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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Y_Hassan
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Ahmad Y. al-Hassan
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["1 Positions and awards","2 References"]
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This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Ahmad Yousef Al-Hassan (Arabic: أحمد يوسف الحسن) (June 25, 1925 – April 28, 2012) was a Palestinian/Syrian/Canadian historian of Arabic and Islamic science and technology, educated in Jerusalem, Cairo, and London with a PhD in Mechanical engineering from University College London. He was Dean of Engineering and later President of the University of Aleppo where he founded the Institute for the History of Arabic Science (IHAS) and was its first director.
He also served as Minister of Petroleum, Electricity and Mineral Resources of Syria prior to 1971.
He migrated to Canada in 1982.
Positions and awards
Visiting Professor at the Department for the History and Philosophy of Science, University College, London
Visiting Professor at the Department of Middle East and Islamic Studies, University of Toronto
Professor at the Institute for the History of Arabic Science (IHAS), University of Aleppo
Recipient of the Ordre National de la Légion d'honneur of the French Republic
References
^ a b Canada. "globeandmail.com: Ahmad Yousef al-Hassan Gabarin Professor of Mechanical Engineering". V1.theglobeandmail.com. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
^ "History Of Science And Technology In Islam". History-science-technology.com. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
Belgium
United States
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Other
IdRef
This article about a Syrian politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a Syrian historian is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt-60_(disambiguation)
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Cobalt-60 (disambiguation)
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[]
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Cobalt-60 could mean:
Cobalt-60 is a radioactive isotope of cobalt
Cobalt 60 (band) is an electro-industrial band
Cobalt 60 (comic) is a comic series created by Vaughn Bodē
Cobalt 60 was also the original name for the band C60 (band).
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Cobalt-60.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Cobalt-60_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Cozens
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Will Cozens
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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British radio presenter and DJ
Will Cozens is a British radio presenter and DJ formerly employed by Global Radio as a presenter on Capital & Capital London
Cozens was spotted by the Bauer Radio owned Kiss 100, after featuring on Channel 4's Soundclash, originally he presented weekends and early breakfast and later also evenings on Kiss 101 and Kiss 105-108. He has interviewed Chipmunk, Chris Brown, Estelle, Tinie Tempah and more at Kiss 100.
He joined Global Radio on 3 January 2011 as a presenter on Capital. Cozens has hosted a number of shows on Capital FM including the late show, overnights, early breakfast, Saturday nights, Saturday drivetime, weekend afternoons, weekend early breakfast and Capital London weekend breakfast. Between 21 November and 30 December 2011, he covered the Capital London drivetime show from 4 pm to 7 pm. During his time at Capital, he has also previously covered the evening show, afternoons and mid mornings. Cozens most recently presented weekends 5am-9am. He left the radio station in April 2022 after a new schedule was announced.
He was a pundit in the BBC Sound of 2010 and Sound of 2011 poll.
Cozens is also an electronic music DJ.
He obtained a Law Degree at University making sure he specialised in entertainment law, specifically including defamation, slander, libel and even Ofcom.
References
^ Gallery - Will Cozens at Kiss 100
^ KISS FM’s Will Cozens chats with Tinie Tempah Milk & 2 Sugars
^ Will Cozens Kdot Online
External links
Official website
This British biographical article related to radio is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://gallery.totalkiss.com/index.php?level=album&id=136","external_links_name":"Gallery - Will Cozens"},{"Link":"http://milkand2sugars.wordpress.com/2009/08/18/kiss-fms-will-cozens-chats-with-tinie-tempah/","external_links_name":"KISS FM’s Will Cozens chats with Tinie Tempah"},{"Link":"http://www.kdotonline.com/booking-agency/will-cozens/","external_links_name":"Will Cozens"},{"Link":"http://www.willcozens.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Will_Cozens&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nereites
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Nereites
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["1 Nereites irregularis","2 Nereites biserialis","3 Nereites uniserialis","4 References"]
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Trace fossil
NereitesTemporal range: Tertiary
PreꞒ
Ꞓ
O
S
D
C
P
T
J
K
Pg
N
(perhaps earlier, references needed)
Nereites irregularis
Trace fossil classification
Ichnogenus:
†NereitesMcLeay, 1839
Nereites is an ichnogenus of trace fossil. Modern tracemakers of incipient Nereites include worm-like organisms, horseshoe crabs and hermit crabs. Traditionally, two models have been proposed for Nereites:
in the ‘worm model’, Nereites is a feeding burrow produced by wormlike organisms, probing and backfilling laterally
in the ‘arthropod model’, the characteristic lobes are pressure-release structures made by arthropod legs. According to this interpretation, Nereites is a locomotion trail
Nereites irregularis
N. cumbriensis
The ichnogenus Nereites includes Nereites irregularis (formerly Helminthoida labyrinthica and Helminthoida crassa). They are relatively small Nereites characterized by large numbers of closely packed deeply meandering trails that tend to coil. The trails are usually horizontal and may be regular to irregular in guidance. The central tunnel is usually thicker than the envelope zone. In dense meanders, the envelope zone may touch or overlap, but it displays low-amplitude lobes in looser meanders.
Nereites irregularis has not been matched with known modern organisms, but they are generally believed to have been grazing trails (pascichnia) made by worms.
Nereites biserialis
Nereites biserialis comprises winding trails constituted by a furrow flanked on both sides by lobes. Incipient biseriate Nereites are produced by hermit crabs occupying oblong shells (i.e. Cerithium).
Nereites uniserialis
Nereites uniserialis comprises winding trails consisting of a furrow flanked by a single row of lobes. In contrast to the roughly symmetric Nereites biserialis, Nereites uniserialis is produced by hermit crabs occupying trochiform shells.
References
^ a b Seilacher, A., 2007. Trace Fossil Analysis. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg (226 pp.)
^ a b Martin, A.J., Rindsberg, A.K., 2007. Arthropod Tracemakers of Nereites? Neoichnological observations of juvenile limulids and their paleoichnological applications. In: Miller III, W. (Ed.), Trace Fossils. Concepts, Problems, Prospects. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 478–491.
^ a b c Baucon A., Felletti F. 2013. Neoichnology of a barrier-island system: the Mula di Muggia (Grado lagoon, Italy). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 375. Abstract available from http://www.tracemaker.com
^ Alfred Uchmann (2004). "Phanerozoic history of deep-sea trace fossils". In D. McIlroy (ed.). The Application of Ichnology to Palaeoenvironmental and Stratigraphic Analysis. Geological Society Special Publications. Vol. 228. Geological Society of London. pp. 125–140. ISBN 9781862391543.
^ María I. López Cabrera; Eduardo B. Olivero; Noelia B. Carmona; Juan J. Ponce (2008). "Cenozoic trace fossils of the Cruziana, Zoophycos and Nereites ichnofacies from the Fuegian Andes, Argentina". Ameghiniana. 45 (2).
^ a b Andreas Wetzel & Alfred Uchman (1997). "Ichnology of deep-sea fan overbank deposits of the Ganei Slates (Eocene, Switzerland)– a classical flysch trace fossil locality studied first by Oswald Heer". Ichnos. 5 (2): 139–162. doi:10.1080/10420949709386413.
^ Noelia B. Carmona; Luis A. Buatois; María Gabriela Mángano; Richard G. Bromley (2008). "Ichnology of the Lower Miocene Chenque Formation, Patagonia, Argentina: animal - substrate interactions and the Modern Evolutionary Fauna". Ameghiniana. 45 (1).
^ Luigi M. Bianchi (2003–2005). "Of Worms, Fossilized Scribbles, and Science". York University. Retrieved October 30, 2013.
Taxon identifiersNereites irregularis
Wikidata: Q16986479
Paleobiology Database: 83899
|
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|
[{"image_text":"N. cumbriensis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/La_terre_avant_le_d%C3%A9luge%2C_1863_%22Nereites_cumbriensis%22._%284514415098%29.jpg/220px-La_terre_avant_le_d%C3%A9luge%2C_1863_%22Nereites_cumbriensis%22._%284514415098%29.jpg"}]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociological_positivism
|
Positivism
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["1 Etymology","2 Background","3 Positivism in the social sciences","3.1 Comte's positivism","3.2 Early followers of Comte","3.3 Durkheim's positivism","3.4 Historical positivism","3.5 Other subfields","4 Logical positivism","5 Criticism","5.1 Antipositivism","5.2 Critical rationalism and postpositivism","5.3 Critical theory","5.4 Other criticisms","6 Positivism today","6.1 Social sciences","6.2 Natural sciences","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]
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Empiricist philosophical theory
For other uses, see Positivism (disambiguation).
A portrait of Auguste Comte, the founder of modern positivism
Positivism is a philosophical school that holds that all genuine knowledge is either true by definition or positive—meaning a posteriori facts derived by reason and logic from sensory experience. Other ways of knowing, such as intuition, introspection, or religious faith, are rejected or considered meaningless.
Although the positivist approach has been a recurrent theme in the history of western thought, modern positivism was first articulated in the early 19th century by Auguste Comte. His school of sociological positivism holds that society, like the physical world, operates according to general laws. After Comte, positivist schools arose in logic, psychology, economics, historiography, and other fields of thought. Generally, positivists attempted to introduce scientific methods to their respective fields. Since the turn of the 20th century, positivism, although still popular, has declined under criticism in parts of social sciences from antipositivists and critical theorists, among others, for its alleged scientism, reductionism, overgeneralizations, and methodological limitations.
Etymology
The English noun positivism in this meaning was imported in the 19th century from the French word positivisme, derived from positif in its philosophical sense of 'imposed on the mind by experience'. The corresponding adjective (Latin: positīvus) has been used in a similar sense to discuss law (positive law compared to natural law) since the time of Chaucer.
Background
Kieran Egan argues that positivism can be traced to the philosophy side of what Plato described as the quarrel between philosophy and poetry, later reformulated by Wilhelm Dilthey as a quarrel between the natural sciences (German: Naturwissenschaften) and the human sciences (Geisteswissenschaften).
In the early nineteenth century, massive advances in the natural sciences encouraged philosophers to apply scientific methods to other fields. Thinkers such as Henri de Saint-Simon, Pierre-Simon Laplace and Auguste Comte believed that the scientific method, the circular dependence of theory and observation, must replace metaphysics in the history of thought.
Positivism in the social sciences
Comte's positivism
Comte first laid out his theory of positivism in The Course in Positive Philosophy
Auguste Comte (1798–1857) first described the epistemological perspective of positivism in The Course in Positive Philosophy, a series of texts published between 1830 and 1842. These texts were followed in 1844 by A General View of Positivism (published in French 1848, English in 1865). The first three volumes of the Course dealt chiefly with the physical sciences already in existence (mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology), whereas the latter two emphasized the inevitable coming of social science. Observing the circular dependence of theory and observation in science, and classifying the sciences in this way, Comte may be regarded as the first philosopher of science in the modern sense of the term. For him, the physical sciences had necessarily to arrive first, before humanity could adequately channel its efforts into the most challenging and complex "Queen science" of human society itself. His View of Positivism therefore set out to define the empirical goals of sociological method:
The most important thing to determine was the natural order in which the sciences stand—not how they can be made to stand, but how they must stand, irrespective of the wishes of any one. ... This Comte accomplished by taking as the criterion of the position of each the degree of what he called "positivity," which is simply the degree to which the phenomena can be exactly determined. This, as may be readily seen, is also a measure of their relative complexity, since the exactness of a science is in inverse proportion to its complexity. The degree of exactness or positivity is, moreover, that to which it can be subjected to mathematical demonstration, and therefore mathematics, which is not itself a concrete science, is the general gauge by which the position of every science is to be determined. Generalizing thus, Comte found that there were five great groups of phenomena of equal classificatory value but of successively decreasing positivity. To these he gave the names astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology, and sociology.— Lester F. Ward, The Outlines of Sociology (1898),
Comte offered an account of social evolution, proposing that society undergoes three phases in its quest for the truth according to a general "law of three stages". Comte intended to develop a secular-scientific ideology in the wake of European secularisation.
Comte's stages were (1) the theological, (2) the metaphysical, and (3) the positive. The theological phase of man was based on whole-hearted belief in all things with reference to God. God, Comte says, had reigned supreme over human existence pre-Enlightenment. Humanity's place in society was governed by its association with the divine presences and with the church. The theological phase deals with humankind's accepting the doctrines of the church (or place of worship) rather than relying on its rational powers to explore basic questions about existence. It dealt with the restrictions put in place by the religious organization at the time and the total acceptance of any "fact" adduced for society to believe.
Comte describes the metaphysical phase of humanity as the time since the Enlightenment, a time steeped in logical rationalism, to the time right after the French Revolution. This second phase states that the universal rights of humanity are most important. The central idea is that humanity is invested with certain rights that must be respected. In this phase, democracies and dictators rose and fell in attempts to maintain the innate rights of humanity.
The final stage of the trilogy of Comte's universal law is the scientific, or positive, stage. The central idea of this phase is that individual rights are more important than the rule of any one person. Comte stated that the idea of humanity's ability to govern itself makes this stage inherently different from the rest. There is no higher power governing the masses and the intrigue of any one person can achieve anything based on that individual's free will. The third principle is most important in the positive stage. Comte calls these three phases the universal rule in relation to society and its development. Neither the second nor the third phase can be reached without the completion and understanding of the preceding stage. All stages must be completed in progress.
Comte believed that the appreciation of the past and the ability to build on it towards the future was key in transitioning from the theological and metaphysical phases. The idea of progress was central to Comte's new science, sociology. Sociology would "lead to the historical consideration of every science" because "the history of one science, including pure political history, would make no sense unless it was attached to the study of the general progress of all of humanity". As Comte would say: "from science comes prediction; from prediction comes action". It is a philosophy of human intellectual development that culminated in science. The irony of this series of phases is that though Comte attempted to prove that human development has to go through these three stages, it seems that the positivist stage is far from becoming a realization. This is due to two truths: The positivist phase requires having a complete understanding of the universe and world around us and requires that society should never know if it is in this positivist phase. Anthony Giddens argues that since humanity constantly uses science to discover and research new things, humanity never progresses beyond the second metaphysical phase.
Positivist temple in Porto Alegre, Brazil
Comte's fame today owes in part to Emile Littré, who founded The Positivist Review in 1867. As an approach to the philosophy of history, positivism was appropriated by historians such as Hippolyte Taine. Many of Comte's writings were translated into English by the Whig writer, Harriet Martineau, regarded by some as the first female sociologist. Debates continue to rage as to how much Comte appropriated from the work of his mentor, Saint-Simon. He was nevertheless influential: Brazilian thinkers turned to Comte's ideas about training a scientific elite in order to flourish in the industrialization process. Brazil's national motto, Ordem e Progresso ("Order and Progress") was taken from the positivism motto, "Love as principle, order as the basis, progress as the goal", which was also influential in Poland.
In later life, Comte developed a 'religion of humanity' for positivist societies in order to fulfil the cohesive function once held by traditional worship. In 1849, he proposed a calendar reform called the 'positivist calendar'. For close associate John Stuart Mill, it was possible to distinguish between a "good Comte" (the author of the Course in Positive Philosophy) and a "bad Comte" (the author of the secular-religious system). The system was unsuccessful but met with the publication of Darwin's On the Origin of Species to influence the proliferation of various secular humanist organizations in the 19th century, especially through the work of secularists such as George Holyoake and Richard Congreve. Although Comte's English followers, including George Eliot and Harriet Martineau, for the most part rejected the full gloomy panoply of his system, they liked the idea of a religion of humanity and his injunction to "vivre pour autrui" ("live for others", from which comes the word "altruism").
The early sociology of Herbert Spencer came about broadly as a reaction to Comte; writing after various developments in evolutionary biology, Spencer attempted (in vain) to reformulate the discipline in what we might now describe as socially Darwinistic terms.
Early followers of Comte
Within a few years, other scientific and philosophical thinkers began creating their own definitions for positivism. These included Émile Zola, Emile Hennequin, Wilhelm Scherer, and Dimitri Pisarev. Fabien Magnin was the first working-class adherent to Comte's ideas, and became the leader of a movement known as "Proletarian Positivism". Comte appointed Magnin as his successor as president of the Positive Society in the event of Comte's death. Magnin filled this role from 1857 to 1880, when he resigned. Magnin was in touch with the English positivists Richard Congreve and Edward Spencer Beesly. He established the Cercle des prolétaires positivistes in 1863 which was affiliated to the First International. Eugène Sémérie was a psychiatrist who was also involved in the Positivist movement, setting up a positivist club in Paris after the foundation of the French Third Republic in 1870. He wrote: "Positivism is not only a philosophical doctrine, it is also a political party which claims to reconcile order—the necessary basis for all social activity—with Progress, which is its goal."
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Durkheim's positivism
Émile Durkheim
The modern academic discipline of sociology began with the work of Émile Durkheim (1858–1917). While Durkheim rejected much of the details of Comte's philosophy, he retained and refined its method, maintaining that the social sciences are a logical continuation of the natural ones into the realm of human activity, and insisting that they may retain the same objectivity, rationalism, and approach to causality. Durkheim set up the first European department of sociology at the University of Bordeaux in 1895, publishing his Rules of the Sociological Method (1895). In this text he argued: "ur main goal is to extend scientific rationalism to human conduct... What has been called our positivism is but a consequence of this rationalism."
Durkheim's seminal monograph, Suicide (1897), a case study of suicide rates amongst Catholic and Protestant populations, distinguished sociological analysis from psychology or philosophy. By carefully examining suicide statistics in different police districts, he attempted to demonstrate that Catholic communities have a lower suicide rate than Protestants, something he attributed to social (as opposed to individual or psychological) causes. He developed the notion of objective sui generis "social facts" to delineate a unique empirical object for the science of sociology to study. Through such studies, he posited, sociology would be able to determine whether a given society is 'healthy' or 'pathological', and seek social reform to negate organic breakdown or "social anomie". Durkheim described sociology as the "science of institutions, their genesis and their functioning".
David Ashley and David M. Orenstein have alleged, in a consumer textbook published by Pearson Education, that accounts of Durkheim's positivism are possibly exaggerated and oversimplified; Comte was the only major sociological thinker to postulate that the social realm may be subject to scientific analysis in exactly the same way as natural science, whereas Durkheim saw a far greater need for a distinctly sociological scientific methodology. His lifework was fundamental in the establishment of practical social research as we know it today—techniques which continue beyond sociology and form the methodological basis of other social sciences, such as political science, as well of market research and other fields.
Historical positivism
In historiography, historical or documentary positivism is the belief that historians should pursue the objective truth of the past by allowing historical sources to "speak for themselves", without additional interpretation. In the words of the French historian Fustel de Coulanges, as a positivist, "It is not I who am speaking, but history itself". The heavy emphasis placed by historical positivists on documentary sources led to the development of methods of source criticism, which seek to expunge bias and uncover original sources in their pristine state.
The origin of the historical positivist school is particularly associated with the 19th-century German historian Leopold von Ranke, who argued that the historian should seek to describe historical truth "wie es eigentlich gewesen ist" ("as it actually was")—though subsequent historians of the concept, such as Georg Iggers, have argued that its development owed more to Ranke's followers than Ranke himself.
Historical positivism was critiqued in the 20th century by historians and philosophers of history from various schools of thought, including Ernst Kantorowicz in Weimar Germany—who argued that "positivism ... faces the danger of becoming Romantic when it maintains that it is possible to find the Blue Flower of truth without preconceptions"—and Raymond Aron and Michel Foucault in postwar France, who both posited that interpretations are always ultimately multiple and there is no final objective truth to recover. In his posthumously published 1946 The Idea of History, the English historian R. G. Collingwood criticized historical positivism for conflating scientific facts with historical facts, which are always inferred and cannot be confirmed by repetition, and argued that its focus on the "collection of facts" had given historians "unprecedented mastery over small-scale problems", but "unprecedented weakness in dealing with large-scale problems".
Historicist arguments against positivist approaches in historiography include that history differs from sciences like physics and ethology in subject matter and method; that much of what history studies is nonquantifiable, and therefore to quantify is to lose in precision; and that experimental methods and mathematical models do not generally apply to history, so that it is not possible to formulate general (quasi-absolute) laws in history.
Other subfields
In psychology the positivist movement was influential in the development of operationalism. The 1927 philosophy of science book The Logic of Modern Physics in particular, which was originally intended for physicists, coined the term operational definition, which went on to dominate psychological method for the whole century.
In economics, practicing researchers tend to emulate the methodological assumptions of classical positivism, but only in a de facto fashion: the majority of economists do not explicitly concern themselves with matters of epistemology. Economic thinker Friedrich Hayek (see "Law, Legislation and Liberty") rejected positivism in the social sciences as hopelessly limited in comparison to evolved and divided knowledge. For example, much (positivist) legislation falls short in contrast to pre-literate or incompletely defined common or evolved law.
In jurisprudence, "legal positivism" essentially refers to the rejection of natural law; thus its common meaning with philosophical positivism is somewhat attenuated and in recent generations generally emphasizes the authority of human political structures as opposed to a "scientific" view of law.
Logical positivism
Main article: Logical positivism
Moritz Schlick, the founding father of logical positivism and the Vienna Circle
Logical positivism (later and more accurately called logical empiricism) is a school of philosophy that combines empiricism, the idea that observational evidence is indispensable for knowledge of the world, with a version of rationalism, the idea that our knowledge includes a component that is not derived from observation.
Logical positivism grew from the discussions of a group called the "First Vienna Circle", which gathered at the Café Central before World War I. After the war Hans Hahn, a member of that early group, helped bring Moritz Schlick to Vienna. Schlick's Vienna Circle, along with Hans Reichenbach's Berlin Circle, propagated the new doctrines more widely in the 1920s and early 1930s.
