, the station was sold to Iglesia Vida y Esperanza de Greenville, South Carolina for $480,000.
References
Barbara Rumminger, "WMUU: Greenville's Unique Radio"
External links
WPJF in the FCC AM station database
WPJF in Nielsen Audio's AM station database
vteRadio stations in Greenville and Spartanburg, South Carolina, including the UpstateBy AM frequency
660
800
910
950
1020
1070
1230
1260
1300
1330
1360
1390
1400
1440
1490
1530
1540
By FM frequency
88.1
89.3
90.1
91.1
91.5
92.5
93.3
93.7
94.5
95.5
98.1
98.9
100.5
101.1
103.1
103.3
103.9
104.51
104.9
105.5
106.3
106.9
107.3
LPFM
95.3
95.52
95.92
101.5
Translators
89.7
94.1
96.3
98.5
99.5
107.7
Digital radioby frequency & subchannel
1490
89.3-1
89.3-2
89.3-3
89.3-4
91.5-1
92.5-1
93.3-1
93.3-2
93.3-3
93.7-1
93.7-2
93.7-3
93.7-4
94.5-1
94.5-2
94.5-3
95.5-1
98.9-1
98.9-2
100.5-1
101.1-1
101.1-3
103.9-1
104.9-1
106.9-1
106.9-2
107.3-1
107.3-2
107.3-3
107.3-4
By call sign
W209CM
W231BA
W242BX
W253BG
W258CB
W299BO
WABB
WAIM
WASC
WBJU1
WBPB
WCCP-FM
WCKI
WCSZ
WELP
WEPR
WESC
WESC-FM
WFBC-FM
HD2
HD3
HD4
WGVL
WHQA
WHZT
WJMZ-FM
HD2
HD3
HD4
WKVG
HD2
HD3
WLFJ-FM
HD2
HD3
HD4
WLTE
WLTS
WMIT
WMXP-LP2
WOLI
WORD
WPCI
WPJF
WPJM
WPLS-LP2
WRIX
WROO
WROQ
WRTH-LP
WSBF-FM
WSHP-FM
WSPA-FM
WSPG
WSSL-FM
WTBI-FM
WTPT
HD2
HD3
WWOK-LP
WYFG
WYRD
WYRD-FM
HD2
Defunct
WANS (1280 AM)
WDAB (1580 AM)
WFIS (1600 AM)
Nearby regions
Athens
Atlanta
Asheville
Augusta
Charlotte
Columbia
Johnson City-Kingsport-Bristol
Knoxville
See also
List of radio stations in South Carolina
Notes
1. Part 15 station with notability.
2. Station is silent.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"Greenville, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Upstate South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstate_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"kHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilohertz"},{"link_name":"watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt"}],"text":"WPJF (1260 AM) is Christian Talk in Spanish radio station licensed to Greenville, South Carolina, United States, it serves the Upstate South Carolina area. The outlet is licensed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to broadcast at 1260 kHz with 5,000 watts of power daytime and 15 watts at night. It first began broadcasting in 1948. The station is currently owned by Iglesia Vida y Esperanza de Greenville, South Carolina.","title":"WPJF"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bob Jones University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Jones_University"},{"link_name":"Bob Jones University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Jones_University"},{"link_name":"WMUU-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKVG_(FM)"}],"text":"1260 AM signed on under the ownership of Bob Jones University in May 1948 and signed on officially on September 15, 1949 as a venue for sacred and classical music, dramatic readings, and gospel preaching. The call letters stand for \"World's Most Unusual University,\" a now-abandoned promotional slogan of BJU. Bob Jones, Sr. intended for the station to operate independently, accepting advertising rather than being supported by the university, but he did not expect the station to make a profit.The AM station eventually increased its power from 1,000 to 5,000 watts in the early 1960s. Bob Jones University eventually shifted the majority of its sacred and classical music to WMUU-FM, using the AM station for preaching and some religious music.This practice continued until the university sold the station to Comunidad Cristiana International in early 2008. It then became a Spanish Religious station under the name \"Radio Luz.\" The station went silent in early 2011 due to financial troubles.On October 1, 2012, the station's license was assigned to Iglesia Nueva Vida of High Point for a purchase price of $200,000. On May 17, 2018, the station was sold to Iglesia Vida y Esperanza de Greenville, South Carolina for $480,000.","title":"History"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WPJF¶ms=34_54_30_N_82_20_41_W_type:landmark_region:US-SC","external_links_name":"34°54′30″N 82°20′41″W / 34.90833°N 82.34472°W / 34.90833; -82.34472"},{"Link":"http://www.radiovida1260.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.radiovida1260.com"},{"Link":"http://www.wmuu.com/wmuu_history.asp","external_links_name":"\"WMUU: Greenville's Unique Radio\""},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/amq?call=WPJF","external_links_name":"WPJF"},{"Link":"https://www1.arbitron.com/sip/displaySip.do?surveyID=SP24&band=am&callLetter=WPJF","external_links_name":"WPJF"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPXD-TV
|
KPXD-TV
|
["1 History","2 Newscasts","3 Technical information","3.1 Subchannels","3.2 Analog-to-digital conversion","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 32°35′25″N 96°58′24″W / 32.59028°N 96.97333°W / 32.59028; -96.97333Ion TV station in Arlington, Texas
KPXD-TVArlington–Fort Worth–Dallas, TexasUnited StatesCityArlington, TexasChannelsDigital: 25 (UHF)Virtual: 68BrandingIonProgrammingAffiliations68.1: Ion Televisionfor others, see § SubchannelsOwnershipOwnerIon Media(E. W. Scripps Company)(Ion Media License Company, LLC)HistoryFirst air dateDecember 21, 1996 (27 years ago) (1996-12-21)Former call signsKINZ (1996–1998)Former channel number(s)Analog: 68 (UHF, 1996–2009)Digital: 42 (UHF, 2000–2019)Former affiliationsinTV (1996–1998)Call sign meaningPax TV Dallas (former network branding)Technical informationLicensing authorityFCCFacility ID68834ERP1,000 kWHAAT371.2 m (1,218 ft)Transmitter coordinates32°35′25″N 96°58′24″W / 32.59028°N 96.97333°W / 32.59028; -96.97333LinksPublic license information Public fileLMSWebsiteiontelevision.com
KPXD-TV (channel 68) is a television station licensed to Arlington, Texas, United States, serving as the Ion Television outlet for the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. Owned and operated by the Ion Media subsidiary of the E. W. Scripps Company, the station has offices on Six Flags Drive in Arlington, and its transmitter is located in Cedar Hill, Texas.
History
The station first signed on the air on December 21, 1996, as KINZ-TV (in reference to its original affiliation with the Infomall TV Network (InTV), the predecessor-of-sorts of Ion Television), carrying infomercials for much of its schedule and programming from religious broadcaster The Worship Network during the overnight hours. The station was to have originally given the call letters KAQV in its construction permit to operate the station, which were changed prior to its sign-on. In early 1998, Paxson Communications (the forerunner to Ion Media) bought the station, and changed its call letters to KPXD-TV on January 13; the station became a charter owned-and-operated station of Paxson's new family-oriented broadcast network Pax TV (now Ion Television) when the network launched on August 31, 1998.
KPXD "Pax 68" logo, used from 1998 to 2005.
As part of a wide-ranging deal that gave NBC partial ownership of Pax, the former network's owned-and-operated stations as well as many of its affiliates provided sales and marketing assistance for Pax TV stations in several markets, with KPXD entering into a joint sales agreement with KXAS-TV (channel 5; which NBC had owned 76% interest in at the time, it is now owned by the network outright).
In 2003, Pax TV decided to scale back its programming due to financial losses, resulting in much of the afternoon time slots on its stations' schedules being filled with infomercials. After Pax was rebranded as i: Independent Television on June 30, 2005, Worship Network programming moved to one of KPXD's digital subchannels (originally its third subchannel, then to its fourth subchannel after Ion Life (later Ion Plus) and Qubo launched, before Worship was dropped on January 31, 2010).
In September 2020, Ion Media was sold to the E. W. Scripps Company, marking the latter company's first entry into the Dallas–Fort Worth market. On February 27, 2021, shortly after the sale closed, Ion Plus and Qubo ceased broadcasting, and KPXD-DT2 and DT3 switched to Court TV and Grit, sharing the affiliations with KDAF (channel 33) and KSTR-DT (channel 49) respectively. The next day, KPXD-DT4 switched from Ion Shop to Laff, sharing the affiliation with KUVN-DT (channel 23). On June 28, 2021, Court TV was removed from KPXD-DT2, and replaced with Bounce TV, sharing the affiliation with KUVN-DT. On that same day, QVC and HSN were removed from KPXD-DT5 and KPXD-DT6 respectively, and began showing previews of Scripps-owned Reality TV networks Defy TV and TrueReal respectively. Both networks launched on July 1, 2021. On October 1, 2021, Newsy was added to channel KPXD-DT7.
Newscasts
Further information: KXAS-TV § News operation
In September 2001, as part of the JSA with that station, KPXD began airing tape delayed rebroadcasts of NBC station KXAS-TV's 6 and 10 p.m. newscasts each Monday through Friday evening at 6:30 and 10:30 p.m. (the latter beginning shortly before that program's live broadcast ended on KXAS). The news rebroadcasts ended in 2003, two years before most of the network's other news share agreements with Pax TV stations were terminated upon the network's rebranding as i: Independent Television, as a result of the network's financial troubles.
Technical information
Subchannels
The station's signal is multiplexed:
Subchannels of KPXD-TV
Channel
Res.
Aspect
Short name
Programming
68.1
720p
16:9
ION
Ion Television
68.2
Bounce
Bounce TV
68.3
480i
Laff
Laff
68.4
Defy TV
Defy TV
68.5
SCRIPPS
Scripps News
68.6
Jewelry
Jewelry TV
68.7
HSN2
HSN2
68.8
HSN
HSN
Analog-to-digital conversion
KPXD-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 68, on June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television. The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 42, using virtual channel 68.
References
^ "Facility Technical Data for KPXD-TV". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.
^ "Digital TV Market Listing for KPXD". www.rabbitears.info.
^ List of Digital Full-Power Stations Archived August 29, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
External links
www.iontelevision.com - Ion official website
vteBroadcast television in the North Texas Metroplex region
This region includes the following cities: Dallas
Fort Worth
Arlington
Denton
DecaturReception may vary by location and some stations may only be viewable with cable television
Full power
KDTN (2.1 Daystar, 2.2 DS Español)
KDFW (4.1 Fox, 4.2 MNT SD, 4.3 H&I, 4.4 Get)
KXAS-TV (5.1 NBC, 5.2 Cozi, 5.3 LX Home, 5.4 Oxygen)
WFAA (8.1 ABC, 8.2 WX, 8.3 Crime, 8.4 Quest, 8.5 LC)
KTVT (11.1 CBS, 11.2 Start, 11.3 Dabl, 11.4 Fave, 11.5 Charge!)
KERA-TV (13.1 PBS, 13.2 PBS Kids, 13.3 Create, 13.4 World)
KTXA (21.1 Ind., 21.3 Radar, 21.4 Dabl)
KUVN-DT (23.1 UNI, 23.2 Bounce, 23.3 Mystery, 23.5 LC)
KDFI (27.1 MNT, 27.2 Movies!, 27.3 Buzzr, 27.4 Fox SD, 27.5 Grio, 27.6 Fox WX)
KMPX (8.8 ABC UHF, 8.9 Crime, 29.1 Estrella, 29.4 LC)
KDAF (33.1 CW, 33.2 ANT, 33.3 Grit, 33.4 Charge!, 33.5 REW)
KXTX-TV (39.1 TMD, 39.2 TXO)
KTXD-TV (47.1 Merit, 47.2 Comet, 47.3 Charge!, 47.4 Nest, 47.5 SBN)
KSTR-DT (49.1/11 UniMás, 49.3/13 Court)
KFWD (52.1 ShopHQ, 52.2 Heartland, 52.3 SBN, 52.4 Retro/Ads, 52.5 JTV, 52.6/.8 Ads, 52.7 AChurch)
KAZD (55.1 Simulcast of Spectrum News 1, 55.2 MeTV, 55.3 MeToons , 55.4 MeTV+, 55.5 Story, 55.6 Catchy)
KDTX-TV (58.1 TBN, 58.2 Merit, 58.3 Inspire, 58.4 Smile, 58.5 Positiv)
KPXD-TV (68.1 Ion, 68.2 Bounce, 68.3 Laff, 68.4 Defy, 68.5 Scripps, 68.6 JTV, 68.7 HSN2, 68.8 HSN)
Low power
K22NR-D (22.1 LATV, 22.2 VieTV (in Vietnamese), 22.3 VietSkyTV (in Vietnamese), 22.4 3ABN Kids/Proclaim)
KNAV-LD (22.1 Cheddar)
KUVN-CD (23.11 UNI, 23.12 Bounce, 23.13 Mystery, 23.15 LC)
K26OL-D (26.1 Brazos TV, 26.2 3ABN, 26.3 3ABN Latino, 26.4 3ABN Kids/Proclaim)
KHPK-LD (28.1 SBN, 28.2 UANetwork, 28.6 Azteca Clic, 28.7 Azteca Corazón)
KXDA-LD (41.1 EBTV, 41.2 Alcance, 41.4 KYLP-LP (audio), 41.5 BIBLIATV)
KLEG-CD (44.1 NewsNet, 44.2 KBS America (in Korean), 44.3 JCBS TV (in Korean), 44.4 SAB TV / SWAGAT TV (in Hindi), 44.5 Diya TV (in Hindi), 44.8 Faith USA)
KPTD-LP (51.1 Reflections)
ATSC 3.0
KSTR-DT (4.1 Fox, 23.1 UNI, 33.1 CW, 49.1 UniMás)
Streaming
NBC Dallas-Fort Worth News
CBS News Texas
Cable
Bally Sports Southwest
Spectrum News 1 Dallas-Fort Worth
Defunct
KFWT-TV 21 (Ind.)
KRET-TV 23 (Edu. Ind.)
KMEC-TV/KBFI-TV 33 (Ind.)
KATA-CD (50.1 SSN, 50.2 Reino, 50.3 Peace TV, 50.4 HOT)
Texas television (by city)
Abilene/Sweetwater
Amarillo (Texas Panhandle)
Austin (Hill Country)
Beaumont/Port Arthur (Golden Triangle)
Corpus Christi
Dallas–Fort Worth (North Texas)
Ciudad Acuña – Del Rio
Eagle Pass
El Paso (West Texas)
Houston
Laredo
Lubbock (South Plains)
Midland–Odessa (Permian Basin)
Rio Grande Valley
San Angelo
San Antonio
Sherman/Ada, OK
Texarkana/Shreveport, LA (Ark-La-Tex)
Tyler/Longview (East Texas)
Victoria
Waco/Bryan (Brazos Valley)
Wichita Falls/Lawton, OK
vteOther English-language television stations licensed to and serving the state of TexasShoppingaffiliates
KFWD 52 (ShopHQ, Fort Worth)
KCEB 54 (Ads, Longview)
KUBE-TV 57 (ShopHQ, Baytown)
Independentstations
KGBS-CD 19 (Austin)
KTXA 21 (Fort Worth)
K29HW-D 29 (Austin)
KLNM-LD 42 (Lufkin)
K22JA-D 47 (Corpus Christi)
ReligiousstationsTBN
KETH-TV 14 (Houston)
KHCE-TV 23 (San Antonio)
KITU-TV 34 (Beaumont)
KLUJ-TV 44 (Harlingen)
KDTX-TV 58 (Dallas)
Daystar
KDTN 2 (Denton)
KLTJ 22 (Galveston)
GLC
KPTB-DT 16 (Lubbock)
KPTF-DT 18 (Farwell)
KMLM-DT 42 / KPCB-DT 17 (Odessa/Snyder)
Other
KHFD-LD 16 (Rel. Ind., Dallas)
K17HI-D (3ABN, Amarillo)
KHPK-LD 28 (SBN, DeSoto)
K07AAD-D 31 (SBN, Fort Worth)
KJJM-LD 34 (UAN, Dallas–Mesquite)
KSCE 38 (Rel. Ind., El Paso)
Ion Televisionaffiliates
KSAN-DT 3.4 (San Angelo)
KCWO-DT 4.3 (Big Spring)
KAUZ-DT 6.4 (Wichita Falls)
KRIS-DT 6.5 (Corpus Christi)
KVIA-DT 7.3 (El Paso)
KXII-DT 12.4 (Sherman)
KUIL-LD 12.6 (Beaumont)
KXXV-DT 25.4 / KRHD-CD 15.3 (Waco/Bryan)
KAVU-DT 25.5 (Victoria)
KPXL-TV 26 (Uvalde)
KEYU-DT 31.4 (Borger)
KTAB-DT 32.4 (Abilene)
KPKN-LD 33.2 (Tyler)
KJTV-TV 34.3 (Lubbock)
KXAN-DT 36.3 (Austin)
KSHV-DT 45.3 (Shreveport, LA)
KNVO-DT 48.4 (McAllen)
KPXB-TV 49 (Conroe)
KPXD-TV 68 (Arlington)
Other networkaffiliates
KBTV-TV 4 (Dabl, Port Arthur)
KGBT-TV (4.2 REW, 4.5 Mystery, Harlingen)
KYTX-DT 19.3 (This, Longview)
KODF-LD 26 (HOT TV, Britton)
KDAF-DT 33.2 (ANT, Dallas)
KDAF-DT 33.3 (Court TV, Dallas)
KMYS 35ATSC 3.0 (Dabl, Kerrville)
KIAH-DT 39.2 (ANT, Houston)
KXLK-CD 40.4 (Mystery, Austin)
KBPX-LD 46 (The Country Network, Houston)
KTXD-TV 47 (Stadium, Greenville)
KXAD-LD 51 (Rev'n, Amarillo)
KAZD 55 (SN1, Lake Dallas)
KTBU 55 (Quest, Conroe)
Defunct
KBEX-LP 6 (Amarillo)
K13VC 13 (UPN/Ind., Austin)
KXPX-LP 14 (Corpus Christi)
K07AAF-D 25 (HSN, Corsicana)
KWDA-LD 30 (Rel. Ind., Dallas)
K39HF 39 (Ion, Amarillo)
KQVE-LP 46 (San Antonio)
KTXC-LP 46 (Ind., Canyon)
KKCP-LP 50 (GLC), (San Angelo)
See also
ABC
CBS
CW
Fox
Ion
MyNetworkTV
NBC
PBS
Other stations in Texas
See also
Spanish stations
vteE. W. Scripps Companysorted by primary channel network affiliationsABC
KATC
KERO-TV / KZKC-LD
KGTV / KZSD-LD
KGUN-TV
KIVI-TV / KSAW-LD
KMGH-TV / KZCO-LD
KNXV-TV
KTNV-TV
KXXV / KRHD-CD
WCPO-TV
WEWS-TV
WFTS-TV 9
WKBW-TV
WMAR-TV
WRTV
WTXL-TV
WXYZ-TV
CBS
KMTV-TV
KPAX-TV / KAJJ-CD
KRTV / KXLH-LD
KTVQ
KXLF-TV / KBZK
KZTV 1
WTKR
WTVF 5
WTVR-TV
The CW
KATC 3
KRIS-TV 3
KSBY 3
KTNV-TV 3 4
KWBA-TV
WGNT
WSFL-TV
WMYD 7
Fox
KSTU
WFLX 6
WFTX-TV
WSYM-TV
WXMI
NBC
KJRH-TV
KOAA-TV
KRIS-TV
KSBY
KSHB-TV
KTVH-DT / KTGF-LD
KTPX-TV 3 8
WGBA-TV
WLEX-TV
WPTV-TV
WTMJ-TV
Ion (O&O)
KFPX-TV
KKPX-TV
KPXB-TV
KPXD-TV
KPXG-TV
KPXL-TV
KPXM-TV
KPXN-TV
KPXR-TV
KRTV / KXLH-LD 3
KSPX-TV
KTPX-TV
KWPX-TV
KXLF-TV / KBZK 3
WBPX-TV / WPXG
WCPX-TV
WDPX-TV
WEPX-TV / WPXU-TV
WINP-TV
WIPL
WKOI-TV
WLPX-TV
WNPX-TV
WOPX-TV
WPPX-TV
WPXA-TV
WPXC-TV
WPXE-TV
WPXK-TV
WPXL-TV
WPXM-TV
WPXN-TV
WPXQ-TV
WPXR-TV
WPXW-TV / WWPX-TV
WQPX-TV
WRBU
WRPX-TV
WSPX-TV
WTPX-TV
WTVR-TV 3
WXPX-TV
WZRB
Other
Bounce TV
WSFJ-TV
WFPX-TV
Grit
WDPX-TV
Ion Mystery
KZCS-LD
Independent
KASW 2
KCDO-TV / KSBS-CD
KMCC
KMCI-TV
KUPX-TV
K22JA-D
WACY-TV
WHDT
MyNetworkTV
WSYM-TV 3
Scripps News
KILM
Telemundo
K47DF-D / KZTV 1 3
TV networks
Broadcast
Bounce TV
Court TV
Defy TV
Grit
Ion Television
Ion Mystery
Laff
Scripps News
OTT
Ion Plus
Defunct
Broadcast
Qubo
TrueReal
Programming
Scripps Sports
The List
Right This Minute
Yule Log
Acquisitions
Cordillera Communications
Ion Media
Journal Communications
McGraw-Hill
Katz Broadcasting
Digital
Scripps News
People
Adam P. Symson
Rich Boehne
Edward W. Estlow
Jack R. Howard
Roy W. Howard
Ted Knap
Jim G. Lucas
Ernie Pyle
Al Schottelkotte
Charles Scripps
E. W. Scripps
Related
National Journalism Awards
Newspaper Enterprise Association
National Spelling Bee
Scripps Howard Foundation
Scripps Networks Interactive
United Feature Syndicate
United Media
Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.
NOTES:
1 Scripps operates KZTV under a shared services agreement with SagamoreHill Broadcasting.
2 KNXV-TV provides an ATSC 1.0 simulcast of sister independent station KASW for non-ATSC 3.0 tuners and receivers.
3 These stations broadcast these networks on their digital subchannels.
4 KTNV-TV provides an ATSC 1.0 simulcast of Sinclair Broadcast Group-owned CW station KVCW for non-ATSC 3.0 tuners and receivers.
5 WTVF provides an ATSC 1.0 simulcast of locally-owned and Sinclair Broadcast Group-operated Dabl station WNAB for non-ATSC 3.0 tuners and receivers.
6 Scripps operates WFLX under a shared services agreement with Gray Television.
7 WXYZ-TV provides an ATSC 1.0 simulcast of sister CW station WMYD for non-ATSC 3.0 tuners and receivers.
8 KJRH-TV provides a standard definition simulcast of sister station, Ion Television O&O KTPX-TV.
9 WFTS-TV provides an ATSC 1.0 simulcast of Hearst Television-owned independent station WMOR-TV for non-ATSC 3.0 tuners and receivers.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"television station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_station"},{"link_name":"Arlington, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Ion Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Television"},{"link_name":"Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex"},{"link_name":"Owned and operated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owned_and_operated"},{"link_name":"Ion Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Media"},{"link_name":"E. W. Scripps Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._W._Scripps_Company"},{"link_name":"Six Flags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Flags_Over_Texas"},{"link_name":"Cedar Hill, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Hill,_Texas"}],"text":"Ion TV station in Arlington, TexasKPXD-TV (channel 68) is a television station licensed to Arlington, Texas, United States, serving as the Ion Television outlet for the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. Owned and operated by the Ion Media subsidiary of the E. W. Scripps Company, the station has offices on Six Flags Drive in Arlington, and its transmitter is located in Cedar Hill, Texas.","title":"KPXD-TV"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"infomercials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infomercial"},{"link_name":"religious broadcaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"The Worship Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Worship_Network"},{"link_name":"construction permit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_permit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KPXD_Pax_68.png"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"joint sales agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_sales_agreement"},{"link_name":"KXAS-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KXAS-TV"},{"link_name":"digital subchannels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subchannel"},{"link_name":"Ion Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Plus"},{"link_name":"Qubo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubo"},{"link_name":"Court TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_TV"},{"link_name":"Grit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grit_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"KDAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KDAF"},{"link_name":"KSTR-DT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSTR-DT"},{"link_name":"Laff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laff_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"KUVN-DT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KUVN-DT"},{"link_name":"Bounce TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounce_TV"},{"link_name":"Reality TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_TV"},{"link_name":"Newsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsy"}],"text":"The station first signed on the air on December 21, 1996, as KINZ-TV (in reference to its original affiliation with the Infomall TV Network (InTV), the predecessor-of-sorts of Ion Television), carrying infomercials for much of its schedule and programming from religious broadcaster The Worship Network during the overnight hours. The station was to have originally given the call letters KAQV in its construction permit to operate the station, which were changed prior to its sign-on. In early 1998, Paxson Communications (the forerunner to Ion Media) bought the station, and changed its call letters to KPXD-TV on January 13; the station became a charter owned-and-operated station of Paxson's new family-oriented broadcast network Pax TV (now Ion Television) when the network launched on August 31, 1998.KPXD \"Pax 68\" logo, used from 1998 to 2005.As part of a wide-ranging deal that gave NBC partial ownership of Pax, the former network's owned-and-operated stations as well as many of its affiliates provided sales and marketing assistance for Pax TV stations in several markets, with KPXD entering into a joint sales agreement with KXAS-TV (channel 5; which NBC had owned 76% interest in at the time, it is now owned by the network outright).In 2003, Pax TV decided to scale back its programming due to financial losses, resulting in much of the afternoon time slots on its stations' schedules being filled with infomercials. After Pax was rebranded as i: Independent Television on June 30, 2005, Worship Network programming moved to one of KPXD's digital subchannels (originally its third subchannel, then to its fourth subchannel after Ion Life (later Ion Plus) and Qubo launched, before Worship was dropped on January 31, 2010).In September 2020, Ion Media was sold to the E. W. Scripps Company, marking the latter company's first entry into the Dallas–Fort Worth market. On February 27, 2021, shortly after the sale closed, Ion Plus and Qubo ceased broadcasting, and KPXD-DT2 and DT3 switched to Court TV and Grit, sharing the affiliations with KDAF (channel 33) and KSTR-DT (channel 49) respectively. The next day, KPXD-DT4 switched from Ion Shop to Laff, sharing the affiliation with KUVN-DT (channel 23). On June 28, 2021, Court TV was removed from KPXD-DT2, and replaced with Bounce TV, sharing the affiliation with KUVN-DT. On that same day, QVC and HSN were removed from KPXD-DT5 and KPXD-DT6 respectively, and began showing previews of Scripps-owned Reality TV networks Defy TV and TrueReal respectively. Both networks launched on July 1, 2021. On October 1, 2021, Newsy was added to channel KPXD-DT7.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KXAS-TV § News operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KXAS-TV#News_operation"},{"link_name":"tape delayed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape_delayed"}],"text":"Further information: KXAS-TV § News operationIn September 2001, as part of the JSA with that station, KPXD began airing tape delayed rebroadcasts of NBC station KXAS-TV's 6 and 10 p.m. newscasts each Monday through Friday evening at 6:30 and 10:30 p.m. (the latter beginning shortly before that program's live broadcast ended on KXAS). The news rebroadcasts ended in 2003, two years before most of the network's other news share agreements with Pax TV stations were terminated upon the network's rebranding as i: Independent Television, as a result of the network's financial troubles.","title":"Newscasts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Technical information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multiplexed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplex_(TV)"}],"sub_title":"Subchannels","text":"The station's signal is multiplexed:","title":"Technical information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UHF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHF"},{"link_name":"federally mandated transition from analog to digital television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_television_transition_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Analog_to_Digital-3"},{"link_name":"virtual channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_channel"}],"sub_title":"Analog-to-digital conversion","text":"KPXD-TV shut down its analog signal, over UHF channel 68, on June 12, 2009, as part of the federally mandated transition from analog to digital television.[3] The station's digital signal remained on its pre-transition UHF channel 42, using virtual channel 68.","title":"Technical information"}]
|
[{"image_text":"KPXD \"Pax 68\" logo, used from 1998 to 2005.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/KPXD_Pax_68.png/145px-KPXD_Pax_68.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Facility Technical Data for KPXD-TV\". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=68834","url_text":"\"Facility Technical Data for KPXD-TV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]},{"reference":"\"Digital TV Market Listing for KPXD\". www.rabbitears.info.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rabbitears.info/market.php?request=station_search&callsign=KPXD#station","url_text":"\"Digital TV Market Listing for KPXD\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Y%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_de_la_Almedina
|
Fernando Yáñez de la Almedina
|
["1 References","2 In Spanish"]
|
Spanish painter
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Fernando Yáñez de la Almedina" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish. (July 2009) Click for important translation instructions.
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Saint Catherine of Alexandria, oil on canvas, c. 1510, in the Museo del Prado, Madrid, Spain
The Virgin with Child and Little (Infant) Saint John , 1505, in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States
Fernando (or Hernando) Yáñez de la Almedina, born in Almedina, Spain in c. 1475 and died in Valencia, Kingdom of Spain in 1536, was a Spanish painter. He was one of the most important early Renaissance painters in Spain. Of supposed morisco origin, he travelled to Italy to study fine art, and in the process became familiar with the work of Leonardo da Vinci. After returning to Spain, he collaborated with Hernando de los Llanos on many works.
References
^ Babette Bohn and James M. Saslow, A Companion to Renaissance and Baroque Art, page 117.
^ An Overview of Leonardo's Career and Projects until c. 1500, edited by Claire J. Farago, page 108.
^ Richard B. Wernham, The New Cambridge Modern History, page 169.
In Spanish
Pedro Miguel Ibáñez Martínez, Fernando Yáñez de Almedina (Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, 1 January 1999)
Museo Nacional del Prado, "Fernando Yáñez de la Almedina"
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fernando Yáñez de la Almedina.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
2
National
Germany
United States
Artists
RKD Artists
ULAN
This article about a Spanish painter is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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He was one of the most important early Renaissance painters in Spain. 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You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"In Spanish"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Saint Catherine of Alexandria, oil on canvas, c. 1510, in the Museo del Prado, Madrid, Spain","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Fernando_ya%C3%B1ez-santa_catalina-prado.jpg/220px-Fernando_ya%C3%B1ez-santa_catalina-prado.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Virgin with Child and Little (Infant) Saint John [the Baptist], 1505, in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, United States","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Virgen_con_ni%C3%B1o_y_San_Juanito_1505._%C3%93leo_y_Temple_sobre_tabla._784_x_641_cm._The_National_Gallery_of_Art._Washington.jpg/220px-Virgen_con_ni%C3%B1o_y_San_Juanito_1505._%C3%93leo_y_Temple_sobre_tabla._784_x_641_cm._The_National_Gallery_of_Art._Washington.jpg"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaria_G%C3%B3mez
|
Samaria Gómez
|
["1 Early life","2 Club career","2.1 AD Legends","2.2 Real Estelí F.C.","2.3 Le Havre AC","2.4 Elpides Karditsas","2.5 Bnot Netanya F.C.","3 International career","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Salvadoran footballer (born 2002)
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Gómez and the second or maternal family name is Mejía.
Samaria GómezPersonal informationFull name
Samaria Saraí Gómez MejíaDate of birth
(2002-02-18) 18 February 2002 (age 22)Place of birth
San Martín, San Salvador, El SalvadorHeight
1.56 m (5 ft 1 in)Position(s)
ForwardTeam informationCurrent team
Bnot NetanyaYouth career2017–2019
AD LegendsSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2019–2021
Real Estelí
?
(52)2021–2022
Le Havre
6
(0)2022–2023
Elpides Karditsas
?
(14)2023–
Bnot Netanya
0
(0)International career‡2020
El Salvador U-20
3
(1)2022–
El Salvador
10
(4)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 28 June 2023‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 4 June 2024
Samaria Saraí Gómez Mejía (born 18 February 2002) is a Salvadoran footballer who plays as a forward for Bnot Netanya F.C. and the El Salvador women's national team.
Early life
Gómez grew up in the San Martín municipality of San Salvador. As a child, she played in youth tournaments in San Bartolo and Ilopango, often as the only girl on her team.
Club career
AD Legends
In 2017, the 15-year-old Gómez began playing for AD Legends' under-17 team, ultimately winning five consecutive championships with the side.
Real Estelí F.C.
In 2019, the 17-year-old Gómez moved to Nicaragua to sign with Real Estelí. In 2021, she won back-to-back Nicaraguan women's football championships with the club.
Le Havre AC
In October 2021, the 19-year-old Gómez signed with French team Le Havre AC. She made her debut in a first-round Coupe de France victory over Valenciennes FC.
Gómez scored for the first time or the club in the subsequent second-round match against OCNA, netting Le Havre's third goal in a 4–1 win. On the final day of the season, Gómez was a 67th-minute substitute in a 4–0 win over FC Vendenheim that secured Le Havre's promotion to Division 1 Féminine.
Elpides Karditsas
In September 2022, Gómez signed a one-year deal with Greek team Elpides Karditsas. She made her Greek A Division debut on 20 November 2022, scoring a hat-trick in a 0–6 victory away to Avantes Chalkida.
Bnot Netanya F.C.
In September 2023, Gómez signed with Israeli team Bnot Netanya F.C.
International career
On April 8, 2022, Gómez earned her first senior cap for El Salvador, coming on as a half-time substitute in a 2–0 win over Barbados.
References
^ "Samaria GOMEZ". hac-foot.com (in French). Archived from the original on 11 October 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
^ a b "Samaria Gómez". Global Sports Archive. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
^ Samaria Gómez at Soccerway
^ "Salvadoreña originaria de San Martín fichada por el Havre Athletic Club de Francia". La Noticia SV (in Spanish). 16 October 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
^ "SAMARIA GÓMEZ TITULAR CON LA SELECTA". realestelifc.com (in Spanish). 12 November 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
^ Recinos, Raúl (24 July 2020). "La historia goleadora de Samaria Gómez, la delantera salvadoreña que busca regresar a Nicaragua". elsalvador.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 October 2022.
^ a b Navarrete, Josué (8 March 2021). "El camino al triunfo de Samaria Gómez, la primera futbolista salvadoreña campeona en Nicaragua". elsalvador.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 October 2022.
^ "El calvario de una jugadora del Real Estelí: un hermano está desaparecido y su papá preso en El Salvador". La Prensa (in Spanish). 1 August 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
^ "Salvadoreña Samaria Gómez ficha por el Havre Athletic de Francia". As.com (in Spanish). 15 October 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
^ Ortiz, Enrique (5 June 2022). "¿Por qué se va Samaria Gómez de su equipo en Francia?". El Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 October 2022.
^ "Samaria Gómez celebró su primer gol con el Havre Athletic francés". El Gráfico (in Spanish). 13 December 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
^ Franco, Sander (22 May 2022). "Salvadoreña Samaria Gómez, se coronó campeona de la segunda división de Francia". Diario El Salvador (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 October 2022.
^ "Samaria Gómez, legionaria salvadoreña: "Sería un orgullo jugar la Champions Femenina"". El Mundo (in Spanish). 5 October 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
^ "Πρεμιέρα με 6άρα για Ελπίδες!". KarditsaSport.Gr (in Greek). 21 November 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
^ Navarrete, Josué (1 September 2023). "Futbolista salvadoreña Samaria Gómez se estrenó en el fútbol de Israel". Cancha (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 September 2023.
^ Benítez, Jorge (8 April 2022). "El Salvador gana a Barbados y peleará pase a octagonal frente Panamá". El Gráfico (in Spanish). Retrieved 11 October 2022.
External links
Samaria Gómez at Soccerway
vteEl Salvador squad – 2024 CONCACAF W Gold Cup
1 Serrano
2 Plata
3 Ortiz
4 E. Hernández
5 Amaya
6 Morales
7 Fuentes
8 Meza
9 Dominguez
10 Cerén
11 Fisher
12 Marinero
13 Guillen
14 Reyes
15 Gutiérrez
16 Delgado
17 I. Hernández
18 Valadez
19 López
20 Recinos
21 Valenzuela
22 Velásquez
23 Gómez
Coach: Acuña
|
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Division 1 Féminine.[12]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elpides Karditsas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elpides_Karditsas"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Greek A Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_A_Division_(women%27s_football)"},{"link_name":"Avantes Chalkida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avantes_Chalkida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Elpides Karditsas","text":"In September 2022, Gómez signed a one-year deal with Greek team Elpides Karditsas.[13] She made her Greek A Division debut on 20 November 2022, scoring a hat-trick in a 0–6 victory away to Avantes Chalkida.[14]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bnot Netanya F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bnot_Netanya_F.C."},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Bnot Netanya F.C.","text":"In September 2023, Gómez signed with Israeli team Bnot Netanya F.C.[15]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSA-2"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"On April 8, 2022, Gómez earned her first senior cap for El Salvador, coming on as a half-time substitute in a 2–0 win over Barbados.[2][16]","title":"International career"}]
|
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_3602_Strict
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Nihon-shiki romanization
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["1 History","2 Romanization charts","2.1 Notes","3 See also","4 Sources","5 References"]
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Romanization system for transliterating the Japanese language into the Latin alphabet
Not to be confused with Nihon Shoki or Shoku Nihongi.
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Japanese writing
Components
Kanji
Stroke order
Radicals
Kyōiku kanji
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List of kanji by stroke count
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Transliteration
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Hepburn (colloquial)
Kunrei (ISO)
Nihon (ISO transliteration)
JSL (transliteration)
Wāpuro (keyboard)
Cyrillization
Polivanov system
vte
Nihon-shiki (Japanese: 日本式ローマ字, lit. 'Japan-style', romanized as Nihonsiki in the system itself) is a romanization system for transliterating the Japanese language into the Latin alphabet. Among the major romanization systems for Japanese, it is the most regular one and has an almost one-to-one relation to the kana writing system.
History
It was invented by physicist Aikitsu Tanakadate (田中館 愛橘) in 1885, with the intention to replace the Hepburn system of romanization. Tanakadate's intention was to replace the traditional kanji and kana system of writing Japanese completely by a romanized system, which he felt would make it easier for Japan to compete with Western countries. Since the system was intended for Japanese people to use to write their own language, it is much more regular than Hepburn romanization, and unlike Hepburn's system, it makes no effort to make itself easier to pronounce for English-speakers.
Nihon-shiki was followed by Kunrei-shiki, which was adopted in 1937, after a political debate over whether Nihon-shiki or Hepburn-shiki should be used by the Japanese government. Kunrei-shiki is nearly identical to Nihon-shiki, but it merges syllable pairs di/zi ぢ/じ, du/zu づ/ず, dya/zya ぢゃ/じゃ, dyu/zyu ぢゅ/じゅ, dyo/zyo ぢょ/じょ, wi/i ゐ/い, we/e ゑ/え, kwa/ka くゎ/か, and gwa/ga ぐゎ/が, whose pronunciations in Modern Standard Japanese are now identical. For example, the word かなづかい, rendered kanadukai in Nihon-shiki, is pronounced as kanazukai in modern Japanese, and is romanized as such in Kunrei. The International Organization for Standardization has standardized Kunrei-shiki, under ISO 3602. The JSL system, which is intended for use instructing foreign students of Japanese, is also based on Nihon-shiki. However, some Japanese-speakers still distinguish di from zi and du from zu and so Nihon-shiki spelling is not entirely obsolete.
Nihon-shiki is considered the most regular of the romanization systems for the Japanese language because it maintains a strict "one kana, two letters" form. Because it has unique forms corresponding to each of the respective pairs of kana homophones listed above, it is the only formal system of romanization that can allow (almost) lossless ("round trip") mapping, but the standard does not mandate the precise spellings needed to distinguish ô 王/おう, ou 追う/おう and oo 大/おお. (See the hiragana article for more details.)
Romanization charts
gojūon
yōon
あ/ア a
い/イ i
う/ウ u
え/エ e
お/オ o
(ya)
(yu)
(yo)
か/カ ka
き/キ ki
く/ク ku
け/ケ ke
こ/コ ko
きゃ/キャ kya
きゅ/キュ kyu
きょ/キョ kyo
さ/サ sa
し/シ si
す/ス su
せ/セ se
そ/ソ so
しゃ/シャ sya
しゅ/シュ syu
しょ/ショ syo
た/タ ta
ち/チ ti
つ/ツ tu
て/テ te
と/ト to
ちゃ/チャ tya
ちゅ/チュ tyu
ちょ/チョ tyo
な/ナ na
に/ニ ni
ぬ/ヌ nu
ね/ネ ne
の/ノ no
にゃ/ニャ nya
にゅ/ニュ nyu
にょ/ニョ nyo
は/ハ ha
ひ/ヒ hi
ふ/フ hu
へ/ヘ he
ほ/ホ ho
ひゃ/ヒャ hya
ひゅ/ヒュ hyu
ひょ/ヒョ hyo
ま/マ ma
み/ミ mi
む/ム mu
め/メ me
も/モ mo
みゃ/ミャ mya
みゅ/ミュ myu
みょ/ミョ myo
や/ヤ ya
ゆ/ユ yu
よ/ヨ yo
ら/ラ ra
り/リ ri
る/ル ru
れ/レ re
ろ/ロ ro
りゃ/リャ rya
りゅ/リュ ryu
りょ/リョ ryo
わ/ワ wa
ゐ/ヰ wi
ゑ/ヱ we
を/ヲ wo
ん/ン n
voiced sounds (dakuten)
が/ガ ga
ぎ/ギ gi
ぐ/グ gu
げ/ゲ ge
ご/ゴ go
ぎゃ/ギャ gya
ぎゅ/ギュ gyu
ぎょ/ギョ gyo
ざ/ザ za
じ/ジ zi
ず/ズ zu
ぜ/ゼ ze
ぞ/ゾ zo
じゃ/ジャ zya
じゅ/ジュ zyu
じょ/ジョ zyo
だ/ダ da
ぢ/ヂ di
づ/ヅ du
で/デ de
ど/ド do
ぢゃ/ヂャ dya
ぢゅ/ヂュ dyu
ぢょ/ヂョ dyo
ば/バ ba
び/ビ bi
ぶ/ブ bu
べ/ベ be
ぼ/ボ bo
びゃ/ビャ bya
びゅ/ビュ byu
びょ/ビョ byo
ぱ/パ pa
ぴ/ピ pi
ぷ/プ pu
ぺ/ペ pe
ぽ/ポ po
ぴゃ/ピャ pya
ぴゅ/ピュ pyu
ぴょ/ピョ pyo
くゎ/クヮ kwa
ぐゎ/グヮ gwa
Notes
Letters in red are obsolete in modern Japanese.
Even when he へ is used as a particle, it is written as he, not e (Kunrei-shiki/Hepburn).
Even when ha は is used as a particle, it is written as ha, not wa.
Even when wo を is used as a particle, it is written as wo, not o.
Long vowels are indicated by a circumflex accent: long o is written ô, unlike Hepburn, which uses a macron.
Syllabic n ん is written as n before consonants but as n' before vowels and y.
Geminate consonants are always marked by doubling the consonant following the sokuon (っ).
See also
Japan portal
List of ISO romanizations
Sources
Gottlieb, Nanette. "The Rōmaji movement in Japan." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Third Series). January 2010. Vol. 20, iss. 1. pp. 75–88. Published online on November 30, 2009. Available at Cambridge Journals. doi:10.1017/S1356186309990320.
Kent, Allen, Harold Lancour, and Jay Elwood Daily (Executive Editors). Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science Volume 21. CRC Press, April 1, 1978. ISBN 0824720210, ISBN 9780824720216.
Nihongo Daihakubutsukan (日本語大博物館), author: Kida, Jun'ichirō (紀田順一郎 Kida Jun'ichirō), publisher: Just System (ジャストシステム, Jasuto Shisutemu) ISBN 4-88309-046-9 (in Japanese), chapter 6.
References
^ a b Gottlieb, p. 78
^ Kent, et al. "Oriental Literature and Bibliography." p. 155.
vteRomanization of Japanese
Hepburn
JSL
Kunrei-shiki (ISO 3602)
Nihon-shiki (ISO 3602 Strict)
Wāpuro
vteJapanese languageEarlier forms
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nihon Shoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihon_Shoki"},{"link_name":"Shoku Nihongi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoku_Nihongi"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"romanization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization"},{"link_name":"transliterating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliterating"},{"link_name":"Japanese language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"},{"link_name":"Latin alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabet"},{"link_name":"one-to-one relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijection"},{"link_name":"kana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Nihon Shoki or Shoku Nihongi.Nihon-shiki (Japanese: 日本式ローマ字, lit. 'Japan-style', romanized as Nihonsiki in the system itself) is a romanization system for transliterating the Japanese language into the Latin alphabet. Among the major romanization systems for Japanese, it is the most regular one and has an almost one-to-one relation to the kana writing system.","title":"Nihon-shiki romanization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aikitsu Tanakadate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aikitu_Tanakadate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gottliebp78-1"},{"link_name":"Hepburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kent155-2"},{"link_name":"kanji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji"},{"link_name":"kana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Kunrei-shiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunrei-shiki"},{"link_name":"Hepburn-shiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn-shiki"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gottliebp78-1"},{"link_name":"International Organization for Standardization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization"},{"link_name":"JSL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSL_romanization"},{"link_name":"some Japanese-speakers still distinguish di from zi and du from zu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yotsugana"},{"link_name":"hiragana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiragana#Spelling%E2%80%93phonology_correspondence"}],"text":"It was invented by physicist Aikitsu Tanakadate (田中館 愛橘) in 1885,[1] with the intention to replace the Hepburn system of romanization.[2] Tanakadate's intention was to replace the traditional kanji and kana system of writing Japanese completely by a romanized system, which he felt would make it easier for Japan to compete with Western countries. Since the system was intended for Japanese people to use to write their own language, it is much more regular than Hepburn romanization, and unlike Hepburn's system, it makes no effort to make itself easier to pronounce for English-speakers.[citation needed]Nihon-shiki was followed by Kunrei-shiki, which was adopted in 1937, after a political debate over whether Nihon-shiki or Hepburn-shiki should be used by the Japanese government.[1] Kunrei-shiki is nearly identical to Nihon-shiki, but it merges syllable pairs di/zi ぢ/じ, du/zu づ/ず, dya/zya ぢゃ/じゃ, dyu/zyu ぢゅ/じゅ, dyo/zyo ぢょ/じょ, wi/i ゐ/い, we/e ゑ/え, kwa/ka くゎ/か, and gwa/ga ぐゎ/が, whose pronunciations in Modern Standard Japanese are now identical. For example, the word かなづかい, rendered kanadukai in Nihon-shiki, is pronounced as kanazukai in modern Japanese, and is romanized as such in Kunrei. The International Organization for Standardization has standardized Kunrei-shiki, under ISO 3602. The JSL system, which is intended for use instructing foreign students of Japanese, is also based on Nihon-shiki. However, some Japanese-speakers still distinguish di from zi and du from zu and so Nihon-shiki spelling is not entirely obsolete.Nihon-shiki is considered the most regular of the romanization systems for the Japanese language because it maintains a strict \"one kana, two letters\" form. Because it has unique forms corresponding to each of the respective pairs of kana homophones listed above, it is the only formal system of romanization that can allow (almost) lossless (\"round trip\") mapping, but the standard does not mandate the precise spellings needed to distinguish ô 王/おう, ou 追う/おう and oo 大/おお. (See the hiragana article for more details.)","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Romanization charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"circumflex accent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumflex_accent"},{"link_name":"macron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)"},{"link_name":"Geminate consonants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geminate_consonant"},{"link_name":"sokuon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokuon"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"Letters in red are obsolete in modern Japanese.\nEven when he へ is used as a particle, it is written as he, not e (Kunrei-shiki/Hepburn).\nEven when ha は is used as a particle, it is written as ha, not wa.\nEven when wo を is used as a particle, it is written as wo, not o.\nLong vowels are indicated by a circumflex accent: long o is written ô, unlike Hepburn, which uses a macron.\nSyllabic n ん is written as n before consonants but as n' before vowels and y.\nGeminate consonants are always marked by doubling the consonant following the sokuon (っ).","title":"Romanization charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Rōmaji movement in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/the-romaji-movement-in-japan/8652AD6C4CF1D7094BDF41FBF1545072"},{"link_name":"Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society"},{"link_name":"Cambridge Journals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Journals"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S1356186309990320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS1356186309990320"},{"link_name":"CRC Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0824720210","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824720210"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780824720216","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824720216"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4-88309-046-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-88309-046-9"}],"text":"Gottlieb, Nanette. \"The Rōmaji movement in Japan.\" Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Third Series). January 2010. Vol. 20, iss. 1. pp. 75–88. Published online on November 30, 2009. Available at Cambridge Journals. doi:10.1017/S1356186309990320.\nKent, Allen, Harold Lancour, and Jay Elwood Daily (Executive Editors). Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science Volume 21. CRC Press, April 1, 1978. ISBN 0824720210, ISBN 9780824720216.\nNihongo Daihakubutsukan (日本語大博物館), author: Kida, Jun'ichirō (紀田順一郎 Kida Jun'ichirō), publisher: Just System (ジャストシステム, Jasuto Shisutemu) ISBN 4-88309-046-9 (in Japanese), chapter 6.","title":"Sources"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Japan portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Japan"},{"title":"List of ISO romanizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizations"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_Me_(The_Tea_Party_song)
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Save Me (The Tea Party song)
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["1 Track listing","2 References","3 External links"]
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1993 single by The Tea Party"Save Me"Promo CD Single, CDPRO 801, CanadaSingle by The Tea Partyfrom the album Splendor Solis Released1993RecordedWhite Crow Audio (Burlington, Vermont)Length6:34LabelEMI Music CanadaSongwriter(s)The Tea PartyProducer(s)Jeff MartinThe Tea Party singles chronology
"The River" (1993)
"Save Me" (1993)
"A Certain Slant of Light" (1994)
"Save Me" is a song by Canadian rock band The Tea Party. It was released as a promotional single in Canada. The music video was shot in Toronto, directed by Floria Sigismondi.
"Save Me" features Jeff Martin playing guitar with violin bow (not unlike Jimmy Page) by setting the height of the strings to mimic a violin. The song was written in 1991, and was first recorded for The Tea Party's eponymous album. Jeff Martin has said it is an apology to women and to their treatment by men.
"One Canadian magazine, reviewing a Tea Party gig noted '(the band) then went into their power show number "Save Me". Through an accomplished and strongly delivered vocal arrangement and many different interwoven song parts, all on top of cultured yet heavy guitar the band really hit its focus. The spirituality within the band came out in this song as they hushed down about eight minutes in and broke into Daniel Lanois' "The Maker", and then into Hendrix's "Third Stone From the Sun". They were stunning musical maneuvers...'"
A semi-acoustic version with hurdy-gurdy, electric guitar, Indian tambura, shekere and goblet drums was recorded in August 1995 at Studio Morin Heights (Morin Heights) for Alhambra, but appears as a B-side on the "Release" single and the European Triptych Special Tour Edition 2000 album.
Track listing
"Save Me (edit)"
"Save Me"
"The River (remastered)"
References
^ splendor solis era The Tea Party a visual discography Accessed 17 April 2007
^ Stuart Chatwood, In Tangents The Tea Party Collection 2000, CD, EMI Music Canada, Mississauga.
^ Andrew Tanner, Turning music into gold April 1994, Beat, Melbourne, Australia.
External links
The music video
vteThe Tea Party
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Live at the Enmore Theatre
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"The Tea Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tea_Party"},{"link_name":"promotional single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotional_single"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-splendor_solis_era-1"},{"link_name":"Floria Sigismondi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floria_Sigismondi"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Page"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stuart_Chatwood,_In_Tangents_The_Tea_Party_Collection_2000,_CD,_EMI_Music_Canada,_Mississauga.-2"},{"link_name":"eponymous album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tea_Party_(album)"},{"link_name":"Daniel Lanois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Lanois"},{"link_name":"Hendrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrix"},{"link_name":"Third Stone From the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Stone_From_the_Sun"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrew_Tanner,_Turning_music_into_gold_April_1994,_Beat,_Melbourne,_Australia.-3"},{"link_name":"hurdy-gurdy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy"},{"link_name":"tambura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanpura_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"shekere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekere"},{"link_name":"goblet drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goblet_drums"},{"link_name":"Morin Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morin_Heights"},{"link_name":"Alhambra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhambra_(album)"},{"link_name":"Release","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Release_(The_Tea_Party_song)"},{"link_name":"Triptych Special Tour Edition 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triptych_(The_Tea_Party_album)#Special_Tour_Edition_2000"}],"text":"\"Save Me\" is a song by Canadian rock band The Tea Party. It was released as a promotional single in Canada.[1] The music video was shot in Toronto, directed by Floria Sigismondi.\"Save Me\" features Jeff Martin playing guitar with violin bow (not unlike Jimmy Page) by setting the height of the strings to mimic a violin.[2] The song was written in 1991, and was first recorded for The Tea Party's eponymous album. Jeff Martin has said it is an apology to women and to their treatment by men.\"One Canadian magazine, reviewing a Tea Party gig noted '(the band) then went into their power show number \"Save Me\". Through an accomplished and strongly delivered vocal arrangement and many different interwoven song parts, all on top of cultured yet heavy guitar the band really hit its focus. The spirituality within the band came out in this song as they hushed down about eight minutes in and broke into Daniel Lanois' \"The Maker\", and then into Hendrix's \"Third Stone From the Sun\". They were stunning musical maneuvers...'\"[3]A semi-acoustic version with hurdy-gurdy, electric guitar, Indian tambura, shekere and goblet drums was recorded in August 1995 at Studio Morin Heights (Morin Heights) for Alhambra, but appears as a B-side on the \"Release\" single and the European Triptych Special Tour Edition 2000 album.","title":"Save Me (The Tea Party song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_River_(The_Tea_Party_song)"}],"text":"\"Save Me (edit)\"\n\"Save Me\"\n\"The River (remastered)\"","title":"Track listing"}]
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[{"Link":"http://teaparty.wild-one.com/splendor_solis.html","external_links_name":"The Tea Party a visual discography"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YTnq0goeR04","external_links_name":"The music video"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheongnyangni_Station_(Korail)
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Cheongnyangni station
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["1 Vicinity","1.1 Line 1","1.2 Aboveground Station","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 37°34′48″N 127°02′42″E / 37.58000°N 127.04500°E / 37.58000; 127.04500Train station in South Korea
청량리Cheongnyangni
124
청량리 (서울시립대입구)Cheongnyangni(University of Seoul)
Korail station buildingKorean nameHangul청량리역Hanja淸凉里驛Revised RomanizationCheongnyangni-yeokMcCune–ReischauerCh'ŏngnyangni-yŏk
General informationLocation620-69 Jeonnong-dong, 205 Wangsanno Jiha, Dongdaemun-gu, SeoulCoordinates37°34′48″N 127°02′42″E / 37.58000°N 127.04500°E / 37.58000; 127.04500Operated bySeoul MetroKorailLine(s)
Yeongdong Line
Taebaek Line
Jungang Line
Gyeongchun Line
Platforms8Tracks8HistoryOpenedOctober 15, 1911Key datesAugust 15, 1974Line 1 openedSeptember 26, 2016Gyeongchun Line openedDecember 31, 2018Suin–Bundang Line openedPassengers(Daily) Based on Jan-Dec of 2012.KR: 11,782Line 1: 66,305Jungang Line: 26,488
Services
Preceding station
Seoul Metropolitan Subway
Following station
Hoegitowards Soyosan
Line 1
Jegi-dongtowards Incheon
Hoegitowards Uijeongbu or Kwangwoon University
Jegi-dongtowards Sinchang or Seodongtan
Hoegitowards Dongducheon
Line 1Gyeongwon Express
Jegi-dongtowards Incheon
Terminus
Line 1Gyeongbu Express
Jegi-dongtowards Sinchang
Wangsimnitowards Munsan
Gyeongui–Jungang Line
Hoegitowards Jipyeong
Gyeongui–Jungang LineGyeongui Express
Hoegitowards Yongmun
Gyeongui–Jungang LineJungang Express
Terminus
Gyeongchun LineSome trains
Hoegitowards Chuncheon
Gyeongchun LineExpress
Suin–Bundang LineSome trains
Wangsimnitowards Incheon
Preceding station
Following station
SeoulTerminus
Jungang KTX
Yangpyeongtowards Andong
Cheongnyangni Station (Korean: 청량리역) is a major railway station located at Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea. It serves as a terminus for passenger trains serving the eastern part of South Korea. KTX, ITX-Cheongchun, and Mugunghwa-ho trains terminates or stops at this station. Several Seoul Metropolitan Subway lines serve the station. These are: Seoul Subway Line 1, the Gyeongchun Line, the Suin–Bundang Line and the Gyeongui–Jungang Line.
The Gyeongchun Line extended from Sangbong Station to Cheongnyangni Station in September 2016, offering a transfer to Line 1, although only some services terminate here, with others terminating at Sangbong. A physical transfer between underground and aboveground stations opened on 20 August 2010.
Passenger trains serving the following Korail lines terminate at Cheongnyangni Station:
The Yeongdong Line and Taebaek Line to Gangneung, in Gangwon Province;
The Jungang Line to Andong in North Gyeongsang Province and Busan, to the southeast of Seoul.
In addition, this station is served by all ITX trains to/from Chuncheon Station on the Gyeongchun Line. However, the majority of trains do not terminate at this station but continue to Yongsan Station.
Vicinity
Line 1
Exit 1: Cheongnyangni Grocery Market
Exit 2:
Exit 3: Miju APT
Exit 4: Cheongnyangni Train Station
Exit 5: Lotte Department Store Cheongnyangni
Exit 6: St. Paul Hospital
Aboveground Station
Exit 1: Cheongnyangni Subway Station, Lotte Department Store Cheongnyangni
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cheongnyangni Station.
Cheongnyangni 588, a red-light district
References
^ 청량리역 (in Korean). Doosan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
^ 청량리역 (in Korean). KRIC. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
^ "수도권 도시철도 2천km시대 열린다" (in Korean). Business Post. 2015-04-16. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
^ Monthly Number of Passengers between General Railroad Stations Archived 2014-10-08 at the Wayback Machine. Korea Transportation Database, 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-15.
^ a b Monthly Number of Passengers between Subway Stations Archived October 6, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Korea Transportation Database, 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-15.
^ "동대문구, 제3차 국가철도망 구축...청량리역 포함 - 국제뉴스". 6 February 2016.
^ "기차역검색 – 청량리역". Korail. Archived from the original on 11 April 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
External links
(in Korean) Station information from Korail
vteKTX lines and servicesInfrastructureHigh-speed lines
Gyeongbu HSR
Honam HSR
Semi-high-speed lines
Gyeonggang Line
Jungang line (Cheongnyangni–Dodam)
Jungbunaeryuk Line
Conventional lines
Gyeongbu line
Honam Line
Gyeongui Line
Gyeongjeon Line
Jeolla Line
Donghae Line
Jungang line (Dodam–Andong)
Yeongdong Line
KTXservicesGyeongbuHSR route
(Haengsin)
Seoul
Gwangmyeong
Cheonan–Asan
Osong
Daejeon
Gimcheon (Gumi)
(Seodaegu)
Dongdaegu
Gyeongju
Ulsan
Busan
via Gupo
(Haengsin–Dongdaegu: HSR route)
Dongdaegu
Gyeongsan
Miryang
Mulgeum
Gupo
Busan
via Suwon
Seoul
Yeongdeungpo
Suwon
Daejeon
(Daejeon–Busan: HSR route)
HonamHSR route
(Haengsin)
(Seoul)
Yongsan
Gwangmyeong
Cheonan–Asan
Osong
Gongju
Iksan
Jeongeup
GwangjuSongjeong
Naju
Mokpo
via Seodaejeon
(Haengsin–Osong: HSR route)
Osong
Seodaejeon
Gyeryong
Nonsan
Iksan
Gimje
Jeongeup
Jangseong
GwangjuSongjeong
(GwangjuSongjeong–Mokpo: HSR route)
Gyeongjeon
(Haengsin–Dongdaegu: Gyeongbu HSR route)
Dongdaegu
(Gyeongsan)
Miryang
Jinyeong
Changwonjungang
Changwon
Masan
(Jinju)
Jeolla
(Haengsin–Iksan: Honam HSR route via Gongju or Seodaejeon)
Iksan (via Seodaejeon)
Gyeryong (via Seodaejeon)
Nonsan (via Seodaejeon)
Iksan
Jeonju
Namwon
Gokseong
Guryegu
Suncheon
Yeocheon
Yeosu Expo
Donghae
(Haengsin–Dongdaegu: Gyeongbu HSR route)
Dongdaegu
Pohang
GangneungMain route
(Haengsin)
(Seoul)
Cheongnyangni
Sangbong
(Deokso)
Yangpyeong
Seowonju
Manjong
Hoengseong
Dunnae
Pyeongchang
Jinbu (Odaesan)
Gangneung
Branch route
(Seoul–Jinbu: Main route)
Jeongdongjin
Mukho
Donghae
Jungang
Seoul
Cheongnyangni
Sangbong
Yangpyeong
Seowonju
Wonju
Jecheon
Danyang
Punggi
Yeongju
Andong
Jungbunaeryuk
Pangyo
Bubal
Ganam
GamgokJanghowon
Angseongoncheon
Chungju
Mungyeong
vteSeoul Metropolitan Subway Line 1Gyeongwon Line
Yeoncheon
Jeongok
Cheongsan
Soyosan
Dongducheon
Bosan
Dongducheon Jungang
Jihaeng
Deokjeong
Deokgye
Yangju
Nogyang
Ganeung
Uijeongbu
Hoeryong
Mangwolsa
Dobongsan
Dobong
Banghak
Chang-dong
Nokcheon
Wolgye
Kwangwoon Univ.
Seokgye
Sinimun
Hankuk Univ. of Foreign Studies
Hoegi
Cheongnyangni
Jongno Line
Cheongnyangni
Jegi-dong
Sinseol-dong
Dongmyo
Dongdaemun
Jongno 5(o)-ga
Jongno 3(sam)-ga
Jonggak
City Hall
Seoul Station
Gyeongbu Line
Seoul Station
Namyeong
Yongsan
Noryangjin
Daebang
Singil
Yeongdeungpo
Sindorim
Guro
Gasan Digital Complex
Doksan
Geumcheon-gu Office
Seoksu
Gwanak
Anyang
Myeonghak
Geumjeong
Gunpo
Dangjeong
Uiwang
Sungkyunkwan Univ.
Hwaseo
Suwon
Seryu
Byeongjeom
Sema
Osan Univ.
Osan
Jinwi
Songtan
Seojeongni
PyeongtaekJije
Pyeongtaek
Seonghwan
Jiksan
Dujeong
Cheonan
Janghang Line
Cheonan
Bongmyeong
Ssangyong
Asan
Tangjeong
Baebang
Onyangoncheon
Sinchang
Byeongjeom Depot Line
Byeongjeom
Seodongtan
Gyeongbu high-speed railway
Geumcheon-gu Office
Gwangmyeong
Gyeongin Line
Guro
Guil
Gaebong
Oryu-dong
Onsu
Yeokgok
Sosa
Bucheon
Jung-dong
Songnae
Bugae
Bupyeong
Baegun
Dongam
Ganseok
Juan
Dohwa
Jemulpo
Dowon
Dongincheon
Incheon
Gyeongui–Jungang LineGyeongui Line
Dorasan
Imjingang
Uncheon
Munsan
Paju
Wollong
Geumchon
Geumneung
Unjeong
Yadang
Tanhyeon
Ilsan
Pungsan
Baengma
Goksan
Daegok
Neunggok
Haengsin
Gangmae
Korea Aerospace University
Susaek
Digital Media City
Gajwa
Sinchon
Seoul
Yongsan Line
Gajwa
Hongik Univ.
Sogang Univ.
Gongdeok
Hyochang Park
Yongsan
Gyeongwon Line
Yongsan
Ichon
Seobinggo
Hannam
Oksu
Eungbong
Wangsimni
Cheongnyangni
Jungang Line
Cheongnyangni
Hoegi
Jungnang
Sangbong
Mangu
Yangwon
Guri
Donong
Yangjeong
Deokso
Dosim
Paldang
Ungilsan
Yangsu
Sinwon
Guksu
Asin
Obin
Yangpyeong
Wondeok
Yongmun
Jipyeong
Gyeongchun LineMangu Line
Kwangwoon Univ.
Sangbong
Mangu
Jungang Line
Cheongnyangni
Hoegi
Jungnang
Sangbong
Mangu
Gyeongchun Line
Mangu
Sinnae
Galmae
Byeollae
Toegyewon
Sareung
Geumgok
Pyeongnaehopyeong
Cheonmasan
Maseok
Daeseong-ri
Cheongpyeong
Sangcheon
Gapyeong
Gulbongsan
Baegyang-ri
Gangchon
Gimyujeong
Namchuncheon
Chuncheon
Suin–Bundang LineGyeongwon Line
Cheongnyangni
Wangsimni
Bundang Line
Wangsimni
Seoul-forest
Apgujeongrodeo
Gangnam-gu Office
Seonjeongneung
Seolleung
Hanti
Dogok
Guryong
Gaepo-dong
Daemosan
Suseo
Bokjeong
Gachon Univ.
Taepyeong
Moran
Yatap
Imae
Seohyeon
Sunae
Jeongja
Migeum
Ori
Jukjeon
Bojeong
Guseong
Singal
Giheung
Sanggal
Cheongmyeong
Yeongtong
Mangpo
MaetanGwonseon
Suwon City Hall
Maegyo
Suwon
Suin Line
Suwon
Gosaek
Omokcheon
Eocheon
Yamok
Sari
Hanyang Univ. at Ansan
Jungang
Gojan
Choji
Ansan
Singiloncheon
Jeongwang
Oido
Darwol
Wolgot
Soraepogu
Incheon Nonhyeon
Hogupo
Namdong Induspark
Woninjae
Yeonsu
Songdo
Hagik (2026)
Inha Univ.
Sungui
Sinpo
Incheon
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"Dongdaemun-gu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongdaemun-gu"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"KTX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTX"},{"link_name":"ITX-Cheongchun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITX-Cheongchun"},{"link_name":"Mugunghwa-ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mugunghwa-ho"},{"link_name":"Seoul Metropolitan Subway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Subway"},{"link_name":"Seoul Subway Line 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_Subway_Line_1"},{"link_name":"Gyeongchun Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyeongchun_Line"},{"link_name":"Suin–Bundang Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suin%E2%80%93Bundang_Line"},{"link_name":"Gyeongui–Jungang Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyeongui%E2%80%93Jungang_Line"},{"link_name":"Gyeongchun Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyeongchun_Line"},{"link_name":"Sangbong Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangbong_Station"},{"link_name":"Line 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul_Subway_Line_1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Korail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korail"},{"link_name":"Yeongdong Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeongdong_Line"},{"link_name":"Taebaek Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taebaek_Line"},{"link_name":"Gangneung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangneung"},{"link_name":"Gangwon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangwon-do_(South_Korea)"},{"link_name":"Jungang Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungang_Line"},{"link_name":"Andong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andong"},{"link_name":"North Gyeongsang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Gyeongsang"},{"link_name":"Busan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busan"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"Chuncheon Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuncheon_Station"},{"link_name":"Gyeongchun Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyeongchun_Line"},{"link_name":"Yongsan Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongsan_Station"}],"text":"Train station in South KoreaCheongnyangni Station (Korean: 청량리역) is a major railway station located at Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea. It serves as a terminus for passenger trains serving the eastern part of South Korea. KTX, ITX-Cheongchun, and Mugunghwa-ho trains terminates or stops at this station. Several Seoul Metropolitan Subway lines serve the station. These are: Seoul Subway Line 1, the Gyeongchun Line, the Suin–Bundang Line and the Gyeongui–Jungang Line.The Gyeongchun Line extended from Sangbong Station to Cheongnyangni Station in September 2016, offering a transfer to Line 1, although only some services terminate here, with others terminating at Sangbong.[6] A physical transfer between underground and aboveground stations opened on 20 August 2010.[7]Passenger trains serving the following Korail lines terminate at Cheongnyangni Station:The Yeongdong Line and Taebaek Line to Gangneung, in Gangwon Province;\nThe Jungang Line to Andong in North Gyeongsang Province and Busan, to the southeast of Seoul.In addition, this station is served by all ITX trains to/from Chuncheon Station on the Gyeongchun Line. However, the majority of trains do not terminate at this station but continue to Yongsan Station.","title":"Cheongnyangni station"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Vicinity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lotte Department Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotte_Department_Store"}],"sub_title":"Line 1","text":"Exit 1: Cheongnyangni Grocery Market\nExit 2:\nExit 3: Miju APT\nExit 4: Cheongnyangni Train Station\nExit 5: Lotte Department Store Cheongnyangni\nExit 6: St. Paul Hospital","title":"Vicinity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lotte Department Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotte_Department_Store"}],"sub_title":"Aboveground Station","text":"Exit 1: Cheongnyangni Subway Station, Lotte Department Store Cheongnyangni","title":"Vicinity"}]
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[]
|
[{"title":"Cheongnyangni Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cheongnyangni_Station"},{"title":"Cheongnyangni 588","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheongnyangni_588"}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerto_for_Piano_and_Wind_Instruments_(Stravinsky)
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Concerto for Piano and Wind Instruments (Stravinsky)
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["1 Orchestration","2 Première","3 Sources","4 References","5 Further reading"]
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Composition by Igor Stravinsky
The Concerto for Piano and Wind Instruments was written by Igor Stravinsky in Paris in 1923–24. This work was revised in 1950.
It was composed four years after the Symphonies of Wind Instruments, which he wrote upon his arrival in Paris after his stay in Switzerland. These two compositions are from Stravinsky's neoclassical period, and represent a departure from the composer's previous Russian style, in which he produced works such as The Rite of Spring.
This concerto numbers among many works for piano written about the same time to be played by the composer himself. This is also true of Capriccio for Piano and Orchestra (1929), his Sonata of 1924 and his Serenade in A (1925). He kept the performance rights to himself for a number of years, wanting the engagements for playing this work for himself, as well as urgently desiring to keep "incompetent or Romantic hands" from "interpreting" the piece before undiscriminating audiences.
Orchestration
The concerto, as described in its name, is scored for solo piano accompanied by an ensemble of wind instruments. The instrumentation of the wind section is what would be found in a standard symphony orchestra: two flutes, piccolo, two oboes, cor anglais, two clarinets, two bassoons (second bassoon doubling contrabassoon), four horns, four trumpets, three trombones, and tuba. The work also calls for double basses (divisi in 3) and a timpano. Although combining winds and piano was unusual at the time, the form had been explored earlier in the twentieth century and would be explored later.
Première
The concerto debuted under Serge Koussevitzky at the Opera of Paris on 22 May 1924 under the direction of the composer, who played the piano. Koussevitzky had requested such a work of Stravinsky.
Stravinsky made his British radio debut in the British premiere of the work, on 19 June 1927, with the Wireless Symphony Orchestra (the fore-runner of the BBC Symphony Orchestra) conducted by his friend and champion Edward Clark.
In 1925 Stravinsky recorded the first movement of this work in New York, for the Aeolian Company's Duo-Art reproducing piano, on roll no. 528. The first and so far only public performance took place on 10 June 1962, at Royce Hall in Los Angeles, with members of the Los Angeles Festival Orchestra conducted by Franz Waxman. Jakob Gimpel was the soloist in the other movements, and Harold Schonberg reviewed the concert in the New York Times for 12 June 1962, on page 39.
Sources
Boosey.com
References
^ Steinberg, Michael (1998). The Concerto: A Listener's Guide. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. p. 467. ISBN 978-0-19-510330-4. OCLC 45041572.
^ Foreman, Lewis; Foreman, Susan. "London: A Musical Gazetteer".
^ Gareth James Thomas. "The Impact of Russian Music in England 1893-1929" (PDF).
Further reading
Stravinsky, Igor (1960). Concerto for Piano and Wind Instruments. Hawkes Pocket Scores. Vol. 724 (revised 1950 ed.). Boosey & Hawkes. OCLC 909283445.
vteIgor StravinskyList of compositionsDiscographyOperas andmusical dramas
The Nightingale
Renard
The Soldier's Tale
Mavra
Oedipus rex
Perséphone
The Rake's Progress
The Flood
Ballets
The Firebird
Petrushka
The Rite of Spring (discography)
Les noces
Pulcinella
Apollo
The Fairy's Kiss
Jeu de cartes
Danses concertantes
Scènes de ballet
Orpheus
Agon
Symphonies
Symphony in E♭
Symphony of Psalms
Symphony in C
Symphony in Three Movements
Orchestral music
Scherzo fantastique
Fireworks
Funeral Song
Four Études
The Song of the Nightingale
Circus Polka
Ode
Scherzo à la russe
Greeting Prelude
Movements for Piano and Orchestra
Variations: Aldous Huxley in memoriam
Canon on a Russian Popular Tune
Concertos
Concerto for Piano and Wind Instruments
Capriccio for Piano and Orchestra
Violin Concerto in D
Concerto in E♭ ("Dumbarton Oaks")
Ebony Concerto
Concerto in D
Solo vocal
Pastorale
Pribaoutki
Berceuses du chat
Abraham and Isaac
Elegy for J.F.K.
"The Owl and the Pussy Cat"
Choral
Zvezdoliki
Ave Maria
Babel
Mass
Cantata
Canticum Sacrum
Threni
A Sermon, a Narrative, and a Prayer
Requiem Canticles
Piano and pianola
"Tarantella"
Scherzo
Piano Sonata in F♯ minor
Four Études
"Valse des fleurs"
Three Easy Pieces
Five Easy Pieces
Étude for Pianola
Piano-Rag-Music
Les cinq doigts
Three Movements from Petrushka
Piano Sonata
Serenade in A
Concerto for Two Pianos
Tango
Sonata for Two Pianos
Two Sketches for a Sonata
Chamber music
Three Pieces for String Quartet
Three Pieces for Solo Clarinet
Lied ohne Name
Octet
Duo Concertant
Elegy
Septet
Epitaphium
Double Canon (in Memoriam Raoul Dufy)
Other
Symphonies of Wind Instruments
Fanfare for a New Theatre
Arrangements
Bluebird Pas de Deux (from Tchaikovsky's The Sleeping Beauty)
Monumentum pro Gesualdo
FamilyParents
Fyodor Stravinsky (father)
Wives
Yekaterina Nosenko (first)
Vera Sudeikina (second)
Children
Soulima Stravinsky
Théodore Strawinsky
Amanuensis
Robert Craft
Named for Stravinsky
4382 Stravinsky
Igor Stravinsky (river cruise ship)
Stravinsky (crater)
Stravinsky Fountain
Stravinsky Inlet
Related
Earnest Andersson
Ernest Ansermet
George Balanchine
Ballets Russes
Nadia Boulanger
Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky (film)
Jean Cocteau
Sergei Diaghilev
Samuel Dushkin
Arthur Lourié
Monday Evening Concerts
New York City Ballet
Pierre Monteux
Neoclassicism
Petrushka chord
Psalms chord
Charles Ferdinand Ramuz
Werner Reinhart
Serialism
Category
Audio
Portal: Classical Music
Authority control databases International
VIAF
2
National
France
BnF data
Israel
United States
Other
BRAHMS
MusicBrainz work
|
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doigts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_cinq_doigts"},{"link_name":"Three Movements from Petrushka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Movements_from_Petrushka"},{"link_name":"Piano Sonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Sonata_(Stravinsky)"},{"link_name":"Serenade in A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serenade_(Stravinsky)"},{"link_name":"Concerto for Two Pianos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerto_for_Two_Pianos_(Stravinsky)"},{"link_name":"Tango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tango_(Stravinsky)"},{"link_name":"Sonata for Two Pianos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonata_for_Two_Pianos_(Stravinsky)"},{"link_name":"Two Sketches for a Sonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Sketches_for_a_Sonata"},{"link_name":"Three Pieces for String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Pieces_for_String_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Three Pieces for Solo Clarinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Pieces_for_Solo_Clarinet"},{"link_name":"Lied ohne Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lied_ohne_Name"},{"link_name":"Octet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octet_(Stravinsky)"},{"link_name":"Duo Concertant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duo_Concertant"},{"link_name":"Elegy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9gie_(Stravinsky)"},{"link_name":"Septet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septet_(Stravinsky)"},{"link_name":"Epitaphium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitaphium_(Stravinsky)"},{"link_name":"Double Canon (in Memoriam Raoul Dufy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Canon_(Stravinsky)"},{"link_name":"Symphonies of Wind Instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphonies_of_Wind_Instruments"},{"link_name":"Fanfare for a New Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanfare_for_a_New_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Bluebird Pas de Deux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluebird_Pas_de_Deux_(Stravinsky)"},{"link_name":"Tchaikovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky"},{"link_name":"The Sleeping Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sleeping_Beauty_(ballet)"},{"link_name":"Monumentum pro Gesualdo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumentum_pro_Gesualdo"},{"link_name":"Fyodor Stravinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Stravinsky"},{"link_name":"Yekaterina Nosenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterina_Stravinsky"},{"link_name":"Vera Sudeikina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Sudeikina"},{"link_name":"Soulima Stravinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soulima_Stravinsky"},{"link_name":"Théodore Strawinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Strawinsky"},{"link_name":"Robert Craft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Craft"},{"link_name":"4382 Stravinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_4001%E2%80%935000#382"},{"link_name":"Igor Stravinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Star"},{"link_name":"Stravinsky (crater)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stravinsky_(crater)"},{"link_name":"Stravinsky Fountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stravinsky_Fountain"},{"link_name":"Stravinsky Inlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stravinsky_Inlet"},{"link_name":"Earnest Andersson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earnest_Andersson"},{"link_name":"Ernest Ansermet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Ansermet"},{"link_name":"George Balanchine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Balanchine"},{"link_name":"Ballets Russes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballets_Russes"},{"link_name":"Nadia Boulanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger"},{"link_name":"Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coco_Chanel_%26_Igor_Stravinsky"},{"link_name":"Jean Cocteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Cocteau"},{"link_name":"Sergei Diaghilev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Diaghilev"},{"link_name":"Samuel Dushkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Dushkin"},{"link_name":"Arthur Lourié","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Louri%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Monday Evening Concerts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monday_Evening_Concerts"},{"link_name":"New York City Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Ballet"},{"link_name":"Pierre Monteux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Monteux"},{"link_name":"Neoclassicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassicism_(music)"},{"link_name":"Petrushka chord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrushka_chord"},{"link_name":"Psalms chord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalms_chord"},{"link_name":"Charles Ferdinand Ramuz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ferdinand_Ramuz"},{"link_name":"Werner Reinhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Reinhart"},{"link_name":"Serialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serialism"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Igor_Stravinsky"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.svg"},{"link_name":"Audio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Audio_files_of_music_by_Igor_Stravinsky"},{"link_name":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"link_name":"Classical Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Classical_Music"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991808#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/306407996"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/185920906"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13919942x"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13919942x"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007425318505171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n85244708"},{"link_name":"BRAHMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//brahms.ircam.fr/works/work/12190/"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/work/81bf55c3-5665-4a43-bff7-62474e467e61"}],"text":"Stravinsky, Igor (1960). Concerto for Piano and Wind Instruments. Hawkes Pocket Scores. Vol. 724 (revised 1950 ed.). Boosey & Hawkes. OCLC 909283445.vteIgor StravinskyList of compositionsDiscographyOperas andmusical dramas\nThe Nightingale\nRenard\nThe Soldier's Tale\nMavra\nOedipus rex\nPerséphone\nThe Rake's Progress\nThe Flood\nBallets\nThe Firebird\nPetrushka\nThe Rite of Spring (discography)\nLes noces\nPulcinella\nApollo\nThe Fairy's Kiss\nJeu de cartes\nDanses concertantes\nScènes de ballet\nOrpheus\nAgon\nSymphonies\nSymphony in E♭\nSymphony of Psalms\nSymphony in C\nSymphony in Three Movements\nOrchestral music\nScherzo fantastique\nFireworks\nFuneral Song\nFour Études\nThe Song of the Nightingale\nCircus Polka\nOde\nScherzo à la russe\nGreeting Prelude\nMovements for Piano and Orchestra\nVariations: Aldous Huxley in memoriam\nCanon on a Russian Popular Tune\nConcertos\nConcerto for Piano and Wind Instruments\nCapriccio for Piano and Orchestra\nViolin Concerto in D\nConcerto in E♭ (\"Dumbarton Oaks\")\nEbony Concerto\nConcerto in D\nSolo vocal\nPastorale\nPribaoutki\nBerceuses du chat\nAbraham and Isaac\nElegy for J.F.K.\n\"The Owl and the Pussy Cat\"\nChoral\nZvezdoliki\nAve Maria\nBabel\nMass\nCantata\nCanticum Sacrum\nThreni\nA Sermon, a Narrative, and a Prayer\nRequiem Canticles\nPiano and pianola\n\"Tarantella\"\nScherzo\nPiano Sonata in F♯ minor\nFour Études\n\"Valse des fleurs\"\nThree Easy Pieces\nFive Easy Pieces\nÉtude for Pianola\nPiano-Rag-Music\nLes cinq doigts\nThree Movements from Petrushka\nPiano Sonata\nSerenade in A\nConcerto for Two Pianos\nTango\nSonata for Two Pianos\nTwo Sketches for a Sonata\nChamber music\nThree Pieces for String Quartet\nThree Pieces for Solo Clarinet\nLied ohne Name\nOctet\nDuo Concertant\nElegy\nSeptet\nEpitaphium\nDouble Canon (in Memoriam Raoul Dufy)\nOther\nSymphonies of Wind Instruments\nFanfare for a New Theatre\nArrangements\nBluebird Pas de Deux (from Tchaikovsky's The Sleeping Beauty)\nMonumentum pro Gesualdo\nFamilyParents\nFyodor Stravinsky (father)\nWives\nYekaterina Nosenko (first)\nVera Sudeikina (second)\nChildren\nSoulima Stravinsky\nThéodore Strawinsky\nAmanuensis\nRobert Craft\nNamed for Stravinsky\n4382 Stravinsky\nIgor Stravinsky (river cruise ship)\nStravinsky (crater)\nStravinsky Fountain\nStravinsky Inlet\nRelated\nEarnest Andersson\nErnest Ansermet\nGeorge Balanchine\nBallets Russes\nNadia Boulanger\nCoco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky (film)\nJean Cocteau\nSergei Diaghilev\nSamuel Dushkin\nArthur Lourié\nMonday Evening Concerts\nNew York City Ballet\nPierre Monteux\nNeoclassicism\nPetrushka chord\nPsalms chord\nCharles Ferdinand Ramuz\nWerner Reinhart\nSerialism\n\n Category\n AudioPortal: Classical MusicAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\n2\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nIsrael\nUnited States\nOther\nBRAHMS\nMusicBrainz work","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_and_Henry_Dreyfus_Foundation
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The Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation
|
["1 Dreyfus Prize in the Chemical Sciences","2 Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Awards","3 Henry Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Awards","4 Machine Learning in the Chemical Sciences and Engineering","5 Jean Dreyfus Lectureship for Undergraduate Institutions","6 References","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 40°45′40″N 73°58′23″W / 40.7612°N 73.973°W / 40.7612; -73.973American foundation supporting chemistry research and education
The Camille and Henry Dreyfus FoundationFormation1946FounderCamille DreyfusHeadquartersNew York, NY, United StatesPresidentHenry C. WalterRevenue (2015) $2,895,924Expenses (2015)$5,659,652Websitewww.dreyfus.org
The Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation is a New York City-based foundation founded in 1946 by chemist and investor Camille Dreyfus in honour of his brother, Henry Dreyfus. The two men invented the acetate yarn Celanese, and Henry Dreyfus was founder and chairman of British Celanese, parent of the Celanese Corporation of America. Following Camille's death in 1956, his wife, the opera singer Jean Tennyson, served as the foundation's president until her death in 1991.
In 1971, the foundation sold a significant part of its holdings in the Celanese company.
The foundation makes grants and awards prizes in support of chemistry research and education. These prizes include the Dreyfus Prize in the Chemical Sciences, Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Awards, Henry Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Awards, Machine Learning in the Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jean Dreyfus Lectureship for Undergraduate Institutions. The foundation also sponsors two awards through the American Chemical Society: the ACS Award for Encouraging Women into Careers in the Chemical Sciences, and the ACS Award for Encouraging Disadvantaged Students into Careers in the Chemical Sciences.
Dreyfus Prize in the Chemical Sciences
Main article: Dreyfus Prize in the Chemical Sciences
The Dreyfus Prize in the Chemical Sciences is an award given to an individual researcher in chemistry. The prize, awarded biennially, consists of a citation, a medal, and a monetary award of $250,000. The prize is awarded by The Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation, Inc. to an individual in a selected area of chemistry "to recognize exceptional and original research that has advanced the field in a major way."
Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Awards
Main article: Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar AwardsThe Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Awards are awards given to early-career researchers in chemistry "to support the research and teaching careers of talented young faculty in the chemical sciences... who demonstrate leadership in research and education." The Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar program began in 1970. In 1994, the program was divided into two parallel awards: The Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Awards Program, aimed at research universities, and the Henry Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Awards Program, directed at primarily undergraduate institutions.
The annually presented awards consist of a monetary prize of $75,000, which was increased to $100,000 starting in 2019. Seven winners of the Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Awards have gone on to win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, including Paul L. Modrich, Richard R. Schrock, Robert H. Grubbs, K. Barry Sharpless, Ahmed H. Zewail, Mario J. Molina and Yuan Tseh Lee.
Henry Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Awards
The Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Awards are awards given to faculty at primarily undergraduate institutions (PUIs) "to support the research and teaching careers of talented young faculty in the chemical sciences at undergraduate institutions." The annually presented awards consist of a monetary prize of $75,000.
Machine Learning in the Chemical Sciences and Engineering
The Machine Learning in the Chemical Sciences and Engineering Awards are awards "for innovative projects in any area of Machine Learning (ML) consistent with the Foundation’s broad objective to advance the chemical sciences and engineering." They were first awarded in 2020.
Jean Dreyfus Lectureship for Undergraduate Institutions
The Jean Dreyfus Lectureship awards "bring a leading researcher to a primarily undergraduate institution (PUI) to give at least two lectures in the chemical sciences." The annually presented awards consist of a monetary prize of $18,500. Before 2016, this Lectureship was known as the Jean Dreyfus Boissevain Lectureship for Undergraduate Institutions.
References
^ a b "The Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation" (PDF). Foundation Center. November 15, 2016. Retrieved June 26, 2017.
^ a b "WMC, chemistry professor get $60,000 grant Smith to oversee Dreyfus program (CARROLL SUN Edition)". The Baltimore Sun. Baltimore, Maryland: November 16, 1992. November 16, 1992. p. 3.B. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
^ Burkhart, Ford (March 2, 1997). "Henry B. Guthrie, 94, Lawyer (obituary)". The New York Times. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
^ "Jean Tennyson Dies; Singer and Patron, 86". The New York Times. March 19, 1991. p. D23.
^ "Dreyfus Foundation Cuts Celanese Stake About 25%". The Wall Street Journal. June 24, 1971. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
^ "Chemistry experts team up to predict pollutant reactions". Science Centric. February 12, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
^ Phillips, Kathryn (July 23, 1990). "Young Faculty Angle For Funding Support". The Scientist. 1990, 4(15):22. Retrieved April 2, 2010. Then he won a $25000 no-strings-attached award specifically designed for startup funding from the New York-based Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ "Margaret-Ann Armour.(Distinction)(Brief Article)". Canadian Chemical News. Chemical Institute of Canada. October 1, 2003. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
^ Hayhurst, Tracy (March 31, 2008). "Grant funds partnership to study pollutants.(News)". Waste News. Retrieved April 2, 2010.
^ "Camille Dreyfus Teacher Scholar". Dreyfus Foundation. Retrieved June 5, 2021.
^ "UO's Boettcher wins Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award". Around the O. June 3, 2015. Retrieved June 5, 2021.
^ "2018 Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Awards". Dreyfus Foundation. May 2, 2018. Retrieved June 5, 2021.
^ "2019 Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Awards". Dreyfus Foundation. May 2, 2019. Retrieved June 5, 2021.
^ "Camille Dreyfus Teacher Scholar". Dreyfus Foundation. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
^ a b "Henry Dreyfus Teacher Scholar". Dreyfus Foundation. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
^ "Machine Learning in the Chemical Sciences and Engineering". Dreyfus Foundation. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
^ "Jean Dreyfus Lectureship". Dreyfus Foundation. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
External links
Official site
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
40°45′40″N 73°58′23″W / 40.7612°N 73.973°W / 40.7612; -73.973
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Camille Dreyfus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Dreyfus_(chemist)"},{"link_name":"Henry Dreyfus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Dreyfus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baltsun1992-2"},{"link_name":"Celanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celanese"},{"link_name":"British Celanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Celanese"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guthrie-obit-3"},{"link_name":"Jean Tennyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Tennyson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baltsun1992-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc2008-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sci1990-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maa2003-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Dreyfus Prize in the Chemical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreyfus_Prize_in_the_Chemical_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Dreyfus_Teacher-Scholar_Awards"},{"link_name":"American Chemical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Chemical_Society"},{"link_name":"ACS Award for Encouraging Women into Careers in the Chemical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACS_Award_for_Encouraging_Women_into_Careers_in_the_Chemical_Sciences"},{"link_name":"ACS Award for Encouraging Disadvantaged Students into Careers in the Chemical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACS_Award_for_Encouraging_Disadvantaged_Students_into_Careers_in_the_Chemical_Sciences"}],"text":"American foundation supporting chemistry research and educationThe Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation is a New York City-based foundation founded in 1946 by chemist and investor Camille Dreyfus in honour of his brother, Henry Dreyfus.[2] The two men invented the acetate yarn Celanese, and Henry Dreyfus was founder and chairman of British Celanese, parent of the Celanese Corporation of America.[3] Following Camille's death in 1956, his wife, the opera singer Jean Tennyson, served as the foundation's president until her death in 1991.[4]In 1971, the foundation sold a significant part of its holdings in the Celanese company.[5]The foundation makes grants and awards prizes in support of chemistry research and education.[2][6][7][8][9] These prizes include the Dreyfus Prize in the Chemical Sciences, Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Awards, Henry Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Awards, Machine Learning in the Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jean Dreyfus Lectureship for Undergraduate Institutions. The foundation also sponsors two awards through the American Chemical Society: the ACS Award for Encouraging Women into Careers in the Chemical Sciences, and the ACS Award for Encouraging Disadvantaged Students into Careers in the Chemical Sciences.","title":"The Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"The Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_and_Henry_Dreyfus_Foundation"}],"text":"The Dreyfus Prize in the Chemical Sciences is an award given to an individual researcher in chemistry. The prize, awarded biennially, consists of a citation, a medal, and a monetary award of $250,000. The prize is awarded by The Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation, Inc. to an individual in a selected area of chemistry \"to recognize exceptional and original research that has advanced the field in a major way.\"","title":"Dreyfus Prize in the Chemical Sciences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-11"},{"link_name":"Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Dreyfus_Teacher-Scholar_Awards"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry"},{"link_name":"Paul L. Modrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_L._Modrich"},{"link_name":"Richard R. Schrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_R._Schrock"},{"link_name":"Robert H. Grubbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_H._Grubbs"},{"link_name":"K. Barry Sharpless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless"},{"link_name":"Ahmed H. Zewail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Zewail"},{"link_name":"Mario J. Molina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Molina"},{"link_name":"Yuan Tseh Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_T._Lee"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Awards are awards given to early-career researchers in chemistry \"to support the research and teaching careers of talented young faculty in the chemical sciences... who demonstrate leadership in research and education.\"[10] The Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar program began in 1970.[11] In 1994, the program was divided into two parallel awards: The Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Awards Program, aimed at research universities, and the Henry Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Awards Program, directed at primarily undergraduate institutions.[citation needed]The annually presented awards consist of a monetary prize of $75,000, which was increased to $100,000 starting in 2019.[12][13] Seven winners of the Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Awards have gone on to win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, including Paul L. Modrich, Richard R. Schrock, Robert H. Grubbs, K. Barry Sharpless, Ahmed H. Zewail, Mario J. Molina and Yuan Tseh Lee.[14]","title":"Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-15"}],"text":"The Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Awards are awards given to faculty at primarily undergraduate institutions (PUIs) \"to support the research and teaching careers of talented young faculty in the chemical sciences at undergraduate institutions.\"[15] The annually presented awards consist of a monetary prize of $75,000.[15]","title":"Henry Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The Machine Learning in the Chemical Sciences and Engineering Awards are awards \"for innovative projects in any area of Machine Learning (ML) consistent with the Foundation’s broad objective to advance the chemical sciences and engineering.\"[16] They were first awarded in 2020.","title":"Machine Learning in the Chemical Sciences and Engineering"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The Jean Dreyfus Lectureship awards \"bring a leading researcher to a primarily undergraduate institution (PUI) to give at least two lectures in the chemical sciences.\"[17] The annually presented awards consist of a monetary prize of $18,500. Before 2016, this Lectureship was known as the Jean Dreyfus Boissevain Lectureship for Undergraduate Institutions.","title":"Jean Dreyfus Lectureship for Undergraduate Institutions"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"The Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation\" (PDF). Foundation Center. November 15, 2016. Retrieved June 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://990s.foundationcenter.org/990pf_pdf_archive/135/135570117/135570117_201512_990PF.pdf","url_text":"\"The Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"\"WMC, chemistry professor get $60,000 grant Smith to oversee Dreyfus program (CARROLL SUN Edition)\". The Baltimore Sun. Baltimore, Maryland: November 16, 1992. November 16, 1992. p. 3.B. Retrieved April 2, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/113532190.html?dids=113532190:113532190&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Nov+16%2C+1992&author=&pub=The+Sun&desc=WMC%2C+chemistry+professor+get+%2460%2C000+grant+Smith+to+oversee+Dreyfus+program&pqatl=google","url_text":"\"WMC, chemistry professor get $60,000 grant Smith to oversee Dreyfus program (CARROLL SUN Edition)\""}]},{"reference":"Burkhart, Ford (March 2, 1997). \"Henry B. Guthrie, 94, Lawyer (obituary)\". The New York Times. Retrieved April 2, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/02/nyregion/henry-b-guthrie-94-lawyer.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"Henry B. Guthrie, 94, Lawyer (obituary)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jean Tennyson Dies; Singer and Patron, 86\". The New York Times. March 19, 1991. p. D23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/19/obituaries/jean-tennyson-dies-singer-and-patron-86.html","url_text":"\"Jean Tennyson Dies; Singer and Patron, 86\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Dreyfus Foundation Cuts Celanese Stake About 25%\". The Wall Street Journal. June 24, 1971. Retrieved April 2, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/djreprints/access/72866258.html?dids=72866258:72866258&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Jun+24%2C+1971&author=&pub=Wall+Street+Journal&desc=Dreyfus+Foundation+Cuts+Celanese+Stake+About+25%25&pqatl=google","url_text":"\"Dreyfus Foundation Cuts Celanese Stake About 25%\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chemistry experts team up to predict pollutant reactions\". Science Centric. February 12, 2008. Retrieved April 2, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sciencecentric.com/news/article.php?q=08021221","url_text":"\"Chemistry experts team up to predict pollutant reactions\""}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Kathryn (July 23, 1990). \"Young Faculty Angle For Funding Support\". The Scientist. 1990, 4(15):22. Retrieved April 2, 2010. Then he won a $25000 no-strings-attached award specifically designed for startup funding from the New York-based Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.the-scientist.com/article/display/10238/","url_text":"\"Young Faculty Angle For Funding Support\""}]},{"reference":"\"Margaret-Ann Armour.(Distinction)(Brief Article)\". Canadian Chemical News. Chemical Institute of Canada. October 1, 2003. Retrieved April 2, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-19357509_ITM","url_text":"\"Margaret-Ann Armour.(Distinction)(Brief Article)\""}]},{"reference":"Hayhurst, Tracy (March 31, 2008). \"Grant funds partnership to study pollutants.(News)\". Waste News. Retrieved April 2, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-34253748_ITM","url_text":"\"Grant funds partnership to study pollutants.(News)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Camille Dreyfus Teacher Scholar\". Dreyfus Foundation. Retrieved June 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dreyfus.org/camille-dreyfus-teacher-scholar/","url_text":"\"Camille Dreyfus Teacher Scholar\""}]},{"reference":"\"UO's Boettcher wins Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award\". Around the O. June 3, 2015. Retrieved June 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://around.uoregon.edu/content/uos-boettcher-wins-camille-dreyfus-teacher-scholar-award","url_text":"\"UO's Boettcher wins Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award\""}]},{"reference":"\"2018 Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Awards\". Dreyfus Foundation. May 2, 2018. Retrieved June 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dreyfus.org/2018-camille-dreyfus-teacher-scholar-awards/","url_text":"\"2018 Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Awards\". Dreyfus Foundation. May 2, 2019. Retrieved June 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dreyfus.org/2019-camille-dreyfus-teacher-scholar-awards/","url_text":"\"2019 Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Camille Dreyfus Teacher Scholar\". Dreyfus Foundation. Retrieved June 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dreyfus.org/camille-dreyfus-teacher-scholar/","url_text":"\"Camille Dreyfus Teacher Scholar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Henry Dreyfus Teacher Scholar\". Dreyfus Foundation. Retrieved June 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dreyfus.org/henry-dreyfus-teacher-scholar/","url_text":"\"Henry Dreyfus Teacher Scholar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Machine Learning in the Chemical Sciences and Engineering\". Dreyfus Foundation. Retrieved June 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dreyfus.org/machine-learning-in-the-chemical-sciences-and-engineering/","url_text":"\"Machine Learning in the Chemical Sciences and Engineering\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jean Dreyfus Lectureship\". Dreyfus Foundation. Retrieved June 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dreyfus.org/jean-dreyfus-lectureship/","url_text":"\"Jean Dreyfus Lectureship\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mijan%C3%A8s
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Mijanès
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["1 Population","2 Administration","3 Landmarks and communities","3.1 Church of St John the Baptist","3.2 La Forge à la catalane","3.3 Cathar Castles","3.4 Les Orrys","3.5 Mijanès ski station","3.6 Noubals","4 Geography","5 Notable people","6 1944 Pic de la Camisette air crash","6.1 Rescue","6.2 Wreckage","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
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Coordinates: 42°43′54″N 2°03′25″E / 42.7317°N 2.0569°E / 42.7317; 2.0569
Commune in Occitanie, France
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Commune in Occitania, FranceMijanèsCommuneThe Bruyante river at MijanèsLocation of Mijanès
MijanèsShow map of FranceMijanèsShow map of OccitanieCoordinates: 42°43′54″N 2°03′25″E / 42.7317°N 2.0569°E / 42.7317; 2.0569CountryFranceRegionOccitaniaDepartmentAriègeArrondissementFoixCantonHaute-AriègeGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Christian DubucArea139.95 km2 (15.42 sq mi)Population (2021)59 • Density1.5/km2 (3.8/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code09193 /09460Elevation1,037–2,541 m (3,402–8,337 ft) (avg. 1,130 m or 3,710 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Mijanès (French pronunciation: ; Occitan: Mijanes) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.
It is located close to two Cathar castles, the Château d'Usson and the Château de Quérigut.
During World War II, the villagers of Mijanès were involved in the rescue of six British airmen of the Royal Air Force after their plane crashed on the Pic de la Camisette, a nearby mountain, in December 1944. Wreckage of the plane is displayed today at the Château d'Usson.
Population
Historical populationYearPop.±%
196257—
196891+59.6%
197571−22.0%
198275+5.6%
199079+5.3%
199978−1.3%
200892+17.9%
Administration
From
To
Name
Party
Notes
March 1983
1995
Jean-Pierre Bel
Parti Socialiste (PS)
Regional Councillor, Midi-Pyrénées
March 1995
2001
Jean Jacques Resplandy
PS
March 2001
2014
Christian Dubuc
PS
Landmarks and communities
Church of St John the Baptist
The church in Mijanès is dedicated to John the Baptist and dates from the 17th century. It was built in the Renaissance style and the façade was restored in 1965.
La Forge à la catalane
The community of la Forge à la catalane is located near to Mijanès by the River Bruyante and close to an area called la Mouline. It is so called because during the Middle Ages a forge operated at this location.
It is mentioned for the first time in 1714 when the Marquis d'Usson was authorized by King Louis XIV to build an ironworks there. The Mijanès forge was located by a river with a current strong enough to drive a water wheel to power industrial bellows and metalworking machinery. Because it was situated in the village, the water wheel was also used to run flour mills and a sawmill. The iron ore was brought up by mules from Rancié and possibly also the iron mines at Boutadiol. The iron was extracted from the ore by smelting with wood charcoal.
Cathar Castles
Château d'Usson
Near to Mijanès is the Château d'Usson, an 11th-century ruined fortification which was used for sanctuary by the Cathars towards the end of the wars against the Cathars. The village is also situated close to and the Château de Quérigut.
Les Orrys
A number of shepherds' huts (orrys) survive in the hills around the village. These structures enabled shepherds and farmers to take shelter without having to return to the village. These huts have through the years without much deterioration due to their quality and simplicity of construction. Although they are numerous, they are difficult to find without the assistance of a mountain guide.
Mijanès ski station
Mijanès Donezan ski station is at 1470 m-2000 m altitude, with 45 km of ski routes including 36 km of cross-country skiing and 10 alpine skiing pistes, and five ski lifts. It was founded in 1961 (M. Castilla, General Counsel).
Noubals
A hydroelectric dam is located at nearby Noubals. The facility also offers public access for leisure activities such as a fitness trail.
Geography
The river running through the village is La Bruyante. Surrounding peaks include Pic de Balbonne (2305 m), Roc Blanc (2 546 m) and Pic de la Camisette. The Monegou cave, which was discovered in 1968, is a pit cave which reaches a depth of 324m.
Notable people
The Abbot and geologist J. M. Durand, who was appointed at Montségur, carried out excavations in the area. His discoveries are housed in a museum in Paris. He was the attached to the château d'Usson.
Jean-Pierre Bel, President of the French Senate from 2011, was a former mayor of Mijanès.
1944 Pic de la Camisette air crash
1944 Camisette Air CrashUSAAF C-47A Skytrains pictured in 1944, similar to the aircraft which crashed on CamisetteAccidentDateDecember 5, 1944 (1944-12-05)Summaryadverse weather/unknownSitePic de la Camisette, France42°40′50″N 2°00′09″E / 42.680613°N 2.002387°E / 42.680613; 2.002387Aircraft typeDakota M.K.III aircraft (Douglas C-47)OperatorRoyal Air ForceFlight originRAF Northolt, United KingdomPassengers20Crew3Fatalities18Injuries7Survivors6
On 5 December 1944 a British Douglas Dakota III aircraft, serial number FL588, of the Royal Air Force crashed on the Pic de la Camisette, a mountain close to the commune of Mijanès, Ariège, in the French Pyrenees. It was on a military transport operation during World War II.
The Dakota was piloted by three RAF pilots. In total twenty-three airmen were on board, including twenty members of the Glider Pilot Regiment. Only six airmen survived the incident; sixteen died in the crash, another died within hours from his injuries. In spite of serious wounds, two of the survivors managed to reach the village of Mijanès to get help for the other survivors.
FL588 originated from RAF Northolt in West London. Two Dakota planes took off at 09:00 on 5 December on a course for Marseilles transporting 20 glider pilots en route to India, who were trained to pilot Horsa and Hamilcar gliders to carry men and equipment.
Around 15:30 one of the Dakota aircraft crashed on the Pic de la Camisette (alt 2426m ), striking the north face above the Roc de la Musique before coming down facing south-east near a lake. The exact cause of the crash is not known, although it is known that the aircraft came down in a blizzard.
Seven pilots survived the crash initially, with varying degrees of injury but seven died during the night from injuries.
Rescue
The following morning, 6 December, the injured Blatch and Baker located Dawkins by following his cries of pain and attempted to bring him to shelter in the plane, but were unable to move him. In spite of having broken both his legs, Dawkins managed to drag himself towards the plane, where the other men gave him shelter in the wrecked fuselage. Blatch and Baker, who were barely able to walk, then went down into the valley to the village of Mijanès and sought help from the local inhabitants. A group of villagers from Mijanes formed a search party and went up to look for survivors, but were thwarted by nightfall and a fierce snowstorm. On 7 December, villagers from neighbouring Artigues retraced the steps of the two airmen and discovered the plane wreck on the Pic de la Camisette. Amid the wreckage they heard cries for help and found the officers Ainsworth, Henwood, Wigmore and Dawkins in the fuselage of the plane, alive but too severely injured to move. With great difficulty, the villagers carried the airmen down from the mountain, following the Barbouillère stream through the snow. The injured men were then taken from Le Pla by ambulance to Carcassonne hospital.
The bodies of eleven men were recovered from the crash site between 10 and 19 December, and buried in Mijanès. The search was suspended due to adverse weather conditions, but in the spring of 1945 a further six bodies were brought down from the crash site after the snow had melted. All of the airmen who died in the crash were later reburied in the Mazargues War Cemetery, Marseilles.
Wreckage
Remains of Dakota FL 588 have been preserved and today are on display at the Château d'Usson, a ruined medieval Castle noted for its association with the Cathars.
See also
Communes of the Ariège department
Fairy Lochs, a World War II crash site in Scotland
References
"Mijanès". Histariège - les communes de l'Ariège, histoire et patrimoine. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.
^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
^ a b c d "Avion de la Camistte". Mijanes, notre Village (in French). Retrieved 16 September 2011.
^ a b "Photo: Moteur de l'avion anglais tombé au Pic de la Camisette en décembre 1944". Visite de la Maison du Patrimoine du Donezan. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
^ "FLYING DRAMA IN THE PYRENEES – December 5th, 1944". The 24 Sqn RAF Association BLog Book. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
^ "Casualty Details: George Horrocks". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
^ "Sergeant Edward Wakefield". Airborne Assault Paradata. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mijanès.
L'épave du C47 de la Camisette - photographs of a hiking trip to the Camisette crash site
Crash du Douglas C-47 - type A-1-DK Skytrain - s/n FL588 (42-92220) NQ-Z - France Crashes 39-45
vteCommunes of the Ariège department
Aigues-Juntes
Aigues-Vives
L'Aiguillon
Albiès
Aleu
Alliat
Allières
Alos
Alzen
Antras
Appy
Arabaux
Argein
Arignac
Arnave
Arrien-en-Bethmale
Arrout
Artigat
Artigues
Artix
Arvigna
Ascou
Aston
Aucazein
Audressein
Augirein
Aulos-Sinsat
Aulus-les-Bains
Auzat
Axiat
Ax-les-Thermes
Bagert
Balacet
Balaguères
Barjac
La Bastide-de-Besplas
La Bastide-de-Bousignac
La Bastide-de-Lordat
La Bastide-de-Sérou
La Bastide-du-Salat
La Bastide-sur-l'Hers
Baulou
Bédeilhac-et-Aynat
Bédeille
Bélesta
Belloc
Bénac
Benagues
Bénaix
Besset
Bestiac
Betchat
Bethmale
Bézac
Biert
Bompas
Bonac-Irazein
Bonnac
Les Bordes-sur-Arize
Bordes-Uchentein
Le Bosc
Bouan
Boussenac
Brassac
Brie
Burret
Buzan
Les Cabannes
Cadarcet
Calzan
Camarade
Camon
Campagne-sur-Arize
Canté
Capoulet-et-Junac
Carcanières
Carla-Bayle
Carla-de-Roquefort
Le Carlaret
Castelnau-Durban
Castéras
Castex
Castillon-en-Couserans
Caumont
Caussou
Caychax
Cazals-des-Baylès
Cazaux
Cazavet
Cazenave-Serres-et-Allens
Celles
Cérizols
Cescau
Château-Verdun
Clermont
Contrazy
Cos
Couflens
Coussa
Coutens
Crampagna
Dalou
Daumazan-sur-Arize
Dreuilhe
Dun
Durban-sur-Arize
Durfort
Encourtiech
Engomer
Ercé
Erp
Esclagne
Escosse
Esplas
Esplas-de-Sérou
Eycheil
Fabas
Ferrières-sur-Ariège
Foixpref
Fornex
Le Fossat
Fougax-et-Barrineuf
Freychenet
Gabre
Gajan
Galey
Ganac
Garanou
Gaudiès
Génat
Gestiès
Gourbit
Gudas
L'Herm
L'Hospitalet-près-l'Andorre
Ignaux
Ilhat
Illartein
Illier-et-Laramade
Les Issards
Justiniac
Labatut
Lacave
Lacourt
Lagarde
Lanoux
Lapège
Lapenne
Larbont
Larcat
Larnat
Laroque-d'Olmes
Lasserre
Lassur
Lavelanet
Léran
Lercoul
Lescousse
Lescure
Lesparrou
Leychert
Lézat-sur-Lèze
Lieurac
Limbrassac
Lissac
Lordat
Lorp-Sentaraille
Loubaut
Loubens
Loubières
Ludiès
Luzenac
Madière
Malegoude
Malléon
Manses
Le Mas-d'Azil
Massat
Mauvezin-de-Prat
Mauvezin-de-Sainte-Croix
Mazères
Méras
Mercenac
Mercus-Garrabet
Mérens-les-Vals
Mérigon
Miglos
Mijanès
Mirepoix
Monesple
Montagagne
Montaillou
Montardit
Montaut
Montbel
Montégut-en-Couserans
Montégut-Plantaurel
Montels
Montesquieu-Avantès
Montfa
Montferrier
Montgailhard
Montgauch
Montjoie-en-Couserans
Montoulieu
Montségur
Montseron
Moulin-Neuf
Moulis
Nalzen
Nescus
Niaux
Orgeix
Orgibet
Orlu
Ornolac-Ussat-les-Bains
Orus
Oust
Pailhès
Pamierssubpr
Pech
Péreille
Perles-et-Castelet
Le Peyrat
Le Pla
Le Port
Prades
Pradettes
Pradières
Prat-Bonrepaux
Prayols
Le Puch
Les Pujols
Quérigut
Quié
Rabat-les-Trois-Seigneurs
Raissac
Régat
Rieucros
Rieux-de-Pelleport
Rimont
Rivèrenert
Roquefixade
Roquefort-les-Cascades
Roumengoux
Rouze
Sabarat
Saint-Amadou
Saint-Bauzeil
Sainte-Croix-Volvestre
Sainte-Foi
Sainte-Suzanne
Saint-Félix-de-Rieutord
Saint-Félix-de-Tournegat
Saint-Gironssubpr
Saint-Jean-d'Aigues-Vives
Saint-Jean-de-Verges
Saint-Jean-du-Castillonnais
Saint-Jean-du-Falga
Saint-Julien-de-Gras-Capou
Saint-Lary
Saint-Lizier
Saint-Martin-de-Caralp
Saint-Martin-d'Oydes
Saint-Michel
Saint-Paul-de-Jarrat
Saint-Pierre-de-Rivière
Saint-Quentin-la-Tour
Saint-Quirc
Saint-Victor-Rouzaud
Saint-Ybars
Salsein
Saurat
Sautel
Saverdun
Savignac-les-Ormeaux
Ségura
Seix
Senconac
Sentein
Sentenac-de-Sérou
Sentenac-d'Oust
Serres-sur-Arget
Sieuras
Siguer
Sor
Sorgeat
Soueix-Rogalle
Soula
Soulan
Surba
Suzan
Tabre
Tarascon-sur-Ariège
Taurignan-Castet
Taurignan-Vieux
Teilhet
Thouars-sur-Arize
Tignac
La Tour-du-Crieu
Tourtouse
Tourtrol
Trémoulet
Troye-d'Ariège
Unac
Unzent
Urs
Ussat
Ustou
Val-de-Sos
Vals
Varilhes
Vaychis
Vèbre
Ventenac
Verdun
Vernajoul
Vernaux
Le Vernet
Verniolle
Villeneuve
Villeneuve-d'Olmes
Villeneuve-du-Latou
Villeneuve-du-Paréage
Vira
Viviès
pref: prefecture
subpr: subprefecture
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[miʒanɛs]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Occitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occitan_language"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Ariège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari%C3%A8ge_(department)"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Cathar castles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathar_castle"},{"link_name":"Château d'Usson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Usson"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"plane crashed on the Pic de la Camisette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_Camisette_Air_Crash"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avion-camistte-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-donezan-4"}],"text":"Commune in Occitanie, FranceCommune in Occitania, FranceMijanès (French pronunciation: [miʒanɛs]; Occitan: Mijanes) is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France.\nIt is located close to two Cathar castles, the Château d'Usson and the Château de Quérigut.During World War II, the villagers of Mijanès were involved in the rescue of six British airmen of the Royal Air Force after their plane crashed on the Pic de la Camisette, a nearby mountain, in December 1944.[3] Wreckage of the plane is displayed today at the Château d'Usson.[4]","title":"Mijanès"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Landmarks and communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John the Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Renaissance_architecture"}],"sub_title":"Church of St John the Baptist","text":"The church in Mijanès is dedicated to John the Baptist and dates from the 17th century. It was built in the Renaissance style and the façade was restored in 1965.","title":"Landmarks and communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"forge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forge"},{"link_name":"Marquis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquis"},{"link_name":"King Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Louis_XIV"},{"link_name":"water wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_wheel"},{"link_name":"bellows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellows"},{"link_name":"metalworking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalworking"},{"link_name":"flour mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flour_mill"},{"link_name":"sawmill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawmill"},{"link_name":"iron ore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_ore"},{"link_name":"mules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mule"},{"link_name":"iron mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_mine"},{"link_name":"smelting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelting"},{"link_name":"charcoal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal"}],"sub_title":"La Forge à la catalane","text":"The community of la Forge à la catalane is located near to Mijanès by the River Bruyante and close to an area called la Mouline. It is so called because during the Middle Ages a forge operated at this location.It is mentioned for the first time in 1714 when the Marquis d'Usson was authorized by King Louis XIV to build an ironworks there. The Mijanès forge was located by a river with a current strong enough to drive a water wheel to power industrial bellows and metalworking machinery. Because it was situated in the village, the water wheel was also used to run flour mills and a sawmill. The iron ore was brought up by mules from Rancié and possibly also the iron mines at Boutadiol. The iron was extracted from the ore by smelting with wood charcoal.","title":"Landmarks and communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Usson.JPG"},{"link_name":"Château d'Usson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Usson"},{"link_name":"Cathars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathar"},{"link_name":"wars against the Cathars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Quérigut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%A9rigut"}],"sub_title":"Cathar Castles","text":"Château d'UssonNear to Mijanès is the Château d'Usson, an 11th-century ruined fortification which was used for sanctuary by the Cathars towards the end of the wars against the Cathars. The village is also situated close to and the Château de Quérigut.","title":"Landmarks and communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"huts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hut_(dwelling)"}],"sub_title":"Les Orrys","text":"A number of shepherds' huts (orrys) survive in the hills around the village. These structures enabled shepherds and farmers to take shelter without having to return to the village. These huts have through the years without much deterioration due to their quality and simplicity of construction. Although they are numerous, they are difficult to find without the assistance of a mountain guide.","title":"Landmarks and communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cross-country skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-country_skiing"},{"link_name":"alpine skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_skiing"},{"link_name":"ski lifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ski_lifts"}],"sub_title":"Mijanès ski station","text":"Mijanès Donezan ski station is at 1470 m-2000 m altitude, with 45 km of ski routes including 36 km of cross-country skiing and 10 alpine skiing pistes, and five ski lifts. It was founded in 1961 (M. Castilla, General Counsel).","title":"Landmarks and communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hydroelectric dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectric_dam"}],"sub_title":"Noubals","text":"A hydroelectric dam is located at nearby Noubals. The facility also offers public access for leisure activities such as a fitness trail.","title":"Landmarks and communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pit cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_cave"}],"text":"The river running through the village is La Bruyante. Surrounding peaks include Pic de Balbonne (2305 m), Roc Blanc (2 546 m) and Pic de la Camisette. The Monegou cave, which was discovered in 1968, is a pit cave which reaches a depth of 324m.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montségur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monts%C3%A9gur"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Bel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Bel"},{"link_name":"President of the French Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_French_Senate"}],"text":"The Abbot and geologist J. M. Durand, who was appointed at Montségur, carried out excavations in the area. His discoveries are housed in a museum in Paris. He was the attached to the château d'Usson.\nJean-Pierre Bel, President of the French Senate from 2011, was a former mayor of Mijanès.","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Douglas Dakota III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Ariège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ari%C3%A8ge_(department)"},{"link_name":"Pyrenees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrenees"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Glider Pilot Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_Pilot_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avion-camistte-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flying-drama-5"},{"link_name":"RAF Northolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Northolt"},{"link_name":"Marseilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseilles"},{"link_name":"glider pilots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_pilot"},{"link_name":"Horsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airspeed_Horsa"},{"link_name":"Hamilcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Aircraft_Hamilcar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avion-camistte-3"}],"text":"On 5 December 1944 a British Douglas Dakota III aircraft, serial number FL588, of the Royal Air Force crashed on the Pic de la Camisette, a mountain close to the commune of Mijanès, Ariège, in the French Pyrenees. It was on a military transport operation during World War II.The Dakota was piloted by three RAF pilots. In total twenty-three airmen were on board, including twenty members of the Glider Pilot Regiment. Only six airmen survived the incident; sixteen died in the crash, another died within hours from his injuries. In spite of serious wounds, two of the survivors managed to reach the village of Mijanès to get help for the other survivors.[3][5]FL588 originated from RAF Northolt in West London. Two Dakota planes took off at 09:00 on 5 December on a course for Marseilles transporting 20 glider pilots en route to India, who were trained to pilot Horsa and Hamilcar gliders to carry men and equipment.Around 15:30 one of the Dakota aircraft crashed on the Pic de la Camisette (alt 2426m ), striking the north face above the Roc de la Musique before coming down facing south-east near a lake. The exact cause of the crash is not known, although it is known that the aircraft came down in a blizzard.Seven pilots survived the crash initially, with varying degrees of injury but seven died during the night from injuries.[3]","title":"1944 Pic de la Camisette air crash"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Artigues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artigues,_Ari%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"Le Pla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Pla"},{"link_name":"Carcassonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcassonne"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-avion-camistte-3"},{"link_name":"Mazargues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_arrondissement_of_Marseille"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cwgc-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paradata-7"}],"sub_title":"Rescue","text":"The following morning, 6 December, the injured Blatch and Baker located Dawkins by following his cries of pain and attempted to bring him to shelter in the plane, but were unable to move him. In spite of having broken both his legs, Dawkins managed to drag himself towards the plane, where the other men gave him shelter in the wrecked fuselage. Blatch and Baker, who were barely able to walk, then went down into the valley to the village of Mijanès and sought help from the local inhabitants. A group of villagers from Mijanes formed a search party and went up to look for survivors, but were thwarted by nightfall and a fierce snowstorm. On 7 December, villagers from neighbouring Artigues retraced the steps of the two airmen and discovered the plane wreck on the Pic de la Camisette. Amid the wreckage they heard cries for help and found the officers Ainsworth, Henwood, Wigmore and Dawkins in the fuselage of the plane, alive but too severely injured to move. With great difficulty, the villagers carried the airmen down from the mountain, following the Barbouillère stream through the snow. The injured men were then taken from Le Pla by ambulance to Carcassonne hospital.[3]The bodies of eleven men were recovered from the crash site between 10 and 19 December, and buried in Mijanès. The search was suspended due to adverse weather conditions, but in the spring of 1945 a further six bodies were brought down from the crash site after the snow had melted. All of the airmen who died in the crash were later reburied in the Mazargues War Cemetery, Marseilles.[6][7]","title":"1944 Pic de la Camisette air crash"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Château d'Usson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Usson"},{"link_name":"Cathars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-donezan-4"}],"sub_title":"Wreckage","text":"Remains of Dakota FL 588 have been preserved and today are on display at the Château d'Usson, a ruined medieval Castle noted for its association with the Cathars.[4]","title":"1944 Pic de la Camisette air crash"}]
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[{"image_text":"Château d'Usson","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Usson.JPG/220px-Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Usson.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"Communes of the Ariège department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Ari%C3%A8ge_department"},{"title":"Fairy Lochs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy_Lochs"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Mijanès\". Histariège - les communes de l'Ariège, histoire et patrimoine. Retrieved 1 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.histariege.com/mijanes.htm","url_text":"\"Mijanès\""}]},{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-09193","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]},{"reference":"\"Avion de la Camistte\". Mijanes, notre Village (in French). Retrieved 16 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://mijanes.pagesperso-orange.fr/avion.htm","url_text":"\"Avion de la Camistte\""}]},{"reference":"\"Photo: Moteur de l'avion anglais tombé au Pic de la Camisette en décembre 1944\". Visite de la Maison du Patrimoine du Donezan. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120302181642/http://www.donezan.com/diaporamas/mpd/index.html","url_text":"\"Photo: Moteur de l'avion anglais tombé au Pic de la Camisette en décembre 1944\""},{"url":"http://www.donezan.com/diaporamas/mpd/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FLYING DRAMA IN THE PYRENEES – December 5th, 1944\". The 24 Sqn RAF Association BLog Book. Retrieved 16 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://the24sec.wordpress.com/2009/06/19/flying-drama-in-the-pyrenees-december-5th-1944/","url_text":"\"FLYING DRAMA IN THE PYRENEES – December 5th, 1944\""}]},{"reference":"\"Casualty Details: George Horrocks\". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Retrieved 16 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/2685826","url_text":"\"Casualty Details: George Horrocks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sergeant Edward Wakefield\". Airborne Assault Paradata. Retrieved 16 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paradata.org.uk/people/edward-wakefield","url_text":"\"Sergeant Edward Wakefield\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_You_Get_a_Little_Lonely
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When You Get a Little Lonely
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["1 Background and recording","2 Composition and sound","3 Release and promotion","4 Critical reception","5 Aftermath","6 Track listing","7 Credits and personnel","8 Release history","9 References","9.1 Bibliography","10 External links"]
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For the Nicolette Larson song, see ...Say When.
1995 studio album by Maureen McCormickWhen You Get a Little LonelyStudio album by Maureen McCormickReleasedApril 4, 1995Recorded1994–1995Studio
Nightingale Studios (Nashville)
Tempo Recording (Hollywood)
GenreCountryLength34:41LabelPhantom HillProducerBarry Coffing (also exec.)Singles from When You Get a Little Lonely
"When You Get a Little Lonely"Released: 1995
"Tell Mama"Released: September 1995
When You Get a Little Lonely is the debut studio album by American actress and singer Maureen McCormick. It was released on April 4, 1995, through the label Phantom Hill. After playing Marcia Brady in the sitcom The Brady Bunch, she was offered a solo record deal in the mid-1970s but rejected the offer to attend school. McCormick had previously recorded four albums as part of The Brady Bunch and a duet album with her co-star Christopher Knight. In 1994, she signed with her brother's record label, Phantom Hill, and recorded When You Get a Little Lonely in Nashville, Tennessee and Hollywood, California. Barry Coffing was the executive producer and arranged and produced all the songs. McCormick wanted to fuse genres into the album's overall country sound.
The album received mainly negative reviews; some reviewers were critical of McCormick's choice to record country music. She promoted it through live performances and CD signings. Its title track and "Tell Mama" were released as singles. When You Get a Little Lonely was re-released in 2008 as a Circuit City exclusive. Since the album's release, McCormick has continued to perform country music and has participated in the reality television show Gone Country. In a 2008 interview, McCormick said she was disappointed by restrictions to the recording process and wished she had written at least one song for it. When You Get A Little Lonely is her only album as a solo artist.
Background and recording
McCormick in a 1971 The Brady Bunch promotional photo
Maureen McCormick first rose to prominence while playing Marcia Brady in the sitcom The Brady Bunch. She entered the entertainment industry by performing jingles; at the age of 10, she sang for a Kellogg's advertisement. As a part of The Brady Bunch cast, she released four albums, the first of which she recorded at age 15. McCormick also released a duet album with her television co-star Christopher Knight in 1973. Victoria Miller, writing for the digital marketing platform AXS, considered her music with The Brady Bunch bubblegum pop; she cited the 1973 song "It's a Sunshine Day" as an example.
McCormick, however, identified with country music, saying she listened to the genre while growing up on her father's horse ranch. A "country-tinged tune" entitled "Little Bird" was among the songs on her album with Knight. When discussing her attraction to country, she said: "I love songs that tell stories. Words to me are the most important thing." After The Brady Bunch ended in 1974, a company offered McCormick a record deal to record a country album, describing it as her "natural sound". She rejected the offer to return to college and pursue a more "normal life". In a 2008 Entertainment Weekly interview, McCormick said she regretted not taking the deal, saying "I think it would've been interesting to see where it would've gone." In 1994, McCormick signed a recording contract with her brother's label Phantom Hill. During a 1995 Billboard interview, she said; "Music has always been my first love, and I've been waiting a long time for this opportunity. The wait just makes you stronger."
McCormick recorded the album in 1994 and 1995 in Nashville, Tennessee, and Hollywood, California. While in Nashville, she went to Music Row to find inspiration; after returning to California, she selected her favorite songs to include on When You Get a Little Lonely. She had considered hundreds of songs before deciding on the eleven in the final track listing. The executive producer Barry Coffing arranged and produced all of the tracks. A 1994 episode of Entertainment Tonight included portions of the Nashville recording sessions. McCormick described the album as " debut singing"; when asked about her past music career, she said, "Well, those weren't solo songs. They were the Brady kids. And that's not me anymore." While completing When You Get a Little Lonely, McCormick was offered a cameo role on The Brady Bunch Movie (1995) but turned it down to focus on the album. She had also been approached the previous year about the same cameo but was unable to accept because she was playing Betty Rizzo in a Broadway production of the musical Grease.
Composition and sound
McCormick described When You Get a Little Lonely as "country crossover" and said, "We tried to get some different styles, one that's upbeat, then there's a bluesy, jazzy, sexy song, then a commercial feeling". She listed Linda Ronstadt, James Taylor, Mary Chapin Carpenter, and the Eagles as her influences. Discussing the song selection process, McCormick said she tried to "get some different sounds together and have an album with a lot of a variety". AllMusic's Pemberton Roach referred to the album as a "completely straight-ahead modern Nashville country record", while Entertainment Weekly's Alanna Nash described it as country pop, citing its release as part of a trend of Hollywood celebrities recording music in Nashville. The instruments used on When You Get a Little Lonely include pedal steel guitar, fiddle, and piano, which a People magazine contributor called "all the twanging tools of the trade", and wrote that McCormick adopted a "Nashville accent".
The album credits include "Music City's finest" (David Hungate, J.D. Maness, and Larry Knechtel) and "the usual suspects" (Troy Seals, Nicolette Larson, and Gary Nicholson). Mike Hughes, writing for The Times Herald, described McCormick's cover of Nicolette Larson's 1985 single "When You Get a Little Lonely" as "an up-tempo, dance-hall tune in current country style". She also covered Rena Gaile's 1996 single "Cloud of Dust", and recorded a version of the Crickets' 1957 single "Oh, Boy!" at the suggestion of Bread front man David Gates. McCormick said "Oh Boy!" was her daughter's favorite song from the album.
Lisa Gutierrez, writing for Democrat and Chronicle, described When You Get a Little Lonely as a "truly grown-up work" in comparison to her performance as Marcia Brady. McCormick sings about sex using lyrics such as, "He does me wrong, he does me right. He does me crazy in the middle of the night." Other lyrics include "don't bury me on the love prairie". She also addresses "loss the Wild West" in the songs. American singer-songwriter Wayland Patton appears as a guest artist on "We Must Have Done Something Right".
Release and promotion
When You Get a Little Lonely was released through Phantom Hill on April 4, 1995, on CD and cassette formats. McCormick uploaded portions of the songs to her official website. McCormick, who was 38 at the time of the release, wanted to distance herself from the "perpetual-teenager image" of Marcia Brady. The packaging does not reference The Brady Bunch; it includes a picture of a two-year-old McCormick dressed as a cowgirl. The cover, however, bore a sticker saying "Marcia Marcia Marcia", which McCormick said was done by a public relations company and described its inclusion as "a big mistake".
McCormick told Billboard she felt "optimistic" that country radio would accept her music. During a 1995 interview, she said people, particularly DJs, enjoyed the album and her voice; Orlando Sentinel's Gary McKechnie wrote that it "seem to be popular with country music fans". The song "When You Get a Little Lonely" was the lead single and promoted through a music video. The video was shown on the 1995 television special Brady Bunch Home Movies. "Tell Mama" was released in September 1995 as the second single. When You Get a Little Lonely was made available as a digital download on Apple Music, but it was later removed from the platform. Record label Building re-released the album as an exclusive for Circuit City in 2008. It is McCormick's only album as a solo artist.
According to a 1994 Chicago Sun-Times report, McCormick planned to promote When You Get a Little Lonely with a tour. She held album signings in 1995 at a Hollywood Virgin Megastore, the Orlando record store Peaches Music & Video, and a Henrietta Media Play. As part of the Henrietta event, Media Play held a "Brady Bunch look-alike contest". McCormick promoted the album by performing at Lake Compounce, an amusement park in Bristol and Southington, Connecticut, on July 2, 1995. On October 21, 1995, she performed during an Indianapolis Ice game against the Detroit Vipers. She also signed autographs during the game's intermission as part of a "Brady Bunch Night". The following year, she sang at the Palmdale Playhouse in Palmdale, California. In August 2001, McCormick appeared alongside her The Brady Bunch co-stars on the game show The Weakest Link. On his official website, Barry Williams, who played Greg Brady, held a competition in which viewers could win prizes, one of which was a copy of When You Get a Little Lonely, for guessing the winner of The Weakest Link correctly.
Critical reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe Atlanta Journal-ConstitutionEntertainment WeeklyFTimeD−
When You Get a Little Lonely received mainly negative reviews from critics. Some commentators recommended it for fans of The Brady Bunch. Pemberton Roach described McCormick as a "competent singer" with enthusiasm but said her upper register was "a little screechy at times". Roach cited "Cloud of Dust" as a highlight but was less positive about the album as a whole and said it "sounds like a well-produced L.A. songwriter demo". Despite praising the song selection, Hartford Courant's Anita M. Seline criticized McCormick's voice, specifically on her "tepid" version of "Oh Boy!". A People writer suggested McCormick record pop music or covers of 1970s Top 40 songs because "kitschy stuff, after all, has a remarkable shelf life". The reviewer said she "doesn't bring much conviction to the material" but her voice has a "sweet, rather pure timbre ... It's a very Brady sort of voice." Kathleen Adams and Lina Lofaro, writing for Time criticized McCormick's voice and said she "shows scant vocal or emotional range and her backup musicians follow suit".
Some commentators were critical of McCormick's decision to record country music. Alanna Nash panned When You Get a Little Lonely as "the most manufactured of country pop" and criticized McCormick for singing with "the overwrought exuberance of a high school variety show contestant". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution's Miriam Longino wrote that she "can carry a tune" and that the album has the "slickest arrangements and studio musicians", but she largely dismissed it as "a contrived attempt to cash in on country's popularity". Longino said McCormick's interpretation of country music was inauthentic, writing, "A pair of Tony Lama boots cannot transform this California actress into Patsy Cline". A St. Cloud Times reviewer criticized her for "tr her hand at country and go nowhere". A Time contributor dismissed When You Get a Little Lonely as "new country curbed and gutted". In a 2010 Newsday article, Daniel Bubbeo wrote, "it's doubtful caused Reba McEntire to have any sleepless nights".
Aftermath
McCormick at a 2009 book signing
In a 2008 interview, McCormick said she was disappointed by the recording process for When You Get a Little Lonely: "I kinda felt like it wasn't done the right way. There are certain rules in Nashville, and my album didn't really follow them." She wished the process had been "more organic" and that she could have written at least one of the songs.
According to a 2015 AXS article, McCormick has "long been associated with country music", including her portrayal of Barbara Mandrell in the 1997 television film Get to the Heart: The Barbara Mandrell Story. She lip-synced to Mandrell's music, saying; "Really, in a piece like this, you're playing that person. I would never be able to sound like her." Also in 1997, McCormick was an opening act for Clint Black and Faith Hill, and performed with Hal Ketchum and the Confederate Railroad.
McCormick appeared in the music video for Brad Paisley's 2007 song "Online". The following year, she competed on the first season of the reality television show Gone Country; as the prize, John Rich would produce the winner's song, and it would be sent to radio. McCormick said it was a "lifelong dream to have a song on the radio". In March 2008, Julio Iglesias Jr. was announced as the winner of the season. Access Hollywood's executive producer Rob Silverstein hired McCormick as a red-carpet reporter for the 2008 CMT Music Awards after seeing her on Gone Country.
Track listing
Credits are taken from the booklet of When You Get a Little Lonely. Barry Coffing produced all of the songs.
No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."When You Get a Little Lonely"Nicolette Larson, Wendy Waldman, Josh Leo4:032."I'd Have to Call It Love"Robert Ellis Orrall3:173."Tell Mama"Barry Coffing3:034."Some Somebody"Troy Seals, Mike Reid, Rhonda Gunn3:285."We Must Have Done Something Right" (featuring Wayland Patton)Marc Beeson, Liz Hengber3:296."Cloud of Dust"Judy Rodman, Tom Damphier3:157."Go West"Gretchen Peters2:538."Oh, Boy!"Norman Petty, Bill Tilghman, Sonny West3:039."Might as Well Be Me"Pam Tillis, Gary Nicholson2:5210."I Do But I Don't"Bill Lloyd, Mark Irwin2:3711."I Can't Say"George Teren, Bob Regan2:41Total length:34:41
Credits and personnel
The following credits were adapted from the booklet of When You Get a Little Lonely and AllMusic:
Richard Abramson – stylist
Osama Afifi – drums
Barry Beckett – organ (Hammond)
Marc Beeson – composer
Chris Bellman – mixing
Mike Botts – drums
Carter Bradley – make-up
Valerie Carter – vocals (background)
Barry Coffing – arranger, composer, piano, producer, vocals (background)
Jim Cox – piano
Tom Damphier – composer
Dan Dugmore – guitar, pedal steel
David Eaton – engineer
Kenny Edwards – vocals (background)
Jim Gaines – photography
Nicola Goode – cover design
Rhonda Gunn – composer
Liz Hengber – composer
Steve Hill – guitar
Randy Howard – fiddle, mandolin
Chris Hufford – engineer, mixing
David Hungate – bass
Mark Irwin – composer
Larry Knechtel – piano
Craig Krampf – drums
Bob Krusen – engineer
Nicolette Larson – composer
Albert Lee – guitar
Josh Leo – composer
Bill Lloyd – composer
Jay Dee Maness – pedal steel
Maureen McCormick – primary artist, vocals
Gary Nicholson – composer
Robert Ellis Orrall – composer
David Pascal – art direction
Wayland Patton – performer, primary artist, vocals
Gretchen Peters – composer
Norman Petty – composer
Bob Regan – composer
Mike Reid – composer
Judy Rodman – composer
Troy Seals – composer
Leland Sklar – bass
Hans J. Spurkel – photography
George Teren – composer
Bill Tilghman – composer
Pam Tillis – composer
Wendy Waldman – composer, vocals (background)
Sonny West – composer
Release history
Country
Date
Format
Label
United States
April 4, 1995
CassetteCD
Phantom Hill
1998
CD
Building
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Voger, Mark (May 21, 1995). "It's A Sunshine Day". Asbury Park Press. Retrieved May 9, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. (subscription required)
^ a b c d e f g h Miller, Victoria (September 8, 2015). "Maureen McCormick's top 5 country music moments". AXS. Archived from the original on September 25, 2016.
^ "Maureen McCormick joins country music bunch". Florida Today. January 26, 1994. Retrieved May 22, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. (subscription required)
^ a b c d e f McKechnie, Gary (May 28, 1995). "Maureen McCormick". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on October 29, 2015.
^ a b c Bierly, Mandi (March 3, 2008). "A chat with Maureen McCormick". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on May 12, 2008. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
^ Cooper, Tracie. "Factsheet". AllMovie. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018.
^ a b c Atwood, Brett (April 1, 1995). "TV: A Help or Hindrance to Musicians?". Billboard. Vol. 107, no. 13. p. 8. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018.
^ Peppiatt (2004)
^ a b c d e f g h Roach, Pemberton. "AllMusic Review by Pemberton Roach". AllMusic. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018.
^ a b McCormick, Maureen (March 8, 1994). "The Hart Files". Entertainment Tonight (Interview). Interviewed by Mary Hart. United States: Paramount Domestic Television. Archived from the original on November 14, 2021.
^ a b c d When You Get a Little Lonely (Inlay cover). Maureen McCormick. Phantom Hill. April 4, 1995.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ a b c When you get a little lonely. WorldCat. OCLC 32606771.
^ a b Kim, Jae-Ha (March 10, 1994). "'Brady Kid' Has Grown-up Advice: Maureen McCormick Touts Birth Control". Chicago Sun-Times.