It was Otto Neurath's advocacy that made the movement self-conscious and more widely known. A 1929 pamphlet written by Neurath, Hahn, and Rudolf Carnap summarized the doctrines of the Vienna Circle at that time. These included the opposition to all metaphysics, especially ontology and synthetic a priori propositions; the rejection of metaphysics not as wrong but as meaningless (i.e., not empirically verifiable); a criterion of meaning based on Ludwig Wittgenstein's early work (which he himself later set out to refute); the idea that all knowledge should be codifiable in a single standard language of science; and above all the project of "rational reconstruction," in which ordinary-language concepts were gradually to be replaced by more precise equivalents in that standard language. However, the project is widely considered to have failed.
After moving to the United States, Carnap proposed a replacement for the earlier doctrines in his Logical Syntax of Language. This change of direction, and the somewhat differing beliefs of Reichenbach and others, led to a consensus that the English name for the shared doctrinal platform, in its American exile from the late 1930s, should be "logical empiricism." While the logical positivist movement is now considered dead, it has continued to influence philosophical development.
Criticism
Historically, positivism has been criticized for its reductionism, i.e., for contending that all "processes are reducible to physiological, physical or chemical events," "social processes are reducible to relationships between and actions of individuals," and that "biological organisms are reducible to physical systems."
The consideration that laws in physics may not be absolute but relative, and, if so, this might be even more true of social sciences, was stated, in different terms, by G. B. Vico in 1725. Vico, in contrast to the positivist movement, asserted the superiority of the science of the human mind (the humanities, in other words), on the grounds that natural sciences tell us nothing about the inward aspects of things.
Wilhelm Dilthey fought strenuously against the assumption that only explanations derived from science are valid. He reprised Vico's argument that scientific explanations do not reach the inner nature of phenomena and it is humanistic knowledge that gives us insight into thoughts, feelings and desires. Dilthey was in part influenced by the historism of Leopold von Ranke (1795–1886).
The contestation over positivism is reflected both in older debates (see the Positivism dispute) and current ones over the proper role of science in the public sphere. Public sociology—especially as described by Michael Burawoy—argues that sociologists should use empirical evidence to display the problems of society so they might be changed.
Antipositivism
Main article: Antipositivism
At the turn of the 20th century, the first wave of German sociologists formally introduced methodological antipositivism, proposing that research should concentrate on human cultural norms, values, symbols, and social processes viewed from a subjective perspective. Max Weber, one such thinker, argued that while sociology may be loosely described as a 'science' because it is able to identify causal relationships (especially among ideal types), sociologists should seek relationships that are not as "ahistorical, invariant, or generalizable" as those pursued by natural scientists. Weber regarded sociology as the study of social action, using critical analysis and verstehen techniques. The sociologists Georg Simmel, Ferdinand Tönnies, George Herbert Mead, and Charles Cooley were also influential in the development of sociological antipositivism, whilst neo-Kantian philosophy, hermeneutics, and phenomenology facilitated the movement in general.
Critical rationalism and postpositivism
Main articles: Postpositivism and Critical rationalism
In the mid-twentieth century, several important philosophers and philosophers of science began to critique the foundations of logical positivism. In his 1934 work The Logic of Scientific Discovery, Karl Popper argued against verificationism. A statement such as "all swans are white" cannot actually be empirically verified, because it is impossible to know empirically whether all swans have been observed. Instead, Popper argued that at best an observation can falsify a statement (for example, observing a black swan would prove that not all swans are white). Popper also held that scientific theories talk about how the world really is (not about phenomena or observations experienced by scientists), and critiqued the Vienna Circle in his Conjectures and Refutations. W. V. O. Quine and Pierre Duhem went even further. The Duhem–Quine thesis states that it is impossible to experimentally test a scientific hypothesis in isolation, because an empirical test of the hypothesis requires one or more background assumptions (also called auxiliary assumptions or auxiliary hypotheses); thus, unambiguous scientific falsifications are also impossible. Thomas Kuhn, in his 1962 book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, put forward his theory of paradigm shifts. He argued that it is not simply individual theories but whole worldviews that must occasionally shift in response to evidence.
Together, these ideas led to the development of critical rationalism and postpositivism. Postpositivism is not a rejection of the scientific method, but rather a reformation of positivism to meet these critiques. It reintroduces the basic assumptions of positivism: the possibility and desirability of objective truth, and the use of experimental methodology. Postpositivism of this type is described in social science guides to research methods. Postpositivists argue that theories, hypotheses, background knowledge and values of the researcher can influence what is observed. Postpositivists pursue objectivity by recognizing the possible effects of biases. While positivists emphasize quantitative methods, postpositivists consider both quantitative and qualitative methods to be valid approaches.
In the early 1960s, the positivism dispute arose between the critical theorists (see below) and the critical rationalists over the correct solution to the value judgment dispute (Werturteilsstreit). While both sides accepted that sociology cannot avoid a value judgement that inevitably influences subsequent conclusions, the critical theorists accused the critical rationalists of being positivists; specifically, of asserting that empirical questions can be severed from their metaphysical heritage and refusing to ask questions that cannot be answered with scientific methods. This contributed to what Karl Popper termed the "Popper Legend", a misconception among critics and admirers of Popper that he was, or identified himself as, a positivist.
Critical theory
Main article: Critical Theory
Although Karl Marx's theory of historical materialism drew upon positivism, the Marxist tradition would also go on to influence the development of antipositivist critical theory. Critical theorist Jürgen Habermas critiqued pure instrumental rationality (in its relation to the cultural "rationalisation" of the modern West) as a form of scientism, or science "as ideology". He argued that positivism may be espoused by "technocrats" who believe in the inevitability of social progress through science and technology. New movements, such as critical realism, have emerged in order to reconcile postpositivist aims with various so-called 'postmodern' perspectives on the social acquisition of knowledge.
Max Horkheimer criticized the classic formulation of positivism on two grounds. First, he claimed that it falsely represented human social action. The first criticism argued that positivism systematically failed to appreciate the extent to which the so-called social facts it yielded did not exist 'out there', in the objective world, but were themselves a product of socially and historically mediated human consciousness. Positivism ignored the role of the 'observer' in the constitution of social reality and thereby failed to consider the historical and social conditions affecting the representation of social ideas. Positivism falsely represented the object of study by reifying social reality as existing objectively and independently of the labour that actually produced those conditions. Secondly, he argued, representation of social reality produced by positivism was inherently and artificially conservative, helping to support the status quo, rather than challenging it. This character may also explain the popularity of positivism in certain political circles. Horkheimer argued, in contrast, that critical theory possessed a reflexive element lacking in the positivistic traditional theory.
Some scholars today hold the beliefs critiqued in Horkheimer's work, but since the time of his writing critiques of positivism, especially from philosophy of science, have led to the development of postpositivism. This philosophy greatly relaxes the epistemological commitments of logical positivism and no longer claims a separation between the knower and the known. Rather than dismissing the scientific project outright, postpositivists seek to transform and amend it, though the exact extent of their affinity for science varies vastly. For example, some postpositivists accept the critique that observation is always value-laden, but argue that the best values to adopt for sociological observation are those of science: skepticism, rigor, and modesty. Just as some critical theorists see their position as a moral commitment to egalitarian values, these postpositivists see their methods as driven by a moral commitment to these scientific values. Such scholars may see themselves as either positivists or antipositivists.
Other criticisms
During the later twentieth century, positivism began to fall out of favor with scientists as well. Later in his career, German theoretical physicist Werner Heisenberg, Nobel laureate for his pioneering work in quantum mechanics, distanced himself from positivism: The positivists have a simple solution: the world must be divided into that which we can say clearly and the rest, which we had better pass over in silence. But can any one conceive of a more pointless philosophy, seeing that what we can say clearly amounts to next to nothing? If we omitted all that is unclear we would probably be left with completely uninteresting and trivial tautologies.
In the early 1970s, urbanists of the quantitative school like David Harvey started to question the positivist approach itself, saying that the arsenal of scientific theories and methods developed so far in their camp were "incapable of saying anything of depth and profundity" on the real problems of contemporary cities.
According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, Positivism has also come under fire on religious and philosophical grounds, whose proponents state that truth begins in sense experience, but does not end there. Positivism fails to prove that there are not abstract ideas, laws, and principles, beyond particular observable facts and relationships and necessary principles, or that we cannot know them. Nor does it prove that material and corporeal things constitute the whole order of existing beings, and that our knowledge is limited to them. According to positivism, our abstract concepts or general ideas are mere collective representations of the experimental order—for example; the idea of "man" is a kind of blended image of all the men observed in our experience. This runs contrary to a Platonic or Christian ideal, where an idea can be abstracted from any concrete determination, and may be applied identically to an indefinite number of objects of the same class From the idea's perspective, Platonism is more precise. Defining an idea as a sum of collective images is imprecise and more or less confused, and becomes more so as the collection represented increases. An idea defined explicitly always remains clear.
Other new movements, such as critical realism, have emerged in opposition to positivism. Critical realism seeks to reconcile the overarching aims of social science with postmodern critiques. Experientialism, which arose with second generation cognitive science, asserts that knowledge begins and ends with experience itself. In other words, it rejects the positivist assertion that a portion of human knowledge is a priori.
Positivism today
Echoes of the "positivist" and "antipositivist" debate persist today, though this conflict is hard to define. Authors writing in different epistemological perspectives do not phrase their disagreements in the same terms and rarely actually speak directly to each other. To complicate the issues further, few practising scholars explicitly state their epistemological commitments, and their epistemological position thus has to be guessed from other sources such as choice of methodology or theory. However, no perfect correspondence between these categories exists, and many scholars critiqued as "positivists" are actually postpositivists. One scholar has described this debate in terms of the social construction of the "other", with each side defining the other by what it is not rather than what it is, and then proceeding to attribute far greater homogeneity to their opponents than actually exists. Thus, it is better to understand this not as a debate but as two different arguments: the "antipositivist" articulation of a social meta-theory which includes a philosophical critique of scientism, and "positivist" development of a scientific research methodology for sociology with accompanying critiques of the reliability and validity of work that they see as violating such standards. Strategic positivism aims to bridge these two arguments.
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While most social scientists today are not explicit about their epistemological commitments, articles in top American sociology and political science journals generally follow a positivist logic of argument. It can be thus argued that "natural science and social science can therefore be regarded with a good deal of confidence as members of the same genre".
In contemporary social science, strong accounts of positivism have long since fallen out of favour. Practitioners of positivism today acknowledge in far greater detail observer bias and structural limitations. Modern positivists generally eschew metaphysical concerns in favour of methodological debates concerning clarity, replicability, reliability and validity. This positivism is generally equated with "quantitative research" and thus carries no explicit theoretical or philosophical commitments. The institutionalization of this kind of sociology is often credited to Paul Lazarsfeld, who pioneered large-scale survey studies and developed statistical techniques for analyzing them. This approach lends itself to what Robert K. Merton called middle-range theory: abstract statements that generalize from segregated hypotheses and empirical regularities rather than starting with an abstract idea of a social whole.
In the original Comtean usage, the term "positivism" roughly meant the use of scientific methods to uncover the laws according to which both physical and human events occur, while "sociology" was the overarching science that would synthesize all such knowledge for the betterment of society. "Positivism is a way of understanding based on science"; people don't rely on the faith in God but instead on the science behind humanity. "Antipositivism" formally dates back to the start of the twentieth century, and is based on the belief that natural and human sciences are ontologically and epistemologically distinct. Neither of these terms is used any longer in this sense. There are no fewer than twelve distinct epistemologies that are referred to as positivism. Many of these approaches do not self-identify as "positivist", some because they themselves arose in opposition to older forms of positivism, and some because the label has over time become a term of abuse by being mistakenly linked with a theoretical empiricism. The extent of antipositivist criticism has also become broad, with many philosophies broadly rejecting the scientifically based social epistemology and other ones only seeking to amend it to reflect 20th century developments in the philosophy of science. However, positivism (understood as the use of scientific methods for studying society) remains the dominant approach to both the research and the theory construction in contemporary sociology, especially in the United States.
The majority of articles published in leading American sociology and political science journals today are positivist (at least to the extent of being quantitative rather than qualitative). This popularity may be because research utilizing positivist quantitative methodologies holds a greater prestige in the social sciences than qualitative work; quantitative work is easier to justify, as data can be manipulated to answer any question. Such research is generally perceived as being more scientific and more trustworthy, and thus has a greater impact on policy and public opinion (though such judgments are frequently contested by scholars doing non-positivist work).
Natural sciences
See also: Constructive empiricism
The key features of positivism as of the 1950s, as defined in the "received view", are:
A focus on science as a product, a linguistic or numerical set of statements;
A concern with axiomatization, that is, with demonstrating the logical structure and coherence of these statements;
An insistence on at least some of these statements being testable; that is, amenable to being verified, confirmed, or shown to be false by the empirical observation of reality. Statements that would, by their nature, be regarded as untestable included the teleological; thus positivism rejects much of classical metaphysics.
The belief that science is markedly cumulative;
The belief that science is predominantly transcultural;
The belief that science rests on specific results that are dissociated from the personality and social position of the investigator;
The belief that science contains theories or research traditions that are largely commensurable;
The belief that science sometimes incorporates new ideas that are discontinuous from old ones;
The belief that science involves the idea of the unity of science, that there is, underlying the various scientific disciplines, basically one science about one real world.
The belief that science is nature and nature is science; and out of this duality, all theories and postulates are created, interpreted, evolve, and are applied.
Stephen Hawking
Stephen Hawking was a recent high-profile advocate of positivism in the physical sciences. In The Universe in a Nutshell (p. 31) he wrote:
Any sound scientific theory, whether of time or of any other concept, should in my opinion be based on the most workable philosophy of science: the positivist approach put forward by Karl Popper and others. According to this way of thinking, a scientific theory is a mathematical model that describes and codifies the observations we make. A good theory will describe a large range of phenomena on the basis of a few simple postulates and will make definite predictions that can be tested. ... If one takes the positivist position, as I do, one cannot say what time actually is. All one can do is describe what has been found to be a very good mathematical model for time and say what predictions it makes.
See also
Cliodynamics
Científico
Charvaka
Determinism
Gödel's incompleteness theorems
London Positivist Society
Nature versus nurture
Physics envy
Scientific politics
Sociological naturalism
The New Paul and Virginia
Vladimir Solovyov
Notes
^ John J. Macionis, Linda M. Gerber, Sociology, Seventh Canadian Edition, Pearson Canada
^ Larrain, Jorge (1979). The Concept of Ideology. London: Hutchinson. p. 197. one of the features of positivism is precisely its postulate that scientific knowledge is the paradigm of valid knowledge, a postulate that indeed is never proved nor intended to be proved.
^ Cohen, Louis; Maldonado, Antonio (2007). "Research Methods In Education". British Journal of Educational Studies. 55 (4): 9. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8527.2007.00388_4.x. S2CID 143761151..
^ "Auguste Comte". Sociology Guide. Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 2 October 2008.
^ Macionis, John J. (2012). Sociology 14th Edition. Boston: Pearson. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-205-11671-3.
^ Le petit Robert s. v. 'positivisme'; OED s. v. positive
^ Egan, Kieran (1997). The Educated Mind. University of Chicago Press. pp. 115–116. ISBN 978-0-226-19036-5. Positivism is marked by the final recognition that science provides the only valid form of knowledge and that facts are the only possible objects of knowledge; philosophy is thus recognized as essentially no different from science Ethics, politics, social interactions, and all other forms of human life about which knowledge was possible would eventually be drawn into the orbit of science The positivists' program for mapping the inexorable and immutable laws of matter and society seemed to allow no greater role for the contribution of poets than had Plato. What Plato represented as the quarrel between philosophy and poetry is resuscitated in the "two cultures" quarrel of more recent times between the humanities and the sciences.
^ Saunders, T. J. Introduction to Ion. London: Penguin Books, 1987, p. 46
^ a b c d e Wallace and Gach (2008) p. 27 Archived 17 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine
^ Hobsbawm, Eric (1975). The Age of Capital: 1848–1875. New York City: Charles Scribner's Sons.
^ a b Auguste Comte Archived 11 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
^ "OpenStax". openstax.org. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
^ a b Durkheim, Emile. 1895. The Rules of the Sociological Method. Cited in Wacquant (1992).
^ Giddens, Positivism and Sociology, 1
^ Mill, Auguste Comte and Positivism 3
^ Richard von Mises, Positivism: A Study In Human Understanding, 5 (Paperback, Dover Books, 1968 ISBN 0-486-21867-8)
^ Mill, Auguste Comte and Positivism, 4
^ a b Giddens, Positivism and Sociology, 9
^ Mary Pickering, Auguste Comte: An Intellectual Biography, Volume I, 622
^ Mary Pickering, Auguste Comte: An Intellectual Biography, Volume I, 566
^ Pickering, Mary (1993) Auguste Comte: an intellectual biography Cambridge University Press, p. 192
^ "Comte's secular religion is no vague effusion of humanistic piety, but a complete system of belief and ritual, with liturgy and sacraments, priesthood and pontiff, all organized around the public veneration of Humanity, the Nouveau Grand-Être Suprême (New Supreme Great Being), later to be supplemented in a positivist trinity by the Grand Fétish (the Earth) and the Grand Milieu (Destiny)" According to Davies (pp. 28–29), Comte's austere and "slightly dispiriting" philosophy of humanity viewed as alone in an indifferent universe (which can only be explained by "positive" science) and with nowhere to turn but to each other, was even more influential in Victorian England than the theories of Charles Darwin or Karl Marx.
^ Pickering, Mary (2009). Auguste Comte: Volume 3: An Intellectual Biography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 561.
^ Sémérie, Eugène. "Founding of a Positivist Club". Marxists Internet Archive. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
^ a b c d e f Wacquant, Loic. 1992. "Positivism." In Bottomore, Tom and William Outhwaite, ed., The Blackwell Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Social Thought
^ Gianfranco Poggi (2000). Durkheim. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
^ Craig J. Calhoun (2002). Classical Sociological Theory. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-631-21348-2. Archived from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
^ Durkheim, Émile "The Rules of Sociological Method" 8th edition, trans. Sarah A. Solovay and John M. Mueller, ed. George E. G. Catlin (1938, 1964 edition), p. 45
^ Ashley D, Orenstein DM (2005). Sociological theory: Classical statements (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education. pp. 94–98, 100–104.
^ a b Munz, Peter (1993). Philosophical Darwinism: On the Origin of Knowledge by Means of Natural Selection. London: Routledge. p. 94. ISBN 9781134884841.
^ a b Flynn, Thomas R. (1997). Sartre, Foucault, and Historical Reason. Vol. 1. Chicago: Chicago University Press. p. 4. ISBN 9780226254692.
^ Martin, Luther H. (2014). Deep History, Secular Theory: Historical and Scientific Studies of Religion. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 343. ISBN 9781614515005.
^ Lerner, Robert E. (2017). Ernst Kantorowicz: A Life. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 129. ISBN 9780691183022.
^ Shank, J. B. (2008). The Newton Wars and the Beginning of the French Enlightenment. Chicago: Chicago University Press. p. 24. ISBN 9780226749471.
^ Collingwood, R. G. (1946). The Idea of History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 131–33.
^ Raymond Boudon and François Bourricaud, A Critical Dictionary of Sociology Archived 3 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Routledge, 1989: "Historicism", p. 198.
^ a b Wallace, Edwin R. and Gach, John (2008) History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology: With an Epilogue on Psychiatry and the Mind-Body Relation. p. 14 Archived 16 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine
^ a b Wallace and Gach (2008) p. 28 Archived 8 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine
^ Koch, Sigmund (1992) Psychology's Bridgman vs. Bridgman's Bridgman: An Essay in Reconstruction., in Theory and Psychology vol. 2 no. 3 (1992) p. 275
^ "Lawrence A. Boland, Economic Positivism positivists.org 2012". Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
^ Bunge, M. A. (1996). Finding Philosophy in Social Science. Yale University Press. p. 317. ISBN 9780300066067. LCCN lc96004399. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2015. To conclude, logical positivism was progressive compared with the classical positivism of Ptolemy, Hume, d'Alembert, Comte, Mill, and Mach. It was even more so by comparison with its contemporary rivals—neo-Thomisism, neo-Kantianism, intuitionism, dialectical materialism, phenomenology, and existentialism. However, neo-positivism failed dismally to give a faithful account of science, whether natural or social. It failed because it remained anchored to sense-data and to a phenomenalist metaphysics, overrated the power of induction and underrated that of hypothesis, and denounced realism and materialism as metaphysical nonsense. Although it has never been practiced consistently in the advanced natural sciences and has been criticized by many philosophers, notably Popper (1959 , 1963), logical positivism remains the tacit philosophy of many scientists. Regrettably, the anti-positivism fashionable in the metatheory of social science is often nothing but an excuse for sloppiness and wild speculation.
^ "Popper, Falsifiability, and the Failure of Positivism". 7 August 2000. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2012. The upshot is that the positivists seem caught between insisting on the V.C. —but for no defensible reason—or admitting that the V.C. requires a background language, etc., which opens the door to relativism, etc.
^ Hanfling, Oswald (2003). "Logical Positivism". Routledge History of Philosophy. Vol. IX. Routledge. pp. 193–194.
^ Alan Bullock and Stephen Trombley, The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought, London: Harper-Collins, 1999, pp. 669–737
^ Giambattista Vico, Principi di scienza nuova, Opere, ed. Fausto Nicolini (Milan: R. Ricciardi, 1953), pp. 365–905.
^ Morera, Esteve (1990) p. 13 Gramsci's Historicism: A Realist Interpretation Archived 16 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine
^ Burawoy, Michael: "For Public Sociology" Archived 21 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine (American Sociological Review, February 2005
^ Ashley D, Orenstein DM (2005). Sociological theory: Classical statements (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education. pp. 239–240.
^ Ashley D, Orenstein DM (2005). Sociological theory: Classical statements (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education. p. 241.
^ a b c Miller, Katherine (2007). Communication theories : perspectives, processes, and contexts (2nd ed.). Beijing: Peking University Press. pp. 35–45. ISBN 9787301124314.
^ Karl Popper, Conjectures and Refutations, p. 256 Routledge, London, 1963
^ Karl Popper, The Logic of Scientific Discovery, 1934, 1959 (1st English ed.)
^ Harding 1976, p. X harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHarding1976 (help): "The physicist can never subject an isolated hypothesis to experimental test, but only a whole group of hypotheses" (Duhem)... "Duhem denies that unambiguous falsification procedures do exist in science."
^ Thomas, David 1979 Naturalism and social sciences, ch. Paradigms and social science, p.161
^ Bergman, Mats (2016). "Positivism". The International Encyclopedia of Communication Theory and Philosophy. p. 1–5. doi:10.1002/9781118766804.wbiect248. ISBN 9781118766804.
^ Trochim, William. "Social Research Methods Knowledge Base". socialresearchmethods.net.
^ a b Robson, Colin (2002). Real World Research. A Resource for Social Scientists and Practitioner-Researchers (Second ed.). Malden: Blackwell. p. 624. ISBN 978-0-631-21305-5.
^ a b Taylor, Thomas R.; Lindlof, Bryan C. (2011). Qualitative communication research methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE. p. 5–13. ISBN 978-1412974738.
^ Friedrich Stadler, The Vienna Circle: Studies in the Origins, Development, and Influence of Logical Empiricism, Springer, 2015, p. 250.
^ "Main Currents of Marxism" by Leszek Kolakowski pp. 327, 331
^ Jürgen Habermas, Technik und Wissenschaft als Ideologie, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1968, chap. 1.
^ Schunk, Learning Theories: An Educational Perspective, 5th, 315
^ Outhwaite, William, 1988 Habermas: Key Contemporary Thinkers, Polity Press (Second Edition 2009), ISBN 978-0-7456-4328-1 p. 68
^ a b c d e f Fagan, Andrew. "Theodor Adorno (1903–1969)". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
^ Tittle, Charles. 2004. "The Arrogance of Public Sociology". Social Forces, June 2004, 82(4)
^ Heisenberg, Werner (1971). "Positivism, Metaphysics and Religion". Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations. World Perspectives vol. 42. Translated by Pomerans, Arnold J. New York: Harper & Row. p. 213. ISBN 9780049250086. LCCN 78095963. OCLC 15379872.
^ Portugali, Juval and Han Meyer, Egbert Stolk (2012) Complexity Theories of Cities Have Come of Age p. 51 Archived 10 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Positivism".
^ Varela, F. J., Thompson, E. T., & Rosch, E. (1991). The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience. The MIT Press.
^ Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1999). Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought. Basic books.
^ a b Hanson, Barbara. 2008. "Wither Qualitative/Quantitative?: Grounds for Methodological Convergence." Quality and Quantity 42:97–111.
^ Bryman, Alan. 1984. "The Debate about Quantitative and Qualitative Research: A Question of Method or Epistemology?." The British Journal of Sociology 35:75–92.
^ a b c Holmes, Richard. 1997. "Genre analysis, and the social sciences: An investigation of the structure of research article discussion sections in three disciplines". English For Specific Purposes, vol. 16, num. 4:321–337.
^ a b Brett, Paul. 1994. "A genre analysis of the results section of sociology articles". English For Specific Purposes. Vol 13, Num 1:47–59.
^ Gartell, David, and Gartell, John. 1996. "Positivism in sociological practice: 1967–1990". Canadian Review of Sociology, Vol. 33 No. 2.
^ Boudon, Raymond. 1991. "Review: What Middle-Range Theories are". Contemporary Sociology, Vol. 20 Num. 4 pp. 519–522.
^ Halfpenny, Peter. Positivism and Sociology: Explaining Social Life. London:Allen and Unwin, 1982.
^ a b Grant, Linda; Ward, Kathryn B.; Xue Lan Rong (1987). "Is There An Association between Gender and Methods in Sociological Research?". American Sociological Review. 52 (6): 856–862. doi:10.2307/2095839. JSTOR 2095839.
^ Hacking, I. (ed.) 1981. Scientific revolutions. Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
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The Course in Positive Philosophy (1830)
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Idealism and Positivism (1879–1884)
The Analysis of Sensations (1886)
The Logic of Modern Physics (1927)
Language, Truth, and Logic (1936)
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The Universe in a Nutshell (2001)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Positivism (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivism_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Auguste_Comte.jpg"},{"link_name":"Auguste Comte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Comte"},{"link_name":"philosophical school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_school"},{"link_name":"true by definition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic%E2%80%93synthetic_distinction"},{"link_name":"positive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_statement"},{"link_name":"a posteriori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori"},{"link_name":"reason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason"},{"link_name":"logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic"},{"link_name":"sensory experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacionisGerber7ed-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larrain1979p197-2"},{"link_name":"ways of knowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology"},{"link_name":"intuition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuition"},{"link_name":"introspection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introspection"},{"link_name":"religious faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_epistemology"},{"link_name":"considered meaningless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verificationism"},{"link_name":"Auguste Comte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Comte"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cohen,_Manion_et_al.-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"sociological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology"},{"link_name":"laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_law"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic"},{"link_name":"psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography"},{"link_name":"antipositivists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipositivism"},{"link_name":"critical theorists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_theory"},{"link_name":"scientism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientism"},{"link_name":"reductionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductionism"}],"text":"For other uses, see Positivism (disambiguation).A portrait of Auguste Comte, the founder of modern positivismPositivism is a philosophical school that holds that all genuine knowledge is either true by definition or positive—meaning a posteriori facts derived by reason and logic from sensory experience.[1][2] Other ways of knowing, such as intuition, introspection, or religious faith, are rejected or considered meaningless.Although the positivist approach has been a recurrent theme in the history of western thought, modern positivism was first articulated in the early 19th century by Auguste Comte.[3][4] His school of sociological positivism holds that society, like the physical world, operates according to general laws.[5] After Comte, positivist schools arose in logic, psychology, economics, historiography, and other fields of thought. Generally, positivists attempted to introduce scientific methods to their respective fields. Since the turn of the 20th century, positivism, although still popular, has declined under criticism in parts of social sciences from antipositivists and critical theorists, among others, for its alleged scientism, reductionism, overgeneralizations, and methodological limitations.","title":"Positivism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"positive law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_law"},{"link_name":"natural law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_law"},{"link_name":"Chaucer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The English noun positivism in this meaning was imported in the 19th century from the French word positivisme, derived from positif in its philosophical sense of 'imposed on the mind by experience'. The corresponding adjective (Latin: positīvus) has been used in a similar sense to discuss law (positive law compared to natural law) since the time of Chaucer.[6]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kieran Egan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieran_Egan_(philosopher)"},{"link_name":"Plato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato"},{"link_name":"philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy"},{"link_name":"poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Dilthey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey"},{"link_name":"natural sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_sciences"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"human sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sciences"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Egan1997p114-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wallace2008p27-9"},{"link_name":"Henri de Saint-Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon"},{"link_name":"Pierre-Simon Laplace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace"},{"link_name":"Auguste Comte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Comte"},{"link_name":"scientific method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method"},{"link_name":"metaphysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hobsbawm-10"}],"text":"Kieran Egan argues that positivism can be traced to the philosophy side of what Plato described as the quarrel between philosophy and poetry, later reformulated by Wilhelm Dilthey as a quarrel between the natural sciences (German: Naturwissenschaften) and the human sciences (Geisteswissenschaften).[7][8][9]In the early nineteenth century, massive advances in the natural sciences encouraged philosophers to apply scientific methods to other fields. Thinkers such as Henri de Saint-Simon, Pierre-Simon Laplace and Auguste Comte believed that the scientific method, the circular dependence of theory and observation, must replace metaphysics in the history of thought.[10]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Positivism in the social sciences"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comte,_%27Cours_de_philosophie_positive%27_Wellcome_L0016061.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Course in Positive Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Course_in_Positive_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Auguste Comte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Comte"},{"link_name":"The Course in Positive Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Course_in_Positive_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"A General View of Positivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_General_View_of_Positivism"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology"},{"link_name":"social science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science"},{"link_name":"philosopher of science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher_of_science"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plato.stanford.edu-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Lester F. Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_F._Ward"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DinW-13"},{"link_name":"account of social evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_evolutionism"},{"link_name":"law of three stages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_three_stages"},{"link_name":"secularisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularisation"},{"link_name":"theological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theological"},{"link_name":"metaphysical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God"},{"link_name":"Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment"},{"link_name":"rationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Anthony Giddens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Giddens"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Templo_Positivista_em_Porto_Alegre.JPG"},{"link_name":"Porto Alegre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Alegre"},{"link_name":"Emile Littré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Littr%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"philosophy of history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_history"},{"link_name":"Hippolyte Taine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine"},{"link_name":"Whig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_(British_political_party)"},{"link_name":"Harriet Martineau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Martineau"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"motto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motto"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivism_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"religion of humanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_of_humanity"},{"link_name":"calendar reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_reform"},{"link_name":"positivist calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivist_calendar"},{"link_name":"John Stuart Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plato.stanford.edu-11"},{"link_name":"Darwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin"},{"link_name":"On the Origin of Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species"},{"link_name":"secular humanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_Humanist"},{"link_name":"George Holyoake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Holyoake"},{"link_name":"Richard Congreve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Congreve"},{"link_name":"George Eliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Eliot"},{"link_name":"altruism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altruism"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Herbert Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Spencer"},{"link_name":"socially Darwinistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Darwinism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Comte's positivism","text":"Comte first laid out his theory of positivism in The Course in Positive PhilosophyAuguste Comte (1798–1857) first described the epistemological perspective of positivism in The Course in Positive Philosophy, a series of texts published between 1830 and 1842. These texts were followed in 1844 by A General View of Positivism (published in French 1848, English in 1865). The first three volumes of the Course dealt chiefly with the physical sciences already in existence (mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology), whereas the latter two emphasized the inevitable coming of social science. Observing the circular dependence of theory and observation in science, and classifying the sciences in this way, Comte may be regarded as the first philosopher of science in the modern sense of the term.[11][12] For him, the physical sciences had necessarily to arrive first, before humanity could adequately channel its efforts into the most challenging and complex \"Queen science\" of human society itself. His View of Positivism therefore set out to define the empirical goals of sociological method:The most important thing to determine was the natural order in which the sciences stand—not how they can be made to stand, but how they must stand, irrespective of the wishes of any one. ... This Comte accomplished by taking as the criterion of the position of each the degree of what he called \"positivity,\" which is simply the degree to which the phenomena can be exactly determined. This, as may be readily seen, is also a measure of their relative complexity, since the exactness of a science is in inverse proportion to its complexity. The degree of exactness or positivity is, moreover, that to which it can be subjected to mathematical demonstration, and therefore mathematics, which is not itself a concrete science, is the general gauge by which the position of every science is to be determined. Generalizing thus, Comte found that there were five great groups of phenomena of equal classificatory value but of successively decreasing positivity. To these he gave the names astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology, and sociology.— Lester F. Ward, The Outlines of Sociology (1898), [13]Comte offered an account of social evolution, proposing that society undergoes three phases in its quest for the truth according to a general \"law of three stages\". Comte intended to develop a secular-scientific ideology in the wake of European secularisation.Comte's stages were (1) the theological, (2) the metaphysical, and (3) the positive.[14] The theological phase of man was based on whole-hearted belief in all things with reference to God. God, Comte says, had reigned supreme over human existence pre-Enlightenment. Humanity's place in society was governed by its association with the divine presences and with the church. The theological phase deals with humankind's accepting the doctrines of the church (or place of worship) rather than relying on its rational powers to explore basic questions about existence. It dealt with the restrictions put in place by the religious organization at the time and the total acceptance of any \"fact\" adduced for society to believe.[15]Comte describes the metaphysical phase of humanity as the time since the Enlightenment, a time steeped in logical rationalism, to the time right after the French Revolution. This second phase states that the universal rights of humanity are most important. The central idea is that humanity is invested with certain rights that must be respected. In this phase, democracies and dictators rose and fell in attempts to maintain the innate rights of humanity.[16]The final stage of the trilogy of Comte's universal law is the scientific, or positive, stage. The central idea of this phase is that individual rights are more important than the rule of any one person. Comte stated that the idea of humanity's ability to govern itself makes this stage inherently different from the rest. There is no higher power governing the masses and the intrigue of any one person can achieve anything based on that individual's free will. The third principle is most important in the positive stage.[17] Comte calls these three phases the universal rule in relation to society and its development. Neither the second nor the third phase can be reached without the completion and understanding of the preceding stage. All stages must be completed in progress.[18]Comte believed that the appreciation of the past and the ability to build on it towards the future was key in transitioning from the theological and metaphysical phases. The idea of progress was central to Comte's new science, sociology. Sociology would \"lead to the historical consideration of every science\" because \"the history of one science, including pure political history, would make no sense unless it was attached to the study of the general progress of all of humanity\".[19] As Comte would say: \"from science comes prediction; from prediction comes action\".[20] It is a philosophy of human intellectual development that culminated in science. The irony of this series of phases is that though Comte attempted to prove that human development has to go through these three stages, it seems that the positivist stage is far from becoming a realization. This is due to two truths: The positivist phase requires having a complete understanding of the universe and world around us and requires that society should never know if it is in this positivist phase. Anthony Giddens argues that since humanity constantly uses science to discover and research new things, humanity never progresses beyond the second metaphysical phase.[18]Positivist temple in Porto Alegre, BrazilComte's fame today owes in part to Emile Littré, who founded The Positivist Review in 1867. As an approach to the philosophy of history, positivism was appropriated by historians such as Hippolyte Taine. Many of Comte's writings were translated into English by the Whig writer, Harriet Martineau, regarded by some as the first female sociologist. Debates continue to rage as to how much Comte appropriated from the work of his mentor, Saint-Simon.[21] He was nevertheless influential: Brazilian thinkers turned to Comte's ideas about training a scientific elite in order to flourish in the industrialization process. Brazil's national motto, Ordem e Progresso (\"Order and Progress\") was taken from the positivism motto, \"Love as principle, order as the basis, progress as the goal\", which was also influential in Poland.[citation needed]In later life, Comte developed a 'religion of humanity' for positivist societies in order to fulfil the cohesive function once held by traditional worship. In 1849, he proposed a calendar reform called the 'positivist calendar'. For close associate John Stuart Mill, it was possible to distinguish between a \"good Comte\" (the author of the Course in Positive Philosophy) and a \"bad Comte\" (the author of the secular-religious system).[11] The system was unsuccessful but met with the publication of Darwin's On the Origin of Species to influence the proliferation of various secular humanist organizations in the 19th century, especially through the work of secularists such as George Holyoake and Richard Congreve. Although Comte's English followers, including George Eliot and Harriet Martineau, for the most part rejected the full gloomy panoply of his system, they liked the idea of a religion of humanity and his injunction to \"vivre pour autrui\" (\"live for others\", from which comes the word \"altruism\").[22]The early sociology of Herbert Spencer came about broadly as a reaction to Comte; writing after various developments in evolutionary biology, Spencer attempted (in vain) to reformulate the discipline in what we might now describe as socially Darwinistic terms.[citation needed]","title":"Positivism in the social sciences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Émile Zola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola"},{"link_name":"Emile Hennequin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emile_Hennequin"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Scherer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Scherer"},{"link_name":"Dimitri Pisarev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitri_Pisarev"},{"link_name":"Fabien Magnin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabien_Magnin"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pickering-23"},{"link_name":"Richard Congreve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Congreve"},{"link_name":"Edward Spencer Beesly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Spencer_Beesly"},{"link_name":"Cercle des prolétaires positivistes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercle_des_prol%C3%A9taires_positivistes"},{"link_name":"First International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_International"},{"link_name":"Eugène Sémérie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_S%C3%A9m%C3%A9rie"},{"link_name":"French Third Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FPC-24"}],"sub_title":"Early followers of Comte","text":"Within a few years, other scientific and philosophical thinkers began creating their own definitions for positivism. These included Émile Zola, Emile Hennequin, Wilhelm Scherer, and Dimitri Pisarev. Fabien Magnin was the first working-class adherent to Comte's ideas, and became the leader of a movement known as \"Proletarian Positivism\". Comte appointed Magnin as his successor as president of the Positive Society in the event of Comte's death. Magnin filled this role from 1857 to 1880, when he resigned.[23] Magnin was in touch with the English positivists Richard Congreve and Edward Spencer Beesly. He established the Cercle des prolétaires positivistes in 1863 which was affiliated to the First International. Eugène Sémérie was a psychiatrist who was also involved in the Positivist movement, setting up a positivist club in Paris after the foundation of the French Third Republic in 1870. He wrote: \"Positivism is not only a philosophical doctrine, it is also a political party which claims to reconcile order—the necessary basis for all social activity—with Progress, which is its goal.\"[24]","title":"Positivism in the social sciences"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emile_Durkheim.jpg"},{"link_name":"Émile Durkheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim"},{"link_name":"Émile Durkheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wacquant-25"},{"link_name":"University of Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"Rules of the Sociological Method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_the_Sociological_Method"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2000-26"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DinW-13"},{"link_name":"monograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monograph"},{"link_name":"Suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_(Durkheim_book)"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant"},{"link_name":"psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Calhoun2002-104-27"},{"link_name":"sui generis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sui_generis"},{"link_name":"social facts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_facts"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wacquant-25"},{"link_name":"anomie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomie"},{"link_name":"institutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Pearson Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_Education"},{"link_name":"social research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_research"},{"link_name":"social sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciences"},{"link_name":"political science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"},{"link_name":"market research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_research"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Classical_Statements11-29"}],"sub_title":"Durkheim's positivism","text":"Émile DurkheimThe modern academic discipline of sociology began with the work of Émile Durkheim (1858–1917). While Durkheim rejected much of the details of Comte's philosophy, he retained and refined its method, maintaining that the social sciences are a logical continuation of the natural ones into the realm of human activity, and insisting that they may retain the same objectivity, rationalism, and approach to causality.[25] Durkheim set up the first European department of sociology at the University of Bordeaux in 1895, publishing his Rules of the Sociological Method (1895).[26] In this text he argued: \"[o]ur main goal is to extend scientific rationalism to human conduct... What has been called our positivism is but a consequence of this rationalism.\"[13]Durkheim's seminal monograph, Suicide (1897), a case study of suicide rates amongst Catholic and Protestant populations, distinguished sociological analysis from psychology or philosophy.[27] By carefully examining suicide statistics in different police districts, he attempted to demonstrate that Catholic communities have a lower suicide rate than Protestants, something he attributed to social (as opposed to individual or psychological) causes. He developed the notion of objective sui generis \"social facts\" to delineate a unique empirical object for the science of sociology to study.[25] Through such studies, he posited, sociology would be able to determine whether a given society is 'healthy' or 'pathological', and seek social reform to negate organic breakdown or \"social anomie\". Durkheim described sociology as the \"science of institutions, their genesis and their functioning\".