^ a b c d Gutierrez, Lisa (July 21, 1995). "Here's the story of a girl named Brady". Democrat and Chronicle. Retrieved May 9, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. (subscription required)
^ a b c Nash, Alanna (April 21, 1995). "When You Get a Little Lonely". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on November 20, 2015.
^ a b c "Picks and Pans Review: When You Get a Little Lonely". People. May 8, 1995. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018.
^ a b c Hughes, Mike (May 24, 1995). "Robert Reed's influence lives in Brady sequels". The Times Herald. Retrieved May 21, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. (subscription required)
^ a b c d Seline, Anita M. (June 1, 1995). "When You Get A Little Lonely". Hartford Courant. Retrieved May 9, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. (subscription required)
^ a b Bubbeo, Daniel (December 17, 2010). "Tube stars who laid down tracks". Newsday. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018.
^ a b c d Adams, Kathleen; Lofaro, Lina (May 8, 1995). "It didn't stop with William Shatner". Time. Vol. 145, no. 19. p. 40 – via EBSCOhost.
^ a b c d "Releases". AllMusic. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018.
^ "The Vagina Monologues: Of course Marcia had one; An interview with Maureen McCormick". Santa Fe Reporter. February 4, 2003. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018. (subscription required)
^ Shulman, Dave (December 15, 2000). "How To Write a Sitcom". LA Weekly. Archived from the original on January 29, 2001.
^ Storm, Jonathan (August 16, 1995). "The Brady Bunch and Laverne & Shirley get nostalgia treatment". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved May 21, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. (subscription required)
^ "National Catfish Month survey says consumers like it fried". Clarksdale Press Register. August 16, 1995. Retrieved May 21, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. (subscription required)
^ "When You Get a Little Lonely". Apple Music. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018.
^ "Maureen McCormick Biography". Biography.com. August 31, 2016. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018.
^ "Hot Tips Y'All Should Hear That Brady Gal Sing". Los Angeles Daily News. April 24, 1995. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018. (subscription required)
^ "Who: Maureen McCormick, also known as Marsha Brady from..." Orlando Sentinel. May 17, 1995. Archived from the original on October 16, 2015.
^ "Marsha! Marsha! Marsha!". Hartford Courant. June 29, 1995. Retrieved May 21, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. (subscription required)
^ "'Bunch' of fun is expected when 'Marcia' joins the Ice". Indianapolis News. October 20, 1995. Retrieved May 9, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. (subscription required)
^ Thacker, Karen (January 8, 1996). "Palmdale Playhouse Opens '96 with Varied Fare". Los Angeles Daily News. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018. (subscription required)
^ "'Brady Bunch' cast reunites to compete on NBC's 'Weakest Link'". The Morning Call. August 25, 2001. Retrieved May 9, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. (subscription required)
^ a b Longino, Miriam (April 29, 1995). "When You Get A Little Lonely". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved May 9, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. (subscription required)
^ "Country music's surge slows down in 1995". St. Cloud Times. December 28, 1995. Retrieved May 9, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. (subscription required)
^ a b Thompson, Kevin D. (September 26, 1997). "Stretching It: From Marcia Brady to Barbara Mandrell". The Palm Beach Post. Retrieved May 21, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. (subscription required)
^ Waldon, David Brian (September 15, 1997). "Barbara, Barbara, Barbara". Kokomo Tribune. Retrieved May 21, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. (subscription required)
^ Schulman, Sandra (August 31, 1997). "There's a Song in Their Arts". New York Daily News. Retrieved May 21, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. (subscription required)
^ "Julio Iglesias, Jr Tapped by Host John Rich as CMT's Hit Series Gone Country Winner". CMT. March 10, 2008. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
^ "Credits". AllMusic. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018.
Bibliography
Peppiatt, Francesca (2004). Country Music's Most Wanted: The Top 10 Book of Cheatin' Hearts, Honky-Tonk Tragedies, and Music City Oddities. Dulles: Potomac Books, Inc. ISBN 1-57488-593-6.
External links
When You Get a Little Lonely at Discogs
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"...Say When","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...Say_When"},{"link_name":"Maureen McCormick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen_McCormick"},{"link_name":"label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"Marcia Brady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_Brady"},{"link_name":"sitcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitcom"},{"link_name":"The Brady Bunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brady_Bunch"},{"link_name":"Christopher Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Knight_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Nashville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Hollywood, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"executive producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_producer"},{"link_name":"country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc"},{"link_name":"Circuit City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_City"},{"link_name":"reality television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_television"},{"link_name":"Gone Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_Country_(TV_series)"}],"text":"For the Nicolette Larson song, see ...Say When.1995 studio album by Maureen McCormickWhen You Get a Little Lonely is the debut studio album by American actress and singer Maureen McCormick. It was released on April 4, 1995, through the label Phantom Hill. After playing Marcia Brady in the sitcom The Brady Bunch, she was offered a solo record deal in the mid-1970s but rejected the offer to attend school. McCormick had previously recorded four albums as part of The Brady Bunch and a duet album with her co-star Christopher Knight. In 1994, she signed with her brother's record label, Phantom Hill, and recorded When You Get a Little Lonely in Nashville, Tennessee and Hollywood, California. Barry Coffing was the executive producer and arranged and produced all the songs. McCormick wanted to fuse genres into the album's overall country sound.The album received mainly negative reviews; some reviewers were critical of McCormick's choice to record country music. She promoted it through live performances and CD signings. Its title track and \"Tell Mama\" were released as singles. When You Get a Little Lonely was re-released in 2008 as a Circuit City exclusive. Since the album's release, McCormick has continued to perform country music and has participated in the reality television show Gone Country. In a 2008 interview, McCormick said she was disappointed by restrictions to the recording process and wished she had written at least one song for it. When You Get A Little Lonely is her only album as a solo artist.","title":"When You Get a Little Lonely"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marcia,_Marcia,_Marcia.png"},{"link_name":"Maureen McCormick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maureen_McCormick"},{"link_name":"Marcia Brady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_Brady"},{"link_name":"sitcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitcom"},{"link_name":"The Brady Bunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brady_Bunch"},{"link_name":"jingles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingle"},{"link_name":"Kellogg's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellogg%27s"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newspaper1-1"},{"link_name":"Christopher Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Knight_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newspaper1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source4-2"},{"link_name":"AXS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AXS_(company)"},{"link_name":"bubblegum pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubblegum_pop"},{"link_name":"It's a Sunshine Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_a_Sunshine_Day"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source4-2"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newspaper1-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source4-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewspaperStory-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newspaper1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newspaper1-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orlando1-4"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW1-5"},{"link_name":"label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orlando1-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source7-6"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SourceBillboard1-7"},{"link_name":"Nashville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Hollywood, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Book1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interview1-10"},{"link_name":"Music Row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Row"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newspaper1-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newspaper1-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orlando1-4"},{"link_name":"executive producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_producer"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source0-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coffing1-12"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interview1-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewspaperSunTimes2-13"},{"link_name":"cameo role","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameo_role"},{"link_name":"The Brady Bunch Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Brady_Bunch_Movie"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newspaper1-1"},{"link_name":"Betty Rizzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Rizzo"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Grease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grease_(musical)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newspaper1-1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newspaper3-14"}],"text":"McCormick in a 1971 The Brady Bunch promotional photoMaureen McCormick first rose to prominence while playing Marcia Brady in the sitcom The Brady Bunch. She entered the entertainment industry by performing jingles; at the age of 10, she sang for a Kellogg's advertisement.[1] As a part of The Brady Bunch cast, she released four albums, the first of which she recorded at age 15. McCormick also released a duet album with her television co-star Christopher Knight in 1973.[1][2] Victoria Miller, writing for the digital marketing platform AXS, considered her music with The Brady Bunch bubblegum pop; she cited the 1973 song \"It's a Sunshine Day\" as an example.[2]McCormick, however, identified with country music, saying she listened to the genre while growing up on her father's horse ranch.[1] A \"country-tinged tune\" entitled \"Little Bird\" was among the songs on her album with Knight.[2] When discussing her attraction to country, she said: \"I love songs that tell stories. Words to me are the most important thing.\"[3] After The Brady Bunch ended in 1974, a company offered McCormick a record deal to record a country album, describing it as her \"natural sound\".[1] She rejected the offer to return to college and pursue a more \"normal life\".[1][4] In a 2008 Entertainment Weekly interview, McCormick said she regretted not taking the deal, saying \"I think it would've been interesting to see where it would've gone.\"[5] In 1994, McCormick signed a recording contract with her brother's label Phantom Hill.[4][6] During a 1995 Billboard interview, she said; \"Music has always been my first love, and I've been waiting a long time for this opportunity. The wait just makes you stronger.\"[7]McCormick recorded the album in 1994 and 1995 in Nashville, Tennessee, and Hollywood, California.[8][9][10] While in Nashville, she went to Music Row to find inspiration; after returning to California, she selected her favorite songs to include on When You Get a Little Lonely.[1] She had considered hundreds of songs before deciding on the eleven in the final track listing.[1][4] The executive producer Barry Coffing arranged and produced all of the tracks.[11][12] A 1994 episode of Entertainment Tonight included portions of the Nashville recording sessions.[10] McCormick described the album as \"[her] debut singing\"; when asked about her past music career, she said, \"Well, those weren't solo songs. They were the Brady kids. And that's not me anymore.\"[13] While completing When You Get a Little Lonely, McCormick was offered a cameo role on The Brady Bunch Movie (1995) but turned it down to focus on the album.[1] She had also been approached the previous year about the same cameo but was unable to accept because she was playing Betty Rizzo in a Broadway production of the musical Grease.[1][14]","title":"Background and recording"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orlando1-4"},{"link_name":"Linda Ronstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt"},{"link_name":"James Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Mary Chapin Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Chapin_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagles_(band)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orlando1-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newspaper1-1"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source1-9"},{"link_name":"country pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_pop"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source5-15"},{"link_name":"pedal steel guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedal_steel_guitar"},{"link_name":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source6-16"},{"link_name":"Music City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_City"},{"link_name":"David Hungate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hungate"},{"link_name":"Larry Knechtel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Knechtel"},{"link_name":"Troy Seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Seals"},{"link_name":"Nicolette Larson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolette_Larson"},{"link_name":"Gary Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Nicholson_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source1-9"},{"link_name":"The Times Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_Herald"},{"link_name":"cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_(music)"},{"link_name":"Nicolette Larson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolette_Larson"},{"link_name":"up-tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uptempo"},{"link_name":"dance-hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancehall"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewspaperTimesHerald-17"},{"link_name":"Rena Gaile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rena_Gaile"},{"link_name":"Cloud of Dust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_of_Dust"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source0-11"},{"link_name":"the Crickets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crickets"},{"link_name":"Oh, Boy!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh,_Boy!_(The_Crickets_song)"},{"link_name":"Bread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bread_(band)"},{"link_name":"David Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gates"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newspaper1-1"},{"link_name":"Democrat and Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrat_and_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newspaper3-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newspaper2-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newsday-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time-20"},{"link_name":"Wayland Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayland_Patton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source1-9"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source6-16"}],"text":"McCormick described When You Get a Little Lonely as \"country crossover\" and said, \"We tried to get some different styles, one that's upbeat, then there's a bluesy, jazzy, sexy song, then a commercial feeling\".[4] She listed Linda Ronstadt, James Taylor, Mary Chapin Carpenter, and the Eagles as her influences.[4] Discussing the song selection process, McCormick said she tried to \"get some different sounds together and have an album with a lot of a variety\".[1] AllMusic's Pemberton Roach referred to the album as a \"completely straight-ahead modern Nashville country record\",[9] while Entertainment Weekly's Alanna Nash described it as country pop, citing its release as part of a trend of Hollywood celebrities recording music in Nashville.[15] The instruments used on When You Get a Little Lonely include pedal steel guitar, fiddle, and piano, which a People magazine contributor called \"all the twanging tools of the [country music] trade\", and wrote that McCormick adopted a \"Nashville accent\".[16]The album credits include \"Music City's finest\" (David Hungate, J.D. Maness, and Larry Knechtel) and \"the usual suspects\" (Troy Seals, Nicolette Larson, and Gary Nicholson).[9] Mike Hughes, writing for The Times Herald, described McCormick's cover of Nicolette Larson's 1985 single \"When You Get a Little Lonely\" as \"an up-tempo, dance-hall tune in current country style\".[17] She also covered Rena Gaile's 1996 single \"Cloud of Dust\",[11] and recorded a version of the Crickets' 1957 single \"Oh, Boy!\" at the suggestion of Bread front man David Gates. McCormick said \"Oh Boy!\" was her daughter's favorite song from the album.[1]Lisa Gutierrez, writing for Democrat and Chronicle, described When You Get a Little Lonely as a \"truly grown-up work\" in comparison to her performance as Marcia Brady.[14] McCormick sings about sex using lyrics such as, \"He does me wrong, he does me right. He does me crazy in the middle of the night.\"[18] Other lyrics include \"don't bury me on the love prairie\".[19] She also addresses \"loss [and] the Wild West\" in the songs.[20] American singer-songwriter Wayland Patton appears as a guest artist on \"We Must Have Done Something Right\".[9][16]","title":"Composition and sound"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_CD"},{"link_name":"cassette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Cassette"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coffing1-12"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source3-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HighBeam1-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FabCD1-23"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SourceBillboard1-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source1-9"},{"link_name":"cowgirl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowgirl"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newspaper2-18"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newspaper1-1"},{"link_name":"country radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_radio"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SourceBillboard1-7"},{"link_name":"DJs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ"},{"link_name":"Orlando Sentinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orlando1-4"},{"link_name":"lead single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_single"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewspaperTimesHerald-17"},{"link_name":"television special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_special"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewspaperTimesHerald-17"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewspaperStorm-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewspaperFried-25"},{"link_name":"digital download","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_download_(music)"},{"link_name":"Apple Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DigitalDownload1-26"},{"link_name":"Circuit City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_City"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source3-21"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biopgraphy1-27"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sun-Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewspaperSunTimes2-13"},{"link_name":"Virgin Megastore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Megastores"},{"link_name":"Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"record store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_store"},{"link_name":"Henrietta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Media Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Play"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newspaper3-14"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HighBeam2-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orlando2-29"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newspaper3-14"},{"link_name":"Lake Compounce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Compounce"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewspaperPerformances-30"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Ice"},{"link_name":"Detroit Vipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Vipers"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newspaper6-31"},{"link_name":"Palmdale, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmdale,_California"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HighBeam3-32"},{"link_name":"The Weakest Link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weakest_Link_(U.S._game_show)"},{"link_name":"Barry Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Williams_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Greg Brady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Brady_(Brady_Bunch)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newspaper7-33"}],"text":"When You Get a Little Lonely was released through Phantom Hill on April 4, 1995, on CD and cassette formats.[12][21] McCormick uploaded portions of the songs to her official website.[22][23] McCormick, who was 38 at the time of the release, wanted to distance herself from the \"perpetual-teenager image\" of Marcia Brady.[7] The packaging does not reference The Brady Bunch;[9] it includes a picture of a two-year-old McCormick dressed as a cowgirl.[18] The cover, however, bore a sticker saying \"Marcia Marcia Marcia\", which McCormick said was done by a public relations company and described its inclusion as \"a big mistake\".[1]McCormick told Billboard she felt \"optimistic\" that country radio would accept her music.[7] During a 1995 interview, she said people, particularly DJs, enjoyed the album and her voice; Orlando Sentinel's Gary McKechnie wrote that it \"seem[ed] to be popular with country music fans\".[4] The song \"When You Get a Little Lonely\" was the lead single and promoted through a music video.[17] The video was shown on the 1995 television special Brady Bunch Home Movies.[17][24] \"Tell Mama\" was released in September 1995 as the second single.[25] When You Get a Little Lonely was made available as a digital download on Apple Music, but it was later removed from the platform.[26] Record label Building re-released the album as an exclusive for Circuit City in 2008.[21] It is McCormick's only album as a solo artist.[27]According to a 1994 Chicago Sun-Times report, McCormick planned to promote When You Get a Little Lonely with a tour.[13] She held album signings in 1995 at a Hollywood Virgin Megastore, the Orlando record store Peaches Music & Video, and a Henrietta Media Play.[14][28][29] As part of the Henrietta event, Media Play held a \"Brady Bunch look-alike contest\".[14] McCormick promoted the album by performing at Lake Compounce, an amusement park in Bristol and Southington, Connecticut, on July 2, 1995.[30] On October 21, 1995, she performed during an Indianapolis Ice game against the Detroit Vipers. She also signed autographs during the game's intermission as part of a \"Brady Bunch Night\".[31] The following year, she sang at the Palmdale Playhouse in Palmdale, California.[32] In August 2001, McCormick appeared alongside her The Brady Bunch co-stars on the game show The Weakest Link. On his official website, Barry Williams, who played Greg Brady, held a competition in which viewers could win prizes, one of which was a copy of When You Get a Little Lonely, for guessing the winner of The Weakest Link correctly.[33]","title":"Release and promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source1-9"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newspaper2-18"},{"link_name":"upper register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_register"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source1-9"},{"link_name":"Hartford Courant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Courant"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newspaper2-18"},{"link_name":"Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_40"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source6-16"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time-20"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source5-15"},{"link_name":"The Atlanta Journal-Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution"},{"link_name":"Tony Lama boots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Lama_Boots"},{"link_name":"Patsy Cline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patsy_Cline"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newspaper5-34"},{"link_name":"St. Cloud Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Cloud_Times"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newspaper4-35"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time-20"},{"link_name":"Newsday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsday"},{"link_name":"Reba McEntire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reba_McEntire"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newsday-19"}],"text":"When You Get a Little Lonely received mainly negative reviews from critics. Some commentators recommended it for fans of The Brady Bunch.[9][18] Pemberton Roach described McCormick as a \"competent singer\" with enthusiasm but said her upper register was \"a little screechy at times\". Roach cited \"Cloud of Dust\" as a highlight but was less positive about the album as a whole and said it \"sounds like a well-produced L.A. songwriter demo\".[9] Despite praising the song selection, Hartford Courant's Anita M. Seline criticized McCormick's voice, specifically on her \"tepid\" version of \"Oh Boy!\".[18] A People writer suggested McCormick record pop music or covers of 1970s Top 40 songs because \"kitschy stuff, after all, has a remarkable shelf life\". The reviewer said she \"doesn't bring much conviction to the material\" but her voice has a \"sweet, rather pure timbre ... It's a very Brady sort of voice.\"[16] Kathleen Adams and Lina Lofaro, writing for Time criticized McCormick's voice and said she \"shows scant vocal or emotional range and her backup musicians follow suit\".[20]Some commentators were critical of McCormick's decision to record country music. Alanna Nash panned When You Get a Little Lonely as \"the most manufactured of country pop\" and criticized McCormick for singing with \"the overwrought exuberance of a high school variety show contestant\".[15] The Atlanta Journal-Constitution's Miriam Longino wrote that she \"can carry a tune\" and that the album has the \"slickest arrangements and studio musicians\", but she largely dismissed it as \"a contrived attempt to cash in on country's popularity\". Longino said McCormick's interpretation of country music was inauthentic, writing, \"A pair of Tony Lama boots cannot transform this California actress into Patsy Cline\".[34] A St. Cloud Times reviewer criticized her for \"tr[ying] her hand at country and go[ing] nowhere\".[35] A Time contributor dismissed When You Get a Little Lonely as \"new country curbed and gutted\".[20] In a 2010 Newsday article, Daniel Bubbeo wrote, \"it's doubtful [McCormick] caused Reba McEntire to have any sleepless nights\".[19]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maureen_McCormick_Maui_crop.PNG"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW1-5"},{"link_name":"Barbara Mandrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Mandrell"},{"link_name":"television film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_film"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source4-2"},{"link_name":"lip-synced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip_sync"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewspaperPalm-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewspaperKoko-37"},{"link_name":"Clint Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Black"},{"link_name":"Faith Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_Hill"},{"link_name":"Hal Ketchum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Ketchum"},{"link_name":"Confederate Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewspaperPalm-36"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewspaperDailyNews-38"},{"link_name":"Brad Paisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Paisley"},{"link_name":"Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_(Brad_Paisley_song)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source4-2"},{"link_name":"Gone Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_Country_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source4-2"},{"link_name":"John Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rich"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EW1-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source4-2"},{"link_name":"Julio Iglesias Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Iglesias_Jr."},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CMT1-39"},{"link_name":"Access Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"2008 CMT Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_CMT_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source4-2"}],"text":"McCormick at a 2009 book signingIn a 2008 interview, McCormick said she was disappointed by the recording process for When You Get a Little Lonely: \"I kinda felt like it wasn't done the right way. There are certain rules in Nashville, and my album didn't really follow them.\" She wished the process had been \"more organic\" and that she could have written at least one of the songs.[5]According to a 2015 AXS article, McCormick has \"long been associated with country music\", including her portrayal of Barbara Mandrell in the 1997 television film Get to the Heart: The Barbara Mandrell Story.[2] She lip-synced to Mandrell's music,[36] saying; \"Really, in a piece like this, you're playing that person. I would never be able to sound like her.\"[37] Also in 1997, McCormick was an opening act for Clint Black and Faith Hill, and performed with Hal Ketchum and the Confederate Railroad.[36][38]McCormick appeared in the music video for Brad Paisley's 2007 song \"Online\".[2] The following year, she competed on the first season of the reality television show Gone Country;[2] as the prize, John Rich would produce the winner's song, and it would be sent to radio.[5] McCormick said it was a \"lifelong dream to have a song on the radio\".[2] In March 2008, Julio Iglesias Jr. was announced as the winner of the season.[39] Access Hollywood's executive producer Rob Silverstein hired McCormick as a red-carpet reporter for the 2008 CMT Music Awards after seeing her on Gone Country.[2]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source0-11"},{"link_name":"Nicolette Larson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolette_Larson"},{"link_name":"Josh Leo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Leo"},{"link_name":"Robert Ellis Orrall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ellis_Orrall"},{"link_name":"Troy Seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Seals"},{"link_name":"Mike Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Reid_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Wayland Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayland_Patton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Liz Hengber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Hengber"},{"link_name":"Cloud of Dust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_of_Dust"},{"link_name":"Judy Rodman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Rodman"},{"link_name":"Gretchen Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretchen_Peters"},{"link_name":"Oh, Boy!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh,_Boy!_(The_Crickets_song)"},{"link_name":"Norman Petty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Petty"},{"link_name":"Pam Tillis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam_Tillis"},{"link_name":"Gary Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Nicholson_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Bill Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster_%26_Lloyd"}],"text":"Credits are taken from the booklet of When You Get a Little Lonely. Barry Coffing produced all of the songs.[11]No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"When You Get a Little Lonely\"Nicolette Larson, Wendy Waldman, Josh Leo4:032.\"I'd Have to Call It Love\"Robert Ellis Orrall3:173.\"Tell Mama\"Barry Coffing3:034.\"Some Somebody\"Troy Seals, Mike Reid, Rhonda Gunn3:285.\"We Must Have Done Something Right\" (featuring Wayland Patton)Marc Beeson, Liz Hengber3:296.\"Cloud of Dust\"Judy Rodman, Tom Damphier3:157.\"Go West\"Gretchen Peters2:538.\"Oh, Boy!\"Norman Petty, Bill Tilghman, Sonny West3:039.\"Might as Well Be Me\"Pam Tillis, Gary Nicholson2:5210.\"I Do But I Don't\"Bill Lloyd, Mark Irwin2:3711.\"I Can't Say\"George Teren, Bob Regan2:41Total length:34:41","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source0-11"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Source2-40"},{"link_name":"Barry Beckett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Beckett"},{"link_name":"Kenny Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Edwards"},{"link_name":"Larry Knechtel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Knechtel"},{"link_name":"Albert Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Lee"},{"link_name":"Norman Petty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Petty"},{"link_name":"Troy Seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_Seals"},{"link_name":"Leland Sklar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Sklar"},{"link_name":"Pam Tillis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam_Tillis"},{"link_name":"Wendy Waldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Waldman"}],"text":"The following credits were adapted from the booklet of When You Get a Little Lonely and AllMusic:[11][40]Richard Abramson – stylist\nOsama Afifi – drums\nBarry Beckett – organ (Hammond)\nMarc Beeson – composer\nChris Bellman – mixing\nMike Botts – drums\nCarter Bradley – make-up\nValerie Carter – vocals (background)\nBarry Coffing – arranger, composer, piano, producer, vocals (background)\nJim Cox – piano\nTom Damphier – composer\nDan Dugmore – guitar, pedal steel\nDavid Eaton – engineer\nKenny Edwards – vocals (background)\nJim Gaines – photography\nNicola Goode – cover design\nRhonda Gunn – composer\nLiz Hengber – composer\nSteve Hill – guitar\nRandy Howard – fiddle, mandolin\nChris Hufford – engineer, mixing\nDavid Hungate – bass\nMark Irwin – composer\nLarry Knechtel – piano\nCraig Krampf – drums\nBob Krusen – engineer\nNicolette Larson – composer\nAlbert Lee – guitar\nJosh Leo – composer\nBill Lloyd – composer\nJay Dee Maness – pedal steel\nMaureen McCormick – primary artist, vocals\nGary Nicholson – composer\nRobert Ellis Orrall – composer\nDavid Pascal – art direction\nWayland Patton – performer, primary artist, vocals\nGretchen Peters – composer\nNorman Petty – composer\nBob Regan – composer\nMike Reid – composer\nJudy Rodman – composer\nTroy Seals – composer\nLeland Sklar – bass\nHans J. Spurkel – photography\nGeorge Teren – composer\nBill Tilghman – composer\nPam Tillis – composer\nWendy Waldman – composer, vocals (background)\nSonny West – composer","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]
|
[{"image_text":"McCormick in a 1971 The Brady Bunch promotional photo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Marcia%2C_Marcia%2C_Marcia.png/220px-Marcia%2C_Marcia%2C_Marcia.png"},{"image_text":"McCormick at a 2009 book signing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Maureen_McCormick_Maui_crop.PNG/220px-Maureen_McCormick_Maui_crop.PNG"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Voger, Mark (May 21, 1995). \"It's A Sunshine Day\". Asbury Park Press. Retrieved May 9, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/145566910/","url_text":"\"It's A Sunshine Day\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbury_Park_Press","url_text":"Asbury Park Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry.com#Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Miller, Victoria (September 8, 2015). \"Maureen McCormick's top 5 country music moments\". AXS. Archived from the original on September 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160925093947/http://www.axs.com/maureen-mccormick-s-top-5-country-music-moments-88966","url_text":"\"Maureen McCormick's top 5 country music moments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AXS_(company)","url_text":"AXS"},{"url":"https://www.axs.com/maureen-mccormick-s-top-5-country-music-moments-88966","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Maureen McCormick joins country music bunch\". Florida Today. January 26, 1994. Retrieved May 22, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/177000915/","url_text":"\"Maureen McCormick joins country music bunch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Today","url_text":"Florida Today"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry.com#Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"McKechnie, Gary (May 28, 1995). \"Maureen McCormick\". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on October 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1995-05-28/news/9506010699_1_maureen-mccormick-marcia-brady-brady-bunch","url_text":"\"Maureen McCormick\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel","url_text":"Orlando Sentinel"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151029051349/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1995-05-28/news/9506010699_1_maureen-mccormick-marcia-brady-brady-bunch","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bierly, Mandi (March 3, 2008). \"A chat with Maureen McCormick\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on May 12, 2008. Retrieved April 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ew.com/article/2008/03/03/a-chat-with-mau/","url_text":"\"A chat with Maureen McCormick\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080512025450/http://popwatch.ew.com/popwatch/2008/03/a-chat-with-mau.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Tracie. \"Factsheet\". AllMovie. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmovie.com/artist/maureen-mccormick-p47115","url_text":"\"Factsheet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMovie","url_text":"AllMovie"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180615065322/https://www.allmovie.com/artist/maureen-mccormick-p47115","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Atwood, Brett (April 1, 1995). \"TV: A Help or Hindrance to Musicians?\". Billboard. Vol. 107, no. 13. p. 8. 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Clarksdale Press Register. August 16, 1995. Retrieved May 21, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/275713505/","url_text":"\"National Catfish Month survey says consumers like it fried\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarksdale_Press_Register","url_text":"Clarksdale Press Register"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry.com#Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"When You Get a Little Lonely\". Apple Music. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180615233727/https://itunes.apple.com/nz/album/when-you-get-a-little-lonely/260546168","url_text":"\"When You Get a Little Lonely\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music","url_text":"Apple Music"},{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/nz/album/when-you-get-a-little-lonely/260546168","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Maureen McCormick Biography\". Biography.com. August 31, 2016. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biography.com/people/maureen-mccormick-21273345","url_text":"\"Maureen McCormick Biography\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180323140142/https://www.biography.com/people/maureen-mccormick-21273345","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hot Tips Y'All Should Hear That Brady Gal Sing\". Los Angeles Daily News. April 24, 1995. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180615211105/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-25001230.html","url_text":"\"Hot Tips Y'All Should Hear That Brady Gal Sing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Daily_News","url_text":"Los Angeles Daily News"},{"url":"https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-25001230.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Who: Maureen McCormick, also known as Marsha Brady from...\" Orlando Sentinel. May 17, 1995. Archived from the original on October 16, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1995-04-17/news/9504170063_1_marsha-brady-brady-bunch-peaches-music","url_text":"\"Who: Maureen McCormick, also known as Marsha Brady from...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel","url_text":"Orlando Sentinel"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151016150206/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1995-04-17/news/9504170063_1_marsha-brady-brady-bunch-peaches-music","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Marsha! Marsha! Marsha!\". Hartford Courant. June 29, 1995. Retrieved May 21, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/176664069/","url_text":"\"Marsha! Marsha! Marsha!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Courant","url_text":"Hartford Courant"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry.com#Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"'Bunch' of fun is expected when 'Marcia' joins the Ice\". 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Archived from the original on June 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180615211423/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-25037832.html","url_text":"\"Palmdale Playhouse Opens '96 with Varied Fare\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Daily_News","url_text":"Los Angeles Daily News"},{"url":"https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-25037832.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Brady Bunch' cast reunites to compete on NBC's 'Weakest Link'\". The Morning Call. August 25, 2001. Retrieved May 9, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/279195610/","url_text":"\"'Brady Bunch' cast reunites to compete on NBC's 'Weakest Link'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Morning_Call","url_text":"The Morning Call"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry.com#Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Longino, Miriam (April 29, 1995). \"When You Get A Little Lonely\". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved May 9, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/403240472/","url_text":"\"When You Get A Little Lonely\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution","url_text":"The Atlanta Journal-Constitution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry.com#Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Country music's surge slows down in 1995\". St. Cloud Times. December 28, 1995. Retrieved May 9, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/225993301/","url_text":"\"Country music's surge slows down in 1995\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Cloud_Times","url_text":"St. Cloud Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry.com#Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Kevin D. (September 26, 1997). \"Stretching It: From Marcia Brady to Barbara Mandrell\". The Palm Beach Post. Retrieved May 21, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/133287603/","url_text":"\"Stretching It: From Marcia Brady to Barbara Mandrell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Palm_Beach_Post","url_text":"The Palm Beach Post"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry.com#Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Waldon, David Brian (September 15, 1997). \"Barbara, Barbara, Barbara\". Kokomo Tribune. Retrieved May 21, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/2774745/","url_text":"\"Barbara, Barbara, Barbara\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokomo_Tribune","url_text":"Kokomo Tribune"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry.com#Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Schulman, Sandra (August 31, 1997). \"There's a Song in Their Arts\". New York Daily News. Retrieved May 21, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/477521652/","url_text":"\"There's a Song in Their Arts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News","url_text":"New York Daily News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry.com#Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Julio Iglesias, Jr Tapped by Host John Rich as CMT's Hit Series Gone Country Winner\". CMT. March 10, 2008. Retrieved May 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cmtpress.com/press-release/julio-iglesias-jr-tapped-by-host-john-rich-as-cmts-hit-series-gone-country-winner/","url_text":"\"Julio Iglesias, Jr Tapped by Host John Rich as CMT's Hit Series Gone Country Winner\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMT_(U.S._TV_channel)","url_text":"CMT"}]},{"reference":"\"Credits\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on June 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/when-you-get-a-little-lonely-mw0000172134/credits","url_text":"\"Credits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180615065322/https://www.allmusic.com/album/when-you-get-a-little-lonely-mw0000172134/credits","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Peppiatt, Francesca (2004). Country Music's Most Wanted: The Top 10 Book of Cheatin' Hearts, Honky-Tonk Tragedies, and Music City Oddities. Dulles: Potomac Books, Inc. ISBN 1-57488-593-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57488-593-6","url_text":"1-57488-593-6"}]}]
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An interview with Maureen McCormick\""},{"Link":"https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-507289541.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010129093300/http://laweekly.com/ink/01/04/sitegeist-shulman.shtml","external_links_name":"\"How To Write a Sitcom\""},{"Link":"http://www.laweekly.com/news/how-to-write-a-sitcom-2132814","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/178196364/","external_links_name":"\"The Brady Bunch and Laverne & Shirley get nostalgia treatment\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/275713505/","external_links_name":"\"National Catfish Month survey says consumers like it fried\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180615233727/https://itunes.apple.com/nz/album/when-you-get-a-little-lonely/260546168","external_links_name":"\"When You Get a Little Lonely\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/nz/album/when-you-get-a-little-lonely/260546168","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.biography.com/people/maureen-mccormick-21273345","external_links_name":"\"Maureen McCormick Biography\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180323140142/https://www.biography.com/people/maureen-mccormick-21273345","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180615211105/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-25001230.html","external_links_name":"\"Hot Tips Y'All Should Hear That Brady Gal Sing\""},{"Link":"https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-25001230.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1995-04-17/news/9504170063_1_marsha-brady-brady-bunch-peaches-music","external_links_name":"\"Who: Maureen McCormick, also known as Marsha Brady from...\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151016150206/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1995-04-17/news/9504170063_1_marsha-brady-brady-bunch-peaches-music","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/176664069/","external_links_name":"\"Marsha! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudiosus_of_Tarazona
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Gaudiosus of Tarazona
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["1 Life","2 Veneration","3 See also","4 References"]
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Gaudiosus of TarazonaSaintDied~540 ADVenerated inCatholic ChurchEastern Orthodox ChurchMajor shrinecathedral of TarazonaFeastNovember 3
Gaudiosus (died c. 540) was the Bishop of Tarazona, Spain. He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church.
Life
The information concerning the life of this bishop is scant, and rests on comparatively late sources. On the occasion of the translation of his remains in 1573, a sketch of his life was discovered in the grave, written on parchment; apart from the Breviary lessons of the Cathedral of Tarazona, this document contains the only extant written details concerning the life of Gaudiosus.
His father, Guntha, was a military official (spatharius) at the court of the Visigothic King Theodoric the Great from 510 to 525. The education of the boy was entrusted to Victorian of Asan, abbot of a monastery near Burgos (Oca), who trained him for the service of the Church.
Later (c. 530) he was appointed Bishop of Tarazona. Nothing more is known of his activities. Even the year of his death has not been exactly determined.
Veneration
After his death, Gaudiosus was venerated as a saint. According to the manuscript life found in his grave he died on 29 October, but the Church of Tarazona celebrates his feast on 3 November. He was first entombed in the church of St. Martin (dedicated later to St. Victorianus), attached to the monastery where he had spent his youthful years.
In 1573 his remains were disinterred and translated to the cathedral of Tarazona.
See also
Gaudiosus of Naples
Tarazona, the capital of this Aragonese comarca
Tarazona y el Moncayo, the Aragonese comarca
Roman sites in Spain category
Tarazona Cathedral
Moncayo Massif Redirected from Moncayo)
el Moncayo (mountain range, sierra, mountain chain; and the peak, the summit). Sistema Ibérico (Iberian System)
Mountain ranges of the Sistema Ibérico, template
Two-thousanders of Spain category, ie. both at the Moncayo article
Moncayo (disambiguation)
References
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Kirsch, J. P. (1913). "Gaudiosus". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. cites:
Acta SS., I, Nov., 664-65
De la Fuente, La Santa Iglesia de Tarazona en sus Estados Antiguos y Modernos (Madrid, 1865).
Portals: Saints Biography Catholicism Spain
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bishop of Tarazona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Tarazona"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"}],"text":"Gaudiosus (died c. 540) was the Bishop of Tarazona, Spain. He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church.","title":"Gaudiosus of Tarazona"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(relics)"},{"link_name":"Cathedral of Tarazona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Tarazona"},{"link_name":"spatharius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatharius"},{"link_name":"Visigothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigoth"},{"link_name":"Theodoric the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Victorian of Asan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_of_Asan"},{"link_name":"Burgos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgos"},{"link_name":"Oca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=See_of_Oca&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The information concerning the life of this bishop is scant, and rests on comparatively late sources. On the occasion of the translation of his remains in 1573, a sketch of his life was discovered in the grave, written on parchment; apart from the Breviary lessons of the Cathedral of Tarazona, this document contains the only extant written details concerning the life of Gaudiosus.His father, Guntha, was a military official (spatharius) at the court of the Visigothic King Theodoric the Great from 510 to 525. The education of the boy was entrusted to Victorian of Asan, abbot of a monastery near Burgos (Oca), who trained him for the service of the Church.Later (c. 530) he was appointed Bishop of Tarazona. Nothing more is known of his activities. Even the year of his death has not been exactly determined.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"After his death, Gaudiosus was venerated as a saint. According to the manuscript life found in his grave he died on 29 October, but the Church of Tarazona celebrates his feast on 3 November. He was first entombed in the church of St. Martin (dedicated later to St. Victorianus), attached to the monastery where he had spent his youthful years.In 1573 his remains were disinterred and translated to the cathedral of Tarazona.","title":"Veneration"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Gaudiosus of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaudiosus_of_Naples"},{"title":"Tarazona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarazona"},{"title":"Tarazona y el Moncayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarazona_y_el_Moncayo"},{"title":"Roman sites in Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Roman_sites_in_Spain"},{"title":"Tarazona Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarazona_Cathedral"},{"title":"Moncayo Massif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moncayo_Massif"},{"title":"Moncayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moncayo"},{"title":"Sistema Ibérico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_Ib%C3%A9rico"},{"title":"Mountain ranges of the Sistema Ibérico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mountain_ranges_of_the_Iberian_System"},{"title":"Two-thousanders of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Two-thousanders_of_Spain"},{"title":"Moncayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moncayo_Massif"},{"title":"Moncayo (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moncayo_(disambiguation)"}]
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.B._White_House
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E. B. White House
|
["1 Description and history","2 See also","3 References"]
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Coordinates: 44°17′39″N 68°33′18″W / 44.29417°N 68.55500°W / 44.29417; -68.55500Historic house in Maine, United States
United States historic placeE. B. White HouseU.S. National Register of Historic Places
Show map of MaineShow map of the United StatesLocation470 Bay Road, Brooklin, MaineCoordinates44°17′39″N 68°33′18″W / 44.29417°N 68.55500°W / 44.29417; -68.55500Area1 acre (0.40 ha)Built1795ArchitectRichard AllenNRHP reference No.86002467Added to NRHPSeptember 22, 1986
The E. B. White House is a historic house on 470 Bay Road in Brooklin, Maine, United States. This well-preserved 18th-century farmhouse was home for many years to author E. B. White (1899–1985), and is where he wrote a number of his important works. The farm was the inspiration for one of his best-known works, Charlotte's Web. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.
Description and history
The White House is set on the east side of SR 175, overlooking Allen's Cove at the southern end of Blue Hill Bay on Brooklin's east side. The main house is a 2+1⁄2-story wood-frame structure, five bays wide, with end chimneys, clapboard siding, and a granite foundation. Its main entrance is centered on the west-facing front, and has a Greek Revival surround, with flanking pilasters and an entablature above. An ell extends to the rear of the house (toward the water), which is connected it to a barn via a narrow hyphen.
The house was built in about 1795 for William Holden by Captain Richard Allen, a local housewright, and is one of the oldest buildings in north Brooklin. This house was purchased in 1933 by E. B. White for use as a summer residence. In 1937 White made alterations to the house so that it could be occupied year-round; the house's chimneys date from this period. White was a noted writer and essayist, writing for The New Yorker and Harper's Magazine, and producing two well-known children's books, Stuart Little and Charlotte's Web, as well as an updated edition of The Elements of Style, a writer's guide. White was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and a Pulitzer Prize for his work.
White was a private person, and did not advertise the location of his home while he was alive. In 1977, he convinced an interviewer to report that "he lives in 'a New England coastal town', somewhere between Nova Scotia and Cuba". The farm on this property was the inspiration for Charlotte's Web.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hancock County, Maine
References
^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
^ a b "NRHP nomination for E. B. White House". National Park Service. Retrieved 2015-04-28.
^ a b Straw, Deborah (August 13, 2006). "E. B. White: A Shy Man Fond of Creatures". Literary Traveler. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics
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Contributing property
Historic district
History of the National Register of Historic Places
Keeper of the Register
National Park Service
Property types
Lists by state
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brooklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklin,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"E. B. White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._B._White"},{"link_name":"Charlotte's Web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte%27s_Web"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"}],"text":"Historic house in Maine, United StatesUnited States historic placeThe E. B. White House is a historic house on 470 Bay Road in Brooklin, Maine, United States. This well-preserved 18th-century farmhouse was home for many years to author E. B. White (1899–1985), and is where he wrote a number of his important works. The farm was the inspiration for one of his best-known works, Charlotte's Web. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.[1]","title":"E. B. White House"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP-2"},{"link_name":"E. B. White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._B._White"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"Harper's Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Stuart Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Little"},{"link_name":"Charlotte's Web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte%27s_Web"},{"link_name":"The Elements of Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Elements_of_Style"},{"link_name":"Presidential Medal of Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP-2"},{"link_name":"New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LitTrav-3"},{"link_name":"Charlotte's Web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte%27s_Web"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LitTrav-3"}],"text":"The White House is set on the east side of SR 175, overlooking Allen's Cove at the southern end of Blue Hill Bay on Brooklin's east side. The main house is a 2+1⁄2-story wood-frame structure, five bays wide, with end chimneys, clapboard siding, and a granite foundation. Its main entrance is centered on the west-facing front, and has a Greek Revival surround, with flanking pilasters and an entablature above. An ell extends to the rear of the house (toward the water), which is connected it to a barn via a narrow hyphen.[2]The house was built in about 1795 for William Holden by Captain Richard Allen, a local housewright, and is one of the oldest buildings in north Brooklin. This house was purchased in 1933 by E. B. White for use as a summer residence. In 1937 White made alterations to the house so that it could be occupied year-round; the house's chimneys date from this period. White was a noted writer and essayist, writing for The New Yorker and Harper's Magazine, and producing two well-known children's books, Stuart Little and Charlotte's Web, as well as an updated edition of The Elements of Style, a writer's guide. White was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and a Pulitzer Prize for his work.[2]White was a private person, and did not advertise the location of his home while he was alive. In 1977, he convinced an interviewer to report that \"he lives in 'a New England coastal town', somewhere between Nova Scotia and Cuba\".[3] The farm on this property was the inspiration for Charlotte's Web.[3]","title":"Description and history"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Hancock County, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hancock_County,_Maine"}]
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[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"NRHP nomination for E. B. White House\". National Park Service. Retrieved 2015-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/86002467_text","url_text":"\"NRHP nomination for E. B. White House\""}]},{"reference":"Straw, Deborah (August 13, 2006). \"E. B. White: A Shy Man Fond of Creatures\". Literary Traveler. Retrieved 2023-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.literarytraveler.com/articles/eb_white_maine/","url_text":"\"E. B. White: A Shy Man Fond of Creatures\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_tones
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Major second
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["1 Major and minor tones","2 Epogdoon","2.1 Further reading","3 See also","4 References"]
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Musical interval
"Whole tones" redirects here. For the scale, see Whole tone scale.
Step: major second (major tone) Playⓘ.
Musical intervalmajor secondInverseminor seventhNameOther nameswhole tone, whole stepAbbreviationM2SizeSemitones2Interval class2Just interval9:8 or 10:9Cents12-Tone equal temperament200Just intonation204 or 182
Minor tone (10:9) Playⓘ.
In Western music theory, a major second (sometimes also called whole tone or a whole step) is a second spanning two semitones (Playⓘ). A second is a musical interval encompassing two adjacent staff positions (see Interval number for more details). For example, the interval from C to D is a major second, as the note D lies two semitones above C, and the two notes are notated on adjacent staff positions. Diminished, minor and augmented seconds are notated on adjacent staff positions as well, but consist of a different number of semitones (zero, one, and three).
The intervals from the tonic (keynote) in an upward direction to the second, to the third, to the sixth, and to the seventh scale degrees (of a major scale are called major.
The major second is the interval that occurs between the first and second degrees of a major scale, the tonic and the supertonic. On a musical keyboard, a major second is the interval between two keys separated by one key, counting white and black keys alike. On a guitar string, it is the interval separated by two frets. In moveable-do solfège, it is the interval between do and re. It is considered a melodic step, as opposed to larger intervals called skips.
Intervals composed of two semitones, such as the major second and the diminished third, are also called tones, whole tones, or whole steps.
In just intonation, major seconds can occur in at least two different frequency ratios:
9:8 (about 203.9 cents) and 10:9 (about 182.4 cents). The largest (9:8) ones are called major tones or greater tones, the smallest (10:9) are called minor tones or lesser tones. Their size differs by exactly one syntonic comma (81:80, or about 21.5 cents).
Some equal temperaments, such as 15-ET and 22-ET, also distinguish between a greater and a lesser tone.
The major second was historically considered one of the most dissonant intervals of the diatonic scale, although much 20th-century music saw it reimagined as a consonance. It is common in many different musical systems, including Arabic music, Turkish music and music of the Balkans, among others. It occurs in both diatonic and pentatonic scales.
Listen to a major second in equal temperamentⓘ. Here, middle C is followed by D, which is a tone 200 cents sharper than C, and then by both tones together.
Major and minor tones
Origin of large and small seconds and thirds in harmonic series.
Lesser tone on D. Playⓘ
In tuning systems using just intonation, such as 5-limit tuning, in which major seconds occur in two different sizes, the wider of them is called a major tone or greater tone, and the narrower a minor tone or, lesser tone. The difference in size between a major tone and a minor tone is equal to one syntonic comma (about 21.51 cents).
The major tone is the 9:8 interval playⓘ, and it is an approximation thereof in other tuning systems, while the minor tone is the 10:9 ratio playⓘ. The major tone may be derived from the harmonic series as the interval between the eighth and ninth harmonics. The minor tone may be derived from the harmonic series as the interval between the ninth and tenth harmonics. The 10:9 minor tone arises in the C major scale between D & E and G & A, and is "a sharper dissonance" than 9:8. The 9:8 major tone arises in the C major scale between C & D, F & G, and A & B. This 9:8 interval was named epogdoon (meaning 'one eighth in addition') by the Pythagoreans.
Notice that in these tuning systems, a third kind of whole tone, even wider than the major tone, exists. This interval of two semitones, with ratio 256:225, is simply called the diminished third (for further details, see Five-limit tuning § Size of intervals).
Comparison, in cents, of intervals at or near a major second
Some equal temperaments also produce major seconds of two different sizes, called greater and lesser tones (or major and minor tones). For instance, this is true for 15-ET, 22-ET, 34-ET, 41-ET, 53-ET, and 72-ET.
Conversely, in twelve-tone equal temperament, Pythagorean tuning, and meantone temperament (including 19-ET and 31-ET) all major seconds have the same size, so there cannot be a distinction between a greater and a lesser tone.
In any system where there is only one size of major second, the terms greater and lesser tone (or major and minor tone) are rarely used with a different meaning. Namely, they are used to indicate the two distinct kinds of whole tone, more commonly and more appropriately called major second (M2) and diminished third (d3). Similarly, major semitones and minor semitones are more often and more appropriately referred to as minor seconds (m2) and augmented unisons (A1), or diatonic and chromatic semitones.
Unlike almost all uses of the terms major and minor, these intervals span the same number of semitones. They both span 2 semitones, while, for example, a major third (4 semitones) and minor third (3 semitones) differ by one semitone. Thus, to avoid ambiguity, it is preferable to call them greater tone and lesser tone (see also greater and lesser diesis).
Two major tones equal a ditone.
Epogdoon
Diagram showing relations between epogdoon, diatessaron, diapente, and diapasonTranslation
Detail of Raphael's School of Athens showing Pythagoras with epogdoon diagram
In Pythagorean music theory, the epogdoon (Ancient Greek: ἐπόγδοον) is the interval with the ratio 9 to 8. The word is composed of the prefix epi- meaning "on top of" and ogdoon meaning "one eighth"; so it means "one eighth in addition". For example, the natural numbers are 8 and 9 in this relation (8+(
1
8
{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{8}}}
×8)=9).
According to Plutarch, the Pythagoreans hated the number 17 because it separates the 16 from its Epogdoon 18.
" is the 9:8 ratio that corresponds to the tone, is the 3:2 ratio that is associated with the musical fifth, and is the 4:3 ratio associated with the musical fourth. It is common to translate epogdoos as 'tone' ."
Further reading
Barker, Andrew (2007). The Science of Harmonics in Classical Greece. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521879514.
Plutarch (2005). Moralia. Translated by Frank Cole Babbitt. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 9781417905003.
See also
Diminished third
List of meantone intervals
Minor second
Pythagorean interval
Whole tone scale
References
^ a b c d e Duffin, Ross W. (2008). How equal temperament ruined harmony : (and why you should care) (First published as a Norton paperback. ed.). New York: W. W. Norton. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-393-33420-3. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
^ Benward, Bruce & Saker, Marilyn (2003). Music: In Theory and Practice, Vol. I, p.52. Seventh Edition. ISBN 978-0-07-294262-0.
^ "Whole step – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2015-02-25.
^ "Oxford Dictionaries – Dictionary, Thesaurus, & Grammar". Askoxford.com. 2015-02-11. Archived from the original on October 31, 2007. Retrieved 2015-02-25.
^ "Whole step | Define Whole step at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2015-02-25.
^ "Whole tone | Define Whole tone at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2015-02-25.
^ Miller, Michael (2005). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Music Theory – Michael Miller – Google Books. ISBN 9781592574377. Retrieved 2015-02-25.
^ Pilhofer, Michael; Day, Holly (2011-02-25). Music Theory For Dummies – Michael Pilhofer, Holly Day – Google Books. ISBN 9781118054444. Retrieved 2015-02-25.
^ Leta E. Miller, Fredric Lieberman (2006). Lou Harrison, p.72. ISBN 0-252-03120-2.
^ Leta E. Miller, ed. (1988). Lou Harrison: Selected keyboard and chamber music, 1937–1994, p.xliii. ISBN 978-0-89579-414-7.
^ a b Royal Society (Great Britain) (1880, digitized Feb 26, 2008). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Volume 30, p.531. Harvard University.
^ a b Paul, Oscar (1885)
^ Paul, Oscar (2010-05-25). "A Manual of Harmony for Use in Music-schools and Seminaries and for Self ... – Oscar Paul – Google Books". Retrieved 2015-02-25.
^ "Plutarch • Isis and Osiris (Part 3 of 5)". Penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2015-02-25.
^ "Proclus : Commentary on Plato's Timaeus". Philpapers.org. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
vteIntervalsTwelve-semitone(post-BachWestern)(Numbers in bracketsare the number ofsemitones in theinterval.)Perfect
unison (0)
fourth (5)
fifth (7)
octave (12)
Major
second (2)
third (4)
sixth (9)
seventh (11)
Minor
second (1)
third (3)
sixth (8)
seventh (10)
Augmented
unison (1)
second (3)
third (5)
fourth (6)
fifth (8)
sixth (10)
seventh (12)
Diminished
second (0)
third (2)
fourth (4)
fifth (6)
sixth (7)
seventh (9)
octave (11)
Compound
ninth (13 or 14)
tenth (15 or 16)
eleventh (17 or 18)
twelfth (18 or 19)
thirteenth (20 or 21)
fourteenth (22 or 23)
fifteenth (24)
Othertuningsystems24-tone equal temperament(Numbers in brackets referto fractional semitones.)Neutral
quarter tone (1⁄2)
second (1+1⁄2)
third (3+1⁄2)
major fourth (5+1⁄2)
minor fifth (6+1⁄2)
sixth (8+1⁄2)
seventh (10+1⁄2)
Just intonations(Numbers in bracketsrefer to pitch ratios.)7-limit
septimal quarter tone (36:35)
septimal third tone (28:27)
septimal chromatic semitone (21:20)
septimal diatonic semitone (15:14)
supermajor second (8:7)
subminor third (7:6)
supermajor third (9:7)
subminor fifth (7:5)
supermajor fourth (10:7)
subminor seventh (7:4)
Higher-limit
minor diatonic semitone (17-limit)
OtherintervalsGroups
Microtone
5-limit
Comma
Pseudo-octave
Pythagorean interval
Subminor and supermajor
Semitones
Pythagorean limma
Pythagorean apotome
Major limma
Quarter tones
Quarter tone
Septimal quarter tone
Undecimal quarter tone
Commas
Pythagorean comma (23.5 cents)
Syntonic comma (21.5 cents)
Holdrian comma (22.6 cents)
Septimal comma (27.3 cents)
Lesser diesis (41.1 cents)
Greater diesis (62.6 cents)
Septimal diesis (35.7 cents)
Diaschisma (19.5 cents)
Semicomma (10.1 cents)
Septimal semicomma (13.8 cents)
Kleisma (8.1 cents)
Septimal kleisma (7.7 cents)
Schisma (1.95 cents)
Breedsma (0.72 cents)
Ragisma (0.4 cents)
Measurement
Cent
Centitone
Millioctave
Savart
Others
Wolf
Ditone
Semiditone
Secor
Incomposite interval
List of pitch intervals
|
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For the scale, see Whole tone scale.Step: major second (major tone) Playⓘ.Musical intervalMinor tone (10:9) Playⓘ.In Western music theory, a major second (sometimes also called whole tone or a whole step) is a second spanning two semitones (Playⓘ). A second is a musical interval encompassing two adjacent staff positions (see Interval number for more details). For example, the interval from C to D is a major second, as the note D lies two semitones above C, and the two notes are notated on adjacent staff positions. Diminished, minor and augmented seconds are notated on adjacent staff positions as well, but consist of a different number of semitones (zero, one, and three).The intervals from the tonic (keynote) in an upward direction to the second, to the third, to the sixth, and to the seventh scale degrees (of a major scale are called major.[2]The major second is the interval that occurs between the first and second degrees of a major scale, the tonic and the supertonic. On a musical keyboard, a major second is the interval between two keys separated by one key, counting white and black keys alike. On a guitar string, it is the interval separated by two frets. In moveable-do solfège, it is the interval between do and re. It is considered a melodic step, as opposed to larger intervals called skips.Intervals composed of two semitones, such as the major second and the diminished third, are also called tones, whole tones, or whole steps.[3][4][5][6][7][8]\nIn just intonation, major seconds can occur in at least two different frequency ratios:[9]\n9:8 (about 203.9 cents) and 10:9 (about 182.4 cents). The largest (9:8) ones are called major tones or greater tones, the smallest (10:9) are called minor tones or lesser tones. Their size differs by exactly one syntonic comma (81:80, or about 21.5 cents).\nSome equal temperaments, such as 15-ET and 22-ET, also distinguish between a greater and a lesser tone.The major second was historically considered one of the most dissonant intervals of the diatonic scale, although much 20th-century music saw it reimagined as a consonance.[citation needed] It is common in many different musical systems, including Arabic music, Turkish music and music of the Balkans, among others. It occurs in both diatonic and pentatonic scales.Listen to a major second in equal temperamentⓘ. Here, middle C is followed by D, which is a tone 200 cents sharper than C, and then by both tones together.","title":"Major second"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Origin_of_seconds_and_thirds_in_harmonic_series.png"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Major_second_on_D.png"},{"link_name":"Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Lesser_tone_on_D.mid/Lesser_tone_on_D.mid.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lesser_tone_on_D.mid"},{"link_name":"tuning systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_tuning"},{"link_name":"just intonation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_intonation"},{"link_name":"5-limit tuning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-limit_tuning"},{"link_name":"syntonic comma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntonic_comma"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Proceedings-11"},{"link_name":"play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/Major_tone_on_C.mid/Major_tone_on_C.mid.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Major_tone_on_C.mid"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Proceedings-11"},{"link_name":"play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/89/Minor_tone_on_C.mid/Minor_tone_on_C.mid.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Minor_tone_on_C.mid"},{"link_name":"harmonic series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_series_(music)"},{"link_name":"major scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_scale"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paul-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"major scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_scale"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paul-12"},{"link_name":"epogdoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epogdoon"},{"link_name":"diminished third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminished_third"},{"link_name":"Five-limit tuning § Size of intervals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-limit_tuning#Size_of_intervals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comparison_of_major_seconds.png"},{"link_name":"15-ET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"22-ET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22_equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"34-ET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/34_equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"41-ET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/41_equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"53-ET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/53_equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"72-ET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/72_equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"twelve-tone equal temperament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_tone_equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"Pythagorean tuning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_tuning"},{"link_name":"meantone temperament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meantone_temperament"},{"link_name":"19-ET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"31-ET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31_equal_temperament"},{"link_name":"major semitones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_semitone"},{"link_name":"minor semitones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_semitone"},{"link_name":"augmented unisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_unison"},{"link_name":"semitones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitone"},{"link_name":"major third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_third"},{"link_name":"minor third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_third"},{"link_name":"diesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesis"},{"link_name":"ditone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditone"}],"text":"Origin of large and small seconds and thirds in harmonic series.[10]Lesser tone on D. PlayⓘIn tuning systems using just intonation, such as 5-limit tuning, in which major seconds occur in two different sizes, the wider of them is called a major tone or greater tone, and the narrower a minor tone or, lesser tone. The difference in size between a major tone and a minor tone is equal to one syntonic comma (about 21.51 cents).The major tone is the 9:8 interval[11] playⓘ, and it is an approximation thereof in other tuning systems, while the minor tone is the 10:9 ratio[11] playⓘ. The major tone may be derived from the harmonic series as the interval between the eighth and ninth harmonics. The minor tone may be derived from the harmonic series as the interval between the ninth and tenth harmonics. The 10:9 minor tone arises in the C major scale between D & E and G & A, and is \"a sharper dissonance\" than 9:8.[12][13] The 9:8 major tone arises in the C major scale between C & D, F & G, and A & B.[12] This 9:8 interval was named epogdoon (meaning 'one eighth in addition') by the Pythagoreans.Notice that in these tuning systems, a third kind of whole tone, even wider than the major tone, exists. This interval of two semitones, with ratio 256:225, is simply called the diminished third (for further details, see Five-limit tuning § Size of intervals).Comparison, in cents, of intervals at or near a major secondSome equal temperaments also produce major seconds of two different sizes, called greater and lesser tones (or major and minor tones). For instance, this is true for 15-ET, 22-ET, 34-ET, 41-ET, 53-ET, and 72-ET.\nConversely, in twelve-tone equal temperament, Pythagorean tuning, and meantone temperament (including 19-ET and 31-ET) all major seconds have the same size, so there cannot be a distinction between a greater and a lesser tone.In any system where there is only one size of major second, the terms greater and lesser tone (or major and minor tone) are rarely used with a different meaning. Namely, they are used to indicate the two distinct kinds of whole tone, more commonly and more appropriately called major second (M2) and diminished third (d3). Similarly, major semitones and minor semitones are more often and more appropriately referred to as minor seconds (m2) and augmented unisons (A1), or diatonic and chromatic semitones.Unlike almost all uses of the terms major and minor, these intervals span the same number of semitones. They both span 2 semitones, while, for example, a major third (4 semitones) and minor third (3 semitones) differ by one semitone. Thus, to avoid ambiguity, it is preferable to call them greater tone and lesser tone (see also greater and lesser diesis).Two major tones equal a ditone.","title":"Major and minor tones"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epogdoon.jpg"},{"link_name":"diatessaron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_fourth"},{"link_name":"diapente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_fifth"},{"link_name":"diapason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epogdoon_translation.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Epogdoon-Raphael.JPG"},{"link_name":"School of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_School_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"Pythagorean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_tuning"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"interval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(music)"},{"link_name":"Plutarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Diagram showing relations between epogdoon, diatessaron, diapente, and diapasonTranslationDetail of Raphael's School of Athens showing Pythagoras with epogdoon diagramIn Pythagorean music theory, the epogdoon (Ancient Greek: ἐπόγδοον) is the interval with the ratio 9 to 8. The word is composed of the prefix epi- meaning \"on top of\" and ogdoon meaning \"one eighth\"; so it means \"one eighth in addition\". For example, the natural numbers are 8 and 9 in this relation (8+(\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 8\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\tfrac {1}{8}}}\n \n×8)=9).According to Plutarch, the Pythagoreans hated the number 17 because it separates the 16 from its Epogdoon 18.[14]\"[Epogdoos] is the 9:8 ratio that corresponds to the tone, [hêmiolios] is the 3:2 ratio that is associated with the musical fifth, and [epitritos] is the 4:3 ratio associated with the musical fourth. It is common to translate epogdoos as 'tone' [major second].\"[15]","title":"Epogdoon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barker, Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Barker_(classicist)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780521879514","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521879514"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781417905003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781417905003"}],"sub_title":"Further reading","text":"Barker, Andrew (2007). The Science of Harmonics in Classical Greece. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521879514.\nPlutarch (2005). Moralia. Translated by Frank Cole Babbitt. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 9781417905003.","title":"Epogdoon"}]
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[{"image_text":"Step: major second (major tone) Playⓘ.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Major_second_on_C.svg/220px-Major_second_on_C.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Minor tone (10:9) Playⓘ.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Minor_tone_on_C.png/220px-Minor_tone_on_C.png"},{"image_text":"Origin of large and small seconds and thirds in harmonic series.[10]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Origin_of_seconds_and_thirds_in_harmonic_series.png/220px-Origin_of_seconds_and_thirds_in_harmonic_series.png"},{"image_text":"Lesser tone on D. Playⓘ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Major_second_on_D.png/220px-Major_second_on_D.png"},{"image_text":"Comparison, in cents, of intervals at or near a major second","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Comparison_of_major_seconds.png/200px-Comparison_of_major_seconds.png"},{"image_text":"Detail of Raphael's School of Athens showing Pythagoras with epogdoon diagram","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Epogdoon-Raphael.JPG/200px-Epogdoon-Raphael.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"Diminished third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminished_third"},{"title":"List of meantone intervals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_meantone_intervals"},{"title":"Minor second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_second"},{"title":"Pythagorean interval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_interval"},{"title":"Whole tone scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_tone_scale"}]
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[{"reference":"Duffin, Ross W. (2008). How equal temperament ruined harmony : (and why you should care) (First published as a Norton paperback. ed.). New York: W. W. Norton. p. 163. ISBN 978-0-393-33420-3. Retrieved 28 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=i5LC7Csnw7UC&q=how+equal+temperament+ruined+harmony","url_text":"How equal temperament ruined harmony : (and why you should care)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33420-3","url_text":"978-0-393-33420-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Whole step – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary\". Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2015-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/whole%20step","url_text":"\"Whole step – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oxford Dictionaries – Dictionary, Thesaurus, & Grammar\". Askoxford.com. 2015-02-11. Archived from the original on October 31, 2007. Retrieved 2015-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071031074656/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/tone","url_text":"\"Oxford Dictionaries – Dictionary, Thesaurus, & Grammar\""},{"url":"http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/tone","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Whole step | Define Whole step at Dictionary.com\". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2015-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/whole%20step","url_text":"\"Whole step | Define Whole step at Dictionary.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Whole tone | Define Whole tone at Dictionary.com\". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2015-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/whole%20tone","url_text":"\"Whole tone | Define Whole tone at Dictionary.com\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Michael (2005). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Music Theory – Michael Miller – Google Books. ISBN 9781592574377. Retrieved 2015-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sTMbuSQdqPMC&q=a+half+step+is+called+a+semitone&pg=PA19","url_text":"The Complete Idiot's Guide to Music Theory – Michael Miller – Google Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781592574377","url_text":"9781592574377"}]},{"reference":"Pilhofer, Michael; Day, Holly (2011-02-25). Music Theory For Dummies – Michael Pilhofer, Holly Day – Google Books. ISBN 9781118054444. Retrieved 2015-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iYgSJSxWW2sC","url_text":"Music Theory For Dummies – Michael Pilhofer, Holly Day – Google Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118054444","url_text":"9781118054444"}]},{"reference":"Paul, Oscar (2010-05-25). \"A Manual of Harmony for Use in Music-schools and Seminaries and for Self ... – Oscar Paul – Google Books\". Retrieved 2015-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4WEJAQAAMAAJ&q=musical+interval+%22pythagorean+major+third%22","url_text":"\"A Manual of Harmony for Use in Music-schools and Seminaries and for Self ... – Oscar Paul – Google Books\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plutarch • Isis and Osiris (Part 3 of 5)\". Penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2015-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Isis_and_Osiris*/C.html","url_text":"\"Plutarch • Isis and Osiris (Part 3 of 5)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Proclus : Commentary on Plato's Timaeus\". Philpapers.org. Retrieved 25 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://philpapers.org/archive/BALPCO","url_text":"\"Proclus : Commentary on Plato's Timaeus\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=i5LC7Csnw7UC&q=how+equal+temperament+ruined+harmony","external_links_name":"How equal temperament ruined harmony : (and why you should care)"},{"Link":"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/whole%20step","external_links_name":"\"Whole step – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071031074656/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/tone","external_links_name":"\"Oxford Dictionaries – Dictionary, Thesaurus, & Grammar\""},{"Link":"http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/tone","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/whole%20step","external_links_name":"\"Whole step | Define Whole step at Dictionary.com\""},{"Link":"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/whole%20tone","external_links_name":"\"Whole tone | Define Whole tone at Dictionary.com\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sTMbuSQdqPMC&q=a+half+step+is+called+a+semitone&pg=PA19","external_links_name":"The Complete Idiot's Guide to Music Theory – Michael Miller – Google Books"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iYgSJSxWW2sC","external_links_name":"Music Theory For Dummies – Michael Pilhofer, Holly Day – Google Books"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4WEJAQAAMAAJ&q=musical+interval+%22pythagorean+major+third%22","external_links_name":"\"A Manual of Harmony for Use in Music-schools and Seminaries and for Self ... – Oscar Paul – Google Books\""},{"Link":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Isis_and_Osiris*/C.html","external_links_name":"\"Plutarch • Isis and Osiris (Part 3 of 5)\""},{"Link":"http://philpapers.org/archive/BALPCO","external_links_name":"\"Proclus : Commentary on Plato's Timaeus\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_degli_Studi_della_Tuscia
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Tuscia University
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["1 Organization","2 See also","3 Notes","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 42°25′39″N 12°05′34″E / 42.4275°N 12.0927°E / 42.4275; 12.0927University in Viterbo, Lazio, Italy
Tuscia UniversityUniversità degli Studi della TusciaLatin: Universitas Studiorum TusciaeTypeState-supportedEstablished1979RectorProf. Stefano UbertiniStudents8352LocationViterbo, ItalySports teamsCUS Viterbo Websitewww.unitus.it
University rankingsGlobal – OverallTHE World> 600 (2021)
Renaissance cloister at the university rectorate
University of Tuscia (Italian: Università degli Studi della Tuscia, UNITUS) is a university located in the city of Viterbo, Italy. Founded in 1979, the University comprises 6 academic departments.
The reference in the University's name to "Tuscia", evokes the term used for a historical region of Italy, centered in recent times upon the city of Viterbo, but which once referred to the far wider territories that in ancient times were under Etruscan influence, and in post-antiquity included what is now the whole region of Tuscany, a great part of Umbria and the northern parts of Lazio. The University's core specialist subject areas reflect in considerable part the current character of the territory which surrounds it.
The University conducts its activity in a variety of locations within and around the city, which has a rich and complex history, that among other features bears the stamp of the turbulent medieval period, including the struggle between the Empire and the Papacy, and is marked, too, by the unfolding of the Renaissance, the rise of a unified Italy and the struggle against Nazi aggression.
On 26 February 2019, the President of the Republic of Italy Sergio Mattarella chose to inaugurate the Italian academic year at Tuscia University.
Following words of formal welcome by Marco Frey, president of the Italian Foundation Global Compact Network, the Head of State gave a widely publicized speech, in which he congratulated the University on the progress it had made in many areas of its activity in the forty years since its foundation and offered his encouragement for the future. After the event, Mattarella made a private visit to the Monastery of St. Rose of Viterbo, located in the city.
Organization
The University's 6 departments are these:
Department of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences
Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences
Department of Economy, Engineering, Society and Business
Department of Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems
Department of Linguistic, literary, historical, philosophical and legal studies
Department of Humanities, Communication and Tourism
See also
List of Italian universities
Viterbo
List of forestry universities and colleges
Orto Botanico dell'Università della Tuscia, the university's botanical garden
Notes
^ "World University Rankings 2021". THE Education Ltd. 25 August 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2020.
^ "Il presidente della Repubblica Sergio Mattarella inaugura l'anno accademico a Viterbo". 28 February 2019.
^ Roberto Pomi (26 February 2019). "Il giorno del presidente Sergio Mattarella a Viterbo".
^ "Mattarella rende omaggio ai 40 anni dell'Unitus". February 26, 2019. Archived from the original on September 18, 2020.
^ "Programma ufficiale della visita".
External links
Official website
vteUniversities in ItalyMajor Public
Bari
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Padua
Palermo
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Camerino
Cassino
Catanzaro
Enna
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Foggia
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Lucca IMT
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Rome LUISS
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Torrevecchia Teatina
Turin ESCP
Turin International College
42°25′39″N 12°05′34″E / 42.4275°N 12.0927°E / 42.4275; 12.0927
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChiostroUniversity.jpg"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University"},{"link_name":"Viterbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viterbo"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Tuscia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscia"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Viterbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viterbo"},{"link_name":"Etruscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_civilization"},{"link_name":"Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Umbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbria"},{"link_name":"Lazio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazio"},{"link_name":"Sergio Mattarella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Mattarella"},{"link_name":"Global Compact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Global_Compact"},{"link_name":"Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery"},{"link_name":"Rose of Viterbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_of_Viterbo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"University in Viterbo, Lazio, ItalyRenaissance cloister at the university rectorateUniversity of Tuscia (Italian: Università degli Studi della Tuscia, UNITUS) is a university located in the city of Viterbo, Italy. Founded in 1979, the University comprises 6 academic departments.The reference in the University's name to \"Tuscia\", evokes the term used for a historical region of Italy, centered in recent times upon the city of Viterbo, but which once referred to the far wider territories that in ancient times were under Etruscan influence, and in post-antiquity included what is now the whole region of Tuscany, a great part of Umbria and the northern parts of Lazio. The University's core specialist subject areas reflect in considerable part the current character of the territory which surrounds it.The University conducts its activity in a variety of locations within and around the city, which has a rich and complex history, that among other features bears the stamp of the turbulent medieval period, including the struggle between the Empire and the Papacy, and is marked, too, by the unfolding of the Renaissance, the rise of a unified Italy and the struggle against Nazi aggression.On 26 February 2019, the President of the Republic of Italy Sergio Mattarella chose to inaugurate the Italian academic year at Tuscia University.Following words of formal welcome by Marco Frey, president of the Italian Foundation Global Compact Network, the Head of State gave a widely publicized speech, in which he congratulated the University on the progress it had made in many areas of its activity in the forty years since its foundation and offered his encouragement for the future. After the event, Mattarella made a private visit to the Monastery of St. Rose of Viterbo, located in the city.[2][3][4][5]","title":"Tuscia University"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The University's 6 departments are these:Department of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences\nDepartment of Ecological and Biological Sciences\nDepartment of Economy, Engineering, Society and Business\nDepartment of Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems\nDepartment of Linguistic, literary, historical, philosophical and legal studies\nDepartment of Humanities, Communication and Tourism","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Rankings_THE_W_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"World University Rankings 2021\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/world-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/name/tuscia/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Il presidente della Repubblica Sergio Mattarella inaugura l'anno accademico a Viterbo\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.civitanews.it/il-presidente-della-repubblica-sergio-mattarella-inaugura-lanno-accademico-a-viterbo/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Il giorno del presidente Sergio Mattarella a Viterbo\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lafune.eu/il-giorno-del-presidente-sergio-mattarella-a-viterbo/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Mattarella rende omaggio ai 40 anni dell'Unitus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20200918201049/http://www.viterbonews24.it/news/mattarella-rende-omaggio-ai-40-anni-dellunitus-_92489.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.viterbonews24.it/news/mattarella-rende-omaggio-ai-40-anni-dellunitus-_92489.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Programma ufficiale della visita\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.quirinale.it/elementi/23503"}],"text":"^ \"World University Rankings 2021\". THE Education Ltd. 25 August 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2020.\n\n^ \"Il presidente della Repubblica Sergio Mattarella inaugura l'anno accademico a Viterbo\". 28 February 2019.\n\n^ Roberto Pomi (26 February 2019). \"Il giorno del presidente Sergio Mattarella a Viterbo\".\n\n^ \"Mattarella rende omaggio ai 40 anni dell'Unitus\". February 26, 2019. Archived from the original on September 18, 2020.\n\n^ \"Programma ufficiale della visita\".","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Renaissance cloister at the university rectorate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/ChiostroUniversity.jpg/220px-ChiostroUniversity.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of Italian universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_universities"},{"title":"Viterbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viterbo"},{"title":"List of forestry universities and colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges"},{"title":"Orto Botanico dell'Università della Tuscia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orto_Botanico_dell%27Universit%C3%A0_della_Tuscia"},{"title":"botanical garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden"}]
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[{"reference":"\"World University Rankings 2021\". THE Education Ltd. 25 August 2020. Retrieved November 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2021/world-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/name/tuscia/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats","url_text":"\"World University Rankings 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Il presidente della Repubblica Sergio Mattarella inaugura l'anno accademico a Viterbo\". 28 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.civitanews.it/il-presidente-della-repubblica-sergio-mattarella-inaugura-lanno-accademico-a-viterbo/","url_text":"\"Il presidente della Repubblica Sergio Mattarella inaugura l'anno accademico a Viterbo\""}]},{"reference":"Roberto Pomi (26 February 2019). \"Il giorno del presidente Sergio Mattarella a Viterbo\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lafune.eu/il-giorno-del-presidente-sergio-mattarella-a-viterbo/","url_text":"\"Il giorno del presidente Sergio Mattarella a Viterbo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mattarella rende omaggio ai 40 anni dell'Unitus\". February 26, 2019. Archived from the original on September 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200918201049/http://www.viterbonews24.it/news/mattarella-rende-omaggio-ai-40-anni-dellunitus-_92489.htm","url_text":"\"Mattarella rende omaggio ai 40 anni dell'Unitus\""},{"url":"http://www.viterbonews24.it/news/mattarella-rende-omaggio-ai-40-anni-dellunitus-_92489.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Programma ufficiale della visita\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.quirinale.it/elementi/23503","url_text":"\"Programma ufficiale della visita\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_United_States_Senate_election_in_Oregon
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1938 United States Senate elections
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["1 Gains, losses, and holds","1.1 Retirements","1.2 Defeats","1.3 Death","1.4 Post-election changes","2 Change in composition","2.1 Before the elections","2.2 Result of the elections","3 Race summaries","3.1 Special elections during the 75th Congress","3.2 Races leading to the 76th Congress","4 Closest races","5 Alabama","5.1 Alabama (special)","5.2 Alabama (regular)","6 Arizona","7 Arkansas","8 California","9 Colorado","10 Connecticut","11 Florida","12 Georgia","13 Idaho","14 Illinois","15 Indiana","16 Iowa","17 Kansas","18 Kentucky","19 Louisiana","20 Maryland","21 Missouri","22 Nevada","23 New Hampshire","24 New Jersey (special)","25 New York","25.1 New York (regular)","25.2 New York (special)","26 North Carolina","27 North Dakota","28 Ohio","29 Oklahoma","30 Oregon","30.1 Oregon (special)","30.2 Oregon (regular)","31 Pennsylvania","32 South Carolina","33 South Dakota","33.1 South Dakota (special)","33.2 South Dakota (regular)","34 Tennessee (special)","35 Utah","36 Vermont","37 Washington","38 Wisconsin","39 Further reading","40 See also","41 Notes","42 References"]
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1938 United States Senate elections
← 1936
November 8, 1938
1940 →
← 1937 (AR)35 of the 96 seats in the United States Senate49 seats needed for a majority
Majority party
Minority party
Leader
Alben Barkley
Charles McNary
Party
Democratic
Republican
Leader since
July 22, 1937
March 4, 1933
Leader's seat
Kentucky
Oregon
Seats before
77
15
Seats after
69
23
Seat change
8
8
Seats up
32
3
Races won
24
11
Third party
Fourth party
Party
Farmer–Labor
Progressive
Seats before
2
1
Seats after
2
1
Seat change
Seats up
0
0
Races won
0
0
Fifth party
Party
Independent
Seats before
1
Seats after
1
Seat change
Seats up
0
Races won
0
Results of the elections: Democratic hold Republican gain Republican hold No election
Majority Leader before election
Alben Barkley
Democratic
Elected Majority Leader
Alben Barkley
Democratic
The 1938 United States Senate elections occurred in the middle of Franklin D. Roosevelt's second term. The 32 seats of Class 3 were contested in regular elections, and special elections were held to fill vacancies. The Republicans gained eight seats from the Democrats, though this occurred after multiple Democratic gains since the 1932 election, leading to the Democrats retaining a commanding lead over the Republicans with more than two-thirds of the legislative chamber.
A contemporary account cited a number of reasons for the losses suffered by the Democrats. The Recession of 1937 had continued into the first half of 1938, and had arguably weakened public confidence in the administration's New Deal economic policies, along with controversy over the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 (Roosevelt's "court-packing" plan).
There were, in addition, strains between the more liberal New Deal supporters and the conservative wing of the Democratic party centered in the Southern states, which were exacerbated by an effort led by President Roosevelt to target certain conservative senators for defeat in Democratic primaries, including Walter George of Georgia, Millard Tydings of Maryland, Robert Rice Reynolds of North Carolina, and Ellison Smith of South Carolina. While a number of New Deal supporters won primary elections, such as Alben Barkley in Kentucky, who defeated Governor Happy Chandler, James P. Pope of Idaho, a prominent New Deal supporter, lost his bid for re-nomination, as did California's William McAdoo — though McAdoo's Democratic opponent, Sheridan Downey, had campaigned as a liberal New Dealer on many issues who would also do more to improve pension plans.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt had faced opposition from conservative Democrats and the Republicans in Congress since the beginning of his presidency. Josiah Bailey, Edward R. Burke, Harry F. Byrd, James F. Byrnes, Walter F. George, Peter G. Gerry, Carter Glass, Pat Harrison, Rush Holt Sr., Kenneth McKellar, and Ellison D. Smith were the conservative Democratic senators that opposed Roosevelt's policies although Harrison, Burke, Byrnes, and McKellar had initially supported the First New Deal. Vice President John Nance Garner pushed for Roosevelt to support more conservative policies. The Republicans gained eight seats in the Senate while the Democrats maintained their majority. However, there were around twenty unreliable Democratic votes for Roosevelt which allowed conservatives to block some of his policies.
Gains, losses, and holds
Retirements
One Democrat retired instead of seeking re-election, one Democrat retired instead of seeking election to finish the unexpired term and one Democrat retired instead of seeking election to finish the unexpired term and election to a full term.
State
Senator
Replaced by
Illinois
William H. Dieterich
Scott W. Lucas
Oregon (special)
Alfred E. Reames
Alexander G. Barry
Oregon
Alfred E. Reames
Rufus C. Holman
South Dakota (special)
Herbert E. Hitchcock
Gladys Pyle
Defeats
Seven Democrats sought re-election but lost in the primary or general election. One Democrat sought election to a full term but lost in the primary election and one Democrat sought election to finish the unexpired term but lost in the primary election.
State
Senator
Replaced by
California
William Gibbs McAdoo
Sheridan Downey
Connecticut
Augustine Lonergan
John A. Danaher
Idaho
James P. Pope
D. Worth Clark
Kansas
George McGill
Clyde M. Reed
New Hampshire
Fred H. Brown
Charles W. Tobey
Ohio
Robert J. Bulkley
Robert A. Taft
South Dakota
Herbert E. Hitchcock
Chan Gurney
Tennessee
George L. Berry
Tom Stewart
Wisconsin
F. Ryan Duffy
Alexander Wiley
Death
One Democrat died on June 17, 1938, and his seat remained vacant until the election.
State
Senator
Replaced by
New York (special)
Royal S. Copeland
James M. Mead
Post-election changes
State
Senator
Replaced by
Idaho
William Edgar Borah
John Thomas
Illinois
James Hamilton Lewis
James M. Slattery
Kentucky
Marvel Mills Logan
Happy Chandler
Vermont
Ernest Willard Gibson
Ernest W. Gibson Jr.
Change in composition
Before the elections
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D18
D17
D16
D15
D14
D13
D12
D11
D10
D9
D19
D20
D21
D22
D23
D24
D25
D26
D27
D28
D38
D37
D36
D35
D34
D33
D32
D31
D30
D29
D39
D40
D41
D42
D43
D44
D45
D46Ala. (reg)Ala. (sp)Ran
D47Ariz.Ran
D48Ark.Ran
Majority →
D49Calif.Ran
D58Kan.Ran
D57IowaRan
D56Ind.Ran
D55Ill.Retired
D54IdahoRan
D53Ga.Ran
D52Fla.Ran
D51Conn.Ran
D50Colo.Ran
D59Ky.Ran
D60La.Ran
D61Md.Ran
D62Mo.Ran
D63Nev.Ran
D64N.H.Ran
D65N.J. (sp)Retired
D66N.Y. (reg)Ran
D67N.Y. (sp)Died
D68N.C.Ran
FL2
D77Wisc.Ran
D76Wash.Ran
D75UtahRan
D74Tenn. (sp)Ran
D73S.D. (reg) Ran S.D. (sp)Retired
D72S.C.Ran
D71Ore. (reg)Ore. (sp)Retired
D70Okla.Ran
D69OhioRan
FL1
I1
P1
R15Vt.Ran
R14Pa.Ran
R13N.D.Ran
R12
R11
R10
R9
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
Result of the elections
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D18
D17
D16
D15
D14
D13
D12
D11
D10
D9
D19
D20
D21
D22
D23
D24
D25
D26
D27
D28
D38
D37
D36
D35
D34
D33
D32
D31
D30
D29
D39
D40
D41
D42
D43
D44
D45
D46Ala. (sp)ElectedAla. (reg)Re-elected
D47Ariz.Re-elected
D48Ark.Re-elected
Majority →
D49Calif.Hold
D58La.Re-elected
D57Ky.Re-elected
D56IowaRe-elected
D55Ind.Re-elected
D54Ill.Hold
D53IdahoHold
D52Ga.Re-elected
D51Fla.Re-elected
D50Colo.Re-elected
D59Md.Re-elected
D60Mo.Re-elected
D61Nev.Re-elected
D62N.Y. (reg)Re-elected
D63N.Y. (sp)Hold
D64N.C.Re-elected
D65Okla.Re-elected
D66S.C.Re-elected
D67Tenn. (sp)Hold
D68UtahRe-elected
R19N.J. (sp)Gain
R20OhioGain
R21Ore. (reg)Ore. (sp)Gain
R22S.D. (reg)S.D. (sp)Gain
R23Wisc.Gain
P1
I1
FL1
FL2
D69Wash.Re-elected
R18N.H.Gain
R17Kan.Gain
R16Conn.Gain
R15Vt.Re-elected
R14Pa.Re-elected
R13N.D.Re-elected
R12
R11
R10
R9
R1
R2
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
R8
Key:
D#
Democratic
FL#
Farmer–Labor
I#
Independent
P#
Progressive
R#
Republican
Race summaries
Special elections during the 75th Congress
In these special elections, the winner was seated during 1938 or before January 3, 1939; ordered by election date.
State
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Senator
Party
Electoral history
Alabama(Class 3)
J. Lister Hill
Democratic
1938 (Appointed)
Interim appointee elected April 26, 1938.
▌Y J. Lister Hill (Democratic)
Unopposed
New Jersey(Class 1)
John Milton
Democratic
1938 (Appointed)
Interim appointee retired.Winner elected November 8, 1938.Republican gain.
▌Y W. Warren Barbour (Republican) 53.0%
▌William H. J. Ely (Democratic) 45.7%
New York(Class 1)
Royal S. Copeland
Democratic
192219281934
Incumbent died June 17, 1938.Winner elected November 8, 1938.Democratic hold.
▌Y James M. Mead (Democratic) 53.6%
▌Edward F. Corsi (Republican) 45.8%
Oregon(Class 3)
Alfred E. Reames
Democratic
1938 (Appointed)
Interim appointee retired.Winner elected November 8, 1938.Republican gain.Winner did not run for the next term, however; see below.
▌Y Alexander G. Barry (Republican) 54.2%
▌Robert A. Miller (Democratic) 45.8%
South Dakota(Class 3)
Herbert E. Hitchcock
Democratic
1936 (Appointed)
Interim appointee retired.Winner elected November 8, 1938.Republican gain.Winner did not run for the next term, however; see below.
▌Y Gladys Pyle (Republican) 58.1%
▌John T. McCullen (Democratic) 41.9%
Tennessee(Class 2)
George L. Berry
Democratic
1937 (Appointed)
Interim appointee lost nomination to finish the term.Winner elected November 8, 1938.Democratic hold.Winner delayed his term until January 16, 1939, to finish his term as district attorney.
▌Y Tom Stewart (Democratic) 70.5%
▌Harley G. Fowler (Republican) 26.2%
Races leading to the 76th Congress
In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning January 3, 1939; ordered by state.
All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.
State
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Senator
Party
Electoralhistory
Alabama
J. Lister Hill
Democratic
1938 (Appointed)1938 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y J. Lister Hill (Democratic) 86.4%
▌J. M. Pennington (Republican) 13.6%
Arizona
Carl Hayden
Democratic
19261932
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Carl Hayden (Democratic) 76.5%
▌B. H. Clingan (Republican) 23.5%
Arkansas
Hattie Caraway
Democratic
1931 (Appointed)1932 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Hattie Caraway (Democratic) 89.6%
▌C. D. Atkinson (Republican) 10.4%
California
William Gibbs McAdoo
Democratic
1932
Incumbent lost renomination.New senator elected.Democratic hold.Incumbent then resigned and Thomas M. Storke (D) was appointed to finish the term.
▌Y Sheridan Downey (Democratic) 54.4%
▌Philip Bancroft (Republican) 44.7%
▌Lillain Symes Clements (Socialist) 0.9%
Colorado
Alva B. Adams
Democratic
1923 (Appointed)1924 (Retired)1932
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Alva B. Adams (Democratic) 58.2%
▌Archibald A. Lee (Republican) 40.2%
Connecticut
Augustine Lonergan
Democratic
1932
Incumbent lost re-election.New senator elected.Republican gain.
▌Y John A. Danaher (Republican) 42.9%
▌Augustine Lonergan (Democratic) 40.0%
▌Bellani Trombley (Socialist) 15.8%
Florida
Claude Pepper
Democratic
1936 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Claude Pepper (Democratic) 82.5%
▌Thomas E. Swanson (Republican) 17.6%
Georgia
Walter F. George
Democratic
1922 (special)19261932
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Walter F. George (Democratic) 95.1%
▌Charles A. Jiles (Independent) 4.9%
Idaho
James P. Pope
Democratic
1932
Incumbent lost renomination.New senator elected.Democratic hold.
▌Y D. Worth Clark (Democratic) 54.7%
▌Donald A. Callahan (Republican) 44.9%
Illinois
William H. Dieterich
Democratic
1932
Incumbent retired.New senator elected.Democratic hold.
▌Y Scott W. Lucas (Democratic) 51.3%
▌Richard J. Lyons (Republican) 48.3%
Indiana
Frederick Van Nuys
Democratic
1932
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Frederick Van Nuys (Democratic) 49.8%
▌Raymond E. Willis (Republican) 49.5%
Others
▌Herman L. Seeger (Prohibition) 0.4%
▌Louis E. Roebuck (Socialist) 0.1%
▌Miles Blansett (Communist) 0.1%
Iowa
Guy Gillette
Democratic
1936 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Guy Gillette (Democratic) 49.7%
▌L. J. Dickinson (Republican) 49.4%
Kansas
George McGill
Democratic
1930 (special)1932
Incumbent lost re-election.New senator elected.Republican gain.
▌Y Clyde M. Reed (Republican) 56.2%
▌George McGill (Democratic) 43.8%
Kentucky
Alben W. Barkley
Democratic
19261932
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Alben W. Barkley (Democratic) 62.0%
▌John P. Haswell (Republican) 38.0%
Louisiana
John H. Overton
Democratic
1932
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y John H. Overton (Democratic)
Unopposed
Maryland
Millard Tydings
Democratic
19261932
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Millard Tydings (Democratic) 68.3%
▌Oscar Lesser (Republican) 29.3%
Missouri
Bennett Champ Clark
Democratic
19321933 (Appointed)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Bennett Champ Clark (Democratic) 60.7%
▌Henry S. Caulfield (Republican) 39.2%
Nevada
Pat McCarran
Democratic
1932
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Pat McCarran (Democratic) 59.0%
▌Tasker Oddie (Republican) 41.0%
New Hampshire
Fred H. Brown
Democratic
1932
Incumbent lost re-election.New senator elected.Republican gain.
▌Y Charles W. Tobey (Republican) 54.2%
▌Fred H. Brown (Democratic) 45.8%
New York
Robert F. Wagner
Democratic
19261932
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Robert F. Wagner (Democratic) 54.5%
▌John Lord O'Brian (Republican) 45.0%
North Carolina
Robert R. Reynolds
Democratic
1932 (special)1932
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Robert R. Reynolds (Democratic) 63.8%
▌Charles A. Jonas (Republican) 36.2%
North Dakota
Gerald Nye
Republican
1925 (Appointed)1926 (special)1932
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Gerald Nye (Republican) 50.1%
▌William Langer (Independent) 42.6%
▌J. J. Nygard (Democratic) 7.3%
Ohio
Robert J. Bulkley
Democratic
1930 (special)1932
Incumbent lost re-election.New senator elected.Republican gain.
▌Y Robert A. Taft (Republican) 53.6%
▌Robert J. Bulkley (Democratic) 46.4%
Oklahoma
Elmer Thomas
Democratic
19261932
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Elmer Thomas (Democratic) 65.4%
▌Harry G. Glasser (Republican) 33.9%
Oregon
Alfred E. Reames
Democratic
1938 (Appointed)
Interim appointee retired.New senator elected.Republican gain.
▌Y Rufus C. Holman (Republican) 54.9%
▌Willis Mahoney (Democratic) 45.1%
Pennsylvania
James J. Davis
Republican
1930 (special)1932
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y James J. Davis (Republican) 54.7%
▌George Howard Earle III (Democratic) 44.4%
South Carolina
Ellison D. Smith
Democratic
19091914192019261932
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Ellison D. Smith (Democratic)
Unopposed
South Dakota
Herbert E. Hitchcock
Democratic
1936 (Appointed)
Interim appointee lost nomination to next term.New senator elected.Republican gain.
▌Y Chan Gurney (Republican) 52.5%
▌Tom Berry (Democratic) 47.5%
Utah
Elbert D. Thomas
Democratic
1932
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Elbert D. Thomas (Democratic) 55.8%
▌Franklin S. Harris (Republican) 44.2%
Vermont
Ernest W. Gibson
Republican
1933 (Appointed)1934 (special)
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Ernest W. Gibson (Republican) 65.7%
▌John McGrath (Democratic) 34.3%
Washington
Homer Bone
Democratic
1932
Incumbent re-elected.
▌Y Homer Bone (Democratic) 62.6%
▌Ewing D. Colvin (Republican) 37.1%
▌Eugene Solie (Socialist Labor) 0.3%
Wisconsin
F. Ryan Duffy
Democratic
1932
Incumbent lost re-election.New senator elected.Republican gain.
▌Y Alexander Wiley (Republican) 47.7%
▌Herman Ekern (Progressive) 26.6%
▌F. Ryan Duffy (Democratic) 24.7%
Closest races
Thirteen races had a margin of victory under 10%:
State
Party of winner
Margin
Indiana
Democratic
0.3%
Iowa
Democratic
0.3%
Connecticut
Republican (flip)
2.9%
Illinois
Democratic
3.0%
South Dakota
Republican (flip)
5.0%
Ohio
Republican (flip)
7.2%
New Jersey
Republican (flip)
7.3%
North Dakota
Democratic
7.5%
New Hampshire
Republican (flip)
8.4%
New York
Democratic
9.5%
California
Democratic
9.7%
Idaho
Democratic
9.8%
Oregon
Republican (flip)
9.8%
There is no tipping point state.
Alabama
Main article: 1938 United States Senate election in Alabama
Senator J. Lister Hill
See also: List of United States senators from Alabama and 1938 United States House of Representatives elections in Alabama
There were 2 elections due to the August 19, 1937, resignation of two-term Democrat Hugo Black. Democrat Dixie Bibb Graves was appointed August 20, 1937 (by her husband, the governor) to finish Black's term.
Alabama (special)
Alabama special Democratic primary, January 4, 1938
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
J. Lister Hill
90,601
61.81%
Democratic
James Thomas Heflin
50,189
34.24%
Democratic
Charles W. Williams
5,783
3.95%
Turnout
1.87%
Democratic hold
Majority
40,412
27.57%
After congressman J. Lister Hill won the January 4, 1938, Democratic primary, Graves resigned and Hill was appointed to continue the term until the April 26, 1938, special election, which he won unopposed.
Alabama special election, April 26, 1938
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
J. Lister Hill (Incumbent)
49,429
100.00%
Turnout
1.87%
Democratic hold
Hill was then easily re-elected in November to the next term.
Alabama (regular)
Alabama election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
J. Lister Hill (Incumbent)
113,413
86.38%
Republican
J. M. Pennington
17,885
13.62%
None
Scattering
1
0.00%
Majority
95,528
72.76%
Turnout
131,299
4.96%
Democratic hold
Arizona
1938 United States Senate election in Arizona
← 1932
November 3, 1938
1944 →
Nominee
Carl Hayden
Burt H. Clingan
Party
Democratic
Republican
Popular vote
82,714
25,378
Percentage
76.52%
23.48%
County resultsHayden: 70–80% 80–90% >90%
U.S. senator before election
Carl Hayden
Democratic
Elected U.S. Senator
Carl Hayden
Democratic
Main article: 1938 United States Senate election in Arizona
See also: List of United States senators from Arizona
Incumbent Democrat Carl Hayden was re-elected to a third term, defeating Republican nominee Burt H. Clingan, chairman of the Arizona Industrial Commission, in the general election.
In contrast to previous elections, Hayden was easily reelected, receiving only token opposition from a relatively unknown Republican challenger.
Arizona Democratic primary
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Carl T. Hayden (Incumbent)
68,328
65.48%
Democratic
Robert E. Miller
22,154
21.23%
Democratic
Whit I. Hughes
13,867
13.29%
Total votes
104,349
100.00
Arizona general election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Carl T. Hayden (Incumbent)
82,714
76.52%
Republican
Burt H. Clingan
25,378
23.48%
Majority
57,336
53.04%
Turnout
108,092
Democratic hold
Arkansas
Main article: 1938 United States Senate election in Arkansas
See also: List of United States senators from Arkansas
1938 U.S. Senate election in Arkansas
← 1932
November 8, 1938
1944 →
Nominee
Hattie Caraway
C. D. Atkinson
Party
Democratic
Republican
Popular vote
122,883
14,290
Percentage
89.58%
10.42%
County resultsCaraway: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% >90%
U.S. senator before election
Hattie Caraway
Democratic
Elected U.S. Senator
Hattie Caraway
Democratic
Arkansas election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Hattie Wyatt Caraway (Incumbent)
122,883
89.58%
Republican
C. T. Atkinson
14,290
10.42%
Majority
108,593
79.16%
Turnout
137,173
Democratic hold
California
1938 United States Senate election in California
← 1932
November 8, 1938
1944 →
Nominee
Sheridan Downey
Philip Bancroft
Party
Democratic
Republican
Alliance
ProgressiveTownsend
Popular vote
1,372,314
1,126,240
Percentage
54.43%
44.67%
County resultsDowney: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% Bancroft: 40–50% 50–60% 70–80%
U.S. senator before election
William Gibbs McAdoo
Democratic
Elected U.S. Senator
Sheridan Downey
Democratic
Main article: 1938 United States Senate election in California
See also: List of United States senators from California
California election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Sheridan Downey
1,372,314
54.41%
Republican
Philip Bancroft
1,126,240
44.65%
Socialist
Lillian Symes Clements
22,569
0.89%
None
Scattering
1,019
0.04%
Majority
246,074
9.76%
Turnout
2,522,142
Democratic hold
Colorado
1938 United States Senate election in Colorado
← 1932
November 8, 1938
1942 (special) →
Nominee
Alva B. Adams
Archibald A. Lee
Party
Democratic
Republican
Popular vote
262,806
181,297
Percentage
58.24%
40.18%
Results by county Adams: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80%Lee: 40–50% 50–60%
U.S. senator before election
Alva B. Adams
Democratic
Elected U.S. Senator
Alva B. Adams
Democratic
Main article: 1938 United States Senate election in Colorado
See also: List of United States senators from Colorado
Colorado election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Alva B. Adams (Incumbent)
262,786
58.24%
Republican
Archibald A. Lee
181,297
40.18%
Socialist
Carle Whitehead
3,604
0.80%
Independent Progressive
James Allander
3,522
0.78%
Majority
81,489
18.06%
Turnout
451,209
Democratic hold
Connecticut
1938 United States Senate election in Connecticut
← 1932
November 8, 1938
1944 →
Nominee
John A. Danaher
Augustine Lonergan
Bellani Trombley
Party
Republican
Democratic
Socialist
Alliance
Union
Popular vote
270,413
252,426
99,282
Percentage
42.89%
40.04%
15.75%
County resultsDanaher: 40–50% 50–60% Lonergan: 40–50%
U.S. senator before election
Augustine Lonergan
Democratic
Elected U.S. Senator
John A. Danaher
Republican
Main article: 1938 United States Senate election in Connecticut
See also: List of United States senators from Connecticut
Connecticut election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
John A. Danaher
270,413
42.89%
Democratic
Augustine Lonergan (Incumbent)
252,426
40.04%
Socialist
Bellani Trombley
99,282
15.75%
Socialist Labor
Joseph Mackey
6,931
1.10%
American Labor
Philip Brainard
766
0.12%
Communist
Michael A. Russo
615
0.10%
Majority
17,987
2.85%
Turnout
630,433
Republican gain from Democratic
Florida
Florida election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Claude Pepper (Incumbent)
145,757
82.45%
Republican
Thomas E. Swanson
31,035
17.55%
Majority
114,722
64.90%
Turnout
176,792
Democratic hold
Georgia
Main article: 1938 United States Senate election in Georgia
Georgia election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Walter F. George (Incumbent)
66,987
95.09%
Independent
Charles A. Jiles
3,442
4.89%
Independent
Eugene Talmadge
14
0.02%
Majority
63,545
90.20%
Turnout
70,443
Democratic hold
Idaho
Idaho election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
David Worth Clark
99,801
54.66%
Republican
Donald A. Callahan
81,939
44.88%
Progressive
V. A. Verhei
845
0.46%
Majority
17,862
9.78%
Turnout
182,585
Democratic hold
Illinois
1938 United States Senate election in Illinois
← 1932
November 8, 1938
1944 →
Nominee
Scott W. Lucas
Richard J. Lyons
Party
Democratic
Republican
Popular vote
1,638,162
1,542,574
Percentage
51.32%
48.33%
County resultsLucas: 50–60% 60–70% Lyons: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80%
U.S. senator before election
William H. Dieterich
Democratic
Elected U.S. senator
Scott W. Lucas
Democratic
Main article: 1938 United States Senate election in Illinois
Incumbent Democrat William H. Dieterich retired, making this an open-seat.
Illinois election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Scott W. Lucas
1,638,162
51.32%
Republican
Richard J. Lyons
1,542,574
48.33%
Prohibition
Enoch A. Holtwick
10,707
0.34%
None
Scattering
569
0.02%
Majority
95,588
2.99%
Turnout
3,192,012
Democratic hold
Indiana
1938 United States Senate election in Indiana
← 1932
November 8, 1938
1944 →
Nominee
Frederick Van Nuys
Raymond E. Willis
Party
Democratic
Republican
Popular vote
788,386
783,189
Percentage
49.85%
49.52%
County resultsVan Nuys: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70%Willis: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70%
U.S. senator before election
Frederick Van Nuys
Democratic
Elected U.S. Senator
Frederick Van Nuys
Democratic
Main article: 1938 United States Senate election in Indiana
See also: List of United States senators from Indiana
Indiana election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Frederick Van Nuys (Incumbent)
788,386
49.85%
Republican
Raymond E. Willis
783,189
49.52%
Prohibition
Herman L. Seeger
6,905
0.44%
Socialist
Louis E. Roebuck
2,026
0.13%
Communist
Miles Blansett
984
0.06%
Majority
5,197
0.33%
Turnout
1,581,490
Democratic hold
Iowa
1938 United States Senate election in Iowa
← 1936 (special)
November 8, 1938
1944 →
Nominee
Guy M. Gillette
Lester J. Dickinson
Party
Democratic
Republican
Popular vote
413,788
410,983
Percentage
49.74%
49.41%
Gillette: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80%Dickinson: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70%
U.S. senator before election
Guy M. Gillette
Democratic
Elected U.S. Senator
Guy M. Gillette
Democratic
Main article: 1938 United States Senate election in Iowa
See also: List of United States senators from Iowa
Iowa election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Guy Gillette (Incumbent)
413,788
49.74%
Republican
Lester J. Dickinson
410,983
49.41%
Farmer–Labor
George F. Buresch
4,723
0.57%
Progressive
Raymond E. Hanke
1,525
0.18%
Prohibition
G. W. Bauseman
820
0.10%
Majority
2,805
0.33%
Turnout
831,839
Democratic hold
Kansas
Kansas election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Clyde M. Reed
419,532
56.21%
Democratic
George McGill (Incumbent)
326,774
43.78%
Independent
Joe Corpstein
99
0.01%
Majority
92,758
12.43%
Turnout
746,405
Republican gain from Democratic
Kentucky
Kentucky election← 19321944 →
Nominee
Alben W. Barkley
John P. Haswell
Party
Democratic
Republican
Popular vote
346,735
212,266
Percentage
62.03%
37.97%
County resultsBarkley: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% >90%Haswell: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90%
U.S. senator before election
Alben W. Barkley
Democratic
Elected U.S. senator
Alben W. Barkley
Democratic
Kentucky election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Alben W. Barkley (Incumbent)
346,735
62.03%
Republican
John P. Haswell
212,266
37.97%
Democratic
Happy Chandler (write-in)
20
0.00%
Majority
134,469
22.06%
Turnout
559,021
Democratic hold
Louisiana
Louisiana election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
John H. Overton (Incumbent)
151,582
99.84%
Independent
Maurice E. Clark
250
0.16%
Majority
151,332
99.68%
Turnout
151,832
Democratic hold
Maryland
1938 United States Senate election in Maryland
← 1932
November 8, 1938
1944 →
Nominee
Millard Tydings
Oscar Leser
Party
Democratic
Republican
Popular vote
357,245
153,253
Percentage
68.28%
29.29%
County resultsTydings: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80%
U.S. senator before election
Millard Tydings
Democratic
Elected U.S. Senator
Millard Tydings
Democratic
Main article: 1938 United States Senate election in Maryland
See also: List of United States senators from Maryland
Maryland election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Millard Tydings (Incumbent)
357,245
68.28%
Republican
Oscar Lesser
153,253
29.29%
Union
George W. Hunt
5,784
1.11%
Socialist
Elisabeth Gilman
3,311
0.63%
American Labor
Frank N. H. Lang
2,330
0.45%
Communist
Harry Straw
1,301
0.25%
Majority
203,992
38.99%
Turnout
523,238
Democratic hold
Missouri
1938 United States Senate election in Missouri← 19321944 →
Nominee
Bennett Champ Clark
Henry S. Caulfield
Party
Democratic
Republican
Popular vote
757,587
488,687
Percentage
60.69%
39.15%
County resultsClark: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90%Caulfield: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80%
U.S. senator before election
Bennett Champ Clark
Democratic
Elected U.S. senator
Bennett Champ Clark
Democratic
Main article: 1938 United States Senate election in Missouri
See also: List of United States senators from Missouri
Missouri election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Bennett Champ Clark (Incumbent)
757,587
60.69%
Republican
Henry S. Caulfield
488,687
39.15%
Socialist
J. G. Hodges
1,712
0.14%
Socialist Labor
Karl L. Oberhue
292
0.02%
Majority
268,900
21.54%
Turnout
1,248,278
Democratic hold
Nevada
Nevada election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Pat McCarran (Incumbent)
27,406
58.96%
Republican
Tasker Oddie
19,078
41.04%
Majority
8,328
17.92%
Turnout
46,484
Democratic hold
New Hampshire
New Hampshire election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Charles W. Tobey
100,633
54.23%
Democratic
Fred H. Brown (Incumbent)
84,920
45.77%
Majority
15,713
8.46%
Turnout
185,553
Republican gain from Democratic
New Jersey (special)
1938 United States Senate election in New Jersey
← 1934
November 8, 1938
1940 →
Nominee
William Warren Barbour
William H. J. Ely
Party
Republican
Democratic
Popular vote
816,667
704,159
Percentage
52.98%
45.68%
County results Barbour: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% Ely: 50–60% 70–80%
U.S. senator before election
John Gerald Milton
Democratic
Elected U.S. senator
W. Warren Barbour
Republican
Main article: 1938 United States Senate special election in New Jersey
See also: List of United States senators from New Jersey
New Jersey special election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
William Warren Barbour
816,667
52.98%
Democratic
William H. J. Ely
704,159
45.68%
Prohibition
Louis H. Kelley
8,201
0.53%
Socialist
John Palangio
3,671
0.24%
Townsend
Fred Turner
3,521
0.23%
Communist
William Norman
3,515
0.23%
Socialist Labor
John C. Butterworth
1,873
0.12%
Majority
112,508
7.30%
Turnout
1,541,607
Republican gain from Democratic
New York
See also: List of United States senators from New York
There were 2 elections due to the June 17, 1938, death of three-term Democrat Royal S. Copeland.
New York (regular)
1938 United States Senate election in New York
← 1932
November 8, 1938
1944 →
Nominee
Robert F. Wagner
John Lord O'Brian
Party
Democratic
Republican
Alliance
American Labor
Independent Progressive
Popular vote
2,497,029
2,058,615
Percentage
54.48%
44.92%
County ResultsWagner: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80%O'Brian: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80%
Senator before election
Robert F. Wagner
Democratic
Elected Senator
Robert F. Wagner
Democratic
Main article: 1938 United States Senate election in New York
New York Republicans nominated John Lord O'Brian for the U.S. Senate. Democrats re-nominated the incumbent Wagner. The American Labor party endorsed Wagner.
1938 United States Senate election in New York
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Robert F. Wagner (Incumbent)
2,098,919
45.80%
American Labor
Robert F. Wagner (Incumbent)
398,410
8.69%
Total
Robert F. Wagner (Incumbent)
2,497,029
54.48%
Republican
John Lord O'Brian
2,046,794
44.66%
Independent Progressive
John Lord O'Brian
11,821
0.26%
'Total'
John Lord O'Brian
2,058,615
44.92%
Socialist
Herman J. Hahn
23,553
0.51%
Socialist Labor
O. Martin Olson
3,851
0.08%
Total votes
4,583,048
100.00%
New York (special)
1938 United States Senate special election in New York
← 1934
November 8, 1938
1940 →
Nominee
James M. Mead
Edward F. Corsi
Party
Democratic
Republican
Alliance
American Labor Party
Ind. Progressive
Popular vote
2,438,904
2,083,666
Percentage
53.93%
46.08%
Mead: 50-60% 60-70% 70-80% Corsi: 50-60% 60-70% 70-80%
U.S. senator before election
Vacant
Elected U.S. Senator
James M. Mead
Democratic
Main article: 1938 United States Senate special election in New York
New York Republicans nominated Edward Corsi for the short term to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Royal S. Copeland. Democrats nominated James M. Mead. The American Labor party endorsed Mead.
Democratic ticket
Republican ticket
American Labor ticket
Socialist ticket
James M. Mead
2,060,876
Edward F. Corsi
2,083,666
James M. Mead
378,028
Harry W. Laidler
27,161
North Carolina
Main article: 1938 United States Senate election in North Carolina
See also: List of United States senators from North Carolina
1938 United States Senate election in North Carolina
← 1932
November 7, 1938
1944 →
Nominee
Robert R. Reynolds
Charles A. Jonas
Party
Democratic
Republican
Popular vote
316,685
179,461
Percentage
63.83%
36.17%
Results by countyReynolds: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% >90%Jonas: 50–60% 60–70%
Senator before election
Robert Rice Reynolds
Democratic
Elected Senator
Robert Rice Reynolds
Democratic
North Carolina election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Robert Rice Reynolds (Incumbent)
316,685
63.80%
Republican
Charles A. Jonas
179,650
36.20%
Majority
137,035
27.60%
Turnout
496,335
Democratic hold
North Dakota
1938 United States Senate election in North Dakota
← 1932
November 8, 1938
1944 →
Nominee
Gerald Nye
William Langer
J. J. Nygaard
Party
Republican
Independent
Democratic
Popular vote
131,907
65,612
19,244
Percentage
50.12%
42.56%
7.31%
County resultsNye: 40-50% 50-60% 60-70% Langer: 40-50% 50-60% 60-70%
U.S. senator before election
Gerald Nye
Republican
Elected U.S. Senator
Gerald Nye
Republican
Main article: 1938 United States Senate election in North Dakota
See also: List of United States senators from North Dakota
North Dakota election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Gerald Nye (Incumbent)
131,907
50.12%
Independent
William Langer
112,007
42.56%
Democratic
J. J. Nygard
19,244
7.31%
Majority
19,900
7.56%
Turnout
263,158
Republican hold
Ohio
1938 United States Senate election in Ohio
← 1932
November 7, 1938
1944 →
Nominee
Robert A. Taft
Robert J. Bulkley
Party
Republican
Democratic
Popular vote
1,255,414
1,085,792
Percentage
53.62%
46.38%
County resultsTaft: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80%Bulkley: 50–60% 60–70%
U.S. senator before election
Robert J. Bulkley
Democratic
Elected U.S. Senator
Robert A. Taft
Republican
Main article: 1938 United States Senate election in Ohio
See also: List of United States senators from Ohio
Ohio election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Robert A. Taft
1,255,414
53.62%
Democratic
Robert J. Bulkley (Incumbent)
1,085,792
46.38%
Majority
169,622
7.24%
Turnout
2,341,206
Republican gain from Democratic
Oklahoma
Main article: 1938 United States Senate election in Oklahoma
See also: List of United States senators from Oklahoma
Oklahoma election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Elmer Thomas (Incumbent)
307,936
65.37%
Republican
Harry G. Glasser
159,734
33.91%
Prohibition
P. C. Nelson
2,220
0.47%
Independent
Raymond B. Clark
603
0.13%
Independent
Herndon J. Thompson
573
0.12%
Majority
148,202
31.46%
Turnout
471,066
Democratic hold
Oregon
See also: List of United States senators from Oregon
There were 2 elections for the same seat, due to the January 31, 1938, resignation of two-term Republican Frederick Steiwer. Democratic businessman Alfred E. Reames was appointed February 1, 1938, to continue the term, pending a special election, but he did not run in either the special or the general elections.
Oregon (special)
Senator Alexander G. Barry
Special election results by countyBarry: 50–60% 60–70% Miller: 50–60%
Republican Alexander G. Barry was elected to finish the term, but was not a candidate for the next term.
Oregon special election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Alexander G. Barry
180,815
54.20%
Democratic
Robert A. Miller
152,773
45.80%
None
Scattering
3
0.00%
Majority
28,042
8.40%
Turnout
333,591
Republican gain from Democratic
Oregon (regular)
Senator Rufus C. Holman
Regular election results by countyHolman: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80%Mahoney: 50–60%
Oregon general election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Rufus C. Holman
203,120
54.86%
Democratic
Willis Mahoney
167,135
45.14%
None
Scattering
6
0.00%
Majority
35,985
9.72%
Turnout
370,261
Republican gain from Democratic
Pennsylvania
1938 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania
← 1932
November 8, 1938
1944 →
Nominee
James J. Davis
George Howard Earle III
Party
Republican
Democratic
Popular vote
2,086,931
1,694,367
Percentage
54.70%
44.41%
County Results:Davis: 40-50% 50-60% 60-70% 70-80%Earle: 50-60%
U.S. senator before election
James J. Davis
Republican
Elected U.S. Senator
James J. Davis
Republican
Main article: 1938 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania
See also: List of United States senators from Pennsylvania
General election results
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
James J. Davis (incumbent)
2,086,931
54.70%
Democratic
George H. Earle
1,694,367
44.41%
Socialist
David H. H. Felix
20,155
0.53%
Prohibition
Forest S. Van Valin
9,327
0.24%
Pathfinders
Reginald B. Naugle
2,508
0.07%
Communist
Pat Toohey
1,530
0.04%
None
Scattering
104
0.00%
Majority
392,564
10.29%
Turnout
3,814,922
Republican hold
South Carolina
Main article: 1938 United States Senate election in South Carolina
See also: List of United States senators from South Carolina
South Carolina election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Ellison D. Smith (Incumbent)
45,351
98.89%
Republican
J. D. E. Meyer
508
1.11%
None
Scattering
2
0.00%
Majority
44,843
97.78%
Turnout
45,861
Democratic hold
South Dakota
See also: List of United States senators from South Dakota and 1938 United States House of Representatives elections in South Dakota
There were 2 elections for the same seat due to the December 20, 1936, death of three-term Republican Peter Norbeck. Democrat Herbert Hitchcock was appointed December 29, 1936, to continue the term, pending a special election.
South Dakota (special)
Senator Gladys Pyle
Main article: 1938 United States Senate elections in South Dakota
South Dakota election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Gladys Pyle
155,292
58.06%
Democratic
John T. McCullen
112,177
41.94%
Majority
43,115
16.12%
Turnout
267,469
Republican gain from Democratic
South Dakota (regular)
1938 United States Senate elections in South Dakota
← 1932
November 8, 1938
1944 →
Nominee
Chan Gurney
Tom Berry
Party
Republican
Democratic
Popular vote
146,813
133,064
Percentage
52.46%
47.54%
County resultsGurney: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80%Berry: 50–60% 60–70%No Vote:
U.S. senator before election
Herbert E. Hitchcock
Democratic
Elected U.S. Senator
Chan Gurney
Republican
Main article: 1938 United States Senate elections in South Dakota
Hitchcock lost the Democratic May 3, 1938, primary for the next term to Governor of South Dakota Tom Berry.
South Dakota general election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
John Chandler Gurney
146,813
52.46%
Democratic
Tom Berry
133,064
47.54%
Majority
13,749
4.92%
Turnout
279,877
Republican gain from Democratic
Tennessee (special)
1938 United States Senate special election in Tennessee
← 1936
November 8, 1938
1942 →
Nominee
Tom Stewart
Harvey G. Fowler
Party
Democratic
Republican
Popular vote
194,028
72,098
Percentage
70.50%
26.20%
Senator before election
George L. Berry
Democratic
Elected Senator
Tom Stewart
Democratic
Main article: 1938 United States Senate special election in TennesseeSee also: List of United States senators from Tennessee
Tennessee special election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Tom Stewart
194,028
70.50%
Republican
Harley G. Fowler
72,098
26.20%
Independent
John Randolph Neal Jr.
9,106
3.31%
Majority
21,930
44.30%
Turnout
275,232
Democratic hold
Utah
Utah election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Elbert D. Thomas (Incumbent)
102,353
55.80%
Republican
Franklin S. Harris
81,071
44.20%
Majority
21,282
11.60%
Turnout
183,424
Democratic hold
Vermont
Vermont election
← 1934
November 8, 1938 (1938-11-08)
1940 →
Nominee
Ernest W. Gibson Sr.
John McGrath
Party
Republican
Democratic
Popular vote
73,990
38,673
Percentage
65.7%
34.3%
U.S. senator before election
Ernest W. Gibson Sr.
Republican
Elected U.S. Senator
Ernest W. Gibson Sr.
Republican
Main article: 1938 United States Senate election in Vermont
See also: List of United States senators from Vermont
Vermont election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Ernest Willard Gibson (Incumbent)
73,990
65.58%
Democratic
John McGrath
38,673
34.28%
None
Scattering
161
0.14%
Majority
35,317
31.30%
Turnout
112,824
Republican hold
Washington
1938 United States Senate election in Washington
← 1932
November 8, 1938
1944 →
Nominee
Homer Bone
Ewing D. Colvin
Party
Democratic
Republican
Popular vote
371,535
220,204
Percentage
62.62%
37.12%
Results by countyBone: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80%Colvin: 50–60%
U.S. senator before election
Homer Bone
Democratic
Elected U.S. Senator
Homer Bone
Democratic
Main article: 1938 United States Senate election in Washington
See also: List of United States senators from Washington
Washington election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Homer Bone (Incumbent)
371,535
62.62%
Republican
Ewing D. Colvin
220,204
37.12%
Socialist Labor
Eugene Solie
1,553
0.26%
Majority
151,331
25.50%
Turnout
593,292
Democratic hold
Wisconsin
1938 United States Senate election in Wisconsin
← 1932
November 8, 1938
1944 →
Nominee
Alexander Wiley
Herman L. Ekern
F. Ryan Duffy
Party
Republican
Progressive
Democratic
Popular vote
446,770
249,209
231,976
Percentage
47.66%
26.58%
24.74%
County resultsWiley: 30–40% 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80%Ekern: 40–50%Duffy: 30–40% 40–50%
U.S. senator before election
F. Ryan Duffy
Democratic
Elected U.S. Senator
Alexander Wiley
Republican
Main article: 1938 United States Senate election in Wisconsin
See also: List of United States senators from Wisconsin
Wisconsin election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Alexander Wiley
416,770
45.92%
Progressive
Herman Ekern
249,209
27.46%
Democratic
F. Ryan Duffy (Incumbent)
231,976
25.56%
Townsend
John B. Chapple
7,251
0.80%
Independent Communist
Fred Basset Blair
1,283
0.14%
Independent Socialist Labor
Joseph Erhardt
1,014
0.11%
None
Scattering
31
0.00%
Majority
167,561
18.46%
Turnout
907,534
Republican gain from Democratic
Further reading
Dunn, Susan. Roosevelt's Purge: How FDR Fought to Change the Democratic Party (2010) excerpt and text search
Hixson, Walter L. "The 1938 Kentucky Senate Election: Alben W. Barkley, "Happy" Chandler, and The New Deal." Register of the Kentucky Historical Society (1982): 309–329. in JSTOR
Plesur, Milton. "The Republican Congressional Comeback of 1938", Review of Politics Vol. 24, No. 4 (October 1962), pp. 525–562 in JSTOR
Official New York result: LEHMAN PLURALITY OFFICIALLY 64,394; State Board Puts His Vote Finally at 2,391,286, With 2,326,892 for Dewey LABOR'S POLL AT 419,979 Blank, Void and Scattered Ballots Totaled 75,047; Poletti Won by 229,361 in NYT on December 8, 1938 (subscription required)
See also
1938 United States elections
1938 United States gubernatorial elections
1938 United States House of Representatives elections
75th United States Congress
76th United States Congress
Notes
^ a b c On the day of the special election, the interim appointee, Dixie Bibb Graves had resigned and been replaced by a new interim appointee — J. Lister Hill — who then won the special election ("Hold") and was re-elected in November ("Re-elected").
^ Appointee elected
^ Rev. Herman J. Hahn, of Buffalo, ran also for Lieutenant Governor in 1928 and 1936.
^ O. Martin Olson, of Jamestown, ran also for Comptroller in 1934
References
^ 1939 Britannica Book of the Year, "Democratic Party". pp. 205–206.
^ LIFE. Time Inc. 1994. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-88682-602-4. ISSN 0024-3019. Retrieved October 5, 2014.
^ Murphy, Paul (1974). Political Parties In American History, Volume 3, 1890-present. G. P. Putnam's Sons.
^ "Our Campaigns - AL US Senate - Special D Primary Race - Jan 04, 1938". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
^ "Our Campaigns - AL US Senate - Special Election Race - Apr 26, 1938". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 8, 1938" (PDF). Clerk.house.gov. Retrieved July 14, 2019.
^ "Our Campaigns - AL US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1938". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
^ "Our Campaigns - AZ US Senate - D Primary Race - Sep 13, 1938". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 16, 2019.
^ "Our Campaigns - AZ US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1938". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 15, 2019.
^ a b Hagerty, James A. (September 30, 1938). "DEWEY NOMINATED BY REPUBLICANS; ATTACKES TAMMANY; CHOICE BY ACCLAMATION Dewey Defends Decision to Run Points to Prosecuting Staff HAILED IN OVATION Prosecutor Promises to Rid State of 'Corruption' in 'Bigger Job' O'Brian and Corsi Nominated for Senate--A. V. McDermott for Attorney General DEWEY NOMINATED BY REPUBLICANS Republican Mayor Gets Bid to Inauguration Delay in Completing Ticket Criticizes Farm Legislation Politics the Biggest Racket". The New York Times. Retrieved July 15, 2019.
^ a b Times, Warren Moscowspecial To the New York (October 1, 1938). "LEHMAN IS DRAFTED FOR FOURTH TERM; HE ATTACKS DEWEY; POLETTI ON TICKET Yielding to Pleas to Run, Governor Insists on Justice as Aide CALLS RIVAL UNQUALIFIED Rochester Platform Hits Republican's Crime Issue--Wagner, Mead Are Nominated Calls Dewey Inexperienced Dewey Crime Speech a Factor LEHMAN DRAFTED FOR FOURTH TERM Platform Strong for New Deal La Guardia a Meed Champion Farley Predicts a Big Victory Hailed as". The New York Times. Retrieved July 16, 2019.
^ a b Hagerty, James A. (October 4, 1938). "LABORITES NAME LEHMAN WAGNER; ADOPT PLATFORM; OVATION FOR BOTH Governor, Accepting, Stresses Policy of Law Enforcement POLETTI ALSO NOMINATED Endorsement Efforts Fall Wagner Cites Record La Guardia is Acclaimed as He Urges Candidates Friendly to Roosevelt LABORITIES NAME LEHMAN, WAGNER Yields to Dubinsky Lehman Is Acclaimed Hillman Offers Wagner's Name Vladeck in Seconding Speech". The New York Times. Retrieved July 16, 2019.
^ "NY US Senate". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 11, 2020.
^ "Our Campaigns - SD US Senate - D Primary Race - May 03, 1938". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
^ "Our Campaigns - SD US Senate - R Primary Race - May 03, 1938". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Class 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"1932 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"New Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal"},{"link_name":"Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Procedures_Reform_Bill_of_1937"},{"link_name":"Walter George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_F._George"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Georgia"},{"link_name":"Millard Tydings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard_Tydings"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Maryland"},{"link_name":"Robert Rice Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rice_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Ellison Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellison_Smith"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Alben Barkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alben_Barkley"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Happy Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Chandler"},{"link_name":"James P. Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_P._Pope"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Idaho"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#California"},{"link_name":"William McAdoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo"},{"link_name":"Sheridan Downey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheridan_Downey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-2"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Josiah Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Bailey"},{"link_name":"Edward R. Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_R._Burke"},{"link_name":"Harry F. Byrd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd"},{"link_name":"James F. Byrnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_F._Byrnes"},{"link_name":"Walter F. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_F._George"},{"link_name":"Peter G. Gerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_G._Gerry"},{"link_name":"Carter Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Glass"},{"link_name":"Pat Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Rush Holt Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_Holt_Sr."},{"link_name":"Kenneth McKellar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Ellison D. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellison_D._Smith"},{"link_name":"First New Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_New_Deal"},{"link_name":"John Nance Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nance_Garner"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book-3"}],"text":"The 1938 United States Senate elections occurred in the middle of Franklin D. Roosevelt's second term. The 32 seats of Class 3 were contested in regular elections, and special elections were held to fill vacancies. The Republicans gained eight seats from the Democrats, though this occurred after multiple Democratic gains since the 1932 election, leading to the Democrats retaining a commanding lead over the Republicans with more than two-thirds of the legislative chamber.A contemporary account[1] cited a number of reasons for the losses suffered by the Democrats. The Recession of 1937 had continued into the first half of 1938, and had arguably weakened public confidence in the administration's New Deal economic policies, along with controversy over the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 (Roosevelt's \"court-packing\" plan).There were, in addition, strains between the more liberal New Deal supporters and the conservative wing of the Democratic party centered in the Southern states, which were exacerbated by an effort led by President Roosevelt to target certain conservative senators for defeat in Democratic primaries, including Walter George of Georgia, Millard Tydings of Maryland, Robert Rice Reynolds of North Carolina, and Ellison Smith of South Carolina. While a number of New Deal supporters won primary elections, such as Alben Barkley in Kentucky, who defeated Governor Happy Chandler, James P. Pope of Idaho, a prominent New Deal supporter, lost his bid for re-nomination, as did California's William McAdoo — though McAdoo's Democratic opponent, Sheridan Downey, had campaigned as a liberal New Dealer on many issues who would also do more to improve pension plans.[2]President Franklin D. Roosevelt had faced opposition from conservative Democrats and the Republicans in Congress since the beginning of his presidency. Josiah Bailey, Edward R. Burke, Harry F. Byrd, James F. Byrnes, Walter F. George, Peter G. Gerry, Carter Glass, Pat Harrison, Rush Holt Sr., Kenneth McKellar, and Ellison D. Smith were the conservative Democratic senators that opposed Roosevelt's policies although Harrison, Burke, Byrnes, and McKellar had initially supported the First New Deal. Vice President John Nance Garner pushed for Roosevelt to support more conservative policies. The Republicans gained eight seats in the Senate while the Democrats maintained their majority. However, there were around twenty unreliable Democratic votes for Roosevelt which allowed conservatives to block some of his policies.[3]","title":"1938 United States Senate elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Gains, losses, and holds"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Retirements","text":"One Democrat retired instead of seeking re-election, one Democrat retired instead of seeking election to finish the unexpired term and one Democrat retired instead of seeking election to finish the unexpired term and election to a full term.","title":"Gains, losses, and holds"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Defeats","text":"Seven Democrats sought re-election but lost in the primary or general election. One Democrat sought election to a full term but lost in the primary election and one Democrat sought election to finish the unexpired term but lost in the primary election.","title":"Gains, losses, and holds"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Death","text":"One Democrat died on June 17, 1938, and his seat remained vacant until the election.","title":"Gains, losses, and holds"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Post-election changes","title":"Gains, losses, and holds"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Change in composition"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Before the elections","title":"Change in composition"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Result of the elections","title":"Change in composition"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Special elections during the 75th Congress","text":"In these special elections, the winner was seated during 1938 or before January 3, 1939; ordered by election date.","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Races leading to the 76th Congress","text":"In these general elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning January 3, 1939; ordered by state.All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Thirteen races had a margin of victory under 10%:There is no tipping point state.","title":"Closest races"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HILL,_LISTER._HONORABLE_LCCN2016862398_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"J. Lister Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Lister_Hill"},{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Alabama"},{"link_name":"1938 United States House of Representatives elections in Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Hugo Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Black"},{"link_name":"Dixie Bibb Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Bibb_Graves"}],"text":"Senator J. Lister HillSee also: List of United States senators from Alabama and 1938 United States House of Representatives elections in AlabamaThere were 2 elections due to the August 19, 1937, resignation of two-term Democrat Hugo Black. Democrat Dixie Bibb Graves was appointed August 20, 1937 (by her husband, the governor) to finish Black's term.","title":"Alabama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J. Lister Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Lister_Hill"},{"link_name":"Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Bibb_Graves"}],"sub_title":"Alabama (special)","text":"After congressman J. Lister Hill won the January 4, 1938, Democratic primary, Graves resigned and Hill was appointed to continue the term until the April 26, 1938, special election, which he won unopposed.Hill was then easily re-elected in November to the next term.","title":"Alabama"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Alabama (regular)","title":"Alabama"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Carl Hayden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Hayden"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from ArizonaIncumbent Democrat Carl Hayden was re-elected to a third term, defeating Republican nominee Burt H. Clingan, chairman of the Arizona Industrial Commission, in the general election.In contrast to previous elections, Hayden was easily reelected, receiving only token opposition from a relatively unknown Republican challenger.","title":"Arizona"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Arkansas"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Arkansas","title":"Arkansas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_California"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from California","title":"California"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Colorado"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Colorado","title":"Colorado"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Connecticut"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Connecticut","title":"Connecticut"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Florida"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Georgia"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Idaho"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William H. Dieterich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Dieterich"}],"text":"Incumbent Democrat William H. Dieterich retired, making this an open-seat.","title":"Illinois"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Indiana"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Indiana","title":"Indiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Iowa"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Iowa","title":"Iowa"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Kansas"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Kentucky"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Louisiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maryland"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Maryland","title":"Maryland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Missouri"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Missouri","title":"Missouri"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Nevada"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"New Hampshire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_Jersey"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from New Jersey","title":"New Jersey (special)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York"},{"link_name":"Royal S. Copeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_S._Copeland"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from New YorkThere were 2 elections due to the June 17, 1938, death of three-term Democrat Royal S. Copeland.","title":"New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Lord O'Brian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lord_O%27Brian"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NY1-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NY2-13"},{"link_name":"American Labor party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NY3-14"}],"sub_title":"New York (regular)","text":"New York Republicans nominated John Lord O'Brian for the U.S. Senate.[10] Democrats re-nominated the incumbent Wagner.[11] The American Labor party endorsed Wagner.[12]","title":"New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal S. Copeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_S._Copeland"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NY1-12"},{"link_name":"James M. Mead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_M._Mead"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NY2-13"},{"link_name":"American Labor party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NY3-14"}],"sub_title":"New York (special)","text":"New York Republicans nominated Edward Corsi for the short term to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Royal S. Copeland.[10] Democrats nominated James M. Mead.[11] The American Labor party endorsed Mead.[12]","title":"New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_North_Carolina"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from North Carolina","title":"North Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_North_Dakota"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from North Dakota","title":"North Dakota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Ohio"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Ohio","title":"Ohio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Oklahoma"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Oklahoma","title":"Oklahoma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Frederick Steiwer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Steiwer"},{"link_name":"Alfred E. Reames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_E._Reames"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from OregonThere were 2 elections for the same seat, due to the January 31, 1938, resignation of two-term Republican Frederick Steiwer. Democratic businessman Alfred E. Reames was appointed February 1, 1938, to continue the term, pending a special election, but he did not run in either the special or the general elections.","title":"Oregon"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_Grant_Barry.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alexander G. Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_G._Barry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1938_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Oregon_results_map_by_county.svg"},{"link_name":"Alexander G. Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_G._Barry"}],"sub_title":"Oregon (special)","text":"Senator Alexander G. BarrySpecial election results by countyBarry: 50–60% 60–70% Miller: 50–60%Republican Alexander G. Barry was elected to finish the term, but was not a candidate for the next term.","title":"Oregon"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rufus_Holman.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rufus C. Holman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_C._Holman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1938_United_States_Senate_election_in_Oregon_results_map_by_county.svg"}],"sub_title":"Oregon (regular)","text":"Senator Rufus C. HolmanRegular election results by countyHolman: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80%Mahoney: 50–60%","title":"Oregon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Pennsylvania","title":"Pennsylvania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Carolina"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from South Carolina","title":"South Carolina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"1938 United States House of Representatives elections in South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Peter Norbeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Norbeck"},{"link_name":"Herbert Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hitchcock"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from South Dakota and 1938 United States House of Representatives elections in South DakotaThere were 2 elections for the same seat due to the December 20, 1936, death of three-term Republican Peter Norbeck. Democrat Herbert Hitchcock was appointed December 29, 1936, to continue the term, pending a special election.","title":"South Dakota"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gladys_Pyle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gladys Pyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladys_Pyle"}],"sub_title":"South Dakota (special)","text":"Senator Gladys Pyle","title":"South Dakota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Governor of South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Tom Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Berry_(South_Dakota_politician)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"South Dakota (regular)","text":"Hitchcock lost the Democratic May 3, 1938, primary for the next term to Governor of South Dakota Tom Berry.[14]","title":"South Dakota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Tennessee"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Tennessee","title":"Tennessee (special)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Utah"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Vermont"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Vermont","title":"Vermont"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Washington"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Washington","title":"Washington"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Wisconsin"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from Wisconsin","title":"Wisconsin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"excerpt and text search","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Roosevelts-Purge-Fought-Change-Democratic/dp/0674057171/"},{"link_name":"in JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/23379498"},{"link_name":"in JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1405361"},{"link_name":"LEHMAN PLURALITY OFFICIALLY 64,394; State Board Puts His Vote Finally at 2,391,286, With 2,326,892 for Dewey LABOR'S POLL AT 419,979 Blank, Void and Scattered Ballots Totaled 75,047; Poletti Won by 229,361","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1938/12/08/archives/lehman-plurality-officially-64004-state-board-puts-his-vote-finally.html"}],"text":"Dunn, Susan. Roosevelt's Purge: How FDR Fought to Change the Democratic Party (2010) excerpt and text search\nHixson, Walter L. \"The 1938 Kentucky Senate Election: Alben W. Barkley, \"Happy\" Chandler, and The New Deal.\" Register of the Kentucky Historical Society (1982): 309–329. in JSTOR\nPlesur, Milton. \"The Republican Congressional Comeback of 1938\", Review of Politics Vol. 24, No. 4 (October 1962), pp. 525–562 in JSTOR\nOfficial New York result: LEHMAN PLURALITY OFFICIALLY 64,394; State Board Puts His Vote Finally at 2,391,286, With 2,326,892 for Dewey LABOR'S POLL AT 419,979 Blank, Void and Scattered Ballots Totaled 75,047; Poletti Won by 229,361 in NYT on December 8, 1938 (subscription required)","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Alabama_note_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Alabama_note_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Alabama_note_4-2"},{"link_name":"Dixie Bibb Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Bibb_Graves"},{"link_name":"J. Lister Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Lister_Hill"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Appointee_elected_5-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Jamestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_New_York"}],"text":"^ a b c On the day of the special election, the interim appointee, Dixie Bibb Graves had resigned and been replaced by a new interim appointee — J. Lister Hill — who then won the special election (\"Hold\") and was re-elected in November (\"Re-elected\").\n\n^ Appointee elected\n\n^ Rev. Herman J. Hahn, of Buffalo, ran also for Lieutenant Governor in 1928 and 1936.\n\n^ O. Martin Olson, of Jamestown, ran also for Comptroller in 1934","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/1938_United_States_Senate_elections_results_map.svg/350px-1938_United_States_Senate_elections_results_map.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Senator J. Lister Hill","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/HILL%2C_LISTER._HONORABLE_LCCN2016862398_%28cropped%29.jpg/125px-HILL%2C_LISTER._HONORABLE_LCCN2016862398_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Senator Alexander G. Barry","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Alexander_Grant_Barry.jpg"},{"image_text":"Special election results by countyBarry: 50–60% 60–70% Miller: 50–60%","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/1938_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Oregon_results_map_by_county.svg/250px-1938_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Oregon_results_map_by_county.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Senator Rufus C. Holman","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rufus_Holman.jpg/125px-Rufus_Holman.jpg"},{"image_text":"Regular election results by countyHolman: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80%Mahoney: 50–60%","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/1938_United_States_Senate_election_in_Oregon_results_map_by_county.svg/250px-1938_United_States_Senate_election_in_Oregon_results_map_by_county.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Senator Gladys Pyle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Gladys_Pyle.jpg/125px-Gladys_Pyle.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"1938 United States elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_United_States_elections"},{"title":"1938 United States gubernatorial elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_United_States_gubernatorial_elections"},{"title":"1938 United States House of Representatives elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"},{"title":"75th United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/75th_United_States_Congress"},{"title":"76th United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/76th_United_States_Congress"}]
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[{"reference":"1939 Britannica Book of the Year, \"Democratic Party\". pp. 205–206.","urls":[]},{"reference":"LIFE. Time Inc. 1994. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-88682-602-4. ISSN 0024-3019. Retrieved October 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/life0000geor","url_text":"LIFE"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/life0000geor/page/13","url_text":"13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88682-602-4","url_text":"978-0-88682-602-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-3019","url_text":"0024-3019"}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Paul (1974). Political Parties In American History, Volume 3, 1890-present. G. P. Putnam's Sons.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons","url_text":"G. P. Putnam's Sons"}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - AL US Senate - Special D Primary Race - Jan 04, 1938\". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=238796","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - AL US Senate - Special D Primary Race - Jan 04, 1938\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - AL US Senate - Special Election Race - Apr 26, 1938\". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=3402","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - AL US Senate - Special Election Race - Apr 26, 1938\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 8, 1938\" (PDF). Clerk.house.gov. Retrieved July 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://clerk.house.gov/member_info/electionInfo/1938election.pdf","url_text":"\"Statistics of the Congressional Election of November 8, 1938\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - AL US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1938\". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=3401","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - AL US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1938\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - AZ US Senate - D Primary Race - Sep 13, 1938\". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=268957","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - AZ US Senate - D Primary Race - Sep 13, 1938\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - AZ US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1938\". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=3300","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - AZ US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1938\""}]},{"reference":"Hagerty, James A. (September 30, 1938). \"DEWEY NOMINATED BY REPUBLICANS; ATTACKES TAMMANY; CHOICE BY ACCLAMATION Dewey Defends Decision to Run Points to Prosecuting Staff HAILED IN OVATION Prosecutor Promises to Rid State of 'Corruption' in 'Bigger Job' O'Brian and Corsi Nominated for Senate--A. V. McDermott for Attorney General DEWEY NOMINATED BY REPUBLICANS Republican Mayor Gets Bid to Inauguration Delay in Completing Ticket Criticizes Farm Legislation Politics the Biggest Racket\". The New York Times. Retrieved July 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1938/09/30/archives/dewey-nominated-by-republicans-attackes-tammany-choice-by.html","url_text":"\"DEWEY NOMINATED BY REPUBLICANS; ATTACKES TAMMANY; CHOICE BY ACCLAMATION Dewey Defends Decision to Run Points to Prosecuting Staff HAILED IN OVATION Prosecutor Promises to Rid State of 'Corruption' in 'Bigger Job' O'Brian and Corsi Nominated for Senate--A. V. McDermott for Attorney General DEWEY NOMINATED BY REPUBLICANS Republican Mayor Gets Bid to Inauguration Delay in Completing Ticket Criticizes Farm Legislation Politics the Biggest Racket\""}]},{"reference":"Times, Warren Moscowspecial To the New York (October 1, 1938). \"LEHMAN IS DRAFTED FOR FOURTH TERM; HE ATTACKS DEWEY; POLETTI ON TICKET Yielding to Pleas to Run, Governor Insists on Justice as Aide CALLS RIVAL UNQUALIFIED Rochester Platform Hits Republican's Crime Issue--Wagner, Mead Are Nominated Calls Dewey Inexperienced Dewey Crime Speech a Factor LEHMAN DRAFTED FOR FOURTH TERM Platform Strong for New Deal La Guardia a Meed Champion Farley Predicts a Big Victory Hailed as\". The New York Times. Retrieved July 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1938/10/01/archives/lehman-is-drafted-for-fourth-term-he-attacks-dewey-poletti-on.html","url_text":"\"LEHMAN IS DRAFTED FOR FOURTH TERM; HE ATTACKS DEWEY; POLETTI ON TICKET Yielding to Pleas to Run, Governor Insists on Justice as Aide CALLS RIVAL UNQUALIFIED Rochester Platform Hits Republican's Crime Issue--Wagner, Mead Are Nominated Calls Dewey Inexperienced Dewey Crime Speech a Factor LEHMAN DRAFTED FOR FOURTH TERM Platform Strong for New Deal La Guardia a Meed Champion Farley Predicts a Big Victory Hailed as\""}]},{"reference":"Hagerty, James A. (October 4, 1938). \"LABORITES NAME LEHMAN WAGNER; ADOPT PLATFORM; OVATION FOR BOTH Governor, Accepting, Stresses Policy of Law Enforcement POLETTI ALSO NOMINATED Endorsement Efforts Fall Wagner Cites Record La Guardia is Acclaimed as He Urges Candidates Friendly to Roosevelt LABORITIES NAME LEHMAN, WAGNER Yields to Dubinsky Lehman Is Acclaimed Hillman Offers Wagner's Name Vladeck in Seconding Speech\". The New York Times. Retrieved July 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1938/10/04/archives/laborites-name-lehman-wagner-adopt-platform-ovation-for-both.html","url_text":"\"LABORITES NAME LEHMAN WAGNER; ADOPT PLATFORM; OVATION FOR BOTH Governor, Accepting, Stresses Policy of Law Enforcement POLETTI ALSO NOMINATED Endorsement Efforts Fall Wagner Cites Record La Guardia is Acclaimed as He Urges Candidates Friendly to Roosevelt LABORITIES NAME LEHMAN, WAGNER Yields to Dubinsky Lehman Is Acclaimed Hillman Offers Wagner's Name Vladeck in Seconding Speech\""}]},{"reference":"\"NY US Senate\". Our Campaigns. Retrieved March 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=36433","url_text":"\"NY US Senate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - SD US Senate - D Primary Race - May 03, 1938\". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=610397","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - SD US Senate - D Primary Race - May 03, 1938\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - SD US Senate - R Primary Race - May 03, 1938\". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved July 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=610398","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - SD US Senate - R Primary Race - May 03, 1938\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Spotted_Eagle
|
Douglas Spotted Eagle
|
["1 Music career","2 Video production and software","3 Background and personal life","4 Discography","5 Publications","6 References"]
|
Douglas Spotted EagleBirth nameDouglas WallentineBorn1962 (age 61–62)OriginValley Junction, IowaOccupation(s)Audio engineer, producer, flautistYears active1990 - presentLabelsFormerly at Windham Hill RecordsWebsitewww.spottedeagle.comMusical artist
Douglas Spotted Eagle (born Douglas Wallentine) is a musician and producer, primarily known for audio engineering and production, for which he has won a Grammy Award, as well as for playing the Native American-style flute. He is listed in the Library of Folk Music, The Native American Almanac, and NAIIP Musical Paths as a non-Native flautist who composes New Age and "contemporary ethnic" music.