[28]David Ashley and David M. Orenstein have alleged, in a consumer textbook published by Pearson Education, that accounts of Durkheim's positivism are possibly exaggerated and oversimplified; Comte was the only major sociological thinker to postulate that the social realm may be subject to scientific analysis in exactly the same way as natural science, whereas Durkheim saw a far greater need for a distinctly sociological scientific methodology. His lifework was fundamental in the establishment of practical social research as we know it today—techniques which continue beyond sociology and form the methodological basis of other social sciences, such as political science, as well of market research and other fields.[29]","title":"Positivism in the social sciences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography"},{"link_name":"objective truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"historical sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_source"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Munz1993-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flynn1997-31"},{"link_name":"Fustel de Coulanges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fustel_de_Coulanges"},{"link_name":"source criticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_criticism"},{"link_name":"bias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Munz1993-30"},{"link_name":"Leopold von Ranke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke"},{"link_name":"Georg Iggers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Iggers"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Ernst Kantorowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Kantorowicz"},{"link_name":"Weimar Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"Romantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"Blue Flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Flower"},{"link_name":"Raymond Aron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Aron"},{"link_name":"Michel Foucault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Foucault"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flynn1997-31"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"R. G. Collingwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._G._Collingwood"},{"link_name":"inferred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inference"},{"link_name":"confirmed by repetition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproducibility"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Historicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historism"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"ethology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethology"},{"link_name":"subject matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory"},{"link_name":"method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodology"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wallace2008p14-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wallace2008p28-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wallace2008p28-38"}],"sub_title":"Historical positivism","text":"In historiography, historical or documentary positivism is the belief that historians should pursue the objective truth of the past by allowing historical sources to \"speak for themselves\", without additional interpretation.[30][31] In the words of the French historian Fustel de Coulanges, as a positivist, \"It is not I who am speaking, but history itself\". The heavy emphasis placed by historical positivists on documentary sources led to the development of methods of source criticism, which seek to expunge bias and uncover original sources in their pristine state.[30]The origin of the historical positivist school is particularly associated with the 19th-century German historian Leopold von Ranke, who argued that the historian should seek to describe historical truth \"wie es eigentlich gewesen ist\" (\"as it actually was\")—though subsequent historians of the concept, such as Georg Iggers, have argued that its development owed more to Ranke's followers than Ranke himself.[32]Historical positivism was critiqued in the 20th century by historians and philosophers of history from various schools of thought, including Ernst Kantorowicz in Weimar Germany—who argued that \"positivism ... faces the danger of becoming Romantic when it maintains that it is possible to find the Blue Flower of truth without preconceptions\"—and Raymond Aron and Michel Foucault in postwar France, who both posited that interpretations are always ultimately multiple and there is no final objective truth to recover.[33][31][34] In his posthumously published 1946 The Idea of History, the English historian R. G. Collingwood criticized historical positivism for conflating scientific facts with historical facts, which are always inferred and cannot be confirmed by repetition, and argued that its focus on the \"collection of facts\" had given historians \"unprecedented mastery over small-scale problems\", but \"unprecedented weakness in dealing with large-scale problems\".[35]Historicist arguments against positivist approaches in historiography include that history differs from sciences like physics and ethology in subject matter and method;[36][37][38] that much of what history studies is nonquantifiable, and therefore to quantify is to lose in precision; and that experimental methods and mathematical models do not generally apply to history, so that it is not possible to formulate general (quasi-absolute) laws in history.[38]","title":"Positivism in the social sciences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"operationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operationalism"},{"link_name":"The Logic of Modern Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Logic_of_Modern_Physics"},{"link_name":"operational definition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_definition"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Koch1992p275-39"},{"link_name":"economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boland2012-40"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Hayek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek"},{"link_name":"jurisprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudence"},{"link_name":"legal positivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_positivism"},{"link_name":"natural law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_law"}],"sub_title":"Other subfields","text":"In psychology the positivist movement was influential in the development of operationalism. The 1927 philosophy of science book The Logic of Modern Physics in particular, which was originally intended for physicists, coined the term operational definition, which went on to dominate psychological method for the whole century.[39]In economics, practicing researchers tend to emulate the methodological assumptions of classical positivism, but only in a de facto fashion: the majority of economists do not explicitly concern themselves with matters of epistemology.[40] Economic thinker Friedrich Hayek (see \"Law, Legislation and Liberty\") rejected positivism in the social sciences as hopelessly limited in comparison to evolved and divided knowledge. For example, much (positivist) legislation falls short in contrast to pre-literate or incompletely defined common or evolved law.In jurisprudence, \"legal positivism\" essentially refers to the rejection of natural law; thus its common meaning with philosophical positivism is somewhat attenuated and in recent generations generally emphasizes the authority of human political structures as opposed to a \"scientific\" view of law.","title":"Positivism in the social sciences"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schlick_sitting.jpg"},{"link_name":"Moritz Schlick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz_Schlick"},{"link_name":"Vienna Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Circle"},{"link_name":"Logical positivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_positivism"},{"link_name":"empiricism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricism"},{"link_name":"rationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism"},{"link_name":"Café Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Central"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Hans Hahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Hahn_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"Moritz Schlick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz_Schlick"},{"link_name":"Vienna Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Circle"},{"link_name":"Hans Reichenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Reichenbach"},{"link_name":"Berlin Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Circle_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"Otto Neurath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Neurath"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Carnap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap"},{"link_name":"metaphysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics"},{"link_name":"ontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology"},{"link_name":"synthetic a priori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_a_priori"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Wittgenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bunge1996-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"text":"Moritz Schlick, the founding father of logical positivism and the Vienna CircleLogical positivism (later and more accurately called logical empiricism) is a school of philosophy that combines empiricism, the idea that observational evidence is indispensable for knowledge of the world, with a version of rationalism, the idea that our knowledge includes a component that is not derived from observation.Logical positivism grew from the discussions of a group called the \"First Vienna Circle\", which gathered at the Café Central before World War I. After the war Hans Hahn, a member of that early group, helped bring Moritz Schlick to Vienna. Schlick's Vienna Circle, along with Hans Reichenbach's Berlin Circle, propagated the new doctrines more widely in the 1920s and early 1930s.It was Otto Neurath's advocacy that made the movement self-conscious and more widely known. A 1929 pamphlet written by Neurath, Hahn, and Rudolf Carnap summarized the doctrines of the Vienna Circle at that time. These included the opposition to all metaphysics, especially ontology and synthetic a priori propositions; the rejection of metaphysics not as wrong but as meaningless (i.e., not empirically verifiable); a criterion of meaning based on Ludwig Wittgenstein's early work (which he himself later set out to refute); the idea that all knowledge should be codifiable in a single standard language of science; and above all the project of \"rational reconstruction,\" in which ordinary-language concepts were gradually to be replaced by more precise equivalents in that standard language. However, the project is widely considered to have failed.[41][42]After moving to the United States, Carnap proposed a replacement for the earlier doctrines in his Logical Syntax of Language. This change of direction, and the somewhat differing beliefs of Reichenbach and others, led to a consensus that the English name for the shared doctrinal platform, in its American exile from the late 1930s, should be \"logical empiricism.\"[citation needed] While the logical positivist movement is now considered dead, it has continued to influence philosophical development.[43]","title":"Logical positivism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reductionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductionism"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bullock-44"},{"link_name":"G. B. Vico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._B._Vico"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wallace2008p14-37"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MoreraEsteve1990p13-46"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Dilthey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wallace2008p27-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wallace2008p27-9"},{"link_name":"knowledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wallace2008p27-9"},{"link_name":"historism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historism"},{"link_name":"Leopold von Ranke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wallace2008p27-9"},{"link_name":"Positivism dispute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivism_dispute"},{"link_name":"Public sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sociology"},{"link_name":"Michael Burawoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Burawoy"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"Historically, positivism has been criticized for its reductionism, i.e., for contending that all \"processes are reducible to physiological, physical or chemical events,\" \"social processes are reducible to relationships between and actions of individuals,\" and that \"biological organisms are reducible to physical systems.\"[44]The consideration that laws in physics may not be absolute but relative, and, if so, this might be even more true of social sciences, was stated, in different terms, by G. B. Vico in 1725.[37][45] Vico, in contrast to the positivist movement, asserted the superiority of the science of the human mind (the humanities, in other words), on the grounds that natural sciences tell us nothing about the inward aspects of things.[46]Wilhelm Dilthey fought strenuously against the assumption that only explanations derived from science are valid.[9] He reprised Vico's argument that scientific explanations do not reach the inner nature of phenomena[9] and it is humanistic knowledge that gives us insight into thoughts, feelings and desires.[9] Dilthey was in part influenced by the historism of Leopold von Ranke (1795–1886).[9]The contestation over positivism is reflected both in older debates (see the Positivism dispute) and current ones over the proper role of science in the public sphere. Public sociology—especially as described by Michael Burawoy—argues that sociologists should use empirical evidence to display the problems of society so they might be changed.[47]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"norms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(sociology)"},{"link_name":"values","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_(personal_and_cultural)"},{"link_name":"symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols"},{"link_name":"subjective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"Max Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber"},{"link_name":"ideal types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_type"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Classical_Statements5-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Classical_Statements6-49"},{"link_name":"social action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_action"},{"link_name":"verstehen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verstehen"},{"link_name":"Georg Simmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Simmel"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Tönnies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies"},{"link_name":"George Herbert Mead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead"},{"link_name":"Charles Cooley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cooley"},{"link_name":"neo-Kantian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Kantian"},{"link_name":"hermeneutics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeneutics"},{"link_name":"phenomenology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)"}],"sub_title":"Antipositivism","text":"At the turn of the 20th century, the first wave of German sociologists formally introduced methodological antipositivism, proposing that research should concentrate on human cultural norms, values, symbols, and social processes viewed from a subjective perspective. Max Weber, one such thinker, argued that while sociology may be loosely described as a 'science' because it is able to identify causal relationships (especially among ideal types), sociologists should seek relationships that are not as \"ahistorical, invariant, or generalizable\" as those pursued by natural scientists.[48][49] Weber regarded sociology as the study of social action, using critical analysis and verstehen techniques. The sociologists Georg Simmel, Ferdinand Tönnies, George Herbert Mead, and Charles Cooley were also influential in the development of sociological antipositivism, whilst neo-Kantian philosophy, hermeneutics, and phenomenology facilitated the movement in general.","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Logic of Scientific Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Logic_of_Scientific_Discovery"},{"link_name":"Karl Popper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Popper"},{"link_name":"verificationism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verificationism"},{"link_name":"falsify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifiability"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kmiller_2007-50"},{"link_name":"Conjectures and Refutations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjectures_and_Refutations"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"W. V. O. Quine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine"},{"link_name":"Pierre Duhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Duhem"},{"link_name":"Duhem–Quine thesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duhem%E2%80%93Quine_thesis"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harding1976b-53"},{"link_name":"Thomas Kuhn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn"},{"link_name":"The Structure of Scientific Revolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Structure_of_Scientific_Revolutions"},{"link_name":"worldviews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldview"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kmiller_2007-50"},{"link_name":"critical rationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_rationalism"},{"link_name":"postpositivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpositivism"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bergman2016-55"},{"link_name":"scientific method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method"},{"link_name":"objective truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective_truth"},{"link_name":"social science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_science"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soc_rsch_Trochim-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robson2002-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robson2002-57"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kmiller_2007-50"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TaylorLindlof2011-58"},{"link_name":"quantitative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_research"},{"link_name":"quantitative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_research"},{"link_name":"qualitative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_research"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TaylorLindlof2011-58"},{"link_name":"positivism dispute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivism_dispute"},{"link_name":"Werturteilsstreit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werturteilsstreit"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"sub_title":"Critical rationalism and postpositivism","text":"In the mid-twentieth century, several important philosophers and philosophers of science began to critique the foundations of logical positivism. In his 1934 work The Logic of Scientific Discovery, Karl Popper argued against verificationism. A statement such as \"all swans are white\" cannot actually be empirically verified, because it is impossible to know empirically whether all swans have been observed. Instead, Popper argued that at best an observation can falsify a statement (for example, observing a black swan would prove that not all swans are white).[50] Popper also held that scientific theories talk about how the world really is (not about phenomena or observations experienced by scientists), and critiqued the Vienna Circle in his Conjectures and Refutations.[51][52] W. V. O. Quine and Pierre Duhem went even further. The Duhem–Quine thesis states that it is impossible to experimentally test a scientific hypothesis in isolation, because an empirical test of the hypothesis requires one or more background assumptions (also called auxiliary assumptions or auxiliary hypotheses); thus, unambiguous scientific falsifications are also impossible.[53] Thomas Kuhn, in his 1962 book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, put forward his theory of paradigm shifts. He argued that it is not simply individual theories but whole worldviews that must occasionally shift in response to evidence.[54][50]Together, these ideas led to the development of critical rationalism and postpositivism.[55] Postpositivism is not a rejection of the scientific method, but rather a reformation of positivism to meet these critiques. It reintroduces the basic assumptions of positivism: the possibility and desirability of objective truth, and the use of experimental methodology. Postpositivism of this type is described in social science guides to research methods.[56] Postpositivists argue that theories, hypotheses, background knowledge and values of the researcher can influence what is observed.[57] Postpositivists pursue objectivity by recognizing the possible effects of biases.[57][50][58] While positivists emphasize quantitative methods, postpositivists consider both quantitative and qualitative methods to be valid approaches.[58]In the early 1960s, the positivism dispute arose between the critical theorists (see below) and the critical rationalists over the correct solution to the value judgment dispute (Werturteilsstreit). While both sides accepted that sociology cannot avoid a value judgement that inevitably influences subsequent conclusions, the critical theorists accused the critical rationalists of being positivists; specifically, of asserting that empirical questions can be severed from their metaphysical heritage and refusing to ask questions that cannot be answered with scientific methods. This contributed to what Karl Popper termed the \"Popper Legend\", a misconception among critics and admirers of Popper that he was, or identified himself as, a positivist.[59]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karl Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx"},{"link_name":"historical materialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_materialism"},{"link_name":"critical theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_theory"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Jürgen Habermas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas"},{"link_name":"instrumental rationality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_rationality"},{"link_name":"\"rationalisation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalisation_(sociology)"},{"link_name":"scientism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientism"},{"link_name":"ideology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideology"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"technocrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocracy"},{"link_name":"social progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_progress"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"critical realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_realism_(philosophy_of_the_social_sciences)"},{"link_name":"postmodern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernism"},{"link_name":"Max Horkheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Horkheimer"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fagan-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fagan-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fagan-64"},{"link_name":"reifying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reification_(fallacy)"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fagan-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fagan-64"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fagan-64"},{"link_name":"postpositivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpositivism"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tittle-65"}],"sub_title":"Critical theory","text":"Although Karl Marx's theory of historical materialism drew upon positivism, the Marxist tradition would also go on to influence the development of antipositivist critical theory.[60] Critical theorist Jürgen Habermas critiqued pure instrumental rationality (in its relation to the cultural \"rationalisation\" of the modern West) as a form of scientism, or science \"as ideology\".[61] He argued that positivism may be espoused by \"technocrats\" who believe in the inevitability of social progress through science and technology.[62][63] New movements, such as critical realism, have emerged in order to reconcile postpositivist aims with various so-called 'postmodern' perspectives on the social acquisition of knowledge.Max Horkheimer criticized the classic formulation of positivism on two grounds. First, he claimed that it falsely represented human social action.[64] The first criticism argued that positivism systematically failed to appreciate the extent to which the so-called social facts it yielded did not exist 'out there', in the objective world, but were themselves a product of socially and historically mediated human consciousness.[64] Positivism ignored the role of the 'observer' in the constitution of social reality and thereby failed to consider the historical and social conditions affecting the representation of social ideas.[64] Positivism falsely represented the object of study by reifying social reality as existing objectively and independently of the labour that actually produced those conditions.[64] Secondly, he argued, representation of social reality produced by positivism was inherently and artificially conservative, helping to support the status quo, rather than challenging it.[64] This character may also explain the popularity of positivism in certain political circles. Horkheimer argued, in contrast, that critical theory possessed a reflexive element lacking in the positivistic traditional theory.[64]Some scholars today hold the beliefs critiqued in Horkheimer's work, but since the time of his writing critiques of positivism, especially from philosophy of science, have led to the development of postpositivism. This philosophy greatly relaxes the epistemological commitments of logical positivism and no longer claims a separation between the knower and the known. Rather than dismissing the scientific project outright, postpositivists seek to transform and amend it, though the exact extent of their affinity for science varies vastly. For example, some postpositivists accept the critique that observation is always value-laden, but argue that the best values to adopt for sociological observation are those of science: skepticism, rigor, and modesty. Just as some critical theorists see their position as a moral commitment to egalitarian values, these postpositivists see their methods as driven by a moral commitment to these scientific values. Such scholars may see themselves as either positivists or antipositivists.[65]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Werner Heisenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg"},{"link_name":"quantum mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"David Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Harvey_(geographer)"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Portugali2012p51-67"},{"link_name":"sense experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_evidence"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Platonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonism"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"critical realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_realism_(philosophy_of_the_social_sciences)"},{"link_name":"Experientialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experientialism"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"sub_title":"Other criticisms","text":"During the later twentieth century, positivism began to fall out of favor with scientists as well. Later in his career, German theoretical physicist Werner Heisenberg, Nobel laureate for his pioneering work in quantum mechanics, distanced himself from positivism:The positivists have a simple solution: the world must be divided into that which we can say clearly and the rest, which we had better pass over in silence. But can any one conceive of a more pointless philosophy, seeing that what we can say clearly amounts to next to nothing? If we omitted all that is unclear we would probably be left with completely uninteresting and trivial tautologies.[66]In the early 1970s, urbanists of the quantitative school like David Harvey started to question the positivist approach itself, saying that the arsenal of scientific theories and methods developed so far in their camp were \"incapable of saying anything of depth and profundity\" on the real problems of contemporary cities.[67]According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, Positivism has also come under fire on religious and philosophical grounds, whose proponents state that truth begins in sense experience, but does not end there. Positivism fails to prove that there are not abstract ideas, laws, and principles, beyond particular observable facts and relationships and necessary principles, or that we cannot know them. Nor does it prove that material and corporeal things constitute the whole order of existing beings, and that our knowledge is limited to them. According to positivism, our abstract concepts or general ideas are mere collective representations of the experimental order—for example; the idea of \"man\" is a kind of blended image of all the men observed in our experience.[68] This runs contrary to a Platonic or Christian ideal, where an idea can be abstracted from any concrete determination, and may be applied identically to an indefinite number of objects of the same class [citation needed] From the idea's perspective, Platonism is more precise. Defining an idea as a sum of collective images is imprecise and more or less confused, and becomes more so as the collection represented increases. An idea defined explicitly always remains clear.Other new movements, such as critical realism, have emerged in opposition to positivism. Critical realism seeks to reconcile the overarching aims of social science with postmodern critiques. Experientialism, which arose with second generation cognitive science, asserts that knowledge begins and ends with experience itself.[69][70] In other words, it rejects the positivist assertion that a portion of human knowledge is a priori.","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hanson-71"},{"link_name":"postpositivists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpositivism"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bryman-72"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hanson-71"},{"link_name":"meta-theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-theory"},{"link_name":"scientism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientism"},{"link_name":"reliability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability_(statistics)"},{"link_name":"validity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity_(logic)"},{"link_name":"Strategic positivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_positivism"}],"text":"Echoes of the \"positivist\" and \"antipositivist\" debate persist today, though this conflict is hard to define. Authors writing in different epistemological perspectives do not phrase their disagreements in the same terms and rarely actually speak directly to each other.[71] To complicate the issues further, few practising scholars explicitly state their epistemological commitments, and their epistemological position thus has to be guessed from other sources such as choice of methodology or theory. However, no perfect correspondence between these categories exists, and many scholars critiqued as \"positivists\" are actually postpositivists.[72] One scholar has described this debate in terms of the social construction of the \"other\", with each side defining the other by what it is not rather than what it is, and then proceeding to attribute far greater homogeneity to their opponents than actually exists.[71] Thus, it is better to understand this not as a debate but as two different arguments: the \"antipositivist\" articulation of a social meta-theory which includes a philosophical critique of scientism, and \"positivist\" development of a scientific research methodology for sociology with accompanying critiques of the reliability and validity of work that they see as violating such standards. Strategic positivism aims to bridge these two arguments.","title":"Positivism today"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holmes-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brett-74"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holmes-73"},{"link_name":"observer bias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer_bias"},{"link_name":"replicability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replicability"},{"link_name":"reliability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability_(statistics)"},{"link_name":"validity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity_(logic)"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gartell-75"},{"link_name":"quantitative research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_research"},{"link_name":"Paul Lazarsfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Lazarsfeld"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wacquant-25"},{"link_name":"Robert K. Merton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_K._Merton"},{"link_name":"middle-range theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_range_theory_(sociology)"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boudon-76"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wacquant-25"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halfpenny-77"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wacquant-25"},{"link_name":"empiricism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricism"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wacquant-25"},{"link_name":"quantitative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_research"},{"link_name":"qualitative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_research"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holmes-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brett-74"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gm-78"},{"link_name":"need quotation to verify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gm-78"},{"link_name":"need quotation to verify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"}],"sub_title":"Social sciences","text":"While most social scientists today are not explicit about their epistemological commitments, articles in top American sociology and political science journals generally follow a positivist logic of argument.[73][74] It can be thus argued that \"natural science and social science [research articles] can therefore be regarded with a good deal of confidence as members of the same genre\".[73]In contemporary social science, strong accounts of positivism have long since fallen out of favour. Practitioners of positivism today acknowledge in far greater detail observer bias and structural limitations. Modern positivists generally eschew metaphysical concerns in favour of methodological debates concerning clarity, replicability, reliability and validity.[75] This positivism is generally equated with \"quantitative research\" and thus carries no explicit theoretical or philosophical commitments. The institutionalization of this kind of sociology is often credited to Paul Lazarsfeld,[25] who pioneered large-scale survey studies and developed statistical techniques for analyzing them. This approach lends itself to what Robert K. Merton called middle-range theory: abstract statements that generalize from segregated hypotheses and empirical regularities rather than starting with an abstract idea of a social whole.[76]In the original Comtean usage, the term \"positivism\" roughly meant the use of scientific methods to uncover the laws according to which both physical and human events occur, while \"sociology\" was the overarching science that would synthesize all such knowledge for the betterment of society. \"Positivism is a way of understanding based on science\"; people don't rely on the faith in God but instead on the science behind humanity. \"Antipositivism\" formally dates back to the start of the twentieth century, and is based on the belief that natural and human sciences are ontologically and epistemologically distinct. Neither of these terms is used any longer in this sense.[25] There are no fewer than twelve distinct epistemologies that are referred to as positivism.[77] Many of these approaches do not self-identify as \"positivist\", some because they themselves arose in opposition to older forms of positivism, and some because the label has over time become a term of abuse[25] by being mistakenly linked with a theoretical empiricism. The extent of antipositivist criticism has also become broad, with many philosophies broadly rejecting the scientifically based social epistemology and other ones only seeking to amend it to reflect 20th century developments in the philosophy of science. However, positivism (understood as the use of scientific methods for studying society) remains the dominant approach to both the research and the theory construction in contemporary sociology, especially in the United States.[25]The majority of articles published in leading American sociology and political science journals today are positivist (at least to the extent of being quantitative rather than qualitative).[73][74] This popularity may be because research utilizing positivist quantitative methodologies holds a greater prestige[clarification needed] in the social sciences than qualitative work; quantitative work is easier to justify, as data can be manipulated to answer any question.[78][need quotation to verify] Such research is generally perceived as being more scientific and more trustworthy, and thus has a greater impact on policy and public opinion (though such judgments are frequently contested by scholars doing non-positivist work).[78][need quotation to verify]","title":"Positivism today"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Constructive empiricism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive_empiricism"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"axiomatization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiomatization"},{"link_name":"teleological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleology"},{"link_name":"transcultural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-cultural_diffusion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stephen_Hawking.StarChild.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stephen Hawking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking"},{"link_name":"Stephen Hawking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hawking"},{"link_name":"The Universe in a Nutshell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Universe_in_a_Nutshell"},{"link_name":"Karl Popper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Popper"}],"sub_title":"Natural sciences","text":"See also: Constructive empiricismThe key features of positivism as of the 1950s, as defined in the \"received view\",[79] are:A focus on science as a product, a linguistic or numerical set of statements;\nA concern with axiomatization, that is, with demonstrating the logical structure and coherence of these statements;\nAn insistence on at least some of these statements being testable; that is, amenable to being verified, confirmed, or shown to be false by the empirical observation of reality. Statements that would, by their nature, be regarded as untestable included the teleological; thus positivism rejects much of classical metaphysics.\nThe belief that science is markedly cumulative;\nThe belief that science is predominantly transcultural;\nThe belief that science rests on specific results that are dissociated from the personality and social position of the investigator;\nThe belief that science contains theories or research traditions that are largely commensurable;\nThe belief that science sometimes incorporates new ideas that are discontinuous from old ones;\nThe belief that science involves the idea of the unity of science, that there is, underlying the various scientific disciplines, basically one science about one real world.\nThe belief that science is nature and nature is science; and out of this duality, all theories and postulates are created, interpreted, evolve, and are applied.Stephen HawkingStephen Hawking was a recent high-profile advocate of positivism in the physical sciences. In The Universe in a Nutshell (p. 31) he wrote:Any sound scientific theory, whether of time or of any other concept, should in my opinion be based on the most workable philosophy of science: the positivist approach put forward by Karl Popper and others. According to this way of thinking, a scientific theory is a mathematical model that describes and codifies the observations we make. A good theory will describe a large range of phenomena on the basis of a few simple postulates and will make definite predictions that can be tested. ... If one takes the positivist position, as I do, one cannot say what time actually is. All one can do is describe what has been found to be a very good mathematical model for time and say what predictions it makes.","title":"Positivism today"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MacionisGerber7ed_1-0"},{"link_name":"Pearson Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_Canada"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Larrain1979p197_2-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cohen,_Manion_et_al._3-0"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/j.1467-8527.2007.00388_4.x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8527.2007.00388_4.x"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"143761151","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143761151"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Auguste 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John J. Macionis, Linda M. Gerber, Sociology, Seventh Canadian Edition, Pearson Canada\n\n^ Larrain, Jorge (1979). The Concept of Ideology. London: Hutchinson. p. 197. one of the features of positivism is precisely its postulate that scientific knowledge is the paradigm of valid knowledge, a postulate that indeed is never proved nor intended to be proved.\n\n^ Cohen, Louis; Maldonado, Antonio (2007). \"Research Methods In Education\". British Journal of Educational Studies. 55 (4): 9. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8527.2007.00388_4.x. S2CID 143761151..\n\n^ \"Auguste Comte\". Sociology Guide. Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 2 October 2008.\n\n^ Macionis, John J. (2012). Sociology 14th Edition. Boston: Pearson. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-205-11671-3.\n\n^ Le petit Robert s. v. 'positivisme'; OED s. v. positive\n\n^ Egan, Kieran (1997). The Educated Mind. University of Chicago Press. pp. 115–116. ISBN 978-0-226-19036-5. Positivism is marked by the final recognition that science provides the only valid form of knowledge and that facts are the only possible objects of knowledge; philosophy is thus recognized as essentially no different from science [...] Ethics, politics, social interactions, and all other forms of human life about which knowledge was possible would eventually be drawn into the orbit of science [...] The positivists' program for mapping the inexorable and immutable laws of matter and society seemed to allow no greater role for the contribution of poets than had Plato. [...] What Plato represented as the quarrel between philosophy and poetry is resuscitated in the \"two cultures\" quarrel of more recent times between the humanities and the sciences.\n\n^ Saunders, T. J. Introduction to Ion. London: Penguin Books, 1987, p. 46\n\n^ a b c d e Wallace and Gach (2008) p. 27 Archived 17 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Hobsbawm, Eric (1975). The Age of Capital: 1848–1875. New York City: Charles Scribner's Sons.\n\n^ a b Auguste Comte Archived 11 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy\n\n^ \"OpenStax\". openstax.org. Retrieved 9 April 2021.\n\n^ a b Durkheim, Emile. 1895. The Rules of the Sociological Method. Cited in Wacquant (1992).\n\n^ Giddens, Positivism and Sociology, 1\n\n^ Mill, Auguste Comte and Positivism 3\n\n^ Richard von Mises, Positivism: A Study In Human Understanding, 5 (Paperback, Dover Books, 1968 ISBN 0-486-21867-8)\n\n^ Mill, Auguste Comte and Positivism, 4\n\n^ a b Giddens, Positivism and Sociology, 9\n\n^ Mary Pickering, Auguste Comte: An Intellectual Biography, Volume I, 622\n\n^ Mary Pickering, Auguste Comte: An Intellectual Biography, Volume I, 566\n\n^ Pickering, Mary (1993) Auguste Comte: an intellectual biography Cambridge University Press, p. 192\n\n^ \"Comte's secular religion is no vague effusion of humanistic piety, but a complete system of belief and ritual, with liturgy and sacraments, priesthood and pontiff, all organized around the public veneration of Humanity, the Nouveau Grand-Être Suprême (New Supreme Great Being), later to be supplemented in a positivist trinity by the Grand Fétish (the Earth) and the Grand Milieu (Destiny)\" According to Davies (pp. 28–29), Comte's austere and \"slightly dispiriting\" philosophy of humanity viewed as alone in an indifferent universe (which can only be explained by \"positive\" science) and with nowhere to turn but to each other, was even more influential in Victorian England than the theories of Charles Darwin or Karl Marx.\n\n^ Pickering, Mary (2009). Auguste Comte: Volume 3: An Intellectual Biography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 561.\n\n^ Sémérie, Eugène. \"Founding of a Positivist Club\". Marxists Internet Archive. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2017.\n\n^ a b c d e f Wacquant, Loic. 1992. \"Positivism.\" In Bottomore, Tom and William Outhwaite, ed., The Blackwell Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Social Thought\n\n^ Gianfranco Poggi (2000). Durkheim. Oxford: Oxford University Press.\n\n^ Craig J. Calhoun (2002). Classical Sociological Theory. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-631-21348-2. Archived from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2015.\n\n^ Durkheim, Émile [1895] \"The Rules of Sociological Method\" 8th edition, trans. Sarah A. Solovay and John M. Mueller, ed. George E. G. Catlin (1938, 1964 edition), p. 45\n\n^ Ashley D, Orenstein DM (2005). Sociological theory: Classical statements (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education. pp. 94–98, 100–104.\n\n^ a b Munz, Peter (1993). Philosophical Darwinism: On the Origin of Knowledge by Means of Natural Selection. London: Routledge. p. 94. ISBN 9781134884841.\n\n^ a b Flynn, Thomas R. (1997). Sartre, Foucault, and Historical Reason. Vol. 1. Chicago: Chicago University Press. p. 4. ISBN 9780226254692.\n\n^ Martin, Luther H. (2014). Deep History, Secular Theory: Historical and Scientific Studies of Religion. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 343. ISBN 9781614515005.\n\n^ Lerner, Robert E. (2017). Ernst Kantorowicz: A Life. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 129. ISBN 9780691183022.\n\n^ Shank, J. B. (2008). The Newton Wars and the Beginning of the French Enlightenment. Chicago: Chicago University Press. p. 24. ISBN 9780226749471.\n\n^ Collingwood, R. G. (1946). The Idea of History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 131–33.\n\n^ Raymond Boudon and François Bourricaud, A Critical Dictionary of Sociology Archived 3 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Routledge, 1989: \"Historicism\", p. 198.\n\n^ a b Wallace, Edwin R. and Gach, John (2008) History of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology: With an Epilogue on Psychiatry and the Mind-Body Relation. p. 14 Archived 16 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ a b Wallace and Gach (2008) p. 28 Archived 8 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Koch, Sigmund (1992) Psychology's Bridgman vs. Bridgman's Bridgman: An Essay in Reconstruction., in Theory and Psychology vol. 2 no. 3 (1992) p. 275\n\n^ \"Lawrence A. Boland, Economic Positivism positivists.org 2012\". Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015.\n\n^ Bunge, M. A. (1996). Finding Philosophy in Social Science. Yale University Press. p. 317. ISBN 9780300066067. LCCN lc96004399. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2015. To conclude, logical positivism was progressive compared with the classical positivism of Ptolemy, Hume, d'Alembert, Comte, Mill, and Mach. It was even more so by comparison with its contemporary rivals—neo-Thomisism, neo-Kantianism, intuitionism, dialectical materialism, phenomenology, and existentialism. However, neo-positivism failed dismally to give a faithful account of science, whether natural or social. It failed because it remained anchored to sense-data and to a phenomenalist metaphysics, overrated the power of induction and underrated that of hypothesis, and denounced realism and materialism as metaphysical nonsense. Although it has never been practiced consistently in the advanced natural sciences and has been criticized by many philosophers, notably Popper (1959 [1935], 1963), logical positivism remains the tacit philosophy of many scientists. Regrettably, the anti-positivism fashionable in the metatheory of social science is often nothing but an excuse for sloppiness and wild speculation.\n\n^ \"Popper, Falsifiability, and the Failure of Positivism\". 7 August 2000. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2012. The upshot is that the positivists seem caught between insisting on the V.C. [Verifiability Criterion]—but for no defensible reason—or admitting that the V.C. requires a background language, etc., which opens the door to relativism, etc.\n\n^ Hanfling, Oswald (2003). \"Logical Positivism\". Routledge History of Philosophy. Vol. IX. Routledge. pp. 193–194.\n\n^ Alan Bullock and Stephen Trombley, [Eds] The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought, London: Harper-Collins, 1999, pp. 669–737\n\n^ Giambattista Vico, Principi di scienza nuova, Opere, ed. Fausto Nicolini (Milan: R. Ricciardi, 1953), pp. 365–905.\n\n^ Morera, Esteve (1990) p. 13 Gramsci's Historicism: A Realist Interpretation Archived 16 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Burawoy, Michael: \"For Public Sociology\" Archived 21 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine (American Sociological Review, February 2005\n\n^ Ashley D, Orenstein DM (2005). Sociological theory: Classical statements (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education. pp. 239–240.\n\n^ Ashley D, Orenstein DM (2005). Sociological theory: Classical statements (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education. p. 241.\n\n^ a b c Miller, Katherine (2007). Communication theories : perspectives, processes, and contexts (2nd ed.). Beijing: Peking University Press. pp. 35–45. ISBN 9787301124314.\n\n^ Karl Popper, Conjectures and Refutations, p. 256 Routledge, London, 1963\n\n^ Karl Popper, The Logic of Scientific Discovery, 1934, 1959 (1st English ed.)\n\n^ Harding 1976, p. X harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHarding1976 (help): \"The physicist can never subject an isolated hypothesis to experimental test, but only a whole group of hypotheses\" (Duhem)... \"Duhem denies that unambiguous falsification procedures do exist in science.\"\n\n^ Thomas, David 1979 Naturalism and social sciences, ch. Paradigms and social science, p.161\n\n^ Bergman, Mats (2016). \"Positivism\". The International Encyclopedia of Communication Theory and Philosophy. p. 1–5. doi:10.1002/9781118766804.wbiect248. ISBN 9781118766804.\n\n^ Trochim, William. \"Social Research Methods Knowledge Base\". socialresearchmethods.net.\n\n^ a b Robson, Colin (2002). Real World Research. A Resource for Social Scientists and Practitioner-Researchers (Second ed.). Malden: Blackwell. p. 624. ISBN 978-0-631-21305-5.\n\n^ a b Taylor, Thomas R.; Lindlof, Bryan C. (2011). Qualitative communication research methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE. p. 5–13. ISBN 978-1412974738.\n\n^ Friedrich Stadler, The Vienna Circle: Studies in the Origins, Development, and Influence of Logical Empiricism, Springer, 2015, p. 250.\n\n^ \"Main Currents of Marxism\" by Leszek Kolakowski pp. 327, 331\n\n^ Jürgen Habermas, Technik und Wissenschaft als Ideologie, Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1968, chap. 1.\n\n^ Schunk, Learning Theories: An Educational Perspective, 5th, 315\n\n^ Outhwaite, William, 1988 Habermas: Key Contemporary Thinkers, Polity Press (Second Edition 2009), ISBN 978-0-7456-4328-1 p. 68\n\n^ a b c d e f Fagan, Andrew. \"Theodor Adorno (1903–1969)\". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2012.\n\n^ Tittle, Charles. 2004. \"The Arrogance of Public Sociology\". Social Forces, June 2004, 82(4)\n\n^ Heisenberg, Werner (1971). \"Positivism, Metaphysics and Religion\". Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations. World Perspectives vol. 42. Translated by Pomerans, Arnold J. New York: Harper & Row. p. 213. ISBN 9780049250086. LCCN 78095963. OCLC 15379872.\n\n^ Portugali, Juval and Han Meyer, Egbert Stolk (2012) Complexity Theories of Cities Have Come of Age p. 51 Archived 10 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ \"Positivism\".\n\n^ Varela, F. J., Thompson, E. T., & Rosch, E. (1991). The Embodied Mind: Cognitive Science and Human Experience. The MIT Press.\n\n^ Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1999). Philosophy in the Flesh: The Embodied Mind and Its Challenge to Western Thought. Basic books.\n\n^ a b Hanson, Barbara. 2008. \"Wither Qualitative/Quantitative?: Grounds for Methodological Convergence.\" Quality and Quantity 42:97–111.\n\n^ Bryman, Alan. 1984. \"The Debate about Quantitative and Qualitative Research: A Question of Method or Epistemology?.\" The British Journal of Sociology 35:75–92.\n\n^ a b c Holmes, Richard. 1997. \"Genre analysis, and the social sciences: An investigation of the structure of research article discussion sections in three disciplines\". English For Specific Purposes, vol. 16, num. 4:321–337.\n\n^ a b Brett, Paul. 1994. \"A genre analysis of the results section of sociology articles\". English For Specific Purposes. Vol 13, Num 1:47–59.\n\n^ Gartell, David, and Gartell, John. 1996. \"Positivism in sociological practice: 1967–1990\". Canadian Review of Sociology, Vol. 33 No. 2.\n\n^ Boudon, Raymond. 1991. \"Review: What Middle-Range Theories are\". Contemporary Sociology, Vol. 20 Num. 4 pp. 519–522.\n\n^ Halfpenny, Peter. Positivism and Sociology: Explaining Social Life. London:Allen and Unwin, 1982.\n\n^ a b Grant, Linda; Ward, Kathryn B.; Xue Lan Rong (1987). \"Is There An Association between Gender and Methods in Sociological Research?\". American Sociological Review. 52 (6): 856–862. doi:10.2307/2095839. JSTOR 2095839.\n\n^ Hacking, I. (ed.) 1981. Scientific revolutions. Oxford Univ. Press, New York.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"A portrait of Auguste Comte, the founder of modern positivism","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Auguste_Comte.jpg/240px-Auguste_Comte.jpg"},{"image_text":"Comte first laid out his theory of positivism in The Course in Positive Philosophy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Comte%2C_%27Cours_de_philosophie_positive%27_Wellcome_L0016061.jpg/220px-Comte%2C_%27Cours_de_philosophie_positive%27_Wellcome_L0016061.jpg"},{"image_text":"Positivist temple in Porto Alegre, Brazil","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Templo_Positivista_em_Porto_Alegre.JPG/220px-Templo_Positivista_em_Porto_Alegre.JPG"},{"image_text":"Émile Durkheim","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Emile_Durkheim.jpg/150px-Emile_Durkheim.jpg"},{"image_text":"Moritz Schlick, the founding father of logical positivism and the Vienna Circle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Schlick_sitting.jpg/150px-Schlick_sitting.jpg"},{"image_text":"Stephen Hawking","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Stephen_Hawking.StarChild.jpg/150px-Stephen_Hawking.StarChild.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Cliodynamics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliodynamics"},{"title":"Científico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cient%C3%ADfico"},{"title":"Charvaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charvaka"},{"title":"Determinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinism"},{"title":"Gödel's incompleteness theorems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6del%27s_incompleteness_theorems"},{"title":"London Positivist Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Positivist_Society"},{"title":"Nature versus nurture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture"},{"title":"Physics envy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_envy"},{"title":"Scientific politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_politics"},{"title":"Sociological naturalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociological_naturalism"},{"title":"The New Paul and Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Paul_and_Virginia"},{"title":"Vladimir Solovyov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)"}]