Music career
His music mixes jazz, new age, pop, and world beat with his interpretations of Native American music. In his book, World Music, Richard Nidel described him as a flautist and film composer "who incorporates synthesizers into Native sounds."
Video production and software
Spotted Eagle is the producer of Sundance Media Group's 2002 video The Way of the Pow-Wow.
Background and personal life
Spotted Eagle is not Native American himself. Born Douglas Wallentine, he was raised in a non-Native family in Valley Junction, Iowa. After his family moved to Salt Lake City, Utah, he was a guitarist in a Christian rock band.
He says he grew up around Lakota and Navajo families in Iowa and Utah, the former of which he says gave him his name when he was 14 or 16. However, his claims of adoption into any Native American culture, his use of a Native American-sounding name, and concerns around the Indian Arts and Crafts Act have led to writers and reviewers emphasizing that he is not Native American.
Spotted Eagle lives in Utah. He lost his son Joshua Davis Wallentine to suicide.
His hobbies include wingsuiting. In 2015 he was appointed the U.S. Team Manager for the First World Cup of Wingsuit Performance Flying.
Discography
1990 - Sacred Feelings (SOAR)
1991 - CanyonSpeak (SOAR; reissued 2000)
1991 - Legend of the Flute Boy (SOAR; reissued 2007)
1992 - Stand at the Center (Natural Visions NV101)
1993 - Human Rites (Natural Visions NV102)
1994 - Ultimate Collection (Natural Visions/NV103)
1994 - Common Ground (Natural Visions/NV106)
1995 - Between Father Sky and Mother Earth by Various Artists
1996 - Closer to far Away (Windham Hill/BMG)
1997 - Tenaya: Ode to Yosemite (Natural Visions/NV120)
1998 - Pray (Higher Octave)
1999 - Voices
Publications
Making Arrows the Old Way!! (as Doug Wallentine. Later reissued after name change) Eagles View Publishing / self-published (1987)
Voices of Native America: Native American Music Eagles View Publishing / self-published (1997) ISBN 978-0943604565
Using Soundtrack: Produce Original Music for Video, DVD, and Multimedia (2004) ISBN 978-1578202294
Instant Encore DVD 1.5 (2004) ISBN 9781578202454
Instant Vegas 5 (2004) ISBN 978-1578202607
Digital Video Basics: Your Guide to Making Great Movies (2004) ISBN 978-0976238003
HDV: What You NEED to Know (2004)ISBN 978-0976238010
Instant Digital Audio: VASST Instant Series (2005 ) ISBN 978-1-57820-276-8
HDV : What You NEED to Know! **Second Edition**, The Complete Guide (2006) ISBN 978-0976238027
References
^ Web.archive.org
^ a b Douglas Spotted Eagle bio at GetTune. Accessed 6 June 2015
^ a b "Making Indian Bows and Arrows by Douglas Spotted Eagle Wallentine" at Manataka
^ a b Making Arrows the Old Way!! by Douglas Spotted Eagle
^ Grammy.org (2016). "Listing of Grammy 43rd annual winners". Grammy.org. Grammy.org. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
^ a b c "Wallentine, Douglas aka Douglas Spotted Eagle - Native Inspired or Influenced Musician (not Native)" at Folk Library Index : A Library of Folk Music Links (09-01-2015). Accessed 10 Oct 2015.
^ a b c "NAIIP Musical Paths - North American Indian & Indigenous People Archived September 16, 2015, at the Wayback Machine" at The People's Paths / Yvwiiusdinvnohii (2010). Accessed 10 Oct 2015. "Note: Douglas Wallentine, aka Douglas Spotted Eagle, is not Native American Indian."
^ The Native American Almanac by Arlene B. Hirschfelder, Martha Kreipe De Montaño
^ World Music by Richard Nidel, p. 311
^ Handbook of Native American Mythology by Dawn Elaine Bastian, Judy K. Mitchell, page 244
^ Spottedeagle Archived August 20, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
^ Mixonline.com Archived October 24, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Native Inspired or Influenced Musicians" at rainbowwalker.net. Accessed 15 Oct 2015
^ Joshua Davis Wallentine in the Deseret News, Tuesday, Nov. 17 1998 12:00 a.m. MST
^ USPA Board Meeting Concludes Archived May 15, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Czech Republic
Artists
Grammy Awards
MusicBrainz
|
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In his book, World Music, Richard Nidel described him as a flautist and film composer \"who incorporates synthesizers into Native sounds.\"[9]","title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Spotted Eagle is the producer of Sundance Media Group's 2002 video The Way of the Pow-Wow.[10]","title":"Video production and software"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FolkLibrary-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAIIP-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-manataka-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book3-4"},{"link_name":"Valley Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Des_Moines,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"Christian rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_rock"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Lakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakota_people"},{"link_name":"Navajo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_people"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Indian Arts and Crafts Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Arts_and_Crafts_Act_of_1990"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FolkLibrary-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAIIP-7"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RainbowWalker-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SonObit-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Spotted Eagle is not Native American himself.[6][7] Born Douglas Wallentine,[2][3][4] he was raised in a non-Native family in Valley Junction, Iowa. After his family moved to Salt Lake City, Utah, he was a guitarist in a Christian rock band.[citation needed]He says he grew up around Lakota and Navajo families in Iowa and Utah, the former of which he says gave him his name when he was 14 or 16.[11][12] However, his claims of adoption into any Native American culture, his use of a Native American-sounding name, and concerns around the Indian Arts and Crafts Act have led to writers and reviewers emphasizing that he is not Native American.[6][7][13]Spotted Eagle lives in Utah. He lost his son Joshua Davis Wallentine to suicide.[14]His hobbies include wingsuiting. In 2015 he was appointed the U.S. Team Manager for the First World Cup of Wingsuit Performance Flying.[15]","title":"Background and personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Windham Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windham_Hill"}],"text":"1990 - Sacred Feelings (SOAR)\n1991 - CanyonSpeak (SOAR; reissued 2000)\n1991 - Legend of the Flute Boy (SOAR; reissued 2007)\n1992 - Stand at the Center (Natural Visions NV101)\n1993 - Human Rites (Natural Visions NV102)\n1994 - Ultimate Collection (Natural Visions/NV103)\n1994 - Common Ground (Natural Visions/NV106)\n1995 - Between Father Sky and Mother Earth by Various Artists\n1996 - Closer to far Away (Windham Hill/BMG)\n1997 - Tenaya: Ode to Yosemite (Natural Visions/NV120)\n1998 - Pray (Higher Octave)\n1999 - Voices","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0943604565","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0943604565"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1578202294","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1578202294"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781578202454","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781578202454"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1578202607","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1578202607"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0976238003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0976238003"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0976238010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0976238010"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-57820-276-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57820-276-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0976238027","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0976238027"}],"text":"Making Arrows the Old Way!! 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[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercaria_(genus)
|
Cercaria (genus)
|
["1 References"]
|
Genus of trematodes
This article is about the genus of flatworms. For the genus of single-celled organisms, see Euglena.
Cercaria
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Platyhelminthes
Class:
Trematoda
Order:
Plagiorchiida
Family:
Fellodistomidae
Genus:
CercariaMüller, 1773
Cercaria is the name of a genus of trematodes in the subclass Digenea. It is used as a placeholder genus when the species description is based on the cercarial life stage and the adult forms are not known.
Species:
Cercaria armata Tang, 1990
Cercaria brevicaeca Cort, 1914
Cercaria brookoveri Faust, 1918
Cercaria burti Miller, 1923
Cercaria caryi Cort, 1914
Cercaria chrysenterica Miller, 1923
Cercaria cloacicola Tang, 1990
Cercaria columbiensis Edwards & Jansch, 1955
Cercaria dermolestes McLeod, 1940
Cercaria diastropha Cort, 1914
Cercaria dipterocerca Miller & Northup, 1926
Cercaria douglasi Cort, 1917
Cercaria douthitti Cort, 1914
Cercaria elegans Tang, 1992
Cercaria elongata Brackett, 1940
Cercaria elvae Miller, 1923
Cercaria emarginatae Cort, 1917
Cercaria gedoelsti Tang, 1990
Cercaria gyrauli Brackett, 1940
Cercaria hamata Miller, 1923
Cercaria hemilophura Cort, 1914
Cercaria hezuiensis Tang, 1996
Cercaria himasthloides Tang, 1990
Cercaria hongkongensis Tang, 1990
Cercaria inhabilis Cort, 1914
Cercaria isocotylea Cort, 1914
Cercaria laevicardi
Cercaria leptacantha Cort, 1914
Cercaria linearis Lespès, 1857
Cercaria littorinae Rees, 1935
Cercaria longicauda Tang, 1990
Cercaria magnicaudata Tang, 1990
Cercaria megalura Cort, 1914
Cercaria mesostephanus Tang, 1990
Cercaria milfordensis Uzmann, 1953
Cercaria minus Tang, 1990
Cercaria mortoni Tang, 1990
Cercaria multicellulata Miller, 1923
Cercaria myae Uzmann, 1952
Cercaria oregonensis Macfarlane & Macy, 1946
Cercaria owreae (Hutton, 1954) Dawes, 1959
Cercaria parvicaudata Stunkard & Shaw, 1931
Cercaria pernaviridis Tang, 1992
Cercaria pleurolophocerca Sonsino, 1892
Cercaria polyadena Cort, 1914
Cercaria reflexae Cort, 1914
Cercaria rubra Cort, 1914
Cercaria shanghaiensis Komiya, 1941
Cercaria spelotremoides Tang, 1990
Cercaria stagnicolae Talbot, 1936
Cercaria sturniae Tanabe, 1951
Cercaria tenax Müller, 1773
Cercaria tenuis Miller, 1923
Cercaria trigonura Cort, 1914
Cercaria ubiquitoides Stunkard, 1932
Cercaria viridis Müller, 1786
Cercaria wardi Miller, 1923
References
^ "Cercaria Müller, 1773". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. 2023. Retrieved 2023-02-26.
^ "Cercaria Müller, 1773". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
Taxon identifiersCercaria
Wikidata: Q18519822
Wikispecies: Cercaria
GBIF: 9078842
IRMNG: 1276947
ITIS: 55421
NCBI: 280692
WoRMS: 728666
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Euglena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euglena"},{"link_name":"trematodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trematodes"},{"link_name":"Digenea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digenea"},{"link_name":"cercarial life stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercaria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBIF-2"},{"link_name":"Cercaria armata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_armata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria brevicaeca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_brevicaeca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria brookoveri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_brookoveri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria burti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_burti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria caryi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_caryi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria chrysenterica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_chrysenterica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria cloacicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_cloacicola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria columbiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_columbiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria dermolestes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_dermolestes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria diastropha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_diastropha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria dipterocerca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_dipterocerca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria douglasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_douglasi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria douthitti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_douthitti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria elegans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_elegans_(Hong_Kong_larval_trematode)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria elongata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_elongata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria elvae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_elvae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria emarginatae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_emarginatae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria gedoelsti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_gedoelsti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria gyrauli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_gyrauli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria hamata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_hamata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria hemilophura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_hemilophura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria hezuiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_hezuiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria himasthloides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_himasthloides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria hongkongensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_hongkongensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria inhabilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_inhabilis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria isocotylea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_isocotylea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria laevicardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_laevicardi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria leptacantha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_leptacantha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria linearis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_linearis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria littorinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_littorinae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria longicauda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_longicauda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria magnicaudata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_magnicaudata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria megalura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_megalura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria mesostephanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_mesostephanus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria milfordensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_milfordensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria minus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_minus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria mortoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_mortoni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria multicellulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_multicellulata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria myae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_myae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria oregonensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_oregonensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria owreae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_owreae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria parvicaudata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_parvicaudata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria pernaviridis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_pernaviridis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria pleurolophocerca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_pleurolophocerca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria polyadena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_polyadena&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria reflexae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_reflexae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria rubra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_rubra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria shanghaiensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_shanghaiensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria spelotremoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_spelotremoides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria stagnicolae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_stagnicolae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria sturniae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_sturniae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria tenax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_tenax&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria tenuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_tenuis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria trigonura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_trigonura&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria ubiquitoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_ubiquitoides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria viridis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_viridis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercaria wardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercaria_wardi&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"This article is about the genus of flatworms. For the genus of single-celled organisms, see Euglena.Cercaria is the name of a genus of trematodes in the subclass Digenea. It is used as a placeholder genus when the species description is based on the cercarial life stage and the adult forms are not known.[1]Species:[2]Cercaria armata Tang, 1990\nCercaria brevicaeca Cort, 1914\nCercaria brookoveri Faust, 1918\nCercaria burti Miller, 1923\nCercaria caryi Cort, 1914\nCercaria chrysenterica Miller, 1923\nCercaria cloacicola Tang, 1990\nCercaria columbiensis Edwards & Jansch, 1955\nCercaria dermolestes McLeod, 1940\nCercaria diastropha Cort, 1914\nCercaria dipterocerca Miller & Northup, 1926\nCercaria douglasi Cort, 1917\nCercaria douthitti Cort, 1914\nCercaria elegans Tang, 1992\nCercaria elongata Brackett, 1940\nCercaria elvae Miller, 1923\nCercaria emarginatae Cort, 1917\nCercaria gedoelsti Tang, 1990\nCercaria gyrauli Brackett, 1940\nCercaria hamata Miller, 1923\nCercaria hemilophura Cort, 1914\nCercaria hezuiensis Tang, 1996\nCercaria himasthloides Tang, 1990\nCercaria hongkongensis Tang, 1990\nCercaria inhabilis Cort, 1914\nCercaria isocotylea Cort, 1914\nCercaria laevicardi\nCercaria leptacantha Cort, 1914\nCercaria linearis Lespès, 1857\nCercaria littorinae Rees, 1935\nCercaria longicauda Tang, 1990\nCercaria magnicaudata Tang, 1990\nCercaria megalura Cort, 1914\nCercaria mesostephanus Tang, 1990\nCercaria milfordensis Uzmann, 1953\nCercaria minus Tang, 1990\nCercaria mortoni Tang, 1990\nCercaria multicellulata Miller, 1923\nCercaria myae Uzmann, 1952\nCercaria oregonensis Macfarlane & Macy, 1946\nCercaria owreae (Hutton, 1954) Dawes, 1959\nCercaria parvicaudata Stunkard & Shaw, 1931\nCercaria pernaviridis Tang, 1992\nCercaria pleurolophocerca Sonsino, 1892\nCercaria polyadena Cort, 1914\nCercaria reflexae Cort, 1914\nCercaria rubra Cort, 1914\nCercaria shanghaiensis Komiya, 1941\nCercaria spelotremoides Tang, 1990\nCercaria stagnicolae Talbot, 1936\nCercaria sturniae Tanabe, 1951\nCercaria tenax Müller, 1773\nCercaria tenuis Miller, 1923\nCercaria trigonura Cort, 1914\nCercaria ubiquitoides Stunkard, 1932\nCercaria viridis Müller, 1786\nCercaria wardi Miller, 1923","title":"Cercaria (genus)"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Cercaria Müller, 1773\". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. 2023. Retrieved 2023-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=728666","url_text":"\"Cercaria Müller, 1773\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species","url_text":"World Register of Marine Species"}]},{"reference":"\"Cercaria Müller, 1773\". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 20 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gbif.org/species/9078842","url_text":"\"Cercaria Müller, 1773\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=728666","external_links_name":"\"Cercaria Müller, 1773\""},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/9078842","external_links_name":"\"Cercaria Müller, 1773\""},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/9078842","external_links_name":"9078842"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1276947","external_links_name":"1276947"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=55421","external_links_name":"55421"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=280692","external_links_name":"280692"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=728666","external_links_name":"728666"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Washington_Capitals_broadcasters
|
List of Washington Capitals broadcasters
|
["1 Radio","2 Television","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Monumental Sports Network (MNMT) has carried Capitals games locally since its founding as Home Team Sports (HTS) in 1984. Monumental Sports Network was known as NBC Sports Washington from 2017 to 2023, and Comcast SportsNet Mid-Atlantic (CSN) from 2001 through 2017. MNMT's commentators are Joe Beninati, Craig Laughlin, "Inside-the-Glass" reporter Alan May, and rinkside reporter Al Koken.
The Capitals' flagship radio station is WJFK-FM (106.7 FM); commentators are John Walton and Ken Sabourin. The team's radio network consists of stations in Washington, Virginia, Maryland, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina.
See also: List of current National Hockey League broadcasters
Radio
WTOP (1500 AM) was the Capitals' first radio home through the 1986–87 season. After nine years on WMAL (630 AM), the games returned to 1500 AM for the 1996–97 season. Ron Weber was the first announcer, and he never missed a game through his retirement at the end of the 1996–97 season. WJFK-FM began airing postseason games during the 2008 playoffs. 1500 AM, since renamed WFED, remained the flagship station until 2012, when WJFK took over all coverage. WFED continues to broadcast games as a network affiliate. This is primarily to take advantage of its 50,000-watt clear-channel signal, which brings Capitals games to the entire eastern half of North America at night.
Weber rejoined current announcers Walton and Sabourin for the first period of Game 4 of the 2018 Stanley Cup Finals.
WJFK-FM attracted controversy when it elected to drop the Capitals in the 2016–17 season, leaving the Capitals to air solely on WFED. However, WFED's signal is unusable in some portions of the Washington suburbs at night, since it is directed north-south to protect co-channel KSTP. The Washington Wizards also took priority over the Capitals on WFED in case of a conflict, leading to some games in which the only home broadcast was available via Internet streaming. The team responded to fan complaints by reaching a temporary deal in January 2017 to place the rest of its games on WWDC-HD2, which is available metro-wide to those with HD Radios and has a low-powered analog signal that covers the city itself. The Capitals reached a deal to return to WJFK-FM for the 2017–18 season.
Years
Play-by-play
Color commentators
1974–79
Ron Weber
Jack Doniger (home games)
1979–80, 1981–91
Ron Weber
1980–81
Ron Weber
Frank Daly (home games)
1991–94
Ron Weber
Shawn Simpson (home games)
1994–97
Ron Weber
Joe Beninati (when not on TV)
1997–02
Steve Kolbe
Craig Laughlin (when not on TV)
2002–11
Steve Kolbe
Ken Sabourin
2011–present
John Walton (primary)Grady Whittenburg or Zack Fisch (during Walton's NHL on NBC assignments)
Ken Sabourin
Television
See also: Historical NHL over-the-air television broadcasters
WTOP-TV (channel 9) picked up television coverage for the Capitals' first three seasons, covering 15 road games in the 1974–75 season. Sportscaster Warner Wolf was the commentator for the first season. Team radio broadcaster Ron Weber moved to the TV booth for telecasts in the second and third seasons. The Capitals moved to longtime home WDCA (channel 20) in the 1977–78 season. WDCA later split games with HTS/CSN upon its founding in 1984. The 1991–92 season illustrates a typical arrangement: WDCA showed 20 road games and any road playoff games, while HTS picked up 34 home games and any home playoff games, leaving 28 regular-season games not televised. After 19 seasons on WDCA, the Capitals moved their over-the-air broadcasts to WBDC (channel 50) for the 1995–96 season. All 82 games were televised for the first time in the 2001–02 season. The Capitals have not aired any games over-the-air locally since the end of the 2005–06 season.
Years
Play-by-play
Color commentator
1974-75
Hal Kelly
Warner Wolf
1975–77
Ron Weber
Jack Doniger
1977–78
Lyle Stieg
Roger Crozier
1978–79
Jim West
Jack Doniger
1979–80
Jim West
Nick Charles
1980–81
Jim West
Jack Lynch
1981–83
Jim West
Yvon Labre
1983–84
Scott Wahle
Danny Gallivan
1984–90
Mike Fornes
Al Koken
1990–92
Jeff Rimer
Craig Laughlin
1992–93
Kenny Albert (HTS)Jeff Rimer (WDCA)
Craig Laughlin
1993–94
Kenny Albert (HTS)Jeff Rimer (WDCA)
Craig Laughlin (HTS)Shawn Simpson (WDCA)
1994-2014
Joe Beninati
Craig Laughlin
2014–present
Joe Beninati
Craig LaughlinAlan May ("Inside-the-Glass" reporter on all home games)
References
^ a b "HTS, Channel 20 to air 54 Caps games". The Baltimore Sun. August 21, 1991.
^ "Caps Radio 24/7". Washington Capitals.
^ "Fanfare". The Washington Post. June 12, 1986.
^ a b "10 Questions for the Dean of D.C. Hockey, Ron Weber". On Frozen Blog. November 9, 2006.
^ Williams, Jim (April 5, 2011). "Caps radio has the region rockin' the red". Washington Examiner.
^ "Capitals 2012–13 Regular-Season Schedule". National Hockey League.
^ Allen, Scott (June 4, 2018). "Ron Weber will join Caps radio booth for Game 4: 'We needed to have him be a part of it'". The Washington Post.
^ Steinberg, Dan (January 23, 2017). "Capitals broadcasts return to FM radio". The Washington Post.
^ Steinberg, Dan (October 4, 2017). "Capitals radio broadcasts will return to 106.7 The Fan this season". The Washington Post.
^ Steinberg, Dan (June 1, 2010). "D.C. Sports Bog - Ron Weber gets the call from the Hall". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 24, 2019 – via voices.washingtonpost.com.
^ Vogel, Mike (2010-11-11). "Grand Game | Dump 'n Chase". Dumpnchase.com. Retrieved 2012-03-20.
^ Carmody, John (September 12, 1995). "The TV Column". The Washington Post.
^ "Caps popularity draws more TV coverage". The Washington Times.
^ "Sabres 4, Capitals 0". Japers' Rink. Archived from the original on 2018-04-20. Retrieved 2019-11-07.
^ "Capitals Pick West for TV". The Washington Post. August 21, 1978. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
External links
Caps Radio 24/7 | Washington Capitals - NHL.com
Capitals Announce 2018-19 Regional TV, Radio Information
vteWashington Capitals
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Based in Washington, D.C.
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WJFK-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJFK-FM"},{"link_name":"John Walton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Walton_(sports_broadcaster)"},{"link_name":"Ken Sabourin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Sabourin"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"List of current National Hockey League broadcasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_National_Hockey_League_broadcasters"}],"text":"The Capitals' flagship radio station is WJFK-FM (106.7 FM); commentators are John Walton and Ken Sabourin. The team's radio network consists of stations in Washington, Virginia, Maryland, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina.[2]See also: List of current National Hockey League broadcasters","title":"List of Washington Capitals broadcasters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WTOP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFED"},{"link_name":"WMAL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSBN"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ron Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Weber"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weber-4"},{"link_name":"2008 playoffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Stanley_Cup_Playoffs"},{"link_name":"WFED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFED"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2018 Stanley Cup Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Stanley_Cup_Finals"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"KSTP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSTP_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Washington Wizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Wizards"},{"link_name":"WWDC-HD2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWDC_(FM)#HD_radio_and_former_translator"},{"link_name":"HD Radios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_Radio"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"WTOP (1500 AM) was the Capitals' first radio home through the 1986–87 season. After nine years on WMAL (630 AM), the games returned to 1500 AM for the 1996–97 season.[3] Ron Weber was the first announcer, and he never missed a game through his retirement at the end of the 1996–97 season.[4] WJFK-FM began airing postseason games during the 2008 playoffs. 1500 AM, since renamed WFED, remained the flagship station until 2012, when WJFK took over all coverage. WFED continues to broadcast games as a network affiliate.[5][6] This is primarily to take advantage of its 50,000-watt clear-channel signal, which brings Capitals games to the entire eastern half of North America at night.Weber rejoined current announcers Walton and Sabourin for the first period of Game 4 of the 2018 Stanley Cup Finals.[7]WJFK-FM attracted controversy when it elected to drop the Capitals in the 2016–17 season, leaving the Capitals to air solely on WFED. However, WFED's signal is unusable in some portions of the Washington suburbs at night, since it is directed north-south to protect co-channel KSTP. The Washington Wizards also took priority over the Capitals on WFED in case of a conflict, leading to some games in which the only home broadcast was available via Internet streaming. The team responded to fan complaints by reaching a temporary deal in January 2017 to place the rest of its games on WWDC-HD2, which is available metro-wide to those with HD Radios and has a low-powered analog signal that covers the city itself.[8] The Capitals reached a deal to return to WJFK-FM for the 2017–18 season.[9]","title":"Radio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Historical NHL over-the-air television broadcasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_NHL_over-the-air_television_broadcasters"},{"link_name":"WTOP-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WUSA_(TV)"},{"link_name":"Warner Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Wolf"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weber-4"},{"link_name":"WDCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDCA"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bs-1"},{"link_name":"WBDC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDCW"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"See also: Historical NHL over-the-air television broadcastersWTOP-TV (channel 9) picked up television coverage for the Capitals' first three seasons, covering 15 road games in the 1974–75 season. Sportscaster Warner Wolf was the commentator for the first season. Team radio broadcaster Ron Weber moved to the TV booth for telecasts in the second and third seasons.[4] The Capitals moved to longtime home WDCA (channel 20) in the 1977–78 season. WDCA later split games with HTS/CSN upon its founding in 1984. The 1991–92 season illustrates a typical arrangement: WDCA showed 20 road games and any road playoff games, while HTS picked up 34 home games and any home playoff games, leaving 28 regular-season games not televised.[1] After 19 seasons on WDCA, the Capitals moved their over-the-air broadcasts to WBDC (channel 50) for the 1995–96 season.[12] All 82 games were televised for the first time in the 2001–02 season.[13] The Capitals have not aired any games over-the-air locally since the end of the 2005–06 season.[14]","title":"Television"}]
|
[]
| null |
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[{"Link":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/1991/08/21/hts-channel-20-to-air-54-caps-games/","external_links_name":"\"HTS, Channel 20 to air 54 Caps games\""},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/capitals/multimedia/caps-radio-247","external_links_name":"\"Caps Radio 24/7\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/1986/06/12/fanfare/4b4bafd3-cf07-4834-97c9-e2aaa64c36c1","external_links_name":"\"Fanfare\""},{"Link":"https://onfrozenblog.wordpress.com/2006/11/09/10-questions-for-the-dean-of-d-c-hockey-ron-weber/","external_links_name":"\"10 Questions for the Dean of D.C. Hockey, Ron Weber\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/caps-radio-has-the-region-rockin-the-red","external_links_name":"\"Caps radio has the region rockin' the red\""},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/capitals/news/capitals-2012-13-regular-season-schedule/c-649956","external_links_name":"\"Capitals 2012–13 Regular-Season Schedule\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dc-sports-bog/wp/2018/06/04/ron-weber-will-join-caps-radio-booth-for-game-4-we-needed-to-have-him-be-a-part-of-it/","external_links_name":"\"Ron Weber will join Caps radio booth for Game 4: 'We needed to have him be a part of it'\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dc-sports-bog/wp/2017/01/23/capitals-broadcasts-return-to-fm-radio/","external_links_name":"\"Capitals broadcasts return to FM radio\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dc-sports-bog/wp/2017/10/04/capitals-radio-broadcasts-will-return-to-106-7-the-fan-this-season/","external_links_name":"\"Capitals radio broadcasts will return to 106.7 The Fan this season\""},{"Link":"http://voices.washingtonpost.com/dcsportsbog/2010/06/ron_weber_gets_the_call_from_t.html","external_links_name":"\"D.C. Sports Bog - Ron Weber gets the call from the Hall\""},{"Link":"http://dumpnchase.com/?p=372/","external_links_name":"\"Grand Game | Dump 'n Chase\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1995/09/12/the-tv-column/64ef0510-8962-44ff-b06e-acd2b1f42f9e/","external_links_name":"\"The TV Column\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2001/sep/20/20010920-025509-8421r/","external_links_name":"\"Caps popularity draws more TV coverage\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180420073932/https://www.japersrink.com/2005/09/sabres-4-capitals-0.html","external_links_name":"\"Sabres 4, Capitals 0\""},{"Link":"https://www.japersrink.com/2005/09/sabres-4-capitals-0.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/sports/1978/08/21/capitals-pick-west-for-tv/0ccbffb4-4900-4ed0-b5f2-f45e04c249b7/","external_links_name":"\"Capitals Pick West for TV\""},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/capitals/multimedia/caps-radio-247","external_links_name":"Caps Radio 24/7 | Washington Capitals - NHL.com"},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/capitals/news/capitals-announce-2018-19-regional-tv-radio-information/c-300045654","external_links_name":"Capitals Announce 2018-19 Regional TV, Radio Information"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/007_Racing
|
007 Racing
|
["1 Gameplay","2 Plot","3 Development and release","4 Reception","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
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2000 video game007 RacingDeveloper(s)EutechnyxPublisher(s)Electronic ArtsComposer(s)Allister BrimbleSeriesJames BondPlatform(s)PlayStationReleaseNA: 17 November 2000EU: 15 December 2000Genre(s)RacingMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer
007 Racing is a 2000 racing video game based on the James Bond license. It was developed by Eutechnyx, published by Electronic Arts, and released for the PlayStation console system. This game marks the seventh appearance of Pierce Brosnan's James Bond; the game included his likeness but not his voice, which is provided by Tim Bentinck. Including many revived characters from previous entries, the game is considered to be a spin-off of the original chronicles.
Gameplay
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In 007 Racing the player takes on the role of British secret agent James Bond, behind the wheel of several of his vehicles from the then-19 official films. Cars include the Aston Martin DB5 made famous in its initial appearance in Goldfinger, the Lotus Esprit from The Spy Who Loved Me and For Your Eyes Only, and the BMW Z8 that briefly appeared in The World Is Not Enough as well as seven other automobiles. Each car is equipped with all the usual gadgetry and weapons issued by Q, the Quartermaster of a special branch of MI6 referred to as Q-Branch.
Plot
In 007 Racing, a high-ranking European diplomat and businessman plan to hijack a shipment of NATO weapons and smuggle them to international terrorists inside cars that roll off the assembly line of his automotive plants. As Bond, it is up to the player to stop him. The gamer is supplied with several gadget-filled cars from the Bond universe to thwart the villain.
The story opens with Bond rescuing Cherise Litte from an Eastern European country (presumably Estonia) and getting her over the border in his Aston Martin DB5. Upon his return to London, he is informed by M that a freighter carrying top secret NATO weapons including laser-guided surface-to-air missiles, long-range missiles, missile shields, latest GPS technology and Q equipped BMW 750iL bound for Halifax was intercepted in the Labrador Sea, south of Greenland. Bond is tasked with finding the cargo. His mission takes him to New York City, where he is met by his friend from the CIA Jack Wade. Upon arriving in New York he is informed by a villain that a bomb has been planted on his car and that any attempt to defuse it or slow down the vehicle will cause it to explode. Bond jettisons the car in the Hudson River.
Bond continues with finding the electromagnetic pulse device that was stolen and destroying ten computers in the distribution center from which a car transporter carrying the smuggling cars. He intercepts the transporter with his Aston Martin. Bond then goes to Mexico with his BMW Z3, where he is pointed by questioning the transporter driver, the henchman Whisper. He is trying to track Zukovsky and once he manages, he finds out that behind everything is Dr Hammond Litte, Cherise's father, and that her rescue was just a decoy mission aiming to distract him from the freighter. Bond then engages in a race with Xenia Onatopp and her Ferrari F355 after which he gets captured and taken to Louisiana. He manages to escape and finds the stolen BMW, after which he pursues and destroys the boat driven by Jaws.
Back in New York, Bond downloads the files from four limousines with his BMW Z8 and discovers that Litte's real plan is to release a deadly virus that will kill millions. Bond then goes to the Baltic Sea with his Lotus Esprit and after infiltrating the opponent's underwater base he destroys the plane transporting the virus.
Development and release
007 Racing was developed by Eutechnyx, which worked with MGM to create the game's storyline. It includes objectives and vehicles based on those featured in the James Bond films. 007 Racing uses a modified version of the game engine that was developed for Eutechnyx's earlier Le Mans 24 Hours. Lead programmer Peter Davies recalled in 2021: "given the huge differences in the game style it was a massive overhaul, but some core components like the physics engine, renderer, and build tools were retained."
In North America, 007 Racing was released in November 2000. A sequel for the PlayStation 2 was announced shortly thereafter, but was never released.
Reception
ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic51/100Review scoresPublicationScoreAllGameEdge2/10Electronic Gaming Monthly2.83/10EP Daily5.5/10Game Informer7/10GameFan42%GameRevolutionC−GameSpot5.3/10GameZone8/10IGN5/10Next GenerationOfficial U.S. PlayStation MagazineMaxim4/10
007 Racing received "mixed or average" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.
Game Informer's Paul Anderson called the graphics "ugly" and "nasty", but said there are some "well-designed" missions. He called the voice acting "excellent", particularly praising the performance given by Cleese, but thought the game had an inconsistent mix of content.
Douglass C. Perry of IGN stated that 007 Racing is "a decent little game, as long as you don't expect too much from it". He added: "It's not original, nor is it good looking. It's filled with awkward spots and questionable areas (like when I reached the broken bridge in Escape and the vocals chimed in after it was too late to launch my parachute), and it becomes a chore rather than fun. Occasionally, there are little flashes of goodness (Escape and Gimme a Break are examples), but the game never really reaches any new planes of play that we've did already experience in Spy Hunter, back in the early 1980s. I mean if you're simply dying to drive Bond cars, rent this game, but don't buy it full price. Now, if you don't mind, I've got an old-school arcade to find."
Jeff Gerstmann of GameSpot gave a mixed review, stating: "The game's varied mission objectives occasionally give it a Driver-like feel, but the clunky control issues really manage to take you out of the game. The heavily modified Need for Speed engine is great for the fast action, fast driving missions, but the slower-paced, more combat-heavy levels suffer from the game's rough control. Overall, 007 Racing isn't polished enough to fill the needs of objective-based driving game fans. Fans of these types of games would be better served by Driver 2." Retro Gamer criticized the slow pace of the missions. David Chen of NextGen said that the game was "Fine as a rental car, but not worth the sticker price." Jake The Snake of GamePro said that the game "offers mild fun that will appeal for sure only to gamers who love both Bond and action-driving games.
Notes
^ Released under the EA Games brand name and co-published by MGM Interactive.
^ Three critics of Electronic Gaming Monthly gave the game each a score of 1/10, 6/10, and 1.5/10.
^ GamePro gave the game two 3.5/5 scores for graphics and fun factor, and two 4/5 scores for sound and control.
References
^ a b IGN staff (17 November 2000). "007 Racing Ships". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
^ Stahl, Ben (28 July 2000). "007 Racing Q&A". GameSpot. Fandom. Archived from the original on 29 November 2004. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
^ Williams, Owen (8 September 2021). "Shaken & Stirred: The ingredients of a great James Bond game". WhyNow Gaming. Archived from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
^ a b Thompson, Jon. "007 Racing - Review". AllGame. All Media Group. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
^ a b Lafferty, Michael (15 January 2001). "007 Racing Review - PlayStation". GameZone. Archived from the original on 3 November 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
^ IGN staff (11 December 2000). "Bond Races to PlayStation 2 Again". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 28 October 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
^ a b "007 Racing". Metacritic. Fandom. Archived from the original on 28 February 2024. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
^ "007 Racing" (PDF). Edge. No. 93. Future Publishing. January 2001. p. 110. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
^ Mielke, James "Milkman"; Zuniga, Todd; Lockhart, Ryan (February 2001). "007 Racing" (PDF). Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 139. Ziff Davis. p. 136. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
^ Brooks, Mark (25 January 2001). "007 Racing". The Electric Playground. Greedy Productions Ltd. Archived from the original on 4 July 2002. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
^ a b Anderson, Paul (January 2001). "007 Racing". Game Informer. No. 93. FuncoLand. p. 102. Archived from the original on 15 September 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
^ "REVIEW for 007 Racing". GameFan. BPA International. 2000.
^ Sparks, Shawn (November 2000). "007 Racing Review". GameRevolution. CraveOnline. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
^ a b Gerstmann, Jeff (22 November 2000). "007 Racing Review". GameSpot. Fandom. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
^ a b Perry, Douglass C. (21 November 2000). "007 Racing". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
^ a b Chen, David (April 2001). "007 Racing". NextGen. No. 76. Imagine Media. p. 85. Retrieved 24 December 2019.
^ Zuniga, Todd (February 2001). "007 Racing". Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine. No. 41. p. 92. Archived from the original on 20 February 2001. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
^ Boyce, Ryan (25 November 2000). "007 Racing". Maxim. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
^ Jones, Darran (11 November 2010). "007 Racing". Retro Gamer. No. 83. Imagine Publishing. p. 57.
^ Jake The Snake (January 2001). "007 Racing" (PDF). GamePro. No. 148. IDG. p. 85. Archived from the original on 11 August 2004. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
External links
007 Racing at MobyGames
vteVideo games developed by EutechnyxZeppelin Games
Draconus (1988)
Zybex (1988)
Jocky Wilson's Darts Challenge (1989)
Kenny Dalglish Soccer Manager (1989)
Sink or Swim (1993)
Pete Sampras Tennis (1994)
Eutechnyx
Total Drivin (1997)
C3 Racing (1999)
Le Mans 24 Hours (1999)
007 Racing (2000)
Big Mutha Truckers (2002)
Street Racing Syndicate (2004)
Ford vs. Chevy (2005)
Cartoon Network Racing (2006)
Hummer Badlands (2006)
The Fast and the Furious (2006)
Pimp My Ride (2006)
Hot Wheels: Beat That! (2007)
Ferrari Challenge: Trofeo Pirelli (2008)
Supercar Challenge (2009)
NASCAR The Game: 2011 (2011)
NASCAR The Game: Inside Line (2012)
Auto Club Revolution (2012)
Ride to Hell: Retribution (2013)
NASCAR '14 (2014)
Warhammer 40,000: Storm of Vengeance (2014)
NASCAR '15 (2015)
vteJames Bond in video gamesParker Brothers
James Bond 007
Mindscape
A View to a Kill
Domark
A View to a Kill
Live and Let Die
The Living Daylights
007: Licence to Kill
The Spy Who Loved Me
James Bond 007: The Duel
Interplay
James Bond 007: The Stealth Affair
THQ
James Bond Jr.
Tiger Electronics
GoldenEye
Nintendo
GoldenEye 007
James Bond 007
Electronic Arts
Tomorrow Never Dies
The World Is Not Enough (N64)
The World Is Not Enough (PS)
007 Racing
The World Is Not Enough (GBC)
Agent Under Fire
Nightfire
Everything or Nothing (home consoles)
Everything or Nothing (GBA)
GoldenEye: Rogue Agent
From Russia with Love
Activision
Quantum of Solace
GoldenEye 007
Reloaded
Blood Stone
007 Legends
IO Interactive
Project 007
Unofficial
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GoldenEye: Source
Category
|
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Cars include the Aston Martin DB5 made famous in its initial appearance in Goldfinger, the Lotus Esprit from The Spy Who Loved Me and For Your Eyes Only, and the BMW Z8 that briefly appeared in The World Is Not Enough as well as seven other automobiles. Each car is equipped with all the usual gadgetry and weapons issued by Q, the Quartermaster of a special branch of MI6 referred to as Q-Branch.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Aston Martin DB5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Martin_DB5"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"GPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System"},{"link_name":"BMW 750iL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_7_Series_(E38)"},{"link_name":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Halifax"},{"link_name":"Labrador Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labrador_Sea"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA"},{"link_name":"Jack Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Wade_(James_Bond)"},{"link_name":"Hudson River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River"},{"link_name":"electromagnetic pulse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"BMW Z3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_Z3"},{"link_name":"Zukovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentin_Zukovsky"},{"link_name":"Xenia Onatopp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenia_Onatopp"},{"link_name":"Ferrari F355","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari_F355"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Lotus Esprit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Esprit"}],"text":"In 007 Racing, a high-ranking European diplomat and businessman plan to hijack a shipment of NATO weapons and smuggle them to international terrorists inside cars that roll off the assembly line of his automotive plants. As Bond, it is up to the player to stop him. The gamer is supplied with several gadget-filled cars from the Bond universe to thwart the villain.The story opens with Bond rescuing Cherise Litte from an Eastern European country (presumably Estonia) and getting her over the border in his Aston Martin DB5. Upon his return to London, he is informed by M that a freighter carrying top secret NATO weapons including laser-guided surface-to-air missiles, long-range missiles, missile shields, latest GPS technology and Q equipped BMW 750iL bound for Halifax was intercepted in the Labrador Sea, south of Greenland. Bond is tasked with finding the cargo. His mission takes him to New York City, where he is met by his friend from the CIA Jack Wade. Upon arriving in New York he is informed by a villain that a bomb has been planted on his car and that any attempt to defuse it or slow down the vehicle will cause it to explode. Bond jettisons the car in the Hudson River.Bond continues with finding the electromagnetic pulse device that was stolen and destroying ten computers in the distribution center from which a car transporter carrying the smuggling cars. He intercepts the transporter with his Aston Martin. Bond then goes to Mexico with his BMW Z3, where he is pointed by questioning the transporter driver, the henchman Whisper. He is trying to track Zukovsky and once he manages, he finds out that behind everything is Dr Hammond Litte, Cherise's father, and that her rescue was just a decoy mission aiming to distract him from the freighter. Bond then engages in a race with Xenia Onatopp and her Ferrari F355 after which he gets captured and taken to Louisiana. He manages to escape and finds the stolen BMW, after which he pursues and destroys the boat driven by Jaws.Back in New York, Bond downloads the files from four limousines with his BMW Z8 and discovers that Litte's real plan is to release a deadly virus that will kill millions. Bond then goes to the Baltic Sea with his Lotus Esprit and after infiltrating the opponent's underwater base he destroys the plane transporting the virus.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eutechnyx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutechnyx"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"game engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_engine"},{"link_name":"Le Mans 24 Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Mans_24_Hours_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-release-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allgame-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamezone-6"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"007 Racing was developed by Eutechnyx, which worked with MGM to create the game's storyline. It includes objectives and vehicles based on those featured in the James Bond films.[2] 007 Racing uses a modified version of the game engine that was developed for Eutechnyx's earlier Le Mans 24 Hours. Lead programmer Peter Davies recalled in 2021: \"given the huge differences in the game style it was a massive overhaul, but some core components like the physics engine, renderer, and build tools were retained.\"[3]In North America, 007 Racing was released in November 2000.[1][4][5] A sequel for the PlayStation 2 was announced shortly thereafter, but was never released.[6]","title":"Development and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-8"},{"link_name":"AllGame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllGame"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allgame-5"},{"link_name":"Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Electronic Gaming Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"EP Daily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EP_Daily"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gameinformer-13"},{"link_name":"GameFan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameFan"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"GameRevolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRevolution"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespot-16"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamezone-6"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign-17"},{"link_name":"Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ngen-18"},{"link_name":"Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_U.S._PlayStation_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Maxim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-8"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gameinformer-13"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign-17"},{"link_name":"Jeff Gerstmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Gerstmann"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"Driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driver_(video_game_series)"},{"link_name":"Need for Speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Need_for_Speed"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"Driver 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driver_2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespot-16"},{"link_name":"Retro Gamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retro_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"NextGen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ngen-18"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic51/100[7]Review scoresPublicationScoreAllGame[4]Edge2/10[8]Electronic Gaming Monthly2.83/10[9][b]EP Daily5.5/10[10]Game Informer7/10[11]GameFan42%[12]GameRevolutionC−[13]GameSpot5.3/10[14]GameZone8/10[5]IGN5/10[15]Next Generation[16]Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine[17]Maxim4/10[18]007 Racing received \"mixed or average\" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.[7]Game Informer's Paul Anderson called the graphics \"ugly\" and \"nasty\", but said there are some \"well-designed\" missions. He called the voice acting \"excellent\", particularly praising the performance given by Cleese, but thought the game had an inconsistent mix of content.[11]Douglass C. Perry of IGN stated that 007 Racing is \"a decent little game, as long as you don't expect too much from it\". He added: \"It's not original, nor is it good looking. It's filled with awkward spots and questionable areas (like when I reached the broken bridge in Escape and the vocals chimed in after it was too late to launch my parachute), and it becomes a chore rather than fun. Occasionally, there are little flashes of goodness (Escape and Gimme a Break are examples), but the game never really reaches any new planes of play that we've did already experience in Spy Hunter, back in the early 1980s. I mean if you're simply dying to drive Bond cars, rent this game, but don't buy it full price. Now, if you don't mind, I've got an old-school arcade to find.\"[15]Jeff Gerstmann of GameSpot gave a mixed review, stating: \"The game's varied mission objectives occasionally give it a Driver-like feel, but the clunky control issues really manage to take you out of the game. The heavily modified Need for Speed engine [sic] is great for the fast action, fast driving missions, but the slower-paced, more combat-heavy levels suffer from the game's rough control. Overall, 007 Racing isn't polished enough to fill the needs of objective-based driving game fans. Fans of these types of games would be better served by Driver 2.\"[14] Retro Gamer criticized the slow pace of the missions.[19] David Chen of NextGen said that the game was \"Fine as a rental car, but not worth the sticker price.\"[16] Jake The Snake of GamePro said that the game \"offers mild fun that will appeal for sure only to gamers who love both Bond and action-driving games.[20][c]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"MGM Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Electronic Gaming Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"}],"text":"^ Released under the EA Games brand name and co-published by MGM Interactive.\n\n^ Three critics of Electronic Gaming Monthly gave the game each a score of 1/10, 6/10, and 1.5/10.\n\n^ GamePro gave the game two 3.5/5 scores for graphics and fun factor, and two 4/5 scores for sound and control.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"reference":"IGN staff (17 November 2000). \"007 Racing Ships\". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2000/11/18/007-racing-ships","url_text":"\"007 Racing Ships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziff_Davis","url_text":"Ziff Davis"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230410145524/https://www.ign.com/articles/2000/11/18/007-racing-ships","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stahl, Ben (28 July 2000). \"007 Racing Q&A\". GameSpot. Fandom. Archived from the original on 29 November 2004. Retrieved 28 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/articles/007-racing-qanda/1100-2609346/","url_text":"\"007 Racing Q&A\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandom_(website)","url_text":"Fandom"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041129042017/http://www.gamespot.com/ps/driving/007racing/preview_2609346.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Owen (8 September 2021). \"Shaken & Stirred: The ingredients of a great James Bond game\". WhyNow Gaming. Archived from the original on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://whynowgaming.com/shaken-stirred-the-ingredients-of-a-great-james-bond-game/","url_text":"\"Shaken & Stirred: The ingredients of a great James Bond game\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230606102046/https://whynowgaming.com/shaken-stirred-the-ingredients-of-a-great-james-bond-game/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Jon. \"007 Racing - Review\". AllGame. All Media Group. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014. Retrieved 7 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141207171110/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=25244&tab=review","url_text":"\"007 Racing - Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllGame","url_text":"AllGame"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Media_Group","url_text":"All Media Group"},{"url":"http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=25244&tab=review","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lafferty, Michael (15 January 2001). \"007 Racing Review - PlayStation\". GameZone. Archived from the original on 3 November 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071103093451/http://psx.gamezone.com/gzreviews/r16455.htm","url_text":"\"007 Racing Review - PlayStation\""},{"url":"http://psx.gamezone.com/gzreviews/r16455.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"IGN staff (11 December 2000). \"Bond Races to PlayStation 2 Again\". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 28 October 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2000/12/12/bond-races-to-playstation-2-again","url_text":"\"Bond Races to PlayStation 2 Again\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221028201950/https://www.ign.com/articles/2000/12/12/bond-races-to-playstation-2-again","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"007 Racing\". Metacritic. Fandom. Archived from the original on 28 February 2024. Retrieved 28 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/007-racing/","url_text":"\"007 Racing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240228171513/https://www.metacritic.com/game/007-racing/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"007 Racing\" (PDF). Edge. No. 93. Future Publishing. January 2001. p. 110. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://retrocdn.net/images/e/e0/Edge_UK_093.pdf","url_text":"\"007 Racing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_(magazine)","url_text":"Edge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_plc","url_text":"Future Publishing"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221019160059/https://retrocdn.net/images/e/e0/Edge_UK_093.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mielke, James \"Milkman\"; Zuniga, Todd; Lockhart, Ryan (February 2001). \"007 Racing\" (PDF). Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 139. Ziff Davis. p. 136. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://retrocdn.net/images/e/e5/EGM_US_139.pdf","url_text":"\"007 Racing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly","url_text":"Electronic Gaming Monthly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230716182529/https://retrocdn.net/images/e/e5/EGM_US_139.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Mark (25 January 2001). \"007 Racing\". The Electric Playground. Greedy Productions Ltd. Archived from the original on 4 July 2002. Retrieved 28 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020704211106/http://www.elecplay.com/review.html?article=5122&full=1#mr_toppy","url_text":"\"007 Racing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EP_Daily","url_text":"The Electric Playground"},{"url":"http://www.elecplay.com/review.html?article=5122&full=1#mr_toppy","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Paul (January 2001). \"007 Racing\". Game Informer. No. 93. FuncoLand. p. 102. Archived from the original on 15 September 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080915051851/http://gameinformer.com/Games/Review/200101/R03.0804.1518.51124.htm","url_text":"\"007 Racing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer","url_text":"Game Informer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FuncoLand","url_text":"FuncoLand"},{"url":"http://gameinformer.com/Games/Review/200101/R03.0804.1518.51124.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"REVIEW for 007 Racing\". GameFan. BPA International. 2000.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameFan","url_text":"GameFan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BPA_Worldwide","url_text":"BPA International"}]},{"reference":"Sparks, Shawn (November 2000). \"007 Racing Review\". GameRevolution. CraveOnline. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamerevolution.com/review/34101-007-racing-review","url_text":"\"007 Racing Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRevolution","url_text":"GameRevolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CraveOnline","url_text":"CraveOnline"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924040400/http://www.gamerevolution.com/review/007-racing","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gerstmann, Jeff (22 November 2000). \"007 Racing Review\". GameSpot. Fandom. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Gerstmann","url_text":"Gerstmann, Jeff"},{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/007-racing-review/1900-2657324/","url_text":"\"007 Racing Review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230528202250/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/007-racing-review/1900-2657324/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Perry, Douglass C. (21 November 2000). \"007 Racing\". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 28 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2000/11/22/007-racing","url_text":"\"007 Racing\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230410143302/https://www.ign.com/articles/2000/11/22/007-racing","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chen, David (April 2001). \"007 Racing\". NextGen. No. 76. Imagine Media. p. 85. Retrieved 24 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/NextGen76Apr2001/page/n85/mode/2up","url_text":"\"007 Racing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)","url_text":"NextGen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_US","url_text":"Imagine Media"}]},{"reference":"Zuniga, Todd (February 2001). \"007 Racing\". Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine. No. 41. p. 92. Archived from the original on 20 February 2001. Retrieved 28 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/official-u.-s.-playstation-magazine-issue-41-february-2001/page/92/mode/2up","url_text":"\"007 Racing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_U.S._PlayStation_Magazine","url_text":"Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010220225639/http://www.zdnet.com/opm/stories/main/0%2C11891%2C2667589%2C00.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Boyce, Ryan (25 November 2000). \"007 Racing\". Maxim. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131204035127/http://www.maxim.com/gaming/007-racing","url_text":"\"007 Racing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_(magazine)","url_text":"Maxim"},{"url":"http://www.maxim.com/gaming/007-racing","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Darran (11 November 2010). \"007 Racing\". Retro Gamer. No. 83. Imagine Publishing. p. 57.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retro_Gamer","url_text":"Retro Gamer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_Publishing","url_text":"Imagine Publishing"}]},{"reference":"Jake The Snake (January 2001). \"007 Racing\" (PDF). GamePro. No. 148. IDG. p. 85. Archived from the original on 11 August 2004. Retrieved 28 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://retrocdn.net/images/e/e6/GamePro_US_148.pdf","url_text":"\"007 Racing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro","url_text":"GamePro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Data_Group","url_text":"IDG"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040811185910/http://www.gamepro.com/sony/psx/games/reviews/7588.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morlina_glabra_striaria
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Morlina glabra
|
["1 Distribution","2 References"]
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Species of gastropod
Morlina glabra
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
Subclass:
Heterobranchia
Order:
Stylommatophora
Family:
Oxychilidae
Genus:
Morlina
Species:
M. glabra
Binomial name
Morlina glabra(Rossmässler, 1835)
Synonyms
Helix glabra Rossmässler, 1835 (original combination)
Oxychilus (Morlina) glaber (Rossmässler, 1835)
Zonites glaber (Rossmässler, 1835) (unaccepted combination)
Morlina glabra is a species of gastropods belonging to the family Oxychilidae.
Subspecies:
Morlina glabra ercica (Benoit, 1859)
Morlina glabra glabra (Rossmässler, 1835)
Morlina glabra harlei (Fagot, 1884)
Morlina glabra nitidissima (Mousson, 1859)
Morlina glabra striaria (Westerlund, 1881)
Distribution
This species occurs in:
The Czech Republic
Ukraine
References
^ "Morlina glabra (Rossmässler, 1835)". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
^ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Morlina glabra (Rossmässler, 1835)". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
^ Balashov I. & Gural-Sverlova N. 2012. An annotated checklist of the terrestrial molluscs of Ukraine. Journal of Conchology. 41 (1): 91-109.
Rossmässler, E. A. (1835-1837). Iconographie der Land- & Süßwasser- Mollusken, mit vorzüglicher Berücksichtigung der europäischen noch nicht abgebildeten Arten. (1) 1 (1): VI + 1–132. pl. 1-5
Bank, R. A.; Neubert, E. (2017). Checklist of the land and freshwater Gastropoda of Europe. Last update: July 16, 2017
Taxon identifiersMorlina glabra
Wikidata: Q14644104
CoL: 6RPC6
Fauna Europaea: 430206
Fauna Europaea (new): d6c67240-1297-4c72-8ab9-dcbb37c9cbfb
GBIF: 4562529
IUCN: 170862
NCBI: 2737868
Observation.org: 826003
Open Tree of Life: 4155718
WoRMS: 1003479
This article needs additional or more specific categories. Please help out by adding categories to it so that it can be listed with similar articles. (February 2022)
This Oxychilidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gastropods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropods"},{"link_name":"Oxychilidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxychilidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBIF-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WORMS-2"}],"text":"Morlina glabra is a species of gastropods belonging to the family Oxychilidae.[1]Subspecies:[2]Morlina glabra ercica (Benoit, 1859)\nMorlina glabra glabra (Rossmässler, 1835)\nMorlina glabra harlei (Fagot, 1884)\nMorlina glabra nitidissima (Mousson, 1859)\nMorlina glabra striaria (Westerlund, 1881)","title":"Morlina glabra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_the_Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_non-marine_molluscs_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Balashov-3"}],"text":"This species occurs in:The Czech Republic\nUkraine[3]","title":"Distribution"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapungubwe_Regiment
|
Mapungubwe Regiment
|
["1 History","1.1 Origin","1.2 World War 2","1.3 Numerous names after World War Two and into the Border War","1.4 Post 1994","2 SANDF's Motorised Infantry","3 Regimental symbols","3.1 Previous Dress Insignia","3.2 Current Dress Insignia","4 Unit colours","5 Battle honours","6 References"]
|
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Mapungubwe Regiment" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Second Botha Regiment59 Reserve Motor Service CompanyRegiment Christiaan BeyersRegiment LimpopoRegiment Christiaan BeyersMapungubwe RegimentSANDF Regiment Christiaan Beyers emblemActive1939 to presentCountry South AfricaBranch
South African Army
South African Army
TypeInfantry RegimentSizeOne BattalionPart ofSouth African Infantry FormationArmy Conventional ReserveGarrison/HQKaree Base, PolokwaneMotto(s)Ons Dien (We serve)CommandersCurrentcommanderLt Col Takalani MphohoniInsigniaCompany level InsigniaSA Motorised Infantry beret bar circa 1992SA Motorised Infantry beret barAbbreviationMAPRMilitary unit
The Mapungubwe Regiment (formerly Regiment Christiaan Beyers) is a reserve infantry regiment of the South African Army. It traces its history as far back as 1939, and fought in the Second World War, and the Border War after 1966. It was renamed in August 2019.
History
Origin
The regiment formed in 1939 as a second battalion of Regiment Botha. Regiment Botha was formed a few years earlier in 1934.
World War 2
Known as Second Botha Regiment or the Second Bothas, it underwent a number of name changes during the Second World War. In 1942 it was called Regiment Botha and in 1943 it was joined to Regiment President Steyn. During the war, the regiment was part of the 5th South African Brigade and took part in the East African campaign and then later in the western deserts of Egypt and Libya.
Numerous names after World War Two and into the Border War
By 1946 it was called 59 Reserve Motor Service Company. In 1947 its name became 2 Regiment Botha.
By 1951 it became Regiment Christiaan Beyers.
By 1964 It was renamed Regiment Limpopo.
Finally in the Late 1960s it reverted to Regiment Christiaan Beyers again.
During the South African Border War, 1966-1989, this citizen force regiment was regularly deployed for duties in the Republic as well as South West Africa.
Post 1994
The unit has taken part in peacekeeping duties in Southern Sudan and duties on the Swaziland border.
On the 29 November 2013, the regiment received the freedom of the city of Polokwane. The regiment paraded through the city before having the scroll presented by the Mayor Freddy Greaver to the officer in command Lt Colonel Takalani Mphohoni.
In August 2019, 52 Reserve Force units had their names changed to reflect the diverse military history of South Africa. Regiment Christiaan Beyers became the Mapungubwe Regiment, and have 3 years to design and implement new regimental insignia.
SANDF's Motorised Infantry
SANDF’s Motorised Infantry is transported mostly by Samil trucks, Mamba APC’s or other un-protected motor vehicles. Samil 20,50 and 100 trucks transport soldiers, towing guns, and carrying equipment and supplies. Samil trucks are all-wheel drive, in order to have vehicles that function reliably in extremes of weather and terrain. Motorised infantry have an advantage in mobility allowing them to move to critical sectors of the battlefield faster, allowing better response to enemy movements, as well as the ability to outmaneuver the enemy.
Regimental symbols
Previous Dress Insignia
SADF era Regiment Christiaan Beyers insignia
Current Dress Insignia
SANDF era Infantry Formation insignia
Unit colours
The unit has three sets of colours:
the first is preserved by the MOTH in Pietersburg,
second unit colours were presented by General Rudolph Hiemstra in 1970,
a third national colour was presented by General Kat Liebenberg in 1989.
Battle honours
East Africa
Sidi Rezegh
Gazala
Battle of Alamein
El Alamein Defence
Western Desert
References
^ a b c d e f g h i "Regiment Christiann Beyers" (PDF). SANDF Reserve Force Home. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
^ "Freedom of City for Regiment Christian Beyers". Polokwane Observer. Archived from the original on 25 December 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
^ "Regiment gets Freedom of the City". Polokwane Observer. Archived from the original on 25 December 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2013.
^ "New Reserve Force unit names". defenceWeb. 7 August 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
^ "Renaming process has resulted in an Army structure that truly represents SA". IOL. 16 August 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
South Africa portal
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Rehoboth Commando (SWATF)
Swakopmund Commando (SWATF)
Union Defence Force 1912–1957DivisionsInfantry
1
2
3
Armoured
3
6
BrigadesInfantry
1
2
3
4
5
1st Reserve
4th Field
7th Motorised
1st Armoured
Field Artillery
Coast Artillery
Citizens Batteries
1st Citizen Battery
2nd Citizen Battery
3rd Citizen Battery
4th Citizen Battery
5th Citizen Battery
6th Citizen Battery
7th Citizen Battery
8th and 9th Citizen Batteries
Military Districts
1st (Cape Town)
2nd (Port Elizabeth)
3rd (East London)
4th (Pietermaritzburg)
5th (Durban)
6th (Standerton)
7th (Potchefstroom)
8th (Johannesburg)
9th (Pretoria)
10th (Kroonstad)
11th (Bloemfontein)
12th (Prieska)
13th (De Aar)
14th (Worcester)
South African Field Force
Pioneer Battalion
1 Mobile Watch
1 Medium Regiment SAA
1 Special Service Battalion
Cape Fortress Engineers
Cape Light Horse
Cape Mounted Riflemen
Cape Peninsular Rifles
Cape Garrison Force
Cape Coast Defence Corps
Durban Coast Defence Corps
Regiment Onse Jan
Regiment Kemp
Transvaal Cycle Corps
Western Province Mounted Rifles
Ordnance Corps
Native Military Corps
Q Services CorpsWorld War I 1914–1918Europe Campaign 1914–1918
South African Overseas Expeditionary Force
Brigades
1st Infantry
Heavy Artillery
Regiments
1
2
3
4
South African Native Labour Corps
East Africa Campaign 1914–1915
1st Infantry ACF
2nd Infantry ACF
5th Infantry ACF
9th Infantry ACF
German South West Africa Campaign 1915S.A.M.R. Regiments
1
2
3
4
5
Special Service Pioneer Corps
1st Permanent Force Artillery Battery S.A.M.R.
2nd Permanent Force Artillery Battery S.A.M.R.
4th Permanent Force Artillery Battery S.A.M.R.
Transvaal Horse Artillery, attached S.A.M.R.
Ammunition Column S.A.M.R.
Botha's Berede Skutters
Durban Light Infantry
Duke of Edinburgh's Own Rifles
Prince Alfred's Guards
First Eastern Rifles
Kaffrarian Rifles
Cape Town Highlanders
Kimberly Regiment
Transvaal Scottish
Cape Peninsula Rifles
Witwatersrand Rifles
Rand Light Infantry
Pretoria Regiment
Natal Light Horse
Natal CarbineersVolunteer Militias 1903–1909Field Artillery
Natal
Prince Alfred's Own Cape
Horse
Diamond Fields Horse
Natal Native Horse
Royston's Horse
Light Horse
Border
Cape
Tembuland
Light Infantry
Durban
Transvaal
Mounted Rifles
Border
Natal
Northern District
Southern
Transvaal
Umvoti
Zululand
Rifles
Cape Peninsular
Eastern
Kaffrarian
Northern
Uitenhage
Western
Natal Rangers
Natal Rifle Associations
Transvaal Cycle Corps
Transvaal Horse Artillery Volunteers
Transvaal Scottish VolunteersNon-Statutory Forces 1961–1994
Umkhonto weSizwe
Azanian People's Liberation Army
Boer CommandosColonial Armies 1885–1902
Cape Colonial Forces
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"infantry regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry_regiment"},{"link_name":"South African Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Army"}],"text":"Military unitThe Mapungubwe Regiment (formerly Regiment Christiaan Beyers) is a reserve infantry regiment of the South African Army. It traces its history as far back as 1939, and fought in the Second World War, and the Border War after 1966. It was renamed in August 2019.","title":"Mapungubwe Regiment"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reg-1"}],"sub_title":"Origin","text":"The regiment formed in 1939 as a second battalion of Regiment Botha.[1] Regiment Botha was formed a few years earlier in 1934.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reg-1"},{"link_name":"Regiment Botha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiment_Botha"},{"link_name":"Regiment President Steyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiment_President_Steyn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reg-1"},{"link_name":"5th South African Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_South_African_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reg-1"}],"sub_title":"World War 2","text":"Known as Second Botha Regiment or the Second Bothas, it underwent a number of name changes during the Second World War.[1] In 1942 it was called Regiment Botha and in 1943 it was joined to Regiment President Steyn.[1] During the war, the regiment was part of the 5th South African Brigade and took part in the East African campaign and then later in the western deserts of Egypt and Libya.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reg-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reg-1"},{"link_name":"South African Border War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Border_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reg-1"}],"sub_title":"Numerous names after World War Two and into the Border War","text":"By 1946 it was called 59 Reserve Motor Service Company. In 1947 its name became 2 Regiment Botha.[1]By 1951 it became Regiment Christiaan Beyers.[1]By 1964 It was renamed Regiment Limpopo.Finally in the Late 1960s it reverted to Regiment Christiaan Beyers again.During the South African Border War, 1966-1989, this citizen force regiment was regularly deployed for duties in the Republic as well as South West Africa.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southern Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Swaziland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaziland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reg-1"},{"link_name":"Polokwane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polokwane"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Post 1994","text":"The unit has taken part in peacekeeping duties in Southern Sudan and duties on the Swaziland border.[1]On the 29 November 2013, the regiment received the freedom of the city of Polokwane. The regiment paraded through the city before having the scroll presented by the Mayor Freddy Greaver to the officer in command Lt Colonel Takalani Mphohoni.\n[2][3]In August 2019, 52 Reserve Force units had their names changed to reflect the diverse military history of South Africa.[4] Regiment Christiaan Beyers became the Mapungubwe Regiment, and have 3 years to design and implement new regimental insignia.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"SANDF’s Motorised Infantry is transported mostly by Samil trucks, Mamba APC’s or other un-protected motor vehicles. Samil 20,50 and 100 trucks transport soldiers, towing guns, and carrying equipment and supplies. Samil trucks are all-wheel drive, in order to have vehicles that function reliably in extremes of weather and terrain. Motorised infantry have an advantage in mobility allowing them to move to critical sectors of the battlefield faster, allowing better response to enemy movements, as well as the ability to outmaneuver the enemy.","title":"SANDF's Motorised Infantry"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Regimental symbols"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SADF_era_Regiment_Christiaan_Beyers_insignia_ver_2.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Previous Dress Insignia","text":"SADF era Regiment Christiaan Beyers insignia","title":"Regimental symbols"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SANDF_era_Infantry_Formation_insignia.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Current Dress Insignia","text":"SANDF era Infantry Formation insignia","title":"Regimental symbols"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"colours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colours,_standards_and_guidons"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reg-1"},{"link_name":"MOTH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorable_Order_of_Tin_Hats"},{"link_name":"Rudolph Hiemstra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Hiemstra"},{"link_name":"Kat Liebenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Liebenberg"}],"text":"The unit has three sets of colours:[1]the first is preserved by the MOTH in Pietersburg,\nsecond unit colours were presented by General Rudolph Hiemstra in 1970,\na third national colour was presented by General Kat Liebenberg in 1989.","title":"Unit colours"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"East Africa\nSidi Rezegh\nGazala\nBattle of Alamein\nEl Alamein Defence\nWestern Desert","title":"Battle honours"}]
|
[{"image_text":"SA Motorised Infantry beret bar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/SA_motorised_infantary_beret_bar.jpg"},{"image_text":"SADF era Regiment Christiaan Beyers insignia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SADF_era_Regiment_Christiaan_Beyers_insignia_ver_2.jpg/600px-SADF_era_Regiment_Christiaan_Beyers_insignia_ver_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"SANDF era Infantry Formation insignia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/SANDF_era_Infantry_Formation_insignia.jpg/500px-SANDF_era_Infantry_Formation_insignia.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Regiment Christiann Beyers\" (PDF). SANDF Reserve Force Home. Retrieved 24 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rfdiv.mil.za/docs/History%20Regt%20Christiaan%20Beyers.pdf","url_text":"\"Regiment Christiann Beyers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Freedom of City for Regiment Christian Beyers\". Polokwane Observer. Archived from the original on 25 December 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131225055245/http://www.observer.co.za/articles/articledetails.aspx?id=106141","url_text":"\"Freedom of City for Regiment Christian Beyers\""},{"url":"http://www.observer.co.za/articles/articledetails.aspx?id=106141","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Regiment gets Freedom of the City\". Polokwane Observer. Archived from the original on 25 December 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131225055147/http://www.observer.co.za/articles/articledetails.aspx?mode=news&id=107923","url_text":"\"Regiment gets Freedom of the City\""},{"url":"http://www.observer.co.za/articles/articledetails.aspx?mode=news&id=107923","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New Reserve Force unit names\". defenceWeb. 7 August 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.defenceweb.co.za/featured/new-reserve-force-unit-names/","url_text":"\"New Reserve Force unit names\""}]},{"reference":"\"Renaming process has resulted in an Army structure that truly represents SA\". IOL. 16 August 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iol.co.za/news/opinion/renaming-process-has-resulted-in-an-army-structure-that-truly-represents-sa-30856190","url_text":"\"Renaming process has resulted in an Army structure that truly represents SA\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Mapungubwe+Regiment%22","external_links_name":"\"Mapungubwe Regiment\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Mapungubwe+Regiment%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Mapungubwe+Regiment%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Mapungubwe+Regiment%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Mapungubwe+Regiment%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Mapungubwe+Regiment%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.rfdiv.mil.za/docs/History%20Regt%20Christiaan%20Beyers.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Regiment Christiann Beyers\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131225055245/http://www.observer.co.za/articles/articledetails.aspx?id=106141","external_links_name":"\"Freedom of City for Regiment Christian Beyers\""},{"Link":"http://www.observer.co.za/articles/articledetails.aspx?id=106141","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131225055147/http://www.observer.co.za/articles/articledetails.aspx?mode=news&id=107923","external_links_name":"\"Regiment gets Freedom of the City\""},{"Link":"http://www.observer.co.za/articles/articledetails.aspx?mode=news&id=107923","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.defenceweb.co.za/featured/new-reserve-force-unit-names/","external_links_name":"\"New Reserve Force unit names\""},{"Link":"https://www.iol.co.za/news/opinion/renaming-process-has-resulted-in-an-army-structure-that-truly-represents-sa-30856190","external_links_name":"\"Renaming process has resulted in an Army structure that truly represents SA\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elle_Duncan
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Elle Duncan
|
["1 Career","1.1 Atlanta","1.2 Boston","1.3 ESPN","1.4 Film","2 Philanthropic efforts","3 Girl Dad","4 Accolades","5 References","6 External links"]
|
American sports broadcaster
This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (October 2020)
Elle DuncanDuncan at NESN on April 7, 2016BornLauren Duncan (1983-04-12) April 12, 1983 (age 41)Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.NationalityAmericanOccupation(s)Anchor, host, reporter, actress, writer, television personalityYears active2003–presentNotable credits
V-103 2004–2012
11 Alive 2012–2013
Atlanta Hawks 2005–2013
NESN 2014–2016
ESPN 2016–present
Lauren "Elle" Duncan (born April 12, 1983) is an American sports anchor for ESPN.
Career
Atlanta
Duncan began her career in Atlanta as an intern with the 2 Live Stews, an American syndicated sports talk radio show on 790/The Zone. After a year, she was hired by Atlanta host, Ryan Cameron, to join the Ryan Cameron Show on V-103. While there, her roles included traffic reporter and on-air personality. Duncan hosted an afternoon show at the station in 2009 before moving to handle sports reporting for the morning Frank and Wanda show. During her time with V-103, Duncan also was a contributor with the Atlanta Falcons radio network pre- and post-game shows, the Atlanta Hawks sideline reporter, and a freelance sideline reporter for SEC and ACC football games on Comcast Sports South. Duncan landed a job as the traffic reporter at NBC affiliate WXIA-TV in 2012. On April 28, 2013, Duncan was arrested for DUI and reckless driving.
Boston
Duncan joined NESN in 2014 as an anchor, reporter, and host. Duncan began co-hosting NESN Live Presented by Cross Insurance with Sarah Davis. The show features updates from NESN reporters and game-day analysis from Fenway Park, TD Garden, and Gillette Stadium. While at NESN, Duncan has also worked as a sideline reporter for the Boston Red Sox and hosted coverage of Super Bowl XLIX between the New England Patriots and Seattle Seahawks from Glendale, Arizona.
ESPN
Duncan joined SportsCenter as an anchor on April 27, 2016. She hosts the weekday 6pm ET edition of SportsCenter with Kevin Negandhi.
Film
Duncan appeared in the 2014 movie Ride Along as a news reporter.
Philanthropic efforts
Duncan has been involved with Walker, a non-profit leader in special education, behavioral health and residential treatment for children and youth. Specifically, Duncan has been involved with Walker’s Change Shoes, Change Lives Run and Walk and engaged with Walker’s youth through on-campus volunteering and events through NESN’s employee volunteer program, NESN Connects.
While at V-103, Duncan launched a Cause & Effect series to recognize a number of local nonprofit organizations quarterly. The series consisted of different events throughout Atlanta that raised funds for underexposed nonprofit organizations. Duncan has also worked as a spokeswoman with Enchanted Closet, an organization which provides prom dresses, shoes, and accessories to disadvantaged girls for prom.
Girl Dad
On January 27, 2020, the evening after the Kobe Bryant helicopter crash, Elle Duncan hosted ESPN's flagship program SportsCenter and gave an emotional account of a conversation she had with Bryant two years earlier at an ESPN event in New York City, where Bryant told her: "I'm a girl dad". It started a national trend for the hashtag "Girl Dad" featuring pictures and accounts of daughters and their dads.
Accolades
Top 25 Women in Atlanta – The Steed Society
2011 Inspiring Women Award – Atlanta Dream
Atlanta's Top 30 under 30 – AUC Magazine
50 Most Beautiful Atlantans – Jezebel Magazine
Power 40 Under 40 It List – Johnson Media
References
^ "Local TV traffic reporter Elle Duncan arrested on DUI charge". Georgia Newsday. April 29, 2013. Archived from the original on January 6, 2018. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
^ Rodney Ho, Radio and TV Talk. "2013 flashback: Elle Duncan arrested for DUI". ajc.
^ a b "Elle Duncan Joins ESPN as SportsCenter Anchor". espnmediazone. 27 April 2016. Retrieved 2016-05-06.
^ a b Ho, Rodney. "Exclusive: Elle Duncan moving to V-103's Frank & Wanda morning show". Archived from the original on 2018-01-06. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
^ a b "Elle Duncan Home Page ; THE OFFICIAL SITE OF THE ATLANTA HAWKS". www.nba.com. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
^ "Elle Duncan leaving 11 Alive for New England Sports Network ; Radio and TV Talk". Retrieved 2016-04-08.
^ Knox, Merill (May 31, 2012). "Traffic Reporter Elle Duncan Joins Atlanta's WXIA". TV Spy. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
^ Eck, Kevin (April 29, 2013). "Atlanta Traffic Reporter Arrested for DUI". TV Spy. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
^ Milligan, Rashad (March 1, 2018). "Elle Duncan on her climb to ESPN, haters and pregnancy". Rolling Out. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
^ "Sports show 'NESN Live presented by Cross Insurance' debuts Monday". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
^ "Matthew McConaughey Wore a Fanny Pack to Fenway Park". Boston Magazine. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
^ "NESN Delivers With Patriots' Coverage at Super Bowl XLIX". NextTV. 29 January 2015. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
^ "NESN's Elle Duncan to Emcee Walker's 2015 Change Shoes, Change Lives Run and Walk". Needham, MA Patch. 9 September 2015. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
^ "Atlanta Radio Personality Elle Duncan's 'Prom Enchanted' Charity Event - Rolling Out". Rolling Out. 3 May 2010. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
^ "Free Prom Dresses: Self Confidence From 'The Enchanted Closet' (VIDEO)". HuffPost. 5 June 2012. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
^ Dance, Olivia (January 30, 2020). "#GirlDad is trending online to honor Kobe Bryant and his daughter Gigi". WSTM.
^ "Elle Duncan Joins NESN From WXIA". adweek. 16 December 2013. Retrieved 2016-05-06.
External links
Elle Duncan on X
Elle Duncan at IMDb
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Elle Duncan.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-espnmediazone.com-3"}],"text":"Lauren \"Elle\" Duncan (born April 12, 1983) is an American sports anchor for ESPN.[3]","title":"Elle Duncan"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"2 Live Stews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Live_Stews"},{"link_name":"790/The Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WQXI_(AM)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"V-103","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WVEE"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Falcons"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Hawks"},{"link_name":"SEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Conference"},{"link_name":"ACC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"WXIA-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXIA-TV"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"DUI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Atlanta","text":"Duncan began her career in Atlanta as an intern with the 2 Live Stews, an American syndicated sports talk radio show on 790/The Zone.[4] After a year, she was hired by Atlanta host, Ryan Cameron, to join the Ryan Cameron Show on V-103.[5] While there, her roles included traffic reporter and on-air personality.[4] Duncan hosted an afternoon show at the station in 2009 before moving to handle sports reporting for the morning Frank and Wanda show. During her time with V-103, Duncan also was a contributor with the Atlanta Falcons radio network pre- and post-game shows, the Atlanta Hawks sideline reporter, and a freelance sideline reporter for SEC and ACC football games on Comcast Sports South.[6] Duncan landed a job as the traffic reporter at NBC affiliate WXIA-TV in 2012.[7] On April 28, 2013, Duncan was arrested for DUI and reckless driving.[8][9]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NESN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Sports_Network"},{"link_name":"Fenway Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenway_Park"},{"link_name":"TD Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD_Garden"},{"link_name":"Gillette Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillette_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl XLIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIX"},{"link_name":"New England Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Patriots"},{"link_name":"Seattle Seahawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Seahawks"},{"link_name":"Glendale, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendale,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Boston","text":"Duncan joined NESN in 2014 as an anchor, reporter, and host. Duncan began co-hosting NESN Live Presented by Cross Insurance with Sarah Davis. The show features updates from NESN reporters and game-day analysis from Fenway Park, TD Garden, and Gillette Stadium.[10] While at NESN, Duncan has also worked as a sideline reporter for the Boston Red Sox and hosted coverage of Super Bowl XLIX between the New England Patriots and Seattle Seahawks from Glendale, Arizona.[11][12]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SportsCenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SportsCenter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-espnmediazone.com-3"}],"sub_title":"ESPN","text":"Duncan joined SportsCenter as an anchor on April 27, 2016.[3] She hosts the weekday 6pm ET edition of SportsCenter with Kevin Negandhi.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ride Along","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride_Along_(film)"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"Duncan appeared in the 2014 movie Ride Along as a news reporter.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Duncan has been involved with Walker, a non-profit leader in special education, behavioral health and residential treatment for children and youth. Specifically, Duncan has been involved with Walker’s Change Shoes, Change Lives Run and Walk and engaged with Walker’s youth through on-campus volunteering and events through NESN’s employee volunteer program, NESN Connects.[13]While at V-103, Duncan launched a Cause & Effect series to recognize a number of local nonprofit organizations quarterly. The series consisted of different events throughout Atlanta that raised funds for underexposed nonprofit organizations.[14] Duncan has also worked as a spokeswoman with Enchanted Closet, an organization which provides prom dresses, shoes, and accessories to disadvantaged girls for prom.[15]","title":"Philanthropic efforts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kobe Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe_Bryant"},{"link_name":"helicopter crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Kobe_Bryant"},{"link_name":"SportsCenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SportsCenter"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"On January 27, 2020, the evening after the Kobe Bryant helicopter crash, Elle Duncan hosted ESPN's flagship program SportsCenter and gave an emotional account of a conversation she had with Bryant two years earlier at an ESPN event in New York City, where Bryant told her: \"I'm a girl dad\". It started a national trend for the hashtag \"Girl Dad\" featuring pictures and accounts of daughters and their dads.[16]","title":"Girl Dad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlanta Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Dream"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"}],"text":"Top 25 Women in Atlanta – The Steed Society\n2011 Inspiring Women Award – Atlanta Dream[17]\nAtlanta's Top 30 under 30 – AUC Magazine\n50 Most Beautiful Atlantans – Jezebel Magazine\nPower 40 Under 40 It List – Johnson Media[5]","title":"Accolades"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Local TV traffic reporter Elle Duncan arrested on DUI charge\". Georgia Newsday. April 29, 2013. Archived from the original on January 6, 2018. Retrieved April 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180106153847/http://www.georgianewsday.com/news/156892-local-tv-traffic-reporter-elle-duncan-arrested-on-dui-charge.html","url_text":"\"Local TV traffic reporter Elle Duncan arrested on DUI charge\""},{"url":"http://www.georgianewsday.com/news/156892-local-tv-traffic-reporter-elle-duncan-arrested-on-dui-charge.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rodney Ho, Radio and TV Talk. \"2013 flashback: Elle Duncan arrested for DUI\". ajc.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ajc.com/blog/radiotvtalk/2013-flashback-elle-duncan-arrested-for-dui/daMZTBAlVz6MmX1gCTHKDN/","url_text":"\"2013 flashback: Elle Duncan arrested for DUI\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elle Duncan Joins ESPN as SportsCenter Anchor\". espnmediazone. 27 April 2016. Retrieved 2016-05-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://espnmediazone.com/us/press-releases/2016/04/elle-duncan-joins-espn-as-sportscenter-anchor/","url_text":"\"Elle Duncan Joins ESPN as SportsCenter Anchor\""}]},{"reference":"Ho, Rodney. \"Exclusive: Elle Duncan moving to V-103's Frank & Wanda morning show\". Archived from the original on 2018-01-06. Retrieved 2016-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180106120123/http://radiotvtalk.blog.ajc.com/2010/06/01/exclusive-elle-duncan-moving-to-v-103s-frank-wanda-morning-show/","url_text":"\"Exclusive: Elle Duncan moving to V-103's Frank & Wanda morning show\""},{"url":"http://radiotvtalk.blog.ajc.com/2010/06/01/exclusive-elle-duncan-moving-to-v-103s-frank-wanda-morning-show/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Elle Duncan Home Page ; THE OFFICIAL SITE OF THE ATLANTA HAWKS\". www.nba.com. Retrieved 2016-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nba.com/hawks/gamenight/Elle_Duncan_Home_Page.html","url_text":"\"Elle Duncan Home Page ; THE OFFICIAL SITE OF THE ATLANTA HAWKS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elle Duncan leaving 11 Alive for New England Sports Network ; Radio and TV Talk\". Retrieved 2016-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://radiotvtalk.blog.ajc.com/2013/12/12/elle-duncan-leaving-11-alive-for-new-england-sports-network/","url_text":"\"Elle Duncan leaving 11 Alive for New England Sports Network ; Radio and TV Talk\""}]},{"reference":"Knox, Merill (May 31, 2012). \"Traffic Reporter Elle Duncan Joins Atlanta's WXIA\". TV Spy. Retrieved 26 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adweek.com/tvspy/traffic-reporter-elle-duncan-joins-atlantas-wxia/","url_text":"\"Traffic Reporter Elle Duncan Joins Atlanta's WXIA\""}]},{"reference":"Eck, Kevin (April 29, 2013). \"Atlanta Traffic Reporter Arrested for DUI\". TV Spy. Retrieved 26 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adweek.com/tvspy/atlanta-traffic-reporter-arrested-for-dui/","url_text":"\"Atlanta Traffic Reporter Arrested for DUI\""}]},{"reference":"Milligan, Rashad (March 1, 2018). \"Elle Duncan on her climb to ESPN, haters and pregnancy\". Rolling Out. Retrieved 26 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://rollingout.com/2018/03/01/elle-duncan-climb-espn-haters-pregnancy/","url_text":"\"Elle Duncan on her climb to ESPN, haters and pregnancy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sports show 'NESN Live presented by Cross Insurance' debuts Monday\". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2016-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2014/06/23/sports-show-nesn-live-presented-cross-insurance-debuts-monday/HklHn7rFdCOe9pMyVfDTVI/story.html","url_text":"\"Sports show 'NESN Live presented by Cross Insurance' debuts Monday\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matthew McConaughey Wore a Fanny Pack to Fenway Park\". Boston Magazine. Retrieved 2016-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bostonmagazine.com/arts-entertainment/blog/2014/08/19/matthew-mcconaughey-fenway-park-fanny-pack/","url_text":"\"Matthew McConaughey Wore a Fanny Pack to Fenway Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"NESN Delivers With Patriots' Coverage at Super Bowl XLIX\". NextTV. 29 January 2015. Retrieved 2016-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nexttv.com/news/nesn-delivers-patriots-coverage-super-bowl-xlix-387452","url_text":"\"NESN Delivers With Patriots' Coverage at Super Bowl XLIX\""}]},{"reference":"\"NESN's Elle Duncan to Emcee Walker's 2015 Change Shoes, Change Lives Run and Walk\". Needham, MA Patch. 9 September 2015. Retrieved 2016-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://patch.com/massachusetts/needham/nesns-elle-duncan-emcee-walkers-2015-change-shoes-change-lives-run-walk-0","url_text":"\"NESN's Elle Duncan to Emcee Walker's 2015 Change Shoes, Change Lives Run and Walk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Atlanta Radio Personality Elle Duncan's 'Prom Enchanted' Charity Event - Rolling Out\". Rolling Out. 3 May 2010. Retrieved 2016-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://rollingout.com/2010/05/03/atlanta-radio-personality-elle-duncans-prom-enchanted-charity-event/","url_text":"\"Atlanta Radio Personality Elle Duncan's 'Prom Enchanted' Charity Event - Rolling Out\""}]},{"reference":"\"Free Prom Dresses: Self Confidence From 'The Enchanted Closet' (VIDEO)\". HuffPost. 5 June 2012. Retrieved 2016-04-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/prom-dress-donation_b_1569476","url_text":"\"Free Prom Dresses: Self Confidence From 'The Enchanted Closet' (VIDEO)\""}]},{"reference":"Dance, Olivia (January 30, 2020). \"#GirlDad is trending online to honor Kobe Bryant and his daughter Gigi\". WSTM.","urls":[{"url":"https://cnycentral.com/news/local/girldad-is-trending-online-to-honor-kobe-bryant-and-his-daughter-gigi","url_text":"\"#GirlDad is trending online to honor Kobe Bryant and his daughter Gigi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elle Duncan Joins NESN From WXIA\". adweek. 16 December 2013. Retrieved 2016-05-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adweek.com/tvspy/elle-duncan-joins-nesn-from-wxia/112240/","url_text":"\"Elle Duncan Joins NESN From WXIA\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180106153847/http://www.georgianewsday.com/news/156892-local-tv-traffic-reporter-elle-duncan-arrested-on-dui-charge.html","external_links_name":"\"Local TV traffic reporter Elle Duncan arrested on DUI charge\""},{"Link":"http://www.georgianewsday.com/news/156892-local-tv-traffic-reporter-elle-duncan-arrested-on-dui-charge.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ajc.com/blog/radiotvtalk/2013-flashback-elle-duncan-arrested-for-dui/daMZTBAlVz6MmX1gCTHKDN/","external_links_name":"\"2013 flashback: Elle Duncan arrested for DUI\""},{"Link":"http://espnmediazone.com/us/press-releases/2016/04/elle-duncan-joins-espn-as-sportscenter-anchor/","external_links_name":"\"Elle Duncan Joins ESPN as SportsCenter Anchor\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180106120123/http://radiotvtalk.blog.ajc.com/2010/06/01/exclusive-elle-duncan-moving-to-v-103s-frank-wanda-morning-show/","external_links_name":"\"Exclusive: Elle Duncan moving to V-103's Frank & Wanda morning show\""},{"Link":"http://radiotvtalk.blog.ajc.com/2010/06/01/exclusive-elle-duncan-moving-to-v-103s-frank-wanda-morning-show/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nba.com/hawks/gamenight/Elle_Duncan_Home_Page.html","external_links_name":"\"Elle Duncan Home Page ; THE OFFICIAL SITE OF THE ATLANTA HAWKS\""},{"Link":"http://radiotvtalk.blog.ajc.com/2013/12/12/elle-duncan-leaving-11-alive-for-new-england-sports-network/","external_links_name":"\"Elle Duncan leaving 11 Alive for New England Sports Network ; Radio and TV Talk\""},{"Link":"https://www.adweek.com/tvspy/traffic-reporter-elle-duncan-joins-atlantas-wxia/","external_links_name":"\"Traffic Reporter Elle Duncan Joins Atlanta's WXIA\""},{"Link":"https://www.adweek.com/tvspy/atlanta-traffic-reporter-arrested-for-dui/","external_links_name":"\"Atlanta Traffic Reporter Arrested for DUI\""},{"Link":"https://rollingout.com/2018/03/01/elle-duncan-climb-espn-haters-pregnancy/","external_links_name":"\"Elle Duncan on her climb to ESPN, haters and pregnancy\""},{"Link":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2014/06/23/sports-show-nesn-live-presented-cross-insurance-debuts-monday/HklHn7rFdCOe9pMyVfDTVI/story.html","external_links_name":"\"Sports show 'NESN Live presented by Cross Insurance' debuts Monday\""},{"Link":"http://www.bostonmagazine.com/arts-entertainment/blog/2014/08/19/matthew-mcconaughey-fenway-park-fanny-pack/","external_links_name":"\"Matthew McConaughey Wore a Fanny Pack to Fenway Park\""},{"Link":"https://www.nexttv.com/news/nesn-delivers-patriots-coverage-super-bowl-xlix-387452","external_links_name":"\"NESN Delivers With Patriots' Coverage at Super Bowl XLIX\""},{"Link":"http://patch.com/massachusetts/needham/nesns-elle-duncan-emcee-walkers-2015-change-shoes-change-lives-run-walk-0","external_links_name":"\"NESN's Elle Duncan to Emcee Walker's 2015 Change Shoes, Change Lives Run and Walk\""},{"Link":"http://rollingout.com/2010/05/03/atlanta-radio-personality-elle-duncans-prom-enchanted-charity-event/","external_links_name":"\"Atlanta Radio Personality Elle Duncan's 'Prom Enchanted' Charity Event - Rolling Out\""},{"Link":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/prom-dress-donation_b_1569476","external_links_name":"\"Free Prom Dresses: Self Confidence From 'The Enchanted Closet' (VIDEO)\""},{"Link":"https://cnycentral.com/news/local/girldad-is-trending-online-to-honor-kobe-bryant-and-his-daughter-gigi","external_links_name":"\"#GirlDad is trending online to honor Kobe Bryant and his daughter Gigi\""},{"Link":"http://www.adweek.com/tvspy/elle-duncan-joins-nesn-from-wxia/112240/","external_links_name":"\"Elle Duncan Joins NESN From WXIA\""},{"Link":"https://x.com/elleduncanESPN","external_links_name":"Elle Duncan"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6217850/","external_links_name":"Elle Duncan"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponta_de_%C3%81gua
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Ponta de Água
|
["1 References"]
|
Coordinates: 14°56′06″N 23°30′29″W / 14.935°N 23.508°W / 14.935; -23.508Neighbourhood in Praia, Santiago Island, Cape VerdePonta de ÁguaNeighbourhoodCoordinates: 14°56′06″N 23°30′29″W / 14.935°N 23.508°W / 14.935; -23.508CountryCape VerdeIslandSantiago IslandCityPraiaPopulation (2010)8,682Postal code7601Websitewww.cmpraia.cv
Ponta de Água is a subdivision of the city of Praia in the island of Santiago, Cape Verde. Its population was 8,682 at the 2010 census. It is situated 2 km north of the city centre. Adjacent neighbourhoods are Monteagarro to the north, Coqueiro/Castelão to the east, Lem Cachorro to the south, Vila Nova to the southwest and Safende to the west.
References
^ "2010 Census results Santiago". Instituto Nacional de Estatística Cabo Verde (in Portuguese). 24 November 2016.
vteCity of PraiaNeighbourhoods
Achada Grande Frente
Achada Grande Tras
Achada Santo António
Achadinha
Bairro Craveiro Lopes
Calabaceira
Chã de Areia
Fazenda
Lem Ferreira
Palmarejo
Plateau
Ponta de Água
Prainha
Quebra Canela
São Francisco
Terra Branca
Tira Chapéu
Várzea
Vila Nova
Geographical features
Ilhéu de Santa Maria
Monte das Vacas
Ponta das Bicudas
Ponta Temerosa
Praia Harbor
Ribeira da Trindade
São Francisco Bay
Education
University of Cape Verde
Jean Piaget University
Universidade de Santiago
International Portuguese Language Institute
Liceu Domingos Ramos
École Internationale Les Alizés
Landmarks
Monumento de Diogo Gomes
Quartel Jaime Mota
Praia Cathedral
Palácio Presidencial
Farol de Ponta Temerosa
Culture
Cape Verdean National Archives (ANCV)
Museu Etnográfico da Praia
National Auditorium
National Library of Cape Verde
Quintal da Música
Tabanka
Sports
Académica da Praia
AD Bairro
Basketball
Football
Boavista FC
Cabo Verde Music Awards (CVMA)
Desportivo da Praia
Sporting Clube da Praia
CD Travadores
Complexo Desportivo Adega
Gimnodesportivo Vavá Duarte
Estádio da Várzea
Transportation
Nelson Mandela International Airport
Port of Praia
Media
A Semana
Certeza
Expresso das Ilhas
Jornal Horizonte
A Nação
RecordTV Cabo Verde
RTC
History
Capture of Santiago (1585)
Battle of Porto Praya (1780)
Cape Verde
Barlavento
Santiago
Praia
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Praia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praia"},{"link_name":"Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago,_Cape_Verde"},{"link_name":"Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census10-1"},{"link_name":"Vila Nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vila_Nova,_Praia"}],"text":"Neighbourhood in Praia, Santiago Island, Cape VerdePonta de Água is a subdivision of the city of Praia in the island of Santiago, Cape Verde. Its population was 8,682 at the 2010 census.[1] It is situated 2 km north of the city centre. Adjacent neighbourhoods are Monteagarro to the north, Coqueiro/Castelão to the east, Lem Cachorro to the south, Vila Nova to the southwest and Safende to the west.","title":"Ponta de Água"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"2010 Census results Santiago\". Instituto Nacional de Estatística Cabo Verde (in Portuguese). 24 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://ine.cv/censo_quadros/santiago-2/","url_text":"\"2010 Census results Santiago\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estat%C3%ADstica_(Cape_Verde)","url_text":"Instituto Nacional de Estatística Cabo Verde"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ponta_de_%C3%81gua¶ms=14.935_N_23.508_W_type:city_region:CV-PR","external_links_name":"14°56′06″N 23°30′29″W / 14.935°N 23.508°W / 14.935; -23.508"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ponta_de_%C3%81gua¶ms=14.935_N_23.508_W_type:city_region:CV-PR","external_links_name":"14°56′06″N 23°30′29″W / 14.935°N 23.508°W / 14.935; -23.508"},{"Link":"http://www.cmpraia.cv/","external_links_name":"www.cmpraia.cv"},{"Link":"http://ine.cv/censo_quadros/santiago-2/","external_links_name":"\"2010 Census results Santiago\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/158444952","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007542653505171","external_links_name":"Israel"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Albinson
|
Don Albinson
|
["1 Biography","2 Furniture designs","3 Exhibitions and retrospectives","4 References","5 Further reading"]
|
American designer
Don AlbinsonBornNovember 22, 1921Sparta, MichiganDiedNovember 17, 2008(2008-11-17) (aged 86)Minneapolis, MinnesotaNationalityAmericanOccupationArchitectDesignKnoll 1601 Stack ChairWestinghouse Office Seating LineAlbi stack chairStylex Bounce stack chair
Don Charles Albinson (November 22, 1921 – November 17, 2008) was an American industrial designer who made many contributions to the world of furniture. He worked with Charles and Ray Eames for 13 years, helping develop many of the seminal Herman Miller furniture pieces from the mid century – the bent plywood chair, the fiberglass shell chair, the aluminum group set, and the Eames Lounge chair, to name a few. He later developed the Knoll Stack chair, the Westinghouse office line, an update to the DoMore Series 7 landscape system named Neo 7, the Albi stack chair for Fixtures, and the Bounce chair for Stylex.
Biography
Albinson was born in Sparta, Michigan and raised in Detroit, Michigan. He attended Cranbrook Academy of Art in 1939, where he met Charles Eames, Ray Kaiser, Harry Bertoia, Eliel Saarinen, Eero Saarinen and Ralph Rapson.
He also met his future wife, Nancy Blair Wilcox, at Cranbrook as well. He worked with Charles Eames and Eero Saarinen on the prototypes for the award-winning Eames – Saarinen designs for the 1941Organic Design in Home Furnishings competition at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. He was drafted and served as a pilot in World War II. Upon returning from the war, he moved the family to Los Angeles to work in the Eames office where he worked from 1946 to 1959. He was the lead designer for the 13 years he worked in the office. During his years with Eames, Albinson was directly involved with the development and production of iconic Eames furniture designs such as the molded plywood screen, the dining chair with metal legs (DCM), the Aluminum Group Chair, and several other products on which he shared more than a dozen patents with Eames. He also helped with the construction the Eames Case Study House in Pacific Palisades in 1949, as well as the Max DePree House in Zeeland, Michigan along with numerous other furniture and film projects.
In 1964 Albinson moved the family to southeastern Pennsylvania; he had been offered the position of Design Director for Knoll, in East Greenville, Pennsylvania. He was tasked with getting a number of challenging projects into production, as well as given the opportunity to shepherd his own chair design into production, the iconic 1601 stacking chair. Knoll introduced the stacking chair in 1965 and it won the AID Award in 1967. He was design director from 1964 to 1971; during his tenure he put into production such seminal furniture pieces as the Pollack Executive chair, the Platner Steel Wire Lounge collection, the Don Petitt chair, and many others. He was the Design Director at Knoll until 1971. After that time, he became an independent consultant, designing projects for Westinghouse, Domore, Stylex and Fixtures.
In 1974 Westinghouse introduced the ASD Group of office seating, which Albinson designed, and it remained a very successful line for many years. In 1984 Albinson redesigned the DoMore Series 7 landscape furniture system, rebranding it the Neo 7 System. The Albi stack chair was introduced by Fixtures in 1987, and continued to be in production some 25 years later. The final contract furniture project was a stack chair for Stylex, the Bounce chair, introduced in 1997 and still in production through 2013. In 1977 the Allentown Art Museum (Pennsylvania) featured an exhibition of Albinson's furniture designs. In 2005 he donated his design archive to the Special Collections Department at Stanford University.
Albinson was said to have approached each project with an element of curiosity, research and engineering, ultimately weaving those elements into the aesthetics of the specific challenge. He mentored and influenced many young designers, and his legacy touched many lives, in a truly positive way. A scholarship was set up in 2013 at Cranbrook Academy of Art, in Bloomfield Hills, MI, rewarding a deserving 3D Design student in the MFA program with a scholarship each year to provide financial assistance.
Furniture designs
Knoll 1601 Stack Chair (1965)
DoMore Neo 7 landscape system (1974)
Albi stack chair (1987) Fixtures
Stylex Bounce stack chair (1997)
Exhibitions and retrospectives
Furniture Designs by Don Albinson at the Allentown Art Museum, Pennsylvania (1977)
References
^ "Don C. Albinson". Morning Call. Allentown, PA. November 26, 2008. p. B11. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
^ a b Head, Jeffrey. "Designer Don Albinson Dead At 86". metropolismag.com. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
^ "Knoll Designer Bio: Don Albinson". Knoll. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
^ "Don Albinson". Kettererr\ Kunst. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
^ Pope, LeRoy (August 28, 1978). "Business Today". Middlesboro Daily News. Retrieved 9 May 2013.
^ "Albi Chair". Izzy+. Archived from the original on 2013-06-29. Retrieved May 4, 2013.
^ "Knoll Designer, Don C. Albinson, Dies At 86". Office Newswire. Archived from the original on 2013-06-30.
Further reading
Marilyn and John Neuhart and Ray Eames. "Eames Design". Abrams, 1989. (ISBN 0810908794)
Marilyn and John Neuhart. The Story of Eames Furniture. Die Gestalten Verlag, 2010. (ISBN 389955230X)
Eero Saarinen. "Furniture for Everyman". Pointed Leaf Press, 2012 (ISBN 9781938461019)
Martin Eidelberg. "The Eames Lounge Chair: An Icon of Modern Design". Merrell Publishers, 2006 (ISBN 1858943027)
Max DePree. "The Story of the DePree House, Designed by Charles Eames". Published by Max DePree, 2012
Pat Kirkham. "Charles and Ray Eames, Designers of the Twentieth Century". The MIT Press, 1995 (ISBN 0262611392)
Eric Larrabee and Massimo Vignelli. "Knoll Design". Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York, 1981 (ISBN 0810909073)
Albinson, Don. "Autophotobiography, Don Albinson, Product Designer". Boyertown Publishing Company, 2004
Smithsonian Magazine. "Chair Design". April 1986
Don Albinson
Extreme Eames
Modern Design in the Valley: an exhibit of Knoll-related furniture designers working in the Upper Perkiomen Valley January 20 through May 5, 2013
Authority control databases International
VIAF
Artists
ULAN
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"furniture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_furniture"},{"link_name":"Charles and Ray Eames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_and_Ray_Eames"},{"link_name":"Herman Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Miller_(manufacturer)"},{"link_name":"Eames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eames"},{"link_name":"Knoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoll_(company)"}],"text":"Don Charles Albinson (November 22, 1921 – November 17, 2008[1]) was an American industrial designer who made many contributions to the world of furniture. He worked with Charles and Ray Eames for 13 years, helping develop many of the seminal Herman Miller furniture pieces from the mid century – the bent plywood chair, the fiberglass shell chair, the aluminum group set, and the Eames Lounge chair, to name a few. He later developed the Knoll Stack chair, the Westinghouse office line, an update to the DoMore Series 7 landscape system named Neo 7, the Albi stack chair for Fixtures, and the Bounce chair for Stylex.","title":"Don Albinson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sparta, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Detroit, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"Cranbrook Academy of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranbrook_Academy_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Charles Eames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Eames"},{"link_name":"Harry Bertoia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Bertoia"},{"link_name":"Eliel Saarinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliel_Saarinen"},{"link_name":"Eero Saarinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen"},{"link_name":"Ralph Rapson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Rapson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metropolismag-2"},{"link_name":"Charles Eames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Eames"},{"link_name":"Eero Saarinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen"},{"link_name":"Museum of Modern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Eames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eames"},{"link_name":"Eames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eames"},{"link_name":"Eames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eames"},{"link_name":"Eames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eames"},{"link_name":"Eames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eames"},{"link_name":"Pacific Palisades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Palisades,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Max DePree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_DePree"},{"link_name":"Zeeland, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeeland,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Knoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoll_(company)"},{"link_name":"East Greenville, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Greenville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Allentown Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allentown_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Albinson was born in Sparta, Michigan and raised in Detroit, Michigan. He attended Cranbrook Academy of Art in 1939, where he met Charles Eames, Ray Kaiser, Harry Bertoia, Eliel Saarinen, Eero Saarinen and Ralph Rapson.[2]\nHe also met his future wife, Nancy Blair Wilcox, at Cranbrook as well. He worked with Charles Eames and Eero Saarinen on the prototypes for the award-winning Eames – Saarinen designs for the 1941Organic Design in Home Furnishings competition at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. He was drafted and served as a pilot in World War II. Upon returning from the war, he moved the family to Los Angeles to work in the Eames office where he worked from 1946 to 1959. He was the lead designer for the 13 years he worked in the office. During his years with Eames, Albinson was directly involved with the development and production of iconic Eames furniture designs such as the molded plywood screen, the dining chair with metal legs (DCM), the Aluminum Group Chair, and several other products on which he shared more than a dozen patents with Eames. He also helped with the construction the Eames Case Study House in Pacific Palisades in 1949, as well as the Max DePree House in Zeeland, Michigan along with numerous other furniture and film projects.In 1964 Albinson moved the family to southeastern Pennsylvania; he had been offered the position of Design Director for Knoll, in East Greenville, Pennsylvania. He was tasked with getting a number of challenging projects into production, as well as given the opportunity to shepherd his own chair design into production, the iconic 1601 stacking chair. Knoll introduced the stacking chair in 1965 and it won the AID Award in 1967. He was design director from 1964 to 1971; during his tenure he put into production such seminal furniture pieces as the Pollack Executive chair, the Platner Steel Wire Lounge collection, the Don Petitt chair, and many others.[3] He was the Design Director at Knoll until 1971. After that time, he became an independent consultant, designing projects for Westinghouse, Domore, Stylex and Fixtures.[4]In 1974 Westinghouse introduced the ASD Group of office seating, which Albinson designed,[5] and it remained a very successful line for many years. In 1984 Albinson redesigned the DoMore Series 7 landscape furniture system, rebranding it the Neo 7 System. The Albi stack chair[6] was introduced by Fixtures in 1987, and continued to be in production some 25 years later. The final contract furniture project was a stack chair for Stylex, the Bounce chair, introduced in 1997 and still in production through 2013. In 1977 the Allentown Art Museum (Pennsylvania) featured an exhibition of Albinson's furniture designs. In 2005 he donated his design archive to the Special Collections Department at Stanford University.Albinson was said to have approached each project with an element of curiosity, research and engineering, ultimately weaving those elements into the aesthetics of the specific challenge.[7] He mentored and influenced many young designers, and his legacy touched many lives, in a truly positive way. A scholarship was set up in 2013 at Cranbrook Academy of Art, in Bloomfield Hills, MI, rewarding a deserving 3D Design student in the MFA program with a scholarship each year to provide financial assistance.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Knoll 1601 Stack Chair (1965)\nDoMore Neo 7 landscape system (1974)\nAlbi stack chair (1987) Fixtures\nStylex Bounce stack chair (1997)","title":"Furniture designs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allentown Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allentown_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metropolismag-2"}],"text":"Furniture Designs by Don Albinson at the Allentown Art Museum, Pennsylvania (1977)[2]","title":"Exhibitions and retrospectives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ray Eames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Eames"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0810908794","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810908794"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"389955230X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/389955230X"},{"link_name":"Eero Saarinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eero_Saarinen"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781938461019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781938461019"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1858943027","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1858943027"},{"link_name":"Max DePree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_DePree"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0262611392","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0262611392"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0810909073","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810909073"},{"link_name":"Don Albinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.stylexseating.com/designers/don-albinson/"},{"link_name":"Extreme Eames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130511041334/http://www.metropolismag.com/story/20101215/extreme-eames"},{"link_name":"Modern Design in the Valley: an exhibit of Knoll-related furniture designers working in the Upper Perkiomen Valley January 20 through May 5, 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130413083802/http://www.schwenkfelder.com/museum/moderndesign.htm"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16018034#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/96370221"},{"link_name":"ULAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500093954"}],"text":"Marilyn and John Neuhart and Ray Eames. \"Eames Design\". Abrams, 1989. (ISBN 0810908794)\nMarilyn and John Neuhart. The Story of Eames Furniture. Die Gestalten Verlag, 2010. (ISBN 389955230X)\nEero Saarinen. \"Furniture for Everyman\". Pointed Leaf Press, 2012 (ISBN 9781938461019)\nMartin Eidelberg. \"The Eames Lounge Chair: An Icon of Modern Design\". Merrell Publishers, 2006 (ISBN 1858943027)\nMax DePree. \"The Story of the DePree House, Designed by Charles Eames\". Published by Max DePree, 2012\nPat Kirkham. \"Charles and Ray Eames, Designers of the Twentieth Century\". The MIT Press, 1995 (ISBN 0262611392)\nEric Larrabee and Massimo Vignelli. \"Knoll Design\". Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York, 1981 (ISBN 0810909073)\nAlbinson, Don. \"Autophotobiography, Don Albinson, Product Designer\". Boyertown Publishing Company, 2004\nSmithsonian Magazine. \"Chair Design\". April 1986\nDon Albinson\nExtreme Eames\nModern Design in the Valley: an exhibit of Knoll-related furniture designers working in the Upper Perkiomen Valley January 20 through May 5, 2013Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nArtists\nULAN","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Don C. Albinson\". Morning Call. Allentown, PA. November 26, 2008. p. B11. Retrieved 9 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/mcall/access/1602613931.html?dids=1602613931:1602613931&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Nov+26%2C+2008&author=Anonymous&pub=Morning+Call&desc=Don+C.+Albinson&pqatl=google","url_text":"\"Don C. Albinson\""}]},{"reference":"Head, Jeffrey. \"Designer Don Albinson Dead At 86\". metropolismag.com. Retrieved May 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metropolismag.com/pov/20081201/designer-don-albinson-dead-at-86","url_text":"\"Designer Don Albinson Dead At 86\""}]},{"reference":"\"Knoll Designer Bio: Don Albinson\". Knoll. Retrieved May 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.knoll.com/designer/Don-Albinson/","url_text":"\"Knoll Designer Bio: Don Albinson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Don Albinson\". Kettererr\\ Kunst. Retrieved May 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kettererkunst.com/bio/don-albinson-1915.shtml","url_text":"\"Don Albinson\""}]},{"reference":"Pope, LeRoy (August 28, 1978). \"Business Today\". Middlesboro Daily News. Retrieved 9 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NFBCAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2KoMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6946,3135482&dq=don+albinson+furniture&hl=en","url_text":"\"Business Today\""}]},{"reference":"\"Albi Chair\". Izzy+. Archived from the original on 2013-06-29. Retrieved May 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130629133841/http://www.izzyplus.com/resources/on-demand-only/albi.aspx","url_text":"\"Albi Chair\""},{"url":"http://www.izzyplus.com/resources/on-demand-only/albi.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Knoll Designer, Don C. Albinson, Dies At 86\". Office Newswire. Archived from the original on 2013-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130630020454/http://www.officenewswire.com/7509","url_text":"\"Knoll Designer, Don C. Albinson, Dies At 86\""},{"url":"http://www.officenewswire.com/7509","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/mcall/access/1602613931.html?dids=1602613931:1602613931&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Nov+26%2C+2008&author=Anonymous&pub=Morning+Call&desc=Don+C.+Albinson&pqatl=google","external_links_name":"\"Don C. Albinson\""},{"Link":"http://www.metropolismag.com/pov/20081201/designer-don-albinson-dead-at-86","external_links_name":"\"Designer Don Albinson Dead At 86\""},{"Link":"http://www.knoll.com/designer/Don-Albinson/","external_links_name":"\"Knoll Designer Bio: Don Albinson\""},{"Link":"http://www.kettererkunst.com/bio/don-albinson-1915.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Don Albinson\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NFBCAAAAIBAJ&sjid=2KoMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6946,3135482&dq=don+albinson+furniture&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Business Today\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130629133841/http://www.izzyplus.com/resources/on-demand-only/albi.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Albi Chair\""},{"Link":"http://www.izzyplus.com/resources/on-demand-only/albi.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130630020454/http://www.officenewswire.com/7509","external_links_name":"\"Knoll Designer, Don C. Albinson, Dies At 86\""},{"Link":"http://www.officenewswire.com/7509","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.stylexseating.com/designers/don-albinson/","external_links_name":"Don Albinson"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130511041334/http://www.metropolismag.com/story/20101215/extreme-eames","external_links_name":"Extreme Eames"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130413083802/http://www.schwenkfelder.com/museum/moderndesign.htm","external_links_name":"Modern Design in the Valley: an exhibit of Knoll-related furniture designers working in the Upper Perkiomen Valley January 20 through May 5, 2013"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/96370221","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500093954","external_links_name":"ULAN"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsmarks
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Reichsmark
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["1 History","1.1 Expansion outside the Reichsmark","1.2 World War II","1.3 Post-war","2 Coins","2.1 10 Reichspfennig","3 Mint marks","4 Mintage","5 Banknotes","6 Occupation Reichsmark","7 Concentration camp and POW Reichsmark currency","8 Military Reichsmark currency","9 See also","10 References","11 Further reading","12 External links"]
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Former currency of Germany
"ℛℳ" redirects here. For other uses of "RM", see RM (disambiguation).
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Reichsmark
2 ℛ︁ℳ︁—coin depicting Paul von Hindenburg5 ℛ︁ℳ︁—banknote depicting an allegorical German youth
UnitPluralReichsmarkSymbolℛ︁ℳ︁DenominationsSubunit 1⁄100ReichspfennigPlural ReichspfennigReichspfennigBanknotes5 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 10 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 20 ℛ︁ℳ︁ 50 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 100 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁Coins1 ℛ︁₰, 2 ℛ︁₰, 5 ℛ︁₰, 10 ℛ︁₰, 50 ℛ︁₰, 1 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 2 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 5 ℛ︁ℳ︁DemographicsDate of introduction1924ReplacedGerman RentenmarkDate of withdrawal
June 20, 1948 (Trizone)
June 23, 1948 (Soviet occupation zone of Germany)
Replaced by
AM-Mark
Deutsche Mark (West Germany)
East German mark (East Germany)
User(s)
Weimar Republic
Nazi Germany
Allied-occupied Germany
IssuanceCentral bankReichsbankValuationPegged byBelgian franc, Bohemian and Moravian koruna, Bulgarian lev, Danish krone, French franc, Italian lira, Luxembourg franc, Dutch gulden, Norwegian krone, Polish złoty, Serbian dinar, Slovak koruna (1939-1945), Ukrainian karbovanets in World War II as similar ratesThis infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete.
The Reichsmark (German: ⓘ; sign: ℛ︁ℳ︁; abbreviation: RM) was the currency of Germany from 1924 until the fall of Nazi Germany in 1945, and in the American, British and French occupied zones of Germany, until 20 June 1948. The Reichsmark was then replaced by the Deutsche Mark, to become the currency of West Germany and then all of Germany after the 1990 reunification. The Reichsmark was used in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany until 23 June 1948, where it was replaced by the East German mark. The Reichsmark was subdivided into 100 Reichspfennig (Rpf or ℛ︁₰). The Mark is an ancient Germanic weight measure, traditionally a half pound, later used for several coins; Reich (empire in English) comes from the official name for the German state from 1871 to 1945, Deutsches Reich.
History
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Reichsmark was introduced in 1924 as a permanent replacement for the Papiermark. This was necessary due to the 1920s German inflation which had reached its peak in 1923. The exchange rate between the old Papiermark and the Reichsmark was 1 ℛ︁ℳ︁ = 1012 ℳ︁ (one trillion in American English and French, one billion in German and other European languages and British English of the time; see long and short scale). To stabilize the economy and to smooth the transition, the Papiermark was not directly replaced by the Reichsmark, but by the Rentenmark, an interim currency backed by the Deutsche Rentenbank, owning industrial and agricultural real estate assets. The Reichsmark was put on the gold standard at the rate previously used by the German mark, with the U.S. dollar worth 4.20 ℛ︁ℳ︁.
Expansion outside the Reichsmark
Main articles: Öffa bills and Mefo bills
During this period a number of shell companies were created and authorized to issue bonds outside the Reichsmark in order to finance state projects. Nominally exchangeable at a 1:1 rate for Reichsmarks but then discounted by the Reichsbank this created secret monetary expansion without formally renouncing the gold standard of the Reichsmark.
World War II
With the annexation of the Federal State of Austria by Germany in 1938, the Reichsmark replaced the Austrian schilling. During the Second World War, Germany established fixed exchange rates between the Reichsmark and the currencies of the occupied and allied countries, often set so as to give economic benefits to German soldiers and civilian contractors, who were paid their wages in local currency. The rates were as follows:
Currency
Date set
Value per 10 ℛ︁ℳ︁
Belgian franc
May 1940
Fr 100
July 1940
Fr 125
Bohemia and Moravia crown
April 1939
K 100
Bulgarian lev
1940
Lev 333.33
Danish crown
1940
DKr 10
French franc
May 1940
Fr 200
Italian lira
1943
Lit 100
Luxembourg franc
May 1940
Fr 40
July 1940
Fr 100
Dutch florin
10 May 1940
ƒ6.66
17 July 1940
ƒ7.57
Norwegian crown
1940
NKr 13.33
?
NKr 17.50
Polish zloty
1939
zl 20
Sterling (Channel Islands)
1940
£0 17s 4+1⁄2d
Croatian kuna
April 1941
Kn 200
Slovak crown
1939
Sk 100
1 October 1940
Sk 116.20
Finnish mark
1941
FMk 197.44
Post-war
After the Second World War, the Reichsmark continued to circulate in Germany, but with new banknotes (Allied Occupation Marks) printed in the US and in the Soviet Zone, as well as with coins (without swastikas). Inflation in the final months of the war had reduced the value of the Reichsmark from 2.50 ℛ︁ℳ︁ = $1US to 10 ℛ︁ℳ︁ = $1US and a barter economy had emerged due to the rapid depreciation. The Reichsmark was replaced by the Deutsche Mark at a rate of 10:1 (1:1 for cash and current accounts) in June 1948 in the Trizone and later in the same year by the East German mark in the Soviet Occupation Zone (colloquially also "Ostmark", since 1968 officially "Mark der DDR"). The 1948 currency reform under the direction of Ludwig Erhard is considered the beginning of the West German economic recovery; however, the secret plan to introduce the Deutsche Mark in the Trizone was formulated by economist Edward A. Tenenbaum of the US military government, and was executed abruptly on 21 June 1948. Three days later, the new currency also replaced the Reichsmark in the three Western sectors of Berlin. In November 1945, the Reichsmark was superseded by the Second Austrian schilling in Austria. In 1947 a local currency (the Saar mark, later replaced with the Saar franc) was introduced in the Saar.
Coins
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5 Reichsmark coins without (1936) and with (1938) the Nazi swastika
Prewar bronze Reichspfennig (obverse)
Wartime zinc Reichspfennig (obverse)
Aluminium 50 ℛ︁₰ coin (obverse)
In 1924, coins were introduced in denominations of 1 ℛ︁₰, 2 ℛ︁₰, 5 ℛ︁₰, 10 ℛ︁₰, and 50 ℛ︁₰, and 1 ℳ︁ and 3 ℳ︁. The 1 ℛ︁₰ and 2 ℛ︁₰ were struck in bronze, and depicted a wheat sheaf. The 5 ℛ︁₰, 10 ℛ︁₰, and 50 ℛ︁₰ were struck in aluminium-bronze and depicted wheat stocks crossed into a stylized pattern. The two highest denominations were struck in .500 fine silver and depicted the German eagle standard. In 1925, .500 fine silver 1 ℛ︁ℳ︁ and 2 ℛ︁ℳ︁ coins were introduced for circulation, along with the first of many commemorative 3 ℛ︁ℳ︁ and 5 ℛ︁ℳ︁ coins. In 1927, nickel 50 ℛ︁₰ coins were introduced along with regular-type 5 ℛ︁ℳ︁ coins, followed by the 3 ℛ︁ℳ︁ coin in 1931.
Nazi Germany had a number of mints. Each mint location had its own identifiable letter. It is therefore possible to identify exactly which mint produced what coin by noting the mint mark on the coin. Not all mints were authorized to produce coins every year. The mints were also only authorized to produce a set number of coins with some mints allocated a greater production than others. Some of the coins with particular mint marks are therefore scarcer than others. With the silver 2 ℛ︁ℳ︁ and 5 ℛ︁ℳ︁ coins, the mint mark is found under the date on the left side of the coin. On the smaller denomination Reichspfennig coins, the mint mark is found on the bottom center of the coin.
A = Berlin
B = Vienna
D = Munich
E = Muldenhütten
F = Stuttgart
G = Karlsruhe
J = Hamburg
Prewar bronze 1 ℛ︁₰ (reverse). Made of pure bronze
Prewar 5 ℛ︁₰ (reverse). Made of aluminium-bronze
Prewar 10 ℛ︁₰ (reverse). Struck in the same aluminium-bronze as the 5 ℛ︁₰.
Prewar 10 ℛ︁₰ (obverse)
4 ℛ︁₰ coins were issued in 1932 as part of a failed attempt by the Reichskanzler Heinrich Brüning to reduce prices through use of 4 ℛ︁₰ pieces instead of 5 ℛ︁₰ coins. Known as the Brüningtaler or Armer Heinrich ('poor Heinrich'), they were demonetized the following year. See Brüningtaler (in German). The quality of the Reichsmark coins decreased more and more towards the end of World War II and misprints happened more frequently. This led to an increase in counterfeiting of money.
Production of silver 1 ℛ︁ℳ︁ coins ended in 1927. In 1933, nickel 1 ℛ︁ℳ︁ coins were introduced, and new silver 2 ℛ︁ℳ︁ and 5 ℛ︁ℳ︁ coins were introduced which were smaller but struck in .625 and .900 fineness so as to maintain the amount of silver. Between 1933 and 1939, a number of commemorative 5 ℛ︁ℳ︁ pieces were issued. Production of the 3 ℛ︁ℳ︁ coin ceased altogether. In 1935, aluminium 50 ℛ︁₰ coins were introduced, initially for just the one year. In 1937, nickel 50 ℛ︁₰ coins were issued and continued to be produced up to 1939, before reverting to aluminum. From 1936 on, all coins except the 1 ℛ︁ℳ︁ and the first version (1935–36) of the 5 ℛ︁ℳ︁ coin (bearing the image of the late president Paul von Hindenburg) bore the Nazi state insignia. The eagle had two standard designs on most coin denominations, a soaring eagle and large swastika depicted on most earlier issues, and a more 'aggressive' eagle with less prominent swastika which became predominant in the 1940s.
During World War II, bronze and aluminium-bronze coins were replaced by zinc and aluminium, with the 2 ℛ︁₰ discontinued for potential of being too easily mistaken for the 5 ℛ︁₰ when struck in the same metal. The 1 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 2 ℛ︁ℳ︁, and 5 ℛ︁ℳ︁ coins were no longer issued, replaced instead by banknotes. Aluminium 50 ℛ︁₰ coins were reintroduced to replace the nickel versions. This time around they had a longer run, being produced from 1939 to 1944. Lower denominations were produced in zinc from 1940 onwards. Due to their composition, these coins had poor durability and are hard to find in very good condition. The last production of coins bearing the swastika was in 1944 (1 ℛ︁₰, 5 ℛ︁₰, 10 ℛ︁₰, and 50 ℛ︁₰) and 1945 (1 ℛ︁₰ and 10 ℛ︁₰ only).
Wartime zinc 1 Reichspfennig (reverse)
Wartime zinc 5 Reichspfennig (reverse)
Wartime zinc 10 Reichspfennig (reverse)
Aluminum 50 Reichspfennig coin (reverse)
After the war, the Allies issued coins in relatively small numbers between 1945 and 1948:
1945–46: 1 ℛ︁₰ and 10 ℛ︁₰
1947–48: 5 ℛ︁₰ and 10 ℛ︁₰
These coins were issued with designs very similar to those minted in 1944–45, with the eagle changed to the pre-1935 die.
10 Reichspfennig
10 Reichspfennig Nazi GermanyValue10 ReichspfennigMass3.52 gDiameter21 mmThickness1.5 mmEdgePlainComposition100% ZnYears of minting1940-1945ObverseDesignReichsadler with swastika.Lettering:Deutsches Reich 1940ReverseDesignDenomination and two oak leaves. Mintmark below the denomination and between leaves.Lettering:10 Reichspfennig J
The zinc 10 Reichspfennig coin was minted by Nazi Germany between 1940 and 1945 during World War II, replacing the aluminium-bronze version, which had a distinct golden colour. It is worth 1⁄10 or .10 of a Reichsmark. Made entirely of zinc, the 10 ℛ︁₰ is an emergency issue type, similar to the zinc 1 ℛ︁₰ and 5 ℛ︁₰, and the aluminium 50 ℛ︁₰ coins from the same period.
Mint marks
Mint mark
Mint location
Notes
A
State Mint Berlin, Germany
Capital of Germany
B
Austrian Mint Vienna, Austria
Capital of Austria
D
Bavarian Central Mint Munich, Germany
Capital of Bavaria
E
Muldenhütten Mint near Dresden, Germany
Capital of Saxony
F
State Mint Stuttgart, Germany
Capital of Württemberg
G
State Mint Karlsruhe, Germany
Capital of Baden
J
Mint of Hamburg, Germany
Mintage
Prewar 10 Reichspfennig (1938A, obverse)
Prewar 10 Reichspfennig (1938A, reverse)
1940
Year
Mintage
Notes
1940 A
212,948,000
1940 B
76,274,000
1940 D
45,434,000
1940 E
34,350,000
1940 F
27,603,000
1940 G
27,308,000
1940 J
41,678,000
1941
Year
Mintage
Notes
1941 A
240,284,000
1941 B
70,747,000
1941 D
77,560,000
1941 E
36,548,000
1941 F
42,834,000
1941 G
28,765,000
1941 J
30,525,000
1942
Year
Mintage
Notes
1942 A
184,545,000
1942 B
16,329,000
1942 D
40,852,000
1942 E
18,334,000
1942 F
32,690,000
1942 G
20,295,000
1942 J
29,957,000
1943
Year
Mintage
Notes
1943 A
157,357,000
1943 B
11,940,000
1943 D
17,304,000
1943 E
10,445,000
1943 F
24,804,000
1943 G
3,618,000
Rare
1943 J
1,821,000
Rare
1944
Year
Mintage
Notes
1944 A
84,164,000
1944 B
40,781,000
1944 D
30,369,000
1944 E
29,963,000
1944 F
19,639,000
1944 G
13,023,000
1945
Year
Mintage
Notes
1945 A
7,112,000
Rare
1945 E
4,897,000
Rare
Banknotes
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The first Reichsmark banknotes were introduced by the Reichsbank and state banks such as those of Bavaria, Saxony and Baden. The first Reichsbank issue of 1924 came in denominations of 10 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 20 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 50 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 100 ℛ︁ℳ︁, and 1,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁. This was followed by a second issue in the same denominations, dated between 1929 and 1936. The second issue commemorated persons who made contributions to German agriculture, industry, economy, science, and architecture: 10 ℛ︁ℳ︁ issued in 1929 commemorated agronomist Albrecht Thaer; 20 ℛ︁ℳ︁ issued in 1929 commemorated engineer, inventor, and industrialist Werner von Siemens; 50 ℛ︁ℳ︁ issued in 1933 commemorated Prussian politician and banker David Hansemann; 100 ℛ︁ℳ︁ issued in 1935 commemorated chemist and "father of fertilizer industry" Justus von Liebig; 1,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁ issued in 1936 commemorated Prussian architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel.
A newer version of 20 ℛ︁ℳ︁ note was introduced in 1939, using a design taken from an unissued Austrian S100 banknote type. 5 ℛ︁ℳ︁ notes were issued in 1942. Throughout this period, the Rentenbank also issued banknotes denominated in Rentenmark, mostly in RM 1 and RM 2 denominations.
In preparation for the occupation of Germany, the United States issued occupation banknotes dated 1944, printed by the Forbes Lithograph Printing Company of Boston. These were printed in similar colours with different sizes for groups of denominations. Notes were issued for 1⁄2 ℳ︁, 1 ℳ︁, 5 ℳ︁, 10 ℳ︁, 20 ℳ︁, 50 ℳ︁, 100 ℳ︁, and 1,000 ℳ︁. The issuer was the Alliierte Militärbehörde ('Allied military authorities') with In Umlauf gesetzt in Deutschland ('in legal circulation in Germany') printed on the obverse.
These notes were convertible to US dollars at a rate of 10:1. Seeing an opportunity to procure foreign hard currency, the Soviet Union demanded copies of the engraving plates, ink, and associated equipment in early 1944, and on 14 April 1944 Henry Morgenthau and Harry Dexter White of the U.S. Treasury Department authorized the air transfer of these to the USSR. Using a printing plant in occupied Leipzig, the Soviet authorities printed large runs of occupation marks to fill Soviet coffers with dollars causing inflation and financial instability. An investigation by the United States Congress (Occupation Currency Transactions Hearings before the Committee on Appropriations, Armed Services and Banking and Currency, U.S. Senate, 1947) found that about $380,000,000 "more currency than there were appropriations for" had been circulated.
In 1947 Rhineland-Palatinate issued 5₰ and 10₰ notes with Geldschein on them.
20 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1924
10 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1929
20 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1929
100 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1935
Occupation Reichsmark
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2 Reichsmark of the occupied territories
Coins and banknotes for circulation in the occupied territories during the war were issued by the Reichskreditkassen. Holed, zinc coins in 5 ℛ︁₰ and 10 ℛ︁₰ denominations were struck in 1940 and 1941. Banknotes were issued between 1939 and 1945 in denominations of 50 ℛ︁₰, 1 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 2 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 5 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 20 ℛ︁ℳ︁, and 50 ℛ︁ℳ︁. These served as legal tender alongside the currency of the occupied countries.
The coins were originally planned in great numbers of 100 million and 250 million each of the 5 ℛ︁₰ and 10 ℛ︁₰ coins respectively. The first embossing order, which was issued in April 1940, was about 40 million × 5 ℛ︁₰ and 100 million × 10 ℛ︁₰. The total amount was divided between each of the seven German mints after the embossing key of 1939. The contract was stopped in August 1940 as the Wehrmacht, which had requested the coins for Belgium and France, had no more need of it. When the embossing stopped, only Berlin ("A") and Munich ("D") produced significant quantities, but they still came to only a small extent of original production plans. The majority were melted down due to the limited supply of metal and thus, most mint marks are now quite rare (except for 1940 5 A and D, and 1940 10 A).
Currency of the occupied countries (1940 10 J)
Currency of the occupied countries (1940 5 B)
50 ℛ︁₰, 1938–1945
1 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1938–1945
2 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1938–1945
5 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1938–1945
20 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1938–1945
50 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1938–1945
Prisoner of war camp issue of Lagergeld
Concentration camp and POW Reichsmark currency
Various special issues of Reichsmark currency were issued for use in concentration and prisoner of war (POW) camps (Stalag). None were legal tender in Germany itself. From 1942 to 1943 tokens were struck for use within the Łódź Ghetto.
Military Reichsmark currency
Main article: AM-Mark
Both sides of a "5 Mark" banknote, issued as "Allied Military Currency" for use within the Allied forces in GermanySpecial issues of Reichsmark currency were issued for use by the Wehrmacht from 1942 to 1944. The first issue was denominated in 1 ℛ︁₰, 5 ℛ︁₰, 10 ℛ︁₰, and 50 ℛ︁₰ and 1 ℛ︁ℳ︁, but was valued at 1 military Reichspfennig = 10 civilian Reichspfennig. This series was printed on only one side. The second issue notes of 1 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 5 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 10 ℛ︁ℳ︁, and 50 ℛ︁ℳ︁ were equal in value to the ordinary German Reichsmark and were printed on both sides.
The 5 Mark note pictured, front and back, is Allied military currency ("AMC") printed at Forbes Lithograph Manufacturing Company in Boston for occupied Germany. There were different AMCs for each liberated area of Europe.
See also
Öffa bills 1932 German government promissory notes
MEFO Financial instrument used to finance Nazi German rearmament
AM-Mark
Pictorial list of postage stamps in Nazi Germany
Portals: Germany Money Numismatics
References
^ Reichspfennig, der (in German). Retrieved 2 August 2021. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |website= ignored (help)
^ Bastisch, Andre (2007). Arbeitsbeschaffungsmaßnahmen im Dritten Reich von 1933-1936. GRIN Verlag. ISBN 978-3-638-68655-6. OCLC 724193260.
^ Kopper, Christopher (April 1998). "Banking in National Socialist Germany, 1933–39". Financial History Review. 5 (1): 49–62. doi:10.1017/s0968565000001414. ISSN 0968-5650. S2CID 154770245.
^ "Nazi Germany Coin Mint Marks". Archived from the original on 2017-12-11. Retrieved 2013-01-16.
^ "10 Reichspfennig - Germany - 1871-1948 - Numista". Numista. Retrieved 2013-01-16.
^ "Lodz Ghetto Token Coinage". www.pcgs.com. Archived from the original on 2018-03-01. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
^ "Allied Military Currency". Strictly G.I. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991). Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1801–1991 (18th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0873411501.
Pick, Albert (1994). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: General Issues. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (7th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-207-9.
Further reading
Ahamed, Liaquat (2009). Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-59420-182-0.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Reichsmark.
Weimar coins (in English)
Third Reich coins (in English)
Weimar coins (in Russian)
Third Reich coins (in Russian)
Historical Currency Conversion Tables, Reichsmarks to Dollars, 1870s–2012
Preceded by:RentenmarkReason: hyperinflationRatio: 1 Rentenmark = 1,000,000,000,000 Papiermark, and 4.2 Rentenmark = US$1
Currency of Germany(Weimar Republic borders) 1924 – 1948Note: In parallel with Rentenmark
Succeeded by:East German MarkReason: reaction to the changeover in Trizone (later West Germany and West Berlin)Ratio: 1 Mark = 7 Rentenmark on the first 70 Rentenmark for private individuals, otherwise 1 Kuponmark = 10 Rentenmark
Succeeded by:Deutsche MarkReason: intended to protect West Germany from the second wave of hyperinflation and stop the rampant barter and black market tradeRatio: 1 Deutsche Mark = 1 Rentenmark for first 600 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1 Deutsche Mark = 10 Rentenmark thereafter, plus each person received 40 Deutsche Mark
Succeeded by:Polish złotyReason: Transfer of the "Recovered Territories" to PolandRatio: None
Succeeded by:Soviet rubleReason: Transfer of modern Kaliningrad Oblast to Soviet UnionRatio: None
Preceded by:French francReason: annexation to GermanyRatio: ?
Currency of Saarland 1935 – 1947Note: In parallel with Rentenmark
Succeeded by:Saar markReason: creation of the protectorateRatio: ?
Preceded by:Austrian schillingReason: annexation to GermanyRatio: 1 Mark = 1.5 Schilling
Currency of Austria 1938 – 1945Note: In parallel with Rentenmark
Succeeded by:Austrian schillingReason: restoration of independenceRatio: 1:1 for first 150 Schilling
Preceded by:Czechoslovak korunaReason: annexation to GermanyRatio: ?
Currency of Sudetenland 1938 – 1945Note: In parallel with Rentenmark
Succeeded by:Czechoslovak korunaReason: re-integration to CzechoslovakiaRatio: ?
Preceded by:Lithuanian litasReason: annexation to GermanyRatio: 1 Mark = 2.5 litas
Currency of Klaipėda (Memel) 1939 – 1945Note: In parallel with Rentenmark
Succeeded by:Soviet rubleReason: re-integration to Soviet UnionRatio: ?
Preceded by:Danzig guldenReason: annexation to GermanyRatio: 1 Mark = 1.43 Gulden
Currency of the Free City of Danzig 1939 – 1945Note: In parallel with Rentenmark
Succeeded by:Polish złotyReason: annexation to PolandRatio: ?
Preceded by:Polish złotyReason: annexation to GermanyRatio: 1 Mark = 2 złote
Currency of Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany 1939 – 1945
Succeeded by:Polish złotyReason: re-integration to PolandRatio: ?
Preceded by:Belgian francReason: annexation to GermanyRatio: 1 Mark = 12.5 franc
Currency of Eupen-Malmedy 1940 – 1945Note: In parallel with Rentenmark
Succeeded by:Belgian francReason: re-integration to BelgiumRatio: 1 Mark = 12.5 franc
Preceded by:Luxembourgish francReason: annexation to GermanyRatio: 1 Mark = 10 Franc
Currency of Luxembourg 1940 – 1945Note: In parallel with Rentenmark
Succeeded by:Belgian francLuxembourgish francReason: restoration of independenceRatio: ?
Preceded by:French francReason: annexation to GermanyRatio: ?
Currency of Alsace-Lorraine 1940 – 1945Note: In parallel with Rentenmark
Succeeded by:French francReason: re-integration to FranceRatio: ?
Preceded by:Yugoslav dinarReason: annexation to GermanyRatio: 1 Mark = 20 dinars
Currency of northern Slovenia 1941 – 1945Note: In parallel with Rentenmark
Succeeded by:Yugoslav dinarReason: re-integration to YugoslaviaRatio: ?
Preceded by:Italian liraReason: annexation to GermanyRatio: ?
Currency of southern Slovenia 1943 – 1945Note: In parallel with Rentenmark
Succeeded by:Yugoslav dinarReason: re-integration to YugoslaviaRatio: ?
Preceded by:Soviet rubleReason: annexation to RomaniaRatio: ?
Currency of Transnistria 1941 – 1945
Succeeded by:Soviet rubleReason: re-integration to Soviet UnionRatio: ?
vteCurrencies named mark or similarCirculating
Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark (konvertibilna marka, конвертибилна марка)
Defunct
AM-Mark
Deutsche Mark
East German mark
Estonian mark
Finnish markka
German mark
German ostmark
German Papiermark
German Reichsmark
German Rentenmark
German South West African Mark
Hamburg mark
Lodz Ghetto mark
New Guinean mark
Polish marka
Saar mark
South West African mark
As a denomination
Merk Scots
vteCurrencies of the former Yugoslavia
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Yugoslav dinar(SFR Yugoslavia 1944-1992,FR Yugoslavia 1992-1999,Serbia 1999-2003
Macedonian denar
North Macedonia
Serbia
Serbian dinar (Occupied Serbia)
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Serbia
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Montenegrin perper(Kingdom of Montenegro)
Italian lira(Occupied Montenegro)
Montenegro
Slovenia
Yugoslav krone(State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs)
German Reichsmark
Slovenian tolar
Slovenia
Croatia
Independent State of Croatia kuna
Croatian dinar
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Croatia
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Bosnia and Herzegovina dinar(Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RM (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RM_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[ˈʁaɪçsˌmaʁk]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/ba/Reichsmark.ogg/Reichsmark.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reichsmark.ogg"},{"link_name":"sign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency_sign"},{"link_name":"currency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currency"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Reich"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"American, British and French occupied zones of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizone"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Mark"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Soviet occupation zone of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"East German mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_German_mark"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_(unit)"},{"link_name":"Deutsches Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Reich"}],"text":"\"ℛℳ\" redirects here. For other uses of \"RM\", see RM (disambiguation).The Reichsmark (German: [ˈʁaɪçsˌmaʁk] ⓘ; sign: ℛ︁ℳ︁; abbreviation: RM) was the currency of Germany from 1924 until the fall of Nazi Germany in 1945, and in the American, British and French occupied zones of Germany, until 20 June 1948. The Reichsmark was then replaced by the Deutsche Mark, to become the currency of West Germany and then all of Germany after the 1990 reunification. The Reichsmark was used in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany until 23 June 1948, where it was replaced by the East German mark. The Reichsmark was subdivided into 100 Reichspfennig (Rpf[1] or ℛ︁₰). The Mark is an ancient Germanic weight measure, traditionally a half pound, later used for several coins; Reich (empire in English) comes from the official name for the German state from 1871 to 1945, Deutsches Reich.","title":"Reichsmark"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Papiermark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiermark"},{"link_name":"1920s German inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"ℳ︁","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiermark"},{"link_name":"long and short scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_and_short_scale"},{"link_name":"Rentenmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rentenmark"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Rentenbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Rentenbank"},{"link_name":"gold standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_standard"},{"link_name":"German mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_mark_(1871)"},{"link_name":"U.S. dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._dollar"}],"text":"The Reichsmark was introduced in 1924 as a permanent replacement for the Papiermark. This was necessary due to the 1920s German inflation which had reached its peak in 1923. The exchange rate between the old Papiermark and the Reichsmark was 1 ℛ︁ℳ︁ = 1012 ℳ︁ (one trillion in American English and French, one billion in German and other European languages and British English of the time; see long and short scale). To stabilize the economy and to smooth the transition, the Papiermark was not directly replaced by the Reichsmark, but by the Rentenmark, an interim currency backed by the Deutsche Rentenbank, owning industrial and agricultural real estate assets. The Reichsmark was put on the gold standard at the rate previously used by the German mark, with the U.S. dollar worth 4.20 ℛ︁ℳ︁.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shell companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_corporation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Expansion outside the Reichsmark","text":"During this period a number of shell companies were created and authorized to issue bonds outside the Reichsmark in order to finance state projects.[2] Nominally exchangeable at a 1:1 rate for Reichsmarks but then discounted by the Reichsbank this created secret monetary expansion without formally renouncing the gold standard of the Reichsmark.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"annexation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschluss"},{"link_name":"Federal State of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_State_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Austrian schilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_schilling"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"occupied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-occupied_Europe"},{"link_name":"allied countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"With the annexation of the Federal State of Austria by Germany in 1938, the Reichsmark replaced the Austrian schilling. During the Second World War, Germany established fixed exchange rates between the Reichsmark and the currencies of the occupied and allied countries, often set so as to give economic benefits to German soldiers and civilian contractors, who were paid their wages in local currency. The rates were as follows:","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Allied Occupation Marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM-Mark"},{"link_name":"Soviet Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone"},{"link_name":"swastikas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastikas"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Mark"},{"link_name":"Trizone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizone"},{"link_name":"East German mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_German_mark"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Erhard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard"},{"link_name":"West German economic recovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirtschaftswunder"},{"link_name":"Edward A. Tenenbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_A._Tenenbaum"},{"link_name":"US military government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Military_Government,_United_States"},{"link_name":"three Western sectors of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Berlin"},{"link_name":"schilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_schilling"},{"link_name":"Saar mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saar_mark"},{"link_name":"Saar franc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saar_franc"},{"link_name":"Saar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saar_(protectorate)"}],"sub_title":"Post-war","text":"After the Second World War, the Reichsmark continued to circulate in Germany, but with new banknotes (Allied Occupation Marks) printed in the US and in the Soviet Zone, as well as with coins (without swastikas). Inflation in the final months of the war had reduced the value of the Reichsmark from 2.50 ℛ︁ℳ︁ = $1US to 10 ℛ︁ℳ︁ = $1US and a barter economy had emerged due to the rapid depreciation. The Reichsmark was replaced by the Deutsche Mark at a rate of 10:1 (1:1 for cash and current accounts) in June 1948 in the Trizone and later in the same year by the East German mark in the Soviet Occupation Zone (colloquially also \"Ostmark\", since 1968 officially \"Mark der DDR\"). The 1948 currency reform under the direction of Ludwig Erhard is considered the beginning of the West German economic recovery; however, the secret plan to introduce the Deutsche Mark in the Trizone was formulated by economist Edward A. Tenenbaum of the US military government, and was executed abruptly on 21 June 1948. Three days later, the new currency also replaced the Reichsmark in the three Western sectors of Berlin. In November 1945, the Reichsmark was superseded by the Second Austrian schilling in Austria. In 1947 a local currency (the Saar mark, later replaced with the Saar franc) was introduced in the Saar.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Reichsmark.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rpfront.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rp1943front.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:50rp1939efront.jpg"},{"link_name":"1 ℛ︁₰","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Reichspfennig_(World_War_II_German_coin)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rpback.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1939a5rprev.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10rpgoldrev.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10rpgoldobv.jpg"},{"link_name":"Reichskanzler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskanzler"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Brüning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning"},{"link_name":"Brüningtaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BCningtaler"},{"link_name":"counterfeiting of money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfeiting_of_money"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichspr%C3%A4sident"},{"link_name":"Paul von Hindenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi"},{"link_name":"50 ℛ︁₰","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_Reichspfennig_(World_War_II_German_coin)"},{"link_name":"5 ℛ︁₰","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_Reichspfennig_(World_War_II_German_coin)"},{"link_name":"10 ℛ︁₰","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_Reichspfennig_(World_War_II_German_coin)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rp1943back.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5rp1941aback.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10rpzincrev.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:50rp1939eback.jpg"}],"text":"5 Reichsmark coins without (1936) and with (1938) the Nazi swastikaPrewar bronze Reichspfennig (obverse)Wartime zinc Reichspfennig (obverse)Aluminium 50 ℛ︁₰ coin (obverse)In 1924, coins were introduced in denominations of 1 ℛ︁₰, 2 ℛ︁₰, 5 ℛ︁₰, 10 ℛ︁₰, and 50 ℛ︁₰, and 1 ℳ︁ and 3 ℳ︁. The 1 ℛ︁₰ and 2 ℛ︁₰ were struck in bronze, and depicted a wheat sheaf. The 5 ℛ︁₰, 10 ℛ︁₰, and 50 ℛ︁₰ were struck in aluminium-bronze and depicted wheat stocks crossed into a stylized pattern. The two highest denominations were struck in .500 fine silver and depicted the German eagle standard. In 1925, .500 fine silver 1 ℛ︁ℳ︁ and 2 ℛ︁ℳ︁ coins were introduced for circulation, along with the first of many commemorative 3 ℛ︁ℳ︁ and 5 ℛ︁ℳ︁ coins. In 1927, nickel 50 ℛ︁₰ coins were introduced along with regular-type 5 ℛ︁ℳ︁ coins, followed by the 3 ℛ︁ℳ︁ coin in 1931.Nazi Germany had a number of mints. Each mint location had its own identifiable letter. It is therefore possible to identify exactly which mint produced what coin by noting the mint mark on the coin. Not all mints were authorized to produce coins every year. The mints were also only authorized to produce a set number of coins with some mints allocated a greater production than others. Some of the coins with particular mint marks are therefore scarcer than others. With the silver 2 ℛ︁ℳ︁ and 5 ℛ︁ℳ︁ coins, the mint mark is found under the date on the left side of the coin. On the smaller denomination Reichspfennig coins, the mint mark is found on the bottom center of the coin.A = Berlin\nB = Vienna\nD = Munich\nE = Muldenhütten\nF = Stuttgart\nG = Karlsruhe\nJ = HamburgPrewar bronze 1 ℛ︁₰ (reverse). Made of pure bronze\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPrewar 5 ℛ︁₰ (reverse). Made of aluminium-bronze\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPrewar 10 ℛ︁₰ (reverse). Struck in the same aluminium-bronze as the 5 ℛ︁₰.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPrewar 10 ℛ︁₰ (obverse)4 ℛ︁₰ coins were issued in 1932 as part of a failed attempt by the Reichskanzler Heinrich Brüning to reduce prices through use of 4 ℛ︁₰ pieces instead of 5 ℛ︁₰ coins. Known as the Brüningtaler or Armer Heinrich ('poor Heinrich'), they were demonetized the following year. See Brüningtaler (in German). The quality of the Reichsmark coins decreased more and more towards the end of World War II and misprints happened more frequently. This led to an increase in counterfeiting of money.Production of silver 1 ℛ︁ℳ︁ coins ended in 1927. In 1933, nickel 1 ℛ︁ℳ︁ coins were introduced, and new silver 2 ℛ︁ℳ︁ and 5 ℛ︁ℳ︁ coins were introduced which were smaller but struck in .625 and .900 fineness so as to maintain the amount of silver. Between 1933 and 1939, a number of commemorative 5 ℛ︁ℳ︁ pieces were issued. Production of the 3 ℛ︁ℳ︁ coin ceased altogether. In 1935, aluminium 50 ℛ︁₰ coins were introduced, initially for just the one year. In 1937, nickel 50 ℛ︁₰ coins were issued and continued to be produced up to 1939, before reverting to aluminum. From 1936 on, all coins except the 1 ℛ︁ℳ︁ and the first version (1935–36) of the 5 ℛ︁ℳ︁ coin (bearing the image of the late president Paul von Hindenburg) bore the Nazi state insignia. The eagle had two standard designs on most coin denominations, a soaring eagle and large swastika depicted on most earlier issues, and a more 'aggressive' eagle with less prominent swastika which became predominant in the 1940s.During World War II, bronze and aluminium-bronze coins were replaced by zinc and aluminium, with the 2 ℛ︁₰ discontinued for potential of being too easily mistaken for the 5 ℛ︁₰ when struck in the same metal. The 1 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 2 ℛ︁ℳ︁, and 5 ℛ︁ℳ︁ coins were no longer issued, replaced instead by banknotes. Aluminium 50 ℛ︁₰ coins were reintroduced to replace the nickel versions. This time around they had a longer run, being produced from 1939 to 1944. Lower denominations were produced in zinc from 1940 onwards. Due to their composition, these coins had poor durability and are hard to find in very good condition. The last production of coins bearing the swastika was in 1944 (1 ℛ︁₰, 5 ℛ︁₰, 10 ℛ︁₰, and 50 ℛ︁₰) and 1945 (1 ℛ︁₰ and 10 ℛ︁₰ only).Wartime zinc 1 Reichspfennig (reverse)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWartime zinc 5 Reichspfennig (reverse)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWartime zinc 10 Reichspfennig (reverse)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAluminum 50 Reichspfennig coin (reverse)After the war, the Allies issued coins in relatively small numbers between 1945 and 1948:1945–46: 1 ℛ︁₰ and 10 ℛ︁₰\n1947–48: 5 ℛ︁₰ and 10 ℛ︁₰These coins were issued with designs very similar to those minted in 1944–45, with the eagle changed to the pre-1935 die.","title":"Coins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"zinc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc"},{"link_name":"5 ℛ︁₰","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_Reichspfennig_(World_War_II_German_coin)"},{"link_name":"aluminium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium"},{"link_name":"50 ℛ︁₰","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_Reichspfennig_(World_War_II_German_coin)"}],"sub_title":"10 Reichspfennig","text":"The zinc 10 Reichspfennig coin was minted by Nazi Germany between 1940 and 1945 during World War II, replacing the aluminium-bronze version, which had a distinct golden colour. It is worth 1⁄10 or .10 of a Reichsmark. Made entirely of zinc, the 10 ℛ︁₰ is an emergency issue type, similar to the zinc 1 ℛ︁₰ and 5 ℛ︁₰, and the aluminium 50 ℛ︁₰ coins from the same period.","title":"Coins"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mint marks"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10rpgoldobv.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10rpgoldrev.jpg"}],"text":"Prewar 10 Reichspfennig (1938A, obverse)Prewar 10 Reichspfennig (1938A, reverse)","title":"Mintage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reichsbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsbank"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony"},{"link_name":"Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden"},{"link_name":"Albrecht Thaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_Thaer"},{"link_name":"Werner von Siemens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_von_Siemens"},{"link_name":"Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian"},{"link_name":"David Hansemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hansemann"},{"link_name":"Justus von Liebig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig"},{"link_name":"Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian"},{"link_name":"Karl Friedrich Schinkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Friedrich_Schinkel"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_schilling"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Henry Morgenthau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr."},{"link_name":"Harry Dexter White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Dexter_White"},{"link_name":"U.S. Treasury Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Treasury_Department"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"},{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senate"},{"link_name":"Rhineland-Palatinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20_Reichsmark_1924_Deutsche_Reichsbank.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:10_Reichsmark,_Berlin_22._Januar_1929.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20_Reichsmark,_Berlin_22._Januar_1929.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:100_Reichsmark_note_Issued_24_June_1935.jpg"}],"text":"The first Reichsmark banknotes were introduced by the Reichsbank and state banks such as those of Bavaria, Saxony and Baden. The first Reichsbank issue of 1924 came in denominations of 10 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 20 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 50 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 100 ℛ︁ℳ︁, and 1,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁. This was followed by a second issue in the same denominations, dated between 1929 and 1936. The second issue commemorated persons who made contributions to German agriculture, industry, economy, science, and architecture: 10 ℛ︁ℳ︁ issued in 1929 commemorated agronomist Albrecht Thaer; 20 ℛ︁ℳ︁ issued in 1929 commemorated engineer, inventor, and industrialist Werner von Siemens; 50 ℛ︁ℳ︁ issued in 1933 commemorated Prussian politician and banker David Hansemann; 100 ℛ︁ℳ︁ issued in 1935 commemorated chemist and \"father of fertilizer industry\" Justus von Liebig; 1,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁ issued in 1936 commemorated Prussian architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel.A newer version of 20 ℛ︁ℳ︁ note was introduced in 1939, using a design taken from an unissued Austrian S100 banknote type. 5 ℛ︁ℳ︁ notes were issued in 1942. Throughout this period, the Rentenbank also issued banknotes denominated in Rentenmark, mostly in RM 1 and RM 2 denominations.In preparation for the occupation of Germany, the United States issued occupation banknotes dated 1944, printed by the Forbes Lithograph Printing Company of Boston. These were printed in similar colours with different sizes for groups of denominations. Notes were issued for 1⁄2 ℳ︁, 1 ℳ︁, 5 ℳ︁, 10 ℳ︁, 20 ℳ︁, 50 ℳ︁, 100 ℳ︁, and 1,000 ℳ︁. The issuer was the Alliierte Militärbehörde ('Allied military authorities') with In Umlauf gesetzt in Deutschland ('in legal circulation in Germany') printed on the obverse.These notes were convertible to US dollars at a rate of 10:1. Seeing an opportunity to procure foreign hard currency, the Soviet Union demanded copies of the engraving plates, ink, and associated equipment in early 1944, and on 14 April 1944 Henry Morgenthau and Harry Dexter White of the U.S. Treasury Department authorized the air transfer of these to the USSR. Using a printing plant in occupied Leipzig, the Soviet authorities printed large runs of occupation marks to fill Soviet coffers with dollars causing inflation and financial instability. An investigation by the United States Congress (Occupation Currency Transactions Hearings before the Committee on Appropriations, Armed Services and Banking and Currency, U.S. Senate, 1947) found that about $380,000,000 \"more currency than there were appropriations for\" had been circulated.In 1947 Rhineland-Palatinate issued 5₰ and 10₰ notes with Geldschein on them.20 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1924\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t10 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1929\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t20 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1929\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t100 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1935","title":"Banknotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2Reichsmark.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nazi_Coins_10_Reichskreditkassen-638x326.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5_Reichskreditkassen_1940_B.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:50_Reichspfennig_1938-1945.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1_Reichsmark_1938-1945.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2_Reichsmark_1938-1945.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5_Reichsmark_1938-1945.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20_Reichsmark_1938-1945.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:50_Reichsmark_1938-1945.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KF-Lagergeld-10Reichspfennig.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lagergeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagergeld&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagergeld"}],"text":"2 Reichsmark of the occupied territoriesCoins and banknotes for circulation in the occupied territories during the war were issued by the Reichskreditkassen. Holed, zinc coins in 5 ℛ︁₰ and 10 ℛ︁₰ denominations were struck in 1940 and 1941. Banknotes were issued between 1939 and 1945 in denominations of 50 ℛ︁₰, 1 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 2 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 5 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 20 ℛ︁ℳ︁, and 50 ℛ︁ℳ︁. These served as legal tender alongside the currency of the occupied countries.The coins were originally planned in great numbers of 100 million and 250 million each of the 5 ℛ︁₰ and 10 ℛ︁₰ coins respectively. The first embossing order, which was issued in April 1940, was about 40 million × 5 ℛ︁₰ and 100 million × 10 ℛ︁₰. The total amount was divided between each of the seven German mints after the embossing key of 1939. The contract was stopped in August 1940 as the Wehrmacht, which had requested the coins for Belgium and France, had no more need of it. When the embossing stopped, only Berlin (\"A\") and Munich (\"D\") produced significant quantities, but they still came to only a small extent of original production plans. The majority were melted down due to the limited supply of metal and thus, most mint marks are now quite rare (except for 1940 5 A and D, and 1940 10 A).Currency of the occupied countries (1940 10 J)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCurrency of the occupied countries (1940 5 B)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t50 ℛ︁₰, 1938–1945\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t1 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1938–1945\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t2 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1938–1945\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t5 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1938–1945\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t20 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1938–1945\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t50 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 1938–1945Prisoner of war camp issue of Lagergeld [de]","title":"Occupation Reichsmark"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"concentration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps"},{"link_name":"prisoner of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp"},{"link_name":"Stalag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalag"},{"link_name":"Łódź Ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Various special issues of Reichsmark currency were issued for use in concentration and prisoner of war (POW) camps (Stalag). None were legal tender in Germany itself. From 1942 to 1943 tokens were struck for use within the Łódź Ghetto.[6][citation needed]","title":"Concentration camp and POW Reichsmark currency"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1944_German_Military_Mark.JPG"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Both sides of a \"5 Mark\" banknote, issued as \"Allied Military Currency\" for use within the Allied forces in GermanySpecial issues of Reichsmark currency were issued for use by the Wehrmacht from 1942 to 1944. The first issue was denominated in 1 ℛ︁₰, 5 ℛ︁₰, 10 ℛ︁₰, and 50 ℛ︁₰ and 1 ℛ︁ℳ︁, but was valued at 1 military Reichspfennig = 10 civilian Reichspfennig. This series was printed on only one side. The second issue notes of 1 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 5 ℛ︁ℳ︁, 10 ℛ︁ℳ︁, and 50 ℛ︁ℳ︁ were equal in value to the ordinary German Reichsmark and were printed on both sides.The 5 Mark note pictured, front and back, is Allied military currency (\"AMC\") printed at Forbes Lithograph Manufacturing Company in Boston for occupied Germany. There were different AMCs for each liberated area of Europe.[7]","title":"Military Reichsmark currency"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ahamed, Liaquat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaquat_Ahamed"},{"link_name":"Penguin Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59420-182-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-182-0"}],"text":"Ahamed, Liaquat (2009). Lords of Finance: The Bankers Who Broke the World. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-59420-182-0.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"5 Reichsmark coins without (1936) and with (1938) the Nazi swastika","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Reichsmark.jpg/200px-Reichsmark.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prewar bronze Reichspfennig (obverse)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/1rpfront.jpg/200px-1rpfront.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wartime zinc Reichspfennig (obverse)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/1rp1943front.jpg/200px-1rp1943front.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aluminium 50 ℛ︁₰ coin (obverse)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/50rp1939efront.jpg/200px-50rp1939efront.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prewar 10 Reichspfennig (1938A, obverse)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/10rpgoldobv.jpg/220px-10rpgoldobv.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prewar 10 Reichspfennig (1938A, reverse)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/10rpgoldrev.jpg/220px-10rpgoldrev.jpg"},{"image_text":"2 Reichsmark of the occupied territories","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/2Reichsmark.jpg/220px-2Reichsmark.jpg"},{"image_text":"Prisoner of war camp issue of Lagergeld [de]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/KF-Lagergeld-10Reichspfennig.jpg/220px-KF-Lagergeld-10Reichspfennig.jpg"},{"image_text":"Both sides of a \"5 Mark\" banknote, issued as \"Allied Military Currency\" for use within the Allied forces in Germany","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/1944_German_Military_Mark.JPG/170px-1944_German_Military_Mark.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"Öffa bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oeffa_bills"},{"title":"MEFO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mefo_bills"},{"title":"AM-Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AM-Mark"},{"title":"Pictorial list of postage stamps in Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictorial_list_of_postage_stamps_in_Nazi_Germany"},{"title":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"title":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Germany"},{"title":"Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Money"},{"title":"Numismatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Numismatics"}]
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[{"reference":"Reichspfennig, der [Digital German Dictionary] (in German). Retrieved 2 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dwds.de/wb/Reichspfennig","url_text":"Reichspfennig, der"}]},{"reference":"Bastisch, Andre (2007). Arbeitsbeschaffungsmaßnahmen im Dritten Reich von 1933-1936. GRIN Verlag. ISBN 978-3-638-68655-6. OCLC 724193260.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/724193260","url_text":"Arbeitsbeschaffungsmaßnahmen im Dritten Reich von 1933-1936"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-638-68655-6","url_text":"978-3-638-68655-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/724193260","url_text":"724193260"}]},{"reference":"Kopper, Christopher (April 1998). \"Banking in National Socialist Germany, 1933–39\". Financial History Review. 5 (1): 49–62. doi:10.1017/s0968565000001414. ISSN 0968-5650. S2CID 154770245.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565000001414","url_text":"\"Banking in National Socialist Germany, 1933–39\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0968565000001414","url_text":"10.1017/s0968565000001414"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0968-5650","url_text":"0968-5650"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154770245","url_text":"154770245"}]},{"reference":"\"Nazi Germany Coin Mint Marks\". Archived from the original on 2017-12-11. Retrieved 2013-01-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171211010243/http://www.nazicoins.net/nazi-germany-coin-mint-marks/","url_text":"\"Nazi Germany Coin Mint Marks\""},{"url":"http://www.nazicoins.net/nazi-germany-coin-mint-marks/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"10 Reichspfennig - Germany - 1871-1948 - Numista\". Numista. Retrieved 2013-01-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces1929.html","url_text":"\"10 Reichspfennig - Germany - 1871-1948 - Numista\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lodz Ghetto Token Coinage\". www.pcgs.com. Archived from the original on 2018-03-01. Retrieved 2018-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180301225409/https://www.pcgs.com/news/lodz-ghetto-token-coinage/","url_text":"\"Lodz Ghetto Token Coinage\""},{"url":"https://www.pcgs.com/news/lodz-ghetto-token-coinage/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Allied Military Currency\". Strictly G.I. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 18 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090106183526/http://strictly-gi.com/currency.html","url_text":"\"Allied Military Currency\""},{"url":"http://www.strictly-gi.com/currency.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991). Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1801–1991 (18th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0873411501.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Catalog_of_World_Coins","url_text":"Standard Catalog of World Coins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0873411501","url_text":"0873411501"}]},{"reference":"Pick, Albert (1994). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: General Issues. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (7th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-207-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Catalog_of_World_Paper_Money","url_text":"Standard Catalog of World Paper Money"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87341-207-9","url_text":"0-87341-207-9"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.dwds.de/wb/Reichspfennig","external_links_name":"Reichspfennig, der"},{"Link":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/724193260","external_links_name":"Arbeitsbeschaffungsmaßnahmen im Dritten Reich von 1933-1936"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/724193260","external_links_name":"724193260"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565000001414","external_links_name":"\"Banking in National Socialist Germany, 1933–39\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0968565000001414","external_links_name":"10.1017/s0968565000001414"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0968-5650","external_links_name":"0968-5650"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154770245","external_links_name":"154770245"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171211010243/http://www.nazicoins.net/nazi-germany-coin-mint-marks/","external_links_name":"\"Nazi Germany Coin Mint Marks\""},{"Link":"http://www.nazicoins.net/nazi-germany-coin-mint-marks/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces1929.html","external_links_name":"\"10 Reichspfennig - Germany - 1871-1948 - Numista\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180301225409/https://www.pcgs.com/news/lodz-ghetto-token-coinage/","external_links_name":"\"Lodz Ghetto Token Coinage\""},{"Link":"https://www.pcgs.com/news/lodz-ghetto-token-coinage/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090106183526/http://strictly-gi.com/currency.html","external_links_name":"\"Allied Military Currency\""},{"Link":"http://www.strictly-gi.com/currency.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://worldcoinsinfo.com/world/germany-weimar-coins.html","external_links_name":"Weimar coins"},{"Link":"https://worldcoinsinfo.com/world/germany-third-riech-coins.html","external_links_name":"Third Reich coins"},{"Link":"https://ccoins.ru/pages/germanija-vejmar-monety.html","external_links_name":"Weimar coins"},{"Link":"https://ccoins.ru/pages/germanskij-tretij-rejh-monety.html","external_links_name":"Third Reich coins"},{"Link":"http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/projects/currency.htm#tables","external_links_name":"Historical Currency Conversion Tables, Reichsmarks to Dollars, 1870s–2012"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4171394-1","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Thompson_(DMS-38)
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USS Thompson (DD-627)
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["1 World War II","1.1 Invasion of Normandy, April–July 1944","2 Post World War II","3 Korean War","4 Post Korean War","5 Awards","6 References","7 External links"]
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Gleaves-class destroyer
For other ships with the same name, see USS Thompson.
Thompson in May 1944
History
NameThompson
NamesakeRobert Means Thompson
BuilderSeattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation
Laid down22 September 1941
Launched15 July 1942
Commissioned10 July 1943
ReclassifiedDMS-38, 30 May 1945
Decommissioned18 May 1954
Stricken1 July 1971
FateSold for scrap, 7 August 1972
General characteristics
Class and typeGleaves-class destroyer
Displacement1,630 tons
Length348 ft 3 in (106.15 m)
Beam 36 ft 1 in (11.00 m)
Draft 11 ft 10 in (3.61 m)
Propulsion
50,000 shp (37 MW);
4 boilers;
2 propellers
Speed37.4 knots (69 km/h)
Range
6,500 nautical miles at 12 kt
(12,000 km at 22 km/h)
Complement16 officers, 260 enlisted
Armament
4 × 5 in (127 mm)/38 caliber DP guns
4 × 40 mm (2×2) and 7 × 20 mm (5×1) AA guns,
5× 21 in (53 cm) torpedo tubes (1x5; 5 Mark 15 torpedoes)
6 × depth charge projectors,
2 × depth charge tracks
USS Thompson (DD-627) (later DMS-38) was first a Gleaves-class destroyer, then became an Ellyson-class destroyer minesweeper. She was the second Navy ship named "Thompson", and the first named in honor of Robert M. Thompson.
World War II
The keel of the second Thompson was laid down on 22 September 1941, at Seattle, Washington, by the Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation. She was launched on 15 July 1942, sponsored by Miss Sara Thompson Ross, and commissioned on 10 July 1943.
Following operations along the west coast, Thompson departed San Diego, on 19 August, bound for the east coast. She arrived at Norfolk, Virginia on 1 September, prior to departing the next day for the coast of Maine and arriving at Casco Bay on 3 September. The destroyer then headed south to the Boston Navy Yard where she underwent repairs. She next engaged in exercises off the Massachusetts coast before returning to Casco Bay on 23 September for training.
On 5 October, she escorted Arkansas into New York and joined the screen for Texas for nine days of exercises in shore bombardment and other drills before joining convoy UGS-21 which sailed from Norfolk, bound for North Africa. Thompson served as an escort, keeping ships in the channel as they plodded out to sea and prodding them to close up and keep in formation, while her echo-ranging gear was alert for prowling submarines off Chesapeake Bay. One day out, 16 October, (UGS.21 sailed from Hampton Roads on 5 November, and therefore I believe this to be 6 November) the wind and sea rose, presaging a heavy storm which served to scatter parts of the convoy and cause Thompson to note in her log numerous times, "telling stragglers to close up." After the transatlantic voyage, Thompson was released from escort duty on 31 October, to proceed to Casablanca, French Morocco.
One week later, the destroyer, attached to DesDiv 36, was homeward-bound with Convoy GUS-20. On 24 November, Thompson entered New York harbor with the convoy and then proceeded independently to the New York Navy Yard for voyage repairs. She sailed for Casco Bay on 5 December, and conducted refresher training en route.
On 7 December, Thompson and Baldwin screened New Jersey as the battleship conducted high-speed runs and turning trials. Later that day, the three ships engaged in night illumination and spotting practice before carrying out the same program on 8 December.
After returning to Casco Bay, Thompson again put to sea, bound for Norfolk. During the night of 10 December, the winds increased to 70 knots (130 km/h) with high seas and a low barometer. By 07:35, it became necessary to rig in her already battered whaleboats and reduce speed to 12 knots (22 km/h).
Thompson put into Norfolk on 12 December. Two days later she joined Convoy UGS-27, bound for North Africa. On 27 December, she made a depth charge run on what her log termed "a questionable target".
Entering Casablanca harbor on 3 January 1944, Thompson and her fellow escorts were soon assigned to Convoy GUS-27, bound for Norfolk, where they arrived on 24 January. After alternating between New York, Boston, and Casco Bay, she departed Norfolk on 18 March, bound for Trinidad.
Invasion of Normandy, April–July 1944
Returning to Norfolk six days later, Thompson operated along the east coast until mid-April when she joined the build-up of forces for the invasion of western Europe. On 18 April, she rendezvoused with Baldwin, Arkansas, Tuscaloosa,
Nevada, and the rest of Destroyer Squadron 18 (DesRon18) – to which Thompson was attached – and sailed for England. This force arrived at Plymouth, England, on 28 April, and prepared for duties during the forthcoming invasion.
Thompson refueling from USS Arkansas, in April 1944.
On 4 May 1944, Thompson participated in landing exercise "Fabius", one of the many preliminaries to the landing on Normandy. On 9 May, she conducted shore bombardment practice at Slapton Sands, England; on 13 May, she fired antiaircraft practice off Ailsa Craig, Scotland, and, on 16 May, she engaged in division tactics and further bombardment exercises off the Irish coast.
On 15 April, she anchored at Belfast Lough, Northern Ireland. The following day, 16 April, Nevada, Texas, and Destroyer Division 36 (DesDiv 36) departed for exercises off the Irish coast before returning to Belfast Lough. Three days later, on 19 April, General Dwight D. Eisenhower inspected the ship. Underway on 20 April, she conducted anti-E-boat exercises through 22 April. In these operations, she fired star shells and practiced illumination tactics for dealing with the foreseen danger of Schnellbooten. After more shore bombardment practice, in which her five-inch and Bofors gunners exercised at their battle stations and sharpened up their gunnery, she put out of Belfast Lough for Plymouth and thence proceeded to the Isle of Portland, where she arrived on 27 April.
The next day, German Heinkel He 111s bombed and mined the harbor, causing no small amount of work for harried minesweeper crews. But, with this danger soon swept away, the Allied forces could resume the nearly complete preparations for the upcoming Normandy invasion.
On 5 June, she joined Task Group 124.7 (TG124.7), Convoy O-1, bound for Omaha Beach. She and her charges arrived off the Normandy beaches after an uneventful, but storm-tossed, evening. Thompson then received her fire support orders to take station off Pointe de la Percée as a unit of TG124.9. En route, she stood to action stations, her guns trained out and ready for any eventuality as the drama of history's greatest landing operation unfolded around her.
She arrived off Pointe du Hoc as Army rangers were struggling to gain a foothold on the rocky promontory. Thompson's spotters could not see much at that moment, as Army aerial bombardments had obscured the area with smoke and dust. But when the haze cleared away, the destroyer's main battery opened fire with a vengeance, tongues of flame flashing from her gun muzzles as her salvos screamed shoreward. One by one, her targets of opportunity disappeared as her salvos struck "on target." She then lay-to awaiting remaining enemy guns to reveal themselves with tell-tale flashes.
Later in the day, she cruised closer inshore and located three giant German Würzburg radar antennas. Once again, her spotting was deadly accurate, and one of the radar "dishes" toppled over, shattered by Thompson's shells. Soon after, the wreckage of the two other antennas joined the first one in the dust.
Thompson's smaller guns also got into the fray. Her 40 mm batteries shredded concealments of shore batteries and sniper nests, working in close conjunction with shore spotting teams who ferreted out the hidden enemy. Among her other targets was a fortified house. Solidly constructed, it had withstood numerous coastal storms. But on 6 June 1944, its solid Norman masonry could not hold up to a few rounds of five-inch (127 mm) high explosives; and down it tumbled, into a pile of rubble.
The following day, 7 June, Thompson's gunners were at it again – this time, in support of the Rangers at Point du Hoc. Once more, her 40 mm and five-inch (127 mm) batteries shot the enemy out of his sniper nests and gun positions before setting course for Portland, to anchor in Weymouth Bay to replenish her depleted fuel and ammunition stocks.
On 8 June, Thompson and her companion Satterlee (DD-626) steamed back to Omaha beach. On the evening of 9 June, the Germans struck back in a stealthy E-boat attack. Thompson, screening as part of the Allied naval craft gathered there, joined in commencing fire on the intruders who were successfully driven off, retiring to the northward at high speed. On 10 June, her 20 mm and 40 mm gunners splashed a low-flying German "snooper" airplane.
At 01:00 on 11 June, another E-boat attack developed from the northward. Here, as before, the long hours spent in night illumination and spotting practice exercises paid off handsome dividends. Thompson fired star shells, which revealed the shadowy E-boats. British steam gun boats Grey Wolf (SGB-8) and Grey Goose (SGB-9) then darted in to ward off the intruders under the watchful eye of the destroyermen.
On 12 June, Thompson embarked a party (which included Admiral Ernest J. King and Generals Dwight D. Eisenhower, George C. Marshall, and Henry H. Arnold) and transported them across the channel to the invasion beaches at Omaha and then returned to Plymouth with Admiral King and his party embarked. A motor launch with the officers mentioned above was launched to bring them in. An unknown ship was ahead of the motor launch and struck a mine.
Thompson continued to operate off Normandy beaches throughout the remainder of June 1944, steaming often between the Baie de la Seine, and Plymouth, England. On one occasion, she served as the flagship of Rear Admiral Alan G. Kirk, Naval Commander, Western Task Forces, for a quick visit to Cherbourg; on another, she once more served as a transport for General Eisenhower.
On 24 July 1944, Thompson steamed for North Africa, transiting the Straits of Gibraltar and arriving at Bizerte four days later. Underway in company with the rest of Destroyer Division 36 (DesDiv36) on the 29th, she left Bizerte bound for Oran, Algeria, arriving on 30 July. Thompson reached Naples on 6 August and joined the Allied expeditionary forces amassing for Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France. Underway with Convoy SF-1, bound for the assault area, Thompson served in the screen and patrolled offshore throughout the operation from 15 to 21 August.
After a brief tender availability from 28 August to 1 September, she returned to the southern France beachheads to continue patrols through 18 September before steaming to Mers-El-Kebir, Morocco, where she arrived four days later, on 22 September. On 23 September she departed Mers-El-Kebir and headed for the United States. Arriving at Bermuda on 1 October, she commenced Navy Yard availability on 3 October, which lasted through 27 October of that month. For the remainder of 1944, Thompson operated off the east coast of the United States.
On 3 January 1945, the destroyer joined Convoy UGS-86, bound for North African ports. Entering Mers-El-Kebir on 20 January, she remained in North African waters until 1 February, when she joined the screen of Convoy GUS-68, en route to the United States. Arriving off New York on 13 February, the New York section of the convoy was detached. Thompson continued on with the Boston section, where she commenced a 10-day availability at the Boston Navy Yard on 15 February.
Following these repairs, she steamed to Norfolk, Virginia, conducting gunnery exercises en route. On 1 March, she sortied with Convoy UGF-21, bound for North Africa, and arrived in North African waters on 12 March. The following month, after returning to the United States, she again escorted a North African convoy, this time UGS-85, commencing on 7 April.
On 30 May, Thompson was reclassified as a fast minesweeper and given hull classification symbol DMS-38. She spent the month of June undergoing conversion for her new mission, commencing on 5 June. She completed her yard work on 29 June. During a post-conversion period, she conducted her first minesweeping exercises, with magnetic sweep equipment, in Chesapeake Bay. She also calibrated her radar, conducted antiaircraft exercises, and practiced laying mines. On 1 August, she departed the Virginia Capes and steamed toward the Panama Canal Zone, where she arrived on 7 August. While underway on 14 August, she received the news Japan had surrendered. On 18 August, she arrived at San Diego.
Post World War II
During September, Thompson moved westward, stopping at Pearl Harbor on 8 September and Eniwetok on 21 September. Arriving at Buckner Bay on 28 September, she put in just in time to take on fuel and head out to sea as a typhoon swirled north. Shortly after the ship returned to Buckner Bay, yet another typhoon warning scrambled the Fleet and set it seaward into the East China Sea once more. On 9 October, the center of Typhoon Louise smashed through Okinawa, but Thompson was well-clear and suffered no damage. She and her sister-ships in Mine Division 61 (MineDiv 61), formed a scouting line four miles (6 km) apart on 10 October, keeping careful lookout while returning to Buckner Bay, searching for life rafts, derelicts, or men in the water.
On 16 October, Thompson, in company with MineDiv61, headed to sea from Buckner Bay to commence sweeping operations in area "Rickshaw" in the Yellow Sea. En route the following day, Thompson sighted several floating mines and destroyed them by gunfire.
On 19 October, the force arrived at "Rickshaw," joined by PGM-29, PGM-30, and PGM-31. Thompson began her initial actual minesweeping at the northeast end of known mine lanes. The following day, Thompson swept her first mine – the first one swept by the task group. By 17 November, "Rickshaw" had been swept clean of Japanese mines, with Thompson scoring high with 64 mines located and destroyed.
After a short tender availability at Sasebo, Japan, the base of operations for MineDiv 61, Thompson steamed to Nagoya, Japan, to become flagship of the task group sweeping nearby waters. Completing this operation by mid-December, the minesweeper steamed back via Wakayama to Sasebo. During the last week in 1945, she assisted in the unsuccessful search for survivors of Minivet (AM-371), sunk by a mine explosion off Tsushima, northwest of Kyūshū, Japan.
The ship spent January and February 1946 in Japanese home waters, and then steamed for Bikini Atoll to assist in sweeping operations to prepare the area for Operation Crossroads tests of atomic bombs to be conducted there in July. Before the tests took place, Thompson headed back to the United States. She remained at San Francisco, through July and then spent two months in overhaul at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard, Vallejo, California. From Mare Island, she returned to San Francisco to operate out of that port until late in the year. After six months of operation at San Francisco, she sailed for China on 10 February 1947, and proceeded via Pearl Harbor, Guam, and Kwajalein to Tsingtao.
Following six months duty with American occupation forces in Chinese waters, Thompson returned to the United States in early September 1947 and arrived at San Diego, California, on 2 October. Transferred to the operational command of Destroyers, Pacific Fleet, with the abolition of the Pacific Fleet Minecraft command, Thompson operated out of San Diego as a destroyer until 29 April 1948, when she returned again to Mare Island for a two-month overhaul. In July, she returned to San Diego and underwent training operations off the west coast, activities in which she was engaged for the remainder of 1948.
In January 1949, Thompson again set course for China in company with Destroyer Division 52. En route, however, the ships received orders to put about for the west coast after spending a few days in Hawaii, arriving at San Diego on 4 February 1949.
Thompson and three of her sister fast-minesweepers then became Mine Squadron One (MineRon 1) and were assigned to the General Line School at Monterey, California. They alternated in these operations between Monterey and San Diego for the remainder of 1949. After spending the first three months of 1950 in routine exercises and cruises out of San Diego, Thompson steamed for Pearl Harbor on 6 April 1950, for a three-month overhaul.
Korean War
While in the yard, she received news that North Korean armed forces had invaded South Korea crossing the 38th parallel. Completing her overhaul ahead of schedule, Thompson returned to San Diego on 20 July and began an accelerated and rigorous underway training period which lasted through August and part of September 1950.
On 4 October 1950, Thompson and sister ship Carmick (DD-493) departed San Diego, and arrived at Pearl Harbor five days later. The next day, they got underway for Midway Atoll. Twenty-four hours from their destination, orders directed them to patrol off Wake Island during the meeting of General Douglas MacArthur and President Harry Truman. Thompson remained there overnight, refueling at sea from Guadalupe (AO-32) before proceeding to Japan, arriving at Sasebo on 21 October.
While Thompson and Carmick had steamed across the Pacific, United Nations forces had been rallying after the initial heavy losses and retreats at the hands of the communist armies. Accordingly, the American Eighth Army put heavy pressure on North Korean troops, pushing them towards P'yŏngyang, on the west coast of Korea. This thrust was stretching the Army's supply lanes. To remedy this problem, an operation was mounted to open up the mined port of Chinnampo, some 50 km southwest of P'yŏngyang, at the mouth of the Taedong River.
Thompson as DMS-38 during the Korean War
This required ingenuity and resourcefulness, not least because of a lack of minesweeping craft at the start of operations. Thompson and Carmick, newly arrived in the "Land of the Morning Calm", were detailed to join the makeshift minesweeping organization recently established under Commander Stephen M. Archer.
Consisting of Forrest Royal (DD-872), Catamount (LSD-17), Horace A. Bass (APD-124), Pelican (AMS-32), Swallow (AMS-36), and Gull (AMS-16), Japanese LST Q-007,
four Republic of Korea minesweepers, and a helicopter from Rochester (CA-124), this task group performed a nearly impossible feat in slightly over two weeks. Before too long, American ships were bringing in supplies to the advancing Eighth Army. After a week of patrol duties off the newly swept port escorting logistics ships now able to utilize the channel, Thompson left the bitterly cold region behind for a week of repairs and resupply at Sasebo.
In early November, however, the entry of Chinese communist forces into the war vastly altered the strategic picture. In the face of heavy onslaughts, United Nations troops retreated. One port which served as an evacuation point was Chinnampo, familiar to Thompson's men as a result of the minesweeping operation conducted a scant month before.
While United Nations warships conducted bombardments of advancing communist troops, Thompson escorted troopships out of the harbor in dense fog and through treacherous tidal currents to assist in the evacuation. For her part in this action, Thompson received the Navy Unit Commendation.
After replenishment, she served as harbor control vessel at Incheon, Korea. Two days after Christmas, she suddenly received orders to head for Sasebo, where MineRon 1 was to be regrouped. Arriving at the Japanese port on 27 December, she departed on 30 December 1950, in company with Doyle (DMS-34) and Endicott (DMS-35) for minesweeping assignments on the east coast of Korea. There, she spent close to three weeks engaged in clearance sweeps so that support ships could take fire-support stations to assist ground forces ashore.
In late January 1951, after a month in the arduous and cold conditions of that region, Thompson returned to Sasebo for repairs. These included drydocking for work on the hull, and, as a result of the docking period, the availability was extended another three weeks, before she departed for minesweeping operations again in mid-February.
Using Wonsan as a base, she operated to the northward, eventually sweeping Kyoto Wan deep, 60 miles (97 km) south of the Manchurian border. While sweeping off the key railway nexus of Sŏngjin, Thompson ran across a new minefield and cut seven mines as she passed through on her sweep. Later, she operated in the screen for Missouri (BB-63) and Manchester (CL-83), while they operated in that area on shore bombardment duties.
At Chuuron Jang, she herself destroyed two railroad bridges with her pinpoint gunnery. Also during this period, she took part in "junk-busting" operations up and down the coast, being on the lookout for suspicious junks used by communist forces for infiltration and minelaying operations. On one occasion, while underway north of Sŏngjin, she sighted six North Korean junks in a cove. Once again, as at the Normandy "D-day" landings, Thompson's gunners opened fire with a vengeance and sank all six communist boats.
After a month of such operations, she returned to Sasebo for upkeep. From 1 April 1951 to 3 November, Thompson returned to shell communist defense positions, supply lines, and troop concentrations. On 14 June, however, it was the enemy's turn to hit back. Thompson's gunners had just completed the destruction of a railroad bridge near Sŏngjin when communist shore batteries opened fire, soon straddling the ship. One shell struck the bridge and knocked out the ship's fire control gear. In retaliation, Thompson's gunners destroyed one enemy battery and damaged another. With three dead and three wounded, Thompson retired.
On 3 November 1951, Thompson departed from Korean waters, homeward bound. She steamed into San Diego Bay on 20 November and thence proceeded to the Mare Island Naval Shipyard for overhaul. After post-repair trials, she conducted operations on the west coast and underwent a restricted availability at Long Beach, California. Thompson spent the remainder of 1951 and the first part of 1952 in continental United States waters before departing San Diego on 23 June 1952.
Arriving at Pearl Harbor six days later, she continued on to Yokosuka, where she arrived on 18 July. After a short availability alongside destroyer tender Frontier (AD-25), Thompson proceeded to Sŏngjin, arriving off that port on 11 August 1952.
In contrast to her earlier Korean tours, when her minesweeping duties were intermingled with destroyer-type operations, Thompson was now free to operate as a destroyer for coast patrol and gunfire support duties. Sweeping was now done by AMs and AMSs and was all done at night.
The communists, too, had changed tactics. More guns were brought in to defend the coasts, while enemy accuracy had improved as well. On 20 August 1952, once more off Sŏngjin, Thompson was taken under fire by a Chinese battery. A shell hit the flying bridge, killing four and wounding nine. Thompson attempted to return the fire, but the excellently concealed shore guns made the return shelling's accuracy difficult and ineffective. Retiring from the scene, the stricken Thompson transferred her casualties to Iowa (BB-61), then operating 16 miles (30 km) south of Sŏngjin.
Five days later, the minesweeper arrived at Sasebo on 26 August for tender availability, repairing her engines and battle damage, before she headed north to Sŏngjin. She remained off this unlucky port from 13 September to 12 October 1952, occasionally patrolling to the northernmost extremity of the United Nations blockade before again returning to Sasebo.
From 3 November to 1 December 1952, Thompson operated in Wonsan harbor, as part of the United Nations blockade forces there. As such, she was in range of communist guns on many occasions. The object of enemy fire at least four times, Thompson received damage for the third time when straddled on 20 November 1952, while acting as gunfire support ship for Kite (AMS-22) which was conducting a sweep of the inner harbor. From three widely spaced points enemy guns took the minesweepers under fire, catching Thompson amidships on the starboard side as she was laying clouds of oily black smoke between Kite and the shoreline.
Returning to Yokosuka for repairs to the battle damage, Thompson spent Christmas in that Japanese naval port. New Year's, however, once again found the fast minesweeper at Sŏngjin. After two more tours there, into February 1953, Thompson headed back to the United States in company with Carmick. With refueling stops at Midway and Pearl Harbor, she finally arrived at San Diego on 14 March 1953.
Post Korean War
Operating with MineDiv 11, Thompson was based on the west coast for the remainder of the year. Beginning on 8 June 1953, she played the title role in Columbia Pictures's "The Caine Mutiny", the 1954 film adaptation of the Herman Wouk novel of the same name. Operating out of San Francisco for one week, Thompson became the Caine, while serving as the model for many of the Columbia sets used in the filming of the on-board scenes.
After taking part in two exercises in late September 1953, she operated out of San Diego until 1 December 1953, when she reported to the Pacific Reserve Fleet to prepare for inactivation. On 18 May 1954, Thompson's commission pennant was hauled down and the ship placed in reserve. On 16 July 1956, she was reclassified as a destroyer and redesignated DD-627.
She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 July 1971, and sold to the American Ship Dismantlers of Portland, Oregon, on 7 August 1972, for scrapping.
Awards
Navy Unit Commendation
European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with two battle stars
World War II Victory Medal
Navy Occupation Medal with "ASIA" clasp
China Service Medal
National Defense Service Medal
Korean Service Medal with seven battle stars
Korean Presidential Unit Citation
United Nations Service Medal
References
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.
^
Field, James A. Jr. (2001) . "History of United States Naval Operations: Korea". Naval Historical Center. Chapter 8: On to the Border (Part 2: 11 September – 30 November: The Opening of Wonsan and Chinnampo). Archived from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2008.
^ Bill Covington (12 September 2003). "Helicopter Utility Squadron 1 – Unit 9; June–December 1951". Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 25 February 2008. There were three Queen LSTs (Q007, Q009 and Q012). The Queen LSTs were WW2 American ships that following the war, rather than being scrapped, had been assigned to a Japanese government agency something similar to our Merchant Marine. They were given the designation SCAJAP LST Q007, etc. SCAJAP was the acronym for Shipping Control Administration – Japan.
External links
navsource.org: USS Thompson
hazegray.org: USS Thompson
vteGleaves-class destroyers
Gleaves
Niblack
Livermore
Eberle
Plunkett
Kearny
Gwin
Meredith
Grayson
Monssen
Woolsey
Ludlow
Edison
Ericsson
Wilkes
Nicholson
Swanson
Ingraham
Bristol
Ellyson
Hambleton
Rodman
Emmons
Macomb
Forrest
Fitch
Corry
Hobson
Aaron Ward
Buchanan
Duncan
Lansdowne
Lardner
McCalla
Mervine
Quick
Carmick
Doyle
Endicott
McCook
Frankford
Davison
Edwards
Glennon
Jeffers
Maddox
Nelson
Baldwin
Harding
Satterlee
Thompson
Welles
Cowie
Knight
Doran
Earle
Butler
Gherardi
Herndon
Shubrick
Beatty
Tillman
Stevenson
Stockton
Thorn
Turner
Other operators Republic of China Navy
Hsien Yang (ex-Rodman)
Hsien Yang (ex-Macomb)
Nan Yang (ex-Plunkett)
(Ellyson was purchased by the Republic of China Navy for spare parts)
Royal Hellenic Navy
Doxa (ex-Ludlow)
Niki (ex-Eberle)
Marina Militare
Aviere (ex-Nicholson)
Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
Asakaze (ex-Ellyson)
Hatakaze (ex-Macomb)
Turkish Navy
Gaziantep (ex-Lansdowne)
Giresun (ex-McCalla)
Gelibolu (ex-Buchanan)
Gemlik (ex-Lardner)
Preceded by: Benson class
Followed by: Fletcher class
List of destroyers of the United States Navy
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Gleaves-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleaves-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"Ellyson-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellyson_class_minesweeper&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"destroyer minesweeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer_minesweeper"},{"link_name":"Robert M. Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._Thompson"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see USS Thompson.USS Thompson (DD-627) (later DMS-38) was first a Gleaves-class destroyer, then became an Ellyson-class destroyer minesweeper. She was the second Navy ship named \"Thompson\", and the first named in honor of Robert M. Thompson.","title":"USS Thompson (DD-627)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seattle, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle-Tacoma_Shipbuilding_Corporation"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"},{"link_name":"Norfolk, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"Casco Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casco_Bay"},{"link_name":"Boston Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Arkansas_(BB-33)"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Texas_(BB-35)"},{"link_name":"convoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy"},{"link_name":"submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay"},{"link_name":"Casablanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca"},{"link_name":"French Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Morocco"},{"link_name":"New York Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_New_Jersey_(BB-62)"},{"link_name":"battleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship"},{"link_name":"whaleboats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaleboat"},{"link_name":"depth charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_charge"},{"link_name":"Casablanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casablanca"},{"link_name":"Trinidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad"}],"text":"The keel of the second Thompson was laid down on 22 September 1941, at Seattle, Washington, by the Seattle-Tacoma Shipbuilding Corporation. She was launched on 15 July 1942, sponsored by Miss Sara Thompson Ross, and commissioned on 10 July 1943.Following operations along the west coast, Thompson departed San Diego, on 19 August, bound for the east coast. She arrived at Norfolk, Virginia on 1 September, prior to departing the next day for the coast of Maine and arriving at Casco Bay on 3 September. The destroyer then headed south to the Boston Navy Yard where she underwent repairs. She next engaged in exercises off the Massachusetts coast before returning to Casco Bay on 23 September for training.On 5 October, she escorted Arkansas into New York and joined the screen for Texas for nine days of exercises in shore bombardment and other drills before joining convoy UGS-21 which sailed from Norfolk, bound for North Africa. Thompson served as an escort, keeping ships in the channel as they plodded out to sea and prodding them to close up and keep in formation, while her echo-ranging gear was alert for prowling submarines off Chesapeake Bay. One day out, 16 October, (UGS.21 sailed from Hampton Roads on 5 November, and therefore I believe this to be 6 November) the wind and sea rose, presaging a heavy storm which served to scatter parts of the convoy and cause Thompson to note in her log numerous times, \"telling stragglers to close up.\" After the transatlantic voyage, Thompson was released from escort duty on 31 October, to proceed to Casablanca, French Morocco.One week later, the destroyer, attached to DesDiv 36, was homeward-bound with Convoy GUS-20. On 24 November, Thompson entered New York harbor with the convoy and then proceeded independently to the New York Navy Yard for voyage repairs. She sailed for Casco Bay on 5 December, and conducted refresher training en route.On 7 December, Thompson and Baldwin screened New Jersey as the battleship conducted high-speed runs and turning trials. Later that day, the three ships engaged in night illumination and spotting practice before carrying out the same program on 8 December.After returning to Casco Bay, Thompson again put to sea, bound for Norfolk. During the night of 10 December, the winds increased to 70 knots (130 km/h) with high seas and a low barometer. By 07:35, it became necessary to rig in her already battered whaleboats and reduce speed to 12 knots (22 km/h).Thompson put into Norfolk on 12 December. Two days later she joined Convoy UGS-27, bound for North Africa. On 27 December, she made a depth charge run on what her log termed \"a questionable target\".Entering Casablanca harbor on 3 January 1944, Thompson and her fellow escorts were soon assigned to Convoy GUS-27, bound for Norfolk, where they arrived on 24 January. After alternating between New York, Boston, and Casco Bay, she departed Norfolk on 18 March, bound for Trinidad.","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tuscaloosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Tuscaloosa_(CA-37)"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Nevada_(BB-36)"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Thompson_(DD-627).jpg"},{"link_name":"USS Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Arkansas_(BB-33)"},{"link_name":"landing on Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy"},{"link_name":"Slapton Sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slapton_Sands"},{"link_name":"Ailsa Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailsa_Craig"},{"link_name":"Belfast Lough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast_Lough"},{"link_name":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"E-boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-boat"},{"link_name":"star shells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_shell"},{"link_name":"Schnellbooten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schnellboote"},{"link_name":"five-inch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5%22/38_caliber_gun"},{"link_name":"Bofors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bofors_40_mm_Automatic_Gun_L/60"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth"},{"link_name":"Isle of Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Portland"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"Heinkel He 111s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinkel_He_111"},{"link_name":"Omaha Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha_Beach"},{"link_name":"Pointe de la Percée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pointe_de_la_Perc%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pointe du Hoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointe_du_Hoc"},{"link_name":"Würzburg radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_radar"},{"link_name":"Weymouth Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weymouth_Bay"},{"link_name":"Satterlee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Satterlee_(DD-626)"},{"link_name":"E-boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-boat"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"steam gun boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_gun_boat"},{"link_name":"Ernest J. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_J._King"},{"link_name":"Dwight D. Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"George C. Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Marshall"},{"link_name":"Henry H. Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_H._Arnold"},{"link_name":"mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine"},{"link_name":"Baie de la Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baie_de_la_Seine"},{"link_name":"flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship"},{"link_name":"Alan G. Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_G._Kirk"},{"link_name":"Cherbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherbourg-Octeville"},{"link_name":"Straits of Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_of_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Bizerte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizerte"},{"link_name":"Oran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Operation Dragoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dragoon"},{"link_name":"southern France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_France"},{"link_name":"beachheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beachhead"},{"link_name":"Mers-El-Kebir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mers-El-Kebir"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda"},{"link_name":"Boston Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"Norfolk, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"fast minesweeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_minesweeper"},{"link_name":"hull classification symbol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_classification_symbol"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay"},{"link_name":"Virginia Capes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Capes"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone"}],"sub_title":"Invasion of Normandy, April–July 1944","text":"Returning to Norfolk six days later, Thompson operated along the east coast until mid-April when she joined the build-up of forces for the invasion of western Europe. On 18 April, she rendezvoused with Baldwin, Arkansas, Tuscaloosa,\nNevada, and the rest of Destroyer Squadron 18 (DesRon18) – to which Thompson was attached – and sailed for England. This force arrived at Plymouth, England, on 28 April, and prepared for duties during the forthcoming invasion.Thompson refueling from USS Arkansas, in April 1944.On 4 May 1944, Thompson participated in landing exercise \"Fabius\", one of the many preliminaries to the landing on Normandy. On 9 May, she conducted shore bombardment practice at Slapton Sands, England; on 13 May, she fired antiaircraft practice off Ailsa Craig, Scotland, and, on 16 May, she engaged in division tactics and further bombardment exercises off the Irish coast.On 15 April, she anchored at Belfast Lough, Northern Ireland. The following day, 16 April, Nevada, Texas, and Destroyer Division 36 (DesDiv 36) departed for exercises off the Irish coast before returning to Belfast Lough. Three days later, on 19 April, General Dwight D. Eisenhower inspected the ship. Underway on 20 April, she conducted anti-E-boat exercises through 22 April. In these operations, she fired star shells and practiced illumination tactics for dealing with the foreseen danger of Schnellbooten. After more shore bombardment practice, in which her five-inch and Bofors gunners exercised at their battle stations and sharpened up their gunnery, she put out of Belfast Lough for Plymouth and thence proceeded to the Isle of Portland, where she arrived on 27 April.The next day, German Heinkel He 111s bombed and mined the harbor, causing no small amount of work for harried minesweeper crews. But, with this danger soon swept away, the Allied forces could resume the nearly complete preparations for the upcoming Normandy invasion.On 5 June, she joined Task Group 124.7 (TG124.7), Convoy O-1, bound for Omaha Beach. She and her charges arrived off the Normandy beaches after an uneventful, but storm-tossed, evening. Thompson then received her fire support orders to take station off Pointe de la Percée as a unit of TG124.9. En route, she stood to action stations, her guns trained out and ready for any eventuality as the drama of history's greatest landing operation unfolded around her.She arrived off Pointe du Hoc as Army rangers were struggling to gain a foothold on the rocky promontory. Thompson's spotters could not see much at that moment, as Army aerial bombardments had obscured the area with smoke and dust. But when the haze cleared away, the destroyer's main battery opened fire with a vengeance, tongues of flame flashing from her gun muzzles as her salvos screamed shoreward. One by one, her targets of opportunity disappeared as her salvos struck \"on target.\" She then lay-to awaiting remaining enemy guns to reveal themselves with tell-tale flashes.Later in the day, she cruised closer inshore and located three giant German Würzburg radar antennas. Once again, her spotting was deadly accurate, and one of the radar \"dishes\" toppled over, shattered by Thompson's shells. Soon after, the wreckage of the two other antennas joined the first one in the dust.Thompson's smaller guns also got into the fray. Her 40 mm batteries shredded concealments of shore batteries and sniper nests, working in close conjunction with shore spotting teams who ferreted out the hidden enemy. Among her other targets was a fortified house. Solidly constructed, it had withstood numerous coastal storms. But on 6 June 1944, its solid Norman masonry could not hold up to a few rounds of five-inch (127 mm) high explosives; and down it tumbled, into a pile of rubble.The following day, 7 June, Thompson's gunners were at it again – this time, in support of the Rangers at Point du Hoc. Once more, her 40 mm and five-inch (127 mm) batteries shot the enemy out of his sniper nests and gun positions before setting course for Portland, to anchor in Weymouth Bay to replenish her depleted fuel and ammunition stocks.On 8 June, Thompson and her companion Satterlee (DD-626) steamed back to Omaha beach. On the evening of 9 June, the Germans struck back in a stealthy E-boat attack. Thompson, screening as part of the Allied naval craft gathered there, joined in commencing fire on the intruders who were successfully driven off, retiring to the northward at high speed. On 10 June, her 20 mm and 40 mm gunners splashed a low-flying German \"snooper\" airplane.At 01:00 on 11 June, another E-boat attack developed from the northward. Here, as before, the long hours spent in night illumination and spotting practice exercises paid off handsome dividends. Thompson fired star shells, which revealed the shadowy E-boats. British steam gun boats Grey Wolf (SGB-8) and Grey Goose (SGB-9) then darted in to ward off the intruders under the watchful eye of the destroyermen.On 12 June, Thompson embarked a party (which included Admiral Ernest J. King and Generals Dwight D. Eisenhower, George C. Marshall, and Henry H. Arnold) and transported them across the channel to the invasion beaches at Omaha and then returned to Plymouth with Admiral King and his party embarked. A motor launch with the officers mentioned above was launched to bring them in. An unknown ship was ahead of the motor launch and struck a mine.Thompson continued to operate off Normandy beaches throughout the remainder of June 1944, steaming often between the Baie de la Seine, and Plymouth, England. On one occasion, she served as the flagship of Rear Admiral Alan G. Kirk, Naval Commander, Western Task Forces, for a quick visit to Cherbourg; on another, she once more served as a transport for General Eisenhower.On 24 July 1944, Thompson steamed for North Africa, transiting the Straits of Gibraltar and arriving at Bizerte four days later. Underway in company with the rest of Destroyer Division 36 (DesDiv36) on the 29th, she left Bizerte bound for Oran, Algeria, arriving on 30 July. Thompson reached Naples on 6 August and joined the Allied expeditionary forces amassing for Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France. Underway with Convoy SF-1, bound for the assault area, Thompson served in the screen and patrolled offshore throughout the operation from 15 to 21 August.After a brief tender availability from 28 August to 1 September, she returned to the southern France beachheads to continue patrols through 18 September before steaming to Mers-El-Kebir, Morocco, where she arrived four days later, on 22 September. On 23 September she departed Mers-El-Kebir and headed for the United States. Arriving at Bermuda on 1 October, she commenced Navy Yard availability on 3 October, which lasted through 27 October of that month. For the remainder of 1944, Thompson operated off the east coast of the United States.On 3 January 1945, the destroyer joined Convoy UGS-86, bound for North African ports. Entering Mers-El-Kebir on 20 January, she remained in North African waters until 1 February, when she joined the screen of Convoy GUS-68, en route to the United States. Arriving off New York on 13 February, the New York section of the convoy was detached. Thompson continued on with the Boston section, where she commenced a 10-day availability at the Boston Navy Yard on 15 February.Following these repairs, she steamed to Norfolk, Virginia, conducting gunnery exercises en route. On 1 March, she sortied with Convoy UGF-21, bound for North Africa, and arrived in North African waters on 12 March. The following month, after returning to the United States, she again escorted a North African convoy, this time UGS-85, commencing on 7 April.On 30 May, Thompson was reclassified as a fast minesweeper and given hull classification symbol DMS-38. She spent the month of June undergoing conversion for her new mission, commencing on 5 June. She completed her yard work on 29 June. During a post-conversion period, she conducted her first minesweeping exercises, with magnetic sweep equipment, in Chesapeake Bay. She also calibrated her radar, conducted antiaircraft exercises, and practiced laying mines. On 1 August, she departed the Virginia Capes and steamed toward the Panama Canal Zone, where she arrived on 7 August. While underway on 14 August, she received the news Japan had surrendered. On 18 August, she arrived at San Diego.","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Eniwetok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eniwetok"},{"link_name":"Buckner Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckner_Bay"},{"link_name":"East China Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_China_Sea"},{"link_name":"Typhoon Louise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Louise_(1945)"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa"},{"link_name":"Yellow Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Sea"},{"link_name":"Sasebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Fleet_Activities_Sasebo"},{"link_name":"Nagoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagoya"},{"link_name":"flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship"},{"link_name":"Wakayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakayama,_Wakayama"},{"link_name":"Minivet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Minivet_(AM-371)"},{"link_name":"Tsushima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsushima_Island"},{"link_name":"Kyūshū","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB"},{"link_name":"Bikini Atoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikini_Atoll"},{"link_name":"Operation Crossroads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Crossroads"},{"link_name":"atomic bombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bomb"},{"link_name":"Mare Island Naval Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Island_Naval_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Vallejo, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallejo,_California"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"Kwajalein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwajalein"},{"link_name":"Tsingtao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingdao"},{"link_name":"Pacific Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Pacific_Fleet"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Station_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Monterey, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey,_California"}],"text":"During September, Thompson moved westward, stopping at Pearl Harbor on 8 September and Eniwetok on 21 September. Arriving at Buckner Bay on 28 September, she put in just in time to take on fuel and head out to sea as a typhoon swirled north. Shortly after the ship returned to Buckner Bay, yet another typhoon warning scrambled the Fleet and set it seaward into the East China Sea once more. On 9 October, the center of Typhoon Louise smashed through Okinawa, but Thompson was well-clear and suffered no damage. She and her sister-ships in Mine Division 61 (MineDiv 61), formed a scouting line four miles (6 km) apart on 10 October, keeping careful lookout while returning to Buckner Bay, searching for life rafts, derelicts, or men in the water.On 16 October, Thompson, in company with MineDiv61, headed to sea from Buckner Bay to commence sweeping operations in area \"Rickshaw\" in the Yellow Sea. En route the following day, Thompson sighted several floating mines and destroyed them by gunfire.On 19 October, the force arrived at \"Rickshaw,\" joined by PGM-29, PGM-30, and PGM-31. Thompson began her initial actual minesweeping at the northeast end of known mine lanes. The following day, Thompson swept her first mine – the first one swept by the task group. By 17 November, \"Rickshaw\" had been swept clean of Japanese mines, with Thompson scoring high with 64 mines located and destroyed.After a short tender availability at Sasebo, Japan, the base of operations for MineDiv 61, Thompson steamed to Nagoya, Japan, to become flagship of the task group sweeping nearby waters. Completing this operation by mid-December, the minesweeper steamed back via Wakayama to Sasebo. During the last week in 1945, she assisted in the unsuccessful search for survivors of Minivet (AM-371), sunk by a mine explosion off Tsushima, northwest of Kyūshū, Japan.The ship spent January and February 1946 in Japanese home waters, and then steamed for Bikini Atoll to assist in sweeping operations to prepare the area for Operation Crossroads tests of atomic bombs to be conducted there in July. Before the tests took place, Thompson headed back to the United States. She remained at San Francisco, through July and then spent two months in overhaul at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard, Vallejo, California. From Mare Island, she returned to San Francisco to operate out of that port until late in the year. After six months of operation at San Francisco, she sailed for China on 10 February 1947, and proceeded via Pearl Harbor, Guam, and Kwajalein to Tsingtao.Following six months duty with American occupation forces in Chinese waters, Thompson returned to the United States in early September 1947 and arrived at San Diego, California, on 2 October. Transferred to the operational command of Destroyers, Pacific Fleet, with the abolition of the Pacific Fleet Minecraft command, Thompson operated out of San Diego as a destroyer until 29 April 1948, when she returned again to Mare Island for a two-month overhaul. In July, she returned to San Diego and underwent training operations off the west coast, activities in which she was engaged for the remainder of 1948.In January 1949, Thompson again set course for China in company with Destroyer Division 52. En route, however, the ships received orders to put about for the west coast after spending a few days in Hawaii, arriving at San Diego on 4 February 1949.Thompson and three of her sister fast-minesweepers then became Mine Squadron One (MineRon 1) and were assigned to the General Line School at Monterey, California. They alternated in these operations between Monterey and San Diego for the remainder of 1949. After spending the first three months of 1950 in routine exercises and cruises out of San Diego, Thompson steamed for Pearl Harbor on 6 April 1950, for a three-month overhaul.","title":"Post World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Korea"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"38th parallel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38th_parallel_north"},{"link_name":"Carmick (DD-493)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Carmick"},{"link_name":"Midway Atoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_Atoll"},{"link_name":"Wake Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_Island"},{"link_name":"Douglas MacArthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Harry Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Truman"},{"link_name":"Guadalupe (AO-32)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Guadalupe_(AO-32)"},{"link_name":"Eighth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"P'yŏngyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%27y%C5%8Fngyang"},{"link_name":"Chinnampo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinnampo"},{"link_name":"Taedong River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taedong_River"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_Thompson_(DMS-38)_underway_c1951.jpg"},{"link_name":"Land of the Morning Calm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_the_Morning_Calm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Forrest Royal (DD-872)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Forrest_Royal"},{"link_name":"Catamount (LSD-17)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Catamount"},{"link_name":"Horace A. Bass (APD-124)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Horace_A._Bass"},{"link_name":"Pelican (AMS-32)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Pelican_(AMS-32)"},{"link_name":"Swallow (AMS-36)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Swallow_(AMS-36)"},{"link_name":"Gull (AMS-16)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Gull_(AMS-16)"},{"link_name":"LST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_landing_ship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Republic of Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Korea"},{"link_name":"helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter"},{"link_name":"Rochester (CA-124)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Rochester_(CA-124)"},{"link_name":"task group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_force"},{"link_name":"Eighth Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Eighth_Army"},{"link_name":"troopships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troopship"},{"link_name":"Navy Unit Commendation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Unit_Commendation"},{"link_name":"Incheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incheon"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"Doyle (DMS-34)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Doyle_(DMS-34)"},{"link_name":"Endicott (DMS-35)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Endicott"},{"link_name":"drydocking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drydock"},{"link_name":"Wonsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonsan"},{"link_name":"Kyoto Wan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kyoto_Wan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Manchurian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchuria"},{"link_name":"Sŏngjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%8Fngjin"},{"link_name":"Missouri (BB-63)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Missouri_(BB-63)"},{"link_name":"Manchester (CL-83)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Manchester_(CL-83)"},{"link_name":"Chuuron Jang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chuuron_Jang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"junks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junk_(ship)"},{"link_name":"San Diego Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Bay"},{"link_name":"Mare Island Naval Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Island_Naval_Shipyard"},{"link_name":"Long Beach, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"Yokosuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Fleet_Activities_Yokosuka"},{"link_name":"destroyer tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer_tender"},{"link_name":"Frontier (AD-25)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Frontier"},{"link_name":"Iowa (BB-61)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Iowa_(BB-61)"},{"link_name":"Kite (AMS-22)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Kite_(AMS-22)"},{"link_name":"Midway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midway_Atoll"}],"text":"While in the yard, she received news that North Korean armed forces had invaded South Korea crossing the 38th parallel. Completing her overhaul ahead of schedule, Thompson returned to San Diego on 20 July and began an accelerated and rigorous underway training period which lasted through August and part of September 1950.On 4 October 1950, Thompson and sister ship Carmick (DD-493) departed San Diego, and arrived at Pearl Harbor five days later. The next day, they got underway for Midway Atoll. Twenty-four hours from their destination, orders directed them to patrol off Wake Island during the meeting of General Douglas MacArthur and President Harry Truman. Thompson remained there overnight, refueling at sea from Guadalupe (AO-32) before proceeding to Japan, arriving at Sasebo on 21 October.While Thompson and Carmick had steamed across the Pacific, United Nations forces had been rallying after the initial heavy losses and retreats at the hands of the communist armies. Accordingly, the American Eighth Army put heavy pressure on North Korean troops, pushing them towards P'yŏngyang, on the west coast of Korea. This thrust was stretching the Army's supply lanes. To remedy this problem, an operation was mounted to open up the mined port of Chinnampo, some 50 km southwest of P'yŏngyang, at the mouth of the Taedong River.Thompson as DMS-38 during the Korean WarThis required ingenuity and resourcefulness, not least because of a lack of minesweeping craft at the start of operations. Thompson and Carmick, newly arrived in the \"Land of the Morning Calm\", were detailed to join the makeshift minesweeping organization recently established under Commander Stephen M. Archer.[1]\nConsisting of Forrest Royal (DD-872), Catamount (LSD-17), Horace A. Bass (APD-124), Pelican (AMS-32), Swallow (AMS-36), and Gull (AMS-16), Japanese LST Q-007,[2]\nfour Republic of Korea minesweepers, and a helicopter from Rochester (CA-124), this task group performed a nearly impossible feat in slightly over two weeks. Before too long, American ships were bringing in supplies to the advancing Eighth Army. After a week of patrol duties off the newly swept port escorting logistics ships now able to utilize the channel, Thompson left the bitterly cold region behind for a week of repairs and resupply at Sasebo.In early November, however, the entry of Chinese communist forces into the war vastly altered the strategic picture. In the face of heavy onslaughts, United Nations troops retreated. One port which served as an evacuation point was Chinnampo, familiar to Thompson's men as a result of the minesweeping operation conducted a scant month before.While United Nations warships conducted bombardments of advancing communist troops, Thompson escorted troopships out of the harbor in dense fog and through treacherous tidal currents to assist in the evacuation. For her part in this action, Thompson received the Navy Unit Commendation.After replenishment, she served as harbor control vessel at Incheon, Korea. Two days after Christmas, she suddenly received orders to head for Sasebo, where MineRon 1 was to be regrouped. Arriving at the Japanese port on 27 December, she departed on 30 December 1950, in company with Doyle (DMS-34) and Endicott (DMS-35) for minesweeping assignments on the east coast of Korea. There, she spent close to three weeks engaged in clearance sweeps so that support ships could take fire-support stations to assist ground forces ashore.In late January 1951, after a month in the arduous and cold conditions of that region, Thompson returned to Sasebo for repairs. These included drydocking for work on the hull, and, as a result of the docking period, the availability was extended another three weeks, before she departed for minesweeping operations again in mid-February.Using Wonsan as a base, she operated to the northward, eventually sweeping Kyoto Wan deep, 60 miles (97 km) south of the Manchurian border. While sweeping off the key railway nexus of Sŏngjin, Thompson ran across a new minefield and cut seven mines as she passed through on her sweep. Later, she operated in the screen for Missouri (BB-63) and Manchester (CL-83), while they operated in that area on shore bombardment duties.At Chuuron Jang, she herself destroyed two railroad bridges with her pinpoint gunnery. Also during this period, she took part in \"junk-busting\" operations up and down the coast, being on the lookout for suspicious junks used by communist forces for infiltration and minelaying operations. On one occasion, while underway north of Sŏngjin, she sighted six North Korean junks in a cove. Once again, as at the Normandy \"D-day\" landings, Thompson's gunners opened fire with a vengeance and sank all six communist boats.After a month of such operations, she returned to Sasebo for upkeep. From 1 April 1951 to 3 November, Thompson returned to shell communist defense positions, supply lines, and troop concentrations. On 14 June, however, it was the enemy's turn to hit back. Thompson's gunners had just completed the destruction of a railroad bridge near Sŏngjin when communist shore batteries opened fire, soon straddling the ship. One shell struck the bridge and knocked out the ship's fire control gear. In retaliation, Thompson's gunners destroyed one enemy battery and damaged another. With three dead and three wounded, Thompson retired.On 3 November 1951, Thompson departed from Korean waters, homeward bound. She steamed into San Diego Bay on 20 November and thence proceeded to the Mare Island Naval Shipyard for overhaul. After post-repair trials, she conducted operations on the west coast and underwent a restricted availability at Long Beach, California. Thompson spent the remainder of 1951 and the first part of 1952 in continental United States waters before departing San Diego on 23 June 1952.Arriving at Pearl Harbor six days later, she continued on to Yokosuka, where she arrived on 18 July. After a short availability alongside destroyer tender Frontier (AD-25), Thompson proceeded to Sŏngjin, arriving off that port on 11 August 1952.In contrast to her earlier Korean tours, when her minesweeping duties were intermingled with destroyer-type operations, Thompson was now free to operate as a destroyer for coast patrol and gunfire support duties. Sweeping was now done by AMs and AMSs and was all done at night.The communists, too, had changed tactics. More guns were brought in to defend the coasts, while enemy accuracy had improved as well. On 20 August 1952, once more off Sŏngjin, Thompson was taken under fire by a Chinese battery. A shell hit the flying bridge, killing four and wounding nine. Thompson attempted to return the fire, but the excellently concealed shore guns made the return shelling's accuracy difficult and ineffective. Retiring from the scene, the stricken Thompson transferred her casualties to Iowa (BB-61), then operating 16 miles (30 km) south of Sŏngjin.Five days later, the minesweeper arrived at Sasebo on 26 August for tender availability, repairing her engines and battle damage, before she headed north to Sŏngjin. She remained off this unlucky port from 13 September to 12 October 1952, occasionally patrolling to the northernmost extremity of the United Nations blockade before again returning to Sasebo.From 3 November to 1 December 1952, Thompson operated in Wonsan harbor, as part of the United Nations blockade forces there. As such, she was in range of communist guns on many occasions. The object of enemy fire at least four times, Thompson received damage for the third time when straddled on 20 November 1952, while acting as gunfire support ship for Kite (AMS-22) which was conducting a sweep of the inner harbor. From three widely spaced points enemy guns took the minesweepers under fire, catching Thompson amidships on the starboard side as she was laying clouds of oily black smoke between Kite and the shoreline.Returning to Yokosuka for repairs to the battle damage, Thompson spent Christmas in that Japanese naval port. New Year's, however, once again found the fast minesweeper at Sŏngjin. After two more tours there, into February 1953, Thompson headed back to the United States in company with Carmick. With refueling stops at Midway and Pearl Harbor, she finally arrived at San Diego on 14 March 1953.","title":"Korean War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Columbia Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Pictures"},{"link_name":"\"The Caine Mutiny\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Caine_Mutiny_(film)"},{"link_name":"Herman Wouk novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Caine_Mutiny"},{"link_name":"Pacific Reserve Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Reserve_Fleet"},{"link_name":"commission pennant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennant_(commissioning)"},{"link_name":"Naval Vessel Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"}],"text":"Operating with MineDiv 11, Thompson was based on the west coast for the remainder of the year. Beginning on 8 June 1953, she played the title role in Columbia Pictures's \"The Caine Mutiny\", the 1954 film adaptation of the Herman Wouk novel of the same name. Operating out of San Francisco for one week, Thompson became the Caine, while serving as the model for many of the Columbia sets used in the filming of the on-board scenes.After taking part in two exercises in late September 1953, she operated out of San Diego until 1 December 1953, when she reported to the Pacific Reserve Fleet to prepare for inactivation. On 18 May 1954, Thompson's commission pennant was hauled down and the ship placed in reserve. On 16 July 1956, she was reclassified as a destroyer and redesignated DD-627.She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 July 1971, and sold to the American Ship Dismantlers of Portland, Oregon, on 7 August 1972, for scrapping.","title":"Post Korean War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Navy Unit Commendation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Unit_Commendation"},{"link_name":"European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_Medal"},{"link_name":"battle stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_stars"},{"link_name":"World War II Victory Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal"},{"link_name":"Navy Occupation Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Occupation_Medal"},{"link_name":"China Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"National Defense Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"Korean Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"battle stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_stars"},{"link_name":"Korean Presidential Unit Citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Presidential_Unit_Citation"},{"link_name":"United Nations Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Service_Medal"}],"text":"Navy Unit Commendation\nEuropean-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with two battle stars\nWorld War II Victory Medal\nNavy Occupation Medal with \"ASIA\" clasp\nChina Service Medal\nNational Defense Service Medal\nKorean Service Medal with seven battle stars\nKorean Presidential Unit Citation\nUnited Nations Service Medal","title":"Awards"}]
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[{"image_text":"Thompson refueling from USS Arkansas, in April 1944.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/USS_Thompson_%28DD-627%29.jpg/220px-USS_Thompson_%28DD-627%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Thompson as DMS-38 during the Korean War","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/USS_Thompson_%28DMS-38%29_underway_c1951.jpg/220px-USS_Thompson_%28DMS-38%29_underway_c1951.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Field, James A. Jr. (2001) [1962]. \"History of United States Naval Operations: Korea\". Naval Historical Center. Chapter 8: On to the Border (Part 2: 11 September – 30 November: The Opening of Wonsan and Chinnampo). Archived from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120206085241/http%3A//www%2Ehistory%2Enavy%2Emil/books/field/ch8b%2Ehtm","url_text":"\"History of United States Naval Operations: Korea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Historical_Center","url_text":"Naval Historical Center"},{"url":"http://www.history.navy.mil/books/field/ch8b.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bill Covington (12 September 2003). \"Helicopter Utility Squadron 1 – Unit 9; June–December 1951\". Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 25 February 2008. There were three Queen LSTs (Q007, Q009 and Q012). The Queen LSTs were WW2 American ships that following the war, rather than being scrapped, had been assigned to a Japanese government agency something similar to our Merchant Marine. They were given the designation SCAJAP LST Q007, etc. SCAJAP was the acronym for Shipping Control Administration – Japan.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080513113353/http://navyhu-1.org/pages/unit9.htm","url_text":"\"Helicopter Utility Squadron 1 – Unit 9; June–December 1951\""},{"url":"http://navyhu-1.org/pages/unit9.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/t/thompson-ii.html","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120206085241/http%3A//www%2Ehistory%2Enavy%2Emil/books/field/ch8b%2Ehtm","external_links_name":"\"History of United States Naval Operations: Korea\""},{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/books/field/ch8b.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080513113353/http://navyhu-1.org/pages/unit9.htm","external_links_name":"\"Helicopter Utility Squadron 1 – Unit 9; June–December 1951\""},{"Link":"http://navyhu-1.org/pages/unit9.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/05/627.htm","external_links_name":"navsource.org: USS Thompson"},{"Link":"http://www.hazegray.org/danfs/destroy/dd627txt.htm","external_links_name":"hazegray.org: USS Thompson"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_to_Love_(film)
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Love to Love (film)
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["1 External links"]
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2003 film
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Love to Love" film – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Love to LoveDirected byPim van HoeveWritten byDon BohlingerPim van HoeveProduced byAlain De LevitaJohan NijenhuisStarringMiryanna van ReedenChris ZegersRomijn ConenCinematographyHan WenninkEdited byJob ter BurgMusic byMartijn SchimmerRelease date
2003 (2003)
Running time87 minutesCountryNetherlandsLanguageDutch
Love to Love (Dutch: Liever verliefd) is a 2003 Dutch film, directed by Pim van Hoeve.
The film was awarded a Golden Film (100,000 tickets sold) in 2003.
External links
Liever verliefd at IMDb
This article related to a Dutch film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a 2000s romantic comedy film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Pim van Hoeve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pim_van_Hoeve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Golden Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Film"}],"text":"Love to Love (Dutch: Liever verliefd) is a 2003 Dutch film, directed by Pim van Hoeve.The film was awarded a Golden Film (100,000 tickets sold) in 2003.","title":"Love to Love (film)"}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Love+to+Love%22+film","external_links_name":"\"Love to Love\" film"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Love+to+Love%22+film+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Love+to+Love%22+film&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Love+to+Love%22+film+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Love+to+Love%22+film","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Love+to+Love%22+film&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0339300/","external_links_name":"Liever verliefd"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_to_Love_(film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_to_Love_(film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maysky_District
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Maysky District
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Coordinates: 43°38′N 44°04′E / 43.633°N 44.067°E / 43.633; 44.067Not to be confused with Ayano-Maysky District or Ust-Maysky District.
District in Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, RussiaMaysky District
Майский районDistrictOther transcription(s) • KabardianМайскэ къедзыгъуэ • Karachay-BalkarМай районA lake near the selo of Oktyabrskoye in Maysky District
FlagLocation of Maysky District in the Kabardino-Balkarian RepublicCoordinates: 43°38′N 44°04′E / 43.633°N 44.067°E / 43.633; 44.067CountryRussiaFederal subjectKabardino-Balkarian RepublicEstablished1937Administrative centerMayskyArea • Total384.76 km2 (148.56 sq mi)Population (2010 Census) • Total38,625 • Density100/km2 (260/sq mi) • Urban69.3% • Rural30.7%Administrative structure • Inhabited localities1 cities/towns, 15 rural localitiesMunicipal structure • Municipally incorporated asMaysky Municipal District • Municipal divisions1 urban settlements, 4 rural settlementsTime zoneUTC+3 (MSK )OKTMO ID83620000Websitehttp://www.mayadmin-kbr.ru
Population of Maysky District2010 Census38,6252002 Census40,0511989 Census35,9901979 Census33,423
Maysky District (Russian: Ма́йский райо́н; Kabardian: Майскэ къедзыгъуэ; Karachay-Balkar: Май район) is an administrative and a municipal district (raion), one of the ten in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, Russia. It is located in the east of the republic. The area of the district is 384.76 square kilometers (148.56 sq mi). Its administrative center is the town of Maysky. As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 38,625, with the population of the administrative center accounting for 69.3% of that number.
Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Maysky District is one of the ten in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic and has administrative jurisdiction over one town (Maysky) and fifteen rural localities. As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Maysky Municipal District. The town of Maysky, together with five rural localities, is incorporated as an urban settlement, while the remaining ten rural localities are incorporated into four rural settlements within the municipal district. The town of Maysky serves as the administrative center of both the administrative and municipal district.
References
Notes
^ a b c d e f g Law #12-RZ
^ a b c Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
^ a b c d e f Law #13-RZ
^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
^ Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (in Russian).
^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров . Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики . 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 г. Национальный состав населения по регионам России (XLS). Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 года (in Russian). 1979 – via Demoscope Weekly (website of the Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics.
Sources
Парламент Кабардино-Балкарской Республики. Закон №12-РЗ от 27 февраля 2005 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Кабардино-Балкарской Республики», в ред. Закона №20-РЗ от 23 апреля 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в отдельные республиканские Законы». Вступил в силу на следующий день после опубликования. Опубликован: "Кабардино-Балкарская правда", б/н, 1 марта 2005 г. (Parliament of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. Law #12-RZ of February 27, 2005 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, as amended by the Law #20-RZ of April 23, 2014 On Amending Various Republican Laws. Effective as of the day following the publication date.).
Парламент Кабардино-Балкарской Республики. Закон №13-РЗ от 27 февраля 2005 г. «Об статусе и границах муниципальных образований в Кабардино-Балкарской Республики», в ред. Закона №20-РЗ от 23 апреля 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в отдельные республиканские Законы». Вступил в силу на следующий день после официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Кабардино-Балкарская правда", б/н, 1 марта 2005 г. (Parliament of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. Law #13-RZ of February 27, 2005 On the Status and the Borders of the Municipal Formations in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, as amended by the Law #20-RZ of April 23, 2014 On Amending Various Republican Laws. Effective as of the day following the official publication date.).
vteAdministrative divisions of the Kabardino-BalkariaCapital: Nalchik • Rural localitiesDistricts
Baksansky
Chegemsky
Chereksky
Elbrussky
Leskensky
Maysky
Prokhladnensky
Tersky
Urvansky
Zolsky
Cities and towns
Baksan
Chegem
Maysky
Nalchik
Nartkala
Prokhladny
Terek
Tyrnyauz
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
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[]
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[{"reference":"Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm","url_text":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)","url_text":"Federal State Statistics Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Об исчислении времени\". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085","url_text":"\"Об исчислении времени\""}]},{"reference":"Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)","url_text":"Federal State Statistics Service"},{"url":"http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls","url_text":"Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек"}]},{"reference":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php","url_text":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров"}]},{"reference":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 г. Национальный состав населения по регионам России [All Union Population Census of 1979. Ethnic composition of the population by regions of Russia] (XLS). Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 года [All-Union Population Census of 1979] (in Russian). 1979 – via Demoscope Weekly (website of the Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics.","urls":[{"url":"http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_79.xls","url_text":"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 г. Национальный состав населения по регионам России"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Joseph_(activist)
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George Joseph (activist)
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["1 Early life and education","2 Role in the freedom struggle","2.1 Home Rule and Non Cooperation Movements","2.2 Trade unionist and editor","2.3 Vaikom Satyagraha","2.4 Rosapoo Durai","3 Parliamentary career","4 Death and commemoration","5 References","6 Other sources","7 External links"]
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Indian politician (1887–1938)
George JosephBorn5 June 1887 (1887-06-05)Chengannur, TravancoreDied5 March 1938 (1938-03-06) (aged 50)Madurai, Madras Presidency, British IndiaOccupation(s)Indian independence activistlawyerPolitical partyIndian National CongressOther politicalaffiliationsJustice Party
In this Indian name, the name Joseph is a patronymic, and the person should be referred to by the given name, George.George Joseph (5 June 1887 – 5 March 1938) was a lawyer and Indian independence activist. One of the earliest and among the most prominent Syrian Christians from Kerala to join the freedom struggle, George's working life in Madurai and is remembered for his role in the Home Rule agitation and the Vaikom Satyagraha and for his editorship of Motilal Nehru's The Independent and Mahatma Gandhi's Young India.
Early life and education
George Joseph was born the eldest child of C. I. Joseph at Chengannur, a town in the Travancore State and now a part of the Indian state of Kerala. His younger brother, Pothan Joseph, became a famous journalist and editor of several newspapers. George studied at the Madras Christian College and did M.A. in philosophy at the University of Edinburgh before doing law at the Middle Temple, London in 1908. During his time in London he came into contact with many prominent Indian freedom fighters there. Having completed his studies, he returned to India in January 1909.
Role in the freedom struggle
On George's return from London, he initially set up practice at Madras before shifting to Madurai. He hosted at his house in Madurai several leaders of the freedom struggle including Gandhi, C. Rajagopalachari, Srinivasa Iyengar and K. Kamaraj during their visits there. Subramania Bharati composed the Viduthalai, a well known patriotic song while staying at George's residence.
Home Rule and Non Cooperation Movements
In 1917, aged 29, George was invited by Annie Besant to go to England along with her, Syed Hussain and BV Narasimhan to talk about Home Rule there. The British however foiled this bid, arresting them when the ship Besant had chartered reached Gibraltar, Subsequently, deporting them back to India. When P. Varadarajulu Naidu was arrested for making a speech at the Victoria Edward Hall, George Joseph assisted C. Rajagopalachari who appeared for Naidu in the case. George was the leader of the Rowlatt Satyagraha in Madurai, organising meetings, fasts and hartals during the satyagraha and during the Non-Cooperation Movement he relinquished his lucrative legal practice and joined the movement.
Trade unionist and editor
George played an important role in setting up the trade union movement in Madurai to organise the textile mill workers there. The union's initial struggles resulted in higher wages and reduced work hours for the mill workers but soon the mill owners and the government came together to bring about a collapse of the union. George edited the Nehrus' Allahabad based newspaper The Independent during 1920-21 until his arrest on charges of sedition and the subsequent closure of the paper. He also succeeded Rajagopalachari to the editorship of Gandhi's Young India in 1923.
Vaikom Satyagraha
George was an eager participant in the Vaikom Satyagraha that sought to achieve the right to temple entry for the Dalits in Travancore. According to C. F. Andrews, the plan for a non violent agitation was arrived upon by George when he visited Gandhi who was convalescing in Bombay. George and other Congressmen led the Dalits in walking through the Brahmin quarter of the town where they were met with violence. The police immediately arrested George and his accomplices who were sentenced to varying terms in prison. George viewed the struggle at Vaikom an issue of civil rights for all Indian citizens but this was in contrast to the views of most Congressmen who saw it as purely an issue between high and low caste Hindus and to be settled by the Hindus themselves. Gandhi himself did not encourage George's participation in the satyagraha. Disillusioned by Gandhi's lack of support and the attitude of the Congress Party, George left the Congress Party to join the Justice Party. He however rejoined the Congress in 1935.
Rosapoo Durai
George led Congressmen of Madurai in the agitation against the Simon Commission. In this he was supported by K Kamaraj and the duo mobilised thousands of volunteers at the Tirumalai Nayak Mahal to demonstrate against the Commission when it visited Madurai in 1929. Later, when Kamaraj was implicated in Virudhunagar Conspiracy Case in 1933, George and Varadarajulu Naidu argued on his behalf and succeeded in exonerating him of all charges. He also agitated against the Criminal Tribes Act (CTA), an act that criminalised and negatively affected communities like the Piramalai kallar and Maravars. He fought for them in the courts and wrote extensively in the newspapers against the act and came to be called Rosapoo Durai by the grateful Kallars who continue to pay homage to him on his death anniversary.
Parliamentary career
In 1929 George contested the municipal elections in Madurai on a Congress ticket but lost. In July 1937, he was elected to the Central Legislative Assembly from Madura-cum-Ramnad-Tirunelveli constituency.
Death and commemoration
Following a prolonged period of illness, George died at the American Mission Hospital in Madurai on 5 March 1938. He was 50. He is buried at the East Gate Cemetery in Madurai. George Joseph: The Life and Times of a Christian Nationalist is his biography by his grandson George Gheverghese George.
References
^ a b Vilanilam, J V. "Pothan Joseph (1892-1972) – A Fiercely Independent Editor" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
^ "Forgotten Heroes". Archived from the original on 15 February 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
^ a b c d e f g h "George Joseph, a true champion of subaltern". The Hindu. 19 July 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
^ a b Muthiah, S. (2011). A Madras Miscellany. Chennai: East West Books. ISBN 9789380032849.
^ a b "Madurai's very own freedom fighters". The Hindu. 23 July 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
^ Ganeshram, S (2011). History of People and Their Environs. Tamil Nadu: Bharathi Puthakalayam. p. 470. ISBN 9789380325910.
^ "SOME PROMINENT LEADERS OF THE FREEDOM STRUGGLE IN KERALA". Press Information Bureau. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
^ George, Alphons (2014). "THE ROLE OF GEORGE JOSEPH IN THE VAIKOM SATYAGRAHA". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 75. Indian History Congress: 569–574. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44158431. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
^ B.A, Pon Vasanth (30 March 2023). "The contribution of an unsung leader, George Joseph, to the Vaikom Satyagraha". The Hindu. Retrieved 25 May 2023.
^ Andrews, C F (January 1929). "Young India Throws Its Pebble". The Star: An International Magazine. 1. II: 23. ISBN 9780766180390. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
^ Augustine, P A (1991). Social Equality in Indian Society: The Elusive Goal. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. p. 154. ISBN 9788170223030.
^ Lukose, Ritty (2009). Liberalization's Children: Gender, Youth, and Consumer Citizenship in Globalizing India. Duke university Press. p. 172. ISBN 9780822345671.
^ Kandaswamy, P. (2001). The Political Career of K. Kamaraj. New Delhi: Concept Publishing House. p. 32.
^ "Giant without footprints". The Hindu. 2 November 2003. Archived from the original on 12 December 2003. Retrieved 4 February 2013.
Other sources
Joseph, George Gheverghese (2003). On life and times of George Joseph, 1887–1938, a Syrian Christian nationalist from Kerala. Orient Longman. p. 18. ISBN 978-81-250-2495-8. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
External links
Family Website of George Joseph
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_name"},{"link_name":"patronymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronymic"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"link_name":"lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"Indian independence activist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_activist"},{"link_name":"Syrian Christians from Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Christians_of_Kerala"},{"link_name":"Madurai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madurai"},{"link_name":"Vaikom Satyagraha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaikom_Satyagraha"},{"link_name":"Motilal Nehru's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motilal_Nehru"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent_(India)"},{"link_name":"Mahatma Gandhi's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Young India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_India"}],"text":"In this Indian name, the name Joseph is a patronymic, and the person should be referred to by the given name, George.George Joseph (5 June 1887 – 5 March 1938) was a lawyer and Indian independence activist. One of the earliest and among the most prominent Syrian Christians from Kerala to join the freedom struggle, George's working life in Madurai and is remembered for his role in the Home Rule agitation and the Vaikom Satyagraha and for his editorship of Motilal Nehru's The Independent and Mahatma Gandhi's Young India.","title":"George Joseph (activist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chengannur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengannur"},{"link_name":"Travancore State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancore_State"},{"link_name":"Indian state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_States_and_Union_Territories_by_two-letter_codes"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"Pothan Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pothan_Joseph"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mediamimansa-1"},{"link_name":"Madras Christian College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_Christian_College"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Middle Temple, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Temple"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Indian freedom fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_freedom_fighters"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thehindu-3"}],"text":"George Joseph was born the eldest child of C. I. Joseph at Chengannur, a town in the Travancore State and now a part of the Indian state of Kerala. His younger brother, Pothan Joseph, became a famous journalist and editor of several newspapers.[1] George studied at the Madras Christian College and did M.A. in philosophy at the University of Edinburgh before doing law at the Middle Temple, London in 1908.[2] During his time in London he came into contact with many prominent Indian freedom fighters there. Having completed his studies, he returned to India in January 1909.[3]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras"},{"link_name":"C. Rajagopalachari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari"},{"link_name":"Srinivasa Iyengar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Srinivasa_Iyengar"},{"link_name":"K. Kamaraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Kamaraj"},{"link_name":"Subramania Bharati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subramania_Bharati"}],"text":"On George's return from London, he initially set up practice at Madras before shifting to Madurai. He hosted at his house in Madurai several leaders of the freedom struggle including Gandhi, C. Rajagopalachari, Srinivasa Iyengar and K. Kamaraj during their visits there. Subramania Bharati composed the Viduthalai, a well known patriotic song while staying at George's residence.","title":"Role in the freedom struggle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annie Besant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant"},{"link_name":"Syed Hussain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Hussain"},{"link_name":"Home Rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Rule"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google-4"},{"link_name":"P. Varadarajulu Naidu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._Varadarajulu_Naidu"},{"link_name":"Rowlatt Satyagraha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowlatt_Satyagraha"},{"link_name":"Non-Cooperation Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Cooperation_Movement"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thehindu-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thehindu_a-5"}],"sub_title":"Home Rule and Non Cooperation Movements","text":"In 1917, aged 29, George was invited by Annie Besant to go to England along with her, Syed Hussain and BV Narasimhan to talk about Home Rule there. The British however foiled this bid, arresting them when the ship Besant had chartered reached Gibraltar, Subsequently, deporting them back to India.[4] When P. Varadarajulu Naidu was arrested for making a speech at the Victoria Edward Hall, George Joseph assisted C. Rajagopalachari who appeared for Naidu in the case. George was the leader of the Rowlatt Satyagraha in Madurai, organising meetings, fasts and hartals during the satyagraha and during the Non-Cooperation Movement he relinquished his lucrative legal practice and joined the movement.[3][5]","title":"Role in the freedom struggle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trade union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thehindu-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Nehrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehru%E2%80%93Gandhi_family"},{"link_name":"Allahabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabad"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent_(India)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thehindu-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Trade unionist and editor","text":"George played an important role in setting up the trade union movement in Madurai to organise the textile mill workers there. The union's initial struggles resulted in higher wages and reduced work hours for the mill workers but soon the mill owners and the government came together to bring about a collapse of the union.[3][6] George edited the Nehrus' Allahabad based newspaper The Independent during 1920-21 until his arrest on charges of sedition and the subsequent closure of the paper. He also succeeded Rajagopalachari to the editorship of Gandhi's Young India in 1923.[3][7]","title":"Role in the freedom struggle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vaikom Satyagraha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaikom_Satyagraha"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-George_2014_pp._569%E2%80%93574-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B.A_2023-9"},{"link_name":"Dalits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalits"},{"link_name":"Travancore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travancore"},{"link_name":"C. F. Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._F._Andrews"},{"link_name":"Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay"},{"link_name":"Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Vaikom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaikom"},{"link_name":"caste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste_system_in_India"},{"link_name":"Hindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindus"},{"link_name":"satyagraha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyagraha"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Congress Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"Justice Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice_Party_(India)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mediamimansa-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google-4"}],"sub_title":"Vaikom Satyagraha","text":"George was an eager participant in the Vaikom Satyagraha[8][9] that sought to achieve the right to temple entry for the Dalits in Travancore. According to C. F. Andrews, the plan for a non violent agitation was arrived upon by George when he visited Gandhi who was convalescing in Bombay. George and other Congressmen led the Dalits in walking through the Brahmin quarter of the town where they were met with violence. The police immediately arrested George and his accomplices who were sentenced to varying terms in prison.[10] George viewed the struggle at Vaikom an issue of civil rights for all Indian citizens but this was in contrast to the views of most Congressmen who saw it as purely an issue between high and low caste Hindus and to be settled by the Hindus themselves. Gandhi himself did not encourage George's participation in the satyagraha.[11][12] Disillusioned by Gandhi's lack of support and the attitude of the Congress Party, George left the Congress Party to join the Justice Party. He however rejoined the Congress in 1935.[1][4]","title":"Role in the freedom struggle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simon Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Commission"},{"link_name":"Tirumalai Nayak Mahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirumalai_Nayak_Palace"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Virudhunagar Conspiracy Case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virudhunagar_Conspiracy_Case&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thehindu-3"},{"link_name":"Piramalai kallar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piramalai_kallar"},{"link_name":"Maravars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maravars"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thehindu-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thehindu_a-5"}],"sub_title":"Rosapoo Durai","text":"George led Congressmen of Madurai in the agitation against the Simon Commission. In this he was supported by K Kamaraj and the duo mobilised thousands of volunteers at the Tirumalai Nayak Mahal to demonstrate against the Commission when it visited Madurai in 1929.[13] Later, when Kamaraj was implicated in Virudhunagar Conspiracy Case in 1933, George and Varadarajulu Naidu argued on his behalf and succeeded in exonerating him of all charges.[3] He also agitated against the Criminal Tribes Act (CTA), an act that criminalised and negatively affected communities like the Piramalai kallar and Maravars. He fought for them in the courts and wrote extensively in the newspapers against the act and came to be called Rosapoo Durai by the grateful Kallars who continue to pay homage to him on his death anniversary.[3][5]","title":"Role in the freedom struggle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thehindu-3"}],"text":"In 1929 George contested the municipal elections in Madurai on a Congress ticket but lost. In July 1937, he was elected to the Central Legislative Assembly from Madura-cum-Ramnad-Tirunelveli constituency.[3]","title":"Parliamentary career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Mission Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mission_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thehindu-3"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Following a prolonged period of illness, George died at the American Mission Hospital in Madurai on 5 March 1938. He was 50. He is buried at the East Gate Cemetery in Madurai.[3] George Joseph: The Life and Times of a Christian Nationalist is his biography by his grandson George Gheverghese George.[14]","title":"Death and commemoration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"On life and times of George Joseph, 1887–1938, a Syrian Christian nationalist from Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=A6MfPh-9DiEC&pg=PA25"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-250-2495-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2495-8"}],"text":"Joseph, George Gheverghese (2003). On life and times of George Joseph, 1887–1938, a Syrian Christian nationalist from Kerala. Orient Longman. p. 18. ISBN 978-81-250-2495-8. Retrieved 9 August 2014.","title":"Other sources"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Vilanilam, J V. \"Pothan Joseph (1892-1972) – A Fiercely Independent Editor\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131215021203/http://www.mediamimansa.com/3rd%20issue/3ENG_89.pdf","url_text":"\"Pothan Joseph (1892-1972) – A Fiercely Independent Editor\""},{"url":"http://www.mediamimansa.com/3rd%20issue/3ENG_89.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Forgotten Heroes\". Archived from the original on 15 February 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130215205457/http://www.divyadestiny.com/2012/08/13/forgotten-heroes/","url_text":"\"Forgotten Heroes\""},{"url":"http://www.divyadestiny.com/2012/08/13/forgotten-heroes/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"George Joseph, a true champion of subaltern\". The Hindu. 19 July 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/article2248765.ece?css=print","url_text":"\"George Joseph, a true champion of subaltern\""}]},{"reference":"Muthiah, S. (2011). A Madras Miscellany. Chennai: East West Books. ISBN 9789380032849.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QHtZG8beGy4C&dq=%22george+joseph%22+madurai&pg=PT526","url_text":"A Madras Miscellany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789380032849","url_text":"9789380032849"}]},{"reference":"\"Madurai's very own freedom fighters\". The Hindu. 23 July 2012. Retrieved 4 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-editorialfeatures/article3671344.ece?css=print","url_text":"\"Madurai's very own freedom fighters\""}]},{"reference":"Ganeshram, S (2011). History of People and Their Environs. Tamil Nadu: Bharathi Puthakalayam. p. 470. ISBN 9789380325910.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=crxUQR_qBXYC&dq=%22george+joseph%22+madurai&pg=PA470","url_text":"History of People and Their Environs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789380325910","url_text":"9789380325910"}]},{"reference":"\"SOME PROMINENT LEADERS OF THE FREEDOM STRUGGLE IN KERALA\". Press Information Bureau. Retrieved 4 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr98/fe0898/f0308982.html","url_text":"\"SOME PROMINENT LEADERS OF THE FREEDOM STRUGGLE IN KERALA\""}]},{"reference":"George, Alphons (2014). \"THE ROLE OF GEORGE JOSEPH IN THE VAIKOM SATYAGRAHA\". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 75. Indian History Congress: 569–574. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44158431. Retrieved 25 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jstor.org/stable/44158431","url_text":"\"THE ROLE OF GEORGE JOSEPH IN THE VAIKOM SATYAGRAHA\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937","url_text":"2249-1937"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158431","url_text":"44158431"}]},{"reference":"B.A, Pon Vasanth (30 March 2023). \"The contribution of an unsung leader, George Joseph, to the Vaikom Satyagraha\". The Hindu. Retrieved 25 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-contribution-of-an-unsung-leader-to-the-vaikom-satyagraha/article66681161.ece","url_text":"\"The contribution of an unsung leader, George Joseph, to the Vaikom Satyagraha\""}]},{"reference":"Andrews, C F (January 1929). \"Young India Throws Its Pebble\". The Star: An International Magazine. 1. II: 23. ISBN 9780766180390. Retrieved 4 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tfullPvCF2IC&dq=%22george+joseph%22+travancore&pg=RA3-PA23","url_text":"\"Young India Throws Its Pebble\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780766180390","url_text":"9780766180390"}]},{"reference":"Augustine, P A (1991). Social Equality in Indian Society: The Elusive Goal. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. p. 154. ISBN 9788170223030.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5GtbgNKE6Z0C&dq=%22george+joseph%22+travancore&pg=PA154","url_text":"Social Equality in Indian Society: The Elusive Goal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170223030","url_text":"9788170223030"}]},{"reference":"Lukose, Ritty (2009). Liberalization's Children: Gender, Youth, and Consumer Citizenship in Globalizing India. Duke university Press. p. 172. ISBN 9780822345671.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R5gNOdw9E_0C&dq=%22george+joseph%22+travancore&pg=PT186","url_text":"Liberalization's Children: Gender, Youth, and Consumer Citizenship in Globalizing India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822345671","url_text":"9780822345671"}]},{"reference":"Kandaswamy, P. (2001). The Political Career of K. Kamaraj. New Delhi: Concept Publishing House. p. 32.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bOjT3qffnMkC&dq=%22george+joseph%22+madurai&pg=PA23","url_text":"The Political Career of K. Kamaraj"}]},{"reference":"\"Giant without footprints\". The Hindu. 2 November 2003. Archived from the original on 12 December 2003. Retrieved 4 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031212200122/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2003/11/02/stories/2003110200430500.htm","url_text":"\"Giant without footprints\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"http://www.hindu.com/lr/2003/11/02/stories/2003110200430500.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Joseph, George Gheverghese (2003). On life and times of George Joseph, 1887–1938, a Syrian Christian nationalist from Kerala. Orient Longman. p. 18. ISBN 978-81-250-2495-8. Retrieved 9 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=A6MfPh-9DiEC&pg=PA25","url_text":"On life and times of George Joseph, 1887–1938, a Syrian Christian nationalist from Kerala"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2495-8","url_text":"978-81-250-2495-8"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Mona_Heydari
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Murder of Mona Heydari
|
["1 Background","2 Incident","3 Aftermath","4 Perpetrator","5 See also","6 References"]
|
2022 murder in Ahvaz, Iran
Murder of Mona HeydariDate5 February 2022 (2022-02-05)LocationAhvaz, IranTypeHonour killingTarget
Mona Heydari
PerpetratorSajjad HeydariParticipants2
Ghazal "Mona" Heydari (24 December 2004 – 5 February 2022) was an Iranian Arab teenage girl who was beheaded in Ahvaz, Iran in a honour killing by her husband. Mona and her husband were first cousins. Pictures and videos of her husband, Sajjad Heydari, smiling while carrying her head, caused widespread outrage in Iran. In the aftermath of the beheading, her husband and her brother-in-law were arrested by Iranian police.
Background
See also: Ages of consent in Asia § Iran
Mona Heydari was married to Sajjad Heydari, at the age of 12. She fled to Turkey to escape her husband's domestic abuse against her. She was brought back to Iran by her close relatives.
She had a child, aged 3. She gave birth to her child when she was 14.
Incident
She was beheaded by her husband and her brother-in-law in a house. Her body was dumped.
Aftermath
Human Rights Watch condemned the murder, calling for reforming a draft law that would criminalize violence against women.
Human rights activists in Iran made a petition on Daadkhast, an Iranian-based petition website, to stop killings in Iran. The petition gathered over 1,500 signatures.
Perpetrator
The Iranian government shut down Rokna News Agency, an Iranian news website, for displaying an image of Sajjad Heydari holding a knife in one hand, and Mona's head in another. The reason for shutting down Rokna was given as "publishing images and issues that violate public decency".
On 18 January 2023, Sajjad Heydari was sentenced to more than 8 years in prison for the decapitation of his wife, and the public display of her head. The charges include murder and assault, as told by judiciary spokesman Massoud Setayeshi to reporters.
See also
Killing of Tiba al-Ali
Murder of Romina Ashrafi
List of honor killings in Iran
References
^ Salem, Mostafa; Mostaghim, Ramin (9 February 2022). "Iranian husband beheads teenage wife, authorities say, shocking the country". CNN. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
^ مرد همسرکش در اهواز دستگیر شد/سر مقتول را بریده و در شهر چرخانده بودند (in Persian). Iranian Labour News Agency. 5 February 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
^ a b قتل ناموسی در ایران؛ نمایش زنی سر بریده در اهواز و تعطیلی خبرگزاری به دلیل انتشار تصاویر . BBC News فارسی (in Persian). BBC Persian. 6 February 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
^ Gritten, David (18 January 2022). "Iranian man who beheaded 17-year-old wife jailed for eight years". BBC. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
^ Ghazi, Maya (11 February 2022). "Gruesome Femicide in Iran". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
^ Amini, Asieh. "Put An End to the Slaughter of Women!". Daadkhast. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
^ "Iranian news site shut down for publishing image of decapitated woman". The Times of Israel. Associated Press. 7 February 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
^ "Iran man who decapitated teen wife and paraded her head in public gets an 8-year prison sentence". CBS News. 18 January 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
vteHonor killing eventschronological, incomplete listEvents
Isabella di Morra (1545/1546)
Beauchamp–Sharp Tragedy (1825)
Ernesto Balmaceda Bello (1906)
Tursunoy Saidazimova (1928)
Nurkhon Yuldashkhojayeva (1929)
Tina Isa (1989)
Rukhsana Naz (1998)
Surjit Athwal (1998)
Tulay Goren (1999)
Samia Sarwar (1999)
Pela Atroshi (1999)
Jaswinder Kaur Sidhu (2000)
Fadime Şahindal (2002)
Nitish Katara (2002)
Anooshe Sediq Ghulam (2002)
Heshu Yones (2002)
Shafilea Ahmed (2003)
Hatun Sürücü (2005)
Samaira Nazir (2005)
Gazala Khan (2005)
Banaz Mahmod (2006)
Hina Saleem (2006)
Du'a Khalil Aswad (2007)
Manoj and Babli (2007)
Sadia Sheikh (2007)
Aqsa Parvez (2007)
Amina and Sarah Said (2008)
Morsal Obeidi (2008)
Shailendra Prasad (2008)
Shafia family murders (2009)
Sandeela Kanwal (2008)
Ahmet Yıldız (2008)
Ayman Udas (2009)
Noor Almaleki (2009)
Gelareh Bagherzadeh and Coty Beavers (2012)
Kohistan honour killings (2012)
Rania Alayed (2013)
Farzana Parveen Iqbal (2014)
Qandeel Baloch (2016)
Samia Shahid (2016)
Pranay Kumar (2018)
Israa Ghrayeb (2019)
Romina Ashrafi (2020)
Ali Fazeli Monfared (2021)
Babak Khorramdin (2021)
Mona Heydari (2022)
Tiba al-Ali (2023)
Relatedtopics
List of honor killings in Iran
Honour killing in Pakistan
Honor-related violence in Sweden
Honor killing in the United States
Guarding the Secrets (1995 book)
Forbidden Love (Honor Lost) (2003 book)
Forbidden Lies (2007 film)
In the Name of the Family (2010 film)
When We Leave (2010 film)
Banaz: A Love Story (2012 film)
Zenne Dancer (2012 film)
Honor Diaries (2013 film)
Honour (2014 film)
A Girl in the River: The Price of Forgiveness (2015 film)
Honour Killing (2015 film)
Murdered by My Father (2016 film)
A Wedding (2016 film)
Baaghi
The Sensational Life & Death of Qandeel Baloch (2018 book)
A Regular Woman (2019 film)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iranian Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Arabs"},{"link_name":"Ahvaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahvaz"},{"link_name":"honour killing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honour_killing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Iranian police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_police"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Ghazal \"Mona\" Heydari (24 December 2004 – 5 February 2022) was an Iranian Arab teenage girl who was beheaded in Ahvaz, Iran in a honour killing by her husband. Mona and her husband were first cousins. Pictures and videos of her husband, Sajjad Heydari, smiling while carrying her head, caused widespread outrage in Iran.[1] In the aftermath of the beheading, her husband and her brother-in-law were arrested by Iranian police.[2]","title":"Murder of Mona Heydari"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ages of consent in Asia § Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_Asia#Iran"},{"link_name":"domestic abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_abuse"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcpersia-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"See also: Ages of consent in Asia § IranMona Heydari was married to Sajjad Heydari, at the age of 12. She fled to Turkey to escape her husband's domestic abuse against her. She was brought back to Iran by her close relatives.[3]She had a child, aged 3. She gave birth to her child when she was 14.[4]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcpersia-3"}],"text":"She was beheaded by her husband and her brother-in-law in a house. Her body was dumped.[3]","title":"Incident"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Human Rights Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Human Rights Watch condemned the murder, calling for reforming a draft law that would criminalize violence against women.[5]Human rights activists in Iran made a petition on Daadkhast, an Iranian-based petition website, to stop killings in Iran. The petition gathered over 1,500 signatures.[6]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Iranian government shut down Rokna News Agency, an Iranian news website, for displaying an image of Sajjad Heydari holding a knife in one hand, and Mona's head in another. The reason for shutting down Rokna was given as \"publishing images and issues that violate public decency\".[7]On 18 January 2023, Sajjad Heydari was sentenced to more than 8 years in prison for the decapitation of his wife, and the public display of her head. The charges include murder and assault, as told by judiciary spokesman Massoud Setayeshi to reporters.[8]","title":"Perpetrator"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Killing of Tiba al-Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Tiba_al-Ali"},{"title":"Murder of Romina Ashrafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Romina_Ashrafi"},{"title":"List of honor killings in Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_honor_killings_in_Iran"}]
|
[{"reference":"Salem, Mostafa; Mostaghim, Ramin (9 February 2022). \"Iranian husband beheads teenage wife, authorities say, shocking the country\". CNN. Retrieved 11 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2022/02/09/middleeast/iran-teenage-wife-beheaded-intl/index.html","url_text":"\"Iranian husband beheads teenage wife, authorities say, shocking the country\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"}]},{"reference":"مرد همسرکش در اهواز دستگیر شد/سر مقتول را بریده و در شهر چرخانده بودند [His wife's husband was arrested in Ahvaz / the victim was beheaded and driven around the city] (in Persian). Iranian Labour News Agency. 5 February 2022. Retrieved 9 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ilna.news/fa/tiny/news-1192555","url_text":"مرد همسرکش در اهواز دستگیر شد/سر مقتول را بریده و در شهر چرخانده بودند"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Labour_News_Agency","url_text":"Iranian Labour News Agency"}]},{"reference":"قتل ناموسی در ایران؛ نمایش زنی سر بریده در اهواز و تعطیلی خبرگزاری به دلیل انتشار تصاویر [Honour killing in Iran; A beheaded woman was shown in Ahvaz and the news agency was closed due to the publication of pictures]. BBC News فارسی (in Persian). BBC Persian. 6 February 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-60278910","url_text":"قتل ناموسی در ایران؛ نمایش زنی سر بریده در اهواز و تعطیلی خبرگزاری به دلیل انتشار تصاویر"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Persian","url_text":"BBC Persian"}]},{"reference":"Gritten, David (18 January 2022). \"Iranian man who beheaded 17-year-old wife jailed for eight years\". BBC. Retrieved 22 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-64319487","url_text":"\"Iranian man who beheaded 17-year-old wife jailed for eight years\""}]},{"reference":"Ghazi, Maya (11 February 2022). \"Gruesome Femicide in Iran\". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 4 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/02/11/gruesome-femicide-iran","url_text":"\"Gruesome Femicide in Iran\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch","url_text":"Human Rights Watch"}]},{"reference":"Amini, Asieh. \"Put An End to the Slaughter of Women!\". Daadkhast. Retrieved 20 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asieh_Amini","url_text":"Amini, Asieh"},{"url":"https://www.daadkhast.org/petition/225507","url_text":"\"Put An End to the Slaughter of Women!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iranian news site shut down for publishing image of decapitated woman\". The Times of Israel. Associated Press. 7 February 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/iranian-news-site-shut-down-for-publishing-image-of-decapitated-woman/","url_text":"\"Iranian news site shut down for publishing image of decapitated woman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel","url_text":"The Times of Israel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Iran man who decapitated teen wife and paraded her head in public gets an 8-year prison sentence\". CBS News. 18 January 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/iran-man-decapitated-teen-wife-paraded-head-in-public-8-year-prison-sentence/","url_text":"\"Iran man who decapitated teen wife and paraded her head in public gets an 8-year prison sentence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News","url_text":"CBS News"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2022/02/09/middleeast/iran-teenage-wife-beheaded-intl/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Iranian husband beheads teenage wife, authorities say, shocking the country\""},{"Link":"https://www.ilna.news/fa/tiny/news-1192555","external_links_name":"مرد همسرکش در اهواز دستگیر شد/سر مقتول را بریده و در شهر چرخانده بودند"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-60278910","external_links_name":"قتل ناموسی در ایران؛ نمایش زنی سر بریده در اهواز و تعطیلی خبرگزاری به دلیل انتشار تصاویر"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-64319487","external_links_name":"\"Iranian man who beheaded 17-year-old wife jailed for eight years\""},{"Link":"https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/02/11/gruesome-femicide-iran","external_links_name":"\"Gruesome Femicide in Iran\""},{"Link":"https://www.daadkhast.org/petition/225507","external_links_name":"\"Put An End to the Slaughter of Women!\""},{"Link":"https://www.timesofisrael.com/iranian-news-site-shut-down-for-publishing-image-of-decapitated-woman/","external_links_name":"\"Iranian news site shut down for publishing image of decapitated woman\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/iran-man-decapitated-teen-wife-paraded-head-in-public-8-year-prison-sentence/","external_links_name":"\"Iran man who decapitated teen wife and paraded her head in public gets an 8-year prison sentence\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brett_Deacon
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Brett Deacon
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
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Rugby playerBrett DeaconBirth nameBrett DeaconDate of birth (1982-03-07) 7 March 1982 (age 42)Place of birthLeicester, Leicestershire, EnglandHeight1.93 m (6 ft 4 in)Weight110 kg (17 st 5 lb) SchoolSouth Wigston High, Guthlaxton CollegeNotable relative(s)Louis Deacon (brother)Rugby union careerPosition(s)
FlankerYouth career
Wigston RFC
Syston RFCSenior careerYears
Team
Apps
(Points)2003–2010
Leicester Tigers
116
(30)2010–2012
Gloucester
22
(5)2012–2013
Leicester Tigers
19
(0)Coaching careerYears
Team2013–
Leicester Tigers
Brett Deacon (born 7 March 1982 in Leicester, England) is an English rugby union coach and former player who notably played for Leicester Tigers in the Premiership. He is currently an assistant coach with Leicester. He played as a blindside flanker or No. 8. He is the younger brother of Leicester and England international Louis Deacon. Deacon played as a replacement when Leicester won the 2007 Premiership final.
He left Leicester Tigers at the end of the 2009–10 season after seven seasons, to play for Gloucester. In 2012, after being released from Gloucester Rugby he re-joined Leicester Tigers.
On 19 December 2013, Deacon was forced to retire due to a diagnosis of lupus, an autoimmune disease which in his case led to potentially life-threatening blood clots; he was immediately placed on blood thinners. However, he remained with Leicester Tigers to take a coaching role with their academy.
References
^ "Aviva Premiership Rugby - Gloucester Rugby". web page. Premier Rugby. Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
^ "Premiership final". BBC. 12 May 2007. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
^ "Brett Deacon to leave Leicester Tigers". Leicester Mercury site. 23 January 2010. Archived from the original on 26 January 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
^ "Mike Tindall heads Gloucester departure list". Retrieved 19 July 2012.
^ "Brett Deacon and Pat Phibbs join Leicester Tigers". Retrieved 27 July 2012.
^ "Brett Deacon: 'I'm lucky to be alive'". ESPN Scrum. 19 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
^ "Leicester Tigers flanker Brett Deacon force to retire". BBC Sport. 19 December 2013.
External links
Leicester Tigers profile
vteLeicester Tigers – current squadForwards
Ollie Chessum
Charlie Clare
Dan Cole
Olly Cracknell
James Cronin
Nic Dolly
Kyle Hatherell
Cameron Henderson
Joe Heyes
Will Hurd
Hanro Liebenberg
George Martin
Julián Montoya
Tommy Reffell
Dan Richardson
Matt Rogerson
Francois van Wyk
Harry Wells
James Whitcombe
Jasper Wiese
Backs
Josh Bassett
Mike Brown
Phil Cokanasiga
Ollie Hassell-Collins
Solomone Kata
Dan Kelly
Handré Pollard
Guy Porter
Matt Scott
Jamie Shillcock
Harry Simmons
Freddie Steward
Anthony Watson
Tom Whiteley
Kieran Wilkinson
Jack van Poortvliet
Ben Youngs
Coach(es)
Dan McKellar (head coach)
Brett Deacon (assistant coach)
Matt Everard (assistant coach)
Matt Smith (assistant coach)
Peter Hewat (assistant coach)
Dan Palmer (assistant coach)
This English rugby union biography is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Leicester Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Premiership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Premiership_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_Tigers"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Louis Deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Deacon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Leicester Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester_Rugby"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brett_Deacon_to_leave_Leicester_Tigers-3"},{"link_name":"Gloucester Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester_Rugby"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Leicester Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_Tigers"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"lupus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus"},{"link_name":"blood thinners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticoagulant"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Rugby playerBrett Deacon (born 7 March 1982 in Leicester, England) is an English rugby union coach and former player who notably played for Leicester Tigers in the Premiership. He is currently an assistant coach with Leicester. He played as a blindside flanker or No. 8. He is the younger brother of Leicester and England international Louis Deacon. Deacon played as a replacement when Leicester won the 2007 Premiership final.[2]He left Leicester Tigers at the end of the 2009–10 season after seven seasons, to play for Gloucester.[3] In 2012, after being released from Gloucester Rugby[4] he re-joined Leicester Tigers.[5]On 19 December 2013, Deacon was forced to retire due to a diagnosis of lupus, an autoimmune disease which in his case led to potentially life-threatening blood clots; he was immediately placed on blood thinners.[6] However, he remained with Leicester Tigers to take a coaching role with their academy.[7]","title":"Brett Deacon"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120616063514/http://www.premiershiprugby.com/premiership/rugby/gloucester_rugby.php?section=1","external_links_name":"\"Aviva Premiership Rugby - Gloucester Rugby\""},{"Link":"http://www.premiershiprugby.com/premiership/rugby/gloucester_rugby.php?section=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/english/6637669.stm","external_links_name":"\"Premiership final\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100126073437/http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/sport/Brett-Deacon-leave-Leicester-Tigers/article-1747699-detail/article.html","external_links_name":"\"Brett Deacon to leave Leicester Tigers\""},{"Link":"http://www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/sport/Brett-Deacon-leave-Leicester-Tigers/article-1747699-detail/article.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/rugby-union/17839718","external_links_name":"\"Mike Tindall heads Gloucester departure list\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/rugby-union/18997439","external_links_name":"\"Brett Deacon and Pat Phibbs join Leicester Tigers\""},{"Link":"http://www.espnscrum.com/premiership-2013-14/rugby/story/209393.html","external_links_name":"\"Brett Deacon: 'I'm lucky to be alive'\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/rugby-union/25431022","external_links_name":"\"Leicester Tigers flanker Brett Deacon force to retire\""},{"Link":"http://www.leicestertigers.com/squad/players.php?player=4678&includeref=dynamic","external_links_name":"Leicester Tigers profile"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brett_Deacon&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Burdis
|
Mark Burdis
|
["1 Early life","2 Television","3 Theatre","4 Film","5 Personal life","6 Partial filmography","7 References","8 External links"]
|
British actor (born 1968)
Burdis in 2016
Mark Burdis (born 2 March 1968) is an English actor who started his career at the age of six in 1974 in the Plague of London (LWT). He currently works as a boxing ring announcer, and is a co-owner of Roma Security Ltd.
Early life
He attended Holloway School and the Anna Scher Theatre in Islington London and he received the Rowena Roberts comedy award from Michael Caine in 1986.
Television
Burdis is most well known for his role as Christopher "Stewpot" Stewart in the BBC Television Children's show Grange Hill from 1981 to 1985. His later television work has included appearing in the award-winning BBC Television Police mockumentary Operation Good Guys.
Burdis played PC Naylor alongside David Jason in the series A Touch Of Frost (Yorkshire TV).
In 1985, he appeared in To Hull and Back, the first feature length edition of Only Fools And Horses, playing garage mechanic Colin, who works for Boycie.
Mark also starred as Scatto in the BBC'S children's The Roman Mysteries.
He also appeared in The Bill playing Joe, the brother of DC Paul Riley.
In 1996, Mark played the role of market stallholder Gary Rawlings in EastEnders , a rival fruit and veg stall to Mark Fowler.
For several years, Burdis has worked as an announcer for boxing matches.
Theatre
He has also played roles in West End theatre productions such as A Slice of Saturday Night and The Good Woman of Sichuan.
Film
Burdis had a leading role in Final Cut, starring Jude Law, Ray Winstone, and Sadie Frost; and starred in Love, Honour and Obey, with Jude Law, Ray Winstone, and Jonny Lee Miller. Mark has a leading role in the 2013 movie "Still Waters" starring John Hannah.
His appearances on film include playing the character of "Mark" in the 1990 release of The Krays.
Personal life
He is the younger brother of the British actor, film producer, director, and screenwriter, Ray Burdis.
Partial filmography
Never Never Land (1980) – Cliff
Clockwise (1986) – Glen Scully
The Krays (1990) – Mark
The Runner (1992) – Marco the dude
I.D. (1995) – Previous Team #1
Final Cut (1998) – Mark
Love, Honour and Obey (2000) – Mark
Mike Bassett: England Manager (2001) – Mail journalist
The Wee Man (2013) – Comedian
Angel (2015) – Mark
References
^ "About". Roma Security. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
^ The Old Camdenians Club. Retrieved 31 January 2015
^ "Grange Hill Online website's "Roll Call" page". Archived from the original on 8 December 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2006.
^ ""The Krays" (1990) full credits page at the IMDB". IMDb. Retrieved 1 January 2007.
External links
Mark Burdis at IMDb
BBC Comedy Guide for Operation Good Guys (Includes pictures and video clips of the show)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mark_Burdis_-_2016-04-30.jpg"},{"link_name":"boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Burdis in 2016Mark Burdis (born 2 March 1968) is an English actor who started his career at the age of six in 1974 in the Plague of London (LWT). He currently works as a boxing ring announcer, and is a co-owner of Roma Security Ltd.[1]","title":"Mark Burdis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holloway School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holloway_School"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-camdenians-2"}],"text":"He attended Holloway School[2] and the Anna Scher Theatre in Islington London and he received the Rowena Roberts comedy award from Michael Caine in 1986.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Television"},{"link_name":"Grange Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grange_Hill"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"BBC Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Television"},{"link_name":"Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police"},{"link_name":"mockumentary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mockumentary"},{"link_name":"Operation Good Guys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Good_Guys"},{"link_name":"A Touch Of Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Touch_Of_Frost"},{"link_name":"To Hull and Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Hull_and_Back"},{"link_name":"Only Fools And Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Only_Fools_And_Horses"},{"link_name":"Boycie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boycie"},{"link_name":"The Roman Mysteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Roman_Mysteries"},{"link_name":"The Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bill"},{"link_name":"EastEnders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders"},{"link_name":"Mark Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Fowler"},{"link_name":"boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing"}],"text":"Burdis is most well known for his role as Christopher \"Stewpot\" Stewart in the BBC Television Children's show Grange Hill from 1981 to 1985.[3] His later television work has included appearing in the award-winning BBC Television Police mockumentary Operation Good Guys.Burdis played PC Naylor alongside David Jason in the series A Touch Of Frost (Yorkshire TV).In 1985, he appeared in To Hull and Back, the first feature length edition of Only Fools And Horses, playing garage mechanic Colin, who works for Boycie.Mark also starred as Scatto in the BBC'S children's The Roman Mysteries.He also appeared in The Bill playing Joe, the brother of DC Paul Riley.In 1996, Mark played the role of market stallholder Gary Rawlings in EastEnders , a rival fruit and veg stall to Mark Fowler.For several years, Burdis has worked as an announcer for boxing matches.","title":"Television"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"He has also played roles in West End theatre productions such as A Slice of Saturday Night and The Good Woman of Sichuan.","title":"Theatre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Final Cut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Cut_(1998_film)"},{"link_name":"Love, Honour and Obey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love,_Honour_and_Obey"},{"link_name":"The Krays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Krays_(film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Burdis had a leading role in Final Cut, starring Jude Law, Ray Winstone, and Sadie Frost; and starred in Love, Honour and Obey, with Jude Law, Ray Winstone, and Jonny Lee Miller. Mark has a leading role in the 2013 movie \"Still Waters\" starring John Hannah.His appearances on film include playing the character of \"Mark\" in the 1990 release of The Krays.[4]","title":"Film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"film producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_producer"},{"link_name":"director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_director"},{"link_name":"screenwriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenwriter"},{"link_name":"Ray Burdis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Burdis"}],"text":"He is the younger brother of the British actor, film producer, director, and screenwriter, Ray Burdis.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Never Never Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Never_Land_(film)"},{"link_name":"Clockwise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clockwise_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Krays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Krays_(film)"},{"link_name":"I.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.D._(1995_film)"},{"link_name":"Final Cut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Cut_(1998_film)"},{"link_name":"Love, Honour and Obey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love,_Honour_and_Obey"},{"link_name":"Mike Bassett: England Manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Bassett:_England_Manager"},{"link_name":"The Wee Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wee_Man"}],"text":"Never Never Land (1980) – Cliff\nClockwise (1986) – Glen Scully\nThe Krays (1990) – Mark\nThe Runner (1992) – Marco the dude\nI.D. (1995) – Previous Team #1\nFinal Cut (1998) – Mark\nLove, Honour and Obey (2000) – Mark\nMike Bassett: England Manager (2001) – Mail journalist\nThe Wee Man (2013) – Comedian\nAngel (2015) – Mark","title":"Partial filmography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Burdis in 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mark_Burdis_-_2016-04-30.jpg/200px-Mark_Burdis_-_2016-04-30.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Grange Hill Online website's \"Roll Call\" page\". Archived from the original on 8 December 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061208030914/http://grangehillfans.co.uk/history/rollcall.html","url_text":"\"Grange Hill Online website's \"Roll Call\" page\""},{"url":"http://www.grangehillfans.co.uk/history/rollcall.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"The Krays\" (1990) full credits page at the IMDB\". IMDb. Retrieved 1 January 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0099951/fullcredits","url_text":"\"\"The Krays\" (1990) full credits page at the IMDB\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.romasecurity.co.uk/about","external_links_name":"\"About\""},{"Link":"http://www.oldcamdenians.info/school","external_links_name":"The Old Camdenians Club"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061208030914/http://grangehillfans.co.uk/history/rollcall.html","external_links_name":"\"Grange Hill Online website's \"Roll Call\" page\""},{"Link":"http://www.grangehillfans.co.uk/history/rollcall.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0099951/fullcredits","external_links_name":"\"\"The Krays\" (1990) full credits page at the IMDB\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0120986/","external_links_name":"Mark Burdis"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/guide/articles/o/operationgoodguy_7775025.shtml","external_links_name":"BBC Comedy Guide for Operation Good Guys"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lectionary_70
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Lectionary 70
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["1 Description","2 History","3 See also","4 Notes and references","5 Bibliography"]
|
New Testament manuscript
Lectionary ℓ 70New Testament manuscriptTextEvangelistarionDate12th-centuryScriptGreekFound1669Now atBibliothèque nationale de FranceSize34.4 cm by 26.9 cm
Lectionary 70, designated by siglum ℓ 70 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek manuscript of the New Testament, on vellum leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th-century.