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[{"reference":"Larrain, Jorge (1979). The Concept of Ideology. London: Hutchinson. p. 197. one of the features of positivism is precisely its postulate that scientific knowledge is the paradigm of valid knowledge, a postulate that indeed is never proved nor intended to be proved.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cohen, Louis; Maldonado, Antonio (2007). \"Research Methods In Education\". British Journal of Educational Studies. 55 (4): 9. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8527.2007.00388_4.x. S2CID 143761151.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8527.2007.00388_4.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1467-8527.2007.00388_4.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143761151","url_text":"143761151"}]},{"reference":"\"Auguste Comte\". Sociology Guide. Archived from the original on 7 September 2008. Retrieved 2 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sociologyguide.com/thinkers/Auguste-Comte.php","url_text":"\"Auguste Comte\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080907031259/http://www.sociologyguide.com/thinkers/Auguste-Comte.php","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Macionis, John J. (2012). Sociology 14th Edition. Boston: Pearson. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-205-11671-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sociologythediti00maci","url_text":"Sociology 14th Edition"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sociologythediti00maci/page/n42","url_text":"11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-11671-3","url_text":"978-0-205-11671-3"}]},{"reference":"Egan, Kieran (1997). The Educated Mind. University of Chicago Press. pp. 115–116. ISBN 978-0-226-19036-5. Positivism is marked by the final recognition that science provides the only valid form of knowledge and that facts are the only possible objects of knowledge; philosophy is thus recognized as essentially no different from science [...] Ethics, politics, social interactions, and all other forms of human life about which knowledge was possible would eventually be drawn into the orbit of science [...] The positivists' program for mapping the inexorable and immutable laws of matter and society seemed to allow no greater role for the contribution of poets than had Plato. [...] What Plato represented as the quarrel between philosophy and poetry is resuscitated in the \"two cultures\" quarrel of more recent times between the humanities and the sciences.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieran_Egan_(philosopher)","url_text":"Egan, Kieran"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Educated_Mind","url_text":"The Educated Mind"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-19036-5","url_text":"978-0-226-19036-5"}]},{"reference":"Hobsbawm, Eric (1975). The Age of Capital: 1848–1875. New York City: Charles Scribner's Sons.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"OpenStax\". openstax.org. Retrieved 9 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://openstax.org/details/books/introduction-sociology/","url_text":"\"OpenStax\""}]},{"reference":"Pickering, Mary (2009). Auguste Comte: Volume 3: An Intellectual Biography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 561.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sémérie, Eugène. \"Founding of a Positivist Club\". Marxists Internet Archive. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/comte/1870/semerie.htm","url_text":"\"Founding of a Positivist Club\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180715083139/https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/comte/1870/semerie.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Craig J. Calhoun (2002). Classical Sociological Theory. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-631-21348-2. Archived from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6mq-H3EcUx8C&pg=PA103","url_text":"Classical Sociological Theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell","url_text":"Wiley-Blackwell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21348-2","url_text":"978-0-631-21348-2"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160623150748/https://books.google.com/books?id=6mq-H3EcUx8C&pg=PA103","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ashley D, Orenstein DM (2005). Sociological theory: Classical statements (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education. pp. 94–98, 100–104.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Munz, Peter (1993). Philosophical Darwinism: On the Origin of Knowledge by Means of Natural Selection. London: Routledge. p. 94. ISBN 9781134884841.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Munz","url_text":"Munz, Peter"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tMuIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA94","url_text":"Philosophical Darwinism: On the Origin of Knowledge by Means of Natural Selection"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134884841","url_text":"9781134884841"}]},{"reference":"Flynn, Thomas R. (1997). Sartre, Foucault, and Historical Reason. Vol. 1. Chicago: Chicago University Press. p. 4. ISBN 9780226254692.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_R._Flynn","url_text":"Flynn, Thomas R."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pHoeJfETI1UC&pg=PA4","url_text":"Sartre, Foucault, and Historical Reason"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226254692","url_text":"9780226254692"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Luther H. (2014). Deep History, Secular Theory: Historical and Scientific Studies of Religion. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 343. ISBN 9781614515005.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cfHnBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA343","url_text":"Deep History, Secular Theory: Historical and Scientific Studies of Religion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781614515005","url_text":"9781614515005"}]},{"reference":"Lerner, Robert E. (2017). Ernst Kantorowicz: A Life. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 129. ISBN 9780691183022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lerner","url_text":"Lerner, Robert E."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BXSYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA129","url_text":"Ernst Kantorowicz: A Life"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691183022","url_text":"9780691183022"}]},{"reference":"Shank, J. B. (2008). The Newton Wars and the Beginning of the French Enlightenment. Chicago: Chicago University Press. p. 24. ISBN 9780226749471.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BBusxgu8-AAC&pg=PA24","url_text":"The Newton Wars and the Beginning of the French Enlightenment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226749471","url_text":"9780226749471"}]},{"reference":"Collingwood, R. G. (1946). The Idea of History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 131–33.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._G._Collingwood","url_text":"Collingwood, R. G."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.168203/page/n163/mode/2up","url_text":"The Idea of History"}]},{"reference":"\"Lawrence A. Boland, Economic Positivism positivists.org 2012\". Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://positivists.org/blog/economic-positivism","url_text":"\"Lawrence A. Boland, Economic Positivism positivists.org 2012\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150217150452/http://positivists.org/blog/economic-positivism","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bunge, M. A. (1996). Finding Philosophy in Social Science. Yale University Press. p. 317. ISBN 9780300066067. LCCN lc96004399. Archived from the original on 4 June 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2015. To conclude, logical positivism was progressive compared with the classical positivism of Ptolemy, Hume, d'Alembert, Comte, Mill, and Mach. It was even more so by comparison with its contemporary rivals—neo-Thomisism, neo-Kantianism, intuitionism, dialectical materialism, phenomenology, and existentialism. However, neo-positivism failed dismally to give a faithful account of science, whether natural or social. It failed because it remained anchored to sense-data and to a phenomenalist metaphysics, overrated the power of induction and underrated that of hypothesis, and denounced realism and materialism as metaphysical nonsense. Although it has never been practiced consistently in the advanced natural sciences and has been criticized by many philosophers, notably Popper (1959 [1935], 1963), logical positivism remains the tacit philosophy of many scientists. Regrettably, the anti-positivism fashionable in the metatheory of social science is often nothing but an excuse for sloppiness and wild speculation.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8YAV43gVMsIC&pg=PA317","url_text":"Finding Philosophy in Social Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300066067","url_text":"9780300066067"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/lc96004399","url_text":"lc96004399"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160604053509/https://books.google.com/books?id=8YAV43gVMsIC&pg=PA317","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Popper, Falsifiability, and the Failure of Positivism\". 7 August 2000. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2012. The upshot is that the positivists seem caught between insisting on the V.C. [Verifiability Criterion]—but for no defensible reason—or admitting that the V.C. requires a background language, etc., which opens the door to relativism, etc.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140107230818/http://www.drury.edu/ess/philsci/popper.html","url_text":"\"Popper, Falsifiability, and the Failure of Positivism\""},{"url":"http://www.drury.edu/ess/philsci/popper.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hanfling, Oswald (2003). \"Logical Positivism\". Routledge History of Philosophy. Vol. IX. Routledge. pp. 193–194.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ashley D, Orenstein DM (2005). Sociological theory: Classical statements (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education. pp. 239–240.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ashley D, Orenstein DM (2005). Sociological theory: Classical statements (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education. p. 241.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Miller, Katherine (2007). Communication theories : perspectives, processes, and contexts (2nd ed.). Beijing: Peking University Press. pp. 35–45. ISBN 9787301124314.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787301124314","url_text":"9787301124314"}]},{"reference":"Bergman, Mats (2016). \"Positivism\". The International Encyclopedia of Communication Theory and Philosophy. p. 1–5. doi:10.1002/9781118766804.wbiect248. ISBN 9781118766804.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118766804.wbiect248","url_text":"10.1002/9781118766804.wbiect248"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118766804","url_text":"9781118766804"}]},{"reference":"Trochim, William. \"Social Research Methods Knowledge Base\". socialresearchmethods.net.","urls":[{"url":"https://socialresearchmethods.net/kb","url_text":"\"Social Research Methods Knowledge Base\""}]},{"reference":"Robson, Colin (2002). Real World Research. A Resource for Social Scientists and Practitioner-Researchers (Second ed.). Malden: Blackwell. p. 624. ISBN 978-0-631-21305-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21305-5","url_text":"978-0-631-21305-5"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Thomas R.; Lindlof, Bryan C. (2011). Qualitative communication research methods (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE. p. 5–13. ISBN 978-1412974738.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412974738","url_text":"978-1412974738"}]},{"reference":"Fagan, Andrew. \"Theodor Adorno (1903–1969)\". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iep.utm.edu/adorno/","url_text":"\"Theodor Adorno (1903–1969)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120224011752/http://www.iep.utm.edu/adorno/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Heisenberg, Werner (1971). \"Positivism, Metaphysics and Religion\". Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations. World Perspectives vol. 42. Translated by Pomerans, Arnold J. New York: Harper & Row. p. 213. ISBN 9780049250086. LCCN 78095963. OCLC 15379872.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg","url_text":"Heisenberg, Werner"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_and_Beyond","url_text":"Physics and Beyond"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Pomerans","url_text":"Pomerans, Arnold J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_(publisher)","url_text":"Harper & Row"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780049250086","url_text":"9780049250086"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/78095963","url_text":"78095963"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15379872","url_text":"15379872"}]},{"reference":"\"Positivism\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/positivism","url_text":"\"Positivism\""}]},{"reference":"Grant, Linda; Ward, Kathryn B.; Xue Lan Rong (1987). \"Is There An Association between Gender and Methods in Sociological Research?\". American Sociological Review. 52 (6): 856–862. doi:10.2307/2095839. JSTOR 2095839.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2095839","url_text":"10.2307/2095839"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2095839","url_text":"2095839"}]},{"reference":"Amory, Frederic. \"Euclides da Cunha and Brazilian Positivism\". Luso-Brazilian Review. 36 (1 (Summer 1999)): 87–94.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frederic_Amory&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Amory, Frederic"}]},{"reference":"Bevir, Mark (1993). \"Ernest Belfort Bax: Marxist, Idealist, Positivist\". Journal of the History of Ideas. 54 (1): 119–35. doi:10.2307/2709863. JSTOR 2709863.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Bevir","url_text":"Bevir, Mark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2709863","url_text":"10.2307/2709863"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2709863","url_text":"2709863"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obdoria
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Salekhard
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["1 History","2 Administrative and municipal status","3 Demographics","4 Economy","4.1 Transportation","5 Climate","6 Gallery","7 International relations","7.1 Twin Town & Sister City","8 Notable people","9 See also","10 References","10.1 Notes","10.2 Sources","11 External links"]
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Coordinates: 66°32′N 66°36′E / 66.533°N 66.600°E / 66.533; 66.600
Town in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, RussiaSalekhard
СалехардTownPolar circle monument in Salekhard
FlagCoat of armsLocation of Salekhard
SalekhardLocation of SalekhardShow map of RussiaSalekhardSalekhard (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug)Show map of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous OkrugCoordinates: 66°32′N 66°36′E / 66.533°N 66.600°E / 66.533; 66.600CountryRussiaFederal subjectYamalo-Nenets Autonomous OkrugFounded1595Town status since1938Government • MayorAlexey TitovskyArea • Total84.50 km2 (32.63 sq mi)Elevation15 m (49 ft)Population (2010 Census) • Total42,544 • Estimate (2018)49 214 • Density500/km2 (1,300/sq mi)Administrative status • Subordinated totown of okrug significance of Salekhard • Capital ofYamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, town of okrug significance of SalekhardMunicipal status • Urban okrugSalekhard Urban Okrug • Capital ofSalekhard Urban OkrugTime zoneUTC+5 (MSK+2 )Postal code(s)629000Dialing code(s)+7 34922OKTMO ID71951000001Websitewww.salekhard.org
Salekhard (Russian: Салеха́рд ; Khanty: Пуӆңават, Pułñawat; Nenets: Саляʼ харад, Saljaꜧ harad, formerly Obdorsk) is a town and the administrative centre of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia. The town lies on the Arctic Circle, with the town centre being about 1 kilometer (0.62 mi) south and suburbs stretching to the north of the circle. The population is 47,910 (2021 Census).
History
The settlement of Obdorsk (Обдорск) was founded in 1595, in the place of a Khanty settlement called Polnovat-Vozh (Полноват-вож), by Russian settlers after the conquest of Siberia. It was situated on the Ob River, and its name supposedly derives from that. The land around Obdorsk was referred to as Obdorsky krai, or Obdoriya.
The town was often used as a place of exile during the Tsarist and Soviet periods. Among notable people who spent time here were the Doukhobor spiritual leader Pyotr Verigin and Leon Trotsky. The town and nearby area contained three Soviet camps where approximately 6,500 prisoners were held, arrested for their belief in God. At the port of Salekhard, approximately 1,500 prisoners were used as slave labor, loading and unloading goods at the dock, or mining metal ore. About 5,000 prisoners in two camps near Salekhard were forced to polish diamonds mined from Mir mine.
The nearest railway station is at Labytnangi on the opposite side of the river Ob. From 1949 to 1953, the Salekhard-Igarka Railway project made an unsuccessful attempt to extend the line to Igarka, claiming the lives of thousands of Gulag prisoners. The section of railway from Salekhard to Nadym was completed and remained in use for some time in the Soviet era, although it was later abandoned. It is currently being rebuilt, along with a long-awaited bridge across the Ob between Labytnangi and Salekhard.
Salekhard was the host city for the 2006 Arctic Council Ministerial Meeting in October 2006.
In April 2014, Rostelecom, a Russian Internet service provider, completed the final stretch of the Nadym-Salekhard optical Internet line, which stretches for almost 3,500 kilometres (2,200 mi).
In the Summer of 2016, temperatures as high as 95 °F (35 °C) thawed anthrax-infected corpses that had been frozen since the soviet era near Salekhard, causing anthrax spores to infect reindeer herds and herders.
Administrative and municipal status
administrative unit of Salekhard
Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with one rural locality, incorporated as the town of okrug significance of Salekhard—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the town of okrug significance of Salekhard is incorporated as Salekhard Urban Okrug.
Demographics
As of 2021, the ethnic composition of Salekhard was:
Russians – 66.3%
Tatars – 7.1%
Khanty – 3.8%
Ukrainians – 3.7%
Nenets – 3.7%
Komi – 2.0%
Kyrgyz – 1.4%
Others – 12%Historical populationYearPop.±%18971,249— 19261,872+49.9%193912,764+581.8%195916,567+29.8%197021,929+32.4%197924,935+13.7%198932,334+29.7%200236,827+13.9%201042,544+15.5%202147,910+12.6%Source: Census data
Economy
Sterh Supermarket
Building of the representative office of Gazprom
Gifts of Yamal Supermarket
Headquarters of Yamalneftegaz
Sezam Shopping center
Yamal Airlines Headquarters
Oil depot
Sarmik Fishing and hunting shop
Yamal Airlines has its head office in Salekhard. Most of residents are employed in reindeer herding, fishing and the services sector.
By 2015, about 3 kilometres (1.9 miles) from the airport, near the Arctic circle, authorities plan to build a large polar resort "Center of the Arctic tourism".
Transportation
Salekhard is located in the Ob river valley and is an important river port of the Russian Far North. The unfinished Salekhard–Igarka Railway was set to provide a rail connection between the Ob river port of Salekhard and the Yenisei river port of Igarka. Currently, the nearest railway is at Labytnangi, 20 kilometres (12 mi) northwest on the opposite side of the river Ob. The project Northern Latitudinal Railway will provide Salekhard access to Russian railway and will further connect Salekhard to the Konosha–Vorkuta railway and other parts of European Russia. The Salekhard Bridge project, a combined railway-road bridge over Ob river, is the main component of Northern Latitudinal Railway that will connect Labytnangi and Salekhard is to be constructed with the cost of 60 billion rubles. Nadym–Salekhard road, a 344 km long road, was inaugurated in December 2020 to the 90th anniversary of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, it will facilate the construction of a railway between the two cities and connects the eastern and western parts of Yamal Okrug. For 9–10 months each year, the Ob river is frozen and cars and trucks can drive across the river ice. In the summer a ferry operates, however during the floating of ice, generally shortly before the start and shortly after the end of summer, Salekhard is effectively isolated from the outside world, regarding freight. During these periods, only helicopters are able to reach Salekhard in case of emergency. Native people, mainly the Nenets and Khanty people, always build up stocks of food at home, in the shops, and in the markets during this period, but they still suffer from seasonal inflation. The city is also served by the Salekhard Airport, which is 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) north of the main city.
Ferry across the Ob river
Salekhard Airport
Salekhard port on Ob river
Bus transport
Ferry service station
Fakel (Torch) Bridge over Poluy river
Climate
Salekhard has a subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dfc) with short, mild summers and severely cold winters. Precipitation is moderate, and is significantly greater in summer than in winter.
Climate data for Salekhard (1991–2020, extremes 1882–present)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
3.5(38.3)
3.3(37.9)
7.3(45.1)
15.5(59.9)
28.4(83.1)
31.6(88.9)
32.9(91.2)
30.4(86.7)
24.8(76.6)
18.2(64.8)
7.0(44.6)
4.1(39.4)
32.9(91.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
−18.8(−1.8)
−17.7(0.1)
−9.2(15.4)
−2.3(27.9)
4.7(40.5)
15.2(59.4)
20.0(68.0)
15.9(60.6)
9.3(48.7)
0.2(32.4)
−10.5(13.1)
−15.6(3.9)
−0.7(30.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)
−23.1(−9.6)
−22(−8)
−14.2(6.4)
−7.3(18.9)
0.4(32.7)
10.3(50.5)
15.0(59.0)
11.6(52.9)
5.7(42.3)
−2.7(27.1)
−14.5(5.9)
−19.9(−3.8)
−5.1(22.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
−27.7(−17.9)
−26.6(−15.9)
−19.3(−2.7)
−12.1(10.2)
−3.5(25.7)
5.8(42.4)
9.9(49.8)
7.3(45.1)
2.4(36.3)
−5.8(21.6)
−18.9(−2.0)
−24.3(−11.7)
−9.4(15.1)
Record low °C (°F)
−51.9(−61.4)
−53.7(−64.7)
−47.4(−53.3)
−38.7(−37.7)
−30.8(−23.4)
−11(12)
−1(30)
−5.5(22.1)
−10(14)
−35.7(−32.3)
−47.1(−52.8)
−51.5(−60.7)
−53.7(−64.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
24(0.9)
21(0.8)
23(0.9)
28(1.1)
44(1.7)
57(2.2)
61(2.4)
67(2.6)
46(1.8)
48(1.9)
31(1.2)
26(1.0)
476(18.7)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches)
36(14)
40(16)
45(18)
36(14)
17(6.7)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
0(0)
5(2.0)
20(7.9)
30(12)
45(18)
Average rainy days
0
0
1
3
10
17
18
20
20
9
1
0
99
Average snowy days
26
25
23
18
17
4
0.03
0.2
5
21
25
27
191
Average relative humidity (%)
83
82
81
78
77
70
72
79
82
86
85
83
80
Mean monthly sunshine hours
4
48
135
209
233
270
307
185
96
57
18
0
1,562
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net
Source 2: NOAA (sun only, 1961-1990)
Gallery
Mammoth monument in Salekhard
Mammoth monument
Reindeer monument in Salekhard
Mosque in Salekhard
Ice Palace of Salekhard
Polyaris Entertainment center
Wedding Palace
Northern outskirts of Salekhard
"Craftsmen Village"
Arctic Hotel
Students sports complex
International relations
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia
Twin Town & Sister City
Salekhard is twinned with:
Azov, Rostov Oblast, Russia
Notable people
Ion-Georgy Kostev (born 1990), professional ice hockey player
See also
Siberia portal
References
Notes
^ a b c d e f Law #42-ZAO
^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 . Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
^ a b c Law #26-ZAO
^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
^ Телефонные коды городов (in Russian). Retrieved 2010-09-24.
^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
^ Thomas, George. "Stalin's 'Railroad of Death' Witnesses Revival". CBN News. Retrieved May 27, 2013.
^ Gonzales, Daria (June 7, 2012). "A living city among dead roads". RBTH. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
^ "Arctic Council Salekhard Ministerial Declaration". October 2006.
^ "Rostelecom to expand network in Yamal". www.telecompaper.com. Retrieved February 23, 2018.
^ Alec Luhn (August 1, 2016). "Anthrax outbreak triggered by climate change kills boy in Arctic Circle Seventy-two nomadic herders, including 41 children, were hospitalised in far north Russia after the region began experiencing abnormally high temperatures". The Guardian. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
^ "Национальный состав населения в муниципальных образованиях". Rosstat. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
^ Yamal Airlines. Retrieved on February 27, 2012.
^ "What is life like in the world's only city built on the Arctic Circle?". February 2, 2021.
^ Ямальская дорога в зеркале мнений — Парламентская газета «Тюменские известия». old.t-i.ru.
^ "С крымского моста – на Ямал: строительство Северного широтного хода".
^ "Дорогу Надым – Салехард официально откроют 9 декабря". November 20, 2020.
^ "На Ямале открылся круглогодичный проезд по дороге Надым — Салехард". December 10, 2020.
^ "New Arctic Road Connects East & West Yamal in Asian Russia". December 18, 2020.
^ "Pogoda.ru.net - Climate Data for Salekhard" (in Russian). Retrieved November 8, 2021.
^ "Salekhard Climate Normals 1961-1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
Sources
Государственная Дума Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа. Закон №42-ЗАО от 6 октября 2006 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа», в ред. Закона №123-ЗАО от 6 декабря 2012 г. «О внесении изменений в некоторые Законы Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа в части изменения вида населённого пункт Тазовский путём отнесения его к сельским пунктам и наделении муниципального образования посёлок Тазовский статусом сельского поселения». Вступил в силу по истечении десяти дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Красный Север", №119, 13 октября 2006 г. (State Duma of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Law #42-ZAO of October 6, 2006 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, as amended by the Law #123-ZAO of December 6, 2012 On Amending Various Laws of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug Due to Changing the Status of the Inhabited Locality of Tazovsky to a Rural Locality and on Granting the Municipal Formation of the Settlement of Tazovsky the Status of a Rural Settlement. Effective as of the day upon expiration of ten days from the official publication date.).