Description
The codex contains Lessons from the Gospels of John, Matthew, Luke lectionary (Evangelistarium) with some lacunae at the beginning and end. The lacking leaves were supplied by a later hand. It is written in Greek minuscule letters, on 313 parchment leaves (34.4 cm by 26.9 cm), 2 columns per page, 25-26 lines per column. The text of John 8:3-11 is included.
In Mark 6:33 it has textual reading ἐκεῖ καὶ προῆλθον αὐτούς along with Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Vaticanus, 0187 (omit εκει), 892, ℓ 49, ℓ 69, ℓ 299, ℓ 303, ℓ 333, ℓ 1579, (ℓ 950 αυτους), itaur, vg, (copsa, bo).
In Mark 10:7 it has unique reading μητερα (mother) instead of γυναικα (wife).
A few paper leaves at the beginnings and end were added later.
History
Currently the manuscript is dated by the INTF to the 12th-century.
The manuscript was brought from the East in 1669. It was partially examined by Scholz. It was examined and described by Paulin Martin. C. R. Gregory saw it in 1885.
The manuscript is cited in the critical editions of the Greek New Testament (UBS3).
Currently the codex is located in the Bibliothèque nationale de France (Gr. 288) in Paris.
See also
List of New Testament lectionaries
Biblical manuscript
Textual criticism
Notes and references
^ a b Aland, Kurt; M. Welte; B. Köster; K. Junack (1994). Kurzgefasste Liste der griechischen Handschriften des Neues Testaments. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. p. 222. ISBN 3-11-011986-2.
^ a b c d Gregory, Caspar René (1900). Textkritik des Neuen Testaments. Vol. 1. Leipzig: Hinrichs. p. 393.
^ UBS3, p. 144.
^ The Greek New Testament, ed. K. Aland, A. Black, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, and A. Wikgren, in cooperation with INTF, United Bible Societies, 3rd edition, (Stuttgart 1983), p. 164.
^ F. H. A. Scrivener, "A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament" (London 1894), vol. 1, p. 332.
^ "Liste Handschriften". Münster: Institute for New Testament Textual Research. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
^ Jean-Pierre-Paul Martin, Description technique des manuscrits grecs relatifs au N. T., conservés dans les bibliothèques des Paris (Paris 1883), p. 150
^ The Greek New Testament, ed. K. Aland, A. Black, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, and A. Wikgren, in cooperation with INTF, United Bible Societies, 3rd edition, (Stuttgart 1983), p. XXVIII.
Bibliography
Bible portal
Jean-Pierre-Paul Martin, Description technique des manuscrits grecs relatifs au N. T., conservés dans les bibliothèques des Paris (Paris 1883), p. 150.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"siglum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglum"},{"link_name":"Gregory-Aland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_manuscript#Gregory-Aland"},{"link_name":"manuscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscript"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"Palaeographically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeography"}],"text":"Lectionary 70, designated by siglum ℓ 70 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), is a Greek manuscript of the New Testament, on vellum leaves. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th-century.","title":"Lectionary 70"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_of_John"},{"link_name":"lectionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lectionary"},{"link_name":"lacunae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacuna_(manuscripts)"},{"link_name":"minuscule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_case"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aland-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gregory-2"},{"link_name":"John 8:3-11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_and_the_woman_taken_in_adultery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gregory-2"},{"link_name":"Codex Sinaiticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus"},{"link_name":"Codex Vaticanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus"},{"link_name":"0187","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncial_0187"},{"link_name":"892","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuscule_892"},{"link_name":"ℓ 49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lectionary_49"},{"link_name":"ℓ 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lectionary_69"},{"link_name":"ℓ 299","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lectionary_299"},{"link_name":"ℓ 303","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lectionary_303"},{"link_name":"ℓ 333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lectionary_333"},{"link_name":"copsa, bo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_versions_of_the_Bible"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scrivener-5"}],"text":"The codex contains Lessons from the Gospels of John, Matthew, Luke lectionary (Evangelistarium) with some lacunae at the beginning and end. The lacking leaves were supplied by a later hand. It is written in Greek minuscule letters, on 313 parchment leaves (34.4 cm by 26.9 cm), 2 columns per page, 25-26 lines per column.[1][2] The text of John 8:3-11 is included.[2]In Mark 6:33 it has textual reading ἐκεῖ καὶ προῆλθον αὐτούς along with Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Vaticanus, 0187 (omit εκει), 892, ℓ 49, ℓ 69, ℓ 299, ℓ 303, ℓ 333, ℓ 1579, (ℓ 950 αυτους), itaur, vg, (copsa, bo).[3]In Mark 10:7 it has unique reading μητερα (mother) instead of γυναικα (wife).[4]A few paper leaves at the beginnings and end were added later.[5]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"INTF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INTF"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INTF-6"},{"link_name":"Scholz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Martin_Augustin_Scholz"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gregory-2"},{"link_name":"Paulin Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulin_Martin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"C. R. Gregory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._R._Gregory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gregory-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bibliothèque nationale de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aland-1"}],"text":"Currently the manuscript is dated by the INTF to the 12th-century.[6]The manuscript was brought from the East in 1669. It was partially examined by Scholz.[2] It was examined and described by Paulin Martin.[7] C. R. Gregory saw it in 1885.[2]The manuscript is cited in the critical editions of the Greek New Testament (UBS3).[8]Currently the codex is located in the Bibliothèque nationale de France (Gr. 288) in Paris.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Aland_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Aland_1-1"},{"link_name":"Aland, Kurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Aland"},{"link_name":"Walter de Gruyter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-11-011986-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-011986-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gregory_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gregory_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gregory_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gregory_2-3"},{"link_name":"Gregory, Caspar René","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_Ren%C3%A9_Gregory"},{"link_name":"Textkritik des Neuen Testaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/textkritikdesne00greggoog#page/n405/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"A. Wikgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Wikgren"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Scrivener_5-0"},{"link_name":"F. H. A. Scrivener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Henry_Ambrose_Scrivener"},{"link_name":"A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Plain_Introduction_to_the_Criticism_of_the_New_Testament"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-INTF_6-0"},{"link_name":"\"Liste Handschriften\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//intf.uni-muenster.de/vmr/NTVMR/ListeHandschriften.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre-Paul Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulin_Martin"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"A. Wikgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Wikgren"}],"text":"^ a b Aland, Kurt; M. Welte; B. Köster; K. Junack (1994). Kurzgefasste Liste der griechischen Handschriften des Neues Testaments. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. p. 222. ISBN 3-11-011986-2.\n\n^ a b c d Gregory, Caspar René (1900). Textkritik des Neuen Testaments. Vol. 1. Leipzig: Hinrichs. p. 393.\n\n^ UBS3, p. 144. \n\n^ The Greek New Testament, ed. K. Aland, A. Black, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, and A. Wikgren, in cooperation with INTF, United Bible Societies, 3rd edition, (Stuttgart 1983), p. 164. \n\n^ F. H. A. Scrivener, \"A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament\" (London 1894), vol. 1, p. 332. \n\n^ \"Liste Handschriften\". Münster: Institute for New Testament Textual Research. Retrieved 9 April 2011.\n\n^ Jean-Pierre-Paul Martin, Description technique des manuscrits grecs relatifs au N. T., conservés dans les bibliothèques des Paris (Paris 1883), p. 150 \n\n^ The Greek New Testament, ed. K. Aland, A. Black, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger, and A. Wikgren, in cooperation with INTF, United Bible Societies, 3rd edition, (Stuttgart 1983), p. XXVIII.","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bible portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Bible"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre-Paul Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulin_Martin"}],"text":"Bible portalJean-Pierre-Paul Martin, Description technique des manuscrits grecs relatifs au N. T., conservés dans les bibliothèques des Paris (Paris 1883), p. 150.","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of New Testament lectionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_lectionaries"},{"title":"Biblical manuscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_manuscript"},{"title":"Textual criticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textual_criticism"}]
|
[{"reference":"Aland, Kurt; M. Welte; B. Köster; K. Junack (1994). Kurzgefasste Liste der griechischen Handschriften des Neues Testaments. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. p. 222. ISBN 3-11-011986-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Aland","url_text":"Aland, Kurt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter","url_text":"Walter de Gruyter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-011986-2","url_text":"3-11-011986-2"}]},{"reference":"Gregory, Caspar René (1900). Textkritik des Neuen Testaments. Vol. 1. Leipzig: Hinrichs. p. 393.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar_Ren%C3%A9_Gregory","url_text":"Gregory, Caspar René"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/textkritikdesne00greggoog#page/n405/mode/2up","url_text":"Textkritik des Neuen Testaments"}]},{"reference":"\"Liste Handschriften\". Münster: Institute for New Testament Textual Research. Retrieved 9 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://intf.uni-muenster.de/vmr/NTVMR/ListeHandschriften.php","url_text":"\"Liste Handschriften\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/textkritikdesne00greggoog#page/n405/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Textkritik des Neuen Testaments"},{"Link":"http://intf.uni-muenster.de/vmr/NTVMR/ListeHandschriften.php","external_links_name":"\"Liste Handschriften\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americium(III)_iodide
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Americium(III) iodide
|
["1 Preparation","2 Properties","3 References"]
|
Americium(III) iodide
Names
IUPAC name
Americium(III) iodide
Other names
Americium triiodide
Identifiers
CAS Number
13813-47-3
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
PubChem CID
101946332
InChI
InChI=1S/Am.3HI/h;3*1H/p-3Key: YYYYEVJUHBVYGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K
SMILES
...
Properties
Chemical formula
AmI3
Molar mass
624 g·mol−1
Related compounds
Other anions
Americium(III) fluorideAmericium(III) chlorideAmericium(III) bromide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Americium(III) iodide or americium triiodide is the chemical compound, a salt composed of americium and iodine with the formula AmI3.
Preparation
Americium(III) iodide can be prepared by reacting americium(III) chloride with ammonium iodide:
AmCl3 + 3 NH4I → AmI3 + 3NH4Cl
Properties
Americium(III) iodide takes the form of yellow crystals. The crystal form is orthorhombic. It melts around 960 °C. The density is 6.9 g/cm3. The compound consists of Am3+ and I− ions. It crystallizes in the trigonal crystal system in the space group R3 (space group no. 148) with the lattice parameters a = 742 pm and c = 2055 pm and six formula units per unit cell. Its crystal structure is isotypic with bismuth(III) iodide.
References
^ a b Haynes, William M. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 92nd Edition. CRC Press. pp. 4–46. ISBN 9781439855126.
^ a b Asprey, L. B.; Keenan, T. K.; Kruse, F. H. (Jul 1965). "Crystal Structures of the Trifluorides, Trichlorides, Tribromides, and Triiodides of Americium and Curium". Inorganic Chemistry. 4 (7): 985–986. doi:10.1021/ic50029a013. ISSN 0020-1669. S2CID 96551460.
^ Gmelins Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie, System No. 71, Transurane, Teil C, pp. 154.
vteAmericium compoundsAm(II)
AmCl2
AmBr2
AmI2
Am(III)
AmF3
AmCl3
AmBr3
AmI3
Am(NO3)3
AmN
Am2O3
AmH3
Am(OH)3
Am(IV)
AmF4
AmO2
Am(VI)AmF6 (predicted)
vteSalts and covalent derivatives of the iodide ion
HI+H
He
LiI
BeI2
BI3+BO3
CI4+C
NI3NH4I+N
I2O4I2O5I4O9
IFIF3IF5IF7
Ne
NaI
MgI2
AlIAlI3
SiI4
PI3P2I4+PPI5
S2I2
IClICl3
Ar
KI
CaI2
ScI3
TiI2TiI3TiI4
VI2VI3
CrI2CrI3
MnI2
FeI2FeI3
CoI2
NiI2-Ni
CuI
ZnI2
GaIGaI3
GeI2GeI4+Ge
AsI3As2I4+As
Se
IBrIBr3
Kr
RbIRbI3
SrI2
YI3
ZrI2ZrI3ZrI4
NbI4NbI5
MoI2MoI3
TcI3
RuI3
RhI3
PdI2
AgI
CdI2
InIInI3
SnI2SnI4
SbI3+Sb
TeI4+Te
I−I−3
Xe
CsICsI3
BaI2
LuI3
HfI3HfI4
TaI4TaI5
WI2WI3WI4
ReI3ReI4
OsIOsI2OsI3
IrI3IrI4
PtI2PtI4
AuIAuI3
Hg2I2HgI2
TlITlI3
PbI2
BiI3
PoI2PoI4
AtI
Rn
Fr
RaI2
Lr
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
Cn
Nh
Fl
Mc
Lv
Ts
Og
↓
LaI2LaI3
CeI2CeI3
PrI2PrI3
NdI2NdI3
PmI3
SmI2SmI3
EuI2EuI3
GdI2GdI3
TbI3
DyI2DyI3
HoI3
ErI3
TmI2TmI3
YbI2YbI3
AcI3
ThI2ThI3ThI4
PaI4PaI5
UI3UI4
NpI3
PuI3
AmI2AmI3
CmI3
BkI3
CfI2CfI3
EsI2EsI3
Fm
Md
No
vteHalides of actinides
Ac
Th
Pa
U
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
+6
UF6UCl6
NpF6
PuF6
AmF6
EsF6
+5
PaF5PaCl5PaBr5PaI5
UF5UCl5UBr5
NpF5
PuF5
+4
ThF4ThCl4ThBr4ThI4
PaF4PaCl4PaBr4PaI4
UF4UCl4UBr4UI4
NpF4NpCl4NpBr4
PuF4
AmF4
CmF4
BkF4
CfF4
EsF4
+3
AcF3AcCl3AcBr3AcI3
ThF3ThCl3ThI3
UF3UCl3UBr3UI3
NpF3NpCl3NpBr3NpI3
PuF3PuCl3PuBr3PuI3
AmF3AmCl3AmBr3AmI3
CmF3CmCl3CmBr3CmI3
BkF3BkCl3BkBr3BkI3
CfF3CfCl3CfBr3CfI3
EsF3EsCl3EsBr3EsI3
+2
ThI2ThCl2
AmF2AmCl2AmBr2AmI2
CfI2CfCl2
EsCl2EsBr2EsI2
This inorganic compound–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chemical compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound"},{"link_name":"americium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americium"},{"link_name":"iodine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine"},{"link_name":"formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula"}],"text":"Chemical compoundAmericium(III) iodide or americium triiodide is the chemical compound, a salt composed of americium and iodine with the formula AmI3.","title":"Americium(III) iodide"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"americium(III) chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americium(III)_chloride"},{"link_name":"ammonium iodide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_iodide"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asprey-2"}],"text":"Americium(III) iodide can be prepared by reacting americium(III) chloride with ammonium iodide:[2]AmCl3 + 3 NH4I → AmI3 + 3NH4Cl","title":"Preparation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"orthorhombic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthorhombic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crc-1"},{"link_name":"trigonal crystal system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonal_crystal_system"},{"link_name":"space group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_group"},{"link_name":"lattice parameters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_parameter"},{"link_name":"bismuth(III) iodide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth(III)_iodide"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asprey-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gmelin-3"}],"text":"Americium(III) iodide takes the form of yellow crystals. The crystal form is orthorhombic. It melts around 960 °C. The density is 6.9 g/cm3.[1] The compound consists of Am3+ and I− ions. It crystallizes in the trigonal crystal system in the space group R3 (space group no. 148) with the lattice parameters a = 742 pm and c = 2055 pm and six formula units per unit cell. Its crystal structure is isotypic with bismuth(III) iodide.[2][3]","title":"Properties"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Haynes, William M. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 92nd Edition. CRC Press. pp. 4–46. ISBN 9781439855126.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pYPRBQAAQBAJ&pg=SA4-PA46","url_text":"CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 92nd Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439855126","url_text":"9781439855126"}]},{"reference":"Asprey, L. B.; Keenan, T. K.; Kruse, F. H. (Jul 1965). \"Crystal Structures of the Trifluorides, Trichlorides, Tribromides, and Triiodides of Americium and Curium\". Inorganic Chemistry. 4 (7): 985–986. doi:10.1021/ic50029a013. ISSN 0020-1669. S2CID 96551460.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ic50029a013","url_text":"\"Crystal Structures of the Trifluorides, Trichlorides, Tribromides, and Triiodides of Americium and Curium\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic50029a013","url_text":"10.1021/ic50029a013"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0020-1669","url_text":"0020-1669"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:96551460","url_text":"96551460"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=13813-47-3","external_links_name":"13813-47-3"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=%5BI-%5D.%5BI-%5D.%5BI-%5D.%5BAm%5D","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/101946332","external_links_name":"101946332"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pYPRBQAAQBAJ&pg=SA4-PA46","external_links_name":"CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 92nd Edition"},{"Link":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ic50029a013","external_links_name":"\"Crystal Structures of the Trifluorides, Trichlorides, Tribromides, and Triiodides of Americium and Curium\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic50029a013","external_links_name":"10.1021/ic50029a013"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0020-1669","external_links_name":"0020-1669"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:96551460","external_links_name":"96551460"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Americium(III)_iodide&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino_Control_Commission
|
New Jersey Casino Control Commission
|
["1 Commissioners","1.1 Notable former commissioners","2 Divisions","3 Notable litigation","4 Notable cases","5 Notes","6 External links"]
|
American government agency
State of New JerseyCasino Control CommissionAgency overviewFormed1977 (1977)JurisdictionNew JerseyHeadquartersTennessee Avenue & BoardwalkAtlantic City, NJ 08401Agency executivesJames T. Plousis, ChairmanSharon Anne Harrington, Vice ChairAlisa Cooper, CommissionerWebsitenj.gov/casinos
Main article: Gambling in New Jersey
The Casino Control Commission is a New Jersey state governmental agency that was founded in 1977 as the state's Gaming Control Board, responsible under the Casino Control Act for licensing casinos in Atlantic City. The commission also issues licenses for casino key employees and hears appeals from decisions of the New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement. The commission is headquartered in the Arcade Building at Tennessee Avenue and Boardwalk in Atlantic City.
On November 15, 2010, State Senators Jim Whelan (D-2nd) and Raymond Lesniak (D-20th) introduced Senate Bill S12 to change the New Jersey Casino Control Act and deregulate the Atlantic City casino industry to improve competitiveness with casinos in other states. The bill would also transfer day-to-day regulatory functions from the Casino Control Commission to the Division of Gaming Enforcement. After hearings in both houses of the Legislature, the bill was approved on January 10, 2011, and signed into law by Governor Chris Christie on February 1, 2011.
The new law eliminated the requirement for the commission to have inspectors in casinos around-the-clock and made the Division of Gaming Enforcement responsible for certifying gaming revenue. The Division of Gaming Enforcement also took over responsibility for registering casino employees and non-gaming vendors, licensing gaming vendors, and handling all patron complaints.
Commissioners
The Casino Control Commission consists of three members appointed by the Governor of New Jersey with advice and consent of the New Jersey Senate. The number of commissioners was reduced from five on January 17, 2012.
Commissioners serve staggered, five-year terms and can only be removed for cause. By law, no more than two commissioners can be of the same political party, a requirement that is intended to ensure political balance on the panel.
One commissioner is appointed by the Governor to also serve as a member of the Casino Reinvestment Development Authority (CRDA). A second commissioner may be appointed by the Governor to serve as a member of the CRDA in lieu of the commissioner of the Department of Commerce and Economic Development or the Department of Community Affairs.
Since December 26, 2017, James T. Plousis is the eighth chairman of the Commission. He was appointed by then-Governor Chris Christie.
Notable former commissioners
Bradford S. Smith, Chairman, 1994–1998.
James R. Hurley, 1990–2002; Chairman, 1998–2002
Leanna Brown, 1993–1999
Steven P. Perskie, Chairman, 1990–1994
Frank J. Dodd, 1989–1993
Walter N. Read, Chairman, 1982–1989
Joseph P. Lordi, Chairman, 1977–1982
Divisions
Commissioners' Office
General Counsel's Office
Chief of Staff Office
Notable litigation
Brown v. Hotel and Restaurant Employees (1984)
Zarin v. Commissioner (3d Cir. 1990)
Notable cases
In 1979, the CCC ordered Clifford S. Perlman and Stuart Perlman to sever themselves from Caesars World.
In 1979, a license was denied to Bally Manufacturing board chairman William T. O’Donnell.
In 1982, a permanent license was denied to Hugh Hefner and Playboy Enterprises.
In 1985, a license was denied to Barron Hilton and Hilton Hotels Corporation.
In 1989, the casino at the Atlantis Hotel and Casino was forced to close.
In 2007, the Tropicana Hotel & Casino was denied a renewal of its license.
In 2010, the CCC approved a settlement between the New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement and MGM Mirage, whereby MGM relinquished its 50% ownership in the Borgata Hotel Casino. This was in connection with MGM's partnership in a Macau casino with Pansy Ho, who was found to be unsuitable.
In 2014, the CCC approved MGM Resorts International for a statement of compliance and reacquire its 50% stake in the Borgata Hotel Casino, all because Pansy Ho is no longer a majority shareholder in the Macau casino. This allows MGM to reenter the Atlantic City market.
Notes
New Jersey portal
^ "MVC administrator heads to casino commission", The Press of Atlantic City, June 12, 2009.
^ "Former Atlantic County Freeholder Alisa Cooper sworn in to state Casino Control Commission", The Press of Atlantic City, August 1, 2012.
^ "Contact Us / Directions". New Jersey Casino Control Commission. Retrieved February 7, 2023.
^ "New Jersey State Senate Bill S12" (PDF). Retrieved February 8, 2023.
^ Brooks, Duane Morris LLP-Gilbert L. (February 11, 2011). "New Jersey's Bill S-12 redesigns the regulatory system for the gaming industry". Lexology. Retrieved February 8, 2023.
^ "Division of Gaming Enforcement transition webpage". Retrieved February 8, 2023.
^ "Governor’s signature downsizes the New Jersey Casino Control Commission from five to three", The Press of Atlantic City, January 18, 2012.
^ "James T. Plousis, Chairman". New Jersey Casino Control Commission. Retrieved February 7, 2023.
^ Huba, Nicholas; O'Mara, Shanna (December 7, 2017). "Plousis appointed head of Casino Control Commission". The Press of Atlantic City. Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved February 7, 2023.
^ Bradford S. Smith, New Jersey Casino Control Commission. Accessed July 23, 2017. "Bradford S. Smith was appointed by Governor Christine Todd Whitman as the Casino Control Commission’s fourth chairman in 1994. He served until 1998."
^ New Jersey Casino Control Commission, 2000 Annual Report Archived December 20, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, page 6.
^ New Jersey Legislative Digest for October 19, 1998, page 2.
^ "Two Chosen For Panel On Casinos", The New York Times, August 11, 1994
^ "Casino panel's chief steps down", The Philadelphia Inquirer, March 30, 1994.
^ Walter N. Read, casino commission chairman, 83, The New York Times, January 1, 2002.
^ "Casino Control: Setting the Bar" Archived February 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Global Gaming Business, Vol. 7 No. 5, May 2008. "The first chairman of the Casino Control Commission, the late Joseph P. Lordi, was a former Essex County prosecutor..."
^ Playboy-Elsinore Associates, In the Matter of the Application for a Casino License The New Jersey Digital Legal Library Archived September 7, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Past AC license denials". December 14, 2007.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 25, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Casino Control Commission Approves Settlement Under Which MGM Mirage will Divest Interest in Borgata Hotel Casino" (Press release). Trenton: New Jersey Office of the Attorney General. March 17, 2010.
^ Kelley, Daniel (September 10, 2014). "MGM Resorts cleared to re-enter ailing Atlantic City market". Reuters. Retrieved October 17, 2014.
External links
Official website
vteGaming control boards in the United StatesNational Indian Gaming Commission (NIGC)
Arizona
California
Bureau
Commission
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Lottery
Division
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Nevada
Board
Commission
New Jersey
Commission
Division
New Mexico
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania
South Dakota
Washington
West Virginia
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Gaming Control Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaming_Control_Board"},{"link_name":"Atlantic City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Division_of_Gaming_Enforcement"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jim Whelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Whelan"},{"link_name":"Raymond Lesniak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Lesniak"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"deregulate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deregulation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Chris Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Christie"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Casino Control Commission is a New Jersey state governmental agency that was founded in 1977 as the state's Gaming Control Board, responsible under the Casino Control Act for licensing casinos in Atlantic City. The commission also issues licenses for casino key employees and hears appeals from decisions of the New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement. The commission is headquartered in the Arcade Building at Tennessee Avenue and Boardwalk in Atlantic City.[3]On November 15, 2010, State Senators Jim Whelan (D-2nd) and Raymond Lesniak (D-20th) introduced Senate Bill S12[4] to change the New Jersey Casino Control Act and deregulate the Atlantic City casino industry to improve competitiveness with casinos in other states. The bill would also transfer day-to-day regulatory functions from the Casino Control Commission to the Division of Gaming Enforcement.[5] After hearings in both houses of the Legislature, the bill was approved on January 10, 2011, and signed into law by Governor Chris Christie on February 1, 2011.The new law eliminated the requirement for the commission to have inspectors in casinos around-the-clock and made the Division of Gaming Enforcement responsible for certifying gaming revenue. The Division of Gaming Enforcement also took over responsibility for registering casino employees and non-gaming vendors, licensing gaming vendors, and handling all patron complaints.[6]","title":"New Jersey Casino Control Commission"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Governor of New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"advice and consent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advice_and_consent"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Senate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Casino Reinvestment Development Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino_Reinvestment_Development_Authority"},{"link_name":"Department of Commerce and Economic Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Jersey_Department_of_Commerce_and_Economic_Development&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Department of Community Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_Community_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Chris Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Christie"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Casino Control Commission consists of three members appointed by the Governor of New Jersey with advice and consent of the New Jersey Senate. The number of commissioners was reduced from five on January 17, 2012.[7]Commissioners serve staggered, five-year terms and can only be removed for cause. By law, no more than two commissioners can be of the same political party, a requirement that is intended to ensure political balance on the panel.One commissioner is appointed by the Governor to also serve as a member of the Casino Reinvestment Development Authority (CRDA). A second commissioner may be appointed by the Governor to serve as a member of the CRDA in lieu of the commissioner of the Department of Commerce and Economic Development or the Department of Community Affairs.Since December 26, 2017, James T. Plousis is the eighth chairman of the Commission.[8] He was appointed by then-Governor Chris Christie.[9]","title":"Commissioners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bradford S. Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_S._Smith"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"James R. Hurley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Hurley"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Leanna Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leanna_Brown"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Steven P. Perskie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_P._Perskie"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Frank J. Dodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_J._Dodd"},{"link_name":"Walter N. Read","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_N._Read"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Joseph P. Lordi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Lordi"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Notable former commissioners","text":"Bradford S. Smith, Chairman, 1994–1998.[10]\nJames R. Hurley, 1990–2002; Chairman, 1998–2002[11][12]\nLeanna Brown, 1993[13]–1999\nSteven P. Perskie, Chairman, 1990–1994[14]\nFrank J. Dodd, 1989–1993\nWalter N. Read, Chairman, 1982–1989[15]\nJoseph P. Lordi, Chairman, 1977–1982[16]","title":"Commissioners"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Commissioners' Office\nGeneral Counsel's Office\nChief of Staff Office","title":"Divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brown v. Hotel and Restaurant Employees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Hotel_and_Restaurant_Employees"},{"link_name":"Zarin v. Commissioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarin_v._Commissioner"}],"text":"Brown v. Hotel and Restaurant Employees (1984)\nZarin v. Commissioner (3d Cir. 1990)","title":"Notable litigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clifford S. Perlman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_S._Perlman"},{"link_name":"Caesars World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesars_World"},{"link_name":"Bally Manufacturing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bally_Manufacturing"},{"link_name":"Hugh Hefner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Hefner"},{"link_name":"Playboy Enterprises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy_Enterprises"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Barron Hilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barron_Hilton"},{"link_name":"Hilton Hotels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton_Hotels"},{"link_name":"Atlantis Hotel and Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantis_Hotel_and_Casino"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Tropicana Hotel & Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropicana_Hotel_%26_Casino"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"MGM Mirage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM_Mirage"},{"link_name":"Borgata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgata"},{"link_name":"Pansy Ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pansy_Ho"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"MGM Resorts International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM_Resorts_International"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"In 1979, the CCC ordered Clifford S. Perlman and Stuart Perlman to sever themselves from Caesars World.\nIn 1979, a license was denied to Bally Manufacturing board chairman William T. O’Donnell.\nIn 1982, a permanent license was denied to Hugh Hefner and Playboy Enterprises.[17]\nIn 1985, a license was denied to Barron Hilton and Hilton Hotels Corporation.\nIn 1989, the casino at the Atlantis Hotel and Casino was forced to close.[18]\nIn 2007, the Tropicana Hotel & Casino was denied a renewal of its license.[19]\nIn 2010, the CCC approved a settlement between the New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement and MGM Mirage, whereby MGM relinquished its 50% ownership in the Borgata Hotel Casino. This was in connection with MGM's partnership in a Macau casino with Pansy Ho, who was found to be unsuitable.[20]\nIn 2014, the CCC approved MGM Resorts International for a statement of compliance and reacquire its 50% stake in the Borgata Hotel Casino, all because Pansy Ho is no longer a majority shareholder in the Macau casino. This allows MGM to reenter the Atlantic City market.[21]","title":"Notable cases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Jersey portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"MVC administrator heads to casino commission\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pressofatlanticcity.com/business/article_f619ee0f-d7ba-57e4-a334-91b45c75194d.html"},{"link_name":"The Press of Atlantic City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Press_of_Atlantic_City"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Former Atlantic County Freeholder Alisa Cooper sworn in to state Casino Control Commission\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/breaking/former-atlantic-county-freeholder-alisa-cooper-sworn-in-to-state/article_7b89bd2a-dc2b-11e1-8093-001a4bcf887a.html"},{"link_name":"The Press of Atlantic City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Press_of_Atlantic_City"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Contact Us / Directions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nj.gov/casinos/about/direct/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"New Jersey State Senate Bill S12\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.njleg.state.nj.us/2010/Bills/S0500/12_R1.PDF"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"New Jersey's Bill S-12 redesigns the regulatory system for the gaming industry\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=66411faa-30e9-48cb-949c-b22ec5e75a45"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Division of Gaming Enforcement transition webpage\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nj.gov/oag/ge/transition.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Governor’s signature downsizes the New Jersey Casino Control Commission from five to three\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/breaking/governor-s-signature-downsizes-the-new-jersey-casino-control-commission/article_eb0b2454-4252-11e1-b141-001871e3ce6c.html"},{"link_name":"The Press of Atlantic City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Press_of_Atlantic_City"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"James T. Plousis, Chairman\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nj.gov/casinos/casinos/about/overview/plousis.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Plousis appointed head of Casino Control Commission\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pressofatlanticcity.com/currents_gazettes/middle_township/plousis-appointed-head-of-casino-control-commission/article_7a5974b9-6721-5da5-a56c-8c9e29b18a6d.html"},{"link_name":"The Press of Atlantic City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Press_of_Atlantic_City"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230207181041/https://pressofatlanticcity.com/community/article_7a5974b9-6721-5da5-a56c-8c9e29b18a6d.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Bradford S. 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Read, casino commission chairman, 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2002/01/01/nyregion/walter-n-read-casino-commission-chairman-83.html"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Casino Control: Setting the Bar\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ggbmagazine.com/issue/vol__7_no__5_may_2008/article/casino_control__setting_the_bar"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120217151847/http://ggbmagazine.com/issue/vol__7_no__5_may_2008/article/casino_control__setting_the_bar"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Global Gaming Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_Gaming_Business&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Playboy-Elsinore Associates, In the Matter of the Application for a Casino License","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//njlegallib.rutgers.edu/legallib/scripts/showitem.php?item_ID=398&coll=njar"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060907082420/http://njlegallib.rutgers.edu/legallib/scripts/showitem.php?item_ID=398&coll=njar"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Past AC license denials\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dgschwartz.com/2007/12/14/past-ac-license-denials/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Archived copy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080725091037/http://www.nj.gov/casinos/home/news/pdf/immediatereleasetropicana.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nj.gov/casinos/home/news/pdf/immediatereleasetropicana.pdf"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Casino Control Commission Approves Settlement Under Which MGM Mirage will Divest Interest in Borgata Hotel Casino\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nj.gov/oag/newsreleases10/pr20100317c.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"MGM Resorts cleared to re-enter ailing Atlantic City market\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.reuters.com/article/us-newjersey-atlanticcity-mgmresorts-idUSKBN0H52JX20140910"}],"text":"New Jersey portal^ \"MVC administrator heads to casino commission\", The Press of Atlantic City, June 12, 2009.\n\n^ \"Former Atlantic County Freeholder Alisa Cooper sworn in to state Casino Control Commission\", The Press of Atlantic City, August 1, 2012.\n\n^ \"Contact Us / Directions\". New Jersey Casino Control Commission. Retrieved February 7, 2023.\n\n^ \"New Jersey State Senate Bill S12\" (PDF). Retrieved February 8, 2023.\n\n^ Brooks, Duane Morris LLP-Gilbert L. (February 11, 2011). \"New Jersey's Bill S-12 redesigns the regulatory system for the gaming industry\". Lexology. Retrieved February 8, 2023.\n\n^ \"Division of Gaming Enforcement transition webpage\". Retrieved February 8, 2023.\n\n^ \"Governor’s signature downsizes the New Jersey Casino Control Commission from five to three\", The Press of Atlantic City, January 18, 2012.\n\n^ \"James T. Plousis, Chairman\". New Jersey Casino Control Commission. Retrieved February 7, 2023.\n\n^ Huba, Nicholas; O'Mara, Shanna (December 7, 2017). \"Plousis appointed head of Casino Control Commission\". The Press of Atlantic City. Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved February 7, 2023.\n\n^ Bradford S. Smith, New Jersey Casino Control Commission. Accessed July 23, 2017. \"Bradford S. Smith was appointed by Governor Christine Todd Whitman as the Casino Control Commission’s fourth chairman in 1994. He served until 1998.\"\n\n^ New Jersey Casino Control Commission, 2000 Annual Report Archived December 20, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, page 6.\n\n^ New Jersey Legislative Digest for October 19, 1998, page 2.\n\n^ \"Two Chosen For Panel On Casinos\", The New York Times, August 11, 1994\n\n^ \"Casino panel's chief steps down\", The Philadelphia Inquirer, March 30, 1994.\n\n^ Walter N. Read, casino commission chairman, 83, The New York Times, January 1, 2002.\n\n^ \"Casino Control: Setting the Bar\" Archived February 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Global Gaming Business, Vol. 7 No. 5, May 2008. \"The first chairman of the Casino Control Commission, the late Joseph P. Lordi, was a former Essex County prosecutor...\"\n\n^ Playboy-Elsinore Associates, In the Matter of the Application for a Casino License The New Jersey Digital Legal Library Archived September 7, 2006, at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ \"Past AC license denials\". December 14, 2007.\n\n^ \"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 25, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)\n\n^ \"Casino Control Commission Approves Settlement Under Which MGM Mirage will Divest Interest in Borgata Hotel Casino\" (Press release). Trenton: New Jersey Office of the Attorney General. March 17, 2010.\n\n^ Kelley, Daniel (September 10, 2014). \"MGM Resorts cleared to re-enter ailing Atlantic City market\". Reuters. Retrieved October 17, 2014.","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Contact Us / Directions\". New Jersey Casino Control Commission. Retrieved February 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nj.gov/casinos/about/direct/","url_text":"\"Contact Us / Directions\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Jersey State Senate Bill S12\" (PDF). Retrieved February 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/2010/Bills/S0500/12_R1.PDF","url_text":"\"New Jersey State Senate Bill S12\""}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Duane Morris LLP-Gilbert L. (February 11, 2011). \"New Jersey's Bill S-12 redesigns the regulatory system for the gaming industry\". Lexology. Retrieved February 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=66411faa-30e9-48cb-949c-b22ec5e75a45","url_text":"\"New Jersey's Bill S-12 redesigns the regulatory system for the gaming industry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Division of Gaming Enforcement transition webpage\". Retrieved February 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nj.gov/oag/ge/transition.htm","url_text":"\"Division of Gaming Enforcement transition webpage\""}]},{"reference":"\"James T. Plousis, Chairman\". New Jersey Casino Control Commission. Retrieved February 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nj.gov/casinos/casinos/about/overview/plousis.html","url_text":"\"James T. Plousis, Chairman\""}]},{"reference":"Huba, Nicholas; O'Mara, Shanna (December 7, 2017). \"Plousis appointed head of Casino Control Commission\". The Press of Atlantic City. Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved February 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://pressofatlanticcity.com/currents_gazettes/middle_township/plousis-appointed-head-of-casino-control-commission/article_7a5974b9-6721-5da5-a56c-8c9e29b18a6d.html","url_text":"\"Plousis appointed head of Casino Control Commission\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Press_of_Atlantic_City","url_text":"The Press of Atlantic City"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230207181041/https://pressofatlanticcity.com/community/article_7a5974b9-6721-5da5-a56c-8c9e29b18a6d.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Past AC license denials\". December 14, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dgschwartz.com/2007/12/14/past-ac-license-denials/","url_text":"\"Past AC license denials\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 25, 2008. Retrieved July 10, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080725091037/http://www.nj.gov/casinos/home/news/pdf/immediatereleasetropicana.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.nj.gov/casinos/home/news/pdf/immediatereleasetropicana.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Casino Control Commission Approves Settlement Under Which MGM Mirage will Divest Interest in Borgata Hotel Casino\" (Press release). Trenton: New Jersey Office of the Attorney General. March 17, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nj.gov/oag/newsreleases10/pr20100317c.html","url_text":"\"Casino Control Commission Approves Settlement Under Which MGM Mirage will Divest Interest in Borgata Hotel Casino\""}]},{"reference":"Kelley, Daniel (September 10, 2014). \"MGM Resorts cleared to re-enter ailing Atlantic City market\". Reuters. Retrieved October 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-newjersey-atlanticcity-mgmresorts-idUSKBN0H52JX20140910","url_text":"\"MGM Resorts cleared to re-enter ailing Atlantic City market\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Johns
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William Johns
|
["1 Life and career","2 Recordings","3 References","4 External links"]
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American tenor (born 1936)
For the British writer, William Earl Johns, see W. E. Johns.
William Johns (born 2 October 1936) is an American tenor who sang leading roles in the opera houses of Europe and the United States in a career spanning more than 25 years. Several of his live performances in Germany and Italy during the 1970s have been preserved on CD, including the title roles in Alfano's Cyrano de Bergerac and Mercadante's Il bravo.
Life and career
Johns was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He attended Capitol Hill High School in Oklahoma City and then studied vocal performance and music at Oklahoma City University, followed by further study in New York. A national finalist in the 1965 Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions, he made his professional début in 1967 at Lake George Opera as Rodolfo in La bohème. That same year he went to Germany and was primarily based there throughout the 1970s, first as a company soloist at the Bremen Opera (1967–1971), and then at the National Theatre Mannheim (1971–1975) and the Cologne Opera (1975–1979). He sang in five productions the Bayreuth Festival, initially in smaller roles such as 2nd noble of Brabant in Lohengrin (1968), 4th Esquire in Parsifal (1969), and Augustin Moser in Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg (1968 and 1969), but returned there in 1987 in the leading role of Walther von Stolzing in Die Meistersinger (one performance).
The late 1970s and 1980s saw several major house and festival debuts in Europe and the United States. Johns's first appearance at Lyric Opera of Chicago was in 1976 as Hoffmann in Les Contes d'Hoffmann. He later returned there as Walther von Stolzing in Die Meistersinger (1977), Bacchus in Ariadne auf Naxos (1981), and the title role in Otello (1985). He made his Metropolitan Opera debut in 1979 as Don José in Carmen and went on to appear there in 28 performances through 1993, primarily in dramatic tenor and Wagnerian roles. His last Met performance was in the title role of Siegfried. Other major house debuts during this period included the Paris Opera in 1985 as Tristan in Tristan und Isolde, La Scala in 1986 as The Emperor in the Die Frau ohne Schatten, and the Royal Opera House in 1987 as Bacchus in Ariadne auf Naxos.
Recordings
Alfano: Cyrano de Bergerac – (as Cyrano). RAI National Symphony Orchestra, Maurizio Arena (conductor). Label: Opera D'oro
Mayr: Medea in Corinto – (as Giasone). Teatro San Carlo Orchestra and Chorus, Maurizio Arena (conductor). Label: Myto Records
Mercadante: Il bravo (as il bravo). Teatro dell'Opera di Roma Orchestra and Chorus, Gabriele Ferro (conductor). Label: Warner Fonit
Puccini: Messa di Gloria (tenor soloist). Symphonic Orchestra and Chorus of the Gulbenkian Foundation of Lisbon, Michel Corboz. (conductor). Label: Erato
Wagner: Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg – (as Augustin Moser). Bayreuth Festival Orchestra and Chorus, Karl Böhm (conductor). Label: Orfeo D'Or
References
^ Forbes, Elizabeth (2001). "Johns, William". Grove Music Online. Retrieved 26 October 2015 (subscription required for full access).
^ The Oklahoman (14 April 1989). "Cityan's Tenor Son To Perform at Met". Retrieved 26 October 2015.
^ a b Metropolitan Opera Archives. "Johns, William (Tenor)". Retrieved 26 October 2015.
^ a b Kutsch, Karl-Josef Kutsch and Leo Riemens (2004). "Johns, William". Großes Sängerlexikon, Vol. 4, p. 2259–2260. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 359844088X (in German)
^ Bayreuth Festival Archives. "William Johns". Retrieved 26 October 2015 (in German).
External links
Interview with William Johns by Bruce Duffie, November 30, 1980
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Israel
United States
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"W. E. Johns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._E._Johns"},{"link_name":"tenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor"},{"link_name":"Cyrano de Bergerac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrano_de_Bergerac_(Alfano)"},{"link_name":"Mercadante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saverio_Mercadante"},{"link_name":"Il bravo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_bravo"}],"text":"For the British writer, William Earl Johns, see W. E. Johns.William Johns (born 2 October 1936) is an American tenor who sang leading roles in the opera houses of Europe and the United States in a career spanning more than 25 years. Several of his live performances in Germany and Italy during the 1970s have been preserved on CD, including the title roles in Alfano's Cyrano de Bergerac and Mercadante's Il bravo.","title":"William Johns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tulsa, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma City University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grove-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera_National_Council_Auditions"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Met-3"},{"link_name":"Lake George Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_George_Opera"},{"link_name":"La bohème","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_boh%C3%A8me"},{"link_name":"Bremen Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_Bremen"},{"link_name":"National Theatre Mannheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Theatre_Mannheim"},{"link_name":"Cologne Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Opera"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSL-4"},{"link_name":"Bayreuth Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival"},{"link_name":"Lohengrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohengrin_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Parsifal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsifal"},{"link_name":"Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lyric Opera of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyric_Opera_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Les Contes d'Hoffmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Contes_d%27Hoffmann"},{"link_name":"Ariadne auf Naxos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariadne_auf_Naxos"},{"link_name":"Otello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otello"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera"},{"link_name":"Carmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen"},{"link_name":"dramatic tenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatic_tenor"},{"link_name":"Siegfried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_(opera)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Met-3"},{"link_name":"Paris Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Opera"},{"link_name":"Tristan und Isolde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde"},{"link_name":"La Scala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Scala"},{"link_name":"Die Frau ohne Schatten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Frau_ohne_Schatten"},{"link_name":"Royal Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSL-4"}],"text":"Johns was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He attended Capitol Hill High School in Oklahoma City and then studied vocal performance and music at Oklahoma City University, followed by further study in New York.[1][2] A national finalist in the 1965 Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions,[3] he made his professional début in 1967 at Lake George Opera as Rodolfo in La bohème. That same year he went to Germany and was primarily based there throughout the 1970s, first as a company soloist at the Bremen Opera (1967–1971), and then at the National Theatre Mannheim (1971–1975) and the Cologne Opera (1975–1979).[4] He sang in five productions the Bayreuth Festival, initially in smaller roles such as 2nd noble of Brabant in Lohengrin (1968), 4th Esquire in Parsifal (1969), and Augustin Moser in Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg (1968 and 1969), but returned there in 1987 in the leading role of Walther von Stolzing in Die Meistersinger (one performance).[5]The late 1970s and 1980s saw several major house and festival debuts in Europe and the United States. Johns's first appearance at Lyric Opera of Chicago was in 1976 as Hoffmann in Les Contes d'Hoffmann. He later returned there as Walther von Stolzing in Die Meistersinger (1977), Bacchus in Ariadne auf Naxos (1981), and the title role in Otello (1985). He made his Metropolitan Opera debut in 1979 as Don José in Carmen and went on to appear there in 28 performances through 1993, primarily in dramatic tenor and Wagnerian roles. His last Met performance was in the title role of Siegfried.[3] Other major house debuts during this period included the Paris Opera in 1985 as Tristan in Tristan und Isolde, La Scala in 1986 as The Emperor in the Die Frau ohne Schatten, and the Royal Opera House in 1987 as Bacchus in Ariadne auf Naxos.[4]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cyrano de Bergerac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrano_de_Bergerac_(Alfano)"},{"link_name":"RAI National Symphony Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAI_National_Symphony_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Maurizio Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurizio_Arena"},{"link_name":"Medea in Corinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medea_in_Corinto"},{"link_name":"Teatro San Carlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_San_Carlo"},{"link_name":"Mercadante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saverio_Mercadante"},{"link_name":"Il bravo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_bravo"},{"link_name":"Teatro dell'Opera di Roma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_dell%27Opera_di_Roma"},{"link_name":"Gabriele Ferro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabriele_Ferro_(conductor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Puccini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puccini"},{"link_name":"Messa di Gloria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messa_(Puccini)"},{"link_name":"Michel Corboz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Corboz"},{"link_name":"Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg"},{"link_name":"Karl Böhm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_B%C3%B6hm"}],"text":"Alfano: Cyrano de Bergerac – (as Cyrano). RAI National Symphony Orchestra, Maurizio Arena (conductor). Label: Opera D'oro\nMayr: Medea in Corinto – (as Giasone). Teatro San Carlo Orchestra and Chorus, Maurizio Arena (conductor). Label: Myto Records\nMercadante: Il bravo (as il bravo). Teatro dell'Opera di Roma Orchestra and Chorus, Gabriele Ferro (conductor). Label: Warner Fonit\nPuccini: Messa di Gloria (tenor soloist). Symphonic Orchestra and Chorus of the Gulbenkian Foundation of Lisbon, Michel Corboz. (conductor). Label: Erato\nWagner: Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg – (as Augustin Moser). Bayreuth Festival Orchestra and Chorus, Karl Böhm (conductor). Label: Orfeo D'Or","title":"Recordings"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_%C5%BB%C3%B3%C5%82kiewski
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Stefan Żółkiewski
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["1 Notable works","2 References"]
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Stefan ŻółkiewskiMinister of Higher EducationIn office27 April 1956 – 18 June 1959Prime MinisterJózef CyrankiewiczFirst SecretaryEdward Ochab (1956)Władysław Gomułka (1956–1959)Preceded byAdam RapackiSucceeded byHenryk Golański
Personal detailsBornStefan Jakub Żółkiewski(1911-12-09)9 December 1911Warsaw, Congress Poland, Russian EmpireDied4 January 1991(1991-01-04) (aged 79)Warsaw, PolandResting placePowązki Military CemeteryPolitical partyPolish United Workers' Party
Stefan Jakub Żółkiewski (9 December 1911 – 4 January 1991) was a Polish theoretist, historian of literature and literary critic. He was born and died in Warsaw. He was a co-founder of the Polish Workers' Party, editor-in-chief of Kuźnica (1945–1948), Polityka (1957–1958), Minister of Higher Education (1956–1959), director and professor of Polish Academy of Sciences and professor of Warsaw University.
Notable works
Kultura, socjologia, semiotyka literacka
Kultura literacka 1918–1932 (a monograph)
References
"Żółkiewski Stefan". Internetowa encyklopedia PWN. Retrieved 2006-11-23.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Poland
Vatican
Academics
CiNii
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef
This biographical article about a Polish politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This biographical article about a historian from Poland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"literary critic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_criticism"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Polish Workers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"Polityka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polityka"},{"link_name":"Minister of Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_and_Higher_Education_(Poland)"},{"link_name":"Polish Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Warsaw University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_University"}],"text":"Stefan Jakub Żółkiewski (9 December 1911 – 4 January 1991) was a Polish theoretist, historian of literature and literary critic. He was born and died in Warsaw. He was a co-founder of the Polish Workers' Party, editor-in-chief of Kuźnica (1945–1948), Polityka (1957–1958), Minister of Higher Education (1956–1959), director and professor of Polish Academy of Sciences and professor of Warsaw University.","title":"Stefan Żółkiewski"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monograph"}],"text":"Kultura, socjologia, semiotyka literacka\nKultura literacka 1918–1932 (a monograph)","title":"Notable works"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Żółkiewski Stefan\". Internetowa encyklopedia PWN. Retrieved 2006-11-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo.php?id=4003092","url_text":"\"Żółkiewski Stefan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetowa_encyklopedia_PWN","url_text":"Internetowa encyklopedia PWN"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_Heard_on_Radio_Soulwax_Pt._2
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As Heard on Radio Soulwax Pt. 2
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["1 Background","2 Reception","3 Track listing","4 Video","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
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2003 compilation album by 2ManyDJsAs Heard on Radio Soulwax Pt. 2Compilation album by 2ManyDJsReleasedFebruary 17, 2003 (UK)GenreBastard popLength61:12LabelPlay It Again SamAlternative coverOriginal artwork
As Heard on Radio Soulwax Pt. 2 is the first album to be released by Soulwax members David and Stephen Dewaele also known as 2ManyDJs. It consists of 45 remixed tracks by a series of diverse artists including Dolly Parton, Basement Jaxx and 10cc. While some of the tracks are conventional remixes, most tracks are mashup collages with the vocals of one song placed over the instrumental part of another. The sampled material was extensively cleared for commercial release; as a result, only 114 elements appear out of the 187 recordings that 2ManyDJs initially wished to use. The artwork of the album was also altered following lawsuit threats from the photographer of the original images.
The album became a commercial success in Belgium and a critical success elsewhere, eventually selling more than half a million copies worldwide.
Background
In 1998, when touring with their Soulwax album Much Against Everyone's Advice, the Dewaele brothers started to perform as DJs at their own after-shows as "The Flying Dewaele Brothers", later renamed "The Fucking Dewaele Brothers". It became a successful act in its own right, and they performed as headliners on the second stage of the 1999 Rock Werchter festival. Flemish main alternative music station, Studio Brussel, then asked them to become resident DJs for the show "Hang the DJs". It was there that the brothers made their first real mash-ups.
In 2002, As Heard on Radio Soulwax Pt. 2 became the first official mash-up album. Prior mash-ups were bootlegs, never officially released, but Soulwax, and their record label PIAS Recordings, went to great lengths to get clearance for the recordings used in the mixes. The duo originally wished to include elements of 187 recordings, but eventually used 114 of them. 62 were refused permission and 11 could not be traced. The track "Shake Your Body" lacked clearance, as the license owner could not be found. 2ManyDJs included it anyway, because they felt its exclusion would be a waste.
The cover was originally taken from a photograph of Elton John outside Langan's Brasserie giving the two-fingered salute; designer Marc Meulemans added a brown paper bag over the head of Elton John, to avoid problems with the rights, but original photographer Richard Young refused to let them use the picture anyway. Meulemans then decided to remove the whole photograph by means of Tipp-Ex, leaving just the brown paper bag.
Reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicDrowned in Sound9/10NME6/10Pitchfork7.6/10The Rolling Stone Album GuideStylus MagazineA−
In Stylus Magazine, Scott Plagenhoef gave it an "A−" rating and named it "one of the first real contenders for album of the year". Zane Lowe called it a "historical record", in Belpop, a documentary about Soulwax on Belgian TV channel Canvas.
The album peaked at #2 in the Flemish Ultratop album chart, staying in the chart for 41 weeks, and reached #29 in Norway, #31 in the Netherlands, and #79 in France. The album was certified a gold record in Belgium.
Neil Strauss rated it the best pop album of 2002 in his end-of-year list in The New York Times. The Face placed it second in their list of best albums of 2002, and Spin placed it at #40 in their end-of-year list of best albums, calling it "the year's best novelty record".
David Bowie described the mash-ups as "dynamite combinations" in an interview on BBC radio, and gave further praise in an interview in The Times. Bowie also invited Soulwax with him for an interview on French television in 2003.
The album ensured many other invitations for Soulwax, who played at a party organised by Kylie Minogue in the Tribeca Grand hotel in New York. Minogue also performed their mash-up of her song "Can't Get You Out of My Head" and New Order's song "Blue Monday" live at the 2002 BRIT Awards, and afterwards released it as the B-side of her single "Love at First Sight" under the title "Can't Get Blue Monday Out of My Head".
Online music magazine Pitchfork placed As Heard On Radio Soulwax Pt. 2 at number 93 on their list of top 200 albums of the 2000s. At the 2013 Elektropedia Awards, the album was voted the best Belgian dance album ever.
Track listing
On CD copies of the album, it is possible to rewind to before the first track to access "Can't Get You Out Of My Head (Soulwax Elektronic Mix)" by Kylie Minogue. This is accomplished by pressing play, rewinding for 4 minutes and 17 seconds and allowing the album to start. After this song the album moves straight into the first song.
– 2:49
Emerson, Lake & Palmer, "Peter Gunn"
Basement Jaxx, "Where's Your Head At" (Head-a-pella)
Peaches, "Fuck the Pain Away" – 1:38
Velvet Underground, "I'm Waiting for the Man" – 0:57
– 0:59
Polyester, "J'aime Regarder Les Mecs"
Sly and the Family Stone, "Dance to the Music"
Ready for the World, "Oh Sheila" (a cappella)
Dakar & Grinser, "I Wanna Be Your Dog" – 1:44
Ural 13 Diktators, "Disko Kings" – 1:28
– 2:56
Bobby Orlando, "The "O" Medley"
Felix da Housecat, "Silverscreen Shower Scene"
– 2:31
The Stooges, "No Fun"
Salt 'n Pepa, "Push It"
– 2:28
Hanayo with Jürgen Paape, "Joe le Taxi"
The Jets, "Crush on You" (a cappella)
– 3:03
Funkacise Gang, "Funkacise"
Soul Grabber, "Motorcross Madness"
Lil Louis and the World, "French Kiss"
Zongamin, "Serious Trouble" – 1:39
Garbage, "Androgyny" (Felix da Housecat 'thee glitz mix') – 1:16
– 2:30
Frank Delour, "Disc Jockey's Delight Vol. 2"
The Residents, "Kaw-Liga" (prairie mix)
Carlos Morgan, "Shake Your Body" – 2:11
Alphawezen, "Into the Stars" (Firebirds remix) – 0:58
– 1:37
Terranova, "Concepts"
Nena, "99 Luftballons"
– 3:30
Destiny's Child, "Independent Women Part 1" (a cappella)
10cc, "Dreadlock Holiday"
– 2:29
Dolly Parton, "9 to 5"
Röyksopp, "Eple"
Arbeid Adelt!, "Death Disco" – 0:43
Jeans Team, "Keine Melodien" featuring MJ Lan – 1:46
– 3:30
Skee-Lo, "I Wish" (a cappella)
Maurice Fulton Presents Stress, "My Gigolo"
The Breeders, "Cannonball"
The Cramps, "Human Fly" – 1:33
The Wildbunch, "Danger! High Voltage" – 1:42
Op:l Bastards, "Don't Bring Me Down" – 1:57
ADULT., "Hand to Phone" – 1:40
Vitalic, "La Rock 01" – 2:37
Queen of Japan, "I Was Made for Loving You" – 1:59
– 2:12
New Order, "The Beach"
Detroit Grand Pubahs, "Sandwiches"
Lords of Acid, "I Sit on Acid" (Soulwax remix) – 2:56
Streamer featuring Private Thoughts in Public Places, "Start Button" – 1:56
Video
In 2014, as the 24th and final part of their series of hour-long video mixes, 2ManyDJs released a full video for their "As Heard on Radio Soulwax Pt. 2".
Notes
^ This track is incorrectly attributed to Interstellar.
References
^ Soulwax.info
^ a b c d e f g h i Van Assche, Gunter (16 June 2014). "De schokgolven van Radio Soulwax" (in Dutch). De Morgen. pp. M 8–9. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
^ Soulwax : 2 Many DJ – As Heard On Radio Soulwax Pt 2 on NME Reviews
^ As Heard on Radio Soulwax Pt. 2 liner notes (2003).
^ Bush, John. "As Heard on Radio Soulwax, Pt. 2 – 2 Many DJs". AllMusic. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
^ Reed, Graham (11 April 2002). "Album Review: Soulwax – 2 Many DJs". Drowned in Sound. Archived from the original on 26 April 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
^ Segal, Victoria (23 April 2002). "Soulwax : 2 Many DJ – As Heard On Radio Soulwax Pt 2". NME. Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
^ Mitchum, Rob (29 August 2002). "2 Many DJs: As Heard on Radio Soulwax, Pt. 2". Pitchfork. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
^ Matos, Michaelangelo (2004). "2 Many DJs". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). Simon & Schuster. p. 926. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.
^ a b Plagenhoef, Scott (1 September 2003). "2 Many DJs – As Heard on Radio Soulwax, Pt. 2 – Review". Stylus Magazine. Archived from the original on 1 March 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
^ "2 Many DJs - As Heard On Radio Soulwax Pt. 2". Ultratop.
^ Strauss, Neil (29 December 2002). "The 10 Best Pop Albums". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
^ "Albums of the Year". No. 19–1. Spin. January 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
^ Sinnreich, Aram (2010). Mashed Up: Music, Technology, and the Rise of Configurable Culture. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-55849-829-7.
^ "Youtube de l'été #44 : Kylie Minogue - Can't Get You Out Of My Head (2001)" (in French). Première. 29 August 2007. Archived from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
^ Vine, Richard (15 June 2011). "Kylie mashes up Can't Get You Out of My Head with Blue Monday at the Brits February 2002: Number 40 in our series of the 50 key events in the history of dance music". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
^ Pitchfork staff (September 30, 2009). "The Top 200 Albums of the 2000s: 100-51". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved October 1, 2009.
^ "'As Heard on Radio Soulwax Pt. 2' van 2ManyDJs is beste Belgische dancealbum ooit". Knack. 5 November 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
^ Grugier, Maxence (26 May 2014). "Soulwax habillent leur mythique mix As Heard On Radio Soulwax" (in French). Premiere.
^ Gordon, Jeremy (8 May 2014). "Soulwax Release Astonishing Visual Mix of Mash-Up Classic As Heard On Radio Soulwax Pt 2". Pitchfork Magazine. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
External links
As Heard On Radio Soulwax Pt. 2 at Discogs
vteSoulwax
Stephen Dewaele
David Dewaele
Stefaan Van Leuven
Steve Slingeneyer
Studio albums
Leave the Story Untold (1996)
Much Against Everyone's Advice (1998)
Any Minute Now (2004)
From Deewee (2017)
Official compilation albums
As Heard on Radio Soulwax Pt. 2 (2002)
Remix albums
Nite Versions (2005)
This Is Radio Soulwax (2006)
Most of the Remixes (2007)
Part of the Weekend Never Dies (2009)
Soundtracks
Belgica (2016)
Singles
"E Talking" (2005)
Projects
Die Verboten (2006)
"PAM" (2008)
Radio Soulwax (2011)
Rockumentaries
Part of the Weekend Never Dies (2008)
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soulwax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soulwax"},{"link_name":"2ManyDJs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soulwax"},{"link_name":"Dolly Parton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_Parton"},{"link_name":"Basement Jaxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basement_Jaxx"},{"link_name":"10cc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10cc"},{"link_name":"remixes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix"},{"link_name":"mashup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashup_(music)"},{"link_name":"vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocals"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morgen-2"}],"text":"As Heard on Radio Soulwax Pt. 2 is the first album to be released by Soulwax members David and Stephen Dewaele also known as 2ManyDJs. It consists of 45 remixed tracks by a series of diverse artists including Dolly Parton, Basement Jaxx and 10cc. While some of the tracks are conventional remixes, most tracks are mashup collages with the vocals of one song placed over the instrumental part of another. The sampled material was extensively cleared for commercial release; as a result, only 114 elements appear out of the 187 recordings that 2ManyDJs initially wished to use. The artwork of the album was also altered following lawsuit threats from the photographer of the original images.[1]The album became a commercial success in Belgium and a critical success elsewhere, eventually selling more than half a million copies worldwide.[2]","title":"As Heard on Radio Soulwax Pt. 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Much Against Everyone's Advice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Much_Against_Everyone%27s_Advice"},{"link_name":"Rock Werchter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Werchter"},{"link_name":"Studio Brussel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_Brussel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morgen-2"},{"link_name":"PIAS Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIAS_Recordings"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morgen-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Elton John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elton_John"},{"link_name":"Langan's Brasserie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langan%27s_Brasserie"},{"link_name":"two-fingered salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-fingered_salute"},{"link_name":"Richard Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Young_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"Tipp-Ex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipp-Ex"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morgen-2"}],"text":"In 1998, when touring with their Soulwax album Much Against Everyone's Advice, the Dewaele brothers started to perform as DJs at their own after-shows as \"The Flying Dewaele Brothers\", later renamed \"The Fucking Dewaele Brothers\". It became a successful act in its own right, and they performed as headliners on the second stage of the 1999 Rock Werchter festival. Flemish main alternative music station, Studio Brussel, then asked them to become resident DJs for the show \"Hang the DJs\". It was there that the brothers made their first real mash-ups.[2]In 2002, As Heard on Radio Soulwax Pt. 2 became the first official mash-up album. Prior mash-ups were bootlegs, never officially released, but Soulwax, and their record label PIAS Recordings, went to great lengths to get clearance for the recordings used in the mixes. The duo originally wished to include elements of 187 recordings, but eventually used 114 of them.[2] 62 were refused permission and 11 could not be traced.[3] The track \"Shake Your Body\" lacked clearance, as the license owner could not be found. 2ManyDJs included it anyway, because they felt its exclusion would be a waste.[4]The cover was originally taken from a photograph of Elton John outside Langan's Brasserie giving the two-fingered salute; designer Marc Meulemans added a brown paper bag over the head of Elton John, to avoid problems with the rights, but original photographer Richard Young refused to let them use the picture anyway. Meulemans then decided to remove the whole photograph by means of Tipp-Ex, leaving just the brown paper bag.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stylus Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylus_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stylus-10"},{"link_name":"Zane Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zane_Lowe"},{"link_name":"Canvas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canvas_(Belgium)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morgen-2"},{"link_name":"Ultratop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"gold record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_recording_sales_certification"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morgen-2"},{"link_name":"Neil Strauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Strauss"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"The Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Face_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morgen-2"},{"link_name":"Spin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morgen-2"},{"link_name":"Kylie Minogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylie_Minogue"},{"link_name":"Can't Get You Out of My Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Get_You_Out_of_My_Head"},{"link_name":"Blue Monday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Monday_(New_Order_song)"},{"link_name":"2002 BRIT Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_BRIT_Awards"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morgen-2"},{"link_name":"Love at First Sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_at_First_Sight_(Kylie_Minogue_song)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"In Stylus Magazine, Scott Plagenhoef gave it an \"A−\" rating and named it \"one of the first real contenders for album of the year\".[10] Zane Lowe called it a \"historical record\", in Belpop, a documentary about Soulwax on Belgian TV channel Canvas.[2]The album peaked at #2 in the Flemish Ultratop album chart, staying in the chart for 41 weeks, and reached #29 in Norway, #31 in the Netherlands, and #79 in France.[11] The album was certified a gold record in Belgium.[2]Neil Strauss rated it the best pop album of 2002 in his end-of-year list in The New York Times.[12] The Face placed it second in their list of best albums of 2002,[2] and Spin placed it at #40 in their end-of-year list of best albums, calling it \"the year's best novelty record\".[13]David Bowie described the mash-ups as \"dynamite combinations\" in an interview on BBC radio, and gave further praise in an interview in The Times. Bowie also invited Soulwax with him for an interview on French television in 2003.[2]The album ensured many other invitations for Soulwax, who played at a party organised by Kylie Minogue in the Tribeca Grand hotel in New York. Minogue also performed their mash-up of her song \"Can't Get You Out of My Head\" and New Order's song \"Blue Monday\" live at the 2002 BRIT Awards,[2] and afterwards released it as the B-side of her single \"Love at First Sight\" under the title \"Can't Get Blue Monday Out of My Head\".[14][15][16]Online music magazine Pitchfork placed As Heard On Radio Soulwax Pt. 2 at number 93 on their list of top 200 albums of the 2000s.[17] At the 2013 Elektropedia Awards, the album was voted the best Belgian dance album ever.[18]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kylie Minogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylie_Minogue"},{"link_name":"Emerson, Lake & Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson,_Lake_%26_Palmer"},{"link_name":"Peter Gunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gunn_(song)"},{"link_name":"Basement Jaxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basement_Jaxx"},{"link_name":"Where's Your Head At","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where%27s_Your_Head_At"},{"link_name":"Peaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaches_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Fuck the Pain Away","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuck_the_Pain_Away"},{"link_name":"Velvet Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground"},{"link_name":"I'm Waiting for the Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Waiting_for_the_Man"},{"link_name":"Sly and the Family Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sly_%26_the_Family_Stone"},{"link_name":"Dance to the Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_to_the_Music_(song)"},{"link_name":"Ready for the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ready_for_the_World"},{"link_name":"Oh Sheila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_Sheila"},{"link_name":"I Wanna Be Your Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Wanna_Be_Your_Dog"},{"link_name":"The Stooges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stooges"},{"link_name":"Bobby Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Orlando"},{"link_name":"Felix da Housecat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_da_Housecat"},{"link_name":"Silverscreen Shower Scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Screen_Shower_Scene"},{"link_name":"Miss Kittin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Kittin"},{"link_name":"The Stooges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stooges"},{"link_name":"Salt 'n Pepa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt-N-Pepa"},{"link_name":"Push It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_It_(Salt-N-Pepa)"},{"link_name":"Hanayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanayo"},{"link_name":"Joe le Taxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_le_Taxi"},{"link_name":"The Jets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jets_(1980s_pop_band)"},{"link_name":"Crush on You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crush_on_You_(The_Jets_song)"},{"link_name":"Lil Louis and the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Louis"},{"link_name":"French Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Kiss_(Lil_Louis_song)"},{"link_name":"Zongamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zongamin"},{"link_name":"Garbage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_(band)"},{"link_name":"Androgyny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgyny_(song)"},{"link_name":"Felix da Housecat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_da_Housecat"},{"link_name":"The Residents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Residents"},{"link_name":"Kaw-Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaw-Liga"},{"link_name":"Shake Your Body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shake_Your_Body_(Down_to_the_Ground)"},{"link_name":"The Jacksons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jacksons"},{"link_name":"Alphawezen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphawezen"},{"link_name":"Terranova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terranova_(band)"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Nena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nena_(band)"},{"link_name":"99 Luftballons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/99_Luftballons"},{"link_name":"Destiny's Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny%27s_Child"},{"link_name":"Independent Women Part 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Women_Part_I"},{"link_name":"10cc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10cc"},{"link_name":"Dreadlock Holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreadlock_Holiday"},{"link_name":"Dolly Parton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_Parton"},{"link_name":"9 to 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_to_5_(Dolly_Parton_song)"},{"link_name":"Röyksopp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6yksopp"},{"link_name":"Eple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eple"},{"link_name":"Death Disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Disco"},{"link_name":"Public Image Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Image_Ltd."},{"link_name":"Jeans Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeans_Team"},{"link_name":"Skee-Lo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skee-Lo"},{"link_name":"I Wish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Wish_(Skee-Lo_song)"},{"link_name":"The Breeders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Breeders"},{"link_name":"Cannonball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannonball_(The_Breeders_song)"},{"link_name":"The Cramps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cramps"},{"link_name":"Human Fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Fly_(song)"},{"link_name":"The Wildbunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Six"},{"link_name":"Danger! High Voltage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danger!_High_Voltage"},{"link_name":"Op:l Bastards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op:l_Bastards"},{"link_name":"Don't Bring Me Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Bring_Me_Down_(Electric_Light_Orchestra_song)"},{"link_name":"Electric Light Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Light_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"ADULT.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADULT."},{"link_name":"Vitalic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitalic"},{"link_name":"Queen of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Japan_(band)"},{"link_name":"I Was Made for Loving You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Was_Made_for_Lovin%27_You"},{"link_name":"Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_(band)"},{"link_name":"New Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Order_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Monday_(New_Order_song)"},{"link_name":"Detroit Grand Pubahs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Grand_Pubahs"},{"link_name":"Sandwiches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk_All_Y%27all#Singles"},{"link_name":"Lords of Acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords_of_Acid"},{"link_name":"Soulwax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soulwax"}],"text":"On CD copies of the album, it is possible to rewind to before the first track to access \"Can't Get You Out Of My Head (Soulwax Elektronic Mix)\" by Kylie Minogue. This is accomplished by pressing play, rewinding for 4 minutes and 17 seconds and allowing the album to start. After this song the album moves straight into the first song.– 2:49\nEmerson, Lake & Palmer, \"Peter Gunn\" [live]\nBasement Jaxx, \"Where's Your Head At\" (Head-a-pella)\nPeaches, \"Fuck the Pain Away\" – 1:38\nVelvet Underground, \"I'm Waiting for the Man\" – 0:57\n– 0:59\nPolyester, \"J'aime Regarder Les Mecs\"\nSly and the Family Stone, \"Dance to the Music\"\nReady for the World, \"Oh Sheila\" (a cappella)\nDakar & Grinser, \"I Wanna Be Your Dog\" – 1:44 [cover of The Stooges]\nUral 13 Diktators, \"Disko Kings\" – 1:28\n– 2:56\nBobby Orlando, \"The \"O\" Medley\"\nFelix da Housecat, \"Silverscreen Shower Scene\" [featuring Miss Kittin]\n– 2:31\nThe Stooges, \"No Fun\"\nSalt 'n Pepa, \"Push It\"\n– 2:28\nHanayo with Jürgen Paape, \"Joe le Taxi\"\nThe Jets, \"Crush on You\" (a cappella)\n– 3:03\nFunkacise Gang, \"Funkacise\"\nSoul Grabber, \"Motorcross Madness\"\nLil Louis and the World, \"French Kiss\"\nZongamin, \"Serious Trouble\" – 1:39\nGarbage, \"Androgyny\" (Felix da Housecat 'thee glitz mix') – 1:16\n– 2:30\nFrank Delour, \"Disc Jockey's Delight Vol. 2\"\nThe Residents, \"Kaw-Liga\" (prairie mix)\nCarlos Morgan, \"Shake Your Body\" – 2:11 [cover of The Jacksons]\nAlphawezen, \"Into the Stars\" (Firebirds remix) – 0:58\n– 1:37\nTerranova, \"Concepts\"[note 1]\nNena, \"99 Luftballons\"\n– 3:30\nDestiny's Child, \"Independent Women Part 1\" (a cappella)\n10cc, \"Dreadlock Holiday\"\n– 2:29\nDolly Parton, \"9 to 5\"\nRöyksopp, \"Eple\"\nArbeid Adelt!, \"Death Disco\" – 0:43 [cover of Public Image Ltd.]\nJeans Team, \"Keine Melodien\" featuring MJ Lan – 1:46\n– 3:30\nSkee-Lo, \"I Wish\" (a cappella)\nMaurice Fulton Presents Stress, \"My Gigolo\"\nThe Breeders, \"Cannonball\"\nThe Cramps, \"Human Fly\" – 1:33\nThe Wildbunch, \"Danger! High Voltage\" – 1:42\nOp:l Bastards, \"Don't Bring Me Down\" – 1:57 [cover of Electric Light Orchestra]\nADULT., \"Hand to Phone\" – 1:40\nVitalic, \"La Rock 01\" – 2:37\nQueen of Japan, \"I Was Made for Loving You\" – 1:59 [cover of Kiss]\n– 2:12\nNew Order, \"The Beach\"\nDetroit Grand Pubahs, \"Sandwiches\"\nLords of Acid, \"I Sit on Acid\" (Soulwax remix) – 2:56\nStreamer featuring Private Thoughts in Public Places, \"Start Button\" – 1:56","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"In 2014, as the 24th and final part of their series of hour-long video mixes, 2ManyDJs released a full video for their \"As Heard on Radio Soulwax Pt. 2\".[19][20]","title":"Video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"}],"text":"^ This track is incorrectly attributed to Interstellar.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"reference":"Van Assche, Gunter (16 June 2014). \"De schokgolven van Radio Soulwax\" (in Dutch). De Morgen. pp. M 8–9. Retrieved 16 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/1010/Muzieknieuws/article/detail/1918933/2014/06/16/De-schokgolven-die-Radio-Soulwax-teweegbracht.dhtml","url_text":"\"De schokgolven van Radio Soulwax\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Morgen","url_text":"De Morgen"}]},{"reference":"Bush, John. \"As Heard on Radio Soulwax, Pt. 2 – 2 Many DJs\". AllMusic. Retrieved September 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/as-heard-on-radio-soulwax-pt-2-mw0000704259","url_text":"\"As Heard on Radio Soulwax, Pt. 2 – 2 Many DJs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Reed, Graham (11 April 2002). \"Album Review: Soulwax – 2 Many DJs\". Drowned in Sound. Archived from the original on 26 April 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222625/http://drownedinsound.com/releases/2899/reviews/3560-","url_text":"\"Album Review: Soulwax – 2 Many DJs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowned_in_Sound","url_text":"Drowned in Sound"},{"url":"http://drownedinsound.com/releases/2899/reviews/3560-","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Segal, Victoria (23 April 2002). \"Soulwax : 2 Many DJ – As Heard On Radio Soulwax Pt 2\". NME. Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160414195608/http://www.nme.com/reviews/soulwax/6297","url_text":"\"Soulwax : 2 Many DJ – As Heard On Radio Soulwax Pt 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"},{"url":"https://www.nme.com/reviews/soulwax/6297","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mitchum, Rob (29 August 2002). \"2 Many DJs: As Heard on Radio Soulwax, Pt. 2\". Pitchfork. Retrieved 7 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/8228-as-heard-on-radio-soulwax-pt-2/","url_text":"\"2 Many DJs: As Heard on Radio Soulwax, Pt. 2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"Matos, Michaelangelo (2004). \"2 Many DJs\". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). Simon & Schuster. p. 926. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stone_Album_Guide","url_text":"The New Rolling Stone Album Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster","url_text":"Simon & Schuster"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonea00brac/page/926","url_text":"926"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-0169-8","url_text":"0-7432-0169-8"}]},{"reference":"Plagenhoef, Scott (1 September 2003). \"2 Many DJs – As Heard on Radio Soulwax, Pt. 2 – Review\". Stylus Magazine. Archived from the original on 1 March 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160301213358/http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/2-many-djs/as-heard-on-radio-soulwax-pt-2.htm","url_text":"\"2 Many DJs – As Heard on Radio Soulwax, Pt. 2 – Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylus_Magazine","url_text":"Stylus Magazine"},{"url":"http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/2-many-djs/as-heard-on-radio-soulwax-pt-2.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2 Many DJs - As Heard On Radio Soulwax Pt. 2\". Ultratop.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ultratop.be/nl/album/5633/2-Many-DJ%27s-As-Heard-On-Radio-Soulwax-Pt.-2","url_text":"\"2 Many DJs - As Heard On Radio Soulwax Pt. 2\""}]},{"reference":"Strauss, Neil (29 December 2002). \"The 10 Best Pop Albums\". The New York Times. Retrieved 16 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/29/arts/music/29STRA.html","url_text":"\"The 10 Best Pop Albums\""}]},{"reference":"\"Albums of the Year\". No. 19–1. Spin. January 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2nxQP3qCjFgC&pg=PA73","url_text":"\"Albums of the Year\""}]},{"reference":"Sinnreich, Aram (2010). Mashed Up: Music, Technology, and the Rise of Configurable Culture. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-55849-829-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xCRfQMhIVpEC&pg=PA133","url_text":"Mashed Up: Music, Technology, and the Rise of Configurable Culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-829-7","url_text":"978-1-55849-829-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Youtube de l'été #44 : Kylie Minogue - Can't Get You Out Of My Head (2001)\" (in French). Première. 29 August 2007. Archived from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141012064456/http://fluctuat.premiere.fr/Musique/News-Videos/Youtube-de-l-ete-44-Kylie-Minogue-Can-t-Get-You-Out-Of-My-Head-2001-3205122","url_text":"\"Youtube de l'été #44 : Kylie Minogue - Can't Get You Out Of My Head (2001)\""},{"url":"http://fluctuat.premiere.fr/Musique/News-Videos/Youtube-de-l-ete-44-Kylie-Minogue-Can-t-Get-You-Out-Of-My-Head-2001-3205122","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Vine, Richard (15 June 2011). \"Kylie mashes up Can't Get You Out of My Head with Blue Monday at the Brits February 2002: Number 40 in our series of the 50 key events in the history of dance music\". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/15/kylie-minogue-brit-awards","url_text":"\"Kylie mashes up Can't Get You Out of My Head with Blue Monday at the Brits February 2002: Number 40 in our series of the 50 key events in the history of dance music\""}]},{"reference":"Pitchfork staff (September 30, 2009). \"The Top 200 Albums of the 2000s: 100-51\". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved October 1, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/features/staff-lists/7708-the-top-200-albums-of-the-2000s-100-51/","url_text":"\"The Top 200 Albums of the 2000s: 100-51\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091004235048/http://pitchfork.com/features/staff-lists/7708-the-top-200-albums-of-the-2000s-100-51/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'As Heard on Radio Soulwax Pt. 2' van 2ManyDJs is beste Belgische dancealbum ooit\". Knack. 5 November 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://focus.knack.be/entertainment/muziek/muzieknieuws/as-heard-on-radio-soulwax-pt-2-van-2manydjs-is-beste-belgische-dancealbum-ooit/article-4000442025396.htm","url_text":"\"'As Heard on Radio Soulwax Pt. 2' van 2ManyDJs is beste Belgische dancealbum ooit\""}]},{"reference":"Grugier, Maxence (26 May 2014). \"Soulwax habillent leur mythique mix As Heard On Radio Soulwax\" (in French). Premiere.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gordon, Jeremy (8 May 2014). \"Soulwax Release Astonishing Visual Mix of Mash-Up Classic As Heard On Radio Soulwax Pt 2\". Pitchfork Magazine. Retrieved 16 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/55094-soulwax-release-astonishing-visual-mix-of-mash-up-classic-as-heard-on-radio-soulwax-pt-2/","url_text":"\"Soulwax Release Astonishing Visual Mix of Mash-Up Classic As Heard On Radio Soulwax Pt 2\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.soulwax.info/","external_links_name":"Soulwax.info"},{"Link":"https://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/1010/Muzieknieuws/article/detail/1918933/2014/06/16/De-schokgolven-die-Radio-Soulwax-teweegbracht.dhtml","external_links_name":"\"De schokgolven van Radio Soulwax\""},{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/reviews/soulwax/6297","external_links_name":"Soulwax : 2 Many DJ – As Heard On Radio Soulwax Pt 2"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/as-heard-on-radio-soulwax-pt-2-mw0000704259","external_links_name":"\"As Heard on Radio Soulwax, Pt. 2 – 2 Many DJs\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160426222625/http://drownedinsound.com/releases/2899/reviews/3560-","external_links_name":"\"Album Review: Soulwax – 2 Many DJs\""},{"Link":"http://drownedinsound.com/releases/2899/reviews/3560-","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160414195608/http://www.nme.com/reviews/soulwax/6297","external_links_name":"\"Soulwax : 2 Many DJ – As Heard On Radio Soulwax Pt 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/reviews/soulwax/6297","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/8228-as-heard-on-radio-soulwax-pt-2/","external_links_name":"\"2 Many DJs: As Heard on Radio Soulwax, Pt. 2\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonea00brac/page/926","external_links_name":"926"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160301213358/http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/2-many-djs/as-heard-on-radio-soulwax-pt-2.htm","external_links_name":"\"2 Many DJs – As Heard on Radio Soulwax, Pt. 2 – Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.stylusmagazine.com/reviews/2-many-djs/as-heard-on-radio-soulwax-pt-2.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ultratop.be/nl/album/5633/2-Many-DJ%27s-As-Heard-On-Radio-Soulwax-Pt.-2","external_links_name":"\"2 Many DJs - As Heard On Radio Soulwax Pt. 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/29/arts/music/29STRA.html","external_links_name":"\"The 10 Best Pop Albums\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2nxQP3qCjFgC&pg=PA73","external_links_name":"\"Albums of the Year\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xCRfQMhIVpEC&pg=PA133","external_links_name":"Mashed Up: Music, Technology, and the Rise of Configurable Culture"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141012064456/http://fluctuat.premiere.fr/Musique/News-Videos/Youtube-de-l-ete-44-Kylie-Minogue-Can-t-Get-You-Out-Of-My-Head-2001-3205122","external_links_name":"\"Youtube de l'été #44 : Kylie Minogue - Can't Get You Out Of My Head (2001)\""},{"Link":"http://fluctuat.premiere.fr/Musique/News-Videos/Youtube-de-l-ete-44-Kylie-Minogue-Can-t-Get-You-Out-Of-My-Head-2001-3205122","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/15/kylie-minogue-brit-awards","external_links_name":"\"Kylie mashes up Can't Get You Out of My Head with Blue Monday at the Brits February 2002: Number 40 in our series of the 50 key events in the history of dance music\""},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/features/staff-lists/7708-the-top-200-albums-of-the-2000s-100-51/","external_links_name":"\"The Top 200 Albums of the 2000s: 100-51\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091004235048/http://pitchfork.com/features/staff-lists/7708-the-top-200-albums-of-the-2000s-100-51/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://focus.knack.be/entertainment/muziek/muzieknieuws/as-heard-on-radio-soulwax-pt-2-van-2manydjs-is-beste-belgische-dancealbum-ooit/article-4000442025396.htm","external_links_name":"\"'As Heard on Radio Soulwax Pt. 2' van 2ManyDJs is beste Belgische dancealbum ooit\""},{"Link":"https://pitchfork.com/news/55094-soulwax-release-astonishing-visual-mix-of-mash-up-classic-as-heard-on-radio-soulwax-pt-2/","external_links_name":"\"Soulwax Release Astonishing Visual Mix of Mash-Up Classic As Heard On Radio Soulwax Pt 2\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/release/49619","external_links_name":"As Heard On Radio Soulwax Pt. 2"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/f818f48f-5266-313d-b70a-df88c522fe3c","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-group
|
J-homomorphism
|
["1 Definition","2 Image of the J-homomorphism","3 Applications","4 References"]
|
From a homotopy group of a special orthogonal group to a homotopy group of spheres
In mathematics, the J-homomorphism is a mapping from the homotopy groups of the special orthogonal groups to the homotopy groups of spheres. It was defined by George W. Whitehead (1942), extending a construction of Heinz Hopf (1935).
Definition
Whitehead's original homomorphism is defined geometrically, and gives a homomorphism
J
:
π
r
(
S
O
(
q
)
)
→
π
r
+
q
(
S
q
)
{\displaystyle J\colon \pi _{r}(\mathrm {SO} (q))\to \pi _{r+q}(S^{q})}
of abelian groups for integers q, and
r
≥
2
{\displaystyle r\geq 2}
. (Hopf defined this for the special case
q
=
r
+
1
{\displaystyle q=r+1}
.)
The J-homomorphism can be defined as follows.
An element of the special orthogonal group SO(q) can be regarded as a map
S
q
−
1
→
S
q
−
1
{\displaystyle S^{q-1}\rightarrow S^{q-1}}
and the homotopy group
π
r
(
SO
(
q
)
)
{\displaystyle \pi _{r}(\operatorname {SO} (q))}
) consists of homotopy classes of maps from the r-sphere to SO(q).
Thus an element of
π
r
(
SO
(
q
)
)
{\displaystyle \pi _{r}(\operatorname {SO} (q))}
can be represented by a map
S
r
×
S
q
−
1
→
S
q
−
1
{\displaystyle S^{r}\times S^{q-1}\rightarrow S^{q-1}}
Applying the Hopf construction to this gives a map
S
r
+
q
=
S
r
∗
S
q
−
1
→
S
(
S
q
−
1
)
=
S
q
{\displaystyle S^{r+q}=S^{r}*S^{q-1}\rightarrow S(S^{q-1})=S^{q}}
in
π
r
+
q
(
S
q
)
{\displaystyle \pi _{r+q}(S^{q})}
, which Whitehead defined as the image of the element of
π
r
(
SO
(
q
)
)
{\displaystyle \pi _{r}(\operatorname {SO} (q))}
under the J-homomorphism.
Taking a limit as q tends to infinity gives the stable J-homomorphism in stable homotopy theory:
J
:
π
r
(
S
O
)
→
π
r
S
,
{\displaystyle J\colon \pi _{r}(\mathrm {SO} )\to \pi _{r}^{S},}
where
S
O
{\displaystyle \mathrm {SO} }
is the infinite special orthogonal group, and the right-hand side is the r-th stable stem of the stable homotopy groups of spheres.
Image of the J-homomorphism
The image of the J-homomorphism was described by Frank Adams (1966), assuming the Adams conjecture of Adams (1963) which was proved by Daniel Quillen (1971), as follows. The group
π
r
(
SO
)
{\displaystyle \pi _{r}(\operatorname {SO} )}
is given by Bott periodicity. It is always cyclic; and if r is positive, it is of order 2 if r is 0 or 1 modulo 8, infinite if r is 3 or 7 modulo 8, and order 1 otherwise (Switzer 1975, p. 488). In particular the image of the stable J-homomorphism is cyclic. The stable homotopy groups
π
r
S
{\displaystyle \pi _{r}^{S}}
are the direct sum of the (cyclic) image of the J-homomorphism, and the kernel of the Adams e-invariant (Adams 1966), a homomorphism from the stable homotopy groups to
Q
/
Z
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} /\mathbb {Z} }
. If r is 0 or 1 mod 8 and positive, the order of the image is 2 (so in this case the J-homomorphism is injective). If r is 3 or 7 mod 8, the image is a cyclic group of order equal to the denominator of
B
2
n
/
4
n
{\displaystyle B_{2n}/4n}
, where
B
2
n
{\displaystyle B_{2n}}
is a Bernoulli number. In the remaining cases where r is 2, 4, 5, or 6 mod 8 the image is trivial because
π
r
(
SO
)
{\displaystyle \pi _{r}(\operatorname {SO} )}
is trivial.
r
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
π
r
(
SO
)
{\displaystyle \pi _{r}(\operatorname {SO} )}
1
2
1
Z
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} }
1
1
1
Z
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} }
2
2
1
Z
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} }
1
1
1
Z
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} }
2
2
|
im
(
J
)
|
{\displaystyle |\operatorname {im} (J)|}
1
2
1
24
1
1
1
240
2
2
1
504
1
1
1
480
2
2
π
r
S
{\displaystyle \pi _{r}^{S}}
Z
{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} }
2
2
24
1
1
2
240
22
23
6
504
1
3
22
480×2
22
24
B
2
n
{\displaystyle B_{2n}}
1⁄6
−1⁄30
1⁄42
−1⁄30
Applications
Michael Atiyah (1961) introduced the group J(X) of a space X, which for X a sphere is the image of the J-homomorphism in a suitable dimension.
The cokernel of the J-homomorphism
J
:
π
n
(
S
O
)
→
π
n
S
{\displaystyle J\colon \pi _{n}(\mathrm {SO} )\to \pi _{n}^{S}}
appears in the group Θn of h-cobordism classes of oriented homotopy n-spheres (Kosinski (1992)).
References
Atiyah, Michael Francis (1961), "Thom complexes", Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, Third Series, 11: 291–310, doi:10.1112/plms/s3-11.1.291, MR 0131880
Adams, J. F. (1963), "On the groups J(X) I", Topology, 2 (3): 181, doi:10.1016/0040-9383(63)90001-6
Adams, J. F. (1965a), "On the groups J(X) II", Topology, 3 (2): 137, doi:10.1016/0040-9383(65)90040-6
Adams, J. F. (1965b), "On the groups J(X) III", Topology, 3 (3): 193, doi:10.1016/0040-9383(65)90054-6
Adams, J. F. (1966), "On the groups J(X) IV", Topology, 5: 21, doi:10.1016/0040-9383(66)90004-8. "Correction", Topology, 7 (3): 331, 1968, doi:10.1016/0040-9383(68)90010-4
Hopf, Heinz (1935), "Über die Abbildungen von Sphären auf Sphäre niedrigerer Dimension", Fundamenta Mathematicae, 25: 427–440
Kosinski, Antoni A. (1992), Differential Manifolds, San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 195ff, ISBN 0-12-421850-4
Milnor, John W. (2011), "Differential topology forty-six years later" (PDF), Notices of the American Mathematical Society, 58 (6): 804–809
Quillen, Daniel (1971), "The Adams conjecture", Topology, 10: 67–80, doi:10.1016/0040-9383(71)90018-8, MR 0279804
Switzer, Robert M. (1975), Algebraic Topology—Homotopy and Homology, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-06758-2
Whitehead, George W. (1942), "On the homotopy groups of spheres and rotation groups", Annals of Mathematics, Second Series, 43 (4): 634–640, doi:10.2307/1968956, JSTOR 1968956, MR 0007107
Whitehead, George W. (1978), Elements of homotopy theory, Berlin: Springer, ISBN 0-387-90336-4, MR 0516508
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"homotopy groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homotopy_group"},{"link_name":"special orthogonal groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_orthogonal_group"},{"link_name":"homotopy groups of spheres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homotopy_groups_of_spheres"},{"link_name":"George W. Whitehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Whitehead"},{"link_name":"1942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWhitehead1942"},{"link_name":"Heinz Hopf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Hopf"},{"link_name":"1935","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHopf1935"}],"text":"In mathematics, the J-homomorphism is a mapping from the homotopy groups of the special orthogonal groups to the homotopy groups of spheres. It was defined by George W. Whitehead (1942), extending a construction of Heinz Hopf (1935).","title":"J-homomorphism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"homomorphism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_homomorphism"},{"link_name":"abelian groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian_group"},{"link_name":"integers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer"},{"link_name":"homotopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homotopy"},{"link_name":"r-sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-sphere"},{"link_name":"Hopf construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopf_construction"},{"link_name":"stable homotopy theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable_homotopy_theory"},{"link_name":"stable stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable_stem"},{"link_name":"stable homotopy groups of spheres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable_homotopy_groups_of_spheres"}],"text":"Whitehead's original homomorphism is defined geometrically, and gives a homomorphismJ\n :\n \n π\n \n r\n \n \n (\n \n S\n O\n \n (\n q\n )\n )\n →\n \n π\n \n r\n +\n q\n \n \n (\n \n S\n \n q\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle J\\colon \\pi _{r}(\\mathrm {SO} (q))\\to \\pi _{r+q}(S^{q})}of abelian groups for integers q, and \n \n \n \n r\n ≥\n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle r\\geq 2}\n \n. (Hopf defined this for the special case \n \n \n \n q\n =\n r\n +\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle q=r+1}\n \n.)The J-homomorphism can be defined as follows. \nAn element of the special orthogonal group SO(q) can be regarded as a mapS\n \n q\n −\n 1\n \n \n →\n \n S\n \n q\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S^{q-1}\\rightarrow S^{q-1}}and the homotopy group \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n r\n \n \n (\n SO\n \n (\n q\n )\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{r}(\\operatorname {SO} (q))}\n \n) consists of homotopy classes of maps from the r-sphere to SO(q).\nThus an element of \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n r\n \n \n (\n SO\n \n (\n q\n )\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{r}(\\operatorname {SO} (q))}\n \n can be represented by a mapS\n \n r\n \n \n ×\n \n S\n \n q\n −\n 1\n \n \n →\n \n S\n \n q\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S^{r}\\times S^{q-1}\\rightarrow S^{q-1}}Applying the Hopf construction to this gives a mapS\n \n r\n +\n q\n \n \n =\n \n S\n \n r\n \n \n ∗\n \n S\n \n q\n −\n 1\n \n \n →\n S\n (\n \n S\n \n q\n −\n 1\n \n \n )\n =\n \n S\n \n q\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle S^{r+q}=S^{r}*S^{q-1}\\rightarrow S(S^{q-1})=S^{q}}in \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n r\n +\n q\n \n \n (\n \n S\n \n q\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{r+q}(S^{q})}\n \n, which Whitehead defined as the image of the element of \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n r\n \n \n (\n SO\n \n (\n q\n )\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{r}(\\operatorname {SO} (q))}\n \n under the J-homomorphism.Taking a limit as q tends to infinity gives the stable J-homomorphism in stable homotopy theory:J\n :\n \n π\n \n r\n \n \n (\n \n S\n O\n \n )\n →\n \n π\n \n r\n \n \n S\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle J\\colon \\pi _{r}(\\mathrm {SO} )\\to \\pi _{r}^{S},}where \n \n \n \n \n S\n O\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {SO} }\n \n is the infinite special orthogonal group, and the right-hand side is the r-th stable stem of the stable homotopy groups of spheres.","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Frank Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Adams"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAdams1966"},{"link_name":"Adams (1963)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAdams1963"},{"link_name":"proved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_proof"},{"link_name":"Daniel Quillen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Quillen"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFQuillen1971"},{"link_name":"group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"Bott periodicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bott_periodicity"},{"link_name":"cyclic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_group"},{"link_name":"order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_a_group"},{"link_name":"modulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic"},{"link_name":"Switzer 1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSwitzer1975"},{"link_name":"kernel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(algebra)"},{"link_name":"Adams 1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAdams1966"},{"link_name":"injective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injective_function"},{"link_name":"Bernoulli number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli_number"},{"link_name":"trivial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivial_group"}],"text":"The image of the J-homomorphism was described by Frank Adams (1966), assuming the Adams conjecture of Adams (1963) which was proved by Daniel Quillen (1971), as follows. The group \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n r\n \n \n (\n SO\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{r}(\\operatorname {SO} )}\n \n is given by Bott periodicity. It is always cyclic; and if r is positive, it is of order 2 if r is 0 or 1 modulo 8, infinite if r is 3 or 7 modulo 8, and order 1 otherwise (Switzer 1975, p. 488). In particular the image of the stable J-homomorphism is cyclic. The stable homotopy groups \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n r\n \n \n S\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{r}^{S}}\n \n are the direct sum of the (cyclic) image of the J-homomorphism, and the kernel of the Adams e-invariant (Adams 1966), a homomorphism from the stable homotopy groups to \n \n \n \n \n Q\n \n \n /\n \n \n Z\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Q} /\\mathbb {Z} }\n \n. If r is 0 or 1 mod 8 and positive, the order of the image is 2 (so in this case the J-homomorphism is injective). If r is 3 or 7 mod 8, the image is a cyclic group of order equal to the denominator of \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n 2\n n\n \n \n \n /\n \n 4\n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{2n}/4n}\n \n, where \n \n \n \n \n B\n \n 2\n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{2n}}\n \n is a Bernoulli number. In the remaining cases where r is 2, 4, 5, or 6 mod 8 the image is trivial because \n \n \n \n \n π\n \n r\n \n \n (\n SO\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{r}(\\operatorname {SO} )}\n \n is trivial.r\n\n0\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n10\n\n11\n\n12\n\n13\n\n14\n\n15\n\n16\n\n17\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n π\n \n r\n \n \n (\n SO\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{r}(\\operatorname {SO} )}\n \n\n\n1\n2\n1\n\n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} }\n \n\n1\n1\n1\n\n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} }\n \n\n2\n2\n1\n\n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} }\n \n\n1\n1\n1\n\n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} }\n \n\n2\n2\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n im\n \n (\n J\n )\n \n |\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle |\\operatorname {im} (J)|}\n \n\n\n1\n2\n1\n24\n1\n1\n1\n240\n2\n2\n1\n504\n1\n1\n1\n480\n2\n2\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n π\n \n r\n \n \n S\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\pi _{r}^{S}}\n \n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n Z\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {Z} }\n \n\n2\n2\n24\n1\n1\n2\n240\n22\n23\n6\n504\n1\n3\n22\n480×2\n22\n24\n\n\n\n \n \n \n \n B\n \n 2\n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle B_{2n}}\n \n\n\n\n\n\n1⁄6\n\n\n\n−1⁄30\n\n\n\n1⁄42\n\n\n\n−1⁄30","title":"Image of the J-homomorphism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Atiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Atiyah"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAtiyah1961"},{"link_name":"cokernel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cokernel"},{"link_name":"Θn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotic_sphere"},{"link_name":"h-cobordism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-cobordism"},{"link_name":"homotopy n-spheres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homotopy_sphere"},{"link_name":"Kosinski (1992)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKosinski1992"}],"text":"Michael Atiyah (1961) introduced the group J(X) of a space X, which for X a sphere is the image of the J-homomorphism in a suitable dimension.The cokernel of the J-homomorphism \n \n \n \n J\n :\n \n π\n \n n\n \n \n (\n \n S\n O\n \n )\n →\n \n π\n \n n\n \n \n S\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle J\\colon \\pi _{n}(\\mathrm {SO} )\\to \\pi _{n}^{S}}\n \n appears in the group Θn of h-cobordism classes of oriented homotopy n-spheres (Kosinski (1992)).","title":"Applications"}]
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F."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology_(journal)","url_text":"Topology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0040-9383%2863%2990001-6","url_text":"10.1016/0040-9383(63)90001-6"}]},{"reference":"Adams, J. F. (1965a), \"On the groups J(X) II\", Topology, 3 (2): 137, doi:10.1016/0040-9383(65)90040-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Adams","url_text":"Adams, J. F."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology_(journal)","url_text":"Topology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0040-9383%2865%2990040-6","url_text":"10.1016/0040-9383(65)90040-6"}]},{"reference":"Adams, J. F. (1965b), \"On the groups J(X) III\", Topology, 3 (3): 193, doi:10.1016/0040-9383(65)90054-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Adams","url_text":"Adams, J. F."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology_(journal)","url_text":"Topology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0040-9383%2865%2990054-6","url_text":"10.1016/0040-9383(65)90054-6"}]},{"reference":"Adams, J. F. (1966), \"On the groups J(X) IV\", Topology, 5: 21, doi:10.1016/0040-9383(66)90004-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Adams","url_text":"Adams, J. F."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology_(journal)","url_text":"Topology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0040-9383%2866%2990004-8","url_text":"10.1016/0040-9383(66)90004-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Correction\", Topology, 7 (3): 331, 1968, doi:10.1016/0040-9383(68)90010-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology_(journal)","url_text":"Topology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0040-9383%2868%2990010-4","url_text":"10.1016/0040-9383(68)90010-4"}]},{"reference":"Hopf, Heinz (1935), \"Über die Abbildungen von Sphären auf Sphäre niedrigerer Dimension\", Fundamenta Mathematicae, 25: 427–440","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Hopf","url_text":"Hopf, Heinz"},{"url":"http://matwbn.icm.edu.pl/tresc.php?wyd=1&tom=25","url_text":"\"Über die Abbildungen von Sphären auf Sphäre niedrigerer Dimension\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamenta_Mathematicae","url_text":"Fundamenta Mathematicae"}]},{"reference":"Kosinski, Antoni A. (1992), Differential Manifolds, San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 195ff, ISBN 0-12-421850-4","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/differentialmani0000kosi/page/195","url_text":"Differential Manifolds"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Press","url_text":"Academic Press"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/differentialmani0000kosi/page/195","url_text":"195ff"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-421850-4","url_text":"0-12-421850-4"}]},{"reference":"Milnor, John W. (2011), \"Differential topology forty-six years later\" (PDF), Notices of the American Mathematical Society, 58 (6): 804–809","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milnor","url_text":"Milnor, John W."},{"url":"https://www.ams.org/notices/201106/rtx110600804p.pdf","url_text":"\"Differential topology forty-six years later\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notices_of_the_American_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"Notices of the American Mathematical Society"}]},{"reference":"Quillen, Daniel (1971), \"The Adams conjecture\", Topology, 10: 67–80, doi:10.1016/0040-9383(71)90018-8, MR 0279804","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Quillen","url_text":"Quillen, Daniel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology_(journal)","url_text":"Topology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0040-9383%2871%2990018-8","url_text":"10.1016/0040-9383(71)90018-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0279804","url_text":"0279804"}]},{"reference":"Switzer, Robert M. (1975), Algebraic Topology—Homotopy and Homology, Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-06758-2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer-Verlag","url_text":"Springer-Verlag"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-06758-2","url_text":"978-0-387-06758-2"}]},{"reference":"Whitehead, George W. (1942), \"On the homotopy groups of spheres and rotation groups\", Annals of Mathematics, Second Series, 43 (4): 634–640, doi:10.2307/1968956, JSTOR 1968956, MR 0007107","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Whitehead","url_text":"Whitehead, George W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_Mathematics","url_text":"Annals of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1968956","url_text":"10.2307/1968956"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1968956","url_text":"1968956"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0007107","url_text":"0007107"}]},{"reference":"Whitehead, George W. (1978), Elements of homotopy theory, Berlin: Springer, ISBN 0-387-90336-4, MR 0516508","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Whitehead","url_text":"Whitehead, George W."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media","url_text":"Springer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-90336-4","url_text":"0-387-90336-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=0516508","url_text":"0516508"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maclean_(musician)
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The Beta Band
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["1 History","1.1 Formation","1.2 The Three E.P.'s","1.3 The Beta Band","1.4 Hot Shots II","1.5 Heroes to Zeros and split","2 Discography","3 References","4 External links"]
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Scottish musical group
The Beta BandGuilfest 2004Background informationOriginFife, ScotlandGenresIndie rockpost-rockpsychedeliafolktronicatrip hopYears active1996–2004LabelsRegalBecausePast membersJohn MacleanRichard GreentreeSteve MasonRobin JonesGordon AndersonSteve Duffield
The Beta Band were a Scottish musical group formed in 1996. Their style was described as being "folktronica", mainly a blend of folk, psychedelia, electronica, post-rock and trip hop, often involving stylistic experimentation and occasional humour. They were praised by members of both Radiohead and Oasis, the former of which chose them to open for their concerts in 2001.
The band's music was featured in High Fidelity and It's All Gone Pete Tong.
History
Formation
The Beta Band was formed in 1996 by St Andrews musicians Steve Mason (vocals, guitar) and Gordon Anderson. The two had plans to call their group The Pigeons but later changed their minds. As they pulled together songs for their debut EP, Champion Versions, they added Robin Jones (drums), John Maclean (DJ, sampler, keyboards), and Steve Duffield (bass). While living in a flat in Shepherd's Bush they met Phil Brown, who after hearing their demo took it to Miles Leonard, who promptly signed the band. Duffield quit the band soon after recording Champion Versions. Not long after they were signed to Regal/Parlophone, Anderson became ill and quit the band. He later produced recordings under the name Lone Pigeon. The remaining members added Englishman Richard Greentree to play bass and solidified their lineup.
The Three E.P.'s
Champion Versions was released in July 1997 to critical acclaim not only for the music but also for the record's innovative cut-and-paste sleeve design (the work of John Maclean). The trumpet solos recorded for "Dry the Rain" on Champion Versions were played by Jonathan Levien, credited as Jon Levien on the record. Jonathan was attending the Royal College of Art in 1997 where he met John Maclean in the Art Bar and mentioned that he could make some interesting whale sounds on his trumpet. Jonathan Levien was invited to Chalk Farm recording studios shortly afterwards where he was asked to play three riffs on his trumpet for Dry the Rain.
Two further EPs followed in 1998 produced by Chris Allison and the band: The Patty Patty Sound in March and Los Amigos del Beta Bandidos in July. All three EPs received critical praise, and all three appeared on the appropriately titled The Three E.P.'s collection in September 1998. The compilation was rated by Pitchfork in the Top 10 Albums of the year. The song "Dr Baker" featured on the soundtrack of the first series of Trigger Happy TV.
The Beta Band
Despite inner conflict, the band commenced work on their first full-length recording after being signed to Regal. The record, titled The Beta Band, was released in June 1999. The album was more stylistically diverse than the initial EPs, and was loose and unrefined in comparison to their prior style of production. The mixed press turned decidedly negative when the band announced their own disdain for the record, including Mason who declared that it was "fucking awful": Regal's deadline and tight budgets kept them, they stated, from refining their improvisations into coherent songs, and led to an album that was conceptually incomplete. Also in June that year the band made a four-stop tour in the United States.
The band returned to the studio to record the double A-side single "To You Alone"/"Sequinsizer", recorded by future The Go! Team producer, Gareth Parton. It was released on 24 January 2000. The single was received favourably and was regarded as a return to form for the band. The NME made it their "Single of the Week", and would later select it as one of the 50 greatest singles of 2000 in their end-of-year awards. "To You Alone" was also included on the soundtrack of the 2000 remake of the television series Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased), released in March.
Hot Shots II
A hiatus followed, during which Mason released his second King Biscuit Time EP. The band gradually gravitated back into the studio, this time recruiting UK producer Colin Emmanuel, aka C-Swing, to oversee the process. The album, Hot Shots II, appeared in mid-2001, and was warmly received by critics and fans. It sacrificed much of the first album's experimentation for more boiled-down pop structure and hooks. The band had originally intended to release "Squares" (b/w "Won"), which featured a sample from the Günter Kallmann Choir's 1970 version of Wallace Collection's "Daydream", as the lead single. A video had been filmed and promo discs issued, but because another single ("Daydream in Blue" by I Monster) featuring a sample from the same Günter Kallmann Choir recording was to be released at around the same time, the band opted to release "Broke" instead. A performance on Top Of The Pops for "Broke" had been recorded, but was dropped and has never been shown.
Two other singles were released from the album: "Human Being" in October 2001 and "Squares" in February 2002 (with the I Monster track long out of the charts). The band embarked on a long tour to support the album, at one point supporting Radiohead. In August 2002, they made Number 3 on Q magazine's list of "50 Bands to See Before You Die".
Heroes to Zeros and split
The band began demo sessions for their third album in September 2002. They entered the studio with producer Tom Rothrock in 2003 and completed a number of tracks; however, neither the band nor Regal's executives were pleased with the results. Producer Nigel Godrich was called in to mix the album, which was finally completed in early 2004. Lead single, "Assessment", was released on 12 April 2004, followed by the album Heroes to Zeros on 26 April. One of the tracks, "Liquid Bird" is based on a sample of "Painted Bird" by Siouxsie and the Banshees. A second single, "Out-Side", followed in July. The band announced their breakup on their website on 2 August 2004, citing financial discord with their label, to whom they owed £1.2 million. In November, they performed at the Summer Sundae festival and set out on a farewell tour. Their final show was at Edinburgh's Liquid Rooms venue on 5 December 2004.
On 3 October 2005, the band released a 2-disc DVD set, The Best of The Beta Band - Film, featuring most of the band's videos and a selection of short films, television footage, documentaries as well as four songs recorded live at the Shepherd's Bush Empire on 29 November 2004, one of the band's final performances. Also released on the same day was a two CD set, The Best of The Beta Band - Music, comprising a compilation disc of studio recordings and a disc containing the Shepherd's Bush gig.
Since the split, Steve Mason has released music with his solo project King Biscuit Time, as well as new projects Black Affair and Good Face. In May 2010, he released the first record in his own name entitled "Boys Outside". Robin Jones and John Maclean have become The Aliens along with former Beta Band member Gordon Anderson (a.k.a. Lone Pigeon) and Richard Greentree is working with his new band The General and Duchess Collins.
On 29 September 2017, Because Music agreed to acquire the Beta Band's back catalogue from Warner Music Group, along with two EP's by Mason's King Biscuit Time project.
Discography
The Beta Band discographyStudio albums3Compilation albums3Video albums1EPs3Singles6
The discography of The Beta Band consists of three studio albums, three extended plays, three compilation albums, six singles and a video collection.
Studio albums
The Beta Band (1999) (UK No. 18)
Hot Shots II (2001) (UK No. 13), (US No. 200)
Heroes to Zeros (2004) (UK No. 18)
Compilation albums
The Three E.P.'s (1998) (UK No. 35)
The Best of The Beta Band (CD, 2005)
The Regal Years (1997–2004) (2013)
Extended plays
Champion Versions (1997)
The Patty Patty Sound (1998)
Los Amigos del Beta Bandidos (1998)
Singles
"To You Alone"/"Sequinsizer" (January 2000)
"Broke"/"Won" (July 2001) (UK No. 30)
"Human Being" (October 2001) (UK No. 57)
"Squares" (February 2002) (UK No. 42)
"Assessment" (April 2004) (UK No. 31)
"Out-Side" (July 2004) (UK No. 54)
Video
The Best of The Beta Band (DVD, 2005)
References
^ a b Dave Simpson (24 November 2004). "I always thought we'd be as big as Radiohead". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 December 2011. They have put on live extravaganzas, won fans from Oasis to Radiohead, and created pop songs out of everything from psychedelia to barking dogs
^ a b Brent DiCrescenzo (1 January 2001). "Top 10 Albums of 1999". pitchfork. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
^ Jason Ankeny, Jason. "The Beta Band by the Beta band". AllMusic. allmusic.com. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
^ "Live Reviews: The Beta Band June 18, 1999 Aro Space, Seattle, Washington". Chart Attack, June 1999.
^ "CD Reviews: The Beta Band, Default, Toploader and many more". Chart Attack, July 17, 2001
^ Scott Lapatine (April 2004). "Beta Band interview". Earlash. Archived from the original on 14 June 2006. Retrieved 12 December 2011. EL: On previous albums you've used some left-field samples as a jumping off point to do something new and original. JM: Yeah, we've got Siouxsie and the Banshees on this record. It was Robin's idea.
^ "Because buys beta band catalogue". musicweek.com
^ a b c Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 55. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
External links
The Beta Band - official site (archived)
The Beta Band discography at MusicBrainz
vteThe Beta Band
Gordon Anderson
Richard Greentree
Steve Duffield
Robin Jones
John Maclean
Steve Mason
Studio albums
The Beta Band
Hot Shots II
Heroes to Zeros
EPs
Champion Versions
The Patty Patty Sound
Los Amigos del Beta Bandidos
Compilation albums
The Three E.P.'s
The Best of The Beta Band
The Regal Years
Related articles
The Aliens
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
Czech Republic
Artists
MusicBrainz
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"folktronica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folktronica"},{"link_name":"folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"psychedelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_music"},{"link_name":"electronica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_music"},{"link_name":"post-rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-rock"},{"link_name":"trip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trip_hop"},{"link_name":"Radiohead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohead"},{"link_name":"Oasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oasis_(band)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-1"},{"link_name":"High Fidelity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Fidelity_(film)"},{"link_name":"It's All Gone Pete Tong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_All_Gone_Pete_Tong"}],"text":"The Beta Band were a Scottish musical group formed in 1996. Their style was described as being \"folktronica\", mainly a blend of folk, psychedelia, electronica, post-rock and trip hop, often involving stylistic experimentation and occasional humour. They were praised by members of both Radiohead and Oasis, the former of which chose them to open for their concerts in 2001.[1]\nThe band's music was featured in High Fidelity and It's All Gone Pete Tong.","title":"The Beta Band"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"Steve Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Mason_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Gordon Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Anderson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"EP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"Champion Versions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champion_Versions"},{"link_name":"Robin Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Jones_(musician)"},{"link_name":"John Maclean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maclean_(film_director)"},{"link_name":"Shepherd's Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd%27s_Bush"},{"link_name":"Miles Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Leonard"},{"link_name":"Regal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regal_Records_(1914)"},{"link_name":"Parlophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlophone"},{"link_name":"Lone Pigeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_Pigeon"}],"sub_title":"Formation","text":"The Beta Band was formed in 1996 by St Andrews musicians Steve Mason (vocals, guitar) and Gordon Anderson. The two had plans to call their group The Pigeons but later changed their minds. As they pulled together songs for their debut EP, Champion Versions, they added Robin Jones (drums), John Maclean (DJ, sampler, keyboards), and Steve Duffield (bass). While living in a flat in Shepherd's Bush they met Phil Brown, who after hearing their demo took it to Miles Leonard, who promptly signed the band. Duffield quit the band soon after recording Champion Versions. Not long after they were signed to Regal/Parlophone, Anderson became ill and quit the band. He later produced recordings under the name Lone Pigeon. The remaining members added Englishman Richard Greentree to play bass and solidified their lineup.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Allison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Allison"},{"link_name":"The Patty Patty Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Patty_Patty_Sound"},{"link_name":"Los Amigos del Beta Bandidos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Amigos_del_Beta_Bandidos"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pitch-2"},{"link_name":"The Three E.P.'s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_E.P.%27s"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_Media"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pitch-2"}],"sub_title":"The Three E.P.'s","text":"Champion Versions was released in July 1997 to critical acclaim not only for the music but also for the record's innovative cut-and-paste sleeve design (the work of John Maclean). The trumpet solos recorded for \"Dry the Rain\" on Champion Versions were played by Jonathan Levien, credited as Jon Levien on the record. Jonathan was attending the Royal College of Art in 1997 where he met John Maclean in the Art Bar and mentioned that he could make some interesting whale sounds on his trumpet. Jonathan Levien was invited to Chalk Farm recording studios shortly afterwards where he was asked to play three riffs on his trumpet for Dry the Rain.Two further EPs followed in 1998 produced by Chris Allison and the band: The Patty Patty Sound in March and Los Amigos del Beta Bandidos in July. All three EPs received critical praise,[2] and all three appeared on the appropriately titled The Three E.P.'s collection in September 1998. The compilation was rated by Pitchfork in the Top 10 Albums of the year.[2] The song \"Dr Baker\" featured on the soundtrack of the first series of Trigger Happy TV.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Beta Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beta_Band_(album)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Go! Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Go!_Team"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_and_Hopkirk_(Deceased)"}],"sub_title":"The Beta Band","text":"Despite inner conflict, the band commenced work on their first full-length recording after being signed to Regal. The record, titled The Beta Band, was released in June 1999. The album was more stylistically diverse than the initial EPs, and was loose and unrefined in comparison to their prior style of production. The mixed press turned decidedly negative when the band announced their own disdain for the record, including Mason who declared that it was \"fucking awful\": Regal's deadline and tight budgets kept them, they stated, from refining their improvisations into coherent songs, and led to an album that was conceptually incomplete.[3] Also in June that year the band made a four-stop tour in the United States.[4]The band returned to the studio to record the double A-side single \"To You Alone\"/\"Sequinsizer\", recorded by future The Go! Team producer, Gareth Parton. It was released on 24 January 2000. The single was received favourably and was regarded as a return to form for the band. The NME made it their \"Single of the Week\", and would later select it as one of the 50 greatest singles of 2000 in their end-of-year awards. \"To You Alone\" was also included on the soundtrack of the 2000 remake of the television series Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased), released in March.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King Biscuit Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Biscuit_Time_(musician)"},{"link_name":"C-Swing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-Swing"},{"link_name":"Hot Shots II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Shots_II"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Daydream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daydream_(Wallace_Collection_song)"},{"link_name":"lead single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_single"},{"link_name":"\"Daydream in Blue\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daydream_(Wallace_Collection_song)"},{"link_name":"I Monster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Monster"},{"link_name":"Top Of The Pops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Of_The_Pops"},{"link_name":"Radiohead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohead"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(magazine)"}],"sub_title":"Hot Shots II","text":"A hiatus followed, during which Mason released his second King Biscuit Time EP. The band gradually gravitated back into the studio, this time recruiting UK producer Colin Emmanuel, aka C-Swing, to oversee the process. The album, Hot Shots II, appeared in mid-2001, and was warmly received by critics and fans.[5] It sacrificed much of the first album's experimentation for more boiled-down pop structure and hooks. The band had originally intended to release \"Squares\" (b/w \"Won\"), which featured a sample from the Günter Kallmann Choir's 1970 version of Wallace Collection's \"Daydream\", as the lead single. A video had been filmed and promo discs issued, but because another single (\"Daydream in Blue\" by I Monster) featuring a sample from the same Günter Kallmann Choir recording was to be released at around the same time, the band opted to release \"Broke\" instead. A performance on Top Of The Pops for \"Broke\" had been recorded, but was dropped and has never been shown.Two other singles were released from the album: \"Human Being\" in October 2001 and \"Squares\" in February 2002 (with the I Monster track long out of the charts). The band embarked on a long tour to support the album, at one point supporting Radiohead. In August 2002, they made Number 3 on Q magazine's list of \"50 Bands to See Before You Die\".","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Rothrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Rothrock"},{"link_name":"Nigel Godrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Godrich"},{"link_name":"Heroes to Zeros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroes_to_Zeros"},{"link_name":"\"Painted Bird\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Kiss_in_the_Dreamhouse"},{"link_name":"Siouxsie and the Banshees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Summer Sundae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_Sundae"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-1"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"The Best of The Beta Band - Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_of_The_Beta_Band"},{"link_name":"Shepherd's Bush Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd%27s_Bush_Empire"},{"link_name":"CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc"},{"link_name":"The Best of The Beta Band - Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_of_The_Beta_Band"},{"link_name":"King Biscuit Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Biscuit_Time_(musician)"},{"link_name":"The Aliens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aliens_(Scottish_band)"},{"link_name":"Lone Pigeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_Pigeon"},{"link_name":"Because Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Because_Music"},{"link_name":"Warner Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Heroes to Zeros and split","text":"The band began demo sessions for their third album in September 2002. They entered the studio with producer Tom Rothrock in 2003 and completed a number of tracks; however, neither the band nor Regal's executives were pleased with the results. Producer Nigel Godrich was called in to mix the album, which was finally completed in early 2004. Lead single, \"Assessment\", was released on 12 April 2004, followed by the album Heroes to Zeros on 26 April. One of the tracks, \"Liquid Bird\" is based on a sample of \"Painted Bird\" by Siouxsie and the Banshees.[6] A second single, \"Out-Side\", followed in July. The band announced their breakup on their website on 2 August 2004, citing financial discord with their label, to whom they owed £1.2 million. In November, they performed at the Summer Sundae festival and set out on a farewell tour. Their final show was at Edinburgh's Liquid Rooms venue on 5 December 2004.[1]On 3 October 2005, the band released a 2-disc DVD set, The Best of The Beta Band - Film, featuring most of the band's videos and a selection of short films, television footage, documentaries as well as four songs recorded live at the Shepherd's Bush Empire on 29 November 2004, one of the band's final performances. Also released on the same day was a two CD set, The Best of The Beta Band - Music, comprising a compilation disc of studio recordings and a disc containing the Shepherd's Bush gig.Since the split, Steve Mason has released music with his solo project King Biscuit Time, as well as new projects Black Affair and Good Face. In May 2010, he released the first record in his own name entitled \"Boys Outside\". Robin Jones and John Maclean have become The Aliens along with former Beta Band member Gordon Anderson (a.k.a. Lone Pigeon) and Richard Greentree is working with his new band The General and Duchess Collins.On 29 September 2017, Because Music agreed to acquire the Beta Band's back catalogue from Warner Music Group, along with two EP's by Mason's King Biscuit Time project.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Beta Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beta_Band_(album)"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Albums_Chart"},{"link_name":"Hot Shots II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Shots_II"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_200"},{"link_name":"Heroes to Zeros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroes_to_Zeros"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-8"},{"link_name":"The Three E.P.'s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Three_E.P.%27s"},{"link_name":"The Best of The Beta Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_of_The_Beta_Band"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-8"},{"link_name":"Champion Versions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champion_Versions"},{"link_name":"The Patty Patty Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Patty_Patty_Sound"},{"link_name":"Los Amigos del Beta Bandidos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Amigos_del_Beta_Bandidos"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-8"},{"link_name":"The Best of The Beta Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Best_of_The_Beta_Band"}],"text":"The discography of The Beta Band consists of three studio albums, three extended plays, three compilation albums, six singles and a video collection.Studio albumsThe Beta Band (1999) (UK No. 18)\nHot Shots II (2001) (UK No. 13), (US No. 200)\nHeroes to Zeros (2004) (UK No. 18)[8]Compilation albumsThe Three E.P.'s (1998) (UK No. 35)\nThe Best of The Beta Band (CD, 2005)[8]\nThe Regal Years (1997–2004) (2013)Extended playsChampion Versions (1997)\nThe Patty Patty Sound (1998)\nLos Amigos del Beta Bandidos (1998)Singles\"To You Alone\"/\"Sequinsizer\" (January 2000)\n\"Broke\"/\"Won\" (July 2001) (UK No. 30)\n\"Human Being\" (October 2001) (UK No. 57)\n\"Squares\" (February 2002) (UK No. 42)\n\"Assessment\" (April 2004) (UK No. 31)\n\"Out-Side\" (July 2004) (UK No. 54)[8]VideoThe Best of The Beta Band (DVD, 2005)","title":"Discography"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Dave Simpson (24 November 2004). \"I always thought we'd be as big as Radiohead\". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 December 2011. They have put on live extravaganzas, won fans from Oasis to Radiohead, and created pop songs out of everything from psychedelia to barking dogs","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2004/nov/24/popandrock2","url_text":"\"I always thought we'd be as big as Radiohead\""}]},{"reference":"Brent DiCrescenzo (1 January 2001). \"Top 10 Albums of 1999\". pitchfork. Retrieved 12 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://pitchfork.com/features/staff-lists/5815-top-10-albums-of-1999/","url_text":"\"Top 10 Albums of 1999\""}]},{"reference":"Jason Ankeny, Jason. \"The Beta Band by the Beta band\". AllMusic. allmusic.com. Retrieved 12 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-beta-band-r417310","url_text":"\"The Beta Band by the Beta band\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Scott Lapatine (April 2004). \"Beta Band interview\". Earlash. Archived from the original on 14 June 2006. Retrieved 12 December 2011. EL: On previous albums you've used some left-field samples as a jumping off point to do something new and original. JM: Yeah, we've got Siouxsie and the Banshees on this record. It was Robin's idea.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060614065433/http://www.earlash.com/ft.php?featid=47","url_text":"\"Beta Band interview\""},{"url":"http://www.betaband.com/press/interviews.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 55. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904994-10-5","url_text":"1-904994-10-5"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2004/nov/24/popandrock2","external_links_name":"\"I always thought we'd be as big as Radiohead\""},{"Link":"http://pitchfork.com/features/staff-lists/5815-top-10-albums-of-1999/","external_links_name":"\"Top 10 Albums of 1999\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/the-beta-band-r417310","external_links_name":"\"The Beta Band by the Beta band\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000204061628/http://chartattack.com:80/road/reviews/1999/19990705-betaband.html","external_links_name":"\"Live Reviews: The Beta Band June 18, 1999 Aro Space, Seattle, Washington\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010719224341/http://www.chartattack.com:80/damn/2001/07/1701.cfm","external_links_name":"\"CD Reviews: The Beta Band, Default, Toploader and many more\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060614065433/http://www.earlash.com/ft.php?featid=47","external_links_name":"\"Beta Band interview\""},{"Link":"http://www.betaband.com/press/interviews.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.musicweek.com/labels/read/because-buys-beta-band-catalogue-other-deals-imminent-as-warner-divestment-deadline-day-looms/069966","external_links_name":"\"Because buys beta band catalogue\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040408080236/http://www.betaband.com/html/home.shtml","external_links_name":"The Beta Band"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/0d82f0cd-107a-403f-a726-ac7287cbea65","external_links_name":"The Beta Band"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000110935051","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/159645059","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2001013036","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0131013&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/0d82f0cd-107a-403f-a726-ac7287cbea65","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Henry_Rich
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Frederick Henry Rich
|
["1 Family","2 Military history","3 Inspector of Railways","3.1 List of major accidents investigated by F. H. Rich","4 Wives and children","5 References"]
|
British soldier (1824–1904)
Frederick Henry RichBorn(1824-03-08)8 March 1824Woodlands, Castleconnell, IrelandDied22 August 1904(1904-08-22) (aged 80)Oareford, Somerset, England
Col. Frederick Henry Rich (8 March 1824 – 22 August 1904) was a British soldier, who served with the Royal Engineers and was the Chief Inspecting Officer of the Railway Inspectorate between 1885 and 1889. He investigated many of the major railway accidents in the late 19th century, including those at Staplehurst in 1865, in which the author Charles Dickens was involved, and at Norton Fitzwarren in 1890.
Family
Rich was born on 8 March 1824 at Woodlands, Castleconnell near Limerick in Ireland, the son of John Sampson Rich (1789–1880) and Amelia née Whitfield (1801–1883).
Military history
Gentleman Cadet Frederick Henry Rich joined the Corps of Royal Engineers as a second lieutenant on 11 January 1843. He was promoted to first lieutenant on 1 April 1846, to second captain on 17 February 1854 and to first captain on 23 February 1856.
During his early years with the Royal Engineers he had various postings in England, including Chatham, Woolwich, Devonport and Dover. He was posted to Ireland for a year in 1845, before being posted to Canada and then to the West Indies from August 1847 to January 1851. Between April 1851 and May 1859 he returned to Ireland followed by two years in Malta.
In April 1861, he was seconded to the Board of Trade as an Inspector of Railways, remaining in this post until October 1872, when he spent the last four months before his retirement at the War Office.
He was further promoted to brevet major on 24 August 1866 and to lieutenant-colonel on 8 May 1867. He retired on full pay on 1 February 1873 with the honorary rank of colonel.
Inspector of Railways
Staplehurst rail crash (Engraving in Illustrated London News)
Rich was initially seconded to the Board of Trade as an Inspector of Railways in 1861 but continued in this post after his retirement from the Royal Engineers, serving as Chief Inspecting Officer of the Railway Inspectorate between 1885 and 1889.
During his time with the Railway Inspectorate of the Board of Trade, Rich investigated in excess of 250 accidents. Rich was "noted for the great attention he pays to all details" in his investigations.
In June 1865, Rich investigated an accident at Staplehurst, in which a South Eastern Railway Folkestone to London boat train derailed while crossing a viaduct where a length of track had been removed during engineering works, killing ten passengers and injuring forty. The author Charles Dickens was travelling with Ellen Ternan and her mother on the train; they all survived the derailment. Dickens tended the victims, some of whom died while he was with them. The experience affected Dickens greatly; he lost his voice for two weeks and afterwards was nervous when travelling by train, using alternative means when available.
In October 1868, Rich reported on his investigation of the Abergele rail disaster in which 33 people were killed, making it at the time, the worst railway disaster in Britain. The accident was caused when the Irish Mail train collided with runaway wagons at Llandulas near Abergele.
At Stairfoot in South Yorkshire on 12 December 1870, a rake of runaway goods wagons collided with a passenger train resulting in 15 deaths and 59 injuries. In his report into the accident, Rich found that the goods guard at Barnsley was gravely at fault for not ensuring the standing wagons were better secured. The layout of the yard was also criticized as there were no trap points to protect the running lines in the event of such a mishap.
The train crash at Norton Fitzwarren occurred on 11 November 1890, at Norton Fitzwarren station on the Great Western Railway, approximately two miles south-west of Taunton in Somerset. A special boat train carrying passengers from Plymouth to Paddington collided with a goods train that was being shunted on the main line. Ten passengers were killed, and eleven people (including the driver and fireman of the special train) were seriously injured. Rich recommended "that all stations where there is much shunting, or where stopping trains are liable to be set aside for fast trains to pass, should be provided with refuge sidings" to avoid similar accidents.
As well as investigating railway accidents, Rich also inspected new railway lines and other works prior to their opening. These included the Faringdon branch of the GWR (May 1864), the Sidmouth Railway (June 1874), the Ribblehead Viaduct (May 1876) and the Severn Tunnel (November 1886). He inspected the Rhondda and Swansea Bay Railway Rhondda Tunnel in May 1890, prior to its planned official opening. He requested further brickwork to be installed. The contractors took six weeks and the Rhondda Tunnel opened on 2 July 1890 without any ceremony.
In September 1872, Rich investigated the explosion of a locomotive boiler at Bray in which the driver and firemen were killed.
List of major accidents investigated by F. H. Rich
Criteria for inclusion: Fatalities of 3 or more or injuries of 20 or more.
Date
Location
Fatalities
Injuries
Brief description
Cause
Inspector's report
10 June 1864
Curzon Street goods station, Birmingham
0
30
Head-on collision between of a passenger train and a goods train
Pointsman error
29 October 1864
Ballinasloe
2
34
Derailment of a passenger train
Track defect and excessive speed
9 June 1865
Staplehurst
10
40
Train ran over bridge where rails removed for work. Charles Dickens a passenger
Inadequate worksite protection
15 July 1865
Peterborough
0
27
Runaway train, train misrouted, rear collision
Site staff error, failure to secure brakes
16 September 1865
Wemyss Bay
0
76
Passenger train hit buffers at station
Excessive speed and failure to apply brakes properly
2 November 1865
Stratford
0
25
Collision between two passenger trains in dense fog
Inadequate signalling arrangements, inadequate fog protection
30 March 1866
New Cross
0
50
Collision between a stationary train and a moving train
Driver error
4 September 1866
Surrey Canal Junction
0
25
Collision between a passenger train and a light engine
Driver error
13 January 1867
Stonehaven
3
3
Collision between two light engines in snow
Station staff error and pilotman error
7 March 1867
Bowling Tunnel
2
22
Collision between two passenger trains
Signaller error
9 September 1867
Dove Holes Tunnel & New Mills
5
5
Collision of a cattle train with a ballast train and subsequent collision of the runaway portion of the cattle train with a passenger train
Signaller error
27 February 1868
Arniston Colliery, Gorebridge
3
0
Collision between a goods train and an engine and brake van
Guard error
20 August 1868
Abergele
33
NK
Irish Mail train hit unsecured wagons on the line
Runaway goods wagons
24 October 1869
Welwyn Junction
3
NK
Derailment of a passenger train
Points split under train
7 June 1870
Pleasington
2
27
Derailment of an excursion train
Tyre defect
13 May 1871
Stairfoot
15
59
Collision between passenger train and runaway goods wagons
Shunter error and lack of continuous brakes
12 December 1871
Belfast
2
55
Head-on collision between passenger train and goods train
Fireman intoxicated
30 May 1872
Boghead Sidings, Paisley
0
29
Collision between a passenger train and a shunted goods train
Signal defect
5 July 1872
Gilsland
4
1
Collision between an empty freight train and a ballast train
Excessive speed and failure to protect train
3 August 1872
Agecroft sidings
4
15
Collision between an express train and a coal train
Signaller error
3 July 1875
Scotsgap
4
25
Derailment of a passenger train
Defective coupling
4 March 1890
Carlisle
4
15
Runaway passenger train collided with a light engine
Driver error
8 November 1890
Norton Fitzwarren
10
12
Passenger train collided with a goods train that was being shunted on the main line
Signalling error
Wives and children
On 31 August 1848, he married Elizabeth Bayard (1826–1885) in Delaware, US. She was the daughter of Richard Henry Bayard, US Senator and Chief Justice of Delaware. They had nine children, including:
Henry Bayard Rich (1849–1884), who played for the Royal Engineers in the 1872 FA Cup Final.
Frederick St. George Rich (1852–1927), who served in the Royal Navy between 1877 and 1910, retiring with the rank of Vice-Admiral.
Louisa Maud Rich (1854–1934), married Frederick Crooke who played cricket for Lancashire and Gloucestershire; their eldest child was Admiral Sir Henry Ralph Crooke CB, KBE (1875–1952) who had a long career in the Royal Navy, serving in both World Wars, including being captain of HMS Caroline at the Battle of Jutland in 1916.
Elizabeth Bayard Rich died on 20 October 1885. Frederick remarried in 1891 to Cecile d'Olier Gowan, who survived him, dying in Bournemouth on 15 December 1926.
Frederick Henry Rich died at Oareford, near Oare, Somerset, on 22 August 1904, leaving an estate of over £92,000.
References
^ a b c d e f "British Regimental Registers of Service, 1756–1900 for Frederick Henry Rich". ancestry.co.uk. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
^ "No. 20189". The London Gazette. 24 January 1843. p. 246.
^ "No. 20591". The London Gazette. 3 April 1846. p. 1238.
^ "No. 21522". The London Gazette. 17 February 1854. p. 468.
^ "No. 21896". The London Gazette. 27 June 1856. p. 2261.
^ "No. 23162". The London Gazette. 14 September 1866. p. 5031.
^ "No. 23248". The London Gazette. 7 May 1867. p. 2640.
^ "No. 23943". The London Gazette. 31 January 1873. p. 421.
^ "No. 23943". The London Gazette. 31 January 1873. p. 423.
^ "Inspecting Officers (Railways)". steamindex.com. Rich, Francis H. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
^ "Rich, Lieut. Col. F. H." Railways Archive. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
^ Walker, Thomas Andrew (1888). "The Severn Tunnel: Chapter 11". en.wikisource.org. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
^ Rich, F. H. (22 June 1865). "Accident at Staplehurst on 9th June 1865" (PDF). www.railwaysarchive.co.uk. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
^ "The Staplehurst Disaster". University of California: Santa Cruz. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
^ Kichenside, Geoffrey (1997). "Chapter 2 Disasters of Victorian Years". Great Train Disasters. Avonmouth: Parragon. pp. 21–22. ISBN 0-7525-2229-9.
^ Rich, F. H. (3 October 1868). "Accident at Abergele on 20th August 1868" (PDF). www.railwaysarchive.co.uk. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
^ Rolt, L.T.C.; Kichenside, Geoffrey (1982) . Red for Danger (4th ed.). Newton Abbot: David & Charles. pp. 184–186. ISBN 0-7153-8362-0.
^ "Accident Returns: Extract for Accident at Stairfoot on 12th December 1870". www.railwaysarchive.co.uk. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
^ Rich, Col. F. H. (15 November 1890), Report of the Board of Trade Enquiry (PDF)
^ Rich, F. H. (15 November 1890). "Accident at Norton Fitzwarren on 11th November 1890" (PDF). www.railwaysarchive.co.uk. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
^ Vaughan, Adrian (27 August 2013). The Faringdon Branch and Uffington Station. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 9781445624181.
^ Maggs, Colin Gordon; Paye, Peter (1977). The Sidmouth, Seaton and Lyme Regis Branches. Oakwood Press.
^ "Milestones Locomotives: The Ribblehead viaduct". locodriver.co.uk. Archived from the original (Word document) on 2 February 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
^ Walker, Thomas Andrew (1888). "The Severn Tunnel: Chapter 11". en.wikisource.org. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
^ Walker, Thomas A. (27 June 2013). The Severn Tunnel: Its Construction and Difficulties, 1872–1887. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108063401.
^ Shepherd, Ernie. "Boiler Explosion at Bray, 16 September 1872". Irish Railway Record Society. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
^ Clay, Henry (2015). The Papers of Henry Clay: Candidate, Compromiser, Elder Statesman. University Press of Kentucky. p. 354. ISBN 9780813147611. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
^ Warsop, Keith (2004). The Early F.A. Cup Finals and the Southern Amateurs. Soccer Data. p. 121. ISBN 1-899468-78-1.