Государственная Дума Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа. Закон №26-ЗАО от 22 июня 2004 г. «О наделении статусом, определении административного центра и установлении границ муниципального образования город Салехард», в ред. Закона №100-ЗАО от 31 октября 2012 г. «О внесении изменения в Закон Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа "О наделении статусом, определении административного центра и установлении границ муниципального образования город Салехард"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Красный Север", №50, 23 июня 2004 г. (State Duma of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Law #26-ZAO of June 22, 2004 On Granting the Status, Determining the Administrative Center, and Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formation of the Town of Salkhard, as amended by the Law #100-ZAO of October 31, 2012 On Amending the Law of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug "On Granting the Status, Determining the Administrative Center, and Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formation of the Town of Salkhard". Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
External links
(in Russian) Official website of Salekhard
Official website of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Information about Salekhard
vteAdministrative divisions of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous OkrugAdministrative center: Salekhard • Rural localitiesDistricts
Krasnoselkupsky
Nadymsky
Priuralsky
Purovsky
Shuryshkarsky
Tazovsky
Yamalsky
Cities and towns
Gubkinsky
Labytnangi
Muravlenko
Nadym
Novy Urengoy
Noyabrsk
Salekhard
Tarko-Sale
Urban-type settlements
Kharp
Pangody
Urengoy
Zapolyarny
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[səlʲɪˈxart]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian"},{"link_name":"Khanty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanty_language"},{"link_name":"Nenets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenets_language"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"administrative centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_centre"},{"link_name":"Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamalo-Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Arctic Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Circle"},{"link_name":"2021 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Russian_census"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021Census-7"}],"text":"Town in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, RussiaSalekhard (Russian: Салеха́рд [səlʲɪˈxart]; Khanty: Пуӆңават, Pułñawat; Nenets: Саляʼ харад, Saljaꜧ harad, formerly Obdorsk) is a town and the administrative centre of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia. The town lies on the Arctic Circle, with the town centre being about 1 kilometer (0.62 mi) south and suburbs stretching to the north of the circle. The population is 47,910 (2021 Census)[7].","title":"Salekhard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khanty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanty_people"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ob River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob_River"},{"link_name":"krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krai"},{"link_name":"Doukhobor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doukhobor"},{"link_name":"Pyotr Verigin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Vasilevich_Verigin"},{"link_name":"Leon Trotsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Trotsky"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"slave labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_labor"},{"link_name":"Mir mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_mine"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Labytnangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labytnangi"},{"link_name":"Salekhard-Igarka Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salekhard-Igarka_Railway"},{"link_name":"Igarka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igarka"},{"link_name":"Gulag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Among_Dead_Roads-9"},{"link_name":"Nadym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadym"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Arctic Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Council"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Rostelecom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostelecom"},{"link_name":"Internet service provider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_service_provider"},{"link_name":"Nadym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadym"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"anthrax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian80116-12"}],"text":"The settlement of Obdorsk (Обдорск) was founded in 1595, in the place of a Khanty settlement called Polnovat-Vozh (Полноват-вож), by Russian settlers after the conquest of Siberia.[citation needed] It was situated on the Ob River, and its name supposedly derives from that. The land around Obdorsk was referred to as Obdorsky krai, or Obdoriya.The town was often used as a place of exile during the Tsarist and Soviet periods. Among notable people who spent time here were the Doukhobor spiritual leader Pyotr Verigin and Leon Trotsky. The town and nearby area contained three Soviet camps where approximately 6,500 prisoners were held, arrested for their belief in God.[8] At the port of Salekhard, approximately 1,500 prisoners were used as slave labor, loading and unloading goods at the dock, or mining metal ore. About 5,000 prisoners in two camps near Salekhard were forced to polish diamonds mined from Mir mine.[citation needed]The nearest railway station is at Labytnangi on the opposite side of the river Ob. From 1949 to 1953, the Salekhard-Igarka Railway project made an unsuccessful attempt to extend the line to Igarka, claiming the lives of thousands of Gulag prisoners.[9] The section of railway from Salekhard to Nadym was completed and remained in use for some time in the Soviet era, although it was later abandoned. It is currently[when?] being rebuilt, along with a long-awaited bridge across the Ob between Labytnangi and Salekhard.[citation needed]Salekhard was the host city for the 2006 Arctic Council Ministerial Meeting in October 2006.[10]In April 2014, Rostelecom, a Russian Internet service provider, completed the final stretch of the Nadym-Salekhard optical Internet line, which stretches for almost 3,500 kilometres (2,200 mi).[11]In the Summer of 2016, temperatures as high as 95 °F (35 °C) thawed anthrax-infected corpses that had been frozen since the soviet era near Salekhard, causing anthrax spores to infect reindeer herds and herders.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4)_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"framework of administrative divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Administrative_divisions"},{"link_name":"rural locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"town of okrug significance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_federal_subject_significance"},{"link_name":"districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Yamalo-Nenets_Autonomous_Okrug"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref928-1"},{"link_name":"municipal division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Municipal_divisions"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ref933-3"}],"text":"administrative unit of SalekhardWithin the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with one rural locality, incorporated as the town of okrug significance of Salekhard—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the town of okrug significance of Salekhard is incorporated as Salekhard Urban Okrug.[3]","title":"Administrative and municipal status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Russians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians"},{"link_name":"Tatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Tatars"},{"link_name":"Khanty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanty"},{"link_name":"Ukrainians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainians"},{"link_name":"Nenets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenet_people"},{"link_name":"Komi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi_peoples"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyz_people"}],"text":"As of 2021, the ethnic composition of Salekhard was:[13]Russians – 66.3%\nTatars – 7.1%\nKhanty – 3.8%\nUkrainians – 3.7%\nNenets – 3.7%\nKomi – 2.0%\nKyrgyz – 1.4%\nOthers – 12%Historical populationYearPop.±%18971,249— 19261,872+49.9%193912,764+581.8%195916,567+29.8%197021,929+32.4%197924,935+13.7%198932,334+29.7%200236,827+13.9%201042,544+15.5%202147,910+12.6%Source: Census data","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82_%C2%AB%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%C2%BB,_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Building_under_construction_of_the_representative_office_of_PAO_Gazprom_in_Salekhard_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Gazprom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazprom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%C2%AB%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%C2%BB,_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Headquarters_of_%22Yamalneftegaz%22.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shopping_center_%22Sezam%22_at_Yamalskaya_Street_(3).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yamal_Airlines_Headquarters.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yamal Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamal_Airlines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD_%C2%AB%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%C2%BB._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yamal Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamal_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Arctic circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_circle"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Sterh Supermarket\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBuilding of the representative office of Gazprom\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGifts of Yamal Supermarket\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHeadquarters of Yamalneftegaz\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSezam Shopping center\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tYamal Airlines Headquarters\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOil depot\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSarmik Fishing and hunting shopYamal Airlines has its head office in Salekhard.[14] Most of residents are employed in reindeer herding, fishing and the services sector.[15]By 2015, about 3 kilometres (1.9 miles) from the airport, near the Arctic circle, authorities plan to build a large polar resort \"Center of the Arctic tourism\".[citation needed]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian Far North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"Salekhard–Igarka Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salekhard%E2%80%93Igarka_Railway"},{"link_name":"Ob river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob_River"},{"link_name":"Yenisei river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yenisei_River"},{"link_name":"Igarka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igarka"},{"link_name":"Labytnangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labytnangi"},{"link_name":"Northern Latitudinal Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Latitudinal_Railway"},{"link_name":"Konosha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konosha"},{"link_name":"Vorkuta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorkuta"},{"link_name":"European Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Russia"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Salekhard Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82"},{"link_name":"Ob river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob_River"},{"link_name":"Northern Latitudinal Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Latitudinal_Railway"},{"link_name":"Labytnangi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labytnangi"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Nadym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadym"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Nenets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenets_people"},{"link_name":"Khanty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanty"},{"link_name":"Salekhard Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salekhard_Airport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4._%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8C_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ob river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob_river"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4,_%D0%B0%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Salekhard Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salekhard_Airport"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salehardobriver.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ob river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob_river"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brodneva_Street_(03).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%C2%AB%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%C2%BB,_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Poluy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poluy"}],"sub_title":"Transportation","text":"Salekhard is located in the Ob river valley and is an important river port of the Russian Far North. The unfinished Salekhard–Igarka Railway was set to provide a rail connection between the Ob river port of Salekhard and the Yenisei river port of Igarka. Currently, the nearest railway is at Labytnangi, 20 kilometres (12 mi) northwest on the opposite side of the river Ob. The project Northern Latitudinal Railway will provide Salekhard access to Russian railway and will further connect Salekhard to the Konosha–Vorkuta railway and other parts of European Russia.[16] The Salekhard Bridge project, a combined railway-road bridge over Ob river, is the main component of Northern Latitudinal Railway that will connect Labytnangi and Salekhard is to be constructed with the cost of 60 billion rubles.[17] Nadym–Salekhard road, a 344 km long road, was inaugurated in December 2020 to the 90th anniversary of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug,[18] it will facilate the construction of a railway between the two cities and connects the eastern and western parts of Yamal Okrug.[19][20] For 9–10 months each year, the Ob river is frozen and cars and trucks can drive across the river ice. In the summer a ferry operates, however during the floating of ice, generally shortly before the start and shortly after the end of summer, Salekhard is effectively isolated from the outside world, regarding freight. During these periods, only helicopters are able to reach Salekhard in case of emergency. Native people, mainly the Nenets and Khanty people, always build up stocks of food at home, in the shops, and in the markets during this period, but they still suffer from seasonal inflation. The city is also served by the Salekhard Airport, which is 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) north of the main city.Ferry across the Ob river\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSalekhard Airport\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSalekhard port on Ob river\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBus transport\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFerry service station\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFakel (Torch) Bridge over Poluy river","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subarctic climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarctic_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pogoda-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-22"}],"text":"Salekhard has a subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dfc) with short, mild summers and severely cold winters. Precipitation is moderate, and is significantly greater in summer than in winter.Climate data for Salekhard (1991–2020, extremes 1882–present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n3.5(38.3)\n\n3.3(37.9)\n\n7.3(45.1)\n\n15.5(59.9)\n\n28.4(83.1)\n\n31.6(88.9)\n\n32.9(91.2)\n\n30.4(86.7)\n\n24.8(76.6)\n\n18.2(64.8)\n\n7.0(44.6)\n\n4.1(39.4)\n\n32.9(91.2)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n−18.8(−1.8)\n\n−17.7(0.1)\n\n−9.2(15.4)\n\n−2.3(27.9)\n\n4.7(40.5)\n\n15.2(59.4)\n\n20.0(68.0)\n\n15.9(60.6)\n\n9.3(48.7)\n\n0.2(32.4)\n\n−10.5(13.1)\n\n−15.6(3.9)\n\n−0.7(30.7)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−23.1(−9.6)\n\n−22(−8)\n\n−14.2(6.4)\n\n−7.3(18.9)\n\n0.4(32.7)\n\n10.3(50.5)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n11.6(52.9)\n\n5.7(42.3)\n\n−2.7(27.1)\n\n−14.5(5.9)\n\n−19.9(−3.8)\n\n−5.1(22.8)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−27.7(−17.9)\n\n−26.6(−15.9)\n\n−19.3(−2.7)\n\n−12.1(10.2)\n\n−3.5(25.7)\n\n5.8(42.4)\n\n9.9(49.8)\n\n7.3(45.1)\n\n2.4(36.3)\n\n−5.8(21.6)\n\n−18.9(−2.0)\n\n−24.3(−11.7)\n\n−9.4(15.1)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−51.9(−61.4)\n\n−53.7(−64.7)\n\n−47.4(−53.3)\n\n−38.7(−37.7)\n\n−30.8(−23.4)\n\n−11(12)\n\n−1(30)\n\n−5.5(22.1)\n\n−10(14)\n\n−35.7(−32.3)\n\n−47.1(−52.8)\n\n−51.5(−60.7)\n\n−53.7(−64.7)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n24(0.9)\n\n21(0.8)\n\n23(0.9)\n\n28(1.1)\n\n44(1.7)\n\n57(2.2)\n\n61(2.4)\n\n67(2.6)\n\n46(1.8)\n\n48(1.9)\n\n31(1.2)\n\n26(1.0)\n\n476(18.7)\n\n\nAverage extreme snow depth cm (inches)\n\n36(14)\n\n40(16)\n\n45(18)\n\n36(14)\n\n17(6.7)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n0(0)\n\n5(2.0)\n\n20(7.9)\n\n30(12)\n\n45(18)\n\n\nAverage rainy days\n\n0\n\n0\n\n1\n\n3\n\n10\n\n17\n\n18\n\n20\n\n20\n\n9\n\n1\n\n0\n\n99\n\n\nAverage snowy days\n\n26\n\n25\n\n23\n\n18\n\n17\n\n4\n\n0.03\n\n0.2\n\n5\n\n21\n\n25\n\n27\n\n191\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n83\n\n82\n\n81\n\n78\n\n77\n\n70\n\n72\n\n79\n\n82\n\n86\n\n85\n\n83\n\n80\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n4\n\n48\n\n135\n\n209\n\n233\n\n270\n\n307\n\n185\n\n96\n\n57\n\n18\n\n0\n\n1,562\n\n\nSource 1: Pogoda.ru.net[21]\n\n\nSource 2: NOAA (sun only, 1961-1990)[22]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salekhard_-_Mammoth.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mammoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salekhard_-_Mammoth_2.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mammoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8E._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Reindeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reindeer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C,_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_.%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80_%C2%AB%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%C2%BB,_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F,_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4,_%D1%83%D0%BB._%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0,_4_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North_Outskirts_of_Salekhard_(02).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%C2%AB%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%C2%BB,%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4,_%D1%83%D0%BB._%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8,_38_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81_%C2%AB%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%C2%BB._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg"}],"text":"Mammoth monument in Salekhard\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMammoth monument\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tReindeer monument in Salekhard\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMosque in Salekhard\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIce Palace of Salekhard\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPolyaris Entertainment center\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWedding Palace\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNorthern outskirts of Salekhard\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\"Craftsmen Village\"\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArctic Hotel\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStudents sports complex","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Russia"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"},{"link_name":"Azov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azov"},{"link_name":"Rostov Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostov_Oblast"}],"sub_title":"Twin Town & Sister City","text":"Salekhard is twinned with:Azov, Rostov Oblast, Russia","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ion-Georgy Kostev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion-Georgy_Kostev"}],"text":"Ion-Georgy Kostev (born 1990), professional ice hockey player","title":"Notable people"}]
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[{"image_text":"administrative unit of Salekhard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%28%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%29_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%28%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%29_-_panoramio.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Siberia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Siberia"}]
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[{"reference":"Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm","url_text":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)","url_text":"Federal State Statistics Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Об исчислении времени\". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085","url_text":"\"Об исчислении времени\""}]},{"reference":"Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn/2020/Tom1_Chislennost_i_razmeshchenie_naseleniya","url_text":"Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)","url_text":"Federal State Statistics Service"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, George. \"Stalin's 'Railroad of Death' Witnesses Revival\". CBN News. Retrieved May 27, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/world/2011/March/Stalins-Railroad-of-Death-Witnesses-Revival/","url_text":"\"Stalin's 'Railroad of Death' Witnesses Revival\""}]},{"reference":"Gonzales, Daria (June 7, 2012). \"A living city among dead roads\". RBTH. Retrieved July 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://rbth.com/articles/2012/06/07/a_living_city_among_dead_roads_15830.html","url_text":"\"A living city among dead roads\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBTH","url_text":"RBTH"}]},{"reference":"\"Arctic Council Salekhard Ministerial Declaration\". October 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://library.arcticportal.org/290/","url_text":"\"Arctic Council Salekhard Ministerial Declaration\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rostelecom to expand network in Yamal\". www.telecompaper.com. Retrieved February 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telecompaper.com/news/rostelecom-to-expand-network-in-yamal--1132810","url_text":"\"Rostelecom to expand network in Yamal\""}]},{"reference":"Alec Luhn (August 1, 2016). \"Anthrax outbreak triggered by climate change kills boy in Arctic Circle Seventy-two nomadic herders, including 41 children, were hospitalised in far north Russia after the region began experiencing abnormally high temperatures\". The Guardian. Retrieved August 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/01/anthrax-outbreak-climate-change-arctic-circle-russia","url_text":"\"Anthrax outbreak triggered by climate change kills boy in Arctic Circle Seventy-two nomadic herders, including 41 children, were hospitalised in far north Russia after the region began experiencing abnormally high temperatures\""}]},{"reference":"\"Национальный состав населения в муниципальных образованиях\". Rosstat. Retrieved July 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://72.rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/2.%20%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%20%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%D0%B2%20%D0%9C%D0%9E%20%D0%AF%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9E.xlsx","url_text":"\"Национальный состав населения в муниципальных образованиях\""}]},{"reference":"\"What is life like in the world's only city built on the Arctic Circle?\". February 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rbth.com/travel/333348-salekhard-city-arctic-circle","url_text":"\"What is life like in the world's only city built on the Arctic Circle?\""}]},{"reference":"\"С крымского моста – на Ямал: строительство Северного широтного хода\".","urls":[{"url":"https://regnum.ru/news/economy/2374330.html","url_text":"\"С крымского моста – на Ямал: строительство Северного широтного хода\""}]},{"reference":"\"Дорогу Надым – Салехард официально откроют 9 декабря\". November 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ks-yanao.ru/novosti/dorogu-salekhard-nadym-ofitsialno-otkroyut-9-dekabrya.html","url_text":"\"Дорогу Надым – Салехард официально откроют 9 декабря\""}]},{"reference":"\"На Ямале открылся круглогодичный проезд по дороге Надым — Салехард\". December 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gazeta.ru/auto/2020/12/10_a_13394197.shtml","url_text":"\"На Ямале открылся круглогодичный проезд по дороге Надым — Салехард\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Arctic Road Connects East & West Yamal in Asian Russia\". December 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.russia-briefing.com/news/new-arctic-road-connects-east-west-yamal-in-asian-russia.html/","url_text":"\"New Arctic Road Connects East & West Yamal in Asian Russia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pogoda.ru.net - Climate Data for Salekhard\" (in Russian). Retrieved November 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/23330.htm","url_text":"\"Pogoda.ru.net - Climate Data for Salekhard\""}]},{"reference":"\"Salekhard Climate Normals 1961-1990\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 7, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TABLES/REG_II/RA/23330.TXT","url_text":"\"Salekhard Climate Normals 1961-1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration","url_text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Henry
|
Omar Henry
|
["1 Biography","2 Playing career","2.1 Scotland","2.2 South Africa","3 Later career","4 Controversy","5 References","6 External links"]
|
South African cricketer
Omar HenryCricket informationBattingLeft-handedBowlingSlow left-arm orthodoxInternational information
National sideSouth Africa (1992–1993)Test debut (cap 248)13 November 1992 v IndiaLast Test2 January 1993 v IndiaODI debut (cap 19)2 March 1992 v Sri LankaLast ODI11 April 1992 v West Indies
Domestic team information
YearsTeam1973/74–1975/76Western Province (SACB team)1977/78–1983/84Western Province1984/85–1988/89Boland1984/85–1988/89Impalas1989–1992Scotland1989/90–1992/93Orange Free State1993/94Boland
Career statistics
Competition
Test
ODI
FC
LA
Matches
3
3
131
153
Runs scored
53
20
4,566
2282
Batting average
17.66
10.00
27.34
12.21
100s/50s
0/0
0/0
5/20
0/0
Top score
34
11
125
73*
Balls bowled
427
149
27,060
6,680
Wickets
3
2
443
105
Bowling average
63.00
62.50
25.17
39.67
5 wickets in innings
0
0
22
0
10 wickets in match
0
0
3
0
Best bowling
2/56
1/31
7/22
3/9
Catches/stumpings
2/–
1/–
129/–
56/–Source: ESPNcricinfo, 23 January 2014
Omar Henry (born 23 January 1952) is a former cricketer who represented South Africa at international level, and also played for Scotland. He played in three Tests and three One Day Internationals for South Africa. He is notable for being the first non-white player of the post-Apartheid era (after Charlie Llewellyn in 1912) to play cricket for South Africa. Henry made both his Test and ODI debuts after turning 40 and was a member of the South African squad that reached the semi-finals of the 1992 Cricket World Cup. He played extensively in Scotland from 1982 to 1992. His son Riyaad Henry is also a professional cricketer who has played for Boland in domestic cricket in South Africa, and was called up to play for the Scotland A team in 2016.
Biography
Henry was born in Stellenbosch in Cape Province and also believed to have shared a room along with his six siblings and parents. His hailed from a family background consisting of sportspeople. His father, maternal uncles and grandfather played rugby and cricket. He grew up watching non-white players playing in South Africa and considers former England cricketer Basil D'Oliveira as his childhood idol.
Playing career
Scotland
Henry moved to Scotland in his mid-20s to play club cricket. He appeared for numerous clubs including Poloc, West Lothian, Arbroath and Stenhousemuir and scored over 14000 runs with 29 centuries in club matches. He was first picked for Scotland in 1981 against the touring Australians at Titwood and took two wickets on his debut. He played for Scotland 62 times, including 14 matches as captain, with his final appearance being in 1992. At the time, Scotland were not considered an international team, and would appear in English domestic competitions such as the Benson & Hedges Cup and NatWest Trophy, along well as tour matches against visiting international sides.
South Africa
As well as playing in Scotland until 1992, Henry also played domestic cricket in South Africa, representing Western Province, Boland and Orange Free State. He notably turned out for whites-only club Orange Free State in 1970s and became a regular in South African first-class matches from 1978. He represented South Africa in 1980s against the rebel touring sides at a time when South Africa was still banned from international cricket due to apartheid. He was picked in the 14-member South African squad for the 1992 Cricket World Cup, which marked the return of South African team after readmission, at the age of 40 as the only player of colour. He made his ODI debut against Sri Lanka on 2 March in a group stage match, returning figures of 1/31 in ten overs in a losing cause. It was the only match he played during the tournament. At the age of 40 years and 34 days, he was the second-oldest debutant for South Africa in ODI cricket, as well as first player of colour to play for South Africa in limited-overs cricket. He was controversially overlooked for the group stage match against hosts New Zealand, despite the match being played on a slow pitch which would have suited his left-arm spin bowling.
He was part of the Orange Free State team which won the 1992/93 Currie Cup, defeating Western Province in the final, and winning their first ever Currie Cup title. In the final, he won the man-of-the-final award for his all-round performance, scoring 104 in first innings and taking 7 wickets in the match. Following this, he was selected for the home Test series against India at the age of 40 and subsequently made his Test debut on 13 November 1992 during the first match of the series at the Kingsmead Cricket Ground in Durban. He became the oldest Test debutant for South Africa in test cricket at the age of 40 years and 295 days. He was dropped from the Test team following the series against India, having picked up only three wickets at a mediocre average of 63.
Later career
After his retirement from international cricket, he served as head coach and chief selector for the Boland cricket team, before becoming its CEO. He was also occasionally involved in television commentary. He later served on the South African national selection panel, including a period as its chairman. He was replaced by Haroon Lorgat as the chairman of selectors in 2008.
Controversy
In July 2021, during an emotional testimony at Cricket South Africa's Social Justice and Nation Building Hearings, he revealed that he was subjected to racist abuse during his playing days, which ultimately resulted in lack of international opportunities. He revealed that he had verbal arguments and heated exchange with South Africa's then-captain Kepler Wessels in the dressing room during the 1992 World Cup for not picking him for a group stage match against New Zealand which was played on a slow pitch. Omar had initially intended to fly home during the middle of the World Cup but was convinced to stay for the remainder of the tournament matches by Krish Makherdhuj.
References
^ "Omar Henry profile and biography, stats, records, averages, photos and videos". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
^ "Omar Henry - Cricket in his blood (21 December 1998)". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
^ "Henry reaches half century". BBC News. 24 January 2002. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
^ "Two legends make their entrance". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
^ "South Africa legend Omar Henry's son is called into Scotland A team". Evening Times. Glasgow. 7 September 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
^ a b c "Omar Henry – First non-white cricketer to appear for South Africa in a Test match". Cricket Country. 23 January 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
^ "Mixed emotions for Omar Henry". www.cricketeurope.com. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
^ "A return to Scotland possible for Henry". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
^ "Omar Henry – Cricket Scotland". Retrieved 19 July 2021.