^ "Frederick St. George Rich". Dreadnought Project. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
^ "The Papers of Admiral Sir Henry Ralph Crooke". janus.lib.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
^ "England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858–1966 for Elizabeth Bayard Rich". ancestry.co.uk. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
^ "Frederick Henry Rich in the England & Wales, FreeBMD Marriage Index, 1837–1915". ancestry.co.uk. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
^ "England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858–1966 for Cecile d'Olier Rich". ancestry.co.uk. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
^ "England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858–1966 for Frederick Henry Rich". ancestry.co.uk. Retrieved 29 January 2015.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Chief Inspecting Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Railway_Inspectorate#List_of_Chief_Inspecting_Officers"},{"link_name":"Staplehurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staplehurst_rail_crash"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"Norton Fitzwarren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Fitzwarren_rail_crash_(1890)"}],"text":"Col. Frederick Henry Rich (8 March 1824 – 22 August 1904) was a British soldier, who served with the Royal Engineers and was the Chief Inspecting Officer of the Railway Inspectorate between 1885 and 1889. He investigated many of the major railway accidents in the late 19th century, including those at Staplehurst in 1865, in which the author Charles Dickens was involved, and at Norton Fitzwarren in 1890.","title":"Frederick Henry Rich"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Castleconnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castleconnell"},{"link_name":"Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Service-1"}],"text":"Rich was born on 8 March 1824 at Woodlands, Castleconnell near Limerick in Ireland, the son of John Sampson Rich (1789–1880) and Amelia née Whitfield (1801–1883).[1]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"second lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_lieutenant"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"first lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"first captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(British_Army_and_Royal_Marines)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Chatham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Engineers#Chatham_Dockyard"},{"link_name":"Woolwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolwich_Dockyard"},{"link_name":"Devonport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMNB_Devonport"},{"link_name":"Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Service-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Service-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Service-1"},{"link_name":"Board of Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Trade"},{"link_name":"Inspector of Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Railway_Inspectorate"},{"link_name":"War Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Office"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Service-1"},{"link_name":"brevet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevet_(military)#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"lieutenant-colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Gentleman Cadet Frederick Henry Rich joined the Corps of Royal Engineers as a second lieutenant on 11 January 1843.[2] He was promoted to first lieutenant on 1 April 1846,[3] to second captain on 17 February 1854[4] and to first captain on 23 February 1856.[5]During his early years with the Royal Engineers he had various postings in England, including Chatham, Woolwich, Devonport and Dover.[1] He was posted to Ireland for a year in 1845, before being posted to Canada and then to the West Indies from August 1847 to January 1851.[1] Between April 1851 and May 1859 he returned to Ireland followed by two years in Malta.[1]In April 1861, he was seconded to the Board of Trade as an Inspector of Railways, remaining in this post until October 1872, when he spent the last four months before his retirement at the War Office.[1]He was further promoted to brevet major on 24 August 1866[6] and to lieutenant-colonel on 8 May 1867.[7] He retired on full pay on 1 February 1873[8] with the honorary rank of colonel.[9]","title":"Military history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Staplehurst_rail_crash.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Service-1"},{"link_name":"Chief Inspecting Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Railway_Inspectorate#List_of_Chief_Inspecting_Officers"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Staplehurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staplehurst_rail_crash"},{"link_name":"South Eastern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Eastern_Railway_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Folkestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkestone"},{"link_name":"boat train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat_train"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"Ellen Ternan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Ternan"},{"link_name":"her mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Eleanor_Jarman"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Abergele rail disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abergele_rail_disaster"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Llandulas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llandulas_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Abergele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abergele_station"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Stairfoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stairfoot_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"accident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stairfoot_rail_accident"},{"link_name":"Barnsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsley_Court_House_railway_station"},{"link_name":"trap points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap_point"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Norton Fitzwarren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Fitzwarren_rail_crash_(1890)"},{"link_name":"Norton Fitzwarren station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton_Fitzwarren_station"},{"link_name":"Great Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Western_Railway"},{"link_name":"Taunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taunton"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset"},{"link_name":"boat train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat_train"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth"},{"link_name":"Paddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddington_station"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Faringdon branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faringdon_branch"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Sidmouth Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidmouth_Railway"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Ribblehead Viaduct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribblehead_Viaduct"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Severn Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Rhondda and Swansea Bay Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhondda_and_Swansea_Bay_Railway"},{"link_name":"Rhondda Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhondda_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bray_Daly_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Staplehurst rail crash (Engraving in Illustrated London News)Rich was initially seconded to the Board of Trade as an Inspector of Railways in 1861[1] but continued in this post after his retirement from the Royal Engineers, serving as Chief Inspecting Officer of the Railway Inspectorate between 1885 and 1889.[10]During his time with the Railway Inspectorate of the Board of Trade, Rich investigated in excess of 250 accidents.[11] Rich was \"noted for the great attention he pays to all details\" in his investigations.[12]In June 1865, Rich investigated an accident at Staplehurst, in which a South Eastern Railway Folkestone to London boat train derailed while crossing a viaduct where a length of track had been removed during engineering works, killing ten passengers and injuring forty.[13] The author Charles Dickens was travelling with Ellen Ternan and her mother on the train; they all survived the derailment. Dickens tended the victims, some of whom died while he was with them. The experience affected Dickens greatly; he lost his voice for two weeks and afterwards was nervous when travelling by train, using alternative means when available.[14]In October 1868, Rich reported on his investigation of the Abergele rail disaster in which 33 people were killed, making it at the time, the worst railway disaster in Britain.[15] The accident was caused when the Irish Mail train collided with runaway wagons at Llandulas near Abergele.[16]At Stairfoot in South Yorkshire on 12 December 1870, a rake of runaway goods wagons collided with a passenger train resulting in 15 deaths and 59 injuries.[17] In his report into the accident, Rich found that the goods guard at Barnsley was gravely at fault for not ensuring the standing wagons were better secured. The layout of the yard was also criticized as there were no trap points to protect the running lines in the event of such a mishap.[18]The train crash at Norton Fitzwarren occurred on 11 November 1890, at Norton Fitzwarren station on the Great Western Railway, approximately two miles south-west of Taunton in Somerset. A special boat train carrying passengers from Plymouth to Paddington collided with a goods train that was being shunted on the main line. Ten passengers were killed, and eleven people (including the driver and fireman of the special train) were seriously injured.[19] Rich recommended \"that all stations where there is much shunting, or where stopping trains are liable to be set aside for fast trains to pass, should be provided with refuge sidings\" to avoid similar accidents.[20]As well as investigating railway accidents, Rich also inspected new railway lines and other works prior to their opening. These included the Faringdon branch of the GWR (May 1864),[21] the Sidmouth Railway (June 1874),[22] the Ribblehead Viaduct (May 1876)[23] and the Severn Tunnel (November 1886).[24][25] He inspected the Rhondda and Swansea Bay Railway Rhondda Tunnel in May 1890, prior to its planned official opening. He requested further brickwork to be installed. The contractors took six weeks and the Rhondda Tunnel opened on 2 July 1890 without any ceremony.[citation needed]In September 1872, Rich investigated the explosion of a locomotive boiler at Bray in which the driver and firemen were killed.[26]","title":"Inspector of Railways"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"List of major accidents investigated by F. H. Rich","text":"Criteria for inclusion: Fatalities of 3 or more or injuries of 20 or more.","title":"Inspector of Railways"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Henry Bayard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Henry_Bayard"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Henry Bayard Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bayard_Rich"},{"link_name":"Royal Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Engineers_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"1872 FA Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_FA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Frederick St. George Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederick_St._George_Rich&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vice-Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-Admiral"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Frederick Crooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Crooke"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire_County_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Henry Ralph Crooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Crooke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"HMS Caroline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Caroline_(1914)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Oare, Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oare,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"On 31 August 1848, he married Elizabeth Bayard (1826–1885) in Delaware, US. She was the daughter of Richard Henry Bayard, US Senator and Chief Justice of Delaware.[27] They had nine children, including:Henry Bayard Rich (1849–1884), who played for the Royal Engineers in the 1872 FA Cup Final.[28]\nFrederick St. George Rich (1852–1927), who served in the Royal Navy between 1877 and 1910, retiring with the rank of Vice-Admiral.[29]\nLouisa Maud Rich (1854–1934), married Frederick Crooke who played cricket for Lancashire and Gloucestershire; their eldest child was Admiral Sir Henry Ralph Crooke CB, KBE (1875–1952) who had a long career in the Royal Navy, serving in both World Wars, including being captain of HMS Caroline at the Battle of Jutland in 1916.[30]Elizabeth Bayard Rich died on 20 October 1885.[31] Frederick remarried in 1891 to Cecile d'Olier Gowan,[32] who survived him, dying in Bournemouth on 15 December 1926.[33]Frederick Henry Rich died at Oareford, near Oare, Somerset, on 22 August 1904, leaving an estate of over £92,000.[34]","title":"Wives and children"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Staplehurst rail crash (Engraving in Illustrated London News)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Staplehurst_rail_crash.jpg/300px-Staplehurst_rail_crash.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"British Regimental Registers of Service, 1756–1900 for Frederick Henry Rich\". ancestry.co.uk. Retrieved 29 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://interactive.ancestry.co.uk/3253/40940_2000729177-00658/89819?backurl=http%3a%2f%2fsearch.ancestry.co.uk%2f%2fcgi-bin%2fsse.dll%3fdb%3dCanadaRegimentalBooks%26h%3d89819%26ti%3d5538%26indiv%3dtry%26gss%3dpt%26ssrc%3dpt_t76837989_p48351797999_kpidz0q3d48351797999z0q26pgz0q3d32768z0q26pgplz0q3dpid&ssrc=pt_t76837989_p48351797999_kpidz0q3d48351797999z0q26pgz0q3d32768z0q26pgplz0q3dpid&backlabel=ReturnRecord","url_text":"\"British Regimental Registers of Service, 1756–1900 for Frederick Henry Rich\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 20189\". The London Gazette. 24 January 1843. p. 246.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/20189/page/246","url_text":"\"No. 20189\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 20591\". The London Gazette. 3 April 1846. p. 1238.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/20591/page/1238","url_text":"\"No. 20591\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21522\". The London Gazette. 17 February 1854. p. 468.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21522/page/468","url_text":"\"No. 21522\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 21896\". The London Gazette. 27 June 1856. p. 2261.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21896/page/2261","url_text":"\"No. 21896\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 23162\". The London Gazette. 14 September 1866. p. 5031.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23162/page/5031","url_text":"\"No. 23162\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 23248\". The London Gazette. 7 May 1867. p. 2640.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23248/page/2640","url_text":"\"No. 23248\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 23943\". The London Gazette. 31 January 1873. p. 421.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23943/page/421","url_text":"\"No. 23943\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"No. 23943\". The London Gazette. 31 January 1873. p. 423.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23943/page/423","url_text":"\"No. 23943\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Inspecting Officers (Railways)\". steamindex.com. Rich, Francis H. Retrieved 30 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://steamindex.com/people/inspoff.htm#rich","url_text":"\"Inspecting Officers (Railways)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rich, Lieut. Col. F. H.\" Railways Archive. Retrieved 2 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/doclisting.php?showSearch=true&text=&startYear=all&endYear=all&development=all&event=all&category=all&author=87&publisher=all&published=all&sourced=all&submit=Go","url_text":"\"Rich, Lieut. Col. F. H.\""}]},{"reference":"Walker, Thomas Andrew (1888). \"The Severn Tunnel: Chapter 11\". en.wikisource.org. Retrieved 2 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Severn_Tunnel/Chapter_11","url_text":"\"The Severn Tunnel: Chapter 11\""}]},{"reference":"Rich, F. H. (22 June 1865). \"Accident at Staplehurst on 9th June 1865\" (PDF). www.railwaysarchive.co.uk. Retrieved 2 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/BoT_Staple1865.pdf","url_text":"\"Accident at Staplehurst on 9th June 1865\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Staplehurst Disaster\". University of California: Santa Cruz. Retrieved 2 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://omf.ucsc.edu/dickens/staplehurst-disaster.html","url_text":"\"The Staplehurst Disaster\""}]},{"reference":"Kichenside, Geoffrey (1997). \"Chapter 2 Disasters of Victorian Years\". Great Train Disasters. Avonmouth: Parragon. pp. 21–22. ISBN 0-7525-2229-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parragon","url_text":"Parragon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7525-2229-9","url_text":"0-7525-2229-9"}]},{"reference":"Rich, F. H. (3 October 1868). \"Accident at Abergele on 20th August 1868\" (PDF). www.railwaysarchive.co.uk. Retrieved 2 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/BoT_Abergele1868.pdf","url_text":"\"Accident at Abergele on 20th August 1868\""}]},{"reference":"Rolt, L.T.C.; Kichenside, Geoffrey (1982) [1955]. Red for Danger (4th ed.). Newton Abbot: David & Charles. pp. 184–186. ISBN 0-7153-8362-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._T._C._Rolt","url_text":"Rolt, L.T.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_%26_Charles","url_text":"David & Charles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-8362-0","url_text":"0-7153-8362-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Accident Returns: Extract for Accident at Stairfoot on 12th December 1870\". www.railwaysarchive.co.uk. Retrieved 1 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/docsummary.php?docID=217","url_text":"\"Accident Returns: Extract for Accident at Stairfoot on 12th December 1870\""}]},{"reference":"Rich, Col. F. H. (15 November 1890), Report of the Board of Trade Enquiry (PDF)","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/BoT_NortonFitzwarren1890.pdf","url_text":"Report of the Board of Trade Enquiry"}]},{"reference":"Rich, F. H. (15 November 1890). \"Accident at Norton Fitzwarren on 11th November 1890\" (PDF). www.railwaysarchive.co.uk. Retrieved 2 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/BoT_NortonFitzwarren1890.pdf","url_text":"\"Accident at Norton Fitzwarren on 11th November 1890\""}]},{"reference":"Vaughan, Adrian (27 August 2013). The Faringdon Branch and Uffington Station. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 9781445624181.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xUCIAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT38","url_text":"The Faringdon Branch and Uffington Station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781445624181","url_text":"9781445624181"}]},{"reference":"Maggs, Colin Gordon; Paye, Peter (1977). The Sidmouth, Seaton and Lyme Regis Branches. Oakwood Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Milestones Locomotives: The Ribblehead viaduct\". locodriver.co.uk. Archived from the original (Word document) on 2 February 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150202154210/http://locodriver.co.uk/Railway_Encyclopedia/Part229/Part01/TEXT01.rtf","url_text":"\"Milestones Locomotives: The Ribblehead viaduct\""},{"url":"http://locodriver.co.uk/Railway_Encyclopedia/Part229/Part01/TEXT01.rtf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Walker, Thomas Andrew (1888). \"The Severn Tunnel: Chapter 11\". en.wikisource.org. Retrieved 2 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Severn_Tunnel/Chapter_11","url_text":"\"The Severn Tunnel: Chapter 11\""}]},{"reference":"Walker, Thomas A. (27 June 2013). The Severn Tunnel: Its Construction and Difficulties, 1872–1887. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108063401.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PIhpQtwWFDoC&pg=PA164","url_text":"The Severn Tunnel: Its Construction and Difficulties, 1872–1887"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108063401","url_text":"9781108063401"}]},{"reference":"Shepherd, Ernie. \"Boiler Explosion at Bray, 16 September 1872\". Irish Railway Record Society. Retrieved 2 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irrs.ie/Journal%20181/181%20Boiler%20Explosion.htm","url_text":"\"Boiler Explosion at Bray, 16 September 1872\""}]},{"reference":"Clay, Henry (2015). The Papers of Henry Clay: Candidate, Compromiser, Elder Statesman. University Press of Kentucky. p. 354. ISBN 9780813147611. Retrieved 29 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clay","url_text":"Clay, Henry"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=b58eBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA354","url_text":"The Papers of Henry Clay: Candidate, Compromiser, Elder Statesman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813147611","url_text":"9780813147611"}]},{"reference":"Warsop, Keith (2004). The Early F.A. Cup Finals and the Southern Amateurs. Soccer Data. p. 121. ISBN 1-899468-78-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-899468-78-1","url_text":"1-899468-78-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Frederick St. George Rich\". Dreadnought Project. Retrieved 29 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php/Frederick_St._George_Rich","url_text":"\"Frederick St. George Rich\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Papers of Admiral Sir Henry Ralph Crooke\". janus.lib.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 29 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0014%2FCRKE","url_text":"\"The Papers of Admiral Sir Henry Ralph Crooke\""}]},{"reference":"\"England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858–1966 for Elizabeth Bayard Rich\". ancestry.co.uk. Retrieved 29 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://interactive.ancestry.co.uk/1904/31874_221723-00114/3263735?backurl=http%3a%2f%2fsearch.ancestry.co.uk%2f%2fcgi-bin%2fsse.dll%3fdb%3dUKProbateCal%26h%3d3263735%26ti%3d5538%26indiv%3dtry%26gss%3dpt%26ssrc%3dpt_t76837989_p48351798000_kpidz0q3d48351798000z0q26pgz0q3d32768z0q26pgplz0q3dpid&ssrc=pt_t76837989_p48351798000_kpidz0q3d48351798000z0q26pgz0q3d32768z0q26pgplz0q3dpid&backlabel=ReturnRecord","url_text":"\"England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858–1966 for Elizabeth Bayard Rich\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frederick Henry Rich in the England & Wales, FreeBMD Marriage Index, 1837–1915\". ancestry.co.uk. Retrieved 29 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.ancestry.co.uk/cgi-bin/sse.dll?db=FreeBMDMarriage&h=24010640&ti=5538&indiv=try&gss=pt&ssrc=pt_t76837989_p48351797999_kpidz0q3d48351797999z0q26pgz0q3d32768z0q26pgplz0q3dpid","url_text":"\"Frederick Henry Rich in the England & Wales, FreeBMD Marriage Index, 1837–1915\""}]},{"reference":"\"England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858–1966 for Cecile d'Olier Rich\". ancestry.co.uk. Retrieved 29 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://interactive.ancestry.co.uk/1904/31874_222579-00073/4099288?backurl=http%3a%2f%2fsearch.ancestry.co.uk%2f%2fcgi-bin%2fsse.dll%3fdb%3dUKProbateCal%26h%3d4099288%26ti%3d5538%26indiv%3dtry%26gss%3dpt%26ssrc%3dpt_t76837989_p48352565549_kpidz0q3d48352565549z0q26pgz0q3d32768z0q26pgplz0q3dpid&ssrc=pt_t76837989_p48352565549_kpidz0q3d48352565549z0q26pgz0q3d32768z0q26pgplz0q3dpid&backlabel=ReturnRecord","url_text":"\"England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858–1966 for Cecile d'Olier Rich\""}]},{"reference":"\"England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858–1966 for Frederick Henry Rich\". ancestry.co.uk. Retrieved 29 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://interactive.ancestry.co.uk/1904/31874_222550-00304/4174503?backurl=http%3a%2f%2fsearch.ancestry.co.uk%2f%2fcgi-bin%2fsse.dll%3fdb%3dUKProbateCal%26h%3d4174503%26ti%3d5538%26indiv%3dtry%26gss%3dpt%26ssrc%3dpt_t76837989_p48351797999_kpidz0q3d48351797999z0q26pgz0q3d32768z0q26pgplz0q3dpid&ssrc=pt_t76837989_p48351797999_kpidz0q3d48351797999z0q26pgz0q3d32768z0q26pgplz0q3dpid&backlabel=ReturnRecord","url_text":"\"England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858–1966 for Frederick Henry Rich\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_Swantee
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Olaf Swantee
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["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Orange","2.2 Everything Everywhere","2.3 Sunrise","3 Personal life","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Olaf SwanteeBorn31 January 1966NationalityDutchOccupationbusinessmanKnown forChief Executive of EE LimitedChildren3
Olaf Swantee (born 31 January 1966) is a Dutch businessman, and the former Chief Executive of EE Limited (formerly Everything Everywhere), a British telecommunications company.
Early life
He is the second son of a legal professional.
He went to school in Hilversum in North Holland at the Nieuwe Lyceum Hilversum Gymnasium. He went to the University of Amsterdam to study Economics. Later he did an MBA at EAP (École des Affaires de Paris) in Paris, Berlin, and Oxford, which became ESCP Europe, in 1989. At Oxford he took up rowing.
Career
He started with Compaq, then moved to the Digital Equipment Corporation, which was bought by Compaq in 1998. HP bought Compaq in 2002.
UK headquarters (former One2One, then T-Mobile UK) in Hertfordshire of EE)
Orange
He joined Orange in 2007.
He served as Head of Mobile Operations of Europe & Middle East of France Telecom at Orange Home UK Limited since August 2007 and served as its Executive Vice President of Europe of France Telecom.
Everything Everywhere
He became Chief Executive of EE on 1 September 2011. EE has a main office in Paddington. EE has around 580 stores, and is known for its cinema adverts with Kevin Bacon. In January 2015 it was announced that BT would buy EE for £12.5bn. Everything Everywhere had been formed on 1 July 2010. On 4 January 2016 EE announced that Swantee would be standing down as CEO after the acquisition by BT was completed.
EE shop in Oxford in November 2012
Sunrise
From 9 May 2016 to 3 January 2020 Swantee was CEO of Swiss telecommunications company Sunrise.
Personal life
He has a Swedish wife. His son Gustav, who is currently studying at university of St. Gallen in Switzerland, and two daughters were born in Switzerland (Zurich). He lives in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames.
See also
Marc Bolland, Dutch chief executive of M&S since 2010
Dame Patricia Hodgson, Chairman since 2014 of Ofcom
References
^ "Olaf Swantee: We believe in both the T-Mobile and Orange brands". The Daily Telegraph. 24 July 2011. Archived from the original on 2020-10-20.
^ Evening Standard
^ "Olaf Swantee: BT is buying EE because 'we are number one'". The Daily Telegraph. 12 January 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-12-06.
^ "Newsroom EE". newsroom.ee.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-07-30.
^ "Telecompaper 2016-03-10".
^ Stefan Häberli. "Sunrise wechselt nach dem geplatzten UPC-Kauf die Führungsspitze aus | NZZ". Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 2020-01-03.
External links
EE
4G networks in August 2012
Business positions
Preceded byTom Alexander
Chief Executive of Everything Everywhere September 2011 – January 2016
Succeeded byMarc Allera
vteUK mobile network operatorsMobile networkoperatorsCurrent
EE
O2
Three
Vodafone
Former
Orange
T-Mobile
Mobile virtualnetwork operators (MVNOs)Current
1pMobile
Asda Mobile
BT Mobile
CMLink
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KC Mobile
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Now
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AfriMobile
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Dialog Vizz
LIFE
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Fresh
GT Mobile
Sainsbury's
Ovivo
People's
Post Office
RSPCA Mobile
TalkTalk
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vteTelecommunications industry in the United Kingdom
Economy of the United Kingdom
Science and technology in the United Kingdom
CompaniesInfrastructureproviders
Arqiva
Babcock International
BT Wholesale and Ventures
CityFibre
KCOM Group
Nexfibre
Openreach
Interxion
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Andrews & Arnold
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BT Global Services
EE
Plusnet
China Mobile
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Cable & Wireless
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Be Un Limited
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[{"reference":"\"Olaf Swantee: We believe in both the T-Mobile and Orange brands\". The Daily Telegraph. 24 July 2011. Archived from the original on 2020-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/telecoms/8656673/Olaf-Swantee-We-believe-in-both-the-T-Mobile-and-Orange-brands.html","url_text":"\"Olaf Swantee: We believe in both the T-Mobile and Orange brands\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201020100851/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/telecoms/8656673/Olaf-Swantee-We-believe-in-both-the-T-Mobile-and-Orange-brands.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Olaf Swantee: BT is buying EE because 'we are number one'\". The Daily Telegraph. 12 January 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/11336395/Olaf-Swantee-BT-bought-EE-because-we-are-number-one.html","url_text":"\"Olaf Swantee: BT is buying EE because 'we are number one'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161206135759/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/11336395/Olaf-Swantee-BT-bought-EE-because-we-are-number-one.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Newsroom EE\". newsroom.ee.co.uk. Retrieved 2020-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsroom.ee.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Newsroom EE\""}]},{"reference":"\"Telecompaper 2016-03-10\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.telecompaper.com/news/former-ee-ceo-swantee-to-join-sunrise--1132682","url_text":"\"Telecompaper 2016-03-10\""}]},{"reference":"Stefan Häberli. \"Sunrise wechselt nach dem geplatzten UPC-Kauf die Führungsspitze aus | NZZ\". Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 2020-01-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzz.ch/wirtschaft/olaf-swantee-tritt-als-sunrise-chef-zurueck-und-wird-von-andre-krause-abgeloest-ld.1531702","url_text":"\"Sunrise wechselt nach dem geplatzten UPC-Kauf die Führungsspitze aus | NZZ\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Sishyan_(1988_film)
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Guru Sishyan (1988 film)
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","3.1 Development","3.2 Casting and filming","4 Themes","5 Soundtrack","6 Release and reception","7 Legacy","8 Notes","9 References","10 Bibliography","11 External links"]
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1988 film by S. P. Muthuraman
Guru SishyanTheatrical release posterDirected byS. P. MuthuramanScreenplay byPanchu ArunachalamBased onInsaf Ki Pukarby M. D. SunderProduced byMeena Panchu ArunachalamStarringRajinikanthPrabhuSeethaGautamiCinematographyT. S. VinayagamEdited byR. VittalC. LancyMusic byIlaiyaraajaProductioncompanyP. A. Art ProductionsDistributed byMangaadu Amman FilmsRelease date
13 April 1988 (1988-04-13)
Running time144 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageTamil
Guru Sishyan (pronounced transl. Master and Disciple) is a 1988 Indian Tamil-language action comedy film directed by S. P. Muthuraman. A remake of the Hindi film Insaf Ki Pukar (1987), it stars Rajinikanth, Prabhu, Seetha and Gautami with Pandiyan, Cho Ramaswamy, Ravichandran, Radha Ravi, Senthamarai, Vinu Chakravarthy and Manorama in supporting roles. The film is about two ex-convicts who set out to prove the innocence of their wrongfully imprisoned fellow convict.
Meena Panchu Arunachalam produced Guru Sishyan under the production company P. A. Art Productions. The screenplay was written by her husband Panchu Arunachalam. The cinematography was handled by T. S. Vinayagam, the editing was by R. Vittal and C. Lancy, and the art direction was by B. Chalam. The film is Gautami's debut role in Tamil cinema, and the first film in which Rajinikanth and Prabhu co-starred. Filming took place primarily in Mysore and Chennai, and was completed in 25 days.
Guru Sishyan was released on 13 April 1988 during the Puthandu (Tamil New Year) holiday. Despite being released at a time of political turmoil in Tamil Nadu after the death of chief minister M. G. Ramachandran months earlier, Guru Sishyan, which includes many political references, became a commercial success, running in theatres for over 175 days.
Plot
Soon-to-be-released convicts Raja and Babu meet Manohar, who is on death row. He tells them his sister Sumathi was kidnapped by a taxi driver and taken to Muthuraaj, a playboy who raped and killed her. Muthuraaj murdered the taxi driver and framed Manohar with his elder brother Rajamanickam, ally Jayaram and a corrupt police inspector Nallasivam. Raja and Babu believe Manohar; Raja stalls his execution by fracturing his left arm. Once released, the two men initiate an elaborate plan.
Posing as CBI officers, Raja and Babu conduct a fake income tax raid in Nallasivam's house in his absence. They discover he has an abundance of illegally earned wealth, and force his wife Kalyani to sign a paper confirming this. Nallasivam learns about the "raid" in his house and threatens to arrest Raja and Babu, but they gain leverage over him, having created numerous copies of the paper.
Raja later falls in love with Geetha, another police inspector. He tells Babu to "romance" Rajamanickam's daughter Chithra as part of the plan, but it backfires. Raja discovers that Geetha is Nallasivam's daughter and lies to her about being a CBI officer. Raja blackmails Nallasivam into helping him infiltrate Muthuraaj's services as a new bodyguard. Babu later genuinely falls in love with Chithra, who reciprocates. Though Raja soon reveals to Geetha the truth about himself and Nallasivam's corrupt nature, she accepts him.
Pressured by Raja, Nallasivam introduces Babu to Rajamanickam as a millionaire in love with Chithra; Rajamanickam arranges their marriage. During the ceremony, Babu tells Rajamanickam he knows of the group's crimes and says he will only marry Chithra if the group confess in writing. When Rajamanickam refuses, Babu reveals his true identity and cancels the marriage, telling Chithra her father refused to give him the requested dowry. Rajamanickam, Jayaram and Muthuraaj realise that Nallasivam lied to them, and Babu is helping Manohar. They plan revenge.
For over 20 years, Rajamanickam has been trying to uncover a secret that is only known to Kandhasamy, Manohar's father, held captive in his basement. Kandhasamy has amnesia so a rope is used to jolt his memory. It succeeds but Kandhasamy refuses to tell Rajamanickam. Jayaram believes Kandhasamy will only tell Babu because he is helping Manohar. Babu, now their prisoner, is taken to the basement. Raja follows to watch over Babu, and they secretly rescue Kandhasamy and his wife Padma and escape.
While conversing with Padma, Raja realises he is Kandhasamy's first son who went missing years ago during a school trip. Babu identifies Kandhasamy as the murderer of his parents and has a fight with Raja. Kandhasamy stops their fight and reveals the truth: he had learned the location of a treasure cave, but wanted to tell only IG Sriram. Rajamanickam imprisoned Kandhasamy and his family to seek the location, but he refused. Rajamanickam then murdered Sriram and his wife disguised as Kandhasamy, sparing their son Babu so that he could blame him. The family escaped, and Padma reveals that they were recaptured after Manohar's arrest before being rescued by Raja and Babu. On learning the truth, Raja and Babu reunite and swear revenge.
Geetha and Chithra join Raja and Babu in their plan to avenge. Rajamanickam meets Raja and Babu, and at the instigation of Jayaram, agrees to sign a paper incriminating Muthuraaj in exchange for the location to the cave, which will be the "dowry" for Chithra and Babu's marriage. Chithra records Rajamanickam and Jayaram's conversation on tape; she gives it to Muthuraaj, who plans revenge along with Nallasivam.
Kandhasamy, Rajamanickam, Jayaram, Babu and Raja reach the cave and find many gold bars. Rajamanickam signs the paper as promised, but Raja and Babu intend to have him arrested for his crimes. Soon after, Muthuraaj and Nallasivam arrive and create chaos with thugs and bombs; Rajamanickam and Jayaram are killed while Raja, Babu and Kandhasamy escape. Muthuraaj and Nallasivam drive away with many gold bars but are stopped by Raja and Babu, and arrested by Geetha. Manohar, now fully healed, is exonerated.
Cast
Rajinikanth as Raja
Prabhu as Babu
Seetha as Chithra
Gautami as Geetha
Pandiyan as Manohar
Cho as Jayaram
Ravichandran as Rajamanickam
Radha Ravi as Muthuraaj
Senthamarai as Kandhasamy
Vinu Chakravarthy as Nallasivam
Manorama as Kalyani
K. Natraj as Solomon
LIC Narasimhan as Sriram
Nagaraja Chozhan as the taxi driver
Padmasri as Padma
Sudha as Sumathi
K. S. Jayalakshmi as the call girl
Production
Development
When filmmaker and writer Panchu Arunachalam was in financial crisis, director S. P. Muthuraman suggested actor Rajinikanth to collaborate with Arunachalam for a film. Rajinikanth agreed and offered to give a call-sheet of 10 days, asking Muthuraman to prepare a story. Muthuraman objected, saying that if Rajinikanth did a "guest role", the audience would not accept it and distributors would not buy the film, meaning low chances of profit. Muthuraman asked Rajinikanth to give 25 call-sheet days and said he would finish the film within that time; the average Tamil film then would take 45 days to film.
Muthuraman had seen Insaf Ki Pukar (1987), a Hindi film with two heroes. He decided to remake this film in Tamil and told Rajinikanth 25 days was enough. Rajinikanth signed on the film but said he would not act for longer than the given dates. The film was produced by Arunachalam's wife Meena under their own company P. A. Art Productions, while Arunachalam wrote the screenplay. Cinematography was handled by T. S. Vinayagam, editing by R. Vittal and C. Lancy, and art direction was by B. Chalam. Arunachalam's son Subbu Panchu worked as an assistant production manager for the film.
Casting and filming
Muthuraman said he made Guru Sishyan to exploit Rajinikanth's flair for comedy. Rajinikanth and Prabhu were cast as Raja and Babu. This was the first film in which the two actors were seen together onscreen; though they had first acted together in Dharmathin Thalaivan, it was released later in 1988. Jayashree was initially cast as the police inspector Geetha, but she later backed out due to her marriage. The role went to Gautami; it marked her debut in Tamil cinema. Ravichandran played the antagonist Rajamanickam, deviating from the heroic roles he was previously known for.
Principal photography began with the filming of the song "Jingidi Jingidi" at VGP Universal Kingdom, Chennai. Gautami was initially nervous dancing with Rajinikanth in "Jingidi Jingidi" because it was the first time they acted together so it was decided to film non-dancing scenes for two days then film the dance. Choreographer Puliyur Saroja trained Gauthami, who was able to dance convincingly. Many of the film's scenes were shot in Mysore, as filming in Chennai turned problematic. Initially, the script did not have a fight scene for Prabhu. At Rajinikanth's insistence, the fight scene intended for him was later given to Prabhu. The song "Kandu Pudichen", picturised on Rajinikanth and Gauthami, was shot in a day.
The climactic fight sequence was planned to be filmed in the Borra Caves at Araku Valley, but because Rajinikanth's call-sheet dates were nearing the end and a round-trip to Araku Valley would take longer, Chalam designed an identical cave set in Chennai. The scene in which Raja and Babu escape through a tunnel while being pursued by a rolling boulder was based on a similar scene from Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981). While Rajinikanth had given a call-sheet of 25 days, all his scenes were filmed in 23 days; he stayed for the remaining two days, during which he moved the trolley for the song "Vaa Vaa Vanji", which was picturised on Prabhu and Seetha (who played Babu's love interest Chithra), and filmed at Brindavan Gardens. The final length of the film is 3,996.19 metres (13,110.9 ft).
Themes
Film critic Naman Ramachandran considers the film to have an "overt political message". He, Jeeva Sahapthan of Patrikai and writer S. Rajanayagam interpret the scene in which many convicts fight for the chief's chair and Raja sings "Naatkaalikku Sandai Podum Naamellam Paithiyam Thaanda" (People who fight for a chair are mad) as a reference to infighting that occurred within the political party All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) following the death of Tamil Nadu chief minister M. G. Ramachandran on 24 December 1987; after his death, the AIADMK was split into two factions. Jeeva Sahapthan notes that Raja's dialogue "Mike aala pesaradhu andha kaalam, mike aala adikkaradhu indha kaalam" (Talking through the microphone is old, beating with the microphone is new) references several incidents in which people were beaten with microphones.
A writer from Hindu Tamil Thisai using the nom de plume "Cinema Pithan" compared Guru Sishyan to many other Rajinikanth films from the 1980s like Polladhavan (1980), Moondru Mugam (1982), Naan Mahaan Alla (1984) and Naan Sigappu Manithan (1985) because revenge is a mutual theme in them, while other sources identify it as a treasure hunt film in the vein of the Indiana Jones films. S. Rajanayagam writes that the scene in which the jailer advises Raja not to visit the jail again, and Raja asks why he should have to come to the jail if those outside are good, mirrors many films in which Rajinikanth's character submits himself to the law and gets punished as a routine but does not generally feel guilty about his petty crimes and is depicted as taking for granted that minor offences are a part of daily living.
Writing for Firstpost in 2014, S. Srinivasan said the film says people with "families and reputations and clean linen shirts to protect" should normally "avoid messing up with the poor, who have nothing to lose, or the rich, who can swat us like a fly". In another Firstpost article, Apoorva Sripathi noted that the hand gestures Jayaram (Cho Ramaswamy) makes in one scene in which he is in deep thought were actually symbols of the AIADMK, Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and the Indian National Congress. She called this an example of Ramaswamy making references to politics in his films. Film historian Mohan Raman said, "Cho was one person who could spout political dialogues and display his brand of wit ... His comedy in was satire-driven ... maybe because he was essentially a stage actor". Rajanayagam states that "Kandu Pudichen" replaying in part at the film's end signifies a trend in Tamil cinema wherein the last song to be played is usually heard earlier in the film.
Soundtrack
The music for Guru Sishyan was composed by Ilaiyaraaja. Vaali wrote the lyrics of all songs except "Jingidi Jingidi", which Ilaiyaraaja himself wrote. The soundtrack was released by Echo Records. "Kandu Pudichen" is set in the Carnatic raga known as Shubhapantuvarali. Unlike most Shubhapantuvarali songs, which are composed with melancholic overtones, it was written to be "playful" and "fun". The song attained popularity, as did "Naatkaalikku Sandai" despite its anti-political lyrics, and "Jingidi Jingidi" with its nonsensical lyrics.
Track listingNo.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length1."Kandu Pudichen"VaaliS. P. Balasubrahmanyam04:342."Vaa Vaa Vanji"VaaliS. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra04:283."Naatkaalikku Sandai"VaaliMalaysia Vasudevan, Mano04:304."Jingidi Jingidi"IlaiyaraajaMano, K. S. Chithra04:275."Uthama Puthiri Naanu"VaaliSwarnalatha04:13Total length:22:12
Release and reception
Guru Sishyan was released on 13 April 1988 during Puthandu, the Tamil New Year holiday, and was distributed by Mangaadu Amman Films. According to trade analyst Sreedhar Pillai, the overseas rights of the film were sold for ₹1 lakh (equivalent to ₹11 lakh or US$14,000 in 2023); Prathibha Parameswaran of Scroll.in, however, said the film "did a business of just about a lakh of rupees", its distributor having acquired its overseas rights for ₹60,000 (equivalent to ₹690,000 or US$8,200 in 2023).
On 24 April 1988, the review board of the magazine Ananda Vikatan praised Guru Sishyan for its comedy and Rajinikanth's performance—especially his English malapropisms—giving it a rating of 40 out of 100. N. Krishnaswamy of The Indian Express wrote, "Rajinikanth and Prabhu enjoy to the hilt playing their light-hearted roles, lissom newface Gautami and short and square prance around with abandon. numbers are pleasant and add sparkle to the song-and-dance sequences." Despite being released at a time of political turmoil in Tamil Nadu after M. G. Ramachandran's death, the film became a commercial success, running in theatres for over 175 days, thereby becoming a silver jubilee film.
Legacy
Guru Sishyan brought Gautami to instant stardom. Many of Rajinikanth's English malapropisms such as "Es-kiss me" or "Yes kiss me" instead of "Excuse me", "underwear" instead of "understand", "jaundice" instead of "justice", and "ABC" instead of "CBI" gained popularity, as did the scene where Raja and Babu conduct a fake income tax raid. S. Rajanayagam wrote that the imaging of Rajinikanth's politics can be seen in four phases, where the second covers "the period from Guru Sishyan (1988) to Baatshaa (1995)". Naman Ramachandran noted that after the release of Guru Sishyan, "overt political commentary would become increasingly common in Rajinikanth's films". Guru Sishyan was later screened at Chennai's AGS Cinemas on 27 September 2010 as part of their "Rajnikanth Film Festival".
In his review of Sundhara Travels (2002), S. R. Ashok Kumar of The Hindu compared Vinu Chakravarthy's comical police character to Nallasivam. The 2010 film Guru Sishyan, directed by Sakthi Chidambaram, has a different storyline from its 1988 namesake. Sakthi Chidambaram said, "the story demanded such a title, we short-listed 50 titles, finally decided we could use the old one". In Enkitta Mothathe (2017), "Naatkaalikku Sandai" plays in a theatre where, at the same time, there is a scuffle between Ravi (Natarajan Subramaniam) and Mandhramoorthy (Radha Ravi) on who is bigger.
Notes
^ A silver jubilee film is one that completes a theatrical run of 25 weeks or 175 days.
References
^ a b c d "Guru Sishyan (1988)". AllMovie. Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
^ a b c d e f "Guru Sishyan Cast and Crew". Moviefone. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
^ a b c d e "குரு சிஷ்யன் – (1988)" . Cinema Express (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
^ ""மந்திரியின் லஞ்சம் கட்சிக்கு நிதி!" – சோவின் அரசியல் பகடிகள்" . Ananda Vikatan (in Tamil). 8 December 2016. Archived from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
^ Sundaram, Nandhu (28 April 2017). "The man who found Silk Smitha: Vinu Chakravarthy reminded us of the classicism in cinema". The News Minute. Archived from the original on 16 December 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
^ a b c d e Guru Sishyan (motion picture) (in Tamil). P. A. Art Productions. 1988. Opening credits, from 0:00 to 2:14.
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Bibliography
Rajanayagam, S. (2015). Popular Cinema and Politics in South India: The Films of MGR and Rajinikanth. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-82203-0.
Ramachandran, Naman, ed. (2012). Rajinikanth 12.12.12: A Birthday Special. Kasturi & Sons Ltd.
Ramachandran, Naman (2014) . Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography. New Delhi: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-81-8475-796-5.
Ramki, J. (2005). Rajini: Sapthama? Sagaapthama? (in Tamil). Kizhakku Pathippagam. OCLC 741479408.
External links
Guru Sishyan at IMDb
Guru Sishyan at Rotten Tomatoes
vteFilms directed by S. P. Muthuraman1970s
Kanimuthu Paappa (1972)
Petha Manam Pithu (1973)
Kasi Yathirai (1973)
Deiva Kuzhandhaigal (1973)
Anbu Thangai (1974)
Engamma Sapatham (1974)
Aan Pillai Singam (1975)
Yarukku Mappillai Yaro (1975)
Mayangukiral Oru Maadhu (1975)
Mogam Muppadhu Varusham (1976)
Oru Oodhappu Kan Simittugiradhu (1976)
Kaalangalil Aval Vasantham (1976)
Thunive Thunai (1976)
Oru Kodiyil Iru Malargal (1976)
Bhuvana Oru Kelvi Kuri (1977)
Aalukkoru Aasai (1977)
Aadu Puli Attam (1977)
Sondhamadi Nee Enakku (1977)
Pennai Solli Kutramillai (1977)
Vattathukkul Chaduram (1978)
Sakka Podu Podu Raja (1978)
Kaatrinile Varum Geetham (1978)
Priya (1978)
Aarilirunthu Arubathu Varai (1979)
Kavari Maan (1979)
Vetrikku Oruvan (1979)
Kadavul Amaitha Medai (1979)
1980s
Rishi Moolam (1980)
Murattu Kaalai (1980)
Kudumbam Oru Kadambam (1981)
Kazhugu (1981)
Ranuva Veeran (1981)
Netrikkan (1981)
Pokkiri Raja (1982)
Sakalakala Vallavan (1982)
Puthukavithai (1982)
Enkeyo Ketta Kural (1982)
Thoongathey Thambi Thoongathey (1983)
Paayum Puli (1983)
Adutha Varisu (1983)
Oru Kai Pappom (1983)
Naan Mahaan Alla (1984)
Nallavanukku Nallavan (1984)
Enakkul Oruvan (1984)
Oorukku Upadesam (1984)
Sri Raghavendrar (1985)
Ammavum Neeye Appavum Neeye (1985)
Uyarndha Ullam (1985)
Nalla Thambi (1985)
Japanil Kalyanaraman (1985)
Dharma Devathai (1986)
Mr. Bharath (1986)
Velaikaran (1987)
Manithan (1987)
Samsaram Oka Chadarangam (1987) (Telugu)
Per Sollum Pillai (1987)
Guru Sishyan (1988)
Dharmathin Thalaivan (1988)
Nallavan (1988)
Raja Chinna Roja (1989)
1990s
Ulagam Pirandhadhu Enakkaga (1990)
Guru Sishyulu (1990) (Telugu)
Athisaya Piravi (1990)
Thiyagu (1990)
Jeevana Chadarangam (1991) (Telugu)
Thaiyalkaran (1991)
Kaaval Geetham (1992)
Pandian (1992)
Thottil Kuzhandhai (1995)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ɡuɾu siʂjan]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Tamil"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language"},{"link_name":"action comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_comedy_film"},{"link_name":"S. P. Muthuraman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._P._Muthuraman"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Insaf Ki Pukar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insaf_Ki_Pukar"},{"link_name":"Rajinikanth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajinikanth"},{"link_name":"Prabhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabhu_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Seetha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seetha_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Gautami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautami"},{"link_name":"Pandiyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandiyan_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Cho Ramaswamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Ramaswamy"},{"link_name":"Ravichandran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravichandran_(Tamil_actor)"},{"link_name":"Radha Ravi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha_Ravi"},{"link_name":"Senthamarai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senthamarai_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Vinu Chakravarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinu_Chakravarthy"},{"link_name":"Manorama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorama_(Tamil_actress)"},{"link_name":"Panchu Arunachalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchu_Arunachalam"},{"link_name":"Tamil cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_cinema"},{"link_name":"Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore"},{"link_name":"Chennai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai"},{"link_name":"Puthandu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puthandu"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"M. G. Ramachandran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran"}],"text":"1988 film by S. P. MuthuramanGuru Sishyan (pronounced [ɡuɾu siʂjan] transl. Master and Disciple) is a 1988 Indian Tamil-language action comedy film directed by S. P. Muthuraman. A remake of the Hindi film Insaf Ki Pukar (1987), it stars Rajinikanth, Prabhu, Seetha and Gautami with Pandiyan, Cho Ramaswamy, Ravichandran, Radha Ravi, Senthamarai, Vinu Chakravarthy and Manorama in supporting roles. The film is about two ex-convicts who set out to prove the innocence of their wrongfully imprisoned fellow convict.Meena Panchu Arunachalam produced Guru Sishyan under the production company P. A. Art Productions. The screenplay was written by her husband Panchu Arunachalam. The cinematography was handled by T. S. Vinayagam, the editing was by R. Vittal and C. Lancy, and the art direction was by B. Chalam. The film is Gautami's debut role in Tamil cinema, and the first film in which Rajinikanth and Prabhu co-starred. Filming took place primarily in Mysore and Chennai, and was completed in 25 days.Guru Sishyan was released on 13 April 1988 during the Puthandu (Tamil New Year) holiday. Despite being released at a time of political turmoil in Tamil Nadu after the death of chief minister M. G. Ramachandran months earlier, Guru Sishyan, which includes many political references, became a commercial success, running in theatres for over 175 days.","title":"Guru Sishyan (1988 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"death row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_row"},{"link_name":"playboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboy_lifestyle"},{"link_name":"CBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"dowry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowry_system_in_India"},{"link_name":"IG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector-general_of_police"}],"text":"Soon-to-be-released convicts Raja and Babu meet Manohar, who is on death row. He tells them his sister Sumathi was kidnapped by a taxi driver and taken to Muthuraaj, a playboy who raped and killed her. Muthuraaj murdered the taxi driver and framed Manohar with his elder brother Rajamanickam, ally Jayaram and a corrupt police inspector Nallasivam. Raja and Babu believe Manohar; Raja stalls his execution by fracturing his left arm. Once released, the two men initiate an elaborate plan.Posing as CBI officers, Raja and Babu conduct a fake income tax raid in Nallasivam's house in his absence. They discover he has an abundance of illegally earned wealth, and force his wife Kalyani to sign a paper confirming this. Nallasivam learns about the \"raid\" in his house and threatens to arrest Raja and Babu, but they gain leverage over him, having created numerous copies of the paper.Raja later falls in love with Geetha, another police inspector. He tells Babu to \"romance\" Rajamanickam's daughter Chithra as part of the plan, but it backfires. Raja discovers that Geetha is Nallasivam's daughter and lies to her about being a CBI officer. Raja blackmails Nallasivam into helping him infiltrate Muthuraaj's services as a new bodyguard. Babu later genuinely falls in love with Chithra, who reciprocates. Though Raja soon reveals to Geetha the truth about himself and Nallasivam's corrupt nature, she accepts him.Pressured by Raja, Nallasivam introduces Babu to Rajamanickam as a millionaire in love with Chithra; Rajamanickam arranges their marriage. During the ceremony, Babu tells Rajamanickam he knows of the group's crimes and says he will only marry Chithra if the group confess in writing. When Rajamanickam refuses, Babu reveals his true identity and cancels the marriage, telling Chithra her father refused to give him the requested dowry. Rajamanickam, Jayaram and Muthuraaj realise that Nallasivam lied to them, and Babu is helping Manohar. They plan revenge.For over 20 years, Rajamanickam has been trying to uncover a secret that is only known to Kandhasamy, Manohar's father, held captive in his basement. Kandhasamy has amnesia so a rope is used to jolt his memory. It succeeds but Kandhasamy refuses to tell Rajamanickam. Jayaram believes Kandhasamy will only tell Babu because he is helping Manohar. Babu, now their prisoner, is taken to the basement. Raja follows to watch over Babu, and they secretly rescue Kandhasamy and his wife Padma and escape.While conversing with Padma, Raja realises he is Kandhasamy's first son who went missing years ago during a school trip. Babu identifies Kandhasamy as the murderer of his parents and has a fight with Raja. Kandhasamy stops their fight and reveals the truth: he had learned the location of a treasure cave, but wanted to tell only IG Sriram. Rajamanickam imprisoned Kandhasamy and his family to seek the location, but he refused. Rajamanickam then murdered Sriram and his wife disguised as Kandhasamy, sparing their son Babu so that he could blame him. The family escaped, and Padma reveals that they were recaptured after Manohar's arrest before being rescued by Raja and Babu. On learning the truth, Raja and Babu reunite and swear revenge.Geetha and Chithra join Raja and Babu in their plan to avenge. Rajamanickam meets Raja and Babu, and at the instigation of Jayaram, agrees to sign a paper incriminating Muthuraaj in exchange for the location to the cave, which will be the \"dowry\" for Chithra and Babu's marriage. Chithra records Rajamanickam and Jayaram's conversation on tape; she gives it to Muthuraaj, who plans revenge along with Nallasivam.Kandhasamy, Rajamanickam, Jayaram, Babu and Raja reach the cave and find many gold bars. Rajamanickam signs the paper as promised, but Raja and Babu intend to have him arrested for his crimes. Soon after, Muthuraaj and Nallasivam arrive and create chaos with thugs and bombs; Rajamanickam and Jayaram are killed while Raja, Babu and Kandhasamy escape. Muthuraaj and Nallasivam drive away with many gold bars but are stopped by Raja and Babu, and arrested by Geetha. Manohar, now fully healed, is exonerated.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rajinikanth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajinikanth"},{"link_name":"Prabhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabhu_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Seetha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seetha_(actress)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moviefone-2"},{"link_name":"Gautami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautami"},{"link_name":"Pandiyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandiyan_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cinemaexpress-3"},{"link_name":"Cho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Ramaswamy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ravichandran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravichandran_(Tamil_actor)"},{"link_name":"Radha Ravi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radha_Ravi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMovie-1"},{"link_name":"Senthamarai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senthamarai_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moviefone-2"},{"link_name":"Vinu Chakravarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinu_Chakravarthy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Manorama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorama_(Tamil_actress)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moviefone-2"},{"link_name":"K. Natraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Natraj"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-movie-6"},{"link_name":"LIC Narasimhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIC_Narasimhan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moviefone-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-movie-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cinemaexpress-3"},{"link_name":"Sudha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudha_(actress)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moviefone-2"},{"link_name":"K. S. Jayalakshmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._S._Jayalakshmi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-movie-6"}],"text":"Rajinikanth as Raja\nPrabhu as Babu\nSeetha as Chithra[2]\nGautami as Geetha\nPandiyan as Manohar[3]\nCho as Jayaram[4]\nRavichandran as Rajamanickam\nRadha Ravi as Muthuraaj[1]\nSenthamarai as Kandhasamy[2]\nVinu Chakravarthy as Nallasivam[5]\nManorama as Kalyani[2]\nK. Natraj as Solomon[6]\nLIC Narasimhan as Sriram[2]\nNagaraja Chozhan as the taxi driver[6]\nPadmasri as Padma[3]\nSudha as Sumathi[2]\nK. S. Jayalakshmi as the call girl[6]","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panchu Arunachalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchu_Arunachalam"},{"link_name":"S. P. Muthuraman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._P._Muthuraman"},{"link_name":"Rajinikanth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajinikanth"},{"link_name":"call-sheet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_call_sheet"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_81-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canadauthayan-8"},{"link_name":"Insaf Ki Pukar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insaf_Ki_Pukar"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamachandran2014113-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_81-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trolly-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cinemaexpress-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-movie-6"},{"link_name":"Subbu Panchu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subbu_Panchu"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"When filmmaker and writer Panchu Arunachalam was in financial crisis, director S. P. Muthuraman suggested actor Rajinikanth to collaborate with Arunachalam for a film. Rajinikanth agreed and offered to give a call-sheet of 10 days, asking Muthuraman to prepare a story. Muthuraman objected, saying that if Rajinikanth did a \"guest role\", the audience would not accept it and distributors would not buy the film, meaning low chances of profit. Muthuraman asked Rajinikanth to give 25 call-sheet days and said he would finish the film within that time;[7] the average Tamil film then would take 45 days to film.[8]Muthuraman had seen Insaf Ki Pukar (1987),[9] a Hindi film with two heroes. He decided to remake this film in Tamil and told Rajinikanth 25 days was enough. Rajinikanth signed on the film but said he would not act for longer than the given dates.[7] The film was produced by Arunachalam's wife Meena under their own company P. A. Art Productions,[10] while Arunachalam wrote the screenplay.[11] Cinematography was handled by T. S. Vinayagam,[12] editing by R. Vittal and C. Lancy, and art direction was by B. Chalam.[3][6] Arunachalam's son Subbu Panchu worked as an assistant production manager for the film.[13][14]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Hindu201217-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Prabhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabhu_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_82-17"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moviefone-2"},{"link_name":"Dharmathin Thalaivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmathin_Thalaivan"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Hindu201236-18"},{"link_name":"Jayashree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayashree_(actress)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Gautami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautami"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMovie-1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Tamil cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_cinema"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Ravichandran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravichandran_(Tamil_actor)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMovie-1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Principal photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_photography"},{"link_name":"VGP Universal Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VGP_Universal_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_81-7"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_82-17"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canadauthayan-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cinemaexpress-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trolly-11"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_82-17"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Borra Caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borra_Caves"},{"link_name":"Araku Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araku_Valley"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_82-17"},{"link_name":"Raiders of the Lost Ark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raiders_of_the_Lost_Ark"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IE_review-27"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canadauthayan-8"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_82-17"},{"link_name":"Seetha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seetha_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Brindavan Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brindavan_Gardens"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trolly-11"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_82-17"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-movie-6"}],"sub_title":"Casting and filming","text":"Muthuraman said he made Guru Sishyan to exploit Rajinikanth's flair for comedy.[15][16] Rajinikanth and Prabhu were cast as Raja and Babu.[17][2] This was the first film in which the two actors were seen together onscreen; though they had first acted together in Dharmathin Thalaivan, it was released later in 1988.[18] Jayashree was initially cast as the police inspector Geetha, but she later backed out due to her marriage.[19] The role went to Gautami;[1][20] it marked her debut in Tamil cinema.[21][22] Ravichandran played the antagonist Rajamanickam,[1] deviating from the heroic roles he was previously known for.[23]Principal photography began with the filming of the song \"Jingidi Jingidi\" at VGP Universal Kingdom, Chennai.[7] Gautami was initially nervous dancing with Rajinikanth in \"Jingidi Jingidi\" because it was the first time they acted together so it was decided to film non-dancing scenes for two days then film the dance. Choreographer Puliyur Saroja trained Gauthami, who was able to dance convincingly.[17] Many of the film's scenes were shot in Mysore,[24] as filming in Chennai turned problematic.[8][3] Initially, the script did not have a fight scene for Prabhu.[11] At Rajinikanth's insistence, the fight scene intended for him was later given to Prabhu.[17][25] The song \"Kandu Pudichen\", picturised on Rajinikanth and Gauthami, was shot in a day.[26]The climactic fight sequence was planned to be filmed in the Borra Caves at Araku Valley, but because Rajinikanth's call-sheet dates were nearing the end and a round-trip to Araku Valley would take longer, Chalam designed an identical cave set in Chennai.[17] The scene in which Raja and Babu escape through a tunnel while being pursued by a rolling boulder was based on a similar scene from Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981).[27] While Rajinikanth had given a call-sheet of 25 days, all his scenes were filmed in 23 days;[8][17] he stayed for the remaining two days, during which he moved the trolley for the song \"Vaa Vaa Vanji\", which was picturised on Prabhu and Seetha (who played Babu's love interest Chithra), and filmed at Brindavan Gardens.[11][17] The final length of the film is 3,996.19 metres (13,110.9 ft).[6]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naman Ramachandran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naman_Ramachandran"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamachandran2014112-28"},{"link_name":"All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Anna_Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam"},{"link_name":"M. G. Ramachandran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._G._Ramachandran"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamachandran2014112%E2%80%93113-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajanayagam2015169-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-patrikai-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-patrikai-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Hindu Tamil Thisai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Tamil_Thisai"},{"link_name":"nom de plume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen_name"},{"link_name":"Polladhavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polladhavan_(1980_film)"},{"link_name":"Moondru Mugam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moondru_Mugam"},{"link_name":"Naan Mahaan Alla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naan_Mahaan_Alla_(1984_film)"},{"link_name":"Naan Sigappu Manithan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naan_Sigappu_Manithan_(1985_film)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Indiana Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Jones"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IE_review-27"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajanayagam201589-36"},{"link_name":"Firstpost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firstpost"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Cho Ramaswamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Ramaswamy"},{"link_name":"Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagam"},{"link_name":"Indian National Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Mohan Raman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohan_Raman"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"Film critic Naman Ramachandran considers the film to have an \"overt political message\".[28] He, Jeeva Sahapthan of Patrikai and writer S. Rajanayagam interpret the scene in which many convicts fight for the chief's chair and Raja sings \"Naatkaalikku Sandai Podum Naamellam Paithiyam Thaanda\" (People who fight for a chair are mad) as a reference to infighting that occurred within the political party All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) following the death of Tamil Nadu chief minister M. G. Ramachandran on 24 December 1987; after his death, the AIADMK was split into two factions.[29][30][31][32] Jeeva Sahapthan notes that Raja's dialogue \"Mike aala pesaradhu andha kaalam, mike aala adikkaradhu indha kaalam\" (Talking through the microphone is old, beating with the microphone is new) references several incidents in which people were beaten with microphones.[32][33]A writer from Hindu Tamil Thisai using the nom de plume \"Cinema Pithan\" compared Guru Sishyan to many other Rajinikanth films from the 1980s like Polladhavan (1980), Moondru Mugam (1982), Naan Mahaan Alla (1984) and Naan Sigappu Manithan (1985) because revenge is a mutual theme in them,[34] while other sources identify it as a treasure hunt film in the vein of the Indiana Jones films.[27][35] S. Rajanayagam writes that the scene in which the jailer advises Raja not to visit the jail again, and Raja asks why he should have to come to the jail if those outside are good, mirrors many films in which Rajinikanth's character submits himself to the law and gets punished as a routine but does not generally feel guilty about his petty crimes and is depicted as taking for granted that minor offences are a part of daily living.[36]Writing for Firstpost in 2014, S. Srinivasan said the film says people with \"families and reputations and clean linen shirts to protect\" should normally \"avoid messing up with the poor, who have nothing to lose, or the rich, who can swat us like a fly\".[37] In another Firstpost article, Apoorva Sripathi noted that the hand gestures Jayaram (Cho Ramaswamy) makes in one scene in which he is in deep thought were actually symbols of the AIADMK, Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and the Indian National Congress. She called this an example of Ramaswamy making references to politics in his films.[38] Film historian Mohan Raman said, \"Cho was one person who could spout political dialogues and display his brand of wit ... His comedy in [Guru Sishyan] was satire-driven ... maybe because he was essentially a stage actor\".[39] Rajanayagam states that \"Kandu Pudichen\" replaying in part at the film's end signifies a trend in Tamil cinema wherein the last song to be played is usually heard earlier in the film.[40]","title":"Themes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ilaiyaraaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilaiyaraaja"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Vaali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaali_(poet)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Carnatic raga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnatic_raga"},{"link_name":"Shubhapantuvarali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shubhapantuvarali"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Subhapantuvarali-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Subhapantuvarali-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-patrikai-32"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Vaali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaali_(poet)"},{"link_name":"S. P. Balasubrahmanyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._P._Balasubrahmanyam"},{"link_name":"K. S. Chithra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._S._Chithra"},{"link_name":"Malaysia Vasudevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia_Vasudevan"},{"link_name":"Mano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mano_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Ilaiyaraaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilaiyaraaja"},{"link_name":"K. S. Chithra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._S._Chithra"},{"link_name":"Swarnalatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarnalatha"}],"text":"The music for Guru Sishyan was composed by Ilaiyaraaja.[41] Vaali wrote the lyrics of all songs except \"Jingidi Jingidi\", which Ilaiyaraaja himself wrote. The soundtrack was released by Echo Records.[42] \"Kandu Pudichen\" is set in the Carnatic raga known as Shubhapantuvarali.[43][44] Unlike most Shubhapantuvarali songs, which are composed with melancholic overtones, it was written to be \"playful\" and \"fun\".[44][45] The song attained popularity,[46] as did \"Naatkaalikku Sandai\" despite its anti-political lyrics,[32][47] and \"Jingidi Jingidi\" with its nonsensical lyrics.[48]Track listingNo.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length1.\"Kandu Pudichen\"VaaliS. P. Balasubrahmanyam04:342.\"Vaa Vaa Vanji\"VaaliS. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra04:283.\"Naatkaalikku Sandai\"VaaliMalaysia Vasudevan, Mano04:304.\"Jingidi Jingidi\"IlaiyaraajaMano, K. S. Chithra04:275.\"Uthama Puthiri Naanu\"VaaliSwarnalatha04:13Total length:22:12","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Puthandu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puthandu"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamachandran2014113-9"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Scroll.in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scroll.in"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Ananda Vikatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda_Vikatan"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"The Indian Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IE_review-27"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamachandran2014113-9"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamki200534-54"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cinemaexpress-3"},{"link_name":"silver jubilee film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_jubilee_film"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamki2005114-55"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"Guru Sishyan was released on 13 April 1988 during Puthandu, the Tamil New Year holiday,[9][49] and was distributed by Mangaadu Amman Films.[50] According to trade analyst Sreedhar Pillai, the overseas rights of the film were sold for ₹1 lakh (equivalent to ₹11 lakh or US$14,000 in 2023);[51] Prathibha Parameswaran of Scroll.in, however, said the film \"did a business of just about a lakh of rupees\", its distributor having acquired its overseas rights for ₹60,000 (equivalent to ₹690,000 or US$8,200 in 2023).[52]On 24 April 1988, the review board of the magazine Ananda Vikatan praised Guru Sishyan for its comedy and Rajinikanth's performance—especially his English malapropisms—giving it a rating of 40 out of 100.[53] N. Krishnaswamy of The Indian Express wrote, \"Rajinikanth and Prabhu enjoy to the hilt playing their light-hearted roles, lissom newface Gautami and short and square [Seetha] prance around with abandon. [Ilaiyaraaja's] numbers are pleasant and add sparkle to the song-and-dance sequences.\"[27] Despite being released at a time of political turmoil in Tamil Nadu after M. G. Ramachandran's death,[9][54] the film became a commercial success, running in theatres for over 175 days,[3] thereby becoming a silver jubilee film.[55][a]","title":"Release and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-behindwoods-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IE_review-27"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-behindwoods-59"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Hindu201244-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Baatshaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baashha"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajanayagam2015168-64"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamachandran2014113-9"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Sundhara Travels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundhara_Travels"},{"link_name":"The Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Guru Sishyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Sishyan_(2010_film)"},{"link_name":"Sakthi Chidambaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakthi_Chidambaram"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Enkitta Mothathe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkitta_Mothathe_(2017_film)"},{"link_name":"Natarajan Subramaniam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natarajan_Subramaniam"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"text":"Guru Sishyan brought Gautami to instant stardom.[57] Many of Rajinikanth's English malapropisms such as \"Es-kiss me\" or \"Yes kiss me\" instead of \"Excuse me\",[58][59] \"underwear\" instead of \"understand\",[60] \"jaundice\" instead of \"justice\",[27] and \"ABC\" instead of \"CBI\" gained popularity,[58] as did the scene where Raja and Babu conduct a fake income tax raid.[61][62] S. Rajanayagam wrote that the imaging of Rajinikanth's politics can be seen in four phases, where the second covers \"the period from Guru Sishyan (1988) to Baatshaa [sic] (1995)\".[63] Naman Ramachandran noted that after the release of Guru Sishyan, \"overt political commentary would become increasingly common in Rajinikanth's films\".[9] Guru Sishyan was later screened at Chennai's AGS Cinemas on 27 September 2010 as part of their \"Rajnikanth Film Festival\".[64]In his review of Sundhara Travels (2002), S. R. Ashok Kumar of The Hindu compared Vinu Chakravarthy's comical police character to Nallasivam.[65] The 2010 film Guru Sishyan, directed by Sakthi Chidambaram, has a different storyline from its 1988 namesake. Sakthi Chidambaram said, \"the story demanded such a title, we short-listed 50 titles, finally decided we could use the old one\".[66] In Enkitta Mothathe (2017), \"Naatkaalikku Sandai\" plays in a theatre where, at the same time, there is a scuffle between Ravi (Natarajan Subramaniam) and Mandhramoorthy (Radha Ravi) on who is bigger.[67]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"text":"^ A silver jubilee film is one that completes a theatrical run of 25 weeks or 175 days.[56]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Popular Cinema and Politics in South India: The Films of MGR and Rajinikanth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=5FHeCQAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-138-82203-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-82203-0"},{"link_name":"Ramachandran, Naman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naman_Ramachandran"},{"link_name":"Kasturi & Sons Ltd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu"},{"link_name":"Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajinikanth:_The_Definitive_Biography"},{"link_name":"Penguin Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-81-8475-796-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-796-5"},{"link_name":"Rajini: Sapthama? Sagaapthama?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=DqRKAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"741479408","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/741479408"}],"text":"Rajanayagam, S. (2015). Popular Cinema and Politics in South India: The Films of MGR and Rajinikanth. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-82203-0.\nRamachandran, Naman, ed. (2012). Rajinikanth 12.12.12: A Birthday Special. Kasturi & Sons Ltd.\nRamachandran, Naman (2014) [2012]. Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography. New Delhi: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-81-8475-796-5.\nRamki, J. (2005). Rajini: Sapthama? Sagaapthama? (in Tamil). Kizhakku Pathippagam. OCLC 741479408.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Guru Sishyan (1988)\". AllMovie. Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/guru-sishyan-v588062","url_text":"\"Guru Sishyan (1988)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMovie","url_text":"AllMovie"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20190729085500/https://www.allmovie.com/movie/guru-sishyan-v588062","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Guru Sishyan Cast and Crew\". Moviefone. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.moviefone.com/movie/guru-sishyan/HyKzC3xP2Qk8sgouDTvZV2/credits/","url_text":"\"Guru Sishyan Cast and Crew\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moviefone","url_text":"Moviefone"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210512061948/https://www.moviefone.com/movie/guru-sishyan/HyKzC3xP2Qk8sgouDTvZV2/credits/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"குரு சிஷ்யன் – (1988)\" [Guru Sishyan (1988)]. Cinema Express (in Tamil). 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Sagaapthama?"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/741479408","external_links_name":"741479408"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0319468/","external_links_name":"Guru Sishyan"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/guru_sishyan","external_links_name":"Guru Sishyan"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crows_Crows_Crows
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William Pugh (game designer)
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["1 Early life and career","1.1 Crows Crows Crows","2 Works","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]
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British game designer
William PughPugh presenting at the 2015 Game Developers ConferenceBorn1994 or 1995 (age 29–30)OccupationGame designerKnown forThe Stanley ParableAwardsSaxxy Award, IGF Audience Award
William Pugh (born 1994/1995) is a British game designer best known for his work on The Stanley Parable, and for founding the game development studio Crows Crows Crows.
Early life and career
Screenshot of The Stanley Parable
See also: The Stanley Parable
William Pugh's parents are art teachers. He developed an interest in video games after playing a Nintendo 64 during a hospital visit when he was six. He studied at the Leeds College of Art for two weeks, but dropped out to work on video games. Pugh taught himself video game environment design through working on modifications, or mods, of video games by Valve. He made levels for Team Fortress 2, campaigns for Left 4 Dead 2, and puzzles in Portal. His work earned him a Saxxy Award, a fan-voted award for Team Fortress 2-based creations.
Pugh first heard of the Source engine mod of Half-Life 2 known as The Stanley Parable from Minecraft creator Markus Persson's Twitter feed. Pugh wanted to work on a larger project and so contacted the mod's creator, Davey Wreden. They decided to work on a remastered, standalone version of The Stanley Parable together. Development of the full game took two years, mainly through remote collaboration software Dropbox and Skype. Pugh started an unnamed development studio following the game's release to work on several projects, saying that "we've got the money and freedom to just go wild, so we've been doing exactly that". Pugh presented on The Stanley Parable's development at the 2015 Game Developers Conference. Reflecting on the game's release, he said he was less interested in the technical work of sound and texture editing, and would instead prefer to outsource those jobs to focus on writing.
Crows Crows Crows
Screenshot of gameplay from Dr. Langeskov
Pugh founded the independent video game studio Crows Crows Crows in October 2015. The studio's first game was Dr. Langeskov, The Tiger, and The Terribly Cursed Emerald: A Whirlwind Heist, a free title released in December 2015. The meta-fictional game, in which the player explores and interacts with the backstage elements of a video game demonstration while waiting to play it, includes voice work from Justin Roiland, of Rick and Morty, and Simon Amstell.
Crows Crows Crows has released two other games using the itch.io platform. The Magpie Collection is a series of ten short games by various developers including Pugh, compiled by the studio, which were developed following an IndieGoGo to raise money to help replace equipment stolen from several developers at the 2015 A Maze event in Berlin. The Temple of No, released in June 2016, is a text-based adventure game using the Twine platform.
Roiland announced in September 2015 that he would be working on a virtual reality game for the HTC Vive with Pugh. The collaboration, called Accounting, was released as a free download on Microsoft Windows in 2016. Pugh and Roiland's collaboration began after a chance Twitter conversation in September 2015. Roiland, who was in the proximity of the offices of Respawn Entertainment in California, called out on Twitter if anyone at Respawn was a fan of Rick and Morty and could give him a tour. Pugh reached out to reply, lying about working at Respawn as he was still in the United Kingdom, and offering him a tour. Pugh sent further messages to Roiland feigning that he just missed him, but eventually fessed up. Roiland recognized Pugh's name from The Stanley Parable and was impressed by the whole "weird switcheroonie". Pugh then flew out to Los Angeles where he and Justin spent a week performing a game jam to develop the basics of Accounting, which was then developed into a full game through remote collaboration.
Works
Year
Title
Developer
2013
The Stanley Parable
Galactic Cafe
2015
Dr. Langeskov
Crows Crows Crows
The Magpie Collection
2016
The Temple of No
Accounting
Crows Crows Crows/Squanch Games
2017
Accounting+
2017
Eat
2022
The Stanley Parable: Ultra Deluxe
Crows Crows Crows
References
^ Peel, Jeremy (20 January 2015). "The Big Interview: William Pugh closes the book on The Stanley Parable". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2020.
^ Parkin, Simon (11 January 2016). "William Pugh: from elaborate pranks to the award-winning Stanley Parable". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
^ a b Calvin, Alex (11 May 2015). "A PC developer's tale - William Pugh on making The Stanley Parable". MCV. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
^ Walker, John (28 March 2014). "Davey Wreden & William Pugh: Life After The Stanley Parable". Rock Paper Shotgun. Archived from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
^ "Video: How to make your game just completely hilarious". Gamasutra. 8 June 2015. Archived from the original on 9 June 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
^ Peel, Jeremy (10 January 2015). "The Big Interview: William Pugh closes the book on The Stanley Parable". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
^ "Stanley Parable designer opens new studio". Develop. 7 October 2015. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
^ Dale, Laura (8 October 2015). "William Pugh announces new studio Crows Crows Crows". Destructoid. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
^ Whitaker, Jed (4 December 2015). "The Stanley Parable co-creator's new game is out today and has the voice of Rick and Morty". Destructoid. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
^ Savage, Phil (10 May 2015). "The Magpie Collection features 10 games, helps indie devs replace stolen equipment". PC Gamer. Archived from the original on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
^ Frank, Allegra (20 June 2016). "Crows Crows Crows' new game is the most fun 10 minutes you'll have today". Polygon. Archived from the original on 21 June 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
^ Frank, Allegra (23 September 2015). "Rick and Morty creator shares first look at virtual reality game". Polygon. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
^ Robinson, Nick (13 September 2016). "The Stanley Parable's designer lied to Rick and Morty's creator — and now they're making a game together". Polygon. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
^ https://www.polygon.com/2017/12/1/16725270/eat-game-ios-android-download-crows-crows-crows
Further reading
"William Pugh". BAFTA. 24 September 2015.
"William Pugh". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. 7 February 2019.
Cox, Matt (19 October 2015). "Stanley Parable dev teases new game, releases first screenshots". PC Gamer.
Walker, John (28 March 2014). "Davey Wreden & William Pugh: Life After The Stanley Parable". Rock, Paper, Shotgun.
Frank, Allegra (20 June 2016). "Crows Crows Crows' new game is the most fun 10 minutes you'll have today". Polygon.
Petit, Carolyn (20 August 2013). "Breaking Out of the Routine: Player Agency in The Stanley Parable". GameSpot. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
Yang, Robert (11 November 2011). "Level with Me, Davey Wreden". Rock Paper Shotgun. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
External links
Media related to William Pugh (game designer) at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
Portals: Biography Video games
|
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He developed an interest in video games after playing a Nintendo 64 during a hospital visit when he was six. He studied at the Leeds College of Art for two weeks, but dropped out to work on video games. Pugh taught himself video game environment design[2] through working on modifications, or mods, of video games by Valve. He made levels for Team Fortress 2, campaigns for Left 4 Dead 2, and puzzles in Portal.[3] His work earned him a Saxxy Award, a fan-voted award for Team Fortress 2-based creations.[4]Pugh first heard of the Source engine mod of Half-Life 2 known as The Stanley Parable from Minecraft creator Markus Persson's Twitter feed. Pugh wanted to work on a larger project and so contacted the mod's creator, Davey Wreden. They decided to work on a remastered, standalone version of The Stanley Parable together. Development of the full game took two years, mainly through remote collaboration software Dropbox and Skype. Pugh started an unnamed development studio following the game's release to work on several projects, saying that \"we've got the money and freedom to just go wild, so we've been doing exactly that\".[3] Pugh presented on The Stanley Parable's development at the 2015 Game Developers Conference.[5] Reflecting on the game's release, he said he was less interested in the technical work of sound and texture editing, and would instead prefer to outsource those jobs to focus on writing.[6]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dr._Langeskov,_The_Tiger,_and_The_Terribly_Cursed_Emerald_Screenshot_2.png"},{"link_name":"Dr. Langeskov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Langeskov"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Dr. Langeskov, The Tiger, and The Terribly Cursed Emerald: A Whirlwind Heist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Langeskov,_The_Tiger,_and_The_Terribly_Cursed_Emerald:_A_Whirlwind_Heist"},{"link_name":"Justin Roiland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Roiland"},{"link_name":"Rick and Morty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_and_Morty"},{"link_name":"Simon Amstell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Amstell"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dtoid_release-9"},{"link_name":"itch.io","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itch.io"},{"link_name":"IndieGoGo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndieGoGo"},{"link_name":"A Maze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Maze"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Twine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twine_(software)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"HTC Vive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Vive"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Accounting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Respawn Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respawn_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"game jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_jam"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Crows Crows Crows","text":"Screenshot of gameplay from Dr. LangeskovPugh founded the independent video game studio Crows Crows Crows in October 2015.[7][8] The studio's first game was Dr. Langeskov, The Tiger, and The Terribly Cursed Emerald: A Whirlwind Heist, a free title released in December 2015. The meta-fictional game, in which the player explores and interacts with the backstage elements of a video game demonstration while waiting to play it, includes voice work from Justin Roiland, of Rick and Morty, and Simon Amstell.[9]Crows Crows Crows has released two other games using the itch.io platform. The Magpie Collection is a series of ten short games by various developers including Pugh, compiled by the studio, which were developed following an IndieGoGo to raise money to help replace equipment stolen from several developers at the 2015 A Maze event in Berlin.[10] The Temple of No, released in June 2016, is a text-based adventure game using the Twine platform.[11]Roiland announced in September 2015 that he would be working on a virtual reality game for the HTC Vive with Pugh.[12] The collaboration, called Accounting, was released as a free download on Microsoft Windows in 2016. Pugh and Roiland's collaboration began after a chance Twitter conversation in September 2015. Roiland, who was in the proximity of the offices of Respawn Entertainment in California, called out on Twitter if anyone at Respawn was a fan of Rick and Morty and could give him a tour. Pugh reached out to reply, lying about working at Respawn as he was still in the United Kingdom, and offering him a tour. Pugh sent further messages to Roiland feigning that he just missed him, but eventually fessed up. Roiland recognized Pugh's name from The Stanley Parable and was impressed by the whole \"weird switcheroonie\". 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BAFTA. 24 September 2015.\n\"William Pugh\". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. 7 February 2019.\nCox, Matt (19 October 2015). \"Stanley Parable dev teases new game, releases first screenshots\". PC Gamer.\nWalker, John (28 March 2014). \"Davey Wreden & William Pugh: Life After The Stanley Parable\". Rock, Paper, Shotgun.\nFrank, Allegra (20 June 2016). \"Crows Crows Crows' new game is the most fun 10 minutes you'll have today\". Polygon.\nPetit, Carolyn (20 August 2013). \"Breaking Out of the Routine: Player Agency in The Stanley Parable\". GameSpot. Retrieved 19 October 2013.\nYang, Robert (11 November 2011). \"Level with Me, Davey Wreden\". Rock Paper Shotgun. Retrieved 2 January 2013.","title":"Further reading"}]
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Retrieved 28 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2014/03/28/davey-wreden-william-pugh-the-stanley-parable-interview/","url_text":"\"Davey Wreden & William Pugh: Life After The Stanley Parable\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Paper_Shotgun","url_text":"Rock Paper Shotgun"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160729164039/https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2014/03/28/davey-wreden-william-pugh-the-stanley-parable-interview/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Video: How to make your game just completely hilarious\". Gamasutra. 8 June 2015. Archived from the original on 9 June 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/245473/Video_How_to_make_your_game_just_completely_hilarious.php","url_text":"\"Video: How to make your game just completely hilarious\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamasutra","url_text":"Gamasutra"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150609183252/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/245473/Video_How_to_make_your_game_just_completely_hilarious.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Peel, Jeremy (10 January 2015). \"The Big Interview: William Pugh closes the book on The Stanley Parable\". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. 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Rock, Paper, Shotgun. 7 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/topics/william-pugh","url_text":"\"William Pugh\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock,_Paper,_Shotgun","url_text":"Rock, Paper, Shotgun"}]},{"reference":"Cox, Matt (19 October 2015). \"Stanley Parable dev teases new game, releases first screenshots\". PC Gamer.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pcgamer.com/stanley-parable-dev-teases-new-game-releases-first-screenshots/","url_text":"\"Stanley Parable dev teases new game, releases first screenshots\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer","url_text":"PC Gamer"}]},{"reference":"Walker, John (28 March 2014). \"Davey Wreden & William Pugh: Life After The Stanley Parable\". Rock, Paper, Shotgun.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/davey-wreden-william-pugh-the-stanley-parable-interview","url_text":"\"Davey Wreden & William Pugh: Life After The Stanley Parable\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock,_Paper,_Shotgun","url_text":"Rock, Paper, Shotgun"}]},{"reference":"Frank, Allegra (20 June 2016). \"Crows Crows Crows' new game is the most fun 10 minutes you'll have today\". Polygon.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/2016/6/20/11982668/crows-crows-crows-the-temple-of-no-free-game","url_text":"\"Crows Crows Crows' new game is the most fun 10 minutes you'll have today\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"}]},{"reference":"Petit, Carolyn (20 August 2013). \"Breaking Out of the Routine: Player Agency in The Stanley Parable\". GameSpot. Retrieved 19 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/articles/breaking-out-of-the-routine-player-agency-in-the-stanley-parable/1100-6413312/","url_text":"\"Breaking Out of the Routine: Player Agency in The Stanley Parable\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"}]},{"reference":"Yang, Robert (11 November 2011). \"Level with Me, Davey Wreden\". Rock Paper Shotgun. Retrieved 2 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2011/11/22/level-with-me-davey-wreden/#more-83225","url_text":"\"Level with Me, Davey Wreden\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Paper_Shotgun","url_text":"Rock Paper Shotgun"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.pcgamesn.com/the-stanley-parable/the-big-interview-william-pugh-closes-the-book-on-the-stanley-parable","external_links_name":"\"The Big Interview: William Pugh closes the book on The Stanley Parable\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220812055200/https://www.pcgamesn.com/the-stanley-parable/the-big-interview-william-pugh-closes-the-book-on-the-stanley-parable","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jan/11/video-game-makers-william-pugh-stanley-parable","external_links_name":"\"William Pugh: from elaborate pranks to the award-winning Stanley Parable\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160429162749/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jan/11/video-game-makers-william-pugh-stanley-parable","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160630133513/www.mcvuk.com/news/read/a-pc-developer-s-tale-william-pugh-on-making-the-stanley-parable/0149263","external_links_name":"\"A PC developer's tale - William Pugh on making The Stanley Parable\""},{"Link":"http://www.mcvuk.com/news/read/a-pc-developer-s-tale-william-pugh-on-making-the-stanley-parable/0149263","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2014/03/28/davey-wreden-william-pugh-the-stanley-parable-interview/","external_links_name":"\"Davey Wreden & William Pugh: Life After The Stanley Parable\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160729164039/https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2014/03/28/davey-wreden-william-pugh-the-stanley-parable-interview/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/245473/Video_How_to_make_your_game_just_completely_hilarious.php","external_links_name":"\"Video: How to make your game just completely hilarious\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150609183252/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/245473/Video_How_to_make_your_game_just_completely_hilarious.php","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.pcgamesn.com/the-stanley-parable/the-big-interview-william-pugh-closes-the-book-on-the-stanley-parable","external_links_name":"\"The Big Interview: William Pugh closes the book on The Stanley Parable\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160701104149/http://www.pcgamesn.com/the-stanley-parable/the-big-interview-william-pugh-closes-the-book-on-the-stanley-parable","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.develop-online.net/news/stanley-parable-designer-opens-new-studio/0212109","external_links_name":"\"Stanley Parable designer opens new 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Morty\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151207015150/http://www.destructoid.com/the-stanley-parable-co-creator-s-new-game-is-out-today-and-has-the-voice-of-rick-and-morty-324273.phtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.pcgamer.com/the-magpie-collection-raising-funds-to-replace-stolen-equipment/","external_links_name":"\"The Magpie Collection features 10 games, helps indie devs replace stolen equipment\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160813221821/http://www.pcgamer.com/the-magpie-collection-raising-funds-to-replace-stolen-equipment/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.polygon.com/2016/6/20/11982668/crows-crows-crows-the-temple-of-no-free-game","external_links_name":"\"Crows Crows Crows' new game is the most fun 10 minutes you'll have today\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160621131352/http://www.polygon.com/2016/6/20/11982668/crows-crows-crows-the-temple-of-no-free-game","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.polygon.com/2015/9/23/9388631/rick-and-morty-justin-roiland-virtual-reality-htc-vive","external_links_name":"\"Rick and Morty creator shares first look at virtual reality game\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160624113155/http://www.polygon.com/2015/9/23/9388631/rick-and-morty-justin-roiland-virtual-reality-htc-vive","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.polygon.com/2016/9/13/12900168/squanchtendo-accounting-rick-and-morty-creator-justin-roiland-the-stanley-parable-william-pugh","external_links_name":"\"The Stanley Parable's designer lied to Rick and Morty's creator — and now they're making a game together\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160914165243/http://www.polygon.com/2016/9/13/12900168/squanchtendo-accounting-rick-and-morty-creator-justin-roiland-the-stanley-parable-william-pugh","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.polygon.com/2017/12/1/16725270/eat-game-ios-android-download-crows-crows-crows","external_links_name":"https://www.polygon.com/2017/12/1/16725270/eat-game-ios-android-download-crows-crows-crows"},{"Link":"http://www.bafta.org/initiatives/supporting-talent/breakthrough-brits/william-pugh","external_links_name":"\"William Pugh\""},{"Link":"https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/topics/william-pugh","external_links_name":"\"William Pugh\""},{"Link":"https://www.pcgamer.com/stanley-parable-dev-teases-new-game-releases-first-screenshots/","external_links_name":"\"Stanley Parable dev teases new game, releases first screenshots\""},{"Link":"https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/davey-wreden-william-pugh-the-stanley-parable-interview","external_links_name":"\"Davey Wreden & William Pugh: Life After The Stanley Parable\""},{"Link":"https://www.polygon.com/2016/6/20/11982668/crows-crows-crows-the-temple-of-no-free-game","external_links_name":"\"Crows Crows Crows' new game is the most fun 10 minutes you'll have today\""},{"Link":"http://www.gamespot.com/articles/breaking-out-of-the-routine-player-agency-in-the-stanley-parable/1100-6413312/","external_links_name":"\"Breaking Out of the Routine: Player Agency in The Stanley Parable\""},{"Link":"http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2011/11/22/level-with-me-davey-wreden/#more-83225","external_links_name":"\"Level with Me, Davey Wreden\""},{"Link":"https://crowscrowscrows.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-Purpose_Attack_Craft
|
Multipurpose Assault Craft
|
["1 Design","2 Construction","3 Operational history","3.1 2010","3.2 2013","3.3 2015","3.4 2016","3.5 2017","3.6 2018","3.7 2020","3.8 2021","3.9 2022","4 Subclasses","5 Ships in class","6 Gallery","7 See also","8 References"]
|
Fast attack assault
A PN MPAC Mk3 craft docked on shore.
Class overview
NameMPAC (Multi-Purpose Assault/Attack Craft)
Builders
Lung Teh Shipbuilding Co. Ltd.
Propmech Corp.
OperatorsPhilippine Navy
SubclassesSee Subclasses
In commission2009–present
Planned42
Building0
Completed12
Active12
General characteristics
TonnageMk 3: 19 tonnes
Length
Mk 1: 15 m
Mk 2: 17 m
Mk 3: 16.5–17 m
Beam4.76 m
Draft
Mk 1: 0.92 m
Mk 2: 0.90 m
Depth2.1 m
PropulsionWater Jet
Speed
Mk 1: 40 knots (74 km/h)
Mk 2: 45 knots (83 km/h)
Mk 3: 45–47 knots (83–87 km/h)
RangeMk 3: 350 nmi (650 km) at 30 knots (56 km/h)
Troops
Mk 1: 16
Mk 2: 16
Mk 3: 8–10
Complement
Mk 1: 5
Mk 2: 5
Mk 3: 7
Armament
Mk.1 & Mk.2:1 × Browning M2HB machine gun, 2 × 7.62 mm Machine Guns
Mk.3:1 x Spike MLS ER Launcher,1 × Mini-Typhoon Weapon Station,2 x 7.62 mm Machine Guns
An MPAC Mk 2 making a beach landing on Panguan Island, Tawi-Tawi
The Multi-Purpose Assault Craft (MPAC) is a type of fast attack assault craft developed for the Philippine Navy. Originally designed to transport troops at a high speed and then land them on the beach, they have since expanded their roles to include interdiction, surface warfare, and search and rescue.
A total of 42 boats are planned to be built by the Navy of which 12 have been completed as of September 2019. The Mk 3 version of the MPAC are the first boats in the history of the Philippine Navy to be officially armed with missiles.
Design
The MPAC's hull is made out of aluminum alloy and is powered by water jet engines. It has a range of 560 kilometres (350 mi), a maximum speed of 40–47 knots, and carries a crew of 5–7 plus 8–16 fully equipped soldiers.
The Mk 1 and Mk 2 can deploy an assault ramp at their bow while in later versions this feature was removed.
Construction
In 2009, the Philippine Navy ordered the first batch of three ships from Taiwanese company Lung Teh Shipbuilding Co. Ltd. These first three ships were commissioned into service during the Philippine Navy's 111th Anniversary on May 22, 2009. These boats are designated the Mk 1 version.
In 2011, an additional three MPACs were built that were slightly bigger than the previous three ships. These ships this time were built by the Filipino company Propmech Corp. Designated as Mk 2. The first of these second batch of MPACs was commissioned into service during the Philippine Navy's 114th Anniversary on May 22, 2012. The next two ships were commissioned on August 6, 2012.
In 2016, Propmech was again contracted to build another three ships for US$1.86 million (PHP 90 million) each and delivery was set for April 2017. The ships, designated as Mk 3 versions, arrived without their armaments and were commissioned into service on May 22, 2017 as part of the Philippine Navy's Third Boat Attack Division of the Philippine Fleet's Littoral Combat Force. The armaments for the Mk 3 were initially set to be delivered by December 2017, but were only actually delivered in May 2018.
In September 2017, the Department of National Defense (DND) released a tender to procure an additional three MPAC vessels based on the Mk 3 platform which will be fourth batch. The budget is set at US$1.77 million (PHP 90 million) each for the hulls only, but these will be armed similarly as the Mk 3 version.
In May 2018, the DND revealed that they are studying a plan to arm the Mk 1 and Mk 2 versions of the MPAC with the same Spike ER missiles that are used on the Mk 3 version. However this plan was changed by February 2020 as the Philippine Navy announced that the Mk 1 and Mk 2 versions will instead be armed only with the Mini Typhoon remote weapon station. At the 2018 Kaohsiung International Maritime and Defence exhibition, it was revealed that the 4th batch would be the same design as the prior Mk. III version of the third batch.
The bidding for these boats underwent Post-Qualification (PQ) in July 2018 while construction started in November 2018. These were then delivered in August 2019 and commissioned into service the following month in September 2019.
This fourth batch has also been designated as part of the Mk 3 version and are scheduled to be armed with Spike-ER missiles by the last quarter of 2020.
Operational history
2010
In May 2010, the MPACs first saw combat when they were used to extract Precinct Count Optical Scan (PCOS) machines in Basilan under heavy mortar fire from rogue Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) rebels attempting to sabotage the election.
2013
In September 2013, the MPACs led the search and rescue operations for the passengers of the ill-fated MV St. Thomas Aquinas owned by the 2GO Shipping Company. It collided with M/V Sulpicio Express Siete in Cebu resulting in more than 100 casualties.
In the same month of September 2013 during the Zamboanga City Crisis, four MPACs were among those used to patrol the coastal villages of Zamboanga City and prevent the sympathizers of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) in Basilan and Sulu from reinforcing their troops in Zamboanga.
2015
In September 2015, an MPAC participated in the 2015 PAGSISIKAP Fleet-Marine Amphibious Exercise in Ternate, Cavite by landing Philippine Marine Corps personnel into the beach.
2016
In March 2016, two MPACs of the Naval Forces Western Mindanao (NAVFORWESM) were used to intercept the M/L Fatima Radz-Auna off the coast of Arena Blanco, Zamboanga. The Radz-Auna was found with 1,500 5 kg sacks of smuggled Sugar with an estimated worth of PHP 3.15 million, and was immediately escorted to the Zamboanga Port and turned over to the Bureau of Customs.
2017
In December 2017, an MPAC Mk 2 (BA-485) was revealed to be assigned to guard the island province of Tawi-Tawi which lies near the Philippines' maritime border with Malaysia.
2018
In February 2018, two MPAC Mk 3 boats formed part of the 3rd Boat Attack Division under the operational control of the Joint Task Force - Malampaya of the Palawan-based Western Command (WesCom) where they will conduct patrol and rescue operations in the waters off Palawan, particularly around the Malampaya gas field area.
In April 2018, the MPAC Mk 2 (BA-485) participated in the interception of the Mongolian registered M/V Diamond 8 vessel near the Olutanga Island in the province of Zamboanga Sibugay which was later found to be attempting to smuggle Php 67 million worth of rice. The sailors of BA-485 were later given the Bronze Cross Medal for this accomplishment in May 2018.
In July 2018, the MPAC Mk 1 (BA-482) participated in the second leg of the 4th Combined Maritime Security Activity (MSA) with the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) in the waters around Tawi-Tawi along with the BRP Anastacio Cacayorin (PG-387) and BRP Felix Apolinario (PG-395) Patrol Crafts. The RAN sent the patrol vessels HMAS Ararat and Wollongong for the activity which consisted of meeting procedures, maritime patrols and ship drills.
In December 2018, an MPAC Mk 1 (BA-484) together with the BRP Waray (LC-288), BRP Agta (LC-290), BRP Juan Magluyan (PC-392), Philippine Marine Corps and Naval Special Operations Group units conducted an Amphibious Operation on Minis Island, Patikul, Sulu that resulted in the neutralization of seven Abu Sayyaf bandits, apprehension of 10 individuals and the recovery of several firearms and other war materials. The crew of BA-484 were later given the Military Merit Medal (Philippines) with Spearhead Device for their participation in the operation.
An MPAC Mk 3 intercepts a twin-engine speed boat used by Abu Sayyaf resulting in the death of 7 militants near Parang, Sulu. Photo taken from AgustaWestland AW109 helicopter of Philippine Air Force on November 3, 2020
2020
In April 2020, MPAC Mk 3 (BA-493) delivered relief goods for Patients Under Investigation (PUI) and Persons Under Monitoring (PUM) for the coronavirus pandemic in the remote Towns of Mapun and Turtle Islands in Tawi-Tawi.
In September 2020, MPAC Mk 3 (BA-492) spotted and rescued 4 Fishermen who were standing over their capsized Boat, the M/B Elsa 3 off the Coast of Zamboanga City.
On November 3, 2020, two MPAC Mk 3 (BA-491) and (BA-493) were involved in a high speed intercept of a boat carrying seven Abu Sayyaf terrorists off the coast of Parang, Sulu. The operation led to the killing of all seven terrorists. An AgustaWestland AW109 Light Attack Helicopter of the Philippine Air Force provided air support during the operation.
2021
In February 2021, the MPAC Mk 3 (BA-494) intercepted and caught the F/B Princess Arlyn off the coast of Sulu which was carrying 360 Cases of smuggled imported cigarettes worth Php 17.3 million on its way to Cotabato City from Indonesia.
In July 2021, the MPAC Mk 2 (BA-485) rescued 17 People from the Jungkung-type Boat named Friendly off the Coast of Patikul and Luuk in Sulu after it capsized due to big Waves and strong Winds from the bad Weather in the area.
In November 2021, MPAC Mk 2 (BA-485) with Government Troops onboard intercepted the M/B Francis Kane which was found with 203 cases of Cigarettes smuggled from Indonesia worth Php 7.4 million off the Coast of Kalingalan Caluang in Sulu.
2022
In early June 2022, the MPAC Mk 3 with Hull Numbers BA-492, BA-493 and BA-494 which comprises the 4th Boat Attack Division of the Littoral Combat Force (LCF) of the Philippine Navy arrived in its new Area of Assignment in Davao City as part of the Naval Forces Eastern Command (NFEM).
Subclasses
Mk 1:Original production version with total of three built by Lung Teh Shipbuiling Co.
Mk 2:Second production version built by Propmech Corp. This version is 2 meters longer than the Mk 1 and can be differentiated by the shape of its pilot house and the positions of the machine guns.
Mk 3:Removal of assault ramp, able to operate up to Sea State 5 and armed with Spike-ER missiles, a 12.7 mm machine gun on a Mini-Typhoon Weapon Station and two 7.62 mm machine guns. The Spike missiles and Mini-Typhoon RWS first became operational with the Mk 3 in August 2018.
Mk 4:Similar to Mk 3.
Ships in class
Hull number
Commissioned
Decommissioned
Status
Mk 1
BA-482
22 May 2009
Active
BA-483
22 May 2009
Active
BA-484
22 May 2009
Active
Mk 2
BA-485
22 May 2012
Active
BA-486
6 Aug 2012
Active
BA-487
6 Aug 2012
Active
Mk 3
BA-488
22 May 2017
Active
BA-489
22 May 2017
Active
BA-491
22 May 2017
Active
BA-492
23 Sep 2019
Active
BA-493
23 Sep 2019
Active
BA-494
23 Sep 2019
Active
Gallery
An MPAC Mk 1 designed to deploy up to 16 troops
An MPAC Mk 3 docked at the Naval Station Jose Andrada in Manila
The Bridge and Spike MLS ER Missile Launcher of an MPAC Mk3
An MPAC Mk 3 maneuvering from the Pier
A quick walkthrough of an MPAC Mk 3 docked at the Naval Station Jose Andrada in Manila
See also
CB90, Swedish combat boat
KMC Komando, Indonesian combat boat
Raptor-class patrol boat, Russian combat boat
References
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^ Acosta, Rene (January 23, 2021). "'Catch the wind'". Business Mirror. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
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^ a b "Janes | Latest defence and security news". Archived from the original on 2018-08-11.
^ "15M Multi-Purpose Attack Craft". Archived from the original on 2019-11-02. Retrieved 2021-02-18.
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^ "FEATURE | Philippine Navy enters the missile age". 15 August 2018. Archived from the original on 2020-08-05.
^ "Teodoro tells Philippine Navy on its 111th anniversary: "Exceed your achievements"". Archive.org. 22 May 2009. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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^ "PH's new patrol boats". Archive.org. 6 August 2012. Archived from the original on 9 August 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ a b "Invitation to Bid for MPAC Mk3" (PDF). Archive.org. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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^ "Navy to have missile system by Christmas". ptvnews.ph. Retrieved 2017-11-20.
^ "Philippines to procure additional MPACs from local industry". Archive.org. 15 Sep 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-09-15. Retrieved 15 Sep 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "DND Studying Possibility of Arming Navy Craft with Spike-ER Missiles"
^ a b "3 more PN assault craft fitted with Spike-ER missiles this year". Archived from the original on 2020-02-23.
^ "Janes | Latest defence and security news". Archived from the original on 2019-04-15.
^ "Proponent for Batch 4 assault crafts now in post-qualification phase". Archived from the original on 2019-01-12.
^ "PH Navy to get 3 more multi-purpose attack craft this year". Archived from the original on 2019-05-25.
^ "PH Navy activates 4 more AAVs, 3 MPACs". Archived from the original on 2019-09-23.
^ ""Navy blesses brand-new Fast Attack Craft, Amphibious Vehicles"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-10-09. Retrieved 2020-03-08.
^ a b "Philippine Defense News: Philippine Navy's Multi-Purpose Attack Craft or MPAC Led the Rescue Efforts in Cebu". Archive.org. 4 March 2016. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "7 ships, elite teams form Zambo naval blockade". Rappler. 3 May 2015. Archived from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "Navy Kicks Off 5-Day Drill in Ternate, Cavite". Philippine Daily Inquirer. 22 January 2016. Archived from the original on 22 January 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "Military Intercepts Smuggled Sugar Shipment Off Zamboanga". The Philippine Star. 19 August 2016. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2017.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "I-Witness: 'Ang Huling Isla,' Dokumentaryo ni Howie Severino (Full Episode)"
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^ "News". Archived from the original on 2018-07-31.
^ "Navy fetes Western Mindanao personnel for gallantry, performance". Archived from the original on 2019-01-30.
^ "Navy assists in Relief Good deliver in Tawi-Tawi"
^ "Navy rescues 4 fishermen off Zamboanga City". Archived from the original on 2020-11-01.
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^ "P17.3-M Cigarettes seized in Sulu"
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^ https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1127473
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Multi-Purpose Attack Craft (MPAC).
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philippine_Navy_MPAC_Mk2_Panguan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Panguan Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panguan_Island"},{"link_name":"Tawi-Tawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawi-Tawi"},{"link_name":"Philippine Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Navy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spike_Missile_Acceptance-4"}],"text":"An MPAC Mk 2 making a beach landing on Panguan Island, Tawi-TawiThe Multi-Purpose Assault Craft (MPAC) is a type of fast attack assault craft developed for the Philippine Navy. Originally designed to transport troops at a high speed and then land them on the beach, they have since expanded their roles to include interdiction, surface warfare, and search and rescue.A total of 42 boats are planned to be built by the Navy[3] of which 12 have been completed as of September 2019. The Mk 3 version of the MPAC are the first boats in the history of the Philippine Navy to be officially armed with missiles.[4]","title":"Multipurpose Assault Craft"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"water jet engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump_jet"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The MPAC's hull is made out of aluminum alloy[5] and is powered by water jet engines. It has a range of 560 kilometres (350 mi), a maximum speed of 40–47 knots, and carries a crew of 5–7 plus 8–16 fully equipped soldiers.[6]The Mk 1 and Mk 2 can deploy an assault ramp at their bow while in later versions this feature was removed.[7]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lung Teh Shipbuilding Co. Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungteh_Shipbuilding"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Propmech Corp.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Propmech_Corp.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPAC_Mk3_ITB-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INQMPAC-1"},{"link_name":"Department of National Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_National_Defense_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Spike ER missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_ER_missile"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Mini Typhoon remote weapon station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_Typhoon_remote_weapon_station"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPAC_Uparming-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KM-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPACY-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPAC_Uparming-16"}],"text":"In 2009, the Philippine Navy ordered the first batch of three ships from Taiwanese company Lung Teh Shipbuilding Co. Ltd. These first three ships were commissioned into service during the Philippine Navy's 111th Anniversary on May 22, 2009. These boats are designated the Mk 1 version.[8]In 2011, an additional three MPACs were built that were slightly bigger than the previous three ships. These ships this time were built by the Filipino company Propmech Corp. Designated as Mk 2. The first of these second batch of MPACs was commissioned into service during the Philippine Navy's 114th Anniversary on May 22, 2012.[9] The next two ships were commissioned on August 6, 2012.[10]In 2016, Propmech was again contracted to build another three ships for US$1.86 million (PHP 90 million) each and delivery was set for April 2017.[11] The ships, designated as Mk 3 versions, arrived without their armaments and were commissioned into service on May 22, 2017 as part of the Philippine Navy's Third Boat Attack Division of the Philippine Fleet's Littoral Combat Force.[12] The armaments for the Mk 3 were initially set to be delivered by December 2017,[13] but were only actually delivered in May 2018.[1]In September 2017, the Department of National Defense (DND) released a tender to procure an additional three MPAC vessels based on the Mk 3 platform which will be fourth batch. The budget is set at US$1.77 million (PHP 90 million) each for the hulls only,[14] but these will be armed similarly as the Mk 3 version.In May 2018, the DND revealed that they are studying a plan to arm the Mk 1 and Mk 2 versions of the MPAC with the same Spike ER missiles that are used on the Mk 3 version.[15] However this plan was changed by February 2020 as the Philippine Navy announced that the Mk 1 and Mk 2 versions will instead be armed only with the Mini Typhoon remote weapon station.[16] At the 2018 Kaohsiung International Maritime and Defence exhibition, it was revealed that the 4th batch would be the same design as the prior Mk. III version of the third batch.[17]The bidding for these boats underwent Post-Qualification (PQ) in July 2018[18] while construction started in November 2018.[19] These were then delivered in August 2019 and commissioned into service the following month in September 2019.[20]This fourth batch has also been designated as part of the Mk 3 version[21] and are scheduled to be armed with Spike-ER missiles by the last quarter of 2020.[16]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basilan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilan"},{"link_name":"Moro Islamic Liberation Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPAC_in_Cebu-22"}],"sub_title":"2010","text":"In May 2010, the MPACs first saw combat when they were used to extract Precinct Count Optical Scan (PCOS) machines in Basilan under heavy mortar fire from rogue Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) rebels attempting to sabotage the election.[22]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MV St. Thomas Aquinas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_St._Thomas_Aquinas"},{"link_name":"2GO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2GO"},{"link_name":"Cebu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebu"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPAC_in_Cebu-22"},{"link_name":"Zamboanga City Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboanga_City_crisis"},{"link_name":"Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front"},{"link_name":"Sulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulu"},{"link_name":"Zamboanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboanga_City"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"2013","text":"In September 2013, the MPACs led the search and rescue operations for the passengers of the ill-fated MV St. Thomas Aquinas owned by the 2GO Shipping Company. It collided with M/V Sulpicio Express Siete in Cebu resulting in more than 100 casualties.[22]In the same month of September 2013 during the Zamboanga City Crisis, four MPACs were among those used to patrol the coastal villages of Zamboanga City and prevent the sympathizers of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) in Basilan and Sulu from reinforcing their troops in Zamboanga.[23]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ternate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternate"},{"link_name":"Cavite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavite"},{"link_name":"Philippine Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"2015","text":"In September 2015, an MPAC participated in the 2015 PAGSISIKAP Fleet-Marine Amphibious Exercise in Ternate, Cavite by landing Philippine Marine Corps personnel into the beach.[24]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bureau of Customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Customs"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"2016","text":"In March 2016, two MPACs of the Naval Forces Western Mindanao (NAVFORWESM) were used to intercept the M/L Fatima Radz-Auna off the coast of Arena Blanco, Zamboanga. The Radz-Auna was found with 1,500 5 kg sacks of smuggled Sugar with an estimated worth of PHP 3.15 million, and was immediately escorted to the Zamboanga Port and turned over to the Bureau of Customs.[25]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"2017","text":"In December 2017, an MPAC Mk 2 (BA-485) was revealed to be assigned to guard the island province of Tawi-Tawi which lies near the Philippines' maritime border with Malaysia.[26]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Olutanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olutanga"},{"link_name":"Zamboanga Sibugay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamboanga_Sibugay"},{"link_name":"Bronze Cross Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Cross_Medal"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Royal Australian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Tawi-Tawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawi-Tawi"},{"link_name":"BRP Anastacio Cacayorin (PG-387)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRP_Anastacio_Cacayorin_(PG-387)"},{"link_name":"BRP Felix Apolinario (PG-395)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRP_Felix_Apolinario_(PG-395)"},{"link_name":"Patrol Crafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrol_Craft"},{"link_name":"HMAS Ararat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Ararat"},{"link_name":"Wollongong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_Wollongong"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"BRP Waray (LC-288)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRP_Waray_(LC-288)"},{"link_name":"BRP Agta (LC-290)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRP_Agta_(LC-290)"},{"link_name":"BRP Juan Magluyan (PC-392)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRP_Juan_Magluyan_(PC-392)"},{"link_name":"Philippine Marine Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Marine_Corps"},{"link_name":"Naval Special Operations Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Special_Operations_Command"},{"link_name":"Patikul, Sulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patikul,_Sulu"},{"link_name":"Abu Sayyaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf"},{"link_name":"Military Merit Medal (Philippines)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Merit_Medal_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abu_Sayyaf_kidnap_plot_failure_(November_3,_2020).jpg"},{"link_name":"Abu Sayyaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf"},{"link_name":"Parang, Sulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parang,_Sulu"},{"link_name":"AgustaWestland AW109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW109"},{"link_name":"Philippine Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Air_Force"}],"sub_title":"2018","text":"In February 2018, two MPAC Mk 3 boats formed part of the 3rd Boat Attack Division under the operational control of the Joint Task Force - Malampaya of the Palawan-based Western Command (WesCom) where they will conduct patrol and rescue operations in the waters off Palawan, particularly around the Malampaya gas field area.[27]In April 2018, the MPAC Mk 2 (BA-485) participated in the interception of the Mongolian registered M/V Diamond 8 vessel near the Olutanga Island in the province of Zamboanga Sibugay which was later found to be attempting to smuggle Php 67 million worth of rice. The sailors of BA-485 were later given the Bronze Cross Medal for this accomplishment in May 2018.[28]In July 2018, the MPAC Mk 1 (BA-482) participated in the second leg of the 4th Combined Maritime Security Activity (MSA) with the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) in the waters around Tawi-Tawi along with the BRP Anastacio Cacayorin (PG-387) and BRP Felix Apolinario (PG-395) Patrol Crafts. The RAN sent the patrol vessels HMAS Ararat and Wollongong for the activity which consisted of meeting procedures, maritime patrols and ship drills.[29]In December 2018, an MPAC Mk 1 (BA-484) together with the BRP Waray (LC-288), BRP Agta (LC-290), BRP Juan Magluyan (PC-392), Philippine Marine Corps and Naval Special Operations Group units conducted an Amphibious Operation on Minis Island, Patikul, Sulu that resulted in the neutralization of seven Abu Sayyaf bandits, apprehension of 10 individuals and the recovery of several firearms and other war materials. The crew of BA-484 were later given the Military Merit Medal (Philippines) with Spearhead Device for their participation in the operation.[30]An MPAC Mk 3 intercepts a twin-engine speed boat used by Abu Sayyaf resulting in the death of 7 militants near Parang, Sulu. Photo taken from AgustaWestland AW109 helicopter of Philippine Air Force on November 3, 2020","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patients Under Investigation (PUI)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_Under_Investigation"},{"link_name":"coronavirus pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019"},{"link_name":"Mapun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapun"},{"link_name":"Turtle Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_Islands,_Tawi-Tawi"},{"link_name":"Tawi-Tawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawi-Tawi"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Abu Sayyaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf"},{"link_name":"Parang, Sulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parang,_Sulu"},{"link_name":"AgustaWestland AW109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW109"},{"link_name":"Philippine Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"2020","text":"In April 2020, MPAC Mk 3 (BA-493) delivered relief goods for Patients Under Investigation (PUI) and Persons Under Monitoring (PUM) for the coronavirus pandemic in the remote Towns of Mapun and Turtle Islands in Tawi-Tawi.[31]In September 2020, MPAC Mk 3 (BA-492) spotted and rescued 4 Fishermen who were standing over their capsized Boat, the M/B Elsa 3 off the Coast of Zamboanga City.[32]On November 3, 2020, two MPAC Mk 3 (BA-491) and (BA-493) were involved in a high speed intercept of a boat carrying seven Abu Sayyaf terrorists off the coast of Parang, Sulu. The operation led to the killing of all seven terrorists. An AgustaWestland AW109 Light Attack Helicopter of the Philippine Air Force provided air support during the operation.[33][34]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cotabato City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotabato_City"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Jungkung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungkung"},{"link_name":"Patikul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patikul"},{"link_name":"Luuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luuk,_Sulu"},{"link_name":"Sulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulu"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Kalingalan Caluang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalingalan_Caluang"},{"link_name":"Sulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulu"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"2021","text":"In February 2021, the MPAC Mk 3 (BA-494) intercepted and caught the F/B Princess Arlyn off the coast of Sulu which was carrying 360 Cases of smuggled imported cigarettes worth Php 17.3 million on its way to Cotabato City from Indonesia.[35]In July 2021, the MPAC Mk 2 (BA-485) rescued 17 People from the Jungkung-type Boat named Friendly off the Coast of Patikul and Luuk in Sulu after it capsized due to big Waves and strong Winds from the bad Weather in the area.[36]In November 2021, MPAC Mk 2 (BA-485) with Government Troops onboard intercepted the M/B Francis Kane which was found with 203 cases of Cigarettes smuggled from Indonesia worth Php 7.4 million off the Coast of Kalingalan Caluang in Sulu.[37]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Davao City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davao_City"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"2022","text":"In early June 2022, the MPAC Mk 3 with Hull Numbers BA-492, BA-493 and BA-494 which comprises the 4th Boat Attack Division of the Littoral Combat Force (LCF) of the Philippine Navy arrived in its new Area of Assignment in Davao City as part of the Naval Forces Eastern Command (NFEM).[38]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPACMk1-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPACMk2-40"},{"link_name":"Sea State 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_State"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPAC_Mk3_ITB-11"},{"link_name":"Spike-ER missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_(missile)"},{"link_name":"Mini-Typhoon Weapon Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Weapon_Station"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spike_Missile_Acceptance-4"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"Mk 1:Original production version with total of three built by Lung Teh Shipbuiling Co.[39]Mk 2:Second production version built by Propmech Corp. This version is 2 meters longer than the Mk 1 and can be differentiated by the shape of its pilot house and the positions of the machine guns.[40]Mk 3:Removal of assault ramp, able to operate up to Sea State 5[11] and armed with Spike-ER missiles, a 12.7 mm machine gun on a Mini-Typhoon Weapon Station[41] and two 7.62 mm machine guns.[42] The Spike missiles and Mini-Typhoon RWS first became operational with the Mk 3 in August 2018.[4]Mk 4:Similar to Mk 3.[43]","title":"Subclasses"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ships in class"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Philippine_Navy_Multi-Purpose_Attack_Craft.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MPAC_Mk_3_(BA-488)_-_Oblique_Front_View.jpg"},{"link_name":"Naval Station Jose Andrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval_Station_Jose_Andrada&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MPAC_Mk3_-_Bridge_and_Spike_MLS_ER.jpg"},{"link_name":"Naval Station Jose Andrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naval_Station_Jose_Andrada&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"An MPAC Mk 1 designed to deploy up to 16 troops\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn MPAC Mk 3 docked at the Naval Station Jose Andrada in Manila\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Bridge and Spike MLS ER Missile Launcher of an MPAC Mk3\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn MPAC Mk 3 maneuvering from the Pier\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA quick walkthrough of an MPAC Mk 3 docked at the Naval Station Jose Andrada in Manila","title":"Gallery"}]
|
[{"image_text":"An MPAC Mk 2 making a beach landing on Panguan Island, Tawi-Tawi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Philippine_Navy_MPAC_Mk2_Panguan.jpg/220px-Philippine_Navy_MPAC_Mk2_Panguan.jpg"},{"image_text":"An MPAC Mk 3 intercepts a twin-engine speed boat used by Abu Sayyaf resulting in the death of 7 militants near Parang, Sulu. Photo taken from AgustaWestland AW109 helicopter of Philippine Air Force on November 3, 2020","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Abu_Sayyaf_kidnap_plot_failure_%28November_3%2C_2020%29.jpg/220px-Abu_Sayyaf_kidnap_plot_failure_%28November_3%2C_2020%29.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"CB90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CB90"},{"title":"KMC Komando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMC_Komando"},{"title":"Raptor-class patrol boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raptor-class_patrol_boat"}]
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[{"reference":"\"PH Navy gets first ever missile system\". 2 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/987087/navy-missile-system-defense-dnd-launcher-weapon-system-israel","url_text":"\"PH Navy gets first ever missile system\""}]},{"reference":"Acosta, Rene (January 23, 2021). \"'Catch the wind'\". Business Mirror. Retrieved January 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://businessmirror.com.ph/2021/01/23/catch-the-wind/","url_text":"\"'Catch the wind'\""}]},{"reference":"\"PH Navy needs 42 multi-purpose assault craft: Empedrad\". Archived from the original on 2020-02-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200207133049/https://www.pna.gov.ph/index.php/articles/1054596","url_text":"\"PH Navy needs 42 multi-purpose assault craft: Empedrad\""},{"url":"https://www.pna.gov.ph/index.php/articles/1054596","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Janes | Latest defence and security news\". 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Champa
|
Timeline of Champa
|
["1 Neolithic","2 Chinese rule","3 From 3rd to 15th centuries","3.1 3rd century","3.2 4th century","3.3 5th century","3.4 6th century","3.5 7th century","3.6 8th century","3.7 9th century","3.8 10th century","3.9 11th century","3.10 12th century","3.11 13th century","3.12 14th century","3.13 15th century","4 Panduranga–Trấn Thuận Thành","4.1 16th century","4.2 17th century","4.3 18th century","4.4 19th century","5 References","6 Bibliography"]
|
This is a timeline of the history of the Kingdom of Champa and its people–the Cham–an Austronesian-speaking ethnic group in Southeast Asia.
Neolithic
Year
Date
Event
1000 BC
Austronesian Chamic people migrated to Hue, Central Vietnam coast and forged a metal-age culture in Sa Huỳnh.
Chinese rule
Year
Date
Event
111 BC
Han conquest of Nanyue
AD 100
People of Xianglin county revolted against the Chinese Han dynasty and destroyed Han administration buildings.
136
Xianglin inhabitants revolted against the Han dynasty.
144
Xianglin revolt spread to the Red River Delta and was suppressed.
192
Cham leader Khu Liên led a successful revolt against the Chinese Han dynasty. Khu Liên found the kingdom of Lâm Ấp, allegedly the first Cham state.
From 3rd to 15th centuries
3rd century
Year
Date
Event
220
Phạm Hùng became King of Lâm Ấp.
248
Lâm Ấp attacked Jiaozhou and provoked a rebellion in Jiuzhen.
270
Phạm Hùng raided Jiaozhou with aid from king of Funan Fan Hsün.
284
Phạm Dật became king of Lâm Ấp and sent the first mission to Imperial China.
286
Kingdom of Quduqian sent an envoy to the Jin dynasty
4th century
Year
Date
Event
336
The chief minister of Phạm Dật, Phạm Văn (Fan Wen) became king. Phạm Văn was a Chinese man who was being sold as a slave to Champa when he was a child.
340
Phạm Văn pacified barbarian tribes and sent a mission to Imperial China.
347
Phạm Văn seized part of Rinan south of the Hoành Sơn mountain.
349
Phạm Phật (Fan Fo) succeeds his father Phạm Văn, who died in early that year.
351–359
Phạm Phật launched several incursions on the Chinese province of Jiaozhou.
372
Phạm Phật sent mission to China.
380
Phạm Phật was succeeded by his son Phạm Hồ Đạt (Fan Huda), who was supposedly Bhadravarman I.
399
Fan Huda launched an invasion of Rinan, but was driven back by the Chinese governor Du Yian.
5th century
Year
Date
Event
405
Cham raided Rinan.
413
Fan Huda launched another invasion on Rinan, but was defeated and beheaded by Du Xuedu.
413
Gangaraja pilgrimed to the Ganges River, India.
420
The new king of Lâm Ấp, Phạm Dương Mại I attacked the Jin dynasty, but suffered a defeat. Half of Lâm Ấp's population was massacred.
431
Phạm Dương Mại II attacked Jiaozhou but was driven back.
432
Phạm Dương Mại II requested the Liu Song court for the chairman of the Prefect of Jiao.
446
May
Liu Song dynasty invaded Lâm Ấp, besieged the Cham capital of Kandarapura, sacked the city, killed the Cham king, and looted 100,000 pounds of gold.
456
Son of Phạm Dương Mại II, Fan Chen-ch'eng, sent embassy to China.
late 5th century
Lâm Ấp's economy flourished.
~ 480
The throne of Lam Ap was usurped by a man named Fan Dānggēnchún/Jiū Chóuluó with help of rebels. Fan Dānggēnchún received support from the Chinese.
484
King of Funan Jayavarman Kaundinya requested the Chinese Qi empire to launch a punitive expedition against Linyi.
6th century
Year
Date
Event
529
Bicuibamo died. A descendant of Gangaraja named Rudravarman became king.
530
Rudravarman sent mission to the Liang dynasty.
541
Rudravarman attacked the Jiǔdé/Cửu Đức province (today Hà Tĩnh).
544
Pham Tu, a general of Ly Bon, defeated Rudravarman.
572
Rudravarman died. Sambhuvarman became king of Lâm Ấp.
595
Sambhuvarman sent an embassy to the emperor of new unified Sui China.
7th century
Year
Date
Event
600
Sambhuvarman constructed the Bhadresvara temple of Mỹ Sơn and a new sanctuary called Sambhubhadresvara.
605
Sino–Cham war: Chinese general Liu Fang invaded Lâm Ấp and overcame Sambhuvarman's army; Cham capital Simhapura was sacked; Lâm Ấp was briefly occupied into three Chinese counties; Liu Fang died of disease during withdraw.
623
Sambhuvarman reasserted Cham independence and sent a mission to the new Tang Empire.
629
Sambhuvarman died and was succeeded by his son Kandarpadharma. Since then, Chams have used Champa to refer to their state.
631
Kandarpadharma sent missions to the Tang.
640
Prabhasadharma became king of Champa and sent mission to the Tang.
645
Prabhasadharma was assassinated by his minister.
646
Prince Bhadreśvaravarman fled to Cambodia while the throne was occupied by a minister.
650
A sister of Prabhasadharma, princess (Daughter of Kandarpadharma) became ruler of Champa.
653
Prakasadharma, a son of a Cham prince named Jagaddharma (grandson of Kandarpadharma) and Khmer princess Sarväni (daughter of Isanavarman I of Chenla), ascended the throne of Champa as Vikrantavarman I.
658–669
Cham territories expanded to the south.
667
Cham envoy to Cambodia.
686
Vikrantavarman II became king of Champa.
8th century
Year
Date
Event
722
Champa and Chenla assisted Mai Thúc Loan's rebellion against the Tang Empire.
740
The Simhapura dynasty interrupted and vanished with no available explanation.
749
The last Lâm Ấp envoy to the Tang Empire.
757
Prithindravarman became king of Champa.
770
Satyavarman became king of Champa.
774
Javanese raiders pillaged and destroyed the Po Nagar temple in Nha Trang.
784
Satyavarman restored and rebuilt the temple.
787
Satyavarman's younger brother, Indravarman, became king of Champa. Javanese raiders destroyed Bhadrädhipatisvara Temple in Phan Rang.
793
Indravarman sent a mission to China.
799
Indravarman driven off the Javanese and restored the temple of Bhadrädhipatisvara.
9th century
Year
Date
Event
802
Harivarman I became king of Champa.
803
Harivarman I attacked the Chinese protectorate of Annan.
804
The Senäpati Par launched incursion on Khmer Empire.
818
Vikrantavarman III succeeded Harivarman I.
875
Indravarman II became the king of kings and relocated the capital to Indrapura. Mahayana Buddhism was evaluated as the state religion; Indravarman built the great Buddhist complex of Lakshmindralokesvara in Đồng Dương.
889
Khmer ruler Yasovarman I led an invasion of Champa, but was repelled by Indravarman II.
890
Indravarman II died and was succeeded by his nephew Jaya Simhavarman I.
10th century
Year
Date
Event
904
Saktivarman, son of Simhavarman, became king of Champa.
905
Prince Bhadravarman II became king of Champa.
918
Bhadravarman's son Indravarman III became king of Champa.
950
Khmer–Cham wars: Indravarman III defeated a Khmer invasion of Nha Trang.
958
Indravarman III's envoy Abu'l Hassan brought petrol bombs from Champa to the Chinese Later Zhou court as tribute.
960
Jaya Indravarman I became king of Champa.
965
Jaya Indravarman I restored the temple of Po Nagar which previously plundered by the Khmer.
967
Ngô Nhật Khánh, a Vietnamese prince and grandson of Ngô Quyền, fled to Champa.
971
An Arab named Ali Nur became the deputy king of Champa.
972
Paramesvaravarman I became king of Champa and kept a close relationship with the Song dynasty
979
Paramesvaravarman I and Ngô Nhật Khánh led a fleet to attack Dai Viet after its king Dinh Bo Linh was assassinated. The invasion however was stopped by a typhoon; Ngô Nhật Khánh was drowned and abandoned.
980
The new Viet ruler, Le Hoan, sent embassy to Champa to establish relationship. However, Paramesvaravarman arrested the envoys.
982
Cham–Vietnamese War (982): Le Hoan launched a naval invasion that killed Paramesvaravarman and destroyed much of the capital Indrapura then withdrew.
983
A Viet official in the Cham government name Lưu Kế Tông seized the power in Indrapura and successfully resisted Le Hoan's attempt to remove him.
986
Indravarman IV died. Lưu Kế Tông proclaimed as king of Champa and sent a mission to China to seek international recognition. Thousands of Cham and Muslims fled the country.
988
The Cham populace protested against Lưu Kế Tông by enthroning a Cham native in Vijaya.
989
Lưu Kế Tông died and the Cham leader in Vijaya was known as Harivarman II, the seventh dynasty of Champa began.
999
Harivarman II's reign ended.
11th century
Year
Date
Event
1007
Harivarman III became king of Champa
1008
Civil war broke out in Champa, Harivarman III defeated the rebels.
1018
An unknown king ruling the kingdom
1020
Cham army clashed with Vietnamese prince Lý Phật Mã in modern-day northern Quảng Bình Province.
1030
Vikrantavarman IV allegedly became king of Champa
1041
Vikrantavarman IV's son Simhavarman II was enthroned.
1042
Simhavarman II sent a mission to China to request investiture.
1043
Simhavarman II raided the coast of Dai Viet.
1044
Lý Thái Tông led a sea attack on the Cham city of Kandarapura. Simhavarman II resisted the invaders but was slain. The Vietnamese then plundered the Cham capital Vijaya and took away the royal family and national treasures.
1050
The new Cham king Jaya Paramesvaravarman I sent his nephew Mahäsenäpati to suppress a revolt in Pänduranga. To satisfy the southern populace, Paramesvaravarman restored the Po Nagar temple and provided them slaves from Cambodia, China, Burma, and Siam.
1060
Bhadravarman III became king of Champa.
1061
Rudravarman III became king of Champa.
1062
Rudravarman III sent a mission to the Song court.
1068
Rudravarman III sent a mission led by Abu Mahmud to the Song court; Rudravarman III attacked Dai Viet; Lý Thánh Tông responded by launching a new seaborne campaign on Champa.
1069
Spring
Vietnamese raiders led by Lý Thánh Tông besieged Vijaya and ransacked the city; Chế Củ (supposedly Rudravarman) fled to Cambodia.
April
Chế Củ was taken as a prisoner in Cambodian territory. After exchanging for three northern provinces to the Viets, the Cham king was spared.
1069–1074
Civil war exploding in Champa; Rudravarman III was deposed by rebels; more than ten warlords proclaimed themselves king of Champa.
1074
Prince Thäng destroyed all opposite factions, becoming king Harivarman IV and found the Harivarmanid dynasty.
1075
Harivarman IV repulsed a Vietnamese raid.
1077
Harivarman IV made peace with Dai Viet.
1080
Khmer–Cham wars: The Khmers attacked Champa, but was repelled. Harivarman IV restored numerous temples while organizing raids penetrating Cambodia as far as Sambor and the Mekong. Nine-year-old Prince Vak was crowned as Jaya Indravarman II.
1081
Jaya Indravarman II's uncle Pang became Paramabhodhisatva.
1086
Paramabhodhisatva was overthrown by Jaya Indravarman II.
12th century
Year
Date
Event
1103
A Vietnamese encouraged Indravarman II to retake three northern provinces. The campaign went successful at first, however, Indravarman II was able to hold them in several months.
1114
Harivarman V became king of Champa.
1132
Khmer–Vietnamese war (1123–1150): Khmer Empire and Champa launched naval attack on Dai Viet, briefly seized Nghe An, pillaged the coastal of Thanh Hoa.
1139
Khmer–Cham wars: An adopted son of Harivarman V became king Jaya Indravarman III. He refused to cooperate with the Khmers.
1145
Khmer–Cham wars: Suryavarman II invaded and annexed Champa. Rudravarman IV from Pänduranga became the puppet monarch of the Khmers, but then fled.
1147
Khmer–Cham wars: Prince Sivänandana, son of Rudravarman IV, returned to Champa and proclaimed king of Champa. He took the reign name Jaya Harivarman I.
1148
Khmer–Cham wars: Jaya Harivarman I inflicted a defeat on Khmer force.
1149
Khmer–Cham wars: Jaya Harivarman I and the Chams retook the capital Vijaya from the Khmer.
1150
Jaya Harivarman I's brother-in-law Vamsaräja rebelled against him. Vamsaräja mobilized 5,000 Vietnamese troops and attacked Harivarman in Quang Nam, but were defeated.
1151
Jaya Harivarman I recaptured Amarävati.
1160
Jaya Harivarman I recaptured Pänduranga from rebels.
1166
Jaya Harivarman II became king of Champa.
1167
Jaya Indravarman IV became king of Champa, and sent a mission to Southern Sung court.
1170
Jaya Indravarman IV made peace with Dai Viet
1177
Khmer–Cham wars: Jaya Indravarman IV led a surprising invasion of Angkor through the Mekong. Cham forces defeated the Khmer forces at Battle of Tonlé Sap and killed Khmer ruler Tribhuvanāditya. Angkor was sacked.
1181
Khmer–Cham wars: Jayavarman VII of Cambodia liberated the country and ousted the Cham invaders.
1190
Khmer–Cham wars: Jayavarman VII invaded Champa and made it a vassal with Vidyanandana as client king.
1191
Khmer–Cham wars: Cham revolted against Khmer rule. The northern king Jaya Indravarman oṅ Vatuv hailed from Quang Binh and drove the Khmer out of Vijaya.
1193
Khmer–Cham wars: Vidyanandana defeated Jaya Indravarman oṅ Vatuv, then declared himself Suryavarman of independent Champa.
1193, 1195, 1198–1199, 1201-1203
Khmer–Cham wars: Jayavarman VII invaded Champa but met fierce resistance from Suryavarman.
13th century
Year
Date
Event
1203
Khmer–Cham wars: Jayavarman VII finally defeated the Chams, sent Vidyanandana to exile and turned Champa into a Khmer province.
1220
Khmer rule of Champa ended voluntarily. Jaya Paramesvaravarman II became king of independent Champa.
1252
The new king of Dai Viet, Tran Thai Tong attacked Champa and took Queen Bo-da-la and Cham concubines as prisoners.
1254
Jaya Indravarman VI became king of Champa.
1257
Indravarman VI was assassinated by his nephew Indravarman V, who would become king of Champa.
1278
Indravarman V was asked to be present in the court of Kublai's Yuan Empire, but he refused.
1282
December
Kublai sent Sogetu leading the invasion of Champa.
1283
February
Mongol invasion of Champa: Yuan fleet anchored the coast of Champa.
13 February
Battle of Thị Nại Bay: Yuan army defeated Cham army.
17 February
Mongol invasion of Champa: Yuan forces captured Vijaya; Indravarman V and Prince Harijit withdrew to highlands, the Chams waged guerrilla resistance against the Yuan occupation.
16 March
Mongol invasion of Champa: Cham forces ambushed and inflicted heavy casualties on the Yuan.
1284
March
Mongol invasion of Champa: Yuan reinforcements led by Ataqai and Ariq Qaya arrived Champa to assist Sogetu.
1285
February
Second Mongol invasion of Dai Viet: The Mongols advanced to the north to campaign against the Vietnamese; Champa launched counteroffensives.
24 June
Battle of Chương Dương: Cham–Vietnamese forces defeated the Yuan at Chương Dương port; Sogetu was killed in battle and decapitated; destruction of the Yuan army.
6 October
Indravarman V sent an ambassador to Kublai and then died afterward.
1288
Prince Harijit became king Jaya Simhavarman III of Champa.
14th century
Year
Date
Event
1306
Simhavarman III married with Vietnamese queen Paramesvari, king Trần Anh Tông's younger sister as he ceded two provinces O and Ly to Dai Viet. He built Po Klaung Gara temple in Phan Rang and Yang Prong temple in Dak Lak.
1307
May
Simhavarman III died, but Paramesvari refused to die with him. Jaya Simhavarman IV became king of Champa.
1312
Simhavarman IV set out to recapture the two provinces but failed. Trần Anh Tông sent army and took Simhavarman IV as a prisoner to Tonkin where he died in next year. His brother Chế Năng became Dai Viet vassal king.
1313
Siamese raiders from Sukhothai Kingdom attacked Champa but were fend off by Dai Viet.
1314
Chế Năng rebelled against Trần Anh Tông.
1318
Chế Năng was defeated and then took refuge in Java. The Vietnamese placed a man named Jaya Ananda as client king of Champa.
1326
Ananda regained independence of Champa from the Vietnamese. Odoric of Pordenone visited Champa.
1342
Ananda died and his brother-in-law Maha Sawa became king while legitimate crown prince Che Mo went to Dai Viet to seek help, but failed.
1345
Ibn Battuta visited Champa.
1360
Po Binasuor (Chế Bồng Nga) became king of Champa. He reunited the Chams and strengthened the kingdom.
1368
Cham–Vietnamese War (1367–1390): Cham troops defeated a Vietnamese army in modern-day Quang Nam.
1369
The emperor of China recognised Po Binasuor as king of Champa.
1371
Cham–Vietnamese War (1367–1390): Po Binasuor led a naval invasion that sacked Hanoi.
1377
Spring
Battle of Vijaya: Po Binasuor defeated and killed king Trần Duệ Tông in Vijaya.
Winter
Cham–Vietnamese War (1367–1390): Cham forces sacked Hanoi second time.
1378
Cham–Vietnamese War (1367–1390): Cham forces sacked Hanoi third time.
1383
Summer
Cham–Vietnamese War (1367–1390): Po Binasuor launched a mountain offensive that routed the Vietnamese forces.
Autumn
Cham–Vietnamese War (1367–1390): Cham troops ransacked Hanoi fourth time.
1389
Cham–Vietnamese War (1367–1390): Cham army advanced to the Red River Delta.
1390
February
Cham–Vietnamese War (1367–1390): Po Binasuor and the Cham army were surrounded and defeated on Hải Triều River; ended the Cham–Vietnamese war.
Po Binasuor's general La Khai withdrew the Cham remnant to Vijaya and abandoned most of Po Binasuor's reconquered territories; La Khai became king Simhavarman VI of Champa.
1400
Simhavarman VI died, his son Ngauk Klaung Vijaya became king Virabhadravarman of Champa.
15th century
Year
Date
Event
1402
The new king of Dai Viet, Hồ Hán Thương made war with Champa and forced Virabhadravarman to ceded Amaravati to Dai Viet.
1403
Hồ Hán Thương besieged Vijaya (Vietnamese chronicles) /or raided the Cham countryside (Ming Shilu).
1407
Ming Empire conquered Dai Viet. The province of Amaravati was returned to Champa.
1409
Virabhadravarman-Indravarman VI established the city of Samṛddhipurī.
1421
Virabhadravarman-Indravarman VI annexed the eastern half of the Mekong Delta.
1428
Virabhadravarman reestablished peaceful relations with the Vietnamese ruler Le Loi.
1432
Virabhadravarman changed his name to Indravarman VI.
1441
Indravarman VI died; one of his nephews, prince Śrīndra-Viṣṇukīrti Virabhadravarman, ascended the throne; succession troubles led to civil war.
1445
Winter
The regents of Dai Viet attacked Champa and installed prince Maha Kali as a puppet king.
1449
Maha Kali was murdered by his elder brother Maha Kaya.
1458
Maha Saya became king of Champa.
1460
Maha Sajan became king of Champa.
1470
November
Cham–Vietnamese War (1471): Maha Sajan commanded 100,000 troops and attacked Vietnamese garrisons at Huế, former Cham land.
1471
February 18
Cham–Vietnamese War (1471): Vietnamese forces led by king Lê Thánh Tông laid siege of Vijaya.
22 February
Cham–Vietnamese War (1471): Vijaya fell; king Maha Sajan, Cham royal family,a fendedan and 30,000 people were taken as prisoners and deported to the north.
1 March
A Cham general named Jayavarman Mafoungnan fled to Phan Rang; Cham refugees escaped to Cambodia, Malaysia and Indonesia en masse.
7 March
Jayavarman Mafoungnan submitted to Thánh Tông; ending the independent Kingdom of Champa.
Panduranga–Trấn Thuận Thành
16th century
Year
Date
Event
1509
Thousands of Cham slaves in Hanoi were massacred by king Lê Uy Mục.
1526
Cham rump state Panduranga stopped paying tribute to Dai Viet court.
1543
The last diplomatic relation between China and Champa.
1578
Panduranga attacked Nguyen Hoang's territories.
1585
Champa became a Muslim nation, according to Spanish report.
1594
Panduranga sent troops to aid Johor Sultanate fight against the Portuguese.
17th century
Year
Date
Event
1611
Panduranga attacked the Vietnamese in Phu Yen, but was beaten by lord Nguyen Phuc Nguyen. Kauthara became Vietnamese territories.
1627
Po Rome–the first Cham mountain sovereign. Po Rome opened for trade with the Dutch.
1653
Po Nraup raided Phu Yen. Lord Nguyễn Phúc Tần launched a counterattack and captured Po Nraup.
1692
Lord Nguyễn Phúc Chu invaded Panduranga, created Bình Thuận district within Panduranga made it free land for ethnic Vietnamese.
1693
December
Chams revolted against Vietnamese rule.
1697
Nguyễn Phúc Chu decided to abolish the Bình Thuận district, granting Cham ruler autonomy and set up the so-called Principality of Thuận Thành while encouraging Viet settler colonialism.
18th century
Year
Date
Event
1700
Thousands of Cham Muslim refugees took asylum in tolerant Principality of Hà Tiên.
1712
Cham–Nguyen treaty of vassalage signed. Nguyen military outposts were set up in Panduranga.
1728
Cham revolted against the Nguyen.
1746
Cham revolted against the Nguyen.
1750
First Cham settlement in lower Mekong established by lord Nguyễn Phúc Khoát.
1775
Chams joined the Tayson rebellion against Nguyen lord.
1794
Nguyen loyalists recaptured Panduranga; pro-Tayson Cham ruler Po Tisuntiraidapuran was executed and replaced with pro-Nguyen ruler Po Ladhuanpuguh.
1795
Cham anti-Nguyen revolt.
1799
Nguyen Anh installed pro-Nguyen Po Saong Nyung Ceng as ruler of Panduranga.
19th century
Year
Date
Event
1822–1823
Cham leader Ja Lidong revolted against Vietnamese rule.
1826
Anti-Viet Nduai Kabait rebellion was brutally suppressed.
1829
Governor Lê Văn Duyệt approved Po Thak The as king of Champa.
1832
August
Minh Mang of Vietnam annexed Panduranga and abolished the Cham monarchy.
1833
Katip Sumat uprising: Cham religious teacher Sumat declared a jihad against Minh Mang. Minh Mang was complete mesmerized and ordered a reign of terror over the Cham and indigenous highlanders in Panduranga.
1834
Ja Thak Wa uprising: Cham revolted against Minh Mang, calling for independence. Both movements were bloody suppressed.
1835
The last king of Champa, Po Phaok The, was executed. The last vestiges of Champa and the Cham civilization were annihilated.
References
^ Kiernan (2019), p. 55.
^ a b c Kiernan (2019), p. 85.
^ Kiernan (2019), p. 87.
^ Kiernan (2019), p. 97.
^ a b Coedès (1975), p. 44.
^ Coedès (1975), p. 44-45.
^ a b Coedès (1975), p. 45.
^ Coedès (1975), p. 47.
^ a b c Coedès (1975), p. 48.
^ a b Aymonier (1893), p. 7.
^ a b c Coedès (1975), p. 56.
^ Hall (1981), p. 35.
^ a b Kiernan (2019), p. 99.
^ Coedès (1975), p. 57.
^ a b c d e Coedès (1975), p. 70.
^ Kiernan (2019), p. 113.
^ Vickery (2009), p. 49.
^ a b c d e Coedès (1975), p. 71.
^ Coedès (1975), p. 72.
^ Kiernan (2019), p. 114.
^ a b Coedès (1975), p. 95.
^ Coedès (1975), p. 103.
^ Coedès (1975), p. 104.
^ Coedès (1975), p. 122.
^ Hall (1981), p. 202.
^ Coedès (1975), p. 123.
^ a b c Coedès (1975), p. 124.
^ Kiernan (2019), p. 142.
^ Coedès (1975), p. 124–125.
^ Coedès (1975), p. 125.
^ a b Coedès (1975), p. 139.
^ a b c Coedès (1975), p. 140.
^ Coedès (1975), p. 141.
^ a b Coedès (1975), p. 154.
^ a b c Hall (1981), p. 205.
^ Coedès (1975), p. 155.
^ a b Coedès (1975), p. 164.
^ a b c Coedès (1975), p. 165.
^ Coedès (1975), p. 166.
^ Coedès (1975), p. 170.
^ Coedès (1975), p. 192.
^ Coedès (1975), p. 193.
^ a b Coedès (1975), p. 217.
^ a b Coedès (1975), p. 230.
^ a b c Coedès (1975), p. 238.
^ Coedès (1975), p. 239.
^ Kiernan (2019), p. 212.
^ Miksic & Yian (2016), p. 527.
^ Po (2013), p. 72.
^ Po (2013), p. 73.
^ Kiernan (2019), p. 236–237.
^ Kiernan (2019), p. 236.
^ Po (2013), p. 74.
^ Po (2013), p. 75.
^ Po (2013), p. 76.
^ Po (2013), p. 79.
^ Po (2013), p. 80.
^ Kiernan (2019), p. 258.
^ a b Kiernan (2019), p. 264.
Bibliography
History portalVietnam portal
Aymonier, Etienne (1893). The History of Tchampa (the Cyamba of Marco Polo, Now Annam Or Cochin-China). Oriental University Institute. ISBN 978-1-149-97414-8.
Coedès, George (1975), Vella, Walter F. (ed.), The Indianized States of Southeast Asia, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 978-0-824-80368-1
Hall, Daniel George Edward (1981), History of South East Asia, Macmillan Education, Limited, ISBN 978-1-349-16521-6
Kiernan, Ben (2019). Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-190-05379-6.
Miksic, John Norman; Yian, Goh Geok (2016). Ancient Southeast Asia. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415735544.
Po, Dharma (2013). Le Panduranga (Campa). Ses rapports avec le Vietnam (1802-1835). International Office of Champa.
Vickery, Michael (2009), "A short history of Champa", in Hardy, Andrew David; Cucarzi, Mauro; Zolese, Patrizia (eds.), Champa and the Archaeology of Mỹ Sơn (Vietnam), Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 45–61, ISBN 978-9-9716-9451-7
vteChampa articlesHistory
Sa Huỳnh culture
Hồ Tôn Tinh
Chinese rule
Lâm Ấp
Quduqian
Boliao
Xitu
Sui–Lâm Ấp war
Golden Age of Champa
Javanese raid of 774–787
Khmer–Cham wars
Cham–Vietnamese wars
Mongol invasion (1283–1285)
Champa during the reign of Po Binasuor
Islamization
Lê Thánh Tông's conquest (1471)
Rump state
Principality of Thuận Thành
Dissolution in 1832
New Champa (Champa resistance movement)
Timeline of Champa
Government
List of monarchs of Champa
List of dynasties of Champa
Military of Champa
Main capitals of Champa
Kandapurpura
Simhapura
Virapura
Indrapura
Vijaya
Panduranga
Panrik
Society and culture
Art of Champa
Mỹ Sơn
Po Nagar
Cham music
Ware
,
|
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Thành"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"18th century","title":"Panduranga–Trấn Thuận Thành"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"19th century","title":"Panduranga–Trấn Thuận Thành"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:History"},{"link_name":"Vietnam portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Oriental University 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Tinh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_T%C3%B4n_Tinh"},{"link_name":"Chinese rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Era_of_Northern_Domination"},{"link_name":"Lâm Ấp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2m_%E1%BA%A4p"},{"link_name":"Quduqian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quduqian"},{"link_name":"Boliao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam_K%E1%BB%B3"},{"link_name":"Xitu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xitu"},{"link_name":"Sui–Lâm Ấp war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui%E2%80%93L%C3%A2m_%E1%BA%A4p_war"},{"link_name":"Golden Age of Champa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Champa#Champa_at_its_peak"},{"link_name":"Javanese raid of 774–787","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Champa"},{"link_name":"Khmer–Cham wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer%E2%80%93Cham_wars"},{"link_name":"Cham–Vietnamese wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_wars"},{"link_name":"Mongol invasion (1283–1285)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Champa during the reign of Po Binasuor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(1367%E2%80%931390)"},{"link_name":"Islamization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_Vietnam#History"},{"link_name":"Lê Thánh Tông's conquest (1471)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(1471)"},{"link_name":"Rump state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panduranga_(Champa)"},{"link_name":"Principality of Thuận Thành","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Thu%E1%BA%ADn_Th%C3%A0nh"},{"link_name":"Dissolution in 1832","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Champa#Later_history_of_Champa"},{"link_name":"New Champa (Champa resistance 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Champa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champa#Geography_of_historical_champa"},{"link_name":"Kandapurpura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF"},{"link_name":"Simhapura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tra_Kieu"},{"link_name":"Virapura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninh_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_district"},{"link_name":"Indrapura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indrapura_(Champa)"},{"link_name":"Vijaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijaya_(Champa)"},{"link_name":"Panduranga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phan_Rang%E2%80%93Th%C3%A1p_Ch%C3%A0m"},{"link_name":"Panrik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phan_R%C3%AD_C%E1%BB%ADa"},{"link_name":"Art of Champa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_Champa"},{"link_name":"Mỹ Sơn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_S%C6%A1n"},{"link_name":"Po Nagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po_Nagar"},{"link_name":"Cham music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_music"},{"link_name":"Ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_ceramics#Cham_kilns_(Go_Sanh_ceramics)"}],"text":"History portalVietnam portalAymonier, Etienne (1893). The History of Tchampa (the Cyamba of Marco Polo, Now Annam Or Cochin-China). Oriental University Institute. ISBN 978-1-149-97414-8.\nCoedès, George (1975), Vella, Walter F. (ed.), The Indianized States of Southeast Asia, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 978-0-824-80368-1\nHall, Daniel George Edward (1981), History of South East Asia, Macmillan Education, Limited, ISBN 978-1-349-16521-6\nKiernan, Ben (2019). Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-190-05379-6.\nMiksic, John Norman; Yian, Goh Geok (2016). Ancient Southeast Asia. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415735544.\nPo, Dharma (2013). Le Panduranga (Campa). Ses rapports avec le Vietnam (1802-1835). International Office of Champa.\nVickery, Michael (2009), \"A short history of Champa\", in Hardy, Andrew David; Cucarzi, Mauro; Zolese, Patrizia (eds.), Champa and the Archaeology of Mỹ Sơn (Vietnam), Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 45–61, ISBN 978-9-9716-9451-7vteChampa articlesHistory\nSa Huỳnh culture\nHồ Tôn Tinh\nChinese rule\nLâm Ấp\nQuduqian\nBoliao\nXitu\nSui–Lâm Ấp war\nGolden Age of Champa\nJavanese raid of 774–787\nKhmer–Cham wars\nCham–Vietnamese wars\nMongol invasion (1283–1285)\nChampa during the reign of Po Binasuor\nIslamization\nLê Thánh Tông's conquest (1471)\nRump state\nPrincipality of Thuận Thành\nDissolution in 1832\nNew Champa (Champa resistance movement)\nTimeline of Champa\nGovernment\nList of monarchs of Champa\nList of dynasties of Champa\nMilitary of Champa\nMain capitals of Champa\nKandapurpura\nSimhapura\nVirapura\nIndrapura\nVijaya\nPanduranga\nPanrik\nSociety and culture\nArt of Champa\nMỹ Sơn\nPo Nagar\nCham music\nWare,","title":"Bibliography"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millingimbi
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Milingimbi Island
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["1 Location","2 History","3 Language","4 Facilities","5 Notable people","6 Citations","7 Sources","8 External links"]
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Coordinates: 12°05′42″S 134°53′35″E / 12.095°S 134.893°E / -12.095; 134.893Island in Northern Territory, Australia
A wooden bandicoot collected at Milingimbi Island
Milingimbi Island, also Yurruwi, is the largest island of the Crocodile Islands group off the coast of Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia.
Location
Milingimbi lies approximately 440 kilometres (270 mi) east of Darwin and 200 kilometres (120 mi) west of Nhulunbuy.
History
Aboriginal people have occupied the area for more than 40,000 years. It was an important ritual centre for the great ceremonies conducted by the indigenous inhabitants. In 1923, the Methodist Overseas Mission established a mission on the island, which attracted Aboriginal people from eastern clan groups. They included Gupapuyŋu- and Djambarrpuyŋu-, as well as Wangurri- and Warramirri-speaking people. The Yan-nhangu-speaking Yolngu people are the traditional owners of Milingimbi and its surrounding seas and islands.
The island was bombed by the Japanese during World War II and most of its population moved to nearby Elcho Island. After the war, the island continued to be used as a Royal Australian Air Force base, before the missionaries returned in 1951. The mission administered the island until 1974, after which management was transferred to Milingimbi Community Incorporated. In 2008 Milingimbi, became part of the East Arnhem Regional Council, which took over local government.
Language
English is a second, third or fourth language for most Aboriginal residents of Milingimbi. A successful bilingual program of the Milingimbi CEC, started in 1974, was stopped. Bilingual education continues on some of the surrounding outstations, run by traditional owners concerned to support the linguistic, cultural and biological diversity of the Crocodile Islands. To that end, the Yan-nhangu traditional owners have started the volunteer Crocodile Islands Rangers project to promote sustainable livelihood activities for local people in local languages.
Facilities
The island has its own airfield, Milingimbi Airport, with the airport call-sign YMGB, and is also the site of a Bureau of Meteorology weather station. The island also has its own ALPA (Arnhem Land Progress Aboriginal Corporation) store, post office and an art gallery. Milingimbi has a community library serviced by East Arnhem Regional Council.
Notable people
Binyinyuwuy Djarrankuykuy was a leading Aboriginal artist from the island of Milingimbi. His works are held in major museums around the world.
Tom Djäwa, an artist and community leader and elder, was part of recordings that appeared on the Voyager Golden Record, along with Mudpo and Waliparu.
Artist David Malangi attended school at Milingimbi in his childhood.
According to one account, the noted didgeridoo maker and player, Djalu Gurruwiwi, was born at Milingimbi.
Northern Territory senior Australian of the Year 2012, Laurie Baymarrwangga, was the senior djungaya (manager) of Milingimbi Island. She was awarded the 2011 Northern Territory Innovation and Research Award for her projects, including the development of a Yan-nhaŋu Dictionary (1994–2012) and her work with the Crocodile Islands Rangers. In 1935, Baymarrwangga was photographed by Donald Thomson at Milingimbi and at Murrungga.
Danzal Baker (known professionally as 'Baker Boy') is an influential music artist hailing from Milingimbi
Citations
^ a b c d Milingimbi 2015.
^ Keen 2005, p. 190.
^ James 2015, p. 245.
^ Betts 2016.
^ "About us | Crocodile Islands Rangers". Retrieved 18 May 2022.
^ "Libraries". East Arnhem Regional Council. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
^ "Binyinyuwuy Djarrankuykuy :: The Collection :: Art Gallery NSW". artgallery.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
^ Mundine.
^ Daley 2015.
^ Baymarrwangga, James & Lydon 2014, p. 267.
^ "Baker Boy: 'I wanted to show those kids back in community that they can succeed'". the Guardian. 8 October 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
Sources
Baymarrwangga, Laurie; James, Bentley; Lydon, Jane (2014). "'The Myalls' ultimatum': Photography and Yolgnu in Eastern Arhem Land, 1917". In Lydon, Jane (ed.). Calling the Shots: Aborigional Photographies. Aboriginal Studies Press. pp. 254–272. ISBN 978-1-922-05959-8.
Betts, Alyssa (31 May 2016). "Remembering the bombing of Milingimbi". ABC News.
Daley, Paul (17 December 2015). "Gurruwiwi, a living Yolngu legend". The Guardian.
James, Bentley (2009). Time and Tide: in the Crocodile Islands: Change and Continuity in Yan-hnaŋu Marine Identity (PDF) (Doctoral thesis). Australian National University.
James, Bentley (2015). "The Language of 'Spiritual Power': From Mana to Märr on the Crocodile Islands" (PDF). In Toner, Peter (ed.). North Australian Indigenous in Strings of Connectedness: Essays in Honour of Ian Keen. Australian National University. pp. 235–261.
Keen, Ian (2005) . "Ecological community and species attributes in Yolnghu religious symbolism". In Willis, Roy (ed.). Signifying Animals: Human Meaning in the Natural World. Routledge. pp. 80–96. ISBN 0-203-26481-9.
"Milingimbi". East Arnhem Land Regional Council. 2015.
Mundine, Djon (2015). "No Ordinary Place – The Art of David Malangi". National Gallery of Australia.
Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). "Djinang (NT)". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Milingimbi Island.
Milingimbi as part of East Arnhem Shire Council
Crocodile Islands Rangers project
Milingimbi Island map
12°05′42″S 134°53′35″E / 12.095°S 134.893°E / -12.095; 134.893
vteIslands of the Northern Territory
Bremer
Burney
Crocodile
Milingimbi
Croker Group
Croker
New Year
East Woody
Goulburn
Groote Eylandt
Bickerton
Haul Round
Higginson
Howard
Inglis
Maria
Peron
Rimbija
Sir Edward Pellew
Centre
Skull
Vanderlin
South West
Sir George Hope Islands
Three Hummocks
Tiwi
Bathurst
Melville
Seagull
Warnawi
Wessel
Abbott
Bumaga
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Drysdale
Elcho
Marchinbar
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Raragala
Vernon Islands
Woodah
Category
Commons
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E7%B9%AA%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%8F%E6%97%8F%E5%9C%96%E7%B4%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%A2%8B%E7%8B%B8.jpg"},{"link_name":"bandicoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandicoot"},{"link_name":"Crocodile Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodile_Islands"},{"link_name":"Arnhem Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnhem_Land"},{"link_name":"Northern Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Territory"}],"text":"Island in Northern Territory, AustraliaA wooden bandicoot collected at Milingimbi IslandMilingimbi Island, also Yurruwi, is the largest island of the Crocodile Islands group off the coast of Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia.","title":"Milingimbi Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory"},{"link_name":"Nhulunbuy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhulunbuy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilingimbi2015-1"}],"text":"Milingimbi lies approximately 440 kilometres (270 mi) east of Darwin and 200 kilometres (120 mi) west of Nhulunbuy.[1]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aboriginal people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeen2005190-2"},{"link_name":"Methodist Overseas Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_Overseas_Mission"},{"link_name":"mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilingimbi2015-1"},{"link_name":"clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan"},{"link_name":"Gupapuyŋu- and Djambarrpuyŋu-","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhuwal_language"},{"link_name":"Wangurri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangurri_language"},{"link_name":"Warramirri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warramirri_language"},{"link_name":"Yan-nhangu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan-nhangu_language"},{"link_name":"Yolngu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolngu"},{"link_name":"traditional owners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_owner"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames2015245-3"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetts2016-4"},{"link_name":"Elcho Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elcho_Island"},{"link_name":"Royal Australian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilingimbi2015-1"},{"link_name":"East Arnhem Regional Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Arnhem_Regional_Council"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMilingimbi2015-1"}],"text":"Aboriginal people have occupied the area for more than 40,000 years. It was an important ritual centre for the great ceremonies conducted by the indigenous inhabitants.[2] In 1923, the Methodist Overseas Mission established a mission on the island,[1] which attracted Aboriginal people from eastern clan groups. They included Gupapuyŋu- and Djambarrpuyŋu-, as well as Wangurri- and Warramirri-speaking people. The Yan-nhangu-speaking Yolngu people are the traditional owners of Milingimbi and its surrounding seas and islands.[3]The island was bombed by the Japanese during World War II[4] and most of its population moved to nearby Elcho Island. After the war, the island continued to be used as a Royal Australian Air Force base, before the missionaries returned in 1951.[1] The mission administered the island until 1974, after which management was transferred to Milingimbi Community Incorporated. In 2008 Milingimbi, became part of the East Arnhem Regional Council, which took over local government.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bilingual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilingual"},{"link_name":"outstations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outstation_(Aboriginal_community)"},{"link_name":"Crocodile Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodile_Islands"},{"link_name":"Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_rangers"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"English is a second, third or fourth language for most Aboriginal residents of Milingimbi. A successful bilingual program of the Milingimbi CEC, started in 1974, was stopped. Bilingual education continues on some of the surrounding outstations, run by traditional owners concerned to support the linguistic, cultural and biological diversity of the Crocodile Islands. To that end, the Yan-nhangu traditional owners have started the volunteer Crocodile Islands Rangers project to promote sustainable livelihood activities for local people in local languages.[5]","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milingimbi Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milingimbi_Airport"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Meteorology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Meteorology"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The island has its own airfield, Milingimbi Airport, with the airport call-sign YMGB, and is also the site of a Bureau of Meteorology weather station. The island also has its own ALPA (Arnhem Land Progress Aboriginal Corporation) store, post office and an art gallery. Milingimbi has a community library serviced by East Arnhem Regional Council.[6]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Binyinyuwuy Djarrankuykuy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binyinyuwuy_Djarrankuykuy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Tom Djäwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Dj%C3%A4wa"},{"link_name":"Voyager Golden Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record"},{"link_name":"David Malangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Malangi"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMundine-8"},{"link_name":"didgeridoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didgeridoo"},{"link_name":"Djalu Gurruwiwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djalu_Gurruwiwi"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaley2015-9"},{"link_name":"Laurie Baymarrwangga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurie_Baymarrwangga"},{"link_name":"Yan-nhaŋu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan-nhangu"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaymarrwanggaJamesLydon2014267-10"},{"link_name":"Danzal Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker_Boy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Binyinyuwuy Djarrankuykuy was a leading Aboriginal artist from the island of Milingimbi. His works are held in major museums around the world.[7]\nTom Djäwa, an artist and community leader and elder, was part of recordings that appeared on the Voyager Golden Record, along with Mudpo and Waliparu.\nArtist David Malangi attended school at Milingimbi in his childhood.[8]\nAccording to one account, the noted didgeridoo maker and player, Djalu Gurruwiwi, was born at Milingimbi.[9]\nNorthern Territory senior Australian of the Year 2012, Laurie Baymarrwangga, was the senior djungaya (manager) of Milingimbi Island. She was awarded the 2011 Northern Territory Innovation and Research Award for her projects, including the development of a Yan-nhaŋu Dictionary (1994–2012) and her work with the Crocodile Islands Rangers.[citation needed] In 1935, Baymarrwangga was photographed by Donald Thomson at Milingimbi and at Murrungga.[10]\nDanzal Baker (known professionally as 'Baker Boy') is an influential music artist hailing from Milingimbi[11]","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilingimbi2015_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilingimbi2015_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilingimbi2015_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMilingimbi2015_1-3"},{"link_name":"Milingimbi 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMilingimbi2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeen2005190_2-0"},{"link_name":"Keen 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKeen2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames2015245_3-0"},{"link_name":"James 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJames2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBetts2016_4-0"},{"link_name":"Betts 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBetts2016"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"About us | Crocodile Islands Rangers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.crocodileislandsrangers.org/about-us/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Libraries\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.eastarnhem.nt.gov.au/library-knowledge-centres"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Binyinyuwuy Djarrankuykuy :: The Collection :: Art Gallery NSW\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/artists/djarrankuykuy-binyinyuwuy/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMundine_8-0"},{"link_name":"Mundine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMundine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaley2015_9-0"},{"link_name":"Daley 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDaley2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaymarrwanggaJamesLydon2014267_10-0"},{"link_name":"Baymarrwangga, James & Lydon 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBaymarrwanggaJamesLydon2014"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Baker Boy: 'I wanted to show those kids back in community that they can succeed'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/music/2021/oct/09/baker-boy-i-wanted-to-show-those-kids-back-in-community-that-they-can-succeed"}],"text":"^ a b c d Milingimbi 2015.\n\n^ Keen 2005, p. 190.\n\n^ James 2015, p. 245.\n\n^ Betts 2016.\n\n^ \"About us | Crocodile Islands Rangers\". Retrieved 18 May 2022.\n\n^ \"Libraries\". East Arnhem Regional Council. Retrieved 18 May 2021.\n\n^ \"Binyinyuwuy Djarrankuykuy :: The Collection :: Art Gallery NSW\". artgallery.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 24 April 2020.\n\n^ Mundine.\n\n^ Daley 2015.\n\n^ Baymarrwangga, James & Lydon 2014, p. 267.\n\n^ \"Baker Boy: 'I wanted to show those kids back in community that they can succeed'\". the Guardian. 8 October 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2022.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"'The Myalls' ultimatum': Photography and Yolgnu in Eastern Arhem Land, 1917\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=401103155909878;res=IELIND"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal Studies Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Studies_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-922-05959-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-922-05959-8"},{"link_name":"\"Remembering the bombing of Milingimbi\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-31/milingimbi-wwii-history-indigenous-nt-community-bombed-japanese/7465020"},{"link_name":"ABC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Commission"},{"link_name":"\"Gurruwiwi, a living Yolngu legend\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/australia-news/postcolonial-blog/2015/dec/18/unravelling-the-mystery-of-djalu-gurruwiwi-a-living-yolngu-legend"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Time and Tide: in the Crocodile Islands: Change and Continuity in Yan-hnaŋu Marine Identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/10927/1/James_B_2009.pdf"},{"link_name":"Australian National University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University"},{"link_name":"\"The Language of 'Spiritual Power': From Mana to Märr on the Crocodile Islands\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p325141/pdf/ch111.pdf"},{"link_name":"Australian National University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University"},{"link_name":"\"Ecological community and species attributes in Yolnghu religious symbolism\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=gc7YCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA190"},{"link_name":"Routledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-203-26481-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-26481-9"},{"link_name":"\"Milingimbi\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eastarnhem.nt.gov.au/milingimbi-detailed"},{"link_name":"East Arnhem Land Regional Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Arnhem_Region"},{"link_name":"\"No Ordinary Place – The Art of David Malangi\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nga.gov.au/Exhibition/malangi/Default.cfm?MnuID=6&Essay=2"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Tindale, Norman Barnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Tindale"},{"link_name":"\"Djinang (NT)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/djinang.htm"},{"link_name":"Australian National University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-708-10741-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-708-10741-6"}],"text":"Baymarrwangga, Laurie; James, Bentley; Lydon, Jane (2014). \"'The Myalls' ultimatum': Photography and Yolgnu in Eastern Arhem Land, 1917\". In Lydon, Jane (ed.). Calling the Shots: Aborigional Photographies. Aboriginal Studies Press. pp. 254–272. ISBN 978-1-922-05959-8.\nBetts, Alyssa (31 May 2016). \"Remembering the bombing of Milingimbi\". ABC News.\nDaley, Paul (17 December 2015). \"Gurruwiwi, a living Yolngu legend\". The Guardian.\nJames, Bentley (2009). Time and Tide: in the Crocodile Islands: Change and Continuity in Yan-hnaŋu Marine Identity (PDF) (Doctoral thesis). Australian National University.\nJames, Bentley (2015). \"The Language of 'Spiritual Power': From Mana to Märr on the Crocodile Islands\" (PDF). In Toner, Peter (ed.). North Australian Indigenous in Strings of Connectedness: Essays in Honour of Ian Keen. Australian National University. pp. 235–261.\nKeen, Ian (2005) [First published 1990]. \"Ecological community and species attributes in Yolnghu religious symbolism\". In Willis, Roy (ed.). Signifying Animals: Human Meaning in the Natural World. Routledge. pp. 80–96. ISBN 0-203-26481-9.\n\"Milingimbi\". East Arnhem Land Regional Council. 2015.\nMundine, Djon (2015). \"No Ordinary Place – The Art of David Malangi\". National Gallery of Australia.\nTindale, Norman Barnett (1974). \"Djinang (NT)\". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.","title":"Sources"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A wooden bandicoot collected at Milingimbi Island","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%E7%B9%AA%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%8F%E6%97%8F%E5%9C%96%E7%B4%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%A2%8B%E7%8B%B8.jpg/220px-%E7%B9%AA%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%8F%E6%97%8F%E5%9C%96%E7%B4%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%A2%8B%E7%8B%B8.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"About us | Crocodile Islands Rangers\". Retrieved 18 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.crocodileislandsrangers.org/about-us/","url_text":"\"About us | Crocodile Islands Rangers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Libraries\". East Arnhem Regional Council. Retrieved 18 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eastarnhem.nt.gov.au/library-knowledge-centres","url_text":"\"Libraries\""}]},{"reference":"\"Binyinyuwuy Djarrankuykuy :: The Collection :: Art Gallery NSW\". artgallery.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 24 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/artists/djarrankuykuy-binyinyuwuy/","url_text":"\"Binyinyuwuy Djarrankuykuy :: The Collection :: Art Gallery NSW\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baker Boy: 'I wanted to show those kids back in community that they can succeed'\". the Guardian. 8 October 2021. 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ISBN 978-1-922-05959-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=401103155909878;res=IELIND","url_text":"\"'The Myalls' ultimatum': Photography and Yolgnu in Eastern Arhem Land, 1917\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Studies_Press","url_text":"Aboriginal Studies Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-922-05959-8","url_text":"978-1-922-05959-8"}]},{"reference":"Betts, Alyssa (31 May 2016). \"Remembering the bombing of Milingimbi\". ABC News.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-31/milingimbi-wwii-history-indigenous-nt-community-bombed-japanese/7465020","url_text":"\"Remembering the bombing of Milingimbi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Commission","url_text":"ABC News"}]},{"reference":"Daley, Paul (17 December 2015). \"Gurruwiwi, a living Yolngu legend\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/postcolonial-blog/2015/dec/18/unravelling-the-mystery-of-djalu-gurruwiwi-a-living-yolngu-legend","url_text":"\"Gurruwiwi, a living Yolngu legend\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"James, Bentley (2009). Time and Tide: in the Crocodile Islands: Change and Continuity in Yan-hnaŋu Marine Identity (PDF) (Doctoral thesis). Australian National University.","urls":[{"url":"https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/10927/1/James_B_2009.pdf","url_text":"Time and Tide: in the Crocodile Islands: Change and Continuity in Yan-hnaŋu Marine Identity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University","url_text":"Australian National University"}]},{"reference":"James, Bentley (2015). \"The Language of 'Spiritual Power': From Mana to Märr on the Crocodile Islands\" (PDF). In Toner, Peter (ed.). North Australian Indigenous in Strings of Connectedness: Essays in Honour of Ian Keen. Australian National University. pp. 235–261.","urls":[{"url":"http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p325141/pdf/ch111.pdf","url_text":"\"The Language of 'Spiritual Power': From Mana to Märr on the Crocodile Islands\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University","url_text":"Australian National University"}]},{"reference":"Keen, Ian (2005) [First published 1990]. \"Ecological community and species attributes in Yolnghu religious symbolism\". In Willis, Roy (ed.). Signifying Animals: Human Meaning in the Natural World. Routledge. pp. 80–96. ISBN 0-203-26481-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gc7YCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA190","url_text":"\"Ecological community and species attributes in Yolnghu religious symbolism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-26481-9","url_text":"0-203-26481-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Milingimbi\". East Arnhem Land Regional Council. 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eastarnhem.nt.gov.au/milingimbi-detailed","url_text":"\"Milingimbi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Arnhem_Region","url_text":"East Arnhem Land Regional Council"}]},{"reference":"Mundine, Djon (2015). \"No Ordinary Place – The Art of David Malangi\". National Gallery of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nga.gov.au/Exhibition/malangi/Default.cfm?MnuID=6&Essay=2","url_text":"\"No Ordinary Place – The Art of David Malangi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Australia","url_text":"National Gallery of Australia"}]},{"reference":"Tindale, Norman Barnett (1974). \"Djinang (NT)\". Aboriginal Tribes of Australia: Their Terrain, Environmental Controls, Distribution, Limits, and Proper Names. Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-708-10741-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Tindale","url_text":"Tindale, Norman Barnett"},{"url":"http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/tindaletribes/djinang.htm","url_text":"\"Djinang (NT)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_University","url_text":"Australian National University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-708-10741-6","url_text":"978-0-708-10741-6"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josefin_Nilsson
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Josefin Nilsson
|
["1 Biography","2 Discography","2.1 Albums","2.2 Singles","3 Filmography","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Musical artist
Josefin NilssonBirth nameMonica Emma Josefin NilssonBorn(1969-03-22)22 March 1969När, Gotland, SwedenOriginGotlandDied29 February 2016(2016-02-29) (aged 46)Själsö, Gotland, SwedenOccupation(s)Singer-songwriter, actressFormerly ofAinbuskWebsitewww.josefinnilsson.comMusical artist
Monica Emma Josefin Nilsson, registered as Monica Emma Josefina Nilsson (22 March 1969 – 29 February 2016) was a Swedish singer and actress.
Biography
Born in När, Gotland, Josefin Nilsson was the daughter of revue artist and songwriter Allan Nilsson. She founded the Ainbusk group with her sister Marie Nilsson (1961-2024) and two friends Annelie Roswall and Birgitta "Bittis" Jakobsson. They were noticed by Benny Andersson who wrote them two songs that were successful in Sweden. They released their first EP in 1990.
In 1992, she received the Ulla Billquist scholarship, an award that encourages young artists. The following year, her first solo album, Shapes was written and produced by Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson of the ABBA group and ranked 14th in Swedish sales. She played the role of Svetlana in the Swedish version of Chess in 2002 and participated in the Melodifestivalen (Swedish national selections for the Eurovision Song Contest) solo in 2005 and with her group Ainbusk in 2008. She released several albums with her band from 1993 to 2008 and was noticed in a few movies but had to take a break due to health problems.
An Estonian-language cover version of Josefin Nilsson's "Surprise, Surprise" was made in 1995. It was named "Sa muutsid kõik" and performed by Estonian pop singer Nancy.
In 2015, Benny Andersson wrote a new track that she recorded with Marie Nilsson but it was not released in digital version until four years later. In 2016, she gave a few concerts in Gotland with her sister Marie. Shortly after undergoing hip surgery, Josefin died in her home in Gotland, on 29 February 2016, at age 46. In 2019, a documentary on the singer's life was broadcast on SVT and revealed the violence she had suffered from her former partner, who was not mentioned by name but soon revealed to be Örjan Ramberg, the latter being the main cause of her state of health. The documentary revived the debate on domestic violence in Sweden.
Discography
Albums
Shapes (1993) #14 SWE
Singles
"Heaven and Hell" (1993) #28 SWE
"High Hopes and Heartaches"
"Where the Whales Have Ceased to Sing"
"Surprise, Surprise"
"Med hjärtats egna ord" (2005)
"Jag saknar dig ibland" (2008)
Filmography
Year
Title
Role
1996
Juloratoriet
1997
Adam & Eva
Eva
2000
Det blir aldrig som man tänkt sig
Sophia
2002
Chess
Svetlana Sergievsky
References
^ a b "Josefin Nilsson". IMDb. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
^ Tersmeden, Carl Bruno (29 February 2016). "Josefin Nilsson är död" (in Swedish). Sveriges Television. Archived from the original on 2 August 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
^ "Ainbusk singer Marie Nilsson Lind is dead". www.dn.se. Archived from the original on 2024-02-26. Retrieved 2024-03-08.
^ "Elmar's ABBA site" (in Estonian). Elmar Kivaste. Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
^ Amster, Harry/TT (29 February 2016). "Josefin Nilsson i Ainbusk är död". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
^ https://www.svt.se/kultur/svt-anmals-till-granskningsnamnden-for-josefin-nilsson-dokumentar Archived 2023-04-17 at the Wayback Machine (Swedish) 27 June 2019
External links
Official website (in Swedish)
Josefin Nilsson at IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Spain
Germany
United States
Czech Republic
Poland
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burak_Bekdil
|
Burak Bekdil
|
["1 Footnotes"]
|
Turkish columnist (1966–2023)
Burak BekdilBorn1966 (1966)Ankara, TurkeyDied21 October 2023 (aged 57)Istanbul, TurkeyNationalityTurkishOccupationJournalist
Burak Bekdil (1966 – 21 October 2023) was a Turkish columnist who wrote for the daily Hürriyet for 29 years. At the time of his death he was a Fellow at the Middle East Forum and had covered Turkey for the U.S. weekly Defense News since 1997. His articles were published in many international media outlets including The Wall Street Journal, The Economist, the BBC, The Guardian, Reuters, the Associated Press, Bloomberg, the Los Angeles Times, The New York Times, Haaretz, The Jerusalem Post, the Toronto Star, the Financial Times, Le Figaro, ABC, El Pais, Stern, Al-Arabiya, etc.
James Cuno, art historian and President of the J. Paul Getty Trust, describes Bekdil as "a frequent critic of Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan".
In 2002, he received an eighteen-month suspended sentence for "insulting the judiciary".
Bekdil died on 21 October 2023, at the age of 57.
Footnotes
^ "Burak Bekdil". Retrieved 4 May 2019.
^ James Cuno, Who Owns Antiquity?: Museums And The Battle Over Our Ancient Heritage, Princeton University Press, 2008, p. 187.
^ "Journalist Burak Bekdil receives 18-month suspended sentence". 21 May 2002. Archived from the original on 16 April 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
^ "Mourning Burak Bekdil". Middle East Forum. 22 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
This article about a Turkish journalist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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Retrieved 4 May 2019.\n\n^ James Cuno, Who Owns Antiquity?: Museums And The Battle Over Our Ancient Heritage, Princeton University Press, 2008, p. 187.\n\n^ \"Journalist Burak Bekdil receives 18-month suspended sentence\". 21 May 2002. Archived from the original on 16 April 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2012.\n\n^ \"Mourning Burak Bekdil\". Middle East Forum. 22 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermanyThis article about a Turkish journalist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Footnotes"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgus_the_Magnificent
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Morgus the Magnificent
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["1 Sidney Noel Rideau","2 Show history","2.1 Move to Detroit","2.2 Return to New Orleans","3 Cast of characters","3.1 Dr. Morgus","3.2 Chopsley","3.3 Eric","3.4 Mrs. Alma Fetish","3.5 Wiley Faye","4 Novelty records","5 Film","6 Appearances","7 Death of Sidney Noel Rideau","8 References","9 External links"]
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Fictional character
This article is about the television show. It is also the title of a 1959 novelty record by "Morgus and the 3 Ghouls" about Morgus' show.
"Morgus" redirects here. For the wrestler, see Morgus the Maniac.
Morgus the Magnificent, also known as Momus Alexander Morgus, is a fictional character created and portrayed by actor Sidney Noel Rideau (aka Sid Noel). From the late 1950s into the 1980s, Morgus was a "horror host" of late-night science fiction and horror movies and television shows that originated in the New Orleans, Louisiana market. Morgus is a quintessential mad scientist, assisted by executioner-styled sidekick, Chopsley (Tommy George). Morgus' well-intentioned experiments often served as book-end pieces to the late-night films being shown, and typically went awry at the last minute.
Sidney Noel Rideau
A native of New Orleans, Sidney Noel Rideau (aka Sid Noel; December 25, 1929 - August 27, 2020) attended broadcasting school and worked for radio station WWEZ-AM before joining WSMB-AM in 1956. While at WSMB, Rideau led a vocal group that recorded a novelty song called “Humpty Dump” with Atlantic Records. While Rideau was working as a disc jockey at WWL (AM) radio in 1958, he auditioned for a job hosting the new WWL-TV show, House of Shock. Rideau was awarded the job, and agreed to do it "only if he could make the show funny". He created and performed as the host character "Doctor Morgus", however Rideau did not want to reveal his real-life identity. According to Rideau, "being Morgus brought with it some challenges to say the least". For approximately 50 years, Rideau tried to keep his identity private, and reportedly didn't even tell his children he was Morgus.
Show history
Morgus first appeared on late night television on January 3, 1959, in the House of Shock that aired on WWL-TV in New Orleans, hosting science fiction and horror movies "in between experiments". The set was styled to look like an upstairs garret supposedly located over the old city ice house, with a fire escape exit into Pirate's Alley in the old French Quarter.
Move to Detroit
In 1963, Rideau moved to Detroit, Michigan, joining WJBK-TV. Starting that November, Morgus was seen six times a week, showing horror movies on Morgus Presents Sunday nights, as well as hosting a five-minute-long weathercast at 5:55pm each weekday. (The actual weather report, shown on a screen that resembled a slot machine, took up only 30 seconds of Morgus' show, with a one-minute commercial and the rest of the program featuring the host's mad scientist antics.) The show was initially popular enough to also be seen in Atlanta (with other cities like Milwaukee, Cleveland and Toledo, Ohio also mentioned as possible outlets), but declining ratings caused WJBK to let Morgus go by the end of 1964. Rideau moved across the street to WXYZ-TV in January 1965, hosting "Shock Theatre" on Sunday and Friday nights, but by April he was on his way back down south.
Return to New Orleans
In mid-1965, Rideau and Morgus Presents (aka ‘’Morgus The Magnificent’’) returned to New Orleans on WWL-TV and remained on the air for two years. Morgus Presents reappeared as an afternoon show in 1970 on WDSU-TV, but was discontinued in 1971. After another long hiatus, Morgus Presents returned in January 1987, on WGNO-TV. Long-time New Orleans television director and Morgus collaborator, Paul Yacich, directed all fifty-two episodes. By 2005, Morgus Presents had gone into syndication and aired on various stations, such as Cox Cable channel 10, and WVUE Fox 8 in New Orleans.
When Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans in 2005, fans feared Morgus may have been a victim of the storm, but within weeks, his survival was announced on his official website.
Cast of characters
Dr. Morgus
Morgus was said to have descended from a long line of scientists dating back to Morgus the First, who was the architect of the first pyramid in Egypt. He mastered calculus at 5 years of age, and his mother and father (both scientists) sent him to the Vasco da Gama Medical school (the finest in the Caribbean) where he graduated with honors. He is reported to have an I.Q. "in the 300s". Morgus claims to have published several scientific books, including his blockbuster "New Hope for the Dead", and the earth-shaking "Molecules I Have Known". He has discovered the speed of dark, and truly invented the Internet. He rails against "those idiots at the station" and "the idiots of the scientific community". Morgus says he is Earth's main member of the "Higher Order", a super-scientific secret society dedicated to helping the development of intelligence throughout the universe. His Momus Alexander Morgus Institute (M.A.M.I., pronounced "mammy") is (unintentionally) a non-profit organization of science.
Chopsley
Morgus' assistant Chopsley, played by actor Tommy George (after his death, played by James Guillot from 1987 on), was a former medical school classmate, and the subject of an early experiment in "face transplant" surgery. Unfortunately this left him without a face when he laughed before the procedure could heal. As a result, he wears a full head mask at all times (with a zippered mouth through which to eat). As the experiment of each episode would go disastrously wrong at the end, Morgus would always yell, "Chopsley, you idiot!", blaming him for the mishap. Actually, the disaster was Chopsley's fault about half the time. The other half, it was entirely due to Morgus' oversight of some critical detail, but Chopsley always got the blame.
Eric
Morgus assistant Eric was a talking human skull in early episodes of the show. When the show returned in the 1980s, Eric had become part of the computer known as E.R.I.C. (The Eon Research Infinity Computer). Eric's skull connected to a molecular integrated circuit which holds all the knowledge of the universe in his memory banks (thanks to the oversight of the Higher Order), and whose sepulchral voice introduced the segments and frequently agreed with Morgus with a deep, resonant "Yes, Master". E.R.I.C. is also known for his sharp wit, and sometimes cutting remarks at Morgus. On the set, E.R.I.C. was portrayed by an Apple II with a skull as the speaker.
Mrs. Alma Fetish
Mrs. Alma Fetish is Morgus' long-time (and long-suffering) landlady, who often forgets that scientific endeavors do not provide rent money on a regular basis. Veteran New Orleans stage actress Janet Shea portrayed Mrs. Fetish in the 1986-1989 "Morgus Presents" version of the show.
Wiley Faye
Morgus' manager Wiley Faye tried to bring the good doctor increased exposure and better business opportunities, but they never seemed to work out in the end. Wiley was portrayed in the 1986-1989 version of the program by actor Matt Borel, a familiar face from New Orleans area theater and television commercials. Although he gave up acting in the late '90s, Borel went on to become a highly successful stage producer in New Orleans.
Novelty records
In 1959, Mississippi-based Vin Records released a 7-inch single entitled "Morgus The Magnificent" by Frankie Ford and Mac Rebennack performing as "Morgus and The Ghouls" (aka "Morgus & The 3 Ghouls"). The record made the local New Orleans radio top ten record chart. In 1964, the Detroit-based Fulton record label released another single, "Werewolf", featuring Morgus and The Daringers, with an instrumental track ("The Morgus Creep") on its B side.
Film
Morgus' first and only appearance in film was in The Wacky World of Dr. Morgus (1962), which introduced his "Instant People Machine" that could transform people into sand and back to their original form. In the film, Morgus was investigated by a stereotypical reporter known as "Pencils" and foreign agents from Microvania who sought to enter the United States by using the device. Instead of an invasion, its contents ended up as concrete, which was poured at a dedication ceremony for the fittingly-named "People's Highway."
Appearances
Morgus and Chopsley appeared at Pontchartrain Beach amusement park and local events in the early 1960s, and hosted a weather report in later years. Dr. Morgus, Chopsley and E.R.I.C. attempted to branch out across the country in syndicated appearances in Detroit in 1964, New York in the 1980s, and several other cities.
Morgus has appeared on Coast to Coast AM several times as a guest. According to host George Noory, Morgus was an influence on him as a boy and inspired his broadcasting career.
Death of Sidney Noel Rideau
Sidney Noel Rideau, born December 25, 1929 (his name, Noel was inspired by his being born on Christmas Day), died on August 27, 2020.
References
^ Street, Julia. "Julia Street with Poydras the Parrot". New Orleans Magazine. New Orleans Magazine. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
^ a b c d e f g h Elena M. Watson (3 May 2013). Television Horror Movie Hosts: 68 Vampires, Mad Scientists and Other Denizens of the Late-Night Airwaves Examined and Interviewed. McFarland. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-4766-1160-0.
^ Stroup, Sheila. "The man behind Morgus steps out to help New Orleans Public Library build kids of character". New Orleans Metro Education News. The Times-Picayune. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
^ Bettelou Peterson: The TV Set, Detroit Free Press, April 15, 1965, page 5B
^ Fontana, Christine. "Morgus the Magnificent". New Orleans Living Magazine. New Orleans Living Magazine. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
^ "Morgus And The Ghouls". discogs.com. Discogs. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
^ 45 cat website
^ Scott, Mike. "Morgus movie comes back from the dead, thanks to local theater". NOLA.com. The Times-Picayune. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
^ "Dr. Morgus - Guests". Coast to Coast AM. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
^ MacCash, Doug. "Sid Noel Rideau, who played Morgus the Magnificent and created the beloved TV show, has died".
External links
The Wacky World of Dr. Morgus at IMDb
Morgus Presents! Online
Reminiscences of a 1960s Morgus production crew member
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
|
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His Momus Alexander Morgus Institute (M.A.M.I., pronounced \"mammy\") is (unintentionally) a non-profit organization of science.[5][2]","title":"Cast of characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Chopsley","text":"Morgus' assistant Chopsley, played by actor Tommy George (after his death, played by James Guillot from 1987 on), was a former medical school classmate, and the subject of an early experiment in \"face transplant\" surgery. Unfortunately this left him without a face when he laughed before the procedure could heal. As a result, he wears a full head mask at all times (with a zippered mouth through which to eat). As the experiment of each episode would go disastrously wrong at the end, Morgus would always yell, \"Chopsley, you idiot!\", blaming him for the mishap. Actually, the disaster was Chopsley's fault about half the time. The other half, it was entirely due to Morgus' oversight of some critical detail, but Chopsley always got the blame.","title":"Cast of characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Eric","text":"Morgus assistant Eric was a talking human skull in early episodes of the show. When the show returned in the 1980s, Eric had become part of the computer known as E.R.I.C. (The Eon Research Infinity Computer). Eric's skull connected to a molecular integrated circuit which holds all the knowledge of the universe in his memory banks (thanks to the oversight of the Higher Order), and whose sepulchral voice introduced the segments and frequently agreed with Morgus with a deep, resonant \"Yes, Master\". E.R.I.C. is also known for his sharp wit, and sometimes cutting remarks at Morgus. On the set, E.R.I.C. was portrayed by an Apple II with a skull as the speaker.","title":"Cast of characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mrs. Alma Fetish","text":"Mrs. Alma Fetish is Morgus' long-time (and long-suffering) landlady, who often forgets that scientific endeavors do not provide rent money on a regular basis. Veteran New Orleans stage actress Janet Shea portrayed Mrs. Fetish in the 1986-1989 \"Morgus Presents\" version of the show.","title":"Cast of characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Wiley Faye","text":"Morgus' manager Wiley Faye tried to bring the good doctor increased exposure and better business opportunities, but they never seemed to work out in the end. Wiley was portrayed in the 1986-1989 version of the program by actor Matt Borel, a familiar face from New Orleans area theater and television commercials. Although he gave up acting in the late '90s, Borel went on to become a highly successful stage producer in New Orleans.","title":"Cast of characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vin Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ace_Records_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"7-inch single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7-inch_single"},{"link_name":"Frankie Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Ford"},{"link_name":"Mac Rebennack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Rebennack"},{"link_name":"top ten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_chart"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watson2013-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Discogs-6"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 1959, Mississippi-based Vin Records released a 7-inch single entitled \"Morgus The Magnificent\" by Frankie Ford and Mac Rebennack performing as \"Morgus and The Ghouls\" (aka \"Morgus & The 3 Ghouls\"). The record made the local New Orleans radio top ten record chart.[2][6] In 1964, the Detroit-based Fulton record label released another single, \"Werewolf\", featuring Morgus and The Daringers, with an instrumental track (\"The Morgus Creep\") on its B side.[7]","title":"Novelty records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Wacky World of Dr. Morgus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wacky_World_of_Dr._Morgus"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scott-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watson2013-2"}],"text":"Morgus' first and only appearance in film was in The Wacky World of Dr. Morgus (1962), which introduced his \"Instant People Machine\" that could transform people into sand and back to their original form. In the film, Morgus was investigated by a stereotypical reporter known as \"Pencils\" and foreign agents from Microvania who sought to enter the United States by using the device. Instead of an invasion, its contents ended up as concrete, which was poured at a dedication ceremony for the fittingly-named \"People's Highway.\"[8][2]","title":"Film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pontchartrain Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontchartrain_Beach"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Watson2013-2"},{"link_name":"Coast to Coast AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_to_Coast_AM"},{"link_name":"George Noory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Noory"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Morgus and Chopsley appeared at Pontchartrain Beach amusement park and local events in the early 1960s, and hosted a weather report in later years. Dr. Morgus, Chopsley and E.R.I.C. attempted to branch out across the country in syndicated appearances in Detroit in 1964, New York in the 1980s, and several other cities.[2]Morgus has appeared on Coast to Coast AM several times as a guest. According to host George Noory, Morgus was an influence on him as a boy and inspired his broadcasting career.[9]","title":"Appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Sidney Noel Rideau, born December 25, 1929 (his name, Noel was inspired by his being born on Christmas Day), died on August 27, 2020.[10]","title":"Death of Sidney Noel Rideau"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Street, Julia. \"Julia Street with Poydras the Parrot\". New Orleans Magazine. New Orleans Magazine. Retrieved 9 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.myneworleans.com/New-Orleans-Magazine/April-2012/Julia-Street-with-Poydras-the-Parrot/","url_text":"\"Julia Street with Poydras the Parrot\""}]},{"reference":"Elena M. Watson (3 May 2013). Television Horror Movie Hosts: 68 Vampires, Mad Scientists and Other Denizens of the Late-Night Airwaves Examined and Interviewed. McFarland. p. 56. ISBN 978-1-4766-1160-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4tB4nApcPd0C&pg=PT56","url_text":"Television Horror Movie Hosts: 68 Vampires, Mad Scientists and Other Denizens of the Late-Night Airwaves Examined and Interviewed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-1160-0","url_text":"978-1-4766-1160-0"}]},{"reference":"Stroup, Sheila. \"The man behind Morgus steps out to help New Orleans Public Library build kids of character\". New Orleans Metro Education News. The Times-Picayune. Retrieved 8 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2013/03/the_man_behind_morgus_steps_ou.html","url_text":"\"The man behind Morgus steps out to help New Orleans Public Library build kids of character\""}]},{"reference":"Fontana, Christine. \"Morgus the Magnificent\". New Orleans Living Magazine. New Orleans Living Magazine. Retrieved 8 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.livingneworleans.com/?p=571","url_text":"\"Morgus the Magnificent\""}]},{"reference":"\"Morgus And The Ghouls\". discogs.com. Discogs. Retrieved 9 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/1431143-Morgus-And-The-Ghouls","url_text":"\"Morgus And The Ghouls\""}]},{"reference":"Scott, Mike. \"Morgus movie comes back from the dead, thanks to local theater\". NOLA.com. The Times-Picayune. Retrieved 9 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nola.com/movies/index.ssf/2010/10/morgus_movie_comes_back_from_t.html","url_text":"\"Morgus movie comes back from the dead, thanks to local theater\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Morgus - Guests\". Coast to Coast AM. Retrieved 17 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.coasttocoastam.com/guest/morgus-dr/6406","url_text":"\"Dr. Morgus - Guests\""}]},{"reference":"MacCash, Doug. \"Sid Noel Rideau, who played Morgus the Magnificent and created the beloved TV show, has died\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nola.com/entertainment_life/article_94e18630-e899-11ea-a863-d3d3361b81b9.html","url_text":"\"Sid Noel Rideau, who played Morgus the Magnificent and created the beloved TV show, has died\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Kun_(Jin_Dynasty)
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Liu Kun (Jin dynasty)
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["1 Early life and career","2 War of the Eight Princes","2.1 Service under Sima Lun and Sima Jiong","2.2 Service under Sima Xiao","3 Inspector of Bingzhou","3.1 Restoring Bingzhou","3.2 Alliance with Tuoba Yilu and conflict with Wang Jun","3.3 Xu Run affair","3.4 Fall of Bingzhou","4 Final years and death","4.1 Alliance with Duan Pidi","4.2 Accusation of betrayal and death","4.3 Aftermath","5 Children","5.1 Liu Zun","5.2 Liu Qun","6 Poetry","7 Anecdotes","7.1 \"Rising at Cockcrow to Practice the Sword\"","7.2 Lifting a siege by playing a flute","8 References"]
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Jin dynasty general, writer and poet
For the Chinese Minister of Finance, see Liu Kun.
In this Chinese name, the family name is Liu.
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Liu Kun劉琨Inspector of Bing Province (幷州刺史)In office306 (306)–316 (316)MonarchEmperor Hui of Jin/Emperor Huai of Jin/Emperor Min of Jin
Personal detailsBorn271Died22 June 318SpouseLady CuiRelationsLiu Yu (brother) Sima Lun's daughter-in-law (sister)ChildrenLiu Zun Liu QunParentsLiu Fan (father)Lady Guo (mother)OccupationMilitary general, poetCourtesy nameYueshi (越石)Posthumous nameMin (愍)PeerageMarquis of Guangwu (廣武侯)
Liu Kun (271 – 22 June 318), courtesy name Yueshi, was a Chinese military general and poet of the Jin dynasty. An esteemed writer during the early years of his career, he was also known for his time as the Inspector of Bingzhou, during which he spearheaded Jin's efforts in fighting back against the Xiongnu-led Han-Zhao dynasty. Despite his determination and active role in the war against Han, he lacked the sufficient military and administrative skills to quash the growing Han threat, suffering repeated defeats and having to heavily rely on his alliance with the Tuoba-Xianbei. He was eventually driven out from Bingzhou following a decisive defeat to Shi Le in 316 and fled to Youzhou, where he allied with the chieftain, Duan Pidi. After Pidi suspected him of betrayal, he was arrested and executed via strangulation in 318.
Early life and career
Liu Kun was born in Weichang county, Zhongshan commandery and it was said that he was a descendant of the Han prince, Liu Sheng. Both his father Liu Fan (劉蕃) and grandfather Liu Mai (劉邁) had both served as government officials. Together with his brother Liu Yu (劉輿), Liu Kun achieved celebrity status for his talent in writing whilst working in the Jin capital in Luoyang. The two brothers earned the epithet junlang (儁朗), which meant "outstanding and bright" and were part of Shi Chong’s inner circle called the "Twenty-Four Friends of Jingu (二十四友)”, a group of celebrities who were close associates with Empress Jia’s nephew, Jia Mi. Unfortunately, none of Liu Kun's works during his time with the group survived.
War of the Eight Princes
See also: War of the Eight Princes
Service under Sima Lun and Sima Jiong
A civil war broke out in 301 when Emperor Hui of Jin’s regent, Sima Lun deposed him and declared himself emperor. Liu Kun’s family sided with Sima Lun against Sima Jiong, Sima Ying and Sima Yong’s coalition, since his sister was married to Sima Lun’s son. Liu Kun commanded an army at the Battle of Huangqiao (黃橋, in present-day Wen County, Henan) but he and his allies retreated after being decisively defeated. By the middle of the year, Sima Lun was overthrown and forced to commit suicide while Sima Jiong becomes Emperor Hui’s new regent. Jiong had many of Lun’s partisans executed but he was impressed with the talents possessed by Liu Kun’s family, so he gave them appointments in his new government. After Jiong was killed in battle against Sima Ai in 303, the Liu family went to serve the Prince of Fanyang, Sima Xiao (司馬虓).
Service under Sima Xiao
In 305, after Sima Yong had forcibly relocated Emperor Hui from Luoyang to Chang'an, Sima Xiao joined a coalition led by the Prince of Donghai, Sima Yue, to retrieve the emperor back to Luoyang. Shortly after declaring the coalition, Sima Yue gave out a number of appointments on his own accord, which Liu Kun and his family benefitted from. Liu Fan was appointed Army Protector of Huaibei, Liu Yu was appointed Administrator of Yingchuan while Liu Kun was made a Marshal by Sima Xiao. Meanwhile, the Inspector of Yuzhou, Liu Qiao, was transferred to Inspector of Jizhou, with his old position being given to Sima Xiao.
Although Liu Qiao was a member of the coalition, he became angry at Sima Yue for acting beyond his discretion without the emperor's approval, and he extended his anger to Liu Kun and Liu Yu. As a result, he defected to Sima Yong and sent a letter to his court in which he denounced Liu Kun and Liu Yu for their crimes while stating his intention in attacking Sima Xiao’s base in Xuchang. Due to Xuchang’s poor defences, Liu Qiao easily captured the city along with Liu Kun's parents. Liu Kun tried leading soldiers to save the city but was unable to arrive in time, so he, Liu Yu and Sima Xiao fled north to Jizhou.
Seal of the Marquis of Guangwu, possibly used by Liu Kun.
At Jizhou, Liu Kun managed to convince its inspector, Wen Xian (溫羨), who happened to be a relative of his, to give up his post to Sima Xiao. With a province at hand, Liu Kun was sent to Youzhou to request assistance from the commander of the province, Wang Jun. With the help of Wang Jun's Xianbei and Wuhuan "charging cavalries", Liu Kun and Sima Xiao attacked Liu Qiao's reserves at Heqiao (河穚; southwest of present-day Mengzhou, Henan) and killed the general, Wang Chan (王闡). They later crossed the Yangzi River and attacked Liu Qiao's allies at Xingyang, where they also killed Shi Chao.
As Liu Qiao fell back to Kaocheng (考城, in modern Shangqiu, Henan), Liu Kun and another general, Tian Hui (田徽), routed his ally, Sima Mao (司馬楙) at Linqiu (廩丘, in present-day Heze, Shandong). Liu Kun then divided his troops and advanced to Xuchang, whereupon its inhabitants welcomed him without a fight. Finally, Liu Kun marched to Xiao County to link up with Sima Yue, whose army had been blocked from marching into the Guanzhong region by Liu Qiao's son, Liu You (劉祐). Liu Kun defeated and killed Liu You, causing Liu Qiao's army to scatter.
Liu Qiao’s defeat caused Sima Yong to panic, and he tried to sue for peace with Sima Yue. He beheaded his Grand Commander Zhang Fang and delivered the head to Yue, but the offer was rejected. Instead, the head was given to Liu Kun, who used it to convince Lü Lang (呂朗) and Sima Yong’s other generals to surrender. After Sima Yue's forces captured Chang'an, Liu Kun was awarded the title of Marquis of Guangwu.
Inspector of Bingzhou
Restoring Bingzhou
While the War of the Eight Princes was happening, the Xiongnu of Bingzhou, led by Liu Yuan, broke away from Jin and established the Han-Zhao in 304. In addition to an ongoing famine, the new Han state brought instability to the province and was becoming a growing threat to Jin. Sima Yue, at the advice of Liu Yu, appointed Liu Kun as the Inspector of Bingzhou to guard the northern borders, replacing Sima Teng.
When Sima Teng left, Han forces and bandits had occupied most of the roads in Bing, forcing Liu Kun to fight his way to his capital in Jinyang (晉陽縣; present-day Jinyuan District, Taiyuan, Shanxi). Liu Yuan sent his general Liu Jing (劉景) to intercept Liu Kun, but Liu Kun defeated him and eventually reached Jinyang. At Jinyang, Liu Kun found that the government buildings were all burnt down and the surrounding towns and countrysides were desolated. Liu Kun managed to restore some order in the province and attracted refugees to his domain.
The following year, Liu Yuan sent Liu Cong, Wang Mi and Shi Le to conquer Huguan county. Liu Kun sent his subordinate Huang Su (黃肅) and Han Shu (韓述) to reinforce the county but Liu Cong killed the two of them in battle while reinforcements sent by Sima Yue were routed by Wang Mi. In the end, his Administrator of Shangdang, Pang Chun (龐淳), surrendered Huguan to Han.
Alliance with Tuoba Yilu and conflict with Wang Jun
Shortly after this defeat, Liu Kun campaigned against the Tiefu Xiongnu, led by Liu Hu, and the Xianbei Bai tribe (白部) who had sided with Liu Yuan. In 310, Liu Kun allied himself with Tuoba Yilu, chieftain of the Tuoba Xianbei, and routed Liu Hu and his allies. Soon after, Liu Kun formed a brotherly bond with Tuoba Yilu. As a reward for his assistance, Liu Kun sent a petition to the court, demanding that Yilu be appointed Grand Chanyu and receive Dai commandery as a fief. The petition was accepted but it also angered Liu Kun’s colleague, Wang Jun, as Dai was under his administration in Youzhou. Wang Jun sent his forces to attack the Tuoba but was unsuccessful.
The next year, Liu Kun discovered that the mother and nephew of Han’s general, Shi Le were wandering in his territory. Liu Kun delivered Lady Wang (王氏) and Shi Hu to Shi Le, along with a letter convincing him to side with Jin. Shi Le rejected his letter but still sent him gifts for returning him his mother.
A troubling issue for Liu Kun is the lack of manpower in his territory. Although he attracted many refugees to join him, just as many them would leave him for safer refuges, so he had to request the Tuoba for soldiers. Later in 311, Liu Kun sent his kinsman Liu Xi (劉希) to gather people from Wang Jun’s territories. However, Wang Jun discovered Liu Kun's intrusion and sent his forces to kill Liu Xi. In retaliation, Tuoba Yilu sent his son, Tuoba Liuxiu (拓跋六脩) to help Liu Kun against Wang Jun, but this act proved disastrous when Liuxiu got into a fight with Liu Kun's officer, Xing Yan (邢延), leading to Xing Yan surrendering Xinxing commandery (新興, in present-day Xinzhou, Shanxi) to Han.
Xu Run affair
In 312, Liu Kun appointed a man named Xu Run (徐潤) as the Prefect of Jinyang. Xu had impressed Liu Kun through his musical talents to earn his position, but his administration showed his cruelty and corruption. The Army Protector, Linghu Sheng (令狐盛) urged Liu Kun to get rid off Xu Run but his advice fell on deaf ears. Hearing this, Xu Run slandered Linghu Sheng to the point that Liu Kun decided to execute him. Sheng’s son, Linghu Ni (令狐泥) fled to Han, where he revealed to the now emperor Liu Cong of Kun’s situation. Liu Cong sent Liu Yao and Liu Can with Linghu Ni as a guide to conquer Bingzhou, and the Han forces managed to force Liu Kun out of Jinyang. Linghu Ni also killed both of Liu Kun’s parents while they were fleeing with him. Liu Kun managed to recapture Jinyang with Tuoba Yilu’s assistance but by that time the city had been sacked by Liu Yao. Liu Kun regathered his scattered forces and made way to his new capital in Yangqu.
Fall of Bingzhou
The following year, Liu Kun and Tuoba Yilu attacked Xiping but movements by Han troops persuaded them to retreat. In 314, Shi Le was planning to finish off Wang Jun in Youzhou. Shi Le wrote a letter pretending to look weak by asking Liu Kun for permission to attack Wang while also sending hostages to him. Liu Kun believed the letter and was delighted, even going as far as to spread this news throughout his domain. However, things took a turn after Shi Le captured and executed Wang Jun, causing Liu Kun to realize that he had been trick. Furthermore, Shi Le’s recent victory prompted many of those in Tuoba Yilu’s domain to defect, forcing Yilu to purge many families in Dai.
Tuoba Yilu was assassinated by Tuoba Liuxiu in 316. Dai fell into civil war between Liuxiu and Tuoba Pugen which caused Yilu’s general Ji Dan (箕澹) and Wei Xiong (衞雄) to join Liu Kun with thousands of families and livestock. Morale in Liu Kun’s territory arose as their recent fortunes meant that there was a chance to turn the tides. However, not long after, Shi Le besieged the Administrator of Leping (樂平, in present-day Shanxi), Han Ju (韓據) at Diancheng (坫城). Liu Kun accepted Han Ju’s call for help and insisted on using his newly received forces. Ji Dan and Wei Xiong remonstrated him, saying that the troops were not loyal to him yet and that they should be kept for the future. Liu Kun ignored their advices and ordered Ji Dan with the whole army to attack Shi Le. Shi Le greatly routed Ji Dan, causing him and Wei Xiong to flee back to Dai. Meanwhile, Han Ju abandoned Tiancheng to Shi Le as reinforcements failed to relief him. With Liu Kun’s army on the brink of destruction, Liu Kun’s Chief Clerk, Li Hong (李弘), handed over Bingzhou to Han.
Final years and death
Alliance with Duan Pidi
After the loss of Bing Province, Liu Kun was left with nothing and nowhere to go. Hearing this, Inspector of Youzhou and a head of the Duan tribe, Duan Pidi, sent a letter to Liu Kun inviting him to his headquarters in Jicheng. Liu Kun met him, and the two men started a mutual relationship, arranging a marriage between their relatives. In 317, they swore an oath with each other and sent a joint petition to Sima Rui in Jiankang insisting he claim the imperial title. Liu Kun's envoy was Wen Jiao, whose aunt was married to Liu Kun. The same year, both men planned an attack against Shi Le with Duan Pidi's brothers, but the plan was axed as Pidi's brothers refused to take orders from him. The following year, after Sima Rui ascended the throne as Emperor Yuan of Jin, Liu Kun was appointed Palace Attendant and Defender-in-Chief and was presented a famous sword.
Accusation of betrayal and death
Despite his newfound ally and base, Liu Kun would soon meet his end at the hands of Duan Pidi. Duan Pidi's brother and chieftain of the Duan, Duan Jilujuan passed away. His cousin Duan Mopei took advantage of his death to usurp the tribe's power. After killing his uncle and cousin's successor, Duan Shefuchen, Duan Mopei attacked Duan Pidi who was travelling to attend the funeral, causing him to retreat. In the assault, Liu Kun's eldest son, Liu Qun (劉群) was captured by Duan Mopei. Duan Mopei treated him with respect and even convinced him to write a letter to his father inviting him over to his side. The letter, however, was intercepted by Duan Pidi's scouts.
Duan Pidi showed the letter to Liu Kun, who at the time had not known of the events that happened. Liu Kun assured Pidi that he would not betray him, even if the letter was indeed from his son. Duan Pidi initially let him off but his younger brother, Duan Shujun (段叔軍), told him: "We are tribesmen, after all, and anyone who can retain the loyalty of the Jin people will fear our own forces. Now there is this strife within our family, splitting apart the flesh and the bones, and Liu Kun must have planned for this day all along. If you allow Liu Kun to rise, it will mean the end of all our clan." Duan Pidi heeded his advice and arrested Liu Kun.
When news of Liu Kun's arrest came out, Kun's son, Liu Zun mounted a defence in his camp but was quickly defeated by Duan Pidi. Two of Liu Kun's generals Pilü Song (辟閭嵩) and Han Ju, also planned to do the same, but their plot was leaked, so Pidi captured and executed them along with their other collaborators. Sima Rui's powerful general in the south, Wang Dun, had always despised Liu Kun. Upon hearing his arrest, Wang secretly sent a messenger to Duan Pidi asking him to kill Liu Kun. On the 22nd of June, while claiming that he had received an imperial edict, Duan Pidi had Liu Kun strangled along with four of his sons and nephews.
Aftermath
Some of Liu Kun's followers, including Lu Chen and Cui Yue (崔悅), fled to Duan Mopei, where they acclaimed Liu Qun as their leader while others went to serve with Shi Le. Because he killed Liu Kun and broke his oath, Duan Pidi lost the trust of both the Han Chinese and tribal people. Although Sima Rui permitted no one to hold mourning for him to ensure Duan Pidi's allegiance to Jin, both Wen Jiao and Duan Mopei petitioned that Liu Kun be honored posthumously as he had been a loyal Jin subject. Some years later, Liu Kun was posthumously appointed as Grand Commandant and Palace Attendant and given the posthumous name "Min (愍)" or "the Lamented".
Children
Liu Kun had at least two sons, Liu Zun (劉遵, who was a son to his father's concubine) and Liu Qun.
Liu Zun
When Liu Kun first allied himself with Tuoba Yilu, Liu Zun was sent to Dai to serve as a hostage to ensure Liu Kun's loyalty. He was returned to his father in 316 by Ji Dan and Wei Xiong when they fled to him to escape Dai. After Duan Pidi arrested Liu Kun in 318, Zun mounted a defense in his own camp against Pidi but was swiftly defeated and captured. His final fate is not recorded but it is most likely he was one of the four sons and nephews executed alongside his father.
Liu Qun
Liu Kun's other son, Liu Qun, courtesy name Gongdu (公度), was described as cautious and good at passing judgement. Prior to his capture by Duan Mopei in 318, he followed his father and fought during his march to Jinyang in 307, helping him secure the provincial capital. After Qun was acclaimed as his father's successor, he remained with the Duan clan for roughly two decades, eventually becoming one of Duan Liao's Chief Clerks of the Left and Right. In 338, amidst the Later Zhao and Former Yan joint campaign on the Duan clan, Liu Qun together with Lu Chen and Cui Yue surrendered to the Zhao forces, and Shi Hu, now ruler of Zhao, appointed Liu Qun the Inspector of Qinzhou. In 349, Shi Hu's Han Chinese grandson, Shi Min took over the government and installed his uncle Shi Jian as a puppet emperor. Liu Qun appears to have supported Shi Min, as he was made Supervisor of the Left of the Masters of Writing by Min himself. Shi Min eventually formed the state of Ran Wei in 350, changing his name to Ran Min in the process, and Liu Qun became his Deputy Director. Liu was later killed by invading Former Yan forces in 352.
Poetry
Although Liu Kun only has three surviving poems, he was famous for his works as a poet, his most known being the "Song of Fufeng (扶風歌)". The poem is written during Liu Kun's trip from Luoyang to Jinyang between 306 and 307 and centres around his reluctance in leaving the capital. The poem is unique for its time as it contains elements of poems from the Jian'an and early Cao Wei period. His other two poems are from two letters he exchanged with his wife's nephew, Lu Chen between 317 and 318. They are known as "Poem for Lu Chen (贈盧諶詩)" and "Response to Lu Chen (答盧諶詩)". His poems were compiled in a Liang Dynasty catalog as the "Liu Kun Ji (劉琨集)".
Anecdotes
"Rising at Cockcrow to Practice the Sword"
During his time as Registrar in Sizhou in the 290s, Liu Kun befriended a colleague named Zu Ti, who would later become one of Western Jin's most famous general. When they were sleeping in the same bed one night, they heard a rooster's crow at midnight. As this was a bad omen, Zu Ti kicked Liu Kun awake, telling him "This is no evil sound!" The two men got up and performed a sword dance. This event inspired the Chinese phrase "rising at cockcrow to practice the sword (聞雞起舞)".
Lifting a siege by playing a flute
Another anecdote tells of how Liu Kun drove back a Xiongnu army by playing the nomad flute. His headquarters in Jinyang was constantly besieged by the Xiongnu. In one of these sieges, Liu Kun took advantage of the moonlight to climb a tall building, where he began to whistle cleanly. This caught the attention of the invaders, who went heart-sore and made long sighs because of Liu Kun's whistling. Liu Kun then began playing the nomad flute with his men. The songs that Liu Kun played reminded the barbarians of their homelands and how much they miss it. Towards dawn, Liu Kun played the flute again, this time convincing the invaders to leave and abandon the siege.
References
^ Liu Kun's biography in Book of Jin indicated that he was 48 (by East Asian reckoning) when he died. Thus by calculation, his birth year should be 270.
^ gui'chou day of the 5th month of the 1st year of the Da'xing era, per Emperor Yuan's biography in Book of Jin
^ (劉琨，字越石，中山魏昌人，漢中山靖王勝之後也。) Book of Jin, Volume 62
^ (石崇、歐陽建、陸機、陸雲之徒，並以文才降節事謐，琨兄弟亦在其間，號曰「二十四友」。) Book of Jin, Volume 62
^ (倫子荂，即琨姊婿也，故琨父子兄弟並爲倫所委任。及篡，荂爲皇太子，琨爲荂詹事。) Book of Jin, Volume 62
^ (許超等與成都王穎軍戰于黃橋，殺傷萬餘人... 而士猗、伏胤、孫會皆杖節各不相從。倫復授太子詹事劉琨節，督河北將軍，率步騎千人催諸軍戰。會等與義軍戰于激水，大敗，退保河上，劉琨燒斷河橋。) Book of Jin, Volume 59
^ (劉琨說冀州刺史太原溫羨，使讓位於范陽王虓。虓領冀州，遣琨詣幽州乞師於王浚；浚以突騎資之，擊王闡於河上，殺之。琨遂與虓引兵濟河，斬石超於滎陽。劉喬自考城引退。虓遣琨及督護田徽東擊東平王楙於廩丘，楙走還國。琨、徽引兵東迎越，擊劉祐於譙；祐敗死，喬衆遂潰，喬奔平氏。司空越進屯陽武，王浚遣其將祁弘帥突騎鮮卑、烏桓爲越先驅。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 86
^ (顒先遣將呂朗等據滎陽，范陽王虓司馬劉琨以方首示朗，於是朗降。) Book of Jin, Volume 59
^ (輿說越遣其弟琨鎭幷州，以爲北面之重；越表琨爲幷州刺史，以東燕王騰爲車騎將軍、都督鄴城諸軍事，鎭鄴。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 86
^ (騰懼，率并州二萬餘戶下山東，遂所在為寇... 以其前將軍劉景為使持節、征討大都督、大將軍，要擊并州刺史劉琨于版橋，為琨所敗，琨遂據晉陽。) Book of Jin, Volume 101
^ (劉琨至上黨，東燕王騰卽自井陘東下。時幷州饑饉，數爲胡寇所掠，郡縣莫能自保。州將田甄、甄弟蘭、任祉、祁濟、李惲、薄盛等及吏民萬餘人，悉隨騰就穀冀州，號爲「乞活」，所餘之戶不滿二萬；寇賊縱橫，道路斷塞。琨募兵上黨，得五百人，轉鬬而前。至晉陽，府寺焚毀，邑野蕭條，琨撫循勞徠，流民稍集。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 86
^ (三年，晉并州刺史劉琨遣使，以子遵為質。帝嘉其意，厚報饋之。白部大人叛入西河，鐵弗劉虎舉眾於雁門以應之，攻琨新興、雁門二郡。琨來乞師，帝使弟子平文皇帝將騎二萬，助琨擊之，大破白部；次攻劉虎，屠其營落... 晉懷帝進帝大單于，封代公。) Book of Northern Wei, Volume 1
^ (初，勒之爲人所掠賣也，與其母王氏相失。劉琨得之，幷其從子虎送於勒，因遺勒書曰︰「將軍用兵如神，所向無敵，所以周流天下而無容足之地，百戰百勝而無尺寸之功者，蓋得主則爲義兵，附逆則爲賊衆故也。成敗之數，有似呼吸，吹之則寒，噓之則溫。今相授侍中、車騎大將軍、領護匈奴中郎將、襄城郡公，將軍其受之！」勒報書曰︰「事功殊途，非腐儒所知。君當逞節本朝，吾自夷難爲效。」遺琨名馬、珍寶，厚禮其使，謝而絕之。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 87
^ (琨牙門將邢延以碧石獻琨，琨以與六脩，六脩復就延求之，不得，執延妻子。延怒，以所部兵襲六脩，六脩走，延遂以新興附漢，請兵以攻幷州。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 87
^ (劉琨移檄州郡，期以十月會平陽，擊漢。琨素奢豪，喜聲色。河南徐潤以音律得幸於琨，琨以爲晉陽令。潤驕恣，干預政事；護軍令狐盛數以爲言，且勸琨殺之，琨不從。潤譖盛於琨，琨數盛，殺之。琨母曰：「汝不能駕御豪傑以恢遠略，而專除勝己，禍必及我。」) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 88
^ (聰遣劉粲、劉曜等攻劉琨于晉陽，琨使張喬距之，戰于武灌，喬敗績，死之，晉陽危懼。太原太守高喬、琨別駕郝聿以晉陽降粲。琨與左右數十騎，攜其妻子奔于趙郡之亭頭，遂如常山。粲、曜入于晉陽。) Book of Jin, Volume 102
^ (七年，帝復與劉琨約期，會於平陽。會石勒擒王浚，國有匈奴雜胡萬餘家，多勒種類，聞勒破幽州，乃謀為亂，欲以應勒，發覺，伏誅，討聰之計，於是中止。) Book of Northern Wei, Volume 1
^ (會石勒攻琨樂平，太守韓據請救於琨。琨以得雄、澹之眾，欲因其銳，以滅石勒。雄、澹諫曰：「亂民飢疲，未可便用，宜休息觀釁而動。」琨不從，使雄、澹率眾討勒，琨屯廣牧為之聲援。) Book of Northern Wei, Volume 23
^ (琨長史李弘以并州來降。) Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms, Volume 2
^ (尋又炎旱，琨窮蹙不能復守。幽州刺史鮮卑段匹磾數遣信要琨，欲與同獎王室。琨由是率眾赴之，從飛狐人薊。匹磾見之，甚相崇重，與琨結婚，約爲兄弟。) Book of Jin, Volume 62
^ (就六眷死，其子幼弱，匹磾與劉琨世子羣奔喪。匹磾陰卷甲而往，欲殺其從叔羽鱗及末波而奪其國。末波等知之，遣軍逆擊，匹磾、劉羣為末波所獲。匹磾走還薊。) Book of Northern Wei, Volume 103
^ (匹磾奔其兄喪，琨遣世子群送之，而末波率眾要擊匹磾而敗走之，群爲末波所得。末波厚禮之，許以琨爲幽州刺史，共結盟而襲匹磾，密遣使齎群書請琨爲內應，而爲匹磾邏騎所得。時琨別屯故征北府小城，不之知也。因來見匹磾，匹磾以群書示琨曰：「意亦不疑公，是以白公耳。」琨曰：「與公同盟，志獎王室，仰憑威力，庶雪國家之恥。若兒書密達，亦終不以一子之故負公忘義也。」匹磾雅重琨，初無害琨志，將聽還屯。其中弟叔軍好學有智謀，爲匹磾所信，謂匹磾曰：「吾胡夷耳，所以能服晉人者，畏吾眾也。今我骨肉構禍，是其良圖之日，若有奉琨以起，吾族盡矣。」匹磾遂留琨。琨之庶長子遵懼誅，與琨左長史楊橋、并州治中如綏閉門自守。匹磾諭之不得，因縱兵攻之。琨將龍季猛迫於乏食，遂斬橋、綏而降。) Book of Jin, Volume 62
^ (悅，林之曾孫也。朝廷以匹磾尚強，冀其能平河朔，乃不爲琨舉哀。溫嶠表「琨盡忠帝室，家破身亡，宜在褒恤；」廬諶、崔悅因末柸使者，亦上表爲琨訟冤。後數歲，乃贈琨太尉、侍中，諡曰愍) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 90
^ (琨之庶長子遵懼誅，與琨左長史楊橋、并州治中如綏閉門自守。) Book of Jin, Volume 62
^ (群字公度，少拜廣武侯世子。隨父在晉陽，遭逢寇亂，數領偏軍征討。性清慎，有裁斷，得士類歡心。及琨爲匹磾所害，琨從事中郎盧諶等率餘眾奉群依末波。溫嶠前後表稱：「姨弟劉群，內弟崔悅、盧諶等，皆在末波中，翹首南望。愚謂此等並有文思，於人之中少可湣惜。如蒙錄召，繼絕興亡，則陛下更生之恩，望古無二。」咸康二年，成帝詔徵群等，爲末波兄弟愛其才，托以道險不遣。石季龍滅遼西，群及諶、悅同沒胡中，季龍皆優禮之，以群爲中書令。至冉閔敗後，群遇害。時勒及季龍得公卿人士多殺之，其見擢用，終至大官者，唯有河東裴憲，渤海石璞，滎陽鄭系，潁川荀綽，北地傅暢及群、悅、諶等十餘人而已。) Book of Jin, Volume 62
^ R. Knechtges, David (December 2006). "Liu Kun, Lu Chen, and Their Writings in the Transition to the Eastern Jin". Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews. 28: 16–17. JSTOR 25478376.
^ (與司空劉琨俱爲司州主簿，情好綢繆，共被同寢。中夜聞荒雞鳴，蹴琨覺曰：「此非惡聲也。」因起舞。逖、琨並有英氣，每語世事，或中宵起坐，相謂曰：「若四海鼎沸，豪傑並起，吾與足下當相避于中原耳。」) Book of Jin, Volume 62
^ (琨少負志氣，有縱橫之才，善交勝己，而頗浮誇。與范陽祖逖爲友，聞逖被用，與親故書曰：「吾枕戈待旦，志梟逆虜，常恐祖生先吾著鞭。」其意氣相期如此。在晉陽，常爲胡騎所圍數重，城中窘迫無計，琨乃乘月登樓清嘯，賊聞之，皆淒然長歎。中夜奏胡笳，賊又流涕歔欷，有懷土之切。向曉復吹之，賊並棄圍而走。子群嗣。) Book of Jin, Volume 62
Fang, Xuanling (ed.) (648). Book of Jin (Jin Shu).
Liu, Yiqing (ed.) (c. 5th century). A New Account of the Tales of the World (Shishuo Xinyu / Shiyu).
Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liu Kun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Kun"},{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Liu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_(surname)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"courtesy name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtesy_name"},{"link_name":"Jin dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)"},{"link_name":"Bingzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Province"},{"link_name":"Xiongnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu"},{"link_name":"Han-Zhao dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_Zhao"},{"link_name":"Tuoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuoba"},{"link_name":"Xianbei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xianbei"},{"link_name":"Shi Le","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Le"},{"link_name":"Youzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Duan Pidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duan_Pidi"}],"text":"For the Chinese Minister of Finance, see Liu Kun.In this Chinese name, the family name is Liu.Liu Kun (271[1] – 22 June 318[2]), courtesy name Yueshi, was a Chinese military general and poet of the Jin dynasty. An esteemed writer during the early years of his career, he was also known for his time as the Inspector of Bingzhou, during which he spearheaded Jin's efforts in fighting back against the Xiongnu-led Han-Zhao dynasty. Despite his determination and active role in the war against Han, he lacked the sufficient military and administrative skills to quash the growing Han threat, suffering repeated defeats and having to heavily rely on his alliance with the Tuoba-Xianbei. He was eventually driven out from Bingzhou following a decisive defeat to Shi Le in 316 and fled to Youzhou, where he allied with the chieftain, Duan Pidi. After Pidi suspected him of betrayal, he was arrested and executed via strangulation in 318.","title":"Liu Kun (Jin dynasty)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zhongshan commandery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhongshan_Kingdom_(Han_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Liu Sheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Sheng,_Prince_of_Zhongshan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Luoyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luoyang"},{"link_name":"Shi Chong’s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Chong"},{"link_name":"Twenty-Four Friends of Jingu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jia_Mi#Twenty-Four_Friends_of_Jingu"},{"link_name":"Empress Jia’s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jia_Nanfeng"},{"link_name":"Jia Mi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jia_Mi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Liu Kun was born in Weichang county, Zhongshan commandery and it was said that he was a descendant of the Han prince, Liu Sheng.[3] Both his father Liu Fan (劉蕃) and grandfather Liu Mai (劉邁) had both served as government officials. Together with his brother Liu Yu (劉輿), Liu Kun achieved celebrity status for his talent in writing whilst working in the Jin capital in Luoyang. The two brothers earned the epithet junlang (儁朗), which meant \"outstanding and bright\" and were part of Shi Chong’s inner circle called the \"Twenty-Four Friends of Jingu (二十四友)”, a group of celebrities who were close associates with Empress Jia’s nephew, Jia Mi.[4] Unfortunately, none of Liu Kun's works during his time with the group survived.","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"War of the Eight Princes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Eight_Princes"}],"text":"See also: War of the Eight Princes","title":"War of the Eight Princes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emperor Hui of Jin’s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Hui_of_Jin"},{"link_name":"Sima Lun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Lun"},{"link_name":"Sima Jiong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Jiong"},{"link_name":"Sima Ying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Ying"},{"link_name":"Sima Yong’s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Yong"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Wen County, Henan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wen_County,_Henan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Sima Ai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Ai"}],"sub_title":"Service under Sima Lun and Sima Jiong","text":"A civil war broke out in 301 when Emperor Hui of Jin’s regent, Sima Lun deposed him and declared himself emperor. Liu Kun’s family sided with Sima Lun against Sima Jiong, Sima Ying and Sima Yong’s coalition, since his sister was married to Sima Lun’s son.[5] Liu Kun commanded an army at the Battle of Huangqiao (黃橋, in present-day Wen County, Henan) but he and his allies retreated after being decisively defeated.[6] By the middle of the year, Sima Lun was overthrown and forced to commit suicide while Sima Jiong becomes Emperor Hui’s new regent. Jiong had many of Lun’s partisans executed but he was impressed with the talents possessed by Liu Kun’s family, so he gave them appointments in his new government. After Jiong was killed in battle against Sima Ai in 303, the Liu family went to serve the Prince of Fanyang, Sima Xiao (司馬虓).","title":"War of the Eight Princes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liu Qiao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Qiao_(Jin_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Xuchang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuchang"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E2%80%9C%E5%B9%BF%E6%AD%A6%E4%BE%AF%E5%8D%B0%E2%80%9D%E9%93%9C%E5%8D%B0ZNQ.jpg"},{"link_name":"Youzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Wang Jun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Jun_(Pengzu)"},{"link_name":"Wuhuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhuan"},{"link_name":"Mengzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mengzhou"},{"link_name":"Henan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henan"},{"link_name":"Yangzi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangzi_River"},{"link_name":"Xingyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xingyang"},{"link_name":"Shi Chao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Chao"},{"link_name":"Shangqiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangqiu"},{"link_name":"Heze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heze"},{"link_name":"Shandong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong"},{"link_name":"Xiao County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao_County"},{"link_name":"Guanzhong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanzhong"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Zhang Fang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Fang"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Service under Sima Xiao","text":"In 305, after Sima Yong had forcibly relocated Emperor Hui from Luoyang to Chang'an, Sima Xiao joined a coalition led by the Prince of Donghai, Sima Yue, to retrieve the emperor back to Luoyang. Shortly after declaring the coalition, Sima Yue gave out a number of appointments on his own accord, which Liu Kun and his family benefitted from. Liu Fan was appointed Army Protector of Huaibei, Liu Yu was appointed Administrator of Yingchuan while Liu Kun was made a Marshal by Sima Xiao. Meanwhile, the Inspector of Yuzhou, Liu Qiao, was transferred to Inspector of Jizhou, with his old position being given to Sima Xiao.Although Liu Qiao was a member of the coalition, he became angry at Sima Yue for acting beyond his discretion without the emperor's approval, and he extended his anger to Liu Kun and Liu Yu. As a result, he defected to Sima Yong and sent a letter to his court in which he denounced Liu Kun and Liu Yu for their crimes while stating his intention in attacking Sima Xiao’s base in Xuchang. Due to Xuchang’s poor defences, Liu Qiao easily captured the city along with Liu Kun's parents. Liu Kun tried leading soldiers to save the city but was unable to arrive in time, so he, Liu Yu and Sima Xiao fled north to Jizhou.Seal of the Marquis of Guangwu, possibly used by Liu Kun.At Jizhou, Liu Kun managed to convince its inspector, Wen Xian (溫羨), who happened to be a relative of his, to give up his post to Sima Xiao. With a province at hand, Liu Kun was sent to Youzhou to request assistance from the commander of the province, Wang Jun. With the help of Wang Jun's Xianbei and Wuhuan \"charging cavalries\", Liu Kun and Sima Xiao attacked Liu Qiao's reserves at Heqiao (河穚; southwest of present-day Mengzhou, Henan) and killed the general, Wang Chan (王闡). They later crossed the Yangzi River and attacked Liu Qiao's allies at Xingyang, where they also killed Shi Chao.As Liu Qiao fell back to Kaocheng (考城, in modern Shangqiu, Henan), Liu Kun and another general, Tian Hui (田徽), routed his ally, Sima Mao (司馬楙) at Linqiu (廩丘, in present-day Heze, Shandong). Liu Kun then divided his troops and advanced to Xuchang, whereupon its inhabitants welcomed him without a fight. Finally, Liu Kun marched to Xiao County to link up with Sima Yue, whose army had been blocked from marching into the Guanzhong region by Liu Qiao's son, Liu You (劉祐). Liu Kun defeated and killed Liu You, causing Liu Qiao's army to scatter.[7]Liu Qiao’s defeat caused Sima Yong to panic, and he tried to sue for peace with Sima Yue. He beheaded his Grand Commander Zhang Fang and delivered the head to Yue, but the offer was rejected. Instead, the head was given to Liu Kun, who used it to convince Lü Lang (呂朗) and Sima Yong’s other generals to surrender.[8] After Sima Yue's forces captured Chang'an, Liu Kun was awarded the title of Marquis of Guangwu.","title":"War of the Eight Princes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Inspector of Bingzhou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liu Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Yuan_(Han-Zhao)"},{"link_name":"Han-Zhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han-Zhao"},{"link_name":"Sima Teng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sima_Teng&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Jinyuan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinyuan_District"},{"link_name":"Taiyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiyuan"},{"link_name":"Shanxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanxi"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Liu Cong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Cong_(Han_Zhao)"},{"link_name":"Wang Mi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Mi"},{"link_name":"Shi Le","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Le"},{"link_name":"Huguan county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguan_County"}],"sub_title":"Restoring Bingzhou","text":"While the War of the Eight Princes was happening, the Xiongnu of Bingzhou, led by Liu Yuan, broke away from Jin and established the Han-Zhao in 304. In addition to an ongoing famine, the new Han state brought instability to the province and was becoming a growing threat to Jin. Sima Yue, at the advice of Liu Yu, appointed Liu Kun as the Inspector of Bingzhou to guard the northern borders, replacing Sima Teng.[9]When Sima Teng left, Han forces and bandits had occupied most of the roads in Bing, forcing Liu Kun to fight his way to his capital in Jinyang (晉陽縣; present-day Jinyuan District, Taiyuan, Shanxi). Liu Yuan sent his general Liu Jing (劉景) to intercept Liu Kun, but Liu Kun defeated him and eventually reached Jinyang.[10] At Jinyang, Liu Kun found that the government buildings were all burnt down and the surrounding towns and countrysides were desolated. Liu Kun managed to restore some order in the province and attracted refugees to his domain.[11]The following year, Liu Yuan sent Liu Cong, Wang Mi and Shi Le to conquer Huguan county. Liu Kun sent his subordinate Huang Su (黃肅) and Han Shu (韓述) to reinforce the county but Liu Cong killed the two of them in battle while reinforcements sent by Sima Yue were routed by Wang Mi. In the end, his Administrator of Shangdang, Pang Chun (龐淳), surrendered Huguan to Han.","title":"Inspector of Bingzhou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tiefu Xiongnu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiefu"},{"link_name":"Liu Hu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Hu_(Tiefu)"},{"link_name":"Tuoba Yilu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuoba_Yilu"},{"link_name":"Tuoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuoba"},{"link_name":"Dai commandery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai_Commandery"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Shi Hu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Hu"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Xinzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinzhou"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Alliance with Tuoba Yilu and conflict with Wang Jun","text":"Shortly after this defeat, Liu Kun campaigned against the Tiefu Xiongnu, led by Liu Hu, and the Xianbei Bai tribe (白部) who had sided with Liu Yuan. In 310, Liu Kun allied himself with Tuoba Yilu, chieftain of the Tuoba Xianbei, and routed Liu Hu and his allies. Soon after, Liu Kun formed a brotherly bond with Tuoba Yilu. As a reward for his assistance, Liu Kun sent a petition to the court, demanding that Yilu be appointed Grand Chanyu and receive Dai commandery as a fief.[12] The petition was accepted but it also angered Liu Kun’s colleague, Wang Jun, as Dai was under his administration in Youzhou. Wang Jun sent his forces to attack the Tuoba but was unsuccessful.The next year, Liu Kun discovered that the mother and nephew of Han’s general, Shi Le were wandering in his territory. Liu Kun delivered Lady Wang (王氏) and Shi Hu to Shi Le, along with a letter convincing him to side with Jin. Shi Le rejected his letter but still sent him gifts for returning him his mother.[13]A troubling issue for Liu Kun is the lack of manpower in his territory. Although he attracted many refugees to join him, just as many them would leave him for safer refuges, so he had to request the Tuoba for soldiers. Later in 311, Liu Kun sent his kinsman Liu Xi (劉希) to gather people from Wang Jun’s territories. However, Wang Jun discovered Liu Kun's intrusion and sent his forces to kill Liu Xi. In retaliation, Tuoba Yilu sent his son, Tuoba Liuxiu (拓跋六脩) to help Liu Kun against Wang Jun, but this act proved disastrous when Liuxiu got into a fight with Liu Kun's officer, Xing Yan (邢延), leading to Xing Yan surrendering Xinxing commandery (新興, in present-day Xinzhou, Shanxi) to Han.[14]","title":"Inspector of Bingzhou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Liu Can","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Can"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Yangqu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangqu_County"}],"sub_title":"Xu Run affair","text":"In 312, Liu Kun appointed a man named Xu Run (徐潤) as the Prefect of Jinyang. Xu had impressed Liu Kun through his musical talents to earn his position, but his administration showed his cruelty and corruption. The Army Protector, Linghu Sheng (令狐盛) urged Liu Kun to get rid off Xu Run but his advice fell on deaf ears. Hearing this, Xu Run slandered Linghu Sheng to the point that Liu Kun decided to execute him.[15] Sheng’s son, Linghu Ni (令狐泥) fled to Han, where he revealed to the now emperor Liu Cong of Kun’s situation. Liu Cong sent Liu Yao and Liu Can with Linghu Ni as a guide to conquer Bingzhou, and the Han forces managed to force Liu Kun out of Jinyang.[16] Linghu Ni also killed both of Liu Kun’s parents while they were fleeing with him. Liu Kun managed to recapture Jinyang with Tuoba Yilu’s assistance but by that time the city had been sacked by Liu Yao. Liu Kun regathered his scattered forces and made way to his new capital in Yangqu.","title":"Inspector of Bingzhou"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Tuoba Pugen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuoba_Pugen"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Fall of Bingzhou","text":"The following year, Liu Kun and Tuoba Yilu attacked Xiping but movements by Han troops persuaded them to retreat. In 314, Shi Le was planning to finish off Wang Jun in Youzhou. Shi Le wrote a letter pretending to look weak by asking Liu Kun for permission to attack Wang while also sending hostages to him. Liu Kun believed the letter and was delighted, even going as far as to spread this news throughout his domain. However, things took a turn after Shi Le captured and executed Wang Jun, causing Liu Kun to realize that he had been trick. Furthermore, Shi Le’s recent victory prompted many of those in Tuoba Yilu’s domain to defect, forcing Yilu to purge many families in Dai.[17]Tuoba Yilu was assassinated by Tuoba Liuxiu in 316. Dai fell into civil war between Liuxiu and Tuoba Pugen which caused Yilu’s general Ji Dan (箕澹) and Wei Xiong (衞雄) to join Liu Kun with thousands of families and livestock. Morale in Liu Kun’s territory arose as their recent fortunes meant that there was a chance to turn the tides. However, not long after, Shi Le besieged the Administrator of Leping (樂平, in present-day Shanxi), Han Ju (韓據) at Diancheng (坫城). Liu Kun accepted Han Ju’s call for help and insisted on using his newly received forces. Ji Dan and Wei Xiong remonstrated him, saying that the troops were not loyal to him yet and that they should be kept for the future. Liu Kun ignored their advices and ordered Ji Dan with the whole army to attack Shi Le.[18] Shi Le greatly routed Ji Dan, causing him and Wei Xiong to flee back to Dai. Meanwhile, Han Ju abandoned Tiancheng to Shi Le as reinforcements failed to relief him. With Liu Kun’s army on the brink of destruction, Liu Kun’s Chief Clerk, Li Hong (李弘), handed over Bingzhou to Han.[19]","title":"Inspector of Bingzhou"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Final years and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jicheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jicheng_(Beijing)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Sima Rui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Yuan_of_Jin"},{"link_name":"Jiankang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiankang"},{"link_name":"Wen Jiao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wen_Jiao"}],"sub_title":"Alliance with Duan Pidi","text":"After the loss of Bing Province, Liu Kun was left with nothing and nowhere to go. Hearing this, Inspector of Youzhou and a head of the Duan tribe, Duan Pidi, sent a letter to Liu Kun inviting him to his headquarters in Jicheng. Liu Kun met him, and the two men started a mutual relationship, arranging a marriage between their relatives.[20] In 317, they swore an oath with each other and sent a joint petition to Sima Rui in Jiankang insisting he claim the imperial title. Liu Kun's envoy was Wen Jiao, whose aunt was married to Liu Kun. The same year, both men planned an attack against Shi Le with Duan Pidi's brothers, but the plan was axed as Pidi's brothers refused to take orders from him. The following year, after Sima Rui ascended the throne as Emperor Yuan of Jin, Liu Kun was appointed Palace Attendant and Defender-in-Chief and was presented a famous sword.","title":"Final years and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duan Jilujuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duan_Jilujuan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Duan Mopei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duan_Mopei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Duan Shefuchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duan_Shefuchen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Wang Dun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Dun"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Accusation of betrayal and death","text":"Despite his newfound ally and base, Liu Kun would soon meet his end at the hands of Duan Pidi. Duan Pidi's brother and chieftain of the Duan, Duan Jilujuan passed away. His cousin Duan Mopei took advantage of his death to usurp the tribe's power. After killing his uncle and cousin's successor, Duan Shefuchen, Duan Mopei attacked Duan Pidi who was travelling to attend the funeral, causing him to retreat. In the assault, Liu Kun's eldest son, Liu Qun (劉群) was captured by Duan Mopei.[21] Duan Mopei treated him with respect and even convinced him to write a letter to his father inviting him over to his side. The letter, however, was intercepted by Duan Pidi's scouts.Duan Pidi showed the letter to Liu Kun, who at the time had not known of the events that happened. Liu Kun assured Pidi that he would not betray him, even if the letter was indeed from his son. Duan Pidi initially let him off but his younger brother, Duan Shujun (段叔軍), told him: \"We are tribesmen, after all, and anyone who can retain the loyalty of the Jin people will fear our own forces. Now there is this strife within our family, splitting apart the flesh and the bones, and Liu Kun must have planned for this day all along. If you allow Liu Kun to rise, it will mean the end of all our clan.\" Duan Pidi heeded his advice and arrested Liu Kun.When news of Liu Kun's arrest came out, Kun's son, Liu Zun mounted a defence in his camp but was quickly defeated by Duan Pidi. Two of Liu Kun's generals Pilü Song (辟閭嵩) and Han Ju, also planned to do the same, but their plot was leaked, so Pidi captured and executed them along with their other collaborators. Sima Rui's powerful general in the south, Wang Dun, had always despised Liu Kun. Upon hearing his arrest, Wang secretly sent a messenger to Duan Pidi asking him to kill Liu Kun. On the 22nd of June, while claiming that he had received an imperial edict, Duan Pidi had Liu Kun strangled along with four of his sons and nephews.[22]","title":"Final years and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lu Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lu_Chen_(Jin_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Aftermath","text":"Some of Liu Kun's followers, including Lu Chen and Cui Yue (崔悅), fled to Duan Mopei, where they acclaimed Liu Qun as their leader while others went to serve with Shi Le. Because he killed Liu Kun and broke his oath, Duan Pidi lost the trust of both the Han Chinese and tribal people. Although Sima Rui permitted no one to hold mourning for him to ensure Duan Pidi's allegiance to Jin, both Wen Jiao and Duan Mopei petitioned that Liu Kun be honored posthumously as he had been a loyal Jin subject. Some years later, Liu Kun was posthumously appointed as Grand Commandant and Palace Attendant and given the posthumous name \"Min (愍)\" or \"the Lamented\".[23]","title":"Final years and death"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Liu Kun had at least two sons, Liu Zun (劉遵, who was a son to his father's concubine) and Liu Qun.","title":"Children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Liu Zun","text":"When Liu Kun first allied himself with Tuoba Yilu, Liu Zun was sent to Dai to serve as a hostage to ensure Liu Kun's loyalty. He was returned to his father in 316 by Ji Dan and Wei Xiong when they fled to him to escape Dai. After Duan Pidi arrested Liu Kun in 318, Zun mounted a defense in his own camp against Pidi but was swiftly defeated and captured. His final fate is not recorded but it is most likely he was one of the four sons and nephews executed alongside his father.[24]","title":"Children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duan Liao's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duan_Liao"},{"link_name":"Later Zhao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_Zhao"},{"link_name":"Former Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_Yan"},{"link_name":"Qinzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C3%ADn_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Shi Min","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ran_Min"},{"link_name":"Shi Jian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Jian"},{"link_name":"Ran Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ran_Wei"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Liu Qun","text":"Liu Kun's other son, Liu Qun, courtesy name Gongdu (公度), was described as cautious and good at passing judgement. Prior to his capture by Duan Mopei in 318, he followed his father and fought during his march to Jinyang in 307, helping him secure the provincial capital. After Qun was acclaimed as his father's successor, he remained with the Duan clan for roughly two decades, eventually becoming one of Duan Liao's Chief Clerks of the Left and Right. In 338, amidst the Later Zhao and Former Yan joint campaign on the Duan clan, Liu Qun together with Lu Chen and Cui Yue surrendered to the Zhao forces, and Shi Hu, now ruler of Zhao, appointed Liu Qun the Inspector of Qinzhou. In 349, Shi Hu's Han Chinese grandson, Shi Min took over the government and installed his uncle Shi Jian as a puppet emperor. Liu Qun appears to have supported Shi Min, as he was made Supervisor of the Left of the Masters of Writing by Min himself. Shi Min eventually formed the state of Ran Wei in 350, changing his name to Ran Min in the process, and Liu Qun became his Deputy Director. Liu was later killed by invading Former Yan forces in 352.[25]","title":"Children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"poems from the Jian'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jian%27an_poetry"},{"link_name":"Cao Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_Wei"},{"link_name":"Liang Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Although Liu Kun only has three surviving poems, he was famous for his works as a poet, his most known being the \"Song of Fufeng (扶風歌)\". The poem is written during Liu Kun's trip from Luoyang to Jinyang between 306 and 307 and centres around his reluctance in leaving the capital. The poem is unique for its time as it contains elements of poems from the Jian'an and early Cao Wei period. His other two poems are from two letters he exchanged with his wife's nephew, Lu Chen between 317 and 318. They are known as \"Poem for Lu Chen (贈盧諶詩)\" and \"Response to Lu Chen (答盧諶詩)\". His poems were compiled in a Liang Dynasty catalog as the \"Liu Kun Ji (劉琨集)\".[26]","title":"Poetry"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Anecdotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sizhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sili_Province"},{"link_name":"Zu Ti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zu_Ti"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"\"Rising at Cockcrow to Practice the Sword\"","text":"During his time as Registrar in Sizhou in the 290s, Liu Kun befriended a colleague named Zu Ti, who would later become one of Western Jin's most famous general. When they were sleeping in the same bed one night, they heard a rooster's crow at midnight. As this was a bad omen, Zu Ti kicked Liu Kun awake, telling him \"This is no evil sound!\" The two men got up and performed a sword dance. This event inspired the Chinese phrase \"rising at cockcrow to practice the sword (聞雞起舞)\".[27]","title":"Anecdotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Lifting a siege by playing a flute","text":"Another anecdote tells of how Liu Kun drove back a Xiongnu army by playing the nomad flute. His headquarters in Jinyang was constantly besieged by the Xiongnu. In one of these sieges, Liu Kun took advantage of the moonlight to climb a tall building, where he began to whistle cleanly. This caught the attention of the invaders, who went heart-sore and made long sighs because of Liu Kun's whistling. Liu Kun then began playing the nomad flute with his men. The songs that Liu Kun played reminded the barbarians of their homelands and how much they miss it. Towards dawn, Liu Kun played the flute again, this time convincing the invaders to leave and abandon the siege.[28]","title":"Anecdotes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Seal of the Marquis of Guangwu, possibly used by Liu Kun.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/%E2%80%9C%E5%B9%BF%E6%AD%A6%E4%BE%AF%E5%8D%B0%E2%80%9D%E9%93%9C%E5%8D%B0ZNQ.jpg/192px-%E2%80%9C%E5%B9%BF%E6%AD%A6%E4%BE%AF%E5%8D%B0%E2%80%9D%E9%93%9C%E5%8D%B0ZNQ.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"R. Knechtges, David (December 2006). \"Liu Kun, Lu Chen, and Their Writings in the Transition to the Eastern Jin\". Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews. 28: 16–17. JSTOR 25478376.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25478376","url_text":"25478376"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Grigoryevich_Zaitsev
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Vasily Zaitsev (sniper)
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["1 Early life","2 Military career","3 Civilian life","4 2006 commemoration","5 In popular culture","5.1 Film","5.2 Literature","6 Awards and honors","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
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Soviet sniper (1915–1991)
In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Grigoryevich and the family name is Zaitsev.
Vasily Grigoryevich ZaitsevZaitsev in 1943Native nameВасилий Григорьевич ЗайцевBorn(1915-03-23)23 March 1915Yeleninskoye, Orenburg Governorate, Russian EmpireDied15 December 1991(1991-12-15) (aged 76)Kyiv, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet UnionBuriedMamayev Kurgan, Volgograd, Russia (from 2006)Allegiance Soviet UnionYears of service1937–1945RankCaptainBattles/wars
World War II
Eastern Front
Battle of Stalingrad
Battle of Seelow Heights
AwardsSee list
Vasily Grigoryevich Zaitsev (Russian: Васи́лий Григо́рьевич За́йцев, IPA: ; 23 March 1915 – 15 December 1991) was a Soviet sniper during World War II.
Between 22 September 1942 and 19 October 1942, he killed 40 enemy soldiers. Between 10 October 1942 and 17 December 1942, during the Battle of Stalingrad, he killed 225 enemy soldiers.
Zaitsev became a celebrated figure during the war and later a Hero of the Soviet Union, and he remains lauded for his skills as a sniper. His life and military career have been the subject of several books and films: his exploits, as detailed in William Craig's 1973 book Enemy at the Gates: The Battle for Stalingrad, served as the story for the 2001 film Enemy at the Gates, with Jude Law portraying Zaitsev. He is also featured in David L. Robbins's 1999 historical novel War of the Rats.
Early life
Zaitsev was born in Yeleninskoye, Orenburg Governorate in a Russian peasant family and grew up in the Ural Mountains, where he learned marksmanship by hunting deer and wolves with his grandfather and older brother. He brought home his first trophy at the age of 12, a wolf that he killed with a single bullet from his first personal gun (given to him by his grandfather), a single-shot 20-gauge shotgun.
In 1930, Zaitsev graduated from construction college in the city of Magnitogorsk, where he received the speciality of fitter. He also studied accounting.
From 1937, Zaitsev served in the Pacific Fleet, where he was clerk of the artillery department. After studying at military school, he was appointed head of the finance department of the Pacific Fleet in Transfiguration Bay.
Military career
Zaitsev, left, in Stalingrad, December 1942
Zaitsev's sniper rifle, a 7.62×54mmR Mosin Model 1891/30 sniper rifle with a PU 3.5× sniper scope. a on display at the Volgograd's Stalingrad Panorama Museum.
Zaitsev was serving in the Soviet Navy as a clerk in Vladivostok when Germany invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa. Like many of his comrades, he volunteered for transfer to the front line. He had attained the rank of chief petty officer in the Navy and was assigned the rank of senior warrant officer upon transfer to the army. He was assigned to the 1047th Rifle Regiment of the 284th "Tomsk" Rifle Division, which became part of the 62nd Army at Stalingrad on 17 September 1942.
Zaitsev's accuracy with a rifle led to him becoming a sniper. Zaitsev would conceal himself in various locations, for example on high ground, under rubble, or in water pipes. After a few kills, he would change his position or relocate. Together with his partner, Nikolai Kulikov, Zaitsev perfected his hide and sting tactics. One method was to cover a large area from three positions, with two men at each point – a sniper and a scout. This tactic, known as the "sixes", is still in use today by Russian forces and was implemented during the Chechen wars.
Zaitsev fought at the Battle of Stalingrad until January 1943, when a mortar attack injured his eyes. Some conflicting stories state it was a landmine, but the doctor who treated Zaitsev and eventually restored his eyesight was ophthalmologist Vladimir Filatov, founder of the Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy in Odessa, and a pioneer in corneal transplantation. Had Zaitsev been injured by a landmine, an ophthalmologist would not have treated him. According to Soviet sources, before his injury he had killed 225 people in the Battle of Stalingrad alone.
On 22 February 1943, Zaitsev was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union. Zaitsev recruited and trained other marksmen during his service in Stalingrad. He returned to the front, and finished the war at the Battle of the Seelow Heights in Germany, with the military rank of captain. He became a member of the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in 1943.
Civilian life
After the war, Zaitsev settled in Kyiv, where he studied at a textile university before obtaining employment as an engineer. He rose to become the director of a textile factory, where he remained until his death on 15 December 1991 in Kyiv, at the age of 76, just 11 days before the dissolution of the Soviet Union. He was buried in Kyiv, although he wished to be buried in the Stalingrad land that he had defended.
2006 commemoration
Zaitsev's grave at Mamayev Kurgan in Volgograd
On 31 January 2006, Vasily Zaitsev was reburied with full military honors at the Stalingrad memorial at Mamayev Kurgan in Volgograd, Russia.
In popular culture
Film
A feature-length film, Enemy at the Gates (2001), starring Jude Law as Zaitsev, was based on part of William Craig's book Enemy at the Gates: The Battle for Stalingrad (1973), which includes a "snipers' duel" between Zaitsev and a Wehrmacht sniper school director, Major Erwin König. Zaitsev indicates in his own memoirs that a three-day duel did indeed occur and that the sniper he killed was the head of a sniper school near Berlin; however, historian Sir Antony Beevor states that the Russian Ministry of Defence archives contradict this and that the duel had been created by the Soviet propaganda. Russian researcher Oleg Kaminsky suggests that the duel could have been between Zaitsev and the German corporal Hermann Stoff of the 295th Infantry Division, who was responsible for 103 killed Red Army soldiers and commanders and who died in Stalingrad at this time.
Literature
David L. Robbins's historical novel War of the Rats (1991) includes a sniper duel in Stalingrad, but between Zaitsev and a German adversary named Colonel Heinz Thorvald, identified in the author's introduction as an actual combatant. Ramón Rosanas wrote a comic about the conflict between Zaitsev and König.
Awards and honors
Hero of the Soviet Union
Four Orders of Lenin
Two Orders of the Red Banner
Order of the Patriotic War 1st Class
Medal "For Courage"
Honorary Citizen of the Hero City of Volgograd (Stalingrad)
World's Best Sniper of All Time (Moskva)
References
^ a b "Medal "For Courage" award list, page 62". Pamyat Naroda (in Russian).
^ "Hero of the Soviet Union award list". Pamyat Naroda (in Russian).
^ "Vasily Zaitsev". Warheroes.ru.
^ "Hollywood recycles Soviet tale". 9 November 2000.
^ Sharp, Charles C. Sharp (1996). "Red Swarm". Soviet Rifle Divisions Formed From 1942 to 1945, Soviet Order of Battle World War II. Vol. X. p. 108.
^ Balestrieri, Steve (26 July 2021). "Legendary Stalingrad Sniper Vasily Zaytsev Still Teaches Russian Snipers". Sofrep Military Grade Content. Sofrep Media Group. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
^ Zaitsev, Vassili (March 3, 2017). Notes of a Russian Sniper. 5206 S harper Ave, Chicago, IL: Frontline Books. ISBN 978-1-84832-565-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ "Василий Зайцев будет похоронен на сталинградской земле". 2006-10-31. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-04-21.
^ Beevor, Antony (29 May 2018). "Antony Beevor: the greatest war movie ever – and the ones I can't bear". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
^ Website, original quote: "Средствами массовой информации была растиражирована версия, что в снайперском поединке он победил то ли майора Эрвина Кёнигса, то ли штандартенфюрера СС Гейнца Торвальда, начальника школы снайперов в Цоссене. Однако всё это досужие выдумки падких на сенсации журналистов, хотя бы потому, что офицеры такого высокого ранга никогда не занимались снайперской охотой. Зато с большой долей вероятности можно предположить, что сраженным Зайцевым снайпером был ефрейтор Герман Штоф из 295-й немецкой пехотной дивизии, на счету которого были 103 убитых красноармейца и командира Красной Армии и, который погиб в Сталинграде примерно в это время…"
^ Robbins, David L. (1999). War of the Rats. Bantam.
^ Jiménez, Jesús (19 August 2013). "Ramón Rosanas lleva al cómic al famoso francotirador ruso Vasili Záitsev". Corporación de Radio y Televisión Española (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 January 2019.
Further reading
Zaitsev, Vassili (2003) . Okrent, Neil (ed.). Notes of a Sniper. Translated by Givens, David; Kornakov, Peter; Kornakov, Konstatin (1st English translation ed.). Los Angeles: 2826 Press Inc. ISBN 0-615-12148-9.
Beevor, Antony (1998). Stalingrad. London: Penguin Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-14-100131-9.
Robbins, David L. (2000). War of the Rats. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-58135-5.
The Reader's Digest Illustrated History of World War II (1989). London: Reader's Digest Association Limited. ISBN 978-0-89577-333-3
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vasily Zaytsev.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Vasily Zaitsev (sniper).
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His life and military career have been the subject of several books and films: his exploits, as detailed in William Craig's 1973 book Enemy at the Gates: The Battle for Stalingrad, served as the story for the 2001 film Enemy at the Gates, with Jude Law portraying Zaitsev. He is also featured in David L. 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He also studied accounting.From 1937, Zaitsev served in the Pacific Fleet, where he was clerk of the artillery department. After studying at military school, he was appointed head of the finance department of the Pacific Fleet in Transfiguration Bay.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%89%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C_1942_%D0%B3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_exhibits_of_the_Battle_of_Stalingrad_museum-panorama_003.jpg"},{"link_name":"7.62×54mmR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7.62%C3%9754mmR"},{"link_name":"Mosin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosin%E2%80%93Nagant"},{"link_name":"sniper rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniper_rifle"},{"link_name":"3.5×","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnification"},{"link_name":"sniper scope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniper_scope"},{"link_name":"Volgograd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volgograd"},{"link_name":"Soviet Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Navy"},{"link_name":"Vladivostok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladivostok"},{"link_name":"Operation Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"284th \"Tomsk\" Rifle Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/284th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"62nd Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/62nd_Army_(Soviet_Union)"},{"link_name":"Stalingrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalingrad"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Chechen wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict#Post-Soviet_era"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Battle of Stalingrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad"},{"link_name":"mortar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Filatov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Filatov"},{"link_name":"Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filatov_Institute_of_Eye_Diseases_and_Tissue_Therapy"},{"link_name":"Odessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odessa"},{"link_name":"corneal transplantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneal_transplantation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Battle of Stalingrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad"},{"link_name":"Hero of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_line"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Seelow Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Seelow_Heights"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(land)"},{"link_name":"All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"}],"text":"Zaitsev, left, in Stalingrad, December 1942Zaitsev's sniper rifle, a 7.62×54mmR Mosin Model 1891/30 sniper rifle with a PU 3.5× sniper scope. a on display at the Volgograd's Stalingrad Panorama Museum.Zaitsev was serving in the Soviet Navy as a clerk in Vladivostok when Germany invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa. Like many of his comrades, he volunteered for transfer to the front line. He had attained the rank of chief petty officer in the Navy and was assigned the rank of senior warrant officer upon transfer to the army. He was assigned to the 1047th Rifle Regiment of the 284th \"Tomsk\" Rifle Division, which became part of the 62nd Army at Stalingrad on 17 September 1942.[5]Zaitsev's accuracy with a rifle led to him becoming a sniper. Zaitsev would conceal himself in various locations, for example on high ground, under rubble, or in water pipes. After a few kills, he would change his position or relocate. Together with his partner, Nikolai Kulikov, Zaitsev perfected his hide and sting tactics. One method was to cover a large area from three positions, with two men at each point – a sniper and a scout. This tactic, known as the \"sixes\", is still in use today by Russian forces and was implemented during the Chechen wars.[6]Zaitsev fought at the Battle of Stalingrad until January 1943, when a mortar attack injured his eyes. Some conflicting stories state it was a landmine, but the doctor who treated Zaitsev and eventually restored his eyesight was ophthalmologist Vladimir Filatov, founder of the Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases and Tissue Therapy in Odessa, and a pioneer in corneal transplantation. Had Zaitsev been injured by a landmine, an ophthalmologist would not have treated him.[citation needed] According to Soviet sources, before his injury he had killed 225 people in the Battle of Stalingrad alone.On 22 February 1943, Zaitsev was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union. Zaitsev recruited and trained other marksmen during his service in Stalingrad.[7] He returned to the front, and finished the war at the Battle of the Seelow Heights in Germany, with the military rank of captain. He became a member of the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in 1943.","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"link_name":"dissolution of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"After the war, Zaitsev settled in Kyiv, where he studied at a textile university before obtaining employment as an engineer. He rose to become the director of a textile factory, where he remained until his death on 15 December 1991 in Kyiv, at the age of 76, just 11 days before the dissolution of the Soviet Union. He was buried in Kyiv, although he wished to be buried in the Stalingrad land that he had defended.[8]","title":"Civilian life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grave_of_zaitsev.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mamayev Kurgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamayev_Kurgan"},{"link_name":"Volgograd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volgograd"},{"link_name":"military honors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_honors"},{"link_name":"Mamayev Kurgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamayev_Kurgan"},{"link_name":"Volgograd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volgograd"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bioru-1"}],"text":"Zaitsev's grave at Mamayev Kurgan in VolgogradOn 31 January 2006, Vasily Zaitsev was reburied with full military honors at the Stalingrad memorial at Mamayev Kurgan in Volgograd, Russia.[1]","title":"2006 commemoration"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enemy at the Gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy_at_the_Gates"},{"link_name":"Jude Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jude_Law"},{"link_name":"William Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Craig_(author)"},{"link_name":"Enemy at the Gates: The Battle for Stalingrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enemy_at_the_Gates:_The_Battle_for_Stalingrad"},{"link_name":"Wehrmacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"Erwin König","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_K%C3%B6nig"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Antony Beevor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Beevor"},{"link_name":"Russian Ministry of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"295th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/295th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Film","text":"A feature-length film, Enemy at the Gates (2001), starring Jude Law as Zaitsev, was based on part of William Craig's book Enemy at the Gates: The Battle for Stalingrad (1973), which includes a \"snipers' duel\" between Zaitsev and a Wehrmacht sniper school director, Major Erwin König. Zaitsev indicates in his own memoirs that a three-day duel did indeed occur and that the sniper he killed was the head of a sniper school near Berlin; however, historian Sir Antony Beevor states that the Russian Ministry of Defence archives contradict this and that the duel had been created by the Soviet propaganda.[9] Russian researcher Oleg Kaminsky suggests that the duel could have been between Zaitsev and the German corporal Hermann Stoff of the 295th Infantry Division, who was responsible for 103 killed Red Army soldiers and commanders and who died in Stalingrad at this time.[10]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David L. Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_L._Robbins_(Virginia_writer)"},{"link_name":"War of the Rats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Rats"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Literature","text":"David L. Robbins's historical novel War of the Rats (1991) includes a sniper duel in Stalingrad, but between Zaitsev and a German adversary named Colonel Heinz Thorvald, identified in the author's introduction as an actual combatant.[11] Ramón Rosanas wrote a comic about the conflict between Zaitsev and König.[12]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hero of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Orders of Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Lenin"},{"link_name":"Orders of the Red Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Banner"},{"link_name":"Order of the Patriotic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Patriotic_War"},{"link_name":"Medal \"For Courage\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_%22For_Courage%22_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"Volgograd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volgograd"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"text":"Hero of the Soviet Union\nFour Orders of Lenin\nTwo Orders of the Red Banner\nOrder of the Patriotic War 1st Class\nMedal \"For Courage\"\nHonorary Citizen of the Hero City of Volgograd (Stalingrad)[when?]\nWorld's Best Sniper of All Time (Moskva)","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Notes of a Sniper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/notesofsnipervas0000zait/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-615-12148-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-615-12148-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-14-100131-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100131-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-553-58135-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-58135-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-89577-333-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89577-333-3"}],"text":"Zaitsev, Vassili (2003) [1956: Original Russian edition]. Okrent, Neil (ed.). Notes of a Sniper. Translated by Givens, David; Kornakov, Peter; Kornakov, Konstatin (1st English translation ed.). Los Angeles: 2826 Press Inc. ISBN 0-615-12148-9.\nBeevor, Antony (1998). Stalingrad. London: Penguin Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-14-100131-9.\nRobbins, David L. (2000). War of the Rats. New York: Bantam Books. ISBN 978-0-553-58135-5.\nThe Reader's Digest Illustrated History of World War II (1989). London: Reader's Digest Association Limited. ISBN 978-0-89577-333-3","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Zaitsev, left, in Stalingrad, December 1942","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%D0%A1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%89%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4._%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C_1942_%D0%B3.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Zaitsev's sniper rifle, a 7.62×54mmR Mosin Model 1891/30 sniper rifle with a PU 3.5× sniper scope. a on display at the Volgograd's Stalingrad Panorama Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/The_exhibits_of_the_Battle_of_Stalingrad_museum-panorama_003.jpg/220px-The_exhibits_of_the_Battle_of_Stalingrad_museum-panorama_003.jpg"},{"image_text":"Zaitsev's grave at Mamayev Kurgan in Volgograd","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Grave_of_zaitsev.jpg/220px-Grave_of_zaitsev.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Medal \"For Courage\" award list, page 62\". Pamyat Naroda (in Russian).","urls":[{"url":"https://pamyat-naroda.ru/heroes/podvig-chelovek_nagrazhdenie11880658/","url_text":"\"Medal \"For Courage\" award list, page 62\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hero of the Soviet Union award list\". Pamyat Naroda (in Russian).","urls":[{"url":"https://pamyat-naroda.ru/heroes/podvig-chelovek_nagrazhdenie150011664/","url_text":"\"Hero of the Soviet Union award list\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vasily Zaitsev\". Warheroes.ru.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=481","url_text":"\"Vasily Zaitsev\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hollywood recycles Soviet tale\". 9 November 2000.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1006205.stm","url_text":"\"Hollywood recycles Soviet tale\""}]},{"reference":"Sharp, Charles C. Sharp (1996). \"Red Swarm\". Soviet Rifle Divisions Formed From 1942 to 1945, Soviet Order of Battle World War II. Vol. X. p. 108.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Balestrieri, Steve (26 July 2021). \"Legendary Stalingrad Sniper Vasily Zaytsev Still Teaches Russian Snipers\". Sofrep Military Grade Content. Sofrep Media Group. Retrieved 25 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://sofrep.com/news/legendary-stalingrad-sniper-vasily-zaytsev-still-teaches-russian-snipers/","url_text":"\"Legendary Stalingrad Sniper Vasily Zaytsev Still Teaches Russian Snipers\""}]},{"reference":"Zaitsev, Vassili (March 3, 2017). Notes of a Russian Sniper. 5206 S harper Ave, Chicago, IL: Frontline Books. ISBN 978-1-84832-565-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-565-4","url_text":"978-1-84832-565-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Василий Зайцев будет похоронен на сталинградской земле\". 2006-10-31. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pravda.ru/news/society/31-01-2006/75220-zaitsev-0/","url_text":"\"Василий Зайцев будет похоронен на сталинградской земле\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305014817/http://www.pravda.ru/news/society/31-01-2006/75220-zaitsev-0/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Beevor, Antony (29 May 2018). \"Antony Beevor: the greatest war movie ever – and the ones I can't bear\". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Beevor","url_text":"Beevor, Antony"},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/may/29/antony-beevor-the-greatest-war-movie-ever-and-the-ones-i-cant-bear","url_text":"\"Antony Beevor: the greatest war movie ever – and the ones I can't bear\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Robbins, David L. (1999). War of the Rats. Bantam.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Rats","url_text":"War of the Rats"}]},{"reference":"Jiménez, Jesús (19 August 2013). \"Ramón Rosanas lleva al cómic al famoso francotirador ruso Vasili Záitsev\". Corporación de Radio y Televisión Española (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20130819/ramon-rosanas-lleva-comic-famoso-francotirador-ruso-vasili-zaitsev/739060.shtml","url_text":"\"Ramón Rosanas lleva al cómic al famoso francotirador ruso Vasili Záitsev\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporaci%C3%B3n_de_Radio_y_Televisi%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola","url_text":"Corporación de Radio y Televisión Española"}]},{"reference":"Zaitsev, Vassili (2003) [1956: Original Russian edition]. Okrent, Neil (ed.). Notes of a Sniper. Translated by Givens, David; Kornakov, Peter; Kornakov, Konstatin (1st English translation ed.). Los Angeles: 2826 Press Inc. ISBN 0-615-12148-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/notesofsnipervas0000zait/mode/2up","url_text":"Notes of a Sniper"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-615-12148-9","url_text":"0-615-12148-9"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Indonesia
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Prime Minister of Indonesia
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["1 Indonesian National Revolution","2 United States of Indonesia","3 Liberal and Guided Democracy eras","4 List of prime ministers","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]
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Head of government of the Republic of Indonesia (1945–1966)
Prime Minister of the Republic of IndonesiaPerdana Menteri Republik IndonesiaNational emblem of IndonesiaFlag of IndonesiaFirst holderSutan Sjahrir14 November 1945 – 27 June 1947StyleHis ExcellencyMember ofCabinetCentral Indonesian National CommitteePeople's Representative CouncilResidencePancasila BuildingAppointerPresidentConstituting instrumentConstitution of Indonesia (Vice-Presidential Edict No.X) Provisional Constitution of 1950PrecursorNoneInaugural holderSutan SjahrirFormation14 November 1945Final holderDjuanda Kartawidjaja (officially)Sukarno (unofficially)Abolished9 July 1959 (Constitutional basis revoked)25 July 1966 (Sukarno's resignation)DeputyDeputy Prime Minister
The Prime Minister of the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Perdana Menteri Republik Indonesia) was a political office in Indonesia which existed from 1945 until 1966. During this period, the prime minister was in charge of the cabinet of Indonesia, one of the three branches of government along with the People's Representative Council and the president. Following his 1959 decree, President Sukarno assumed the role and powers of prime minister until his resignation in 1966.
Indonesian National Revolution
On 18 August 1945, a day after the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, Sukarno was appointed president and the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia came into force, which stated that Indonesia was built around a presidential system; as such, there were no constitutional provisions for a prime minister, and the cabinet was directly responsible to the president. However following Vice-Presidential Edict No.X, on 11 November the cabinet was made responsible to the provisional legislature, the Central Indonesian National Committee (Indonesian: Komite Nasional Indonesia Pusat (KNIP)), effectively suspending the constitution. The cabinet was dismissed, and Sutan Sjahrir was asked to become the first prime minister. He agreed to do so on the condition he was allowed to select his own cabinet. The new cabinet was announced on 14 November with the understanding that although the prime minister was responsible to the Working Committee of the KNIP, he had to consult the president before making any major decisions. If the prime minister came into conflict with the KNIP or the president, another could be chosen.
Internal political disputes prompted Sjahrir to resign on 28 March, but he was asked to form the next cabinet. This fell in October, but yet again, Sjahrir agreed to continue as prime minister in the new cabinet. He finally resigned on 27 June, after being fatally weakened by concessions he had made to the Dutch following the signing of the Linggadjati Agreement. He was replaced by Amir Sjarifuddin, and Sjahrir became Indonesian representative at the United Nations. Sjariffuddin in turn resigned in turn following withdrawal of political support in the aftermath of the Renville Agreement. Sukarno then appointed vice-president Mohammad Hatta, asking him to form an emergency cabinet answerable to him rather than to the KNIP.
United States of Indonesia
On 27 December 1949, the Netherlands transferred sovereignty to a federal United States of Indonesia (RUSI), of which the Republic of Indonesia was one state. The Federal Constitution provided for a prime minister, and Hatta became the only prime minister of the RUSI. As this caused a vacuum of power in the Republican administration, Susanto Tirtoprodjo, justice minister in the previous cabinet, was appointed acting prime minister at the head of a transitional cabinet. On 22 January 1950, the new prime minister, announced his cabinet. The terms of both Hatta and Halim ended when the RUSI was dissolved and Indonesia became a unitary state on 17 August 1950 .
Liberal and Guided Democracy eras
Further information: Liberal democracy period in Indonesia and Guided Democracy in Indonesia
Under the constitution of the unitary state, the cabinet was once again responsible to parliament, with the prime minister appointed by the president. Due to the instability of the coalition cabinets, prime ministers often faced votes of no confidence. Every major policy change had a chance to be opposed, either by the government or opposition. As such, some cabinets lasted only a few months.
On 5 July 1959, Sukarno issued a presidential decree declaring that, due to the inability of the Constitutional Assembly of Indonesia to decide on a new constitution, the 1945 Constitution would be reinstated. This removed the constitutional foundation for the office of Prime Minister. However, on 9 July of that same year, Sukarno took on the title of prime minister in addition to the presidency; later using the phrase "I am president and prime minister" as a dominant message in his speeches. After the abortive coup against the government in 1965 and the release of a document transferring all political power to Suharto, in 1967 Sukarno lost the title of prime minister together with the presidency.
List of prime ministers
Political parties
Independent
Socialist Party
Masyumi Party
Indonesian National Party
No.
Portrait
Name(Birth–Death)
Term of office
Political party
Took office
Left office
Time in office
Indonesian National Revolution (1945–1949)
1
Sutan Sjahrir(1909–1966)
14 November 1945
3 July 1947
1 year, 225 days
Socialist Party
2
Amir Sjarifuddin(1907–1948)
3 July 1947
29 January 1948
210 days
Socialist Party
3
Mohammad Hatta(1902–1980)
29 January 1948
20 December 1949
1 year, 325 days
Independent
United States of Indonesia (1949–1950)
3
Mohammad Hatta(1902–1980)
20 December 1949
6 September 1950
260 days
Independent
Republic of Indonesia (1949–1950)
—
Susanto Tirtoprodjo(1900–1969)(Acting)
20 December 1949
21 January 1950
32 days
Indonesian National Party
4
Abdul Halim(1911–1988)
21 January 1950
6 September 1950
228 days
Independent
Unitary Republic (from 1950)
5
Mohammad Natsir(1908–1993)
6 September 1950
27 April 1951
233 days
Masyumi Party
6
Soekiman Wirjosandjojo(1898–1974)
27 April 1951
3 April 1952
342 days
Masyumi Party
7
Wilopo(1908–1981)
3 April 1952
30 July 1953
1 year, 120 days
Indonesian National Party
8
Ali Sastroamidjojo(1903–1976)
30 July 1953
12 August 1955
2 years, 11 days
Indonesian National Party
9
Burhanuddin Harahap(1917–1987)
12 August 1955
24 March 1956
227 days
Masyumi Party
10
Ali Sastroamidjojo(1903–1976)
24 March 1956
9 April 1957
1 year, 14 days
Indonesian National Party
11
Djuanda Kartawidjaja(1911–1963)
9 April 1957
9 July 1959
2 years, 91 days
Independent
12
Sukarno(1901–1970)
9 July 1959
25 July 1966
7 years, 16 days
Independent
See also
Politics portalIndonesia portal
President of Indonesia
List of presidents of Indonesia
Vice President of Indonesia
List of vice presidents of Indonesia
Deputy Prime Minister of Indonesia
Elections in Indonesia
Politics of Indonesia
Notes
^ Dutch prisoner from 19 December 1948 to 13 July 1949, and took office again on 14 July 1949.
^ President, self-appointed as Prime Minister.
References
^ Abdullah 2009, pp. 129–130.
^ Kahin 1952, pp. 168–169.
^ Pringgodigdo 1957, pp. 8–9.
^ Ricklefs 2008, pp. 342–345.
^ Kahin 1952, pp. 176, 192.
^ Kahin 1952, pp. 206–208.
^ Ricklefs 2008, p. 362.
^ Kahin 1952, pp. 231.
^ Ricklefs 2008, p. 364.
^ Ricklefs 2008, pp. 372–373.
^ Simanjuntak 2003, p. 102-107.
^ Kahin 1952, p. 463.
^ Pringgodigdo 1957, p. 233.
^ Abdullah 2009, p. 245.
^ Ricklefs 2008, p. 417.
^ Abdullah 2009, p. 347.
^ Ricklefs 2008, pp. 453, 460.
^ Cribb & Kahin 2004, p. 419.
^ Cribb & Kahin 2004, pp. 479–480.
Bibliography
Abdullah, Taufik (2009). Indonesia: Towards Democracy. Singapore: Institute of South-East Asian Studies. ISBN 978-981-230-365-3. OCLC 646982290. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
Kahin, George McTurnan (1952). Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-9108-8.
Cribb, Robert; Kahin, Audrey (2004). Historical Dictionary of Indonesia. Scarecrow Press Inc. ISBN 978-0-8108-4935-8.
Pringgodigdo, Abdul Karim (1957). The office of President in Indonesia as defined in the three constitutions, in theory and practice. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University.
Ricklefs, M.C. (2008) . A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300 (4th ed.). London: MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-230-54685-1.