^ "Full Scorecard of South Africa vs Sri Lanka 14th Match 1991/92 - Score Report | ESPNcricinfo.com". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
^ "'I was very much against quotas'". Cricinfo. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
^ "Full Scorecard of South Africa vs New Zealand 10th Match 1991/92 - Score Report | ESPNcricinfo.com". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
^ "Full Scorecard of South Africa vs India 1st Test 1992/93 - Score Report | ESPNcricinfo.com". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
^ "All-round records | Test matches | Cricinfo Statsguru | ESPNcricinfo.com". Cricinfo. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
^ "'I considered myself a pioneer'". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
^ "Former South African Test stars included in National Cricket Committee". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
^ "Henry to convene new South African selection panel". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
^ "Henry remains in charge of SA selection panel". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
^ "Omar Henry replaced as chairman of selectors". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
^ "SJN: A mess featuring meaningful moments". SA Cricket Mag. 16 July 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
^ "'I wanted to leave' - Omar Henry speaks on 1992 World Cup anguish". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
^ "I wanted to leave the 1992 World Cup after an incident with Kepler Wessels, Omar Henry tells Cricket SA SJN". www.iol.co.za. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
^ Tshwaku, Khanyiso. "Former Proteas spinner Omar Henry details how he nearly left 1992 World Cup: 'I wasn't happy'". Sport. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
External links
Omar Henry at ESPNcricinfo
vteSouth Africa squad – 1992 Cricket World Cup semi-finalists
1 Wessels (c)
2 Bosch
3 Cronje
4 Donald
5 Henry
6 Hudson
7 Kirsten
8 Kuiper
9 McMillan
10 Pringle
11 Rhodes
12 Richardson (wk)
13 Rushmere
14 Snell
Coach: Procter
|
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He played extensively in Scotland from 1982 to 1992. His son Riyaad Henry is also a professional cricketer who has played for Boland in domestic cricket in South Africa, and was called up to play for the Scotland A team in 2016.[5]","title":"Omar Henry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stellenbosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellenbosch"},{"link_name":"Cape Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Province"},{"link_name":"Basil D'Oliveira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_D%27Oliveira"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"}],"text":"Henry was born in Stellenbosch in Cape Province and also believed to have shared a room along with his six siblings and parents. His hailed from a family background consisting of sportspeople. His father, maternal uncles and grandfather played rugby and cricket. He grew up watching non-white players playing in South Africa and considers former England cricketer Basil D'Oliveira as his childhood idol.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poloc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloc_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Titwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titwood"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Benson & Hedges Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benson_%26_Hedges_Cup"},{"link_name":"NatWest Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NatWest_Trophy"}],"sub_title":"Scotland","text":"Henry moved to Scotland in his mid-20s to play club cricket. He appeared for numerous clubs including Poloc, West Lothian, Arbroath and Stenhousemuir and scored over 14000 runs with 29 centuries in club matches.[7] He was first picked for Scotland in 1981 against the touring Australians at Titwood and took two wickets on his debut. He played for Scotland 62 times, including 14 matches as captain, with his final appearance being in 1992.[8][9] At the time, Scotland were not considered an international team, and would appear in English domestic competitions such as the Benson & Hedges Cup and NatWest Trophy, along well as tour matches against visiting international sides.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Province_cricket_team_(South_Africa)"},{"link_name":"Orange Free State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_State_(cricket_team)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"1992 Cricket World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Currie Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Day_Domestic_Series"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"home Test series against India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_cricket_team_in_South_Africa_in_1992%E2%80%9393"},{"link_name":"Kingsmead Cricket Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsmead_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"Durban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durban"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"South Africa","text":"As well as playing in Scotland until 1992, Henry also played domestic cricket in South Africa, representing Western Province, Boland and Orange Free State. He notably turned out for whites-only club Orange Free State in 1970s and became a regular in South African first-class matches from 1978.[6] He represented South Africa in 1980s against the rebel touring sides at a time when South Africa was still banned from international cricket due to apartheid. He was picked in the 14-member South African squad for the 1992 Cricket World Cup, which marked the return of South African team after readmission, at the age of 40 as the only player of colour. He made his ODI debut against Sri Lanka on 2 March in a group stage match, returning figures of 1/31 in ten overs in a losing cause.[10] It was the only match he played during the tournament. 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He was also occasionally involved in television commentary. 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[]
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Retrieved 19 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/omar-henry-first-non-white-cricketer-to-appear-for-south-africa-in-a-test-match-88459","url_text":"\"Omar Henry – First non-white cricketer to appear for South Africa in a Test match\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mixed emotions for Omar Henry\". www.cricketeurope.com. Retrieved 19 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES/articles/000040/004078.shtml","url_text":"\"Mixed emotions for Omar Henry\""}]},{"reference":"\"A return to Scotland possible for Henry\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 19 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/a-return-to-scotland-possible-for-henry-142013","url_text":"\"A return to Scotland possible for Henry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Omar Henry – Cricket Scotland\". 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Retrieved 19 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/benson-hedges-world-cup-1991-92-60924/new-zealand-vs-south-africa-10th-match-65127/full-scorecard","url_text":"\"Full Scorecard of South Africa vs New Zealand 10th Match 1991/92 - Score Report | ESPNcricinfo.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full Scorecard of South Africa vs India 1st Test 1992/93 - Score Report | ESPNcricinfo.com\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 19 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-south-africa-1992-93-62289/south-africa-vs-india-1st-test-63586/full-scorecard","url_text":"\"Full Scorecard of South Africa vs India 1st Test 1992/93 - Score Report | ESPNcricinfo.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"All-round records | Test matches | Cricinfo Statsguru | ESPNcricinfo.com\". Cricinfo. Retrieved 19 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;orderby=age;team=3;template=results;type=allround;view=match","url_text":"\"All-round records | Test matches | Cricinfo Statsguru | ESPNcricinfo.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"'I considered myself a pioneer'\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 19 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/i-considered-myself-a-pioneer-135537","url_text":"\"'I considered myself a pioneer'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former South African Test stars included in National Cricket Committee\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 19 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/former-south-african-test-stars-included-in-national-cricket-committee-111417","url_text":"\"Former South African Test stars included in National Cricket Committee\""}]},{"reference":"\"Henry to convene new South African selection panel\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 19 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/henry-to-convene-new-south-african-selection-panel-119803","url_text":"\"Henry to convene new South African selection panel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Henry remains in charge of SA selection panel\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 19 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/henry-remains-in-charge-of-sa-selection-panel-141230","url_text":"\"Henry remains in charge of SA selection panel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Omar Henry replaced as chairman of selectors\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 19 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/omar-henry-replaced-as-chairman-of-selectors-135703","url_text":"\"Omar Henry replaced as chairman of selectors\""}]},{"reference":"\"SJN: A mess featuring meaningful moments\". SA Cricket Mag. 16 July 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sacricketmag.com/sjn-a-mess-featuring-meaningful-moments/","url_text":"\"SJN: A mess featuring meaningful moments\""}]},{"reference":"\"'I wanted to leave' - Omar Henry speaks on 1992 World Cup anguish\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 19 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/south-africa-omar-henry-spinner-speaks-of-wanting-leave-midway-through-1992-world-cup-1269412","url_text":"\"'I wanted to leave' - Omar Henry speaks on 1992 World Cup anguish\""}]},{"reference":"\"I wanted to leave the 1992 World Cup after an incident with Kepler Wessels, Omar Henry tells Cricket SA SJN\". www.iol.co.za. Retrieved 19 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iol.co.za/sport/cricket/proteas/i-wanted-to-leave-the-1992-world-cup-after-an-incident-with-kepler-wessels-omar-henry-tells-cricket-sa-sjn-52081188-327f-4985-9938-f7f68ee15f0b","url_text":"\"I wanted to leave the 1992 World Cup after an incident with Kepler Wessels, Omar Henry tells Cricket SA SJN\""}]},{"reference":"Tshwaku, Khanyiso. \"Former Proteas spinner Omar Henry details how he nearly left 1992 World Cup: 'I wasn't happy'\". Sport. Retrieved 19 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news24.com/sport/cricket/proteas/former-proteas-spinner-omar-henry-on-how-he-nearly-left-1992-world-cup-i-wasnt-happy-20210712","url_text":"\"Former Proteas spinner Omar Henry details how he nearly left 1992 World Cup: 'I wasn't happy'\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/omar-henry-45437","external_links_name":"ESPNcricinfo"},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/omar-henry-45437","external_links_name":"\"Omar Henry profile and biography, stats, records, averages, photos and videos\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/omar-henry-cricket-in-his-blood-21-december-1998-74889","external_links_name":"\"Omar Henry - Cricket in his blood (21 December 1998)\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/specials/australia_v_south_africa/1780113.stm","external_links_name":"\"Henry reaches half century\""},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/149530.html","external_links_name":"\"Two legends make their entrance\""},{"Link":"https://www.glasgowtimes.co.uk/news/14729052.amp/","external_links_name":"\"South Africa legend Omar Henry's son is called into Scotland A team\""},{"Link":"https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/omar-henry-first-non-white-cricketer-to-appear-for-south-africa-in-a-test-match-88459","external_links_name":"\"Omar Henry – First non-white cricketer to appear for South Africa in a Test match\""},{"Link":"https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES/articles/000040/004078.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Mixed emotions for Omar Henry\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/a-return-to-scotland-possible-for-henry-142013","external_links_name":"\"A return to Scotland possible for Henry\""},{"Link":"http://www.cricketscotland.com/player/omar-henry/","external_links_name":"\"Omar Henry – Cricket Scotland\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/benson-hedges-world-cup-1991-92-60924/south-africa-vs-sri-lanka-14th-match-65131/full-scorecard","external_links_name":"\"Full Scorecard of South Africa vs Sri Lanka 14th Match 1991/92 - Score Report | ESPNcricinfo.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/459769/-i-was-very-much-against-quotas","external_links_name":"\"'I was very much against quotas'\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/benson-hedges-world-cup-1991-92-60924/new-zealand-vs-south-africa-10th-match-65127/full-scorecard","external_links_name":"\"Full Scorecard of South Africa vs New Zealand 10th Match 1991/92 - Score Report | ESPNcricinfo.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-south-africa-1992-93-62289/south-africa-vs-india-1st-test-63586/full-scorecard","external_links_name":"\"Full Scorecard of South Africa vs India 1st Test 1992/93 - Score Report | ESPNcricinfo.com\""},{"Link":"https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;debut_or_last=1;filter=advanced;orderby=age;team=3;template=results;type=allround;view=match","external_links_name":"\"All-round records | Test matches | Cricinfo Statsguru | ESPNcricinfo.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/i-considered-myself-a-pioneer-135537","external_links_name":"\"'I considered myself a pioneer'\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/former-south-african-test-stars-included-in-national-cricket-committee-111417","external_links_name":"\"Former South African Test stars included in National Cricket Committee\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/henry-to-convene-new-south-african-selection-panel-119803","external_links_name":"\"Henry to convene new South African selection panel\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/henry-remains-in-charge-of-sa-selection-panel-141230","external_links_name":"\"Henry remains in charge of SA selection panel\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/omar-henry-replaced-as-chairman-of-selectors-135703","external_links_name":"\"Omar Henry replaced as chairman of selectors\""},{"Link":"https://www.sacricketmag.com/sjn-a-mess-featuring-meaningful-moments/","external_links_name":"\"SJN: A mess featuring meaningful moments\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/south-africa-omar-henry-spinner-speaks-of-wanting-leave-midway-through-1992-world-cup-1269412","external_links_name":"\"'I wanted to leave' - Omar Henry speaks on 1992 World Cup anguish\""},{"Link":"https://www.iol.co.za/sport/cricket/proteas/i-wanted-to-leave-the-1992-world-cup-after-an-incident-with-kepler-wessels-omar-henry-tells-cricket-sa-sjn-52081188-327f-4985-9938-f7f68ee15f0b","external_links_name":"\"I wanted to leave the 1992 World Cup after an incident with Kepler Wessels, Omar Henry tells Cricket SA SJN\""},{"Link":"https://www.news24.com/sport/cricket/proteas/former-proteas-spinner-omar-henry-on-how-he-nearly-left-1992-world-cup-i-wasnt-happy-20210712","external_links_name":"\"Former Proteas spinner Omar Henry details how he nearly left 1992 World Cup: 'I wasn't happy'\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/45437.html","external_links_name":"Omar Henry"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B5igu
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Mõigu
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["1 Cemetery in Mõigu","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 59°24′23″N 24°48′45″E / 59.4063066°N 24.8125792°E / 59.4063066; 24.8125792Subdistrict of Tallinn, Estonia
Subdistrict of Tallinn in Harju County, EstoniaMõiguSubdistrict of TallinnTartu road in Mõigu.Mõigu within the district of Kesklinn (Midtown).CountryEstoniaCountyHarju CountyCityTallinnDistrictKesklinnPopulation (01.01.2014) • Total377
Mõigu is a subdistrict of the district of Kesklinn (Town Center) in Tallinn, the capital of Estonia. It is located on the northeastern side of Lake Ülemiste. It has a population of 377 (As of 1 January 2014). Mõigu's former German name until 1918 was Moik, also spelled Moick.
Mõigu village was first time mentioned in written in 1241 in Liber Census Daniæ under name of Møickæ. The village in that time situated few kilometres south-east from current Mõigu subdistrict of Tallinn.
At the end of 16th century a Mõigu manor (Moik, Moick) was founded at the farm-plot of a peasant called Vana Jaan (Old Jaan) at the territory of Mõigu village. About a century later the manor was moved to this-time Järveküla village. This caused exchanging the names of the villages, as inhabitants of (former) Järveküla were moved to Mõigu while the manor was moved from Mõigu to Järveküla, and both sides took their place-name with them. Therefore, the heart of current Järveküla (literally: Lake-village) is about kilometre off from the Lake Ülemiste while Mõigu manor is still standing just 100 metres from the coast of the lake.
Mõigu as a separate hamlet existed until the 1970s, then most of its territory was incorporated into neighbouring Peetri village.
Cemetery in Mõigu
Mõigu was the former location of a large Baltic German burial ground in Tallinn, known as Mõigu cemetery (in Estonian: Mõigu kalmistu; in German: der Friedhof von Moik) which was founded around 1774. The cemetery was flattened over a 170 years later around 1950–1951, during the second occupation of the Baltic states, by Russian Soviet authorities governing the Estonian SSR at the time.
See also
Tallinn Airport
References
^ a b "Statistical Yearbook of Tallinn 2014". Tallinn City Government. p. 52. Archived from the original on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2014.
External links
Image of an 1860 map showing the district of Moigu and the area of the cemetery
Places adjacent to Mõigu
Ülemiste, Lake Ülemiste
Ülemiste
Sõjamäe
Lake Ülemiste
Mõigu
Peetri (Rae Parish)
Peetri (Rae Parish)
Peetri (Rae Parish)
Peetri (Rae Parish)
59°24′23″N 24°48′45″E / 59.4063066°N 24.8125792°E / 59.4063066; 24.8125792
vteAdministrative districts (linnaosad) and subdistricts (asumid) of TallinnHaabersti
Astangu
Haabersti
Kakumäe
Mäeküla
Mustjõe
Õismäe
Pikaliiva
Rocca al Mare
Tiskre
Väike-Õismäe
Veskimetsa
Vismeistri
Kesklinn
Aegna
Juhkentali
Kadriorg
Kassisaba
Keldrimäe
Kitseküla
Kompassi
Luite
Maakri
Mõigu
Raua
Sadama
Sibulaküla
Südalinn
Tatari
Tõnismäe
Torupilli
Ülemistejärve
Uus Maailm
Vanalinn
Toompea
Veerenni
Kristiine
Järve
Lilleküla
Tondi
Lasnamäe
Katleri
Kurepõllu
Kuristiku
Laagna
Loopealse
Mustakivi
Pae
Paevälja
Priisle
Seli
Sikupilli
Sõjamäe
Tondiraba
Ülemiste
Uuslinn
Väo
Mustamäe
Kadaka
Mustamäe
Sääse
Siili
Nõmme
Hiiu
Kivimäe
Laagri
Liiva
Männiku
Nõmme
Pääsküla
Rahumäe
Raudalu
Vana-Mustamäe
Pirita
Iru
Kloostrimetsa
Kose
Laiaküla
Lepiku
Maarjamäe
Mähe
Merivälja
Pirita
Põhja-Tallinn
Kalamaja
Karjamaa
Kelmiküla
Kopli
Merimetsa
Paljassaare
Pelgulinn
Pelguranna
Sitsi
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[]
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[{"title":"Tallinn Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn_Airport"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Statistical Yearbook of Tallinn 2014\". Tallinn City Government. p. 52. Archived from the original on 17 July 2015. Retrieved 27 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150717065555/http://www.tallinn.ee/eng/Statistical-Yearbook-of-Tallinn-2014","url_text":"\"Statistical Yearbook of Tallinn 2014\""},{"url":"http://www.tallinn.ee/eng/Statistical-Yearbook-of-Tallinn-2014","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chignon_(medical_term)
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Chignon (medical term)
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["1 Cause","2 Related head traumas","2.1 Caput succedaneum","2.2 Subgaleal hemorrhage","2.3 Cephalohematoma","3 Optimization of vacuum-assisted delivery","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading"]
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For the hair pattern, see Chignon (hairstyle).
Medical conditionChignonA baby's scalp showing the effects of a vacuum extraction.SpecialtyPediatrics
A chignon (an artificially induced caput succedaneum) is a temporary swelling caused by a build-up of bloody fluid left on an infant's head after they have been delivered by vacuum extraction. A vacuum extraction is a type of assistance used during vaginal delivery by an obstetrician or midwife when the second stage of labor, where the cervix is fully dilated allowing for fetus delivery, is stalled. It anatomically resembles regular caput succedaneum, one of two most frequently occurring birth injuries to the head, the other being cephalohematoma, a usually harmless condition where blood accumulates under the newborn's scalp after vaginal delivery.
During vacuum extraction, the cup is attached to the infant's head, exposing the infant to trauma due to the vacuum pressure and pulling force involved in the procedure. This form of assisted delivery is typically required when the labor is stalled due to difficulties in the stages of labor arising, such as when the infant's head found too high in the birth canal. Due to prolonged pressure and tension, this induces an accumulation of interstitial fluid (the fluid that surrounds cells) as well as possible minor hemorrhages, ultimately resulting in scalp swelling.
A chignon should not be mistaken for bruises or other similar fetal head traumas relating to vacuum extraction. It chignon should begin to resolve within an hour, but it may take between 12 and 18 hours to completely disappear. There are no long-term consequences for the newborn, but as with all birth traumas, it is recommended to be attended to and monitored.
Cause
When the vacuum is applied to the infant's head, the tension creates a difference in pressure between the atmosphere and the infant's scalp that causes the soft tissue layers of the scalp to fill inside the suction cup. Subsequently, interstitial fluid and small hemorrhages build up, causing the head to swell and forming a localized edema. A chignon must be formed when performing a vacuum extraction with a hard plastic or metal cup in order to effectively adhere to the infant's head. This occurs because a hard cup does not spread out over the head like a soft cup. Because it takes a maximum of 2 minutes for a chignon to form, the vacuum extraction should be completed within 15 minutes in order to prevent injury to the baby. A soft cup does not require a chignon to form and is associated with less trauma to the infant, despite a higher risk of cup detachment, which can lead to other injuries, such as lacerations to the scalp.Vacuum extraction of baby.
A chignon is firm and can cross suture lines, and it is often circular in appearance due to the shape of the suction cap. The swelling may shift to each side depending on the position of the infant's head.
Related head traumas
Caput succedaneum
While a chignon and caput succedaneum are anatomically the same, a chignon is induced by the suction cup used during a vacuum extraction, while a true caput succedaneum is a natural buildup of fluid caused by the pressure induced when the infant's head passes through its mother's cervix. A chignon always involves a buildup of serosanguinous fluid, but a caput succedaneum can involve either serosanguineous or hemorrhagic fluid. Serosanguinous fluid is defined as fluid collected or leaving the body, containing both blood as well as the liquid portion of the blood (serum).
Clinically, a caput succedaneum is soft and uneven, with a depth of about 1 to 2 cm. It can include petechiae, (small, pinpoint red or purple spots due to bleeding), purpura (a purple rash due to blood vessel leakage), and/or a bruised appearance. Like a chignon, a caput succadaneum is usually benign and should resolve within a few days postpartum.
Unlike a chignon, a caput succedaneum can lead to further complications, such as halo scalp ring, a form of hair loss or alopecia. In some cases, a caput succadaneum can cause permanent hair loss or scarring. Finally, jaundice is also a known possible complication of caput succedaneum.
Subgaleal hemorrhage
Unlike a chignon with no long-term consequences, a subgaleal hemorrhage is a more severe instance of trauma associated with vacuum extraction and forceps delivery, however most commonly caused by vacuum extraction. A subgaleal hemorrhage is introduced into the loose connective tissue found within the subgaleal space, ultimately causing hypovolaemia. Hypovolemia is defined as a state of having a depleted circulating blood volume or fluids in the body. This issue arises when the infant loses about 50-70% of the circulating blood volume, leading to complications such as hypovolemic shock, anemia, and coagulopathy. While subgaleal hemorrhage is a rare complication, it is considered lethal.
Clinical manifestations of a subgaleal hemorrhage are variable; it is recommended that the mean time for diagnosis is typically within 1–6 hours after birth, especially if the infant delivery was through vacuum delivery or prolonged due to complications.Therefore, close monitoring of a newborn infant is prompted with a minimum of eight hour observation for all infants delivered by vacuum extractions or forceps deliveries.A subgaleal hemorrhage may initially look like a caput succedaneum or a chignon because blood crosses the suture lines for all three conditions. However, notifiable signs of a subgaleal hemorrhage include fluctuant scalp swelling, a lesion crossing the suture lines, pitting edema continuing over the head, and fluid wave test.
If a subgaleal hemorrhage is suspected, measures such as hemoglobin count should be performed immediately and monitored every 4-8 hours. Also, imaging for subgaleal hemorrhage such as CT, MRI or radiographs of the skull can be done in order to identify any notifiable fractures. Through early recognition and careful monitoring, hypovolemic shock can be avoided. When any form of assisted delivery devices have been used during labor, the individual(s) caring for the child must be notified that the child must be regularly examined and monitored. By doing so, increasing awareness of chignons and subgaleal hemorrhages will lead to earlier identification, referral and treatment.
Cephalohematoma
Chignon and cephalohematoma are both relatively common birth injuries which occur to the newborn's head during vacuum delivery. Cephalohematoma and chignon are considered to pose no long-term consequences on a newborn's health.
A cephalohematoma which occurs in 0.4% to 2.5% of live births, is where pressure during vaginal delivery to the fetal head causes blood vessels rupture in the periosteum (a membrane layer covering bone exterior) leading to blood accumulation in the subperiosteal space, a space situated below the periosteum. While the chignon may cross suture lines, cranial sutures (strong tissue that is naturally found connecting the bones of the skull together) are the boundaries for cephalohematoma. As the accumulation of blood into the subperiosteal space is relatively slow, unlike the chignon which immediately occurs upon use of vacuum extraction, cephalohematomas will arise during the first one to three days after birth.
Cephalohematomas more frequently will occur during delivery of infants assigned male at birth compared to infants assigned female at birth, however the reasons are unknown. Some other common factors that can cause cephalohematoma are when using forceps or vacuum-assisted delivery methods, vaginal delivery of large infants, primigravida (the first pregnancy conceived by a pregnant person), when the infant is in a non-ideal position during delivery, and having a prolonged second stage of labor.
Similar to chignon, treatment for cephalohematoma is not required as the body is expected to reabsorb the fluid accumulating in the subperiosteal space. Attempting to drain or aspirate the collected fluid may result in an infection and abscess formation, and is therefore not recommended.
Optimization of vacuum-assisted delivery
Chignons are essentially both normal and harmless byproducts of vacuum-assisted