Simanjuntak, P. N. H. (2003), Kabinet-Kabinet Republik Indonesia: Dari Awal Kemerdekaan Sampai Reformasi (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Djambatan, ISBN 979-428-499-8
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Prime ministers of Indonesia.
vtePrime Ministers of Indonesia (1945–1959)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"cabinet of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"People's Representative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Representative_Council"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"1959 decree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_Sukarno%27s_1959_Decree"},{"link_name":"Sukarno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarno"},{"link_name":"his resignation in 1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order"}],"text":"The Prime Minister of the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Perdana Menteri Republik Indonesia) was a political office in Indonesia which existed from 1945 until 1966. During this period, the prime minister was in charge of the cabinet of Indonesia, one of the three branches of government along with the People's Representative Council and the president. Following his 1959 decree, President Sukarno assumed the role and powers of prime minister until his resignation in 1966.","title":"Prime Minister of Indonesia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Proclamation of Indonesian Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence"},{"link_name":"Sukarno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarno"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"presidential system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_system"},{"link_name":"cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Cabinet_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"Vice-Presidential Edict No.X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-Presidential_Edict_No.X"},{"link_name":"Central Indonesian National Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Indonesian_National_Committee"},{"link_name":"Indonesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_language"},{"link_name":"Sutan Sjahrir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutan_Sjahrir"},{"link_name":"new cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sjahrir_Cabinet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullah2009129%E2%80%93130-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahin1952168%E2%80%93169-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringgodigdo19578%E2%80%939-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs2008342%E2%80%93345-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahin1952176,_192-5"},{"link_name":"Linggadjati Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linggadjati_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Amir Sjarifuddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Sjarifuddin"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahin1952206%E2%80%93208-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs2008362-7"},{"link_name":"Renville Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renville_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Hatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahin1952231-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs2008364-9"}],"text":"On 18 August 1945, a day after the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, Sukarno was appointed president and the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia came into force, which stated that Indonesia was built around a presidential system; as such, there were no constitutional provisions for a prime minister, and the cabinet was directly responsible to the president. However following Vice-Presidential Edict No.X, on 11 November the cabinet was made responsible to the provisional legislature, the Central Indonesian National Committee (Indonesian: Komite Nasional Indonesia Pusat (KNIP)), effectively suspending the constitution. The cabinet was dismissed, and Sutan Sjahrir was asked to become the first prime minister. He agreed to do so on the condition he was allowed to select his own cabinet. The new cabinet was announced on 14 November with the understanding that although the prime minister was responsible to the Working Committee of the KNIP, he had to consult the president before making any major decisions. If the prime minister came into conflict with the KNIP or the president, another could be chosen.[1][2][3][4]Internal political disputes prompted Sjahrir to resign on 28 March, but he was asked to form the next cabinet. This fell in October, but yet again, Sjahrir agreed to continue as prime minister in the new cabinet.[5] He finally resigned on 27 June, after being fatally weakened by concessions he had made to the Dutch following the signing of the Linggadjati Agreement. He was replaced by Amir Sjarifuddin, and Sjahrir became Indonesian representative at the United Nations.[6][7] Sjariffuddin in turn resigned in turn following withdrawal of political support in the aftermath of the Renville Agreement. Sukarno then appointed vice-president Mohammad Hatta, asking him to form an emergency cabinet answerable to him rather than to the KNIP.[8][9]","title":"Indonesian National Revolution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Republic of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Indonesia_(1949%E2%80%9350)"},{"link_name":"Federal Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Constitution_of_1949"},{"link_name":"Susanto Tirtoprodjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanto_Tirtoprodjo"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs2008372%E2%80%93373-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimanjuntak2003102-107-11"}],"text":"On 27 December 1949, the Netherlands transferred sovereignty to a federal United States of Indonesia (RUSI), of which the Republic of Indonesia was one state. The Federal Constitution provided for a prime minister, and Hatta became the only prime minister of the RUSI. As this caused a vacuum of power in the Republican administration, Susanto Tirtoprodjo, justice minister in the previous cabinet, was appointed acting prime minister at the head of a transitional cabinet. On 22 January 1950, the new prime minister, announced his cabinet. The terms of both Hatta and Halim ended when the RUSI was dissolved and Indonesia became a unitary state on 17 August 1950 .[10][11]","title":"United States of Indonesia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberal democracy period in Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_democracy_period_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Guided Democracy in Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided_Democracy_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"constitution of the unitary state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Constitution_of_1950"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahin1952463-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringgodigdo1957233-13"},{"link_name":"votes of no confidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_of_no_confidence"},{"link_name":"opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_(politics)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullah2009245-14"},{"link_name":"Sukarno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarno"},{"link_name":"presidential decree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_Sukarno%27s_1959_Decree"},{"link_name":"Constitutional Assembly of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Assembly_of_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs2008417-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdullah2009347-16"},{"link_name":"abortive coup against the government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_September_Movement"},{"link_name":"document","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersemar"},{"link_name":"Suharto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suharto"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs2008453,_460-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECribbKahin2004419-18"}],"text":"Further information: Liberal democracy period in Indonesia and Guided Democracy in IndonesiaUnder the constitution of the unitary state, the cabinet was once again responsible to parliament, with the prime minister appointed by the president.[12][13] Due to the instability of the coalition cabinets, prime ministers often faced votes of no confidence. Every major policy change had a chance to be opposed, either by the government or opposition. As such, some cabinets lasted only a few months.[14]On 5 July 1959, Sukarno issued a presidential decree declaring that, due to the inability of the Constitutional Assembly of Indonesia to decide on a new constitution, the 1945 Constitution would be reinstated. This removed the constitutional foundation for the office of Prime Minister. However, on 9 July of that same year, Sukarno took on the title of prime minister in addition to the presidency;[15] later using the phrase \"I am president and prime minister\" as a dominant message in his speeches.[16] After the abortive coup against the government in 1965 and the release of a document transferring all political power to Suharto, in 1967 Sukarno lost the title of prime minister together with the presidency.[17][18]","title":"Liberal and Guided Democracy eras"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician"},{"link_name":"Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Party_(Indonesia)"},{"link_name":"Masyumi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masyumi_Party"},{"link_name":"Indonesian National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Party"}],"text":"Political partiesIndependent\n Socialist Party\n Masyumi Party\n Indonesian National Party","title":"List of prime ministers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Indonesia"}],"text":"^ Dutch prisoner from 19 December 1948 to 13 July 1949, and took office again on 14 July 1949.\n\n^ President, self-appointed as Prime Minister.","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg"},{"title":"Politics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"},{"title":"Indonesia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Indonesia"},{"title":"President of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Indonesia"},{"title":"List of presidents of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Indonesia"},{"title":"Vice President of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Indonesia"},{"title":"List of vice presidents of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_Indonesia"},{"title":"Deputy Prime Minister of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Indonesia"},{"title":"Elections in Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Indonesia"},{"title":"Politics of Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Indonesia"}]
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[{"reference":"Abdullah, Taufik (2009). Indonesia: Towards Democracy. Singapore: Institute of South-East Asian Studies. ISBN 978-981-230-365-3. OCLC 646982290. Retrieved 13 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=c39TDpLki8wC&q=%22Prime+minister%22&pg=PA333","url_text":"Indonesia: Towards Democracy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-365-3","url_text":"978-981-230-365-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/646982290","url_text":"646982290"}]},{"reference":"Kahin, George McTurnan (1952). Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-9108-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_McTurnan_Kahin","url_text":"Kahin, George McTurnan"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nationalismrevol0000kahi","url_text":"Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-9108-8","url_text":"0-8014-9108-8"}]},{"reference":"Cribb, Robert; Kahin, Audrey (2004). Historical Dictionary of Indonesia. Scarecrow Press Inc. ISBN 978-0-8108-4935-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4935-8","url_text":"978-0-8108-4935-8"}]},{"reference":"Pringgodigdo, Abdul Karim (1957). The office of President in Indonesia as defined in the three constitutions, in theory and practice. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924021160662&view=1up&seq=3","url_text":"The office of President in Indonesia as defined in the three constitutions, in theory and practice"}]},{"reference":"Ricklefs, M.C. (2008) [1981]. A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300 (4th ed.). London: MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-230-54685-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._C._Ricklefs","url_text":"Ricklefs, M.C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-54685-1","url_text":"978-0-230-54685-1"}]},{"reference":"Simanjuntak, P. N. H. (2003), Kabinet-Kabinet Republik Indonesia: Dari Awal Kemerdekaan Sampai Reformasi [Cabinets of the Republic of Indonesia: From the Beginning of Independence to the Reform Era] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Djambatan, ISBN 979-428-499-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-428-499-8","url_text":"979-428-499-8"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=c39TDpLki8wC&q=%22Prime+minister%22&pg=PA333","external_links_name":"Indonesia: Towards Democracy"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/646982290","external_links_name":"646982290"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/nationalismrevol0000kahi","external_links_name":"Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia"},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924021160662&view=1up&seq=3","external_links_name":"The office of President in Indonesia as defined in the three constitutions, in theory and practice"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogentin
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Benzatropine
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["1 Medical uses","2 Adverse effects","3 Pharmacology","4 Other animals","5 Naming","6 References"]
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Medication for movement disorders
BenzatropineClinical dataTrade namesCogentin, othersOther namesbenzatropine (BAN UK), benztropine (USAN US)AHFS/Drugs.comMonographLicense data
US DailyMed: Benztropine
Pregnancycategory
AU: B2
Routes ofadministrationBy mouth, intramuscular, intravenousATC codeN04AC01 (WHO) Legal statusLegal status
AU: S4 (Prescription only)
US: ℞-only
Pharmacokinetic dataMetabolismLiverElimination half-life12–24 hoursExcretionKidneyIdentifiers
IUPAC name
(3-endo)-3-(Diphenylmethoxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclooctane
CAS Number86-13-5 YPubChem CID1201549IUPHAR/BPS7601DrugBankDB00245 NChemSpider16736541 YUNII1NHL2J4X8KChEBICHEBI:3048 YChEMBLChEMBL1201203 NCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID9022659 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC21H25NOMolar mass307.437 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image
SMILES
CN41CC4C(C1)OC(c2ccccc2)c3ccccc3
InChI
InChI=1S/C21H25NO/c1-22-18-12-13-19(22)15-20(14-18)23-21(16-8-4-2-5-9-16)17-10-6-3-7-11-17/h2-11,18-21H,12-15H2,1H3/t18-,19+,20+ YKey:GIJXKZJWITVLHI-PMOLBWCYSA-N Y
NY (what is this?) (verify)
Benzatropine (INN), known as benztropine in the United States and Japan, is a medication used to treat movement disorders like parkinsonism and dystonia, as well as extrapyramidal side effects of antipsychotics, including akathisia. It is not useful for tardive dyskinesia. It is taken by mouth or by injection into a vein or muscle. Benefits are seen within two hours and last for up to ten hours.
Common side effects include dry mouth, blurry vision, nausea, and constipation. Serious side effect may include urinary retention, hallucinations, hyperthermia, and poor coordination. It is unclear if use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is safe. Benzatropine is an anticholinergic which works by blocking the activity of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor.
Benzatropine was approved for medical use in the United States in 1954. It is available as a generic medication. In 2020, it was the 229th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2 million prescriptions. It is sold under the brand name Cogentin among others.
Medical uses
Benzatropine is used to reduce extrapyramidal side effects of antipsychotic treatment. Benzatropine is also a second-line drug for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. It improves tremor, and may alleviate rigidity and bradykinesia. Benzatropine is also sometimes used for the treatment of dystonia, a rare disorder that causes abnormal muscle contraction, resulting in twisting postures of limbs, trunk, or face.
Adverse effects
These are principally anticholinergic:
Dry mouth
Blurred vision
Cognitive changes
Drowsiness
Constipation
Urinary retention
Tachycardia
Anorexia
Severe delirium and hallucinations (in overdose)
While some studies suggest that use of anticholinergics increases the risk of tardive dyskinesia (a long-term side effect of antipsychotics), other studies have found no association between anticholinergic exposure and risk of developing tardive dyskinesia, although symptoms may be worsened.
Drugs that decrease cholinergic transmission may impair storage of new information into long-term memory. Anticholinergic agents can also impair time perception.
Pharmacology
Benzatropine is a centrally acting anticholinergic/antihistamine agent. It is a selective M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. Benzatropine partially blocks cholinergic activity in the basal ganglia and has also been shown to increase the availability of dopamine by blocking its reuptake and storage in central sites, and as a result, increasing dopaminergic activity. Animal studies have indicated that anticholinergic activity of benzatropine is approximately one-half that of atropine, while its antihistamine activity approaches that of mepyramine. Its anticholinergic effects have been established as therapeutically significant in the management of Parkinsonism. Benzatropine antagonizes the effect of acetylcholine, decreasing the imbalance between the neurotransmitters acetylcholine and dopamine, which may improve the symptoms of early Parkinson's disease.
Benzatropine analogues are atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitors, which might make them useful for people with akathisia secondary to antipsychotic therapy.
Benzatropine also acts as a functional inhibitor of acid sphingomyelinase (FIASMA).
Benzatropine has been also identified, by a high throughput screening approach, as a potent differentiating agent for oligodendrocytes, possibly working through M1 and M3 muscarinic receptors. In preclinical models for multiple sclerosis, benzatropine decreased clinical symptoms and enhanced re-myelination.
Other animals
In veterinary medicine, benzatropine is used to treat priapism in stallions.
Naming
Since 1959, benzatropine is the official international nonproprietary name of the medication under the INN scheme, the medication naming system coordinated by the World Health Organization; it is also the British Approved Name (BAN) given in the British Pharmacopoeia, and has been the official nonproprietary name in Australia since 2015. Regional variations of the "a" spelling are also used in French, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish, as well as Latin (all medications are assigned a Latin name by WHO).
"Benztropine" is the official United States Adopted Name (USAN), the medication naming system coordinated by the USAN Council, co-sponsored by the American Medical Association (AMA), the United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP), and the American Pharmacists Association (APhA). It is also the Japanese Accepted Name (JAN) and was used in Australia until 2015, when it was harmonized with the INN.
Both names may be modified to account for the methanesulfonate salt as which the medication is formulated: the modified INN (INNm) and BAN (BANM) is benzatropine mesilate, while the modified USAN is benztropine mesylate. The modified JAN is a hybrid form, benztropine mesilate.
The misspelling benzotropine is also occasionally seen in the literature.
References
^ "Prescription medicines: registration of new generic medicines and biosimilar medicines, 2017". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 21 June 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
^ a b World Health Organization (December 1959). "International Non-Proprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Preparations). Recommended International Non-Proprietary Names (Rec. I.N.N.): List 3º" (PDF). WHO Chronicle. 13 (12): 464. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
^ a b c World Health Organization. "INN: Benzatropine". WHO MedNet. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
^ a b c d e f g h i "Benztropine Mesylate Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
^ Pagliaro LA, Pagliaro AM (1999). PNDR, Psychologists' Neuropsychotropic Drug Reference. Psychology Press. p. 47. ISBN 9780876309568.
^ Aschenbrenner DS, Venable SJ (2009). Drug Therapy in Nursing. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 197. ISBN 9780781765879.
^ "Benztropine (Cogentin) Use During Pregnancy". Drugs.com. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
^ "The Top 300 of 2020". ClinCalc. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
^ "Benztropine - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
^ DiMascio A, Bernardo DL, Greenblatt DJ, Marder JE (May 1976). "A controlled trial of amantadine in drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders". Archives of General Psychiatry. 33 (5): 599–602. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1976.01770050055008. PMID 5066.
^ Kane JM, Smith JM (April 1982). "Tardive dyskinesia: prevalence and risk factors, 1959 to 1979". Archives of General Psychiatry. 39 (4): 473–481. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1982.04290040069010. PMID 6121548. S2CID 10194153.
^ Wszola BA, Newell KM, Sprague RL (August 2001). "Risk factors for tardive dyskinesia in a large population of youths and adults". Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 9 (3): 285–296. doi:10.1037/1064-1297.9.3.285. PMID 11534539.
^ van Harten PN, Hoek HW, Matroos GE, Koeter M, Kahn RS (April 1998). "Intermittent neuroleptic treatment and risk for tardive dyskinesia: Curaçao Extrapyramidal Syndromes Study III". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 155 (4): 565–567. doi:10.1176/ajp.155.4.565. PMID 9546009.
^ Yassa R (September 1988). "Tardive dyskinesia and anticholinergic drugs. A critical review of the literature". L'Encéphale. 14 Spec No (Spec No): 233–239. PMID 3063514.
^ Gelenberg AJ, Van Putten T, Lavori PW, Wojcik JD, Falk WE, Marder S, et al. (June 1989). "Anticholinergic effects on memory: benztropine versus amantadine". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 9 (3): 180–185. doi:10.1097/00004714-198906000-00004. PMID 2661606. S2CID 27308127.
^ MIMS Australia Pty Ltd. MIMS.
^ Hiranita T, Kohut SJ, Soto PL, Tanda G, Kopajtic TA, Katz JL (January 2014). "Preclinical efficacy of N-substituted benztropine analogs as antagonists of methamphetamine self-administration in rats". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 348 (1): 174–191. doi:10.1124/jpet.113.208264. PMC 3868882. PMID 24194527.
^ Adler LA, Peselow E, Rosenthal M, Angrist B (1993). "A controlled comparison of the effects of propranolol, benztropine, and placebo on akathisia: an interim analysis". Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 29 (2): 283–286. PMID 8290678.
^ Kornhuber J, Muehlbacher M, Trapp S, Pechmann S, Friedl A, Reichel M, et al. (2011). "Identification of novel functional inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase". PLOS ONE. 6 (8): e23852. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...623852K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023852. PMC 3166082. PMID 21909365.
^ Deshmukh VA, Tardif V, Lyssiotis CA, Green CC, Kerman B, Kim HJ, et al. (October 2013). "A regenerative approach to the treatment of multiple sclerosis". Nature. 502 (7471): 327–332. Bibcode:2013Natur.502..327D. doi:10.1038/nature12647. PMC 4431622. PMID 24107995.
^ Wilson DV, Nickels FA, Williams MA (November 1991). "Pharmacologic treatment of priapism in two horses". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 199 (9): 1183–1184. doi:10.2460/javma.1991.199.09.1183. PMID 1752772.
^ a b "Updating medicine ingredient names - list of affected ingredients". Therapeutic Goods Administration. 23 November 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
^ a b Compound D00778 at KEGG Pathway Database.
^ Sweetman, Sean C., ed. (2009). "Antiparkinsonian Drugs". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (36th ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. p. 797. ISBN 978-0-85369-840-1.
vteAntiparkinson agents (N04)DopaminergicsDA precursors
Levodopa# (+benserazide)
Melevodopa
DA receptor agonists
Ergoline: Bromocriptine
Cabergoline
Dihydroergocryptine
Lisuride
Pergolide
Non-ergoline: Apomorphine
Piribedil
Pramipexole
Ropinirole
Rotigotine
Talipexole
MAO-B inhibitors
Rasagiline
Safinamide
Selegiline
COMT inhibitors
Entacapone
Opicapone
Tolcapone
AAAD inhibitors
Benserazide (+levodopa)
Carbidopa#
Anticholinergics
Benzatropine
Biperiden#
Bornaprine
Chlorphenoxamine
Cycrimine
Dexetimide
Diphenhydramine
Etanautine
Etybenzatropine
Mazaticol
Metixene
Orphenadrine
Phenglutarimide
Piroheptine
Procyclidine
Profenamine
Tigloidine
Trihexyphenidyl
Tropatepine
Others
Amantadine
Budipine
Istradefylline
Methylxanthines (e.g., caffeine)
Rimantadine
#WHO-EM
‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
†Phase III
§Never to phase III
vteHistamine receptor modulatorsH1Agonists
2-Pyridylethylamine
Betahistine
Histamine
HTMT
L-Histidine
UR-AK49
Antagonists
First-generation: 4-Methyldiphenhydramine
Alimemazine
Antazoline
Azatadine
Bamipine
Benzatropine (benztropine)
Bepotastine
Bromazine
Brompheniramine
Buclizine
Captodiame
Carbinoxamine
Chlorcyclizine
Chloropyramine
Chlorothen
Chlorphenamine
Chlorphenoxamine
Cinnarizine
Clemastine
Clobenzepam
Clocinizine
Cloperastine
Cyclizine
Cyproheptadine
Dacemazine
Decloxizine
Deptropine
Dexbrompheniramine
Dexchlorpheniramine
Dimenhydrinate
Dimetindene
Diphenhydramine
Diphenylpyraline
Doxylamine
Embramine
Etodroxizine
Etybenzatropine (ethylbenztropine)
Etymemazine
Fenethazine
Flunarizine
Histapyrrodine
Homochlorcyclizine
Hydroxyethylpromethazine
Hydroxyzine
Isopromethazine
Isothipendyl
Meclozine
Medrylamine
Mepyramine (pyrilamine)
Mequitazine
Methafurylene
Methapyrilene
Methdilazine
Moxastine
Orphenadrine
Oxatomide
Oxomemazine
Perlapine
Phenindamine
Pheniramine
Phenyltoloxamine
Pimethixene
Piperoxan
Pipoxizine
Promethazine
Propiomazine
Pyrrobutamine
Talastine
Thenalidine
Thenyldiamine
Thiazinamium
Thonzylamine
Tolpropamine
Tripelennamine
Triprolidine
Second/third-generation: Acrivastine
Alinastine
Astemizole
Azelastine
Bamirastine
Barmastine
Bepiastine
Bepotastine
Bilastine
Cabastinen
Carebastine
Cetirizine
Clemastine
Clemizole
Clobenztropine
Desloratadine
Dorastine
Ebastine
Efletirizine
Emedastine
Epinastine
Fexofenadine
Flezelastine
Ketotifen
Latrepirdine
Levocabastine
Levocetirizine
Linetastine
Loratadine
Mapinastine
Mebhydrolin
Mizolastine
Moxastine
Noberastine
Octastine
Olopatadine
Perastine
Pibaxizine
Piclopastine
Quifenadine (phencarol)
Rocastine
Rupatadine
Setastine
Sequifenadine (bicarphen)
Talastine
Temelastine
Terfenadine
Vapitadine
Zepastine
Others: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, brilaroxazine, clozapine, iloperidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone, zotepine)
Phenylpiperazine antidepressants (e.g., hydroxynefazodone, nefazodone, trazodone, triazoledione)
Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, loxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine, oxaprotiline)
Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, butriptyline, clomipramine, desipramine, dosulepin (dothiepin), doxepin, imipramine, iprindole, lofepramine, nortriptyline, protriptyline, trimipramine)
Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, flupenthixol, fluphenazine, loxapine, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, thioridazine, thiothixene)
Unknown/unsorted: Azanator
Belarizine
Elbanizine
Flotrenizine
GSK1004723
Napactadine
Tagorizine
Trelnarizine
Trenizine
H2Agonists
Amthamine
Betazole
Dimaprit
Histamine
HTMT
Impromidine
L-Histidine
UR-AK49
Antagonists
Bisfentidine
Burimamide
Cimetidine
Dalcotidine
Donetidine
Ebrotidine
Etintidine
Famotidine
Isolamtidine
Lafutidine
Lamtidine
Lavoltidine (loxtidine)
Lupitidine
Metiamide
Mifentidine
Niperotidine
Nizatidine
Osutidine
Oxmetidine
Pibutidine
Quisultazine (quisultidine)
Ramixotidine
Ranitidine
Roxatidine
Sufotidine
Tiotidine
Tuvatidine
Venritidine
Xaltidine
Zolantidine
H3Agonists
α-Methylhistamine
Cipralisant
Histamine
Imetit
Immepip
Immethridine
L-Histidine
Methimepip
Proxyfan
Antagonists
A-349821
A-423579
ABT-239
ABT-652
AZD5213
Bavisant
Betahistine
Burimamide
Ciproxifan
Clobenpropit
Conessine
Enerisant
GSK-189254
Impentamine
Iodophenpropit
Irdabisant
JNJ-5207852
NNC 38-1049
PF-03654746
Pitolisant
SCH-79687
Thioperamide
VUF-5681
H4Agonists
4-Methylhistamine
α-Methylhistamine
Histamine
L-Histidine
OUP-16
VUF-8430
Antagonists
JNJ-7777120
Mianserin
Seliforant
Thioperamide
Toreforant
VUF-6002
See also
Receptor/signaling modulators
Monoamine metabolism modulators
Monoamine reuptake inhibitors
vteMonoamine reuptake inhibitorsDATTooltip Dopamine transporter(DRIsTooltip Dopamine reuptake inhibitors)
Piperazines: DBL-583
GBR-12783
GBR-12935
GBR-13069
GBR-13098
Nefazodone
Vanoxerine
Piperidines: 4-Fluoropethidine
Benocyclidine (BTCP)
Desoxypipradrol
Dexmethylphenidate
Difemetorex
Ethylphenidate
HDMP-28
Methylphenidate
Pethidine (meperidine)
Phencyclidine
Pipradrol
Serdexmethylphenidate
Tenocyclidine
Pyrrolidines: Diphenylprolinol
MDPV
Naphyrone
Prolintane
Pyrovalerone
Tropanes: Altropane
Benzatropine (benztropine)
Brasofensine
CFT
Cocaine
Dichloropane
Difluoropine
Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine)
FE-β-CPPIT
FP-β-CPPIT
Ioflupane (123I)
RTI-55
RTI-112
RTI-113
RTI-121
RTI-126
RTI-150
RTI-177
RTI-229
RTI-336
Tesofensine
Troparil
Tropoxane
WF-11
WF-23
WF-31
WF-33
Others: Adrafinil
Amifitadine
Armodafinil
Amfonelic acid
Amineptine
Ansofaxine
BTQ
BTS 74,398
Bupropion
Chaenomeles speciosa
Ciclazindol
Dasotraline
Desmethylsertraline
Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)
Diclofensine
Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)
Dimethocaine
Diphenylpyraline
Dizocilpine (MK-801)
DOV-102,677
DOV-216,303
Efavirenz
Ephenidine
Esketamine
EXP-561
Fencamfamin
Fezolamine
Fluorenol
GYKI-52895
Hydroxybupropion
Indatraline
Ketamine
Lefetamine
Levophacetoperane
Liafensine
LR-5182
Manifaxine
Mazindol
Medifoxamine
Mesocarb
Metaphit
MIN-117 (WF-516)
Modafinil
Nefopam
Nomifensine
NS-2359
O-2172
Oroxylin A
Perafensine
Pridefine
Radafaxine
Rimcazole
Sertraline
Sibutramine
Solriamfetol
Tametraline
Tedatioxetine
Threohydrobupropion
Tripelennamine
Venlafaxine
NETTooltip Norepinephrine transporter(NRIsTooltip Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors)
Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: Amedalin
Alseroxylon
Ciclazindol
Daledalin
Edivoxetine
Esreboxetine
Lortalamine
Mazindol
Nisoxetine
Reboxetine
Talopram
Talsupram
Tandamine
Teniloxazine
Viloxazine
Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors: Amineptine
Bupropion
Fencamine
Fencamfamin
Hydroxybupropion
Lefetamine
Levophacetoperane
LR-5182
Manifaxine
Methylphenidate
Nomifensine
O-2172
Radafaxine
Serdexmethylphenidate
Solriamfetol
Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: Atomoxetine (tomoxetine)
CP-39,332
Desvenlafaxine
Duloxetine
Eclanamine
Levomilnacipran
McN5652
Milnacipran
N-Methyl-PPPA
Nafenodone
PPPA
Tofenacin
Venlafaxine
Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors: 3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine
Amifitadine
Ansofaxine
Bicifadine
Brasofensine
Centanafadine
Cocaine
Dasotraline
Desmethylsertraline
Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)
Diclofensine
Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)
DOV-102677
DOV-216303
EXP-561
Fezolamine
HDMP-28
HP-505
Indatraline
JNJ-7925476
JZ-IV-10
Liafensine
Mazindol
Naphyrone
Nefazodone
Nefopam
NS-2359
Perafensine
PRC200
Pridefine
SEP-228431
SEP-228432
Sibutramine
Tedatioxetine
Tesofensine
Threohydrobupropion
Tropanes (e.g., cocaine)
Tricyclic antidepressants: Amitriptyline
Butriptyline
Cianopramine
Clomipramine
Desipramine
Dosulepin (dothiepin)
Doxepin
Imipramine
Lofepramine
Melitracen
Nortriptyline
Protriptyline
Trimipramine
Tetracyclic antidepressants: Amoxapine
Maprotiline
Mianserin
Oxaprotiline
Setiptiline
Others: Antihistamines (e.g., brompheniramine, chlorphenamine, pheniramine, tripelennamine)
Antipsychotics (e.g., loxapine, ziprasidone)
Arylcyclohexylamines (e.g., ketamine, phencyclidine)
Dopexamine
Ephenidine
Ginkgo biloba
Indeloxazine
Nefazodone
Opioids (e.g., desmetramadol, methadone, pethidine (meperidine), tapentadol, tramadol, levorphanol)
SERTTooltip Serotonin transporter(SRIsTooltip Serotonin reuptake inhibitors)
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: 6-Nitroquipazine
Alaproclate
Centpropazine
Cericlamine
Citalopram
Dapoxetine
Desmethylcitalopram
Didesmethylcitalopram
Escitalopram
Femoxetine
Fluoxetine
Fluvoxamine
Indalpine
Ifoxetine
Norfluoxetine
Omiloxetine
Panuramine
Paroxetine
PIM-35
Pirandamine
RTI-353
Seproxetine
Sertraline
Zimelidine
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin receptor modulators: Etoperidone
Litoxetine
Lubazodone
LY-393558
Quipazine
SB-649915
TGBA01AD
Trazodone
Vilazodone
Vortioxetine
Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: Atomoxetine (tomoxetine)
Bicifadine
CP-39332
Desvenlafaxine
Duloxetine
Eclanamine
Levomilnacipran
McN5652
Milnacipran
N-Methyl-PPPA
PPPA
Tofenacin
Venlafaxine
Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors: 3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine
Amifitadine
Ansofaxine
Bicifadine
Brasofensine
Centanafadine
Cocaine
Dasotraline
Desmethylsertraline
Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354)
Diclofensine
Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505)
DOV-102677
DOV-216303
EXP-561
Fezolamine
HDMP-28
HP-505
Indatraline
JNJ-7925476
JZ-IV-10
Liafensine
Mazindol
Naphyrone
Nefazodone
Nefopam
NS-2359
Perafensine
PRC200
Pridefine
SEP-228431
SEP-228432
Sibutramine
Tedatioxetine
Tesofensine
Threohydrobupropion
Tropanes (e.g., cocaine)
Tricyclic antidepressants: Amitriptyline
Cianopramine
Clomipramine
Cyanodothiepin
Desipramine
Dosulepin (dothiepin)
Doxepin
Imipramine
Lofepramine
Nortriptyline
Pipofezine
Protriptyline
Others: A-80426
Amoxapine
Antihistamines (e.g., brompheniramine, chlorphenamine, dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, mepyramine (pyrilamine), pheniramine, tripelennamine)
Antipsychotics (e.g., loxapine, ziprasidone)
Arylcyclohexylamines (e.g., 3-MeO-PCP, esketamine, ketamine, methoxetamine, phencyclidine)
Cyclobenzaprine
Delucemine
Dextromethorphan
Dextrorphan
Efavirenz
Hypidone
Medifoxamine
Mesembrine
Mifepristone
MIN-117 (WF-516)
N-Me-5-HT
Opioids (e.g., dextropropoxyphene, methadone, pethidine (meperidine), levorphanol, tapentadol, tramadol)
Roxindole
VMATsTooltip Vesicular monoamine transporters
Amiodarone
Amphetamines (e.g., amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA)
APP
AZIK
Bietaserpine
Deserpidine
Deutetrabenazine
Dihydrotetrabenazine
Efavirenz
GBR-12935
GZ-793A
Ibogaine
Ketanserin
Lobeline
Methoxytetrabenazine
Reserpine
Rose bengal
Tetrabenazine
Valbenazine
Vanoxerine (GBR-12909)
Others
DAT enhancers: Luteolin
DAT modulators: Agonist-like: SoRI-9804
SoRI-20040; Antagonist-like: SoRI-20041
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Monoamine releasing agents • Adrenergics • Dopaminergics • Serotonergics • Monoamine metabolism modulators • Monoamine neurotoxins
vteMuscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulatorsmAChRsTooltip Muscarinic acetylcholine receptorsAgonists
77-LH-28-1
AC-42
AC-260,584
Aceclidine
Acetylcholine
AF30
AF150(S)
AF267B
Alvameline
AQRA-741
Arecoline
Bethanechol
Bevonium
Butyrylcholine
Carbachol
CDD-0034
CDD-0078
CDD-0097
CDD-0098
CDD-0102
Cevimeline
Choline
cis-Dioxolane
Clozapine
Desmethylclozapine (norclozapine)
Ethoxysebacylcholine
Itameline
LY-593,039
L-689,660
LY-2,033,298
McNA343
Methacholine
Milameline
Muscarine
NGX-267
Ocvimeline
Oxotremorine
PD-151,832
Pilocarpine
RS86
Sabcomeline
SDZ 210-086
Sebacylcholine
Suberyldicholine
Talsaclidine
Tazomeline
Thiopilocarpine
Vedaclidine
VU-0029767
VU-0090157
VU-0152099
VU-0152100
VU-0238429
WAY-132,983
Xanomeline
YM-796
Antagonists
3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate
4-DAMP
Aclidinium bromide (+formoterol)
Abediterol
AF-DX 250
AF-DX 384
Ambutonium bromide
Anisodamine
Anisodine
Antihistamines (first-generation) (e.g., brompheniramine, buclizine, captodiame, chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine), cinnarizine, clemastine, cyproheptadine, dimenhydrinate, dimetindene, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, meclizine, mequitazine, perlapine, phenindamine, pheniramine, phenyltoloxamine, promethazine, propiomazine, triprolidine)
AQ-RA 741
Atropine
Atropine methonitrate
Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, fluperlapine, olanzapine (+fluoxetine), rilapine, quetiapine, tenilapine, zotepine)
Benactyzine
Benzatropine (benztropine)
Benzilone
Benzilylcholine mustard
Benzydamine
BIBN 99
Biperiden
Bornaprine
Camylofin
CAR-226,086
CAR-301,060
CAR-302,196
CAR-302,282
CAR-302,368
CAR-302,537
CAR-302,668
Caramiphen
Cimetropium bromide
Clidinium bromide
Cloperastine
CS-27349
Cyclobenzaprine
Cyclopentolate
Darifenacin
DAU-5884
Desfesoterodine
Dexetimide
DIBD
Dicycloverine (dicyclomine)
Dihexyverine
Difemerine
Diphemanil metilsulfate
Ditran
Drofenine
EA-3167
EA-3443
EA-3580
EA-3834
Emepronium bromide
Etanautine
Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine)
Fenpiverinium
Fentonium bromide
Fesoterodine
Flavoxate
Glycopyrronium bromide (+beclometasone/formoterol, +indacaterol, +neostigmine)
Hexahydrodifenidol
Hexahydrosiladifenidol
Hexbutinol
Hexocyclium
Himbacine
HL-031,120
Homatropine
Imidafenacin
Ipratropium bromide (+salbutamol)
Isopropamide
J-104,129
Hyoscyamine
Mamba toxin 3
Mamba toxin 7
Mazaticol
Mebeverine
Meladrazine
Mepenzolate
Methantheline
Methoctramine
Methylatropine
Methylhomatropine
Methylscopolamine
Metixene
Muscarinic toxin 7
N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate
N-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate
Nefopam
Octatropine methylbromide (anisotropine methylbromide)
Orphenadrine
Otenzepad (AF-DX 116)
Otilonium bromide
Oxapium iodide
Oxitropium bromide
Oxybutynin
Oxyphencyclimine
Oxyphenonium bromide
PBID
PD-102,807
PD-0298029
Penthienate
Pethidine
pFHHSiD
Phenglutarimide
Phenyltoloxamine
Pipenzolate bromide
Piperidolate
Pirenzepine
Piroheptine
Pizotifen
Poldine
Pridinol
Prifinium bromide
Procyclidine
Profenamine (ethopropazine)
Propantheline bromide
Propiverine
Quinidine
3-Quinuclidinyl thiochromane-4-carboxylate
Revefenacin
Rociverine
RU-47,213
SCH-57,790
SCH-72,788
SCH-217,443
Scopolamine (hyoscine)
Scopolamine butylbromide (hyoscine butylbromide)
Silahexacyclium
Sofpironium bromide
Solifenacin
SSRIsTooltip Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g., femoxetine, paroxetine)
Telenzepine
Terodiline
Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine)
Tiemonium iodide
Timepidium bromide
Tiotropium bromide
Tiquizium bromide
Tofenacin
Tolterodine
Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline (+perphenazine), amitriptylinoxide, butriptyline, cidoxepin, clomipramine, desipramine, desmethyldesipramine, dibenzepin, dosulepin (dothiepin), doxepin, imipramine, lofepramine, nitroxazepine, northiaden (desmethyldosulepin), nortriptyline, protriptyline, quinupramine, trimipramine)
Tridihexethyl
Trihexyphenidyl
Trimebutine
Tripitamine (tripitramine)
Tropacine
Tropatepine
Tropicamide
Trospium chloride
Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene, cyamemazine (cyamepromazine), loxapine, mesoridazine, thioridazine)
Umeclidinium bromide (+vilanterol)
WIN-2299
Xanomeline
Zamifenacin
Precursors(and prodrugs)
Acetyl-coA
Adafenoxate
Choline (lecithin)
Citicoline
Cyprodenate
Dimethylethanolamine
Glycerophosphocholine
Meclofenoxate (centrophenoxine)
Phosphatidylcholine
Phosphatidylethanolamine
Phosphorylcholine
Pirisudanol
See also
Receptor/signaling modulators
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators
Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators
Portal: Medicine
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"INN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Nonproprietary_Name"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INN-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MedNet-3"},{"link_name":"movement disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_disorder"},{"link_name":"parkinsonism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinsonism"},{"link_name":"dystonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystonia"},{"link_name":"extrapyramidal side effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrapyramidal_side_effects"},{"link_name":"antipsychotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotics"},{"link_name":"akathisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akathisia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2019-4"},{"link_name":"tardive dyskinesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardive_dyskinesia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2019-4"},{"link_name":"injection into a vein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenous"},{"link_name":"muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramuscular"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2019-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2019-4"},{"link_name":"urinary retention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_retention"},{"link_name":"hallucinations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucinations"},{"link_name":"hyperthermia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperthermia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2019-4"},{"link_name":"pregnancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnancy"},{"link_name":"breastfeeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breastfeeding"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"anticholinergic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticholinergic"},{"link_name":"blocking the activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antagonist_(pharmacology)"},{"link_name":"muscarinic acetylcholine receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2019-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2019-4"},{"link_name":"generic medication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_medication"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2019-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AHFS2019-4"}],"text":"Benzatropine (INN[2]), known as benztropine in the United States and Japan,[3] is a medication used to treat movement disorders like parkinsonism and dystonia, as well as extrapyramidal side effects of antipsychotics, including akathisia.[4] It is not useful for tardive dyskinesia.[4] It is taken by mouth or by injection into a vein or muscle.[4] Benefits are seen within two hours and last for up to ten hours.[5][6]Common side effects include dry mouth, blurry vision, nausea, and constipation.[4] Serious side effect may include urinary retention, hallucinations, hyperthermia, and poor coordination.[4] It is unclear if use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is safe.[7] Benzatropine is an anticholinergic which works by blocking the activity of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor.[4]Benzatropine was approved for medical use in the United States in 1954.[4] It is available as a generic medication.[4] In 2020, it was the 229th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2 million prescriptions.[8][9] It is sold under the brand name Cogentin among others.[4]","title":"Benzatropine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extrapyramidal side effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrapyramidal_side_effects"},{"link_name":"antipsychotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipsychotic"},{"link_name":"tremor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremor"},{"link_name":"bradykinesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradykinesia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"dystonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystonia"}],"text":"Benzatropine is used to reduce extrapyramidal side effects of antipsychotic treatment. Benzatropine is also a second-line drug for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. It improves tremor, and may alleviate rigidity and bradykinesia.[10] Benzatropine is also sometimes used for the treatment of dystonia, a rare disorder that causes abnormal muscle contraction, resulting in twisting postures of limbs, trunk, or face.","title":"Medical uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dry mouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_mouth"},{"link_name":"Constipation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constipation"},{"link_name":"Urinary retention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_retention"},{"link_name":"Tachycardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachycardia"},{"link_name":"Anorexia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)"},{"link_name":"delirium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delirium"},{"link_name":"hallucinations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucinations"},{"link_name":"tardive dyskinesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tardive_dyskinesia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11534539-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9546009-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid2661606-15"}],"text":"These are principally anticholinergic:Dry mouth\nBlurred vision\nCognitive changes\nDrowsiness\nConstipation\nUrinary retention\nTachycardia\nAnorexia\nSevere delirium and hallucinations (in overdose)While some studies suggest that use of anticholinergics increases the risk of tardive dyskinesia (a long-term side effect of antipsychotics),[11][12] other studies have found no association between anticholinergic exposure and risk of developing tardive dyskinesia,[13] although symptoms may be worsened.[14]Drugs that decrease cholinergic transmission may impair storage of new information into long-term memory. Anticholinergic agents can also impair time perception.[15]","title":"Adverse effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anticholinergic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticholinergic"},{"link_name":"antihistamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihistamine"},{"link_name":"mepyramine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mepyramine"},{"link_name":"acetylcholine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine"},{"link_name":"dopamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"dopamine reuptake inhibitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_reuptake_inhibitors"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid24194527-17"},{"link_name":"akathisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akathisia"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"functional inhibitor of acid sphingomyelinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIASMA"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18504571-19"},{"link_name":"oligodendrocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendrocyte"},{"link_name":"M1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_muscarinic_receptor"},{"link_name":"M3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3_muscarinic_receptor"},{"link_name":"muscarinic receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_receptor"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid24107995-20"}],"text":"Benzatropine is a centrally acting anticholinergic/antihistamine agent. It is a selective M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. Benzatropine partially blocks cholinergic activity in the basal ganglia and has also been shown to increase the availability of dopamine by blocking its reuptake and storage in central sites, and as a result, increasing dopaminergic activity. Animal studies have indicated that anticholinergic activity of benzatropine is approximately one-half that of atropine, while its antihistamine activity approaches that of mepyramine. Its anticholinergic effects have been established as therapeutically significant in the management of Parkinsonism. Benzatropine antagonizes the effect of acetylcholine, decreasing the imbalance between the neurotransmitters acetylcholine and dopamine, which may improve the symptoms of early Parkinson's disease.[16]Benzatropine analogues are atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitors,[17] which might make them useful for people with akathisia secondary to antipsychotic therapy.[18]Benzatropine also acts as a functional inhibitor of acid sphingomyelinase (FIASMA).[19]Benzatropine has been also identified, by a high throughput screening approach, as a potent differentiating agent for oligodendrocytes, possibly working through M1 and M3 muscarinic receptors. In preclinical models for multiple sclerosis, benzatropine decreased clinical symptoms and enhanced re-myelination.[20]","title":"Pharmacology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"priapism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priapism"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"In veterinary medicine, benzatropine is used to treat priapism in stallions.[21]","title":"Other animals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"international nonproprietary name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_nonproprietary_name"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"British Approved Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Approved_Name"},{"link_name":"British Pharmacopoeia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Pharmacopoeia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-INN-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MedNet-3"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TGA-22"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MedNet-3"},{"link_name":"United States Adopted Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Adopted_Name"},{"link_name":"Japanese Accepted Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Accepted_Name"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KEGG-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TGA-22"},{"link_name":"methanesulfonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanesulfonate"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martindale-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KEGG-23"}],"text":"Since 1959, benzatropine is the official international nonproprietary name of the medication under the INN scheme, the medication naming system coordinated by the World Health Organization; it is also the British Approved Name (BAN) given in the British Pharmacopoeia,[2][3] and has been the official nonproprietary name in Australia since 2015.[22] Regional variations of the \"a\" spelling are also used in French, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish, as well as Latin (all medications are assigned a Latin name by WHO).[3]\"Benztropine\" is the official United States Adopted Name (USAN), the medication naming system coordinated by the USAN Council, co-sponsored by the American Medical Association (AMA), the United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USP), and the American Pharmacists Association (APhA). It is also the Japanese Accepted Name (JAN)[23] and was used in Australia until 2015, when it was harmonized with the INN.[22]Both names may be modified to account for the methanesulfonate salt as which the medication is formulated: the modified INN (INNm) and BAN (BANM) is benzatropine mesilate, while the modified USAN is benztropine mesylate.[24] The modified JAN is a hybrid form, benztropine mesilate.[23]The misspelling benzotropine is also occasionally seen in the literature.","title":"Naming"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Prescription medicines: registration of new generic medicines and biosimilar medicines, 2017\". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 21 June 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/publication/publications/prescription-medicines-registration-new-generic-medicines-and-biosimilar-medicines-2017","url_text":"\"Prescription medicines: registration of new generic medicines and biosimilar medicines, 2017\""}]},{"reference":"World Health Organization (December 1959). \"International Non-Proprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Preparations). Recommended International Non-Proprietary Names (Rec. I.N.N.): List 3º\" (PDF). WHO Chronicle. 13 (12): 464. Retrieved 1 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.who.int/medicines/publications/druginformation/innlists/RL03.pdf?ua=1","url_text":"\"International Non-Proprietary Names for Pharmaceutical Preparations). Recommended International Non-Proprietary Names (Rec. I.N.N.): List 3º\""}]},{"reference":"World Health Organization. \"INN: Benzatropine\". WHO MedNet. Retrieved 1 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mednet-communities.net/inn/db/ViewINN.aspx?i=292","url_text":"\"INN: Benzatropine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Benztropine Mesylate Monograph for Professionals\". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 9 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.drugs.com/monograph/benztropine-mesylate.html","url_text":"\"Benztropine Mesylate Monograph for Professionals\""}]},{"reference":"Pagliaro LA, Pagliaro AM (1999). PNDR, Psychologists' Neuropsychotropic Drug Reference. Psychology Press. p. 47. ISBN 9780876309568.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=h_edjWaBilsC&pg=PA47","url_text":"PNDR, Psychologists' Neuropsychotropic Drug Reference"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780876309568","url_text":"9780876309568"}]},{"reference":"Aschenbrenner DS, Venable SJ (2009). Drug Therapy in Nursing. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 197. ISBN 9780781765879.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5zd_W_PUwvYC&pg=PA197","url_text":"Drug Therapy in Nursing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780781765879","url_text":"9780781765879"}]},{"reference":"\"Benztropine (Cogentin) Use During Pregnancy\". Drugs.com. Retrieved 9 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/benztropine.html","url_text":"\"Benztropine (Cogentin) Use During Pregnancy\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Top 300 of 2020\". ClinCalc. Retrieved 7 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx","url_text":"\"The Top 300 of 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Benztropine - Drug Usage Statistics\". ClinCalc. Retrieved 7 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Benztropine","url_text":"\"Benztropine - Drug Usage Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"DiMascio A, Bernardo DL, Greenblatt DJ, Marder JE (May 1976). \"A controlled trial of amantadine in drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders\". Archives of General Psychiatry. 33 (5): 599–602. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1976.01770050055008. PMID 5066.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchpsyc.1976.01770050055008","url_text":"10.1001/archpsyc.1976.01770050055008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5066","url_text":"5066"}]},{"reference":"Kane JM, Smith JM (April 1982). \"Tardive dyskinesia: prevalence and risk factors, 1959 to 1979\". Archives of General Psychiatry. 39 (4): 473–481. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1982.04290040069010. PMID 6121548. S2CID 10194153.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchpsyc.1982.04290040069010","url_text":"10.1001/archpsyc.1982.04290040069010"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6121548","url_text":"6121548"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10194153","url_text":"10194153"}]},{"reference":"Wszola BA, Newell KM, Sprague RL (August 2001). \"Risk factors for tardive dyskinesia in a large population of youths and adults\". Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 9 (3): 285–296. doi:10.1037/1064-1297.9.3.285. PMID 11534539.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2F1064-1297.9.3.285","url_text":"10.1037/1064-1297.9.3.285"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11534539","url_text":"11534539"}]},{"reference":"van Harten PN, Hoek HW, Matroos GE, Koeter M, Kahn RS (April 1998). \"Intermittent neuroleptic treatment and risk for tardive dyskinesia: Curaçao Extrapyramidal Syndromes Study III\". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 155 (4): 565–567. doi:10.1176/ajp.155.4.565. PMID 9546009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fajp.155.4.565","url_text":"10.1176/ajp.155.4.565"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9546009","url_text":"9546009"}]},{"reference":"Yassa R (September 1988). \"Tardive dyskinesia and anticholinergic drugs. A critical review of the literature\". L'Encéphale. 14 Spec No (Spec No): 233–239. PMID 3063514.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3063514","url_text":"3063514"}]},{"reference":"Gelenberg AJ, Van Putten T, Lavori PW, Wojcik JD, Falk WE, Marder S, et al. (June 1989). \"Anticholinergic effects on memory: benztropine versus amantadine\". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 9 (3): 180–185. doi:10.1097/00004714-198906000-00004. PMID 2661606. S2CID 27308127.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00004714-198906000-00004","url_text":"10.1097/00004714-198906000-00004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2661606","url_text":"2661606"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27308127","url_text":"27308127"}]},{"reference":"Hiranita T, Kohut SJ, Soto PL, Tanda G, Kopajtic TA, Katz JL (January 2014). \"Preclinical efficacy of N-substituted benztropine analogs as antagonists of methamphetamine self-administration in rats\". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 348 (1): 174–191. doi:10.1124/jpet.113.208264. PMC 3868882. PMID 24194527.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3868882","url_text":"\"Preclinical efficacy of N-substituted benztropine analogs as antagonists of methamphetamine self-administration in rats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1124%2Fjpet.113.208264","url_text":"10.1124/jpet.113.208264"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3868882","url_text":"3868882"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24194527","url_text":"24194527"}]},{"reference":"Adler LA, Peselow E, Rosenthal M, Angrist B (1993). \"A controlled comparison of the effects of propranolol, benztropine, and placebo on akathisia: an interim analysis\". Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 29 (2): 283–286. PMID 8290678.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8290678","url_text":"8290678"}]},{"reference":"Kornhuber J, Muehlbacher M, Trapp S, Pechmann S, Friedl A, Reichel M, et al. (2011). \"Identification of novel functional inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase\". PLOS ONE. 6 (8): e23852. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...623852K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023852. PMC 3166082. PMID 21909365.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3166082","url_text":"\"Identification of novel functional inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PLoSO...623852K","url_text":"2011PLoSO...623852K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0023852","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0023852"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3166082","url_text":"3166082"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21909365","url_text":"21909365"}]},{"reference":"Deshmukh VA, Tardif V, Lyssiotis CA, Green CC, Kerman B, Kim HJ, et al. (October 2013). \"A regenerative approach to the treatment of multiple sclerosis\". Nature. 502 (7471): 327–332. Bibcode:2013Natur.502..327D. doi:10.1038/nature12647. PMC 4431622. PMID 24107995.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4431622","url_text":"\"A regenerative approach to the treatment of multiple sclerosis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Natur.502..327D","url_text":"2013Natur.502..327D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature12647","url_text":"10.1038/nature12647"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4431622","url_text":"4431622"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24107995","url_text":"24107995"}]},{"reference":"Wilson DV, Nickels FA, Williams MA (November 1991). \"Pharmacologic treatment of priapism in two horses\". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 199 (9): 1183–1184. doi:10.2460/javma.1991.199.09.1183. PMID 1752772.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2460%2Fjavma.1991.199.09.1183","url_text":"10.2460/javma.1991.199.09.1183"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1752772","url_text":"1752772"}]},{"reference":"\"Updating medicine ingredient names - list of affected ingredients\". Therapeutic Goods Administration. 23 November 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tga.gov.au/updating-medicine-ingredient-names-list-affected-ingredients","url_text":"\"Updating medicine ingredient names - list of affected ingredients\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapeutic_Goods_Administration","url_text":"Therapeutic Goods Administration"}]},{"reference":"Sweetman, Sean C., ed. (2009). \"Antiparkinsonian Drugs\". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (36th ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. p. 797. ISBN 978-0-85369-840-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martindale:_The_Complete_Drug_Reference","url_text":"Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85369-840-1","url_text":"978-0-85369-840-1"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducal_Serene_Highness
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Ducal Serene Highness
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["1 References"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ducal Serene Highness" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
His/Her Ducal Serene Highness (abbreviation: HDSH) was a style used by members of certain ducal families, such as those of Nassau, Braganza, and the Ernestine duchies (until 1844). This treatment is superior to Serene Highness because it takes the adjective ducal (relative at duke).
The Saxon duchies of Meiningen, Gotha and Altenburg dropped the style in favor of Highness in 1844.
References
^ Memoirs of Ernest II (1888), p.137
vteImperial, royal, and noble stylesForms of address for popes, royalty, and nobilityAfrica
Nəgusä Nägäst
Nkosi
Pharaoh
Western
Holiness
Imperial and Royal Majesty (HI&RM)
Imperial and Most Faithful Majesty
Imperial Majesty (HIM)
Apostolic Majesty (HAM)
Catholic Monarchs
Catholic Majesty (HCM)
Most Christian Majesty (HMCM)
Most Faithful Majesty (HFM)
Orthodox Majesty (HOM)
Britannic Majesty (HBM)
Most Excellent Majesty
Most Gracious Majesty
Royal Majesty (HRM)
Majesty (HM)
Grace (HG)
Royal Highness (HRH)
Monseigneur (Msgr)
Most Eminent Highness (HMEH)
Exalted Highness (HEH)
Highness (HH)
Serene Highness (HSH)
Illustrious Highness (HIll.H)
Excellency (HE)
Most Excellent
Most Illustrious
Hochgeboren
Hochwohlgeboren
Wohlgeboren
Much Honoured (The Much Hon.)
Milord (Millourt)
AntiquityAncient Rome
Pater Patriae
Augustus
Sebastos
Dominus
Georgia
Mepe
Middle Ages
Imperial and Royal Highness (HI&RH)
Imperial Highness (HIH)
Royal Highness (HRH)
Grand Ducal Highness (HGDH)
Highness (HH)
Ducal Serene Highness (HDSH)
Serene Highness (HSH)
Serenity (HS)
Illustrious Highness (HIll.H)
Grace (HG)
Excellency (HE)
Specific culture
Don
Senhor
Asian
Baghatur
Duli Yang Maha Mulia
Great king
Khan
Khagan
King of Kings
Maharaja
Mikado
Shah
Shogun
Son of Heaven
Islamic
Amir al-Mu'minin
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
Hadrat
Sharif
Sultanic Highness
Countries
France
Georgia
Netherlands
Portugal
Serbia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Canada
Scotland
See also
By the Grace of God
Divine right of kings
Defender of the Faith (Fidei defensor)
Defender of the Holy Sepulchre
Great Catholic Monarch
List of current sovereign monarchs
List of current constituent monarchs
Sacred king
Translatio imperii
Victory title
Wikipedia:WikiProject Royalty and Nobility
This royalty-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_Park
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Gender Park
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["1 Aim","2 Initiatives","2.1 International Conference on Gender Equality (ICGE)","2.2 International Institute for Gender and Development (IIGD)- WiSE Fellowship","2.3 International Women’s Trade Centre (iWTC)","2.4 COVID-19 support","3 References"]
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Indian gender equality initiative
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Gender ParkHeadquartersThiruvananthapuram, Kerala, IndiaKey peopleVeena George (Chairperson), T. V. Anupama IAS (CEO), Mallika Sarabhai (advisor)OwnerGovernment of KeralaWebsitegenderpark.gov.in
The Gender Park, established in 2013, is an initiative of the Government of Kerala to work towards gender equality and empowerment in the state. It is headquartered in the state's capital, Thiruvananthapuram. Its main 24-acre campus is set at Silver Hills, Kozhikode (Calicut). With a key focus on gender justice, it is a platform for policy analysis, research, advocacy, capacity development, economic and social initiative. It found standing under the Department of Social Justice and is the first space of its kind in the world. Currently working under the Department of Women and Child Development, it aims to become a premier convergence point for gender-related activities. Recently, UN Women and The Gender Park have entered into an equal partnership to develop the Park as a South Asian hub for gender equality.
The founding CEO of The Gender Park is Dr. PTM Mohammed Sunish. In 2021, T. V. Anupama IAS had additional charge as the CEO of the organization, along with her position as the Director of Women and Child Development. In September 2021, Adeela Abdulla IAS has been appointed as the CEO of The Gender Park, in addition to her new role as the Director of Women and Child Development.
Aim
The Gender Park works towards creating relevant interventions that help address a range of gender-based issues. These involve both off-campus as well as on-campus activities and include various projects that work towards empowering individuals and communities by adopting a gender lens while designing interventions.
It aims to specifically increase state capacity and efficiency by providing reports, evaluations and recommendations on government action in the realm of gender justice. As a registered society under the Department of Women and Child Development, it is uniquely positioned to see that these recommendations are implemented by the government.
Initiatives
International Conference on Gender Equality (ICGE)
The International Conference on Gender Equality (ICGE), conducted by The Gender Park, is a series of conferences that provide an international platform for discussing pressing issues related to gender equality and for raising awareness. The Conference invites some of the sharpest minds to share the stage and deliberate on academic as well as development challenges around gender equality.
The Gender Park hosted the first conferences (ICGE- I) in association with UN Women and supported by UNFPA in November 2015. ICGE-I focussed on Gender, Governance, and Inclusion. Issues of inclusion were discussed intensely at the workshop, where the Government of Kerala also launched the State Government Policy for Transgenders (2015). The policy launch was followed by a panel where individuals from the trans community shared the relevance of the policy in their lives. A Conference Statement was issued and disseminated globally.
The second ICGE – ICGE II on ‘Gender in Sustainable Entrepreneurship and Social Business: The Mediating Role of Empowerment’ was held on February 11, 12 and 13, 2021, at The Gender Park Campus, Kozhikode. ICGE II was organized in partnership with UN Women. The global meet had eight plenary sessions and nine parallel sessions. The three-day conference was organized strictly abiding by the COVID-19 safety protocol. Over 90 speakers from 20 countries attended the conference physically and remotely. The conference achieved carbon neutrality and became the first carbon-neutral event in Kerala.
International Institute for Gender and Development (IIGD)- WiSE Fellowship
The research and learning component of The Gender Park, the IIGD aims to be devoted to multidisciplinary research, theorization, and policy interventions. Its mission is to conduct high-quality research and effective capacity development to provide innovative yet feasible recommendations for policymakers. Apart from educating students in gender theory and practice, IIGD's larger goal is to foster just and inclusive societies for all.
IIGD has envisaged the Women in Sustainable Entrepreneurship (WiSE) Fellowship programme in partnership with national and international universities which will take off in 2021. WiSE is a platform for budding women entrepreneurs to find necessary support and scale up their ventures.
The idea is to provide the aforementioned entrepreneurs with support from Fellows who will be given rigorous training in all aspects of taking sustainable projects through different stages- including bureaucratic, business processes, creative thinking, customer acquisition etc.
International Women’s Trade Centre (iWTC)
International Women's Trade Centre (iWTC) is an ambitious initiative and will be a first-of-its-kind trade centre that caters to the specific needs of women in business.
COVID-19 support
During the lockdown of COVID-19 pandemic, the women of She Taxi provided their service to the elderly citizens who were in need of medicines or had to commute to the hospital. It was provided free of cost to the BPL citizens and at a half rate to others. Measures like SMS (Sanitizer, Mask and Social distancing) are ensured, keeping in mind the COVID-19 situation.
References
^ "Social Justice, Kerala". swd.kerala.gov.in.
^ "WCD Kerala". wcd.kerala.gov.in.
^ "UNFPA - United Nations Population Fund". www.unfpa.org.
^ "She Taxi comes to elderly's aid". The Hindu. 4 April 2020 – via www.thehindu.com.
^ "Kerala: HelpAge, She-Taxi team up for drug delivery | Kochi News - Times of India". The Times of India. 12 April 2020.
^ "A rocky road ahead for cabbies". The New Indian Express. 14 May 2020.
^ "Kerala government to set up country's first global trade centre for women". India Today. 10 September 2019.
^ "She Taxis get World Bank attention - Times of India". The Times of India. 11 April 2015.
^ "President to inaugurate Gender park on February 27". Free Press Journal.
^ "Kerala to Launch India's First Gender Equality Convergence Center". TheQuint. 23 February 2016.
^
^ "Global trade centre for women soon". The Hindu. 10 September 2019 – via www.thehindu.com.
^ "Kochi corporation sells drinking water at Re one per litre". DNA India. 27 July 2016.
^ Devasia, T. K. "Pranab Mukherjee to open first gender varsity in Kerala". Khaleej Times.
|
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With a key focus on gender justice, it is a platform for policy analysis, research, advocacy, capacity development, economic and social initiative. It found standing under the Department of Social Justice[1] and is the first space of its kind in the world. Currently working under the Department of Women and Child Development,[2] it aims to become a premier convergence point for gender-related activities. Recently, UN Women and The Gender Park have entered into an equal partnership to develop the Park as a South Asian hub for gender equality.The founding CEO of The Gender Park is Dr. PTM Mohammed Sunish. In 2021, T. V. Anupama IAS had additional charge as the CEO of the organization, along with her position as the Director of Women and Child Development. In September 2021, Adeela Abdulla IAS has been appointed as the CEO of The Gender Park, in addition to her new role as the Director of Women and Child Development.","title":"Gender Park"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Gender Park works towards creating relevant interventions that help address a range of gender-based issues. These involve both off-campus as well as on-campus activities and include various projects that work towards empowering individuals and communities by adopting a gender lens while designing interventions.It aims to specifically increase state capacity and efficiency by providing reports, evaluations and recommendations on government action in the realm of gender justice. As a registered society under the Department of Women and Child Development, it is uniquely positioned to see that these recommendations are implemented by the government.","title":"Aim"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Initiatives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UN Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UN_Women"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"carbon neutrality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_neutrality"}],"sub_title":"International Conference on Gender Equality (ICGE)","text":"The International Conference on Gender Equality (ICGE), conducted by The Gender Park, is a series of conferences that provide an international platform for discussing pressing issues related to gender equality and for raising awareness. The Conference invites some of the sharpest minds to share the stage and deliberate on academic as well as development challenges around gender equality.The Gender Park hosted the first conferences (ICGE- I) in association with UN Women and supported by UNFPA[3] in November 2015. ICGE-I focussed on Gender, Governance, and Inclusion. Issues of inclusion were discussed intensely at the workshop, where the Government of Kerala also launched the State Government Policy for Transgenders (2015). The policy launch was followed by a panel where individuals from the trans community shared the relevance of the policy in their lives. A Conference Statement was issued and disseminated globally.The second ICGE – ICGE II on ‘Gender in Sustainable Entrepreneurship and Social Business: The Mediating Role of Empowerment’ was held on February 11, 12 and 13, 2021, at The Gender Park Campus, Kozhikode. ICGE II was organized in partnership with UN Women. The global meet had eight plenary sessions and nine parallel sessions. The three-day conference was organized strictly abiding by the COVID-19 safety protocol. Over 90 speakers from 20 countries attended the conference physically and remotely. The conference achieved carbon neutrality and became the first carbon-neutral event in Kerala.","title":"Initiatives"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International Institute for Gender and Development (IIGD)- WiSE Fellowship","text":"The research and learning component of The Gender Park, the IIGD aims to be devoted to multidisciplinary research, theorization, and policy interventions. Its mission is to conduct high-quality research and effective capacity development to provide innovative yet feasible recommendations for policymakers. Apart from educating students in gender theory and practice, IIGD's larger goal is to foster just and inclusive societies for all.IIGD has envisaged the Women in Sustainable Entrepreneurship (WiSE) Fellowship programme in partnership with national and international universities which will take off in 2021. WiSE is a platform for budding women entrepreneurs to find necessary support and scale up their ventures.The idea is to provide the aforementioned entrepreneurs with support from Fellows who will be given rigorous training in all aspects of taking sustainable projects through different stages- including bureaucratic, business processes, creative thinking, customer acquisition etc.","title":"Initiatives"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International Women’s Trade Centre (iWTC)","text":"International Women's Trade Centre (iWTC) is an ambitious initiative and will be a first-of-its-kind trade centre that caters to the specific needs of women in business.","title":"Initiatives"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"COVID-19 support","text":"During the lockdown of COVID-19 pandemic, the women of She Taxi provided their service to the elderly citizens who were in need of medicines or had to commute to the hospital. It was provided free of cost to the BPL citizens and at a half rate to others. Measures like SMS (Sanitizer, Mask and Social distancing) are ensured, keeping in mind the COVID-19 situation.","title":"Initiatives"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Social Justice, Kerala\". swd.kerala.gov.in.","urls":[{"url":"http://swd.kerala.gov.in/","url_text":"\"Social Justice, Kerala\""}]},{"reference":"\"WCD Kerala\". wcd.kerala.gov.in.","urls":[{"url":"http://wcd.kerala.gov.in/","url_text":"\"WCD Kerala\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNFPA - United Nations Population Fund\". www.unfpa.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unfpa.org/","url_text":"\"UNFPA - United Nations Population Fund\""}]},{"reference":"\"She Taxi comes to elderly's aid\". The Hindu. 4 April 2020 – via www.thehindu.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/she-taxi-comes-to-elderlys-aid/article31259504.ece","url_text":"\"She Taxi comes to elderly's aid\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kerala: HelpAge, She-Taxi team up for drug delivery | Kochi News - Times of India\". The Times of India. 12 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-helpage-she-taxi-team-up-for-drug-delivery/articleshow/75106957.cms","url_text":"\"Kerala: HelpAge, She-Taxi team up for drug delivery | Kochi News - Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"A rocky road ahead for cabbies\". The New Indian Express. 14 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2020/may/14/a-rocky-road-ahead-for-cabbies-2142951.html","url_text":"\"A rocky road ahead for cabbies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kerala government to set up country's first global trade centre for women\". India Today. 10 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/kerala-government-to-set-up-country-s-first-global-trade-centre-for-women-1597486-2019-09-10","url_text":"\"Kerala government to set up country's first global trade centre for women\""}]},{"reference":"\"She Taxis get World Bank attention - Times of India\". The Times of India. 11 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/she-taxis-get-world-bank-attention/articleshow/46884143.cms","url_text":"\"She Taxis get World Bank attention - Times of India\""}]},{"reference":"\"President to inaugurate Gender park on February 27\". Free Press Journal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/president-to-inaugurate-gender-park-on-february-27","url_text":"\"President to inaugurate Gender park on February 27\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kerala to Launch India's First Gender Equality Convergence Center\". TheQuint. 23 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thequint.com/news/india/kerala-to-launch-indias-first-gender-equality-convergence-center","url_text":"\"Kerala to Launch India's First Gender Equality Convergence Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"Global trade centre for women soon\". The Hindu. 10 September 2019 – via www.thehindu.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/global-trade-centre-for-women-soon/article29377470.ece","url_text":"\"Global trade centre for women soon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kochi corporation sells drinking water at Re one per litre\". DNA India. 27 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-kochi-corporation-sells-drinking-water-at-re-one-per-litre-2238563","url_text":"\"Kochi corporation sells drinking water at Re one per litre\""}]},{"reference":"Devasia, T. K. \"Pranab Mukherjee to open first gender varsity in Kerala\". Khaleej Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/india/pranab-mukherjee-to-open-first-gender-varsity-in-kerala","url_text":"\"Pranab Mukherjee to open first gender varsity in Kerala\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gender_Park&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"http://genderpark.gov.in/","external_links_name":"genderpark.gov.in"},{"Link":"http://swd.kerala.gov.in/","external_links_name":"\"Social Justice, Kerala\""},{"Link":"http://wcd.kerala.gov.in/","external_links_name":"\"WCD Kerala\""},{"Link":"https://www.unfpa.org/","external_links_name":"\"UNFPA - United Nations Population Fund\""},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/she-taxi-comes-to-elderlys-aid/article31259504.ece","external_links_name":"\"She Taxi comes to elderly's aid\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-helpage-she-taxi-team-up-for-drug-delivery/articleshow/75106957.cms","external_links_name":"\"Kerala: HelpAge, She-Taxi team up for drug delivery | Kochi News - Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2020/may/14/a-rocky-road-ahead-for-cabbies-2142951.html","external_links_name":"\"A rocky road ahead for cabbies\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/kerala-government-to-set-up-country-s-first-global-trade-centre-for-women-1597486-2019-09-10","external_links_name":"\"Kerala government to set up country's first global trade centre for women\""},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/she-taxis-get-world-bank-attention/articleshow/46884143.cms","external_links_name":"\"She Taxis get World Bank attention - Times of India\""},{"Link":"https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/president-to-inaugurate-gender-park-on-february-27","external_links_name":"\"President to inaugurate Gender park on February 27\""},{"Link":"https://www.thequint.com/news/india/kerala-to-launch-indias-first-gender-equality-convergence-center","external_links_name":"\"Kerala to Launch India's First Gender Equality Convergence Center\""},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/01/04/kerala-to-build-largest-female-social-entrepreneur-network/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/global-trade-centre-for-women-soon/article29377470.ece","external_links_name":"\"Global trade centre for women soon\""},{"Link":"https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-kochi-corporation-sells-drinking-water-at-re-one-per-litre-2238563","external_links_name":"\"Kochi corporation sells drinking water at Re one per litre\""},{"Link":"https://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/india/pranab-mukherjee-to-open-first-gender-varsity-in-kerala","external_links_name":"\"Pranab Mukherjee to open first gender varsity in Kerala\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katibat_al-Tawhid_wal-Jihad
|
Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
|
["1 History","2 References"]
|
Katibat al-Tawhid wal-JihadUzbek: Tavhid va jihod katibasi
Kyrgyz: Катибат аль-Таухид ва аль-жихад
Arabic: كتاب التوحيد والجهادFounderSirojiddin Mukhtarov †LeaderIlmurad KhikmatovDates of operation2014–presentCountry SyriaAllegiance
Al-Qaeda
Tahrir al-Sham
Ideology
Jihadism
Salafism
Size80-100 in Afghanistan (UN report)
200-500 in SyriaAllies
Imam Bukhari Jamaat
Taliban
Ajnad al-Kavkaz
Al-Nusra Front
Opponents
United States
Syria
Russia
China
Kyrgyzstan
Uzbekistan
Islamic State
Designated as a terrorist group by
United States
Uzbekistan
Flag
Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (Uzbek: Tavhid va jihod katibasi, Kyrgyz: Катибат аль-Таухид ва аль-жихад) is an Uzbek/Kyrgyz jihadist militant organization based in Syria.
History
The group was established in Syria in 2014 by Sirojiddin Mukhtarov, the group consists of mostly Uzbek and Kyrgyz nationals.
In 2015 the group, with the help of Al-Nusra Front and Ajnad al-Kavkaz, attempted to establish a de facto state in northwestern Syria. This was all after the fighting in Idlib province, specifically in the town of Jisr ash-Shughur.
In 2016 the group bombed the Chinese embassy in Kyrgyzstan, the attack was ordered by then leader/founder, Sirojiddin Mukhtarov. Three people were arrested and sentenced for helping and aiding the bombing.
In 2019 the group hired hitmen to kill Aierken Saimaiti, a man who exposed a large money laundering scheme, also in 2019, the groups Shura council voted unanimously to change the groups leader, Sirojiddin was changed with the new appointed leader, Ilmurad Khikmatov.
In 2021 two of the head propagandists of the organization were arrested in the town of Tanzim after attempting to recruit Uzbek school children to go to Syria to fight for the group.
In 2022 the United States designated the group a terrorist organization. Also the same year, in September, the original founder of the organization, Sirojiddin Mukhtarov was killed in a targeted airstrike by the Russian Air Force.
In 2023, a foreign supporter of the group in Philadelphia would attempt to build an IED in order to bomb certain targets in support of the group, the group supplied the materials overseas.
References
^ "Terrorist group's leader, native of Kyrgyzstan, killed by Russian forces in Syria". GFATF. 2022-09-12. Retrieved 2023-07-23.
^ غاروفالو, دانيلي (2022-05-04). "كيف أحدثت الحرب الروسية على أوكرانيا انقساماً في أوساط الجهاديين؟". أخبار الآن (in Arabic). Retrieved 2023-07-23.
^ ""Катибат аль-Таухид ва аль-жихад"- "Аль-Каиданын" Борбор Азиядагы идеялык мураскору". BBC News (in Kyrgyz). Retrieved 2023-10-08.
^ "Борбор азиялык жихадчылар "Аль-Каидага" ант беришти". BBC News (in Kyrgyz). Retrieved 2023-10-08.
^ "The Transformation of Central Asian Jihadists in Syria". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 2023-07-23.
^ Merlo, Mike. "Uzbek group pledges allegiance to Al Nusrah Front". FDD's Long War Journal. Retrieved 2023-07-23.
^ "Katibat al Tawhid wal Jihad (KTJ)". Counter Extremism Project. Retrieved 2023-07-23.
^ "Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad". TRAC. Retrieved 2023-07-22.
^ Lin, Christina (2015-10-11). "A buffer zone for Erdogan's Turkic settlements in Syria?". Asia Times. Retrieved 2023-07-24.
^ "Who is Katibat al-Tawhid wa-l-Jihad?". Syrians for Truth and Justice. 2022-04-19. Retrieved 2023-07-24.
^ "ГКНБ: Установлены организаторы и исполнители взрыва в посольстве Китая в Бишкеке". Сводка АКИpress. 2016-09-06. Retrieved 2023-07-24.
^ "Kyrgyzstan Sentences Three Over Chinese Embassy Attack". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 2017-06-28. Retrieved 2023-07-24.
^ "'His Murder Is Necessary': Man Who Exposed Kyrgyz Smuggling Scheme Was Hunted By Contract Killers". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 2023-07-24.
^ Botobekov, Uran (2019-04-19). "Uzbek's Katibat al Tawhid wal Jihad changed its leader". Modern Diplomacy. Retrieved 2023-07-24.
^ "Халқаро терроризм тарафдорлари узоқ муддатга озодликдан маҳрум этилди". Uza.uz (in Uzbek). 2022-01-24. Retrieved 2023-07-24.
^ "US designates Syrian al-Qaeda-linked group as 'Global Terrorist'". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2023-07-24.
^ Kudryavtseva, Tatyana (2022-09-10). "Militant leader, native of Kyrgyzstan Sirojiddin Mukhtarov killed in Syria –". 24.kg. Retrieved 2023-07-24.
^ "Минобороны заявило об убийстве лидера группировки «Катиба Таухид валь-Джихад». Ее обвиняли в причастности к теракту в петербургском метро". Meduza (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-10-08.
^ Macaulay, Jessica; Bailey, Wakisha; Corrado, Kerri; Snyder, Dan (2023-08-15). "FBI, Philadelphia DA charge teen in terrorism probe". CBS News. Retrieved 2023-09-25.
^ Roebuck, Jeremy; Palmer, Chris (2023-08-14). "Philadelphia teen accused of buying and testing bomb-making materials in support of foreign terror group". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved 2023-09-25.
vteMilitant Islamism in the Middle East and North Africa regionIdeology
Jihadism
Salafi jihadism
Pan-Islamism
Qutbism
Khomeinism
Wahhabism
Phenomena
Islamic extremism
Islamic fundamentalism
Islamic terrorism
OrganisationsMiddle East
Abdullah Azzam Brigades
Abu Hafs al-Masri Brigades
Ahrar al-Sham
Ajnad al-Sham
Al-Nusra Front
Al-Qaeda
Al-Qaeda in Iraq
Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula
Al-Salafiya al-Jihadiya in the Sinai
Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan
Ansar al-Sham
Ansar al-Sharia (Syria)
Ansar al-Sharia (Yemen)
Ansar Bait al-Maqdis
Army of Conquest
Army of Islam
Hamas
Hezbollah
Quwat al-Ridha
Hezbollah Al-Hejaz
Houthis
Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine
Islamic State of Iraq
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades
Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin
Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
Jaysh al-Islam
Jaysh al-Ummah (Gaza)
Jund Ansar Allah
Jundallah (Iran)
Khorasan group
Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad
Katibat al-Ghuraba al-Turkistan
Levant Front
Mujahideen Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem
Masada al-Mujahideen
Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement
Peace Companies
People's Mujahedin of Iran
Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade
Tahrir al-Sham
Tawhid al-Jihad
Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq
Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba
Kata'ib Hezbollah
Badr Organization
Mukhtar Army
Liwa Assad Allah al-Ghalib fi al-Iraq wa al-Sham
Saraya al-Jihad
Saraya Ansar al-Aqeeda
Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas
Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas Forces
Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada
Kata'ib al-Imam Ali
Liwa Fatemiyoun
Liwa Zainebiyoun
Al-Ashtar Brigades
Sabireen Movement
Jaysh al-Mu'ammal
Baqir Brigade
Promised Day Brigade
1920 Revolution Brigade
Turkish Hezbollah
Hamas of Iraq
Islamic Dawa Party
North Africa
Abu Salim Martyrs Brigade
al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
Ansar al-Sharia (Libya)
Ansar al-Sharia (Tunisia)
Ansar ul Islam
Ansar Bait al-Maqdis
Armed Islamic Group
Derna Protection Force
Egyptian Islamic Jihad
al-Jama'a al-Islamiyya
Takfir wal-Hijra
Libyan Islamic Fighting Group
Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group
Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa
Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat
Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries
Shura Council of Mujahideen in Derna
Tunisian Combatant Group
Uqba ibn Nafi Brigade
Leaders
Abu Ali al-Anbari
Abu Mohammad al-Adnani
Abu Muslim al-Turkmani
Abu Suleiman al-Naser
Ahmed al-Assir
Anwar al-Awlaki
Abdullah Yusuf Azzam
Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah
Abdul Nasser Qardash
Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi
Abu Ayyub al-Masri
Abu Omar al-Baghdadi
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi
Mohammed Atef
Mokhtar Belmokhtar
Tariq al-Dahab
Tal'at Fu'ad Qasim
Massoud Rajavi
Maryam Rajavi
Abdelmalek Droukdel
Abu Ubaidah Youssef al-Annabi
Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri
Abu Ubaidah al-Masri
Saeed al-Masri
Saleh Al-Qaraawi
Haji Bakr
Hassan Hattab
Abu Mohammad al-Julani
Omar Abdel-Rahman
Osama bin Laden
Hassan Nasrallah
Juhayman al-Otaybi
Muqtada al-Sadr
Saif al-Adel
Shukri Mustafa
Muhammad abd-al-Salam Faraj
Nasir al-Wuhayshi
Qasim al-Raymi
Khalid Batarfi
Ibrahim al-Banna
Ahmed Yassin
Abu Musab al-Zarqawi
Ayman al-Zawahiri
Abdelhamid Abou Zeid
Abu Khayr al-Masri
Abu Muhsin al-Masri
Qais al-Khazali
Hadi al-Amiri
Jalal al-Din Ali al-Saghir
Abdul-Malik Badreddin al-Houthi
Wathiq al-Battat
Events
Israeli–Palestinian conflict
Lebanese Civil War
Iranian Revolution
Iran–Iraq War
Algerian Civil War
Terrorism in Egypt
Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present)
Iraq War (2003–2011)
Libyan Crisis (2011–present)
Syrian civil war (2012–present)
War in Iraq (2013–2017)
Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
Related
Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
ISIL territorial claims
Sexual violence in the Iraqi insurgency
Holy Shrine Defender
Part of Islamism
Militant Islamism in
South Asia
Southeast Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uzbek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbek_language"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_language"},{"link_name":"jihadist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadist"}],"text":"Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (Uzbek: Tavhid va jihod katibasi, Kyrgyz: Катибат аль-Таухид ва аль-жихад) is an Uzbek/Kyrgyz jihadist militant organization based in Syria.","title":"Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Al-Nusra Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Nusra_Front"},{"link_name":"Ajnad al-Kavkaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajnad_al-Kavkaz"},{"link_name":"de facto state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto_state"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"Idlib province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Jisr ash-Shughur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jisr_ash-Shughur"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"bombed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Embassy_in_Bishkek_bombing"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Shura council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis-ash-Shura"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Russian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"IED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The group was established in Syria in 2014 by Sirojiddin Mukhtarov,[7] the group consists of mostly Uzbek and Kyrgyz nationals.[8]In 2015 the group, with the help of Al-Nusra Front and Ajnad al-Kavkaz, attempted to establish a de facto state in northwestern Syria.[9] This was all after the fighting in Idlib province, specifically in the town of Jisr ash-Shughur.[10]In 2016 the group bombed the Chinese embassy in Kyrgyzstan, the attack was ordered by then leader/founder, Sirojiddin Mukhtarov.[11] Three people were arrested and sentenced for helping and aiding the bombing.[12]In 2019 the group hired hitmen to kill Aierken Saimaiti, a man who exposed a large money laundering scheme,[13] also in 2019, the groups Shura council voted unanimously to change the groups leader, Sirojiddin was changed with the new appointed leader, Ilmurad Khikmatov.[14]In 2021 two of the head propagandists of the organization were arrested in the town of Tanzim after attempting to recruit Uzbek school children to go to Syria to fight for the group.[15]In 2022 the United States designated the group a terrorist organization.[16] Also the same year, in September, the original founder of the organization, Sirojiddin Mukhtarov was killed in a targeted airstrike by the Russian Air Force.[17][18]In 2023, a foreign supporter of the group in Philadelphia would attempt to build an IED in order to bomb certain targets in support of the group,[19] the group supplied the materials overseas.[20]","title":"History"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Terrorist group's leader, native of Kyrgyzstan, killed by Russian forces in Syria\". GFATF. 2022-09-12. Retrieved 2023-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gfatf.org/archives/terrorist-groups-kyrgyzstan-russian/","url_text":"\"Terrorist group's leader, native of Kyrgyzstan, killed by Russian forces in Syria\""}]},{"reference":"غاروفالو, دانيلي (2022-05-04). \"كيف أحدثت الحرب الروسية على أوكرانيا انقساماً في أوساط الجهاديين؟\". أخبار الآن (in Arabic). Retrieved 2023-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.akhbaralaan.net/news/special-reports/2022/05/04/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86","url_text":"\"كيف أحدثت الحرب الروسية على أوكرانيا انقساماً في أوساط الجهاديين؟\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Катибат аль-Таухид ва аль-жихад\"- \"Аль-Каиданын\" Борбор Азиядагы идеялык мураскору\". BBC News (in Kyrgyz). Retrieved 2023-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/kyrgyz/world-43947029","url_text":"\"\"Катибат аль-Таухид ва аль-жихад\"- \"Аль-Каиданын\" Борбор Азиядагы идеялык мураскору\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Борбор азиялык жихадчылар \"Аль-Каидага\" ант беришти\". BBC News (in Kyrgyz). Retrieved 2023-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/kyrgyz/world-47025212","url_text":"\"Борбор азиялык жихадчылар \"Аль-Каидага\" ант беришти\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"The Transformation of Central Asian Jihadists in Syria\". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 2023-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/the-transformation-of-central-asian-jihadists-in-syria/","url_text":"\"The Transformation of Central Asian Jihadists in Syria\""}]},{"reference":"Merlo, Mike. \"Uzbek group pledges allegiance to Al Nusrah Front\". FDD's Long War Journal. Retrieved 2023-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/09/uzbek-group-pledges-allegiance-to-al-nusrah-front.php","url_text":"\"Uzbek group pledges allegiance to Al Nusrah Front\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDD%27s_Long_War_Journal","url_text":"FDD's Long War Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Katibat al Tawhid wal Jihad (KTJ)\". Counter Extremism Project. Retrieved 2023-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.counterextremism.com/armed-opposition-groups-nw-syria/katibat-al-tawhid-wal-jihad-ktj","url_text":"\"Katibat al Tawhid wal Jihad (KTJ)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad\". TRAC. Retrieved 2023-07-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://trackingterrorism.org/group/katibat-al-tawhid-wal-jihad/","url_text":"\"Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad\""}]},{"reference":"Lin, Christina (2015-10-11). \"A buffer zone for Erdogan's Turkic settlements in Syria?\". Asia Times. Retrieved 2023-07-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://asiatimes.com/2015/10/a-buffer-zone-for-erdogans-turkic-settlements-in-syria/","url_text":"\"A buffer zone for Erdogan's Turkic settlements in Syria?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Who is Katibat al-Tawhid wa-l-Jihad?\". Syrians for Truth and Justice. 2022-04-19. Retrieved 2023-07-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://stj-sy.org/en/who-is-katibat-al-tawhid/","url_text":"\"Who is Katibat al-Tawhid wa-l-Jihad?\""}]},{"reference":"\"ГКНБ: Установлены организаторы и исполнители взрыва в посольстве Китая в Бишкеке\". Сводка АКИpress. 2016-09-06. Retrieved 2023-07-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://svodka.akipress.org/news:1327985","url_text":"\"ГКНБ: Установлены организаторы и исполнители взрыва в посольстве Китая в Бишкеке\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kyrgyzstan Sentences Three Over Chinese Embassy Attack\". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 2017-06-28. 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Retrieved 2023-07-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://24.kg/english/244571_Militant_leader_native_of_Kyrgyzstan_Sirojiddin_Mukhtarov_killed_in_Syria/","url_text":"\"Militant leader, native of Kyrgyzstan Sirojiddin Mukhtarov killed in Syria –\""}]},{"reference":"\"Минобороны заявило об убийстве лидера группировки «Катиба Таухид валь-Джихад». Ее обвиняли в причастности к теракту в петербургском метро\". Meduza (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://meduza.io/news/2022/09/10/minoborony-zayavilo-ob-ubiystve-lidera-gruppirovki-katiba-tauhid-val-dzhihad-ee-obvinyali-v-prichastnosti-k-teraktu-v-peterburgskom-metro","url_text":"\"Минобороны заявило об убийстве лидера группировки «Катиба Таухид валь-Джихад». Ее обвиняли в причастности к теракту в петербургском метро\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meduza","url_text":"Meduza"}]},{"reference":"Macaulay, Jessica; Bailey, Wakisha; Corrado, Kerri; Snyder, Dan (2023-08-15). \"FBI, Philadelphia DA charge teen in terrorism probe\". CBS News. Retrieved 2023-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/philadelphia/news/fbi-in-philadelphia-17-year-old-terrorism-arrest/","url_text":"\"FBI, Philadelphia DA charge teen in terrorism probe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News","url_text":"CBS News"}]},{"reference":"Roebuck, Jeremy; Palmer, Chris (2023-08-14). \"Philadelphia teen accused of buying and testing bomb-making materials in support of foreign terror group\". The Philadelphia Inquirer. 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|
[{"Link":"https://www.gfatf.org/archives/terrorist-groups-kyrgyzstan-russian/","external_links_name":"\"Terrorist group's leader, native of Kyrgyzstan, killed by Russian forces in Syria\""},{"Link":"https://www.akhbaralaan.net/news/special-reports/2022/05/04/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%81-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8B-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86","external_links_name":"\"كيف أحدثت الحرب الروسية على أوكرانيا انقساماً في أوساط الجهاديين؟\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/kyrgyz/world-43947029","external_links_name":"\"\"Катибат аль-Таухид ва аль-жихад\"- \"Аль-Каиданын\" Борбор Азиядагы идеялык мураскору\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/kyrgyz/world-47025212","external_links_name":"\"Борбор азиялык жихадчылар \"Аль-Каидага\" ант беришти\""},{"Link":"https://thediplomat.com/2017/02/the-transformation-of-central-asian-jihadists-in-syria/","external_links_name":"\"The Transformation of Central Asian Jihadists in Syria\""},{"Link":"https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2015/09/uzbek-group-pledges-allegiance-to-al-nusrah-front.php","external_links_name":"\"Uzbek group pledges allegiance to Al Nusrah Front\""},{"Link":"https://www.counterextremism.com/armed-opposition-groups-nw-syria/katibat-al-tawhid-wal-jihad-ktj","external_links_name":"\"Katibat al Tawhid wal Jihad (KTJ)\""},{"Link":"https://trackingterrorism.org/group/katibat-al-tawhid-wal-jihad/","external_links_name":"\"Katibat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad\""},{"Link":"https://asiatimes.com/2015/10/a-buffer-zone-for-erdogans-turkic-settlements-in-syria/","external_links_name":"\"A buffer zone for Erdogan's Turkic settlements in Syria?\""},{"Link":"https://stj-sy.org/en/who-is-katibat-al-tawhid/","external_links_name":"\"Who is Katibat al-Tawhid wa-l-Jihad?\""},{"Link":"https://svodka.akipress.org/news:1327985","external_links_name":"\"ГКНБ: Установлены организаторы и исполнители взрыва в посольстве Китая в Бишкеке\""},{"Link":"https://www.rferl.org/a/kyrgyzstan-china-embassy-jailed/28583623.html","external_links_name":"\"Kyrgyzstan Sentences Three Over Chinese Embassy Attack\""},{"Link":"https://www.rferl.org/a/man-who-exposed-kyrgyz-smuggling-scheme-was-hunted-by-contract-killers/30940261.html","external_links_name":"\"'His Murder Is Necessary': Man Who Exposed Kyrgyz Smuggling Scheme Was Hunted By Contract Killers\""},{"Link":"https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2019/04/19/uzbeks-katibat-al-tawhid-wal-jihad-changed-its-leader/","external_links_name":"\"Uzbek's Katibat al Tawhid wal Jihad changed its leader\""},{"Link":"https://uza.uz/uz/posts/halqaro-terrorizm-tarafdorlari-uzoq-muddatga-ozodlikdan-mahrum-etildi_340159","external_links_name":"\"Халқаро терроризм тарафдорлари узоқ муддатга озодликдан маҳрум этилди\""},{"Link":"https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-700599","external_links_name":"\"US designates Syrian al-Qaeda-linked group as 'Global Terrorist'\""},{"Link":"https://24.kg/english/244571_Militant_leader_native_of_Kyrgyzstan_Sirojiddin_Mukhtarov_killed_in_Syria/","external_links_name":"\"Militant leader, native of Kyrgyzstan Sirojiddin Mukhtarov killed in Syria –\""},{"Link":"https://meduza.io/news/2022/09/10/minoborony-zayavilo-ob-ubiystve-lidera-gruppirovki-katiba-tauhid-val-dzhihad-ee-obvinyali-v-prichastnosti-k-teraktu-v-peterburgskom-metro","external_links_name":"\"Минобороны заявило об убийстве лидера группировки «Катиба Таухид валь-Джихад». Ее обвиняли в причастности к теракту в петербургском метро\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/philadelphia/news/fbi-in-philadelphia-17-year-old-terrorism-arrest/","external_links_name":"\"FBI, Philadelphia DA charge teen in terrorism probe\""},{"Link":"https://www.inquirer.com/news/philadelphia-terrorism-qawi-abdul-rahman-katibat-al-tawhid-wal-jihad-20230814.html","external_links_name":"\"Philadelphia teen accused of buying and testing bomb-making materials in support of foreign terror group\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Baronio
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Caesar Baronius
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["1 Life","2 Works","3 Biographies","4 Beatification","5 References","6 Sources"]
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Italian cardinal and ecclesiastical historian (1538–1607)
VenerableCesare BaronioCOCardinal Priest of Santi Nereo ed AchilleoChurchCatholic ChurchAppointed21 June 1596Term ended30 June 1607PredecessorGianfrancesco MorosiniSuccessorInnocenzo Del Bufalo-CancellieriOther post(s)Librarian of the Vatican Library (1597 – 1607)OrdersOrdination27 May 1564Created cardinal5 June 1596by Pope Clement VIIIRankCardinal-PriestPersonal detailsBornCesare Baronio30 August 1538Sora, Duchy of SoraDied30 June 1607(1607-06-30) (aged 68)Rome, Papal StatesBuriedSanta Maria in Vallicella
Styles ofCaesar BaroniusReference styleHis EminenceSpoken styleYour EminenceInformal styleCardinal
Cesare Baronio, C.O. (as an author also known as Caesar Baronius; 30 August 1538 – 30 June 1607) was an Italian Oratorian, cardinal and historian of the Catholic Church. His best-known works are his Annales Ecclesiastici ("Ecclesiastical Annals"), which appeared in 12 folio volumes (1588–1607). He is under consideration for sainthood and, in 1845, Pope Benedict XIV declared him Venerable.
Life
Cesare Baronio was born in the Duchy of Sora (present day Sora in Italy) on 31 October 1538, the only child of Camillo Baronio and his wife Porzia Febonia. His family was of Neapolitan origin.
Baronio was educated at Veroli and Naples, where he commenced his law studies in October 1556. Because of the fear of an imminent French invasion, he left Naples on 29 October 1557, and traveled to Rome, where he continued his legal studies and obtained a doctorate in utroque iure in 1561. He took up residence in a house on the Piazza Duca, now the Piazza Farnese, not far from the church of San Girolamo della Carità, where Philip Neri lived. Baronio was soon drawn to the circle of Philip Neri, who opened a meeting place for churchmen and laity who were interested in intellectual discussions on religion and philosophy. The Bible, church reform, ethics, and liturgy were some of the main themes of their evening discussions. Among those who frequented the evening meetings at Neri's residence were some of the most influential church leaders of the Counter-Reformation - Charles Borromeo, Federico Borromeo, Jacopo Sadoleto, and Gian Matteo Giberti, to name a few.
Contacts with such illustrious humanist-reformers and the charismatic Neri brought about a dramatic change in the young Baronio. As a result he switched his main interest from law to theology. In 1557 Baronio became a member of the Congregation of the Oratory founded by Philip Neri, and was ordained to the subdiaconate on 21 December 1560 and to the diaconate on 20 May 1561. Ordination to the priesthood followed in 1564.
Neri directed Baronius to focus his attention on the study and explanation of Church History. Baronius spent the next few years balancing his studies, lectures, and continued involvement in apostolic work. In 1588, he began to publish the Annales. He succeeded Philip Neri as superior of the Roman Oratory in 1593.
Pope Clement VIII, whose confessor he was from 1594, made him a cardinale on 5 June 1596 and also appointed him to head the Vatican Library. Baronio was given the red hat on 8 June and on 21 June was assigned the title of Cardinal Priest of Santi Nereo e Achilleo. Baronio restored this titular church and in 1597 a procession was held to transfer there a number of relics. Baronius also renovated the Church of San Gregorio Magno al Celio.
At subsequent conclaves, Baronio was twice considered to be papabile – the conclaves which in the event elected Pope Leo XI and Pope Paul V. On each occasion, Baronio was opposed by Spain on account of his work "On the Monarchy of Sicily", in which he supported the papal claims against those of the Spanish government.
Baronio's last days were spent in the Oratory at Santa Maria in Vallicella. He found solace in the humble surroundings of the Oratory and in the company of his fellow religious. There he died on 30 June 1607, and was buried in that same church. He was named "Venerable", an honor to which Pope Benedict XIV elevated him in 1745.
Works
Baronio is best known for his Annales Ecclesiastici. It was after almost three decades of lecturing at Santa Maria in Vallicella that he was asked by Philip Neri to tackle this work, as an answer to a polemical anti-Catholic historical work, the Magdeburg Centuries. Baronio was at first unwilling that the task should be given to him and tried to persuade Neri to entrust the work to Onofrio Panvinio, who was already working on a history of the Church. After repeated commands from Neri, however, Baronius changed his mind and spent the rest of his life devoted to this enormous task.
In the Annales, he treats history in strict chronological order and keeps theology in the background. Lord Acton called it "the greatest history of the Church ever written". In the Annales, Baronio coined the term "Dark Age" in the Latin form saeculum obscurum, to refer to the period between the end of the Carolingian Empire in 888 and the first inklings of the Gregorian Reform under Pope Clement II in 1046.
Notwithstanding its errors, especially in Greek history where he was obliged to depend upon secondhand information, Baronio's work stands as an honest attempt at historiography. Sarpi, in urging Casaubon to write a refutation of the Annales, warned him never to accuse or suspect Baronio of bad faith.
Baronio also undertook a new edition of the Roman Martyrology (1586), in the course of his work he applied critical considerations to removed entries he considered implausible for historical reasons, and added or corrected others according to what he found in the sources to which he had access. He is also known for saying, in the context of the controversies about the work of Copernicus and Galileo, "The Bible teaches us how to go to heaven, not how the heavens go." This remark, which Baronio probably made in conversation with Galileo, was cited by the latter in his Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina (1615).
At the time of the Venetian Interdict, Baronio published a pamphlet, Paraenesis ad rempublicam Venetam (1606). It took a stringent papalist line on the crisis. It was answered in the same year by the Antiparaenesis ad Caesarem Baronium of Nicolò Crasso.
Biographies
A Latin biography of Baronio by the oratorian Hieronymus Barnabeus (Girolamo Barnabeo or Barnabò) appeared in 1651 as Vita Caesaris Baronii. Another Oratorian, Raymundus Albericus (Raimondo Alberici), edited three volumes of Baronio's correspondence from 1759. There are other biographies by Amabel Kerr (1898), and by Generoso Calenzio (La vita e gli scritti del cardinale Cesare Baronio, Rome 1907). The works of Mario Borrelli also contributed to the biographia of Baronius.
Beatification
Baronio left a reputation for sanctity, which led Pope Benedict XIV to approve the introductions of his cause for canonization; Baronio was proclaimed "Venerable" on 12 January 1745.
In 2007, on the 400th anniversary of his death, a petition was presented by the Procurator General of the Oratory of St Philip Neri. to reopen the cause for his canonization.
References
^ a b c Peterson, John Bertram. "Venerable Cesare Baronius." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Pincherle 1964.
^ Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Caesar Baronius". Encyclopedia Britannica
^ a b "Venerable Caesar Cardinal Baronius, C.O.", Raritan Oratory
^ a b c d e f g Taunton 1911.
^ Cyriac K. Pullapilly, Caesar Baronius: Counter-Reformation Historian (1975), University of Notre Dame Press, p. 77.
^ Touber, Jetze (30 January 2014). Law, Medicine and Engineering in the Cult of the Saints in Counter-Reformation Rome: The Hagiographical Works of Antonio Gallonio, 1556-1605: The Hagiographical Works of Antonio Gallonio, 1556-1605. BRILL. p. 96. ISBN 978-90-04-26514-1.
^ Lord Acton (1906). Lectures on Modern History, "The Counter-Reformation", p. 121.
^ Baronius, Caesar. Annales Ecclesiastici, Vol. X. Roma, 1602, p. 647.
^ Cerrato, Edoardo Aldo. "How to go to Heaven, and not how the heavens go"
^ William J. Bouwsma (29 August 1984). Venice and the Defense of Republican Liberty: Renaissance Values in the Age of the Counter Reformation. University of California Press. p. 379. ISBN 978-0-520-05221-5. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
^ Niccolò Crasso (1606). Antiparaenesis ad Caesarem Baronium Cardinalem pro S. Venetia republica. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
^ Hieronymus Barnabeus (1651). Vita Caesaris Baronii ex congregatione Oratorii S.R.E. Presbyteri cardinalis et Apostolicae Sedis bibliothecarii. Casoni. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
^ Gaetano Moroni (1846). Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorni ... (in Italian). Tipografia Emiliana. p. 141. Retrieved 12 September 2012.
^ Lady Amabel Kerr. The Life of Cesare Cardinal Baronius of the Roman Oratory, London, 1898
^ (in Italian) treccani.it, Calenzio, Generoso.
^ Zev, Elizabeth. "A Saintly Chef: Cardinal Baronio's Canonization Cause Revived" Archived 2012-03-16 at the Wayback Machine
Sources
Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli. "Il cardinale Cesare Baronio. Nel terzo centenario della sua morte," in La Scuola Cattolica (Monza), XXXVI, 1908, no. 12, pp. 1–29. (Reprinted with preface and notes by Giuseppe De Luca, Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, Roma, 1961) Roncalli's episcopal motto 'Obedientia et Pax' was taken from Baronio.
Miranda, Salvador. "Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of June 5, 1596 - BARONIO, Orat., Cesare (1538-1607)". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Florida International University. OCLC 53276621.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Taunton, Ethelred Luke (1911). "Baronius, Caesar". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 424.
Pincherle, Alberto (1964). "BARONIO, Cesare". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 6: Baratteri–Bartolozzi (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-8-81200032-6.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Venerable Cesare Baronius". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"C.O.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri"},{"link_name":"Oratorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri"},{"link_name":"cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)"},{"link_name":"historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Annales Ecclesiastici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annales_Ecclesiastici"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV"}],"text":"Cesare Baronio, C.O. (as an author also known as Caesar Baronius; 30 August 1538 – 30 June 1607) was an Italian Oratorian, cardinal and historian of the Catholic Church. His best-known works are his Annales Ecclesiastici (\"Ecclesiastical Annals\"), which appeared in 12 folio volumes (1588–1607). He is under consideration for sainthood and, in 1845, Pope Benedict XIV declared him Venerable.","title":"Caesar Baronius"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Duchy of Sora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Sora"},{"link_name":"Sora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sora,_Lazio"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peterson-1"},{"link_name":"Veroli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veroli"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"doctorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate"},{"link_name":"in utroque iure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_utroque_iure"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPincherle1964-2"},{"link_name":"Piazza Farnese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_Farnese"},{"link_name":"San Girolamo della Carità","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Girolamo_della_Carit%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Philip Neri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Neri"},{"link_name":"Counter-Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Reformation"},{"link_name":"Charles Borromeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Borromeo"},{"link_name":"Federico Borromeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Borromeo"},{"link_name":"Jacopo Sadoleto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacopo_Sadoleto"},{"link_name":"Gian Matteo Giberti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Matteo_Giberti"},{"link_name":"humanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_humanism"},{"link_name":"theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"Congregation of the Oratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Oratory"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"ordained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordained"},{"link_name":"diaconate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaconate"},{"link_name":"priesthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesthood"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peterson-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-raritan-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaunton1911-5"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII"},{"link_name":"Vatican Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_Library"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaunton1911-5"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Priest of Santi Nereo e Achilleo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santi_Nereo_e_Achilleo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"San Gregorio Magno al Celio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Gregorio_Magno_al_Celio"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"conclaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_conclave"},{"link_name":"papabile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papabile"},{"link_name":"Pope Leo XI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_XI"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_V"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Monarchy of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"papal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaunton1911-5"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria in Vallicella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Vallicella"},{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-raritan-4"}],"text":"Cesare Baronio was born in the Duchy of Sora (present day Sora in Italy) on 31 October 1538, the only child of Camillo Baronio and his wife Porzia Febonia. His family was of Neapolitan origin.[1]Baronio was educated at Veroli and Naples, where he commenced his law studies in October 1556. Because of the fear of an imminent French invasion, he left Naples on 29 October 1557, and traveled to Rome, where he continued his legal studies and obtained a doctorate in utroque iure in 1561.[2] He took up residence in a house on the Piazza Duca, now the Piazza Farnese, not far from the church of San Girolamo della Carità, where Philip Neri lived. Baronio was soon drawn to the circle of Philip Neri, who opened a meeting place for churchmen and laity who were interested in intellectual discussions on religion and philosophy. The Bible, church reform, ethics, and liturgy were some of the main themes of their evening discussions. Among those who frequented the evening meetings at Neri's residence were some of the most influential church leaders of the Counter-Reformation - Charles Borromeo, Federico Borromeo, Jacopo Sadoleto, and Gian Matteo Giberti, to name a few.Contacts with such illustrious humanist-reformers and the charismatic Neri brought about a dramatic change in the young Baronio. As a result he switched his main interest from law to theology. In 1557 Baronio became a member of the Congregation of the Oratory founded by Philip Neri, [3] and was ordained to the subdiaconate on 21 December 1560 and to the diaconate on 20 May 1561. Ordination to the priesthood followed in 1564.[1]Neri directed Baronius to focus his attention on the study and explanation of Church History. Baronius spent the next few years balancing his studies, lectures, and continued involvement in apostolic work. In 1588, he began to publish the Annales.[4] He succeeded Philip Neri as superior of the Roman Oratory in 1593.[5]Pope Clement VIII, whose confessor he was from 1594, made him a cardinale on 5 June 1596 and also appointed him to head the Vatican Library.[5] Baronio was given the red hat on 8 June and on 21 June was assigned the title of Cardinal Priest of Santi Nereo e Achilleo. Baronio restored this titular church and in 1597 a procession was held to transfer there a number of relics.[6] Baronius also renovated the Church of San Gregorio Magno al Celio.[7]At subsequent conclaves, Baronio was twice considered to be papabile – the conclaves which in the event elected Pope Leo XI and Pope Paul V. On each occasion, Baronio was opposed by Spain on account of his work \"On the Monarchy of Sicily\", in which he supported the papal claims against those of the Spanish government.[5]Baronio's last days were spent in the Oratory at Santa Maria in Vallicella. He found solace in the humble surroundings of the Oratory and in the company of his fellow religious. There he died on 30 June 1607, and was buried in that same church. He was named \"Venerable\", an honor to which Pope Benedict XIV elevated him in 1745.[4]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annales Ecclesiastici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annales_Ecclesiastici"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria in Vallicella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_in_Vallicella"},{"link_name":"Magdeburg Centuries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdeburg_Centuries"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaunton1911-5"},{"link_name":"Onofrio Panvinio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onofrio_Panvinio"},{"link_name":"theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaunton1911-5"},{"link_name":"Lord Acton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Dark Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Carolingian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Gregorian Reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_Reform"},{"link_name":"Pope Clement II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Clement_II"},{"link_name":"Greek history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_history"},{"link_name":"Sarpi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Sarpi"},{"link_name":"Casaubon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Casaubon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaunton1911-5"},{"link_name":"Roman Martyrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Martyrology"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaunton1911-5"},{"link_name":"Copernicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicus"},{"link_name":"Galileo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_to_the_Grand_Duchess_Christina"},{"link_name":"Venetian Interdict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venetian_Interdict"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bouwsma1984-11"},{"link_name":"Nicolò Crasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicol%C3%B2_Crasso"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Baronio is best known for his Annales Ecclesiastici. It was after almost three decades of lecturing at Santa Maria in Vallicella that he was asked by Philip Neri to tackle this work, as an answer to a polemical anti-Catholic historical work, the Magdeburg Centuries.[5] Baronio was at first unwilling that the task should be given to him and tried to persuade Neri to entrust the work to Onofrio Panvinio, who was already working on a history of the Church. After repeated commands from Neri, however, Baronius changed his mind and spent the rest of his life devoted to this enormous task.In the Annales, he treats history in strict chronological order and keeps theology in the background.[5] Lord Acton called it \"the greatest history of the Church ever written\".[8] In the Annales, Baronio coined the term \"Dark Age\" in the Latin form saeculum obscurum,[9] to refer to the period between the end of the Carolingian Empire in 888 and the first inklings of the Gregorian Reform under Pope Clement II in 1046.Notwithstanding its errors, especially in Greek history where he was obliged to depend upon secondhand information, Baronio's work stands as an honest attempt at historiography. Sarpi, in urging Casaubon to write a refutation of the Annales, warned him never to accuse or suspect Baronio of bad faith.[5]Baronio also undertook a new edition of the Roman Martyrology (1586), in the course of his work he applied critical considerations to removed entries he considered implausible for historical reasons, and added or corrected others according to what he found in the sources to which he had access.[5] He is also known for saying, in the context of the controversies about the work of Copernicus and Galileo, \"The Bible teaches us how to go to heaven, not how the heavens go.\"[10] This remark, which Baronio probably made in conversation with Galileo, was cited by the latter in his Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina (1615).At the time of the Venetian Interdict, Baronio published a pamphlet, Paraenesis ad rempublicam Venetam (1606). It took a stringent papalist line on the crisis.[11] It was answered in the same year by the Antiparaenesis ad Caesarem Baronium of Nicolò Crasso.[12]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Amabel Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Amabel_Kerr"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Generoso Calenzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Generoso_Calenzio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Mario Borrelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Borrelli"}],"text":"A Latin biography of Baronio by the oratorian Hieronymus Barnabeus (Girolamo Barnabeo or Barnabò) appeared in 1651 as Vita Caesaris Baronii.[13] Another Oratorian, Raymundus Albericus (Raimondo Alberici), edited three volumes of Baronio's correspondence from 1759.[14] There are other biographies by Amabel Kerr (1898),[15] and by Generoso Calenzio (La vita e gli scritti del cardinale Cesare Baronio, Rome 1907).[16] The works of Mario Borrelli also contributed to the biographia of Baronius.","title":"Biographies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peterson-1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"canonization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonization"}],"text":"Baronio left a reputation for sanctity, which led Pope Benedict XIV to approve the introductions of his cause for canonization; Baronio was proclaimed \"Venerable\" on 12 January 1745.[1]In 2007, on the 400th anniversary of his death, a petition was presented by the Procurator General of the Oratory of St Philip Neri.[17] to reopen the cause for his canonization.","title":"Beatification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Giuseppe_Roncalli"},{"link_name":"Miranda, Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Miranda_(historian)"},{"link_name":"\"Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of June 5, 1596 - BARONIO, Orat., Cesare (1538-1607)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1596.htm#Baronio"},{"link_name":"Florida International University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_International_University"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"53276621","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/53276621"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Taunton, Ethelred Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelred_Taunton"},{"link_name":"Baronius, Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Baronius,_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"\"BARONIO, Cesare\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/cesare-baronio_(Dizionario-Biografico)"},{"link_name":"Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizionario_Biografico_degli_Italiani"},{"link_name":"Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-8-81200032-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-81200032-6"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Venerable Cesare Baronius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Venerable_Cesare_Baronius"},{"link_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Catholic_saints"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_saints"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_saints"},{"link_name":"Saints of the Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints"},{"link_name":"Dicastery for the Causes of Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Causes_of_Saints"},{"link_name":"canonization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonization"},{"link_name":"Servant of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servant_of_God#Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Venerable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Venerable#Christianity"},{"link_name":"Blessed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatification"},{"link_name":"Saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint"},{"link_name":"Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Mother of God (Theotokos)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theotokos"},{"link_name":"Immaculate Conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculate_Conception"},{"link_name":"Perpetual virginity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary"},{"link_name":"Assumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary"},{"link_name":"Marian apparition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_apparition"},{"link_name":"Titles of Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titles_of_Mary"},{"link_name":"Joseph (husband)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph"},{"link_name":"Apostles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament"},{"link_name":"Andrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Barnabas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnabas"},{"link_name":"Bartholomew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"James of Alphaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus"},{"link_name":"James the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_the_Great"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Jude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Matthew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Matthias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter"},{"link_name":"Philip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot"},{"link_name":"Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle"},{"link_name":"Archangels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archangel"},{"link_name":"Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel"},{"link_name":"Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_(archangel)"},{"link_name":"in 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data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12496266x"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058523770906706"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/118506668"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.sbn.it/nome/BVEV019215"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007298851105171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n85195776"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//libris.kb.se/hftw05v13qdhgsf"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2006363502&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35799050"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000133407&local_base=nsk10"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069639205"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810699621005606"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/827663"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/20632"},{"link_name":"CiNii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0597731X?l=en"},{"link_name":"ULAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500093436"},{"link_name":"Italian People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/cesare-baronio_(Dizionario-Biografico)"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118506668.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/people/1092548"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6kp8gcr"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/034178023"}],"text":"Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli. \"Il cardinale Cesare Baronio. Nel terzo centenario della sua morte,\" in La Scuola Cattolica (Monza), XXXVI, 1908, no. 12, pp. 1–29. (Reprinted with preface and notes by Giuseppe De Luca, Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, Roma, 1961) Roncalli's episcopal motto 'Obedientia et Pax' was taken from Baronio. [Peter Hebblethwaite JOHN XXIII: POPE OF THE CENTURY 2005 edition, p. 57.]\nMiranda, Salvador. \"Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of June 5, 1596 - BARONIO, Orat., Cesare (1538-1607)\". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Florida International University. OCLC 53276621.\n This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Taunton, Ethelred Luke (1911). \"Baronius, Caesar\". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 424.\nPincherle, Alberto (1964). \"BARONIO, Cesare\". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 6: Baratteri–Bartolozzi (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-8-81200032-6.\n This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"Venerable Cesare Baronius\". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.vteSaints of the Catholic ChurchDicastery for the Causes of SaintsStages of canonization: Servant of God → Venerable → Blessed → SaintVirgin Mary\nMother of God (Theotokos)\nImmaculate Conception\nPerpetual virginity\nAssumption\nMarian apparition\nTitles of Mary\nJoseph (husband)\nApostles\nAndrew\nBarnabas\nBartholomew\nJames of Alphaeus\nJames the Great\nJohn\nJude\nMatthew\nMatthias\nPaul\nPeter\nPhilip\nSimon\nThomas\nArchangels\nGabriel\nMichael in the Catholic Church\nRaphael\nConfessors\nAnatolius\nAnthony of Kiev\nAthanasius the Confessor\nChariton the Confessor\nDominic\nEdward the Confessor\nFrancis of Assisi\nFrancis Borgia\nHomobonus\nLazarus Zographos\nLouis Bertrand\nMaximus the Confessor\nMichael of Synnada\nPaphnutius the Confessor\nPaul I of Constantinople\nPeter Claver\nSalonius\nSergius of Radonezh\nTheophanes the Confessor\nPio of Pietrelcina\nDisciples\nApollos\nMary of Bethany\nMary Magdalene\nPriscilla and Aquila\nSilvanus\nStephen\nTimothy\nTitus\nSeventy disciples\nDoctors of the Church\nGregory the Great\nAmbrose\nAugustine of Hippo\nJerome\nJohn Chrysostom\nBasil of Caesarea\nGregory of Nazianzus\nAthanasius of Alexandria\nCyril of Alexandria\nCyril of Jerusalem\nJohn of Damascus\nBede the Venerable\nEphrem the Syrian\nThomas Aquinas\nBonaventure\nAnselm of Canterbury\nIsidore of Seville\nPeter Chrysologus\nLeo the Great\nPeter Damian\nBernard of Clairvaux\nHilary of Poitiers\nAlphonsus Liguori\nFrancis de Sales\nPeter Canisius\nJohn of the Cross\nRobert Bellarmine\nAlbertus Magnus\nAnthony of Padua\nLawrence of Brindisi\nTeresa of Ávila\nCatherine of Siena\nThérèse of Lisieux\nJohn of Ávila\nHildegard of Bingen\nGregory of Narek\nIrenaeus\nEvangelists\nMatthew\nMark\nLuke\nJohn\nChurchFathers\nAlexander of Alexandria\nAlexander of Jerusalem\nAmbrose of Milan\nAnatolius\nAthanasius of Alexandria\nAugustine of Hippo\nCaesarius of Arles\nCaius\nCappadocian Fathers\nClement of Alexandria\nClement of Rome\nCyprian of Carthage\nCyril of Alexandria\nCyril of Jerusalem\nDamasus I\nDesert Fathers\nDesert Mothers\nDionysius of Alexandria\nDionysius of Corinth\nDionysius\nEphrem the Syrian\nEpiphanius of Salamis\nFulgentius of Ruspe\nGregory the Great\nGregory of Nazianzus\nGregory of Nyssa\nHilary of Poitiers\nHippolytus of Rome\nIgnatius of Antioch\nIrenaeus of Lyons\nIsidore of Seville\nJerome of Stridonium\nJohn Chrysostom\nJohn of Damascus\nMaximus the Confessor\nMelito of Sardis\nQuadratus of Athens\nPapias of Hierapolis\nPeter Chrysologus\nPolycarp of Smyrna\nTheophilus of Antioch\nVictorinus of Pettau\nVincent of Lérins\nZephyrinus\nMartyrs\nAbda and Abdisho\nBoris and Gleb\nCharles de Foucauld\nCanadian Martyrs\nCarthusian Martyrs\nChild Martyrs of Tlaxcala\nChristina of Persia\nDevasahayam Pillai\nDismas the Good Thief\nForty Martyrs of England and Wales\nFour Crowned Martyrs\nGerard of Csanád\nGreat Martyr\nThe Holy Innocents\nIrish Martyrs\nJohn Fisher\nKorean Martyrs\nLorenzo Ruiz\nMartyrs of Lübeck\nLuigi Versiglia\nMartyrology\nMartyrs of Albania\nMartyrs of Algeria\nMartyrs of Cajonos\nMartyrs of Drina\nMartyrs of China\nMartyrs of Gorkum\nMartyrs of Japan\n21 Martyrs of Libya\nMartyrs of La Rioja\nMartyrs of Laos\nMartyrs of Natal\nMartyrs of Otranto\nMartyrs of Prague\nMartyrs of Sandomierz\nMartyrs of the Spanish Civil War\nMartyrs of Zenta\nMaximilian Kolbe\nÓscar Romero\nPedro Calungsod\nPerpetua and Felicity\nPeter Chanel\nPietro Parenzo\nPhilomena\nSaints of the Cristero War\nStephen\nTeresa Benedicta of the Cross\nTitus Brandsma\n17 Thomasian Martyrs\nThomas Becket\nThomas More\nThree Martyrs of Chimbote\nUlma Family\nUganda Martyrs\nVietnamese Martyrs\nValentine of Rome\nVictor and Corona\nZanitas and Lazarus of Persia\nMissionaries\nAugustine of Canterbury\nBoniface\nDamien of Molokai\nEvermode of Ratzeburg\nFrancis Xavier\nFrançois de Laval\nGregory the Illuminator\nJunípero Serra\nNino of Georgia\nPatrick of Ireland\nRemigius\nPatriarchs\nAdam\nAbel\nAbraham\nIsaac\nJacob\nJoseph\nJoseph (father of Jesus)\nDavid\nNoah\nSolomon\nMatriarchs\nPopes\nAdeodatus I\nAdeodatus II\nAdrian III\nAgapetus I\nAgatho\nAlexander I\nAnacletus\nAnastasius I\nAnicetus\nAnterus\nBenedict II\nBoniface I\nBoniface IV\nCaius\nCallixtus I\nCelestine I\nCelestine V\nClement I\nCornelius\nDamasus I\nDionysius\nEleuterus\nEugene I\nEusebius\nEutychian\nEvaristus\nFabian\nFelix I\nFelix III\nFelix IV\nGelasius I\nGregory I\nGregory II\nGregory III\nGregory VII\nHilarius\nHormisdas\nHyginus\nInnocent I\nJohn I\nJohn XXIII\nJohn Paul II\nJulius I\nLeo I\nLeo II\nLeo III\nLeo IV\nLeo IX\nLinus\nLucius I\nMarcellinus\nMarcellus I\nMark\nMartin I\nMiltiades\nNicholas I\nPaschal I\nPaul I\nPaul VI\nPeter\nPius I\nPius V\nPius X\nPontian\nSergius I\nSilverius\nSimplicius\nSiricius\nSixtus I\nSixtus II\nSixtus III\nSoter\nStephen I\nStephen IV\nSylvester I\nSymmachus\nTelesphorus\nUrban I\nVictor I\nVitalian\nZachary\nZephyrinus\nZosimus\nProphets\nAgabus\nAmos\nAnna\nBaruch ben Neriah\nDavid\nElijah\nEzekiel\nHabakkuk\nHaggai\nHosea\nIsaiah\nJeremiah\nJob\nJoel\nJohn the Baptist\nJonah\nJudas Barsabbas\nMalachi\nMelchizedek\nMicah\nMoses\nNahum\nObadiah\nSamuel\nSeven Maccabees and their mother\nSimeon\nZechariah (prophet)\nZechariah (NT)\nZephaniah\nVirgins\nAgatha of Sicily\nAgnes of Rome\nAngela of the Cross\nÆthelthryth\nBernadette Soubirous\nCatherine of Bologna\nBrigid of Kildare\nCatherine Labouré\nCatherine of Siena\nCecilia\nClare of Assisi\nEulalia of Mérida\nEuphemia\nFaustina Kowalska\nFaustina and Liberata of Como\nGenevieve\nHiltrude of Liessies\nJoan of Arc\nKateri Tekakwitha\nLucy of Syracuse\nMaria Goretti\nMaría de las Maravillas de Jesús\nNarcisa de Jesús\nPatricia of Naples\nRosalia\nRose of Lima\nTeresa of the Andes\nTeresa of Calcutta\nTrasilla and Emiliana\nUbaldesca Taccini\nSee also\nCalendar of saints\nFour Holy Marshals\nFourteen Holy Helpers\nMartyr of charity\nMilitary saints\nAthleta Christi\nMiles Christianus\nChurch Militant\nSeven Champions\nVirtuous pagan\n\n Catholic Church portal\n Saints portalPortals: Biography Catholicism ItalyAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nNorway\nSpain\n2\n3\nFrance\nBnF data\nCatalonia\nGermany\nItaly\nIsrael\nUnited States\nSweden\nCzech Republic\nAustralia\nCroatia\nNetherlands\nPoland\nPortugal\nVatican\nAcademics\nCiNii\nArtists\nULAN\nPeople\nItalian People\nDeutsche Biographie\nTrove\nOther\nSNAC\nIdRef","title":"Sources"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"Touber, Jetze (30 January 2014). Law, Medicine and Engineering in the Cult of the Saints in Counter-Reformation Rome: The Hagiographical Works of Antonio Gallonio, 1556-1605: The Hagiographical Works of Antonio Gallonio, 1556-1605. BRILL. p. 96. ISBN 978-90-04-26514-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26514-1","url_text":"978-90-04-26514-1"}]},{"reference":"William J. Bouwsma (29 August 1984). Venice and the Defense of Republican Liberty: Renaissance Values in the Age of the Counter Reformation. University of California Press. p. 379. ISBN 978-0-520-05221-5. Retrieved 12 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_J._Bouwsma","url_text":"William J. Bouwsma"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uMLy6Ht7fxEC&pg=PA379","url_text":"Venice and the Defense of Republican Liberty: Renaissance Values in the Age of the Counter Reformation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05221-5","url_text":"978-0-520-05221-5"}]},{"reference":"Niccolò Crasso (1606). Antiparaenesis ad Caesarem Baronium Cardinalem pro S. Venetia republica. Retrieved 12 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MMlEAAAAcAAJ","url_text":"Antiparaenesis ad Caesarem Baronium Cardinalem pro S. Venetia republica"}]},{"reference":"Hieronymus Barnabeus (1651). Vita Caesaris Baronii ex congregatione Oratorii S.R.E. Presbyteri cardinalis et Apostolicae Sedis bibliothecarii. Casoni. Retrieved 12 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cyGtQAAACAAJ","url_text":"Vita Caesaris Baronii ex congregatione Oratorii S.R.E. Presbyteri cardinalis et Apostolicae Sedis bibliothecarii"}]},{"reference":"Gaetano Moroni (1846). Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorni ... (in Italian). Tipografia Emiliana. p. 141. Retrieved 12 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_Xs9AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA141","url_text":"Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorni ..."}]},{"reference":"Miranda, Salvador. \"Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of June 5, 1596 - BARONIO, Orat., Cesare (1538-1607)\". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Florida International University. OCLC 53276621.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Miranda_(historian)","url_text":"Miranda, Salvador"},{"url":"https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1596.htm#Baronio","url_text":"\"Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of June 5, 1596 - BARONIO, Orat., Cesare (1538-1607)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_International_University","url_text":"Florida International University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53276621","url_text":"53276621"}]},{"reference":"Taunton, Ethelred Luke (1911). \"Baronius, Caesar\". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 424.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelred_Taunton","url_text":"Taunton, Ethelred Luke"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Baronius,_Caesar","url_text":"Baronius, Caesar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Pincherle, Alberto (1964). \"BARONIO, Cesare\". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 6: Baratteri–Bartolozzi (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-8-81200032-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/cesare-baronio_(Dizionario-Biografico)","url_text":"\"BARONIO, Cesare\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizionario_Biografico_degli_Italiani","url_text":"Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana","url_text":"Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-81200032-6","url_text":"978-8-81200032-6"}]}]
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Pietro sino ai nostri giorni ..."},{"Link":"http://www.liturgialatina.org/oratorian/baronius.htm","external_links_name":"The Life of Cesare Cardinal Baronius of the Roman Oratory, London, 1898"},{"Link":"http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/generoso-calenzio_(Dizionario_Biografico)/","external_links_name":"treccani.it, Calenzio, Generoso."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110608005306/https://zenit.org/article-19105?l=english","external_links_name":"\"A Saintly Chef: Cardinal Baronio's Canonization Cause Revived\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120316160914/https://zenit.org/article-19105?l=english","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1596.htm#Baronio","external_links_name":"\"Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of June 5, 1596 - BARONIO, Orat., Cesare (1538-1607)\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53276621","external_links_name":"53276621"},{"Link":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/cesare-baronio_(Dizionario-Biografico)","external_links_name":"\"BARONIO, Cesare\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/159135/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000012122452X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/17326794","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfmjG9MkFqttRCrfcYHG3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/11074247","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX847041","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1609624","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX847044","external_links_name":"3"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12496266x","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12496266x","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058523770906706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118506668","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/BVEV019215","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007298851105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85195776","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/hftw05v13qdhgsf","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2006363502&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35799050","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000133407&local_base=nsk10","external_links_name":"Croatia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069639205","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810699621005606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/827663","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/20632","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0597731X?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500093436","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/cesare-baronio_(Dizionario-Biografico)","external_links_name":"Italian People"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118506668.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1092548","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6kp8gcr","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/034178023","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Edwards
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Nathaniel Edwards
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["1 Early life","2 Nathaniel Edwards and Co","3 Warwick House","4 Political career","5 Notes","6 References"]
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New Zealand politician
For other people named Nathaniel Edwards, see Nathaniel Edwards (disambiguation).
Nathaniel Edwards MLC (1822 – 15 July 1880) was a 19th-century Member of Parliament from Nelson, New Zealand.
Early life
Nathaniel Edwards was born in 1822 in Derbyshire, England. His parents were solicitor William Edwards and his wife Mary Ann (née Allen). He arrived in Nelson in January 1845 on the Slams Castle from London, England. as partner in the firm of Nattrass and Edwards, along with machinery for a flax-dressing mill. This machinery was set up in the swamps of the Wakapuaka flats, but the experiments proved unsuccessful and ended in 1846. With this failure Edwards was thrown upon his own resources and he worked with surveyors Joseph Ward and Cyrus Goulter in the Wairau. He was still working as a surveyor on 13 September 1855 when he married in Nelson to 20-year-old Annie Augusta Nicholas Laking, daughter of Dr and Mrs Laking of Waimea West. They had 12 children. His eldest son died in Paris in 1876 from typhoid fever. He was 19 years old.
Nathaniel Edwards and Co
In 1856 Edwards joined the firm of Fell and Seymour, Merchants & Commission Agents, as a clerk and auctioneer and took over the company in 1857 with George Bennett. The new firm became Edwards & Co, a mercantile, importing, and shipping company. One branch of the firm was involved in shipping. In 1864 N. Edwards & Co purchased the site of the earthquake-damaged Wesleyan Church on the corner of Bridge and Rutherford Streets and built a large two-storeyed building designed by architect William Beatson which contained offices and a bulk store on the ground floor and drapery, soft goods and ironmongery departments on the upper floor.
In 1864 Nelson had been struck with gold fever. Edward's company's purchase of the Wallabi proved justified and business was so brisk that the Company decided that a further steamship was essential. The Kennedy, an Australian steamship of 149 tons that had been built for the Australian Steam Navigation Co., Sydney became available and was purchased. This vessel had a twin screw propulsion system which was new at that time. In 1866 Nathaniel Edwards announced his retirement from business and sold his share of the mercantile firm to his partners. He retained the shipping department until Symons took it over in 1870, renaming it the Anchor Line of Steam Packets. Symons commissioned a pennant for his ships, designed by the artist William Cook, and featuring an anchor. This was the start of Nelson's long-running Anchor Shipping and Foundry Company, which eventually closed in 1973. Edwards opened a mercantile firm in Christchurch with partners Aiken, Bennett & Co., and after four years retired to Nelson. In the late 1860s Edwards joined John Kerr Jnr in Partnership in the Tarndale run, which at the time included the Rainbow run. After ten years the run was sold to William Acton Adams.
Warwick House
Warwick House as seen from Brougham Street
Warwick House, 64 Brougham Street, Nelson is one of the finest and largest examples of early Victorian Gothic Revivalism still remaining in New Zealand. The house, originally known as Sunnyside, was built for Arthur Fell (father of Charles Fell) in 1854 by builder David Goodall.
Fell returned to England in the 1860s and sold his house and business to Edwards. Edwards expanded the house; firstly adding a new wing on the southern side consisting of fifteen rooms and two towers, and secondly adding the three storey north wing with a ballroom and four storey tower. When completed the house had about 50 rooms. The building was registered on 25 November 1982 as Category II with Heritage New Zealand, with registration number 1618.
Political career
New Zealand Parliament
Years
Term
Electorate
Party
1868–1870
4th
City of Nelson
Independent
Edwards served intermittently on the Nelson Provincial Council (1868–1869 and 1875–1876). In 1868, after Edward Stafford had resigned, he was elected to represent the City of Nelson electorate from 1868 to 1870, when he retired. He was appointed to the Legislative Council on 9 July 1872 by the Fox Ministry and served until his death.
In 1879 Edwards fell terminally ill from a bronchial affection. When Edwards died on 15 July 1880, his estate was valued at eight hundred thousand pounds sterling, which was considerable in those days.
Notes
^ Cyclopedia Company Limited (1906). "Present And Past Members Of Parliament". The Cyclopedia of New Zealand : Nelson, Marlborough & Westland Provincial Districts. Christchurch: The Cyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
^ "Papers Past". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ Death of the Hon N Edwards MLC, Evening Post, Volume XX, Issue 164, 16 July 1880, Page 3
^ Grey River Argus, Volume XXI, Issue 2332, 31 January 1876, Page 2
^ "Nathaniel Edwards & Co". Archives New Zealand. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
^ "T.S.S. KENNEDY 1864-1929". THE NEW ZEALAND MARITIME RECORD. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
^ a b "Nelson's Dress Circle". The Prow. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
^ "Warwick House". New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
^ Scholefield 1950, p. 212.
^ Wilson 1985, p. 194.
^ Scholefield 1950, p. 34.
^ Editorial, Nelson Evening Mail, Volume XV, Issue 168, 15 July 1880, Page 2
^ The late Hon N Edwards, West Coast Times , Issue 3531, 27 July 1880, Page 2
References
Lash, Max D. (1992) Nelson Notables 1840-1940. Nelson, NZ: Nelson Historical Society Inc.
Scholefield, Guy (1950) . New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1949 (3rd ed.). Wellington: Govt. Printer.
Wilson, James Oakley (1985) . New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.
New Zealand Parliament
Preceded byEdward Stafford
Member of Parliament for Nelson 1868–1870 Served alongside: Oswald Curtis
Succeeded byMartin Lightband
|
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His parents were solicitor William Edwards and his wife Mary Ann (née Allen). He arrived in Nelson in January 1845 on the Slams Castle from London, England.[1] as partner in the firm of Nattrass and Edwards, along with machinery for a flax-dressing mill. This machinery was set up in the swamps of the Wakapuaka flats, but the experiments proved unsuccessful and ended in 1846. With this failure Edwards was thrown upon his own resources and he worked with surveyors Joseph Ward and Cyrus Goulter in the Wairau. He was still working as a surveyor on 13 September 1855 when he married in Nelson to 20-year-old Annie Augusta Nicholas Laking,[2] daughter of Dr and Mrs Laking of Waimea West. They had 12 children. His eldest son died in Paris in 1876 from typhoid fever.[3][4] He was 19 years old.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"William Beatson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Beatson"},{"link_name":"twin screw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propeller"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Anchor Shipping and Foundry Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor_Shipping_and_Foundry_Company"},{"link_name":"Acton Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acton_Adams"}],"text":"In 1856 Edwards joined the firm of Fell and Seymour, Merchants & Commission Agents, as a clerk and auctioneer and took over the company in 1857 with George Bennett. The new firm became Edwards & Co, a mercantile, importing, and shipping company. One branch of the firm was involved in shipping.[5] In 1864 N. Edwards & Co purchased the site of the earthquake-damaged Wesleyan Church on the corner of Bridge and Rutherford Streets and built a large two-storeyed building designed by architect William Beatson which contained offices and a bulk store on the ground floor and drapery, soft goods and ironmongery departments on the upper floor.In 1864 Nelson had been struck with gold fever. Edward's company's purchase of the Wallabi proved justified and business was so brisk that the Company decided that a further steamship was essential. The Kennedy, an Australian steamship of 149 tons that had been built for the Australian Steam Navigation Co., Sydney became available and was purchased. This vessel had a twin screw propulsion system which was new at that time.[6] In 1866 Nathaniel Edwards announced his retirement from business and sold his share of the mercantile firm to his partners. He retained the shipping department until Symons took it over in 1870, renaming it the Anchor Line of Steam Packets. Symons commissioned a pennant for his ships, designed by the artist William Cook, and featuring an anchor. This was the start of Nelson's long-running Anchor Shipping and Foundry Company, which eventually closed in 1973. Edwards opened a mercantile firm in Christchurch with partners Aiken, Bennett & Co., and after four years retired to Nelson. In the late 1860s Edwards joined John Kerr Jnr in Partnership in the Tarndale run, which at the time included the Rainbow run. After ten years the run was sold to William Acton Adams.","title":"Nathaniel Edwards and Co"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Warwick_House_91.JPG"},{"link_name":"Victorian Gothic Revivalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Charles Fell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fell"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warwick_House-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warwick_House-7"},{"link_name":"Heritage New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Warwick House as seen from Brougham StreetWarwick House, 64 Brougham Street, Nelson is one of the finest and largest examples of early Victorian Gothic Revivalism still remaining in New Zealand. The house, originally known as Sunnyside, was built for Arthur Fell (father of Charles Fell) in 1854 by builder David Goodall.[7]Fell returned to England in the 1860s and sold his house and business to Edwards. Edwards expanded the house; firstly adding a new wing on the southern side consisting of fifteen rooms and two towers, and secondly adding the three storey north wing with a ballroom and four storey tower. When completed the house had about 50 rooms.[7] The building was registered on 25 November 1982 as Category II with Heritage New Zealand, with registration number 1618.[8]","title":"Warwick House"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nelson Provincial Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Province"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholefield1950212-9"},{"link_name":"Edward Stafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Stafford_(politician)"},{"link_name":"City of Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_(New_Zealand_electorate)"},{"link_name":"1868","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_Nelson_by-election"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1985194-10"},{"link_name":"Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"Fox Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fox_Ministry,_1869%E2%80%931872&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholefield195034-11"},{"link_name":"bronchial affection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchitis"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Edwards served intermittently on the Nelson Provincial Council (1868–1869 and 1875–1876).[9] In 1868, after Edward Stafford had resigned, he was elected to represent the City of Nelson electorate from 1868 to 1870, when he retired.[10] He was appointed to the Legislative Council on 9 July 1872 by the Fox Ministry and served until his death.[11]In 1879 Edwards fell terminally ill from a bronchial affection.[12][13] When Edwards died on 15 July 1880, his estate was valued at eight hundred thousand pounds sterling, which was considerable in those days.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NZETC_Edwards_1-0"},{"link_name":"The Cyclopedia of New Zealand : Nelson, Marlborough & Westland Provincial Districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc05Cycl-t1-body1-d1-d1-d3.html#name-431286-mention"},{"link_name":"The Cyclopedia of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cyclopedia_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Papers Past\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NENZC18550915.2.7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Nathaniel Edwards & Co\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//thecommunityarchive.org.nz/node/71640/description"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"T.S.S. KENNEDY 1864-1929\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nzmaritime.co.nz/kennedy.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Warwick_House_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Warwick_House_7-1"},{"link_name":"\"Nelson's Dress Circle\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.theprow.org.nz/nelson-s-dress-circle/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Warwick House\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.heritage.org.nz/list-details/1618/1618"},{"link_name":"Heritage New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholefield1950212_9-0"},{"link_name":"Scholefield 1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFScholefield1950"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1985194_10-0"},{"link_name":"Wilson 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWilson1985"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholefield195034_11-0"},{"link_name":"Scholefield 1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFScholefield1950"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"}],"text":"^ Cyclopedia Company Limited (1906). \"Present And Past Members Of Parliament\". The Cyclopedia of New Zealand : Nelson, Marlborough & Westland Provincial Districts. Christchurch: The Cyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 5 April 2012.\n\n^ \"Papers Past\". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. Retrieved 12 November 2021.\n\n^ Death of the Hon N Edwards MLC, Evening Post, Volume XX, Issue 164, 16 July 1880, Page 3\n\n^ Grey River Argus, Volume XXI, Issue 2332, 31 January 1876, Page 2\n\n^ \"Nathaniel Edwards & Co\". Archives New Zealand. Retrieved 5 April 2012.\n\n^ \"T.S.S. KENNEDY 1864-1929\". THE NEW ZEALAND MARITIME RECORD. Retrieved 5 April 2012.\n\n^ a b \"Nelson's Dress Circle\". The Prow. Retrieved 5 April 2012.\n\n^ \"Warwick House\". New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 5 April 2012.\n\n^ Scholefield 1950, p. 212.\n\n^ Wilson 1985, p. 194.\n\n^ Scholefield 1950, p. 34.\n\n^ Editorial, Nelson Evening Mail, Volume XV, Issue 168, 15 July 1880, Page 2\n\n^ The late Hon N Edwards, West Coast Times , Issue 3531, 27 July 1880, Page 2","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Warwick House as seen from Brougham Street","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Warwick_House_91.JPG/220px-Warwick_House_91.JPG"}]
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[{"reference":"Cyclopedia Company Limited (1906). \"Present And Past Members Of Parliament\". The Cyclopedia of New Zealand : Nelson, Marlborough & Westland Provincial Districts. Christchurch: The Cyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 5 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc05Cycl-t1-body1-d1-d1-d3.html#name-431286-mention","url_text":"The Cyclopedia of New Zealand : Nelson, Marlborough & Westland Provincial Districts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cyclopedia_of_New_Zealand","url_text":"The Cyclopedia of New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"\"Papers Past\". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NENZC18550915.2.7","url_text":"\"Papers Past\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nathaniel Edwards & Co\". Archives New Zealand. Retrieved 5 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://thecommunityarchive.org.nz/node/71640/description","url_text":"\"Nathaniel Edwards & Co\""}]},{"reference":"\"T.S.S. KENNEDY 1864-1929\". THE NEW ZEALAND MARITIME RECORD. Retrieved 5 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzmaritime.co.nz/kennedy.htm","url_text":"\"T.S.S. KENNEDY 1864-1929\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nelson's Dress Circle\". The Prow. Retrieved 5 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theprow.org.nz/nelson-s-dress-circle/","url_text":"\"Nelson's Dress Circle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Warwick House\". New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero. Heritage New Zealand. Retrieved 5 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heritage.org.nz/list-details/1618/1618","url_text":"\"Warwick House\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_New_Zealand","url_text":"Heritage New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"Scholefield, Guy (1950) [First ed. published 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1949 (3rd ed.). Wellington: Govt. Printer.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Scholefield","url_text":"Scholefield, Guy"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, James Oakley (1985) [First ed. published 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC 154283103.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/154283103","url_text":"154283103"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc05Cycl-t1-body1-d1-d1-d3.html#name-431286-mention","external_links_name":"The Cyclopedia of New Zealand : Nelson, Marlborough & Westland Provincial Districts"},{"Link":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NENZC18550915.2.7","external_links_name":"\"Papers Past\""},{"Link":"http://thecommunityarchive.org.nz/node/71640/description","external_links_name":"\"Nathaniel Edwards & Co\""},{"Link":"http://www.nzmaritime.co.nz/kennedy.htm","external_links_name":"\"T.S.S. KENNEDY 1864-1929\""},{"Link":"http://www.theprow.org.nz/nelson-s-dress-circle/","external_links_name":"\"Nelson's Dress Circle\""},{"Link":"https://www.heritage.org.nz/list-details/1618/1618","external_links_name":"\"Warwick House\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/154283103","external_links_name":"154283103"}]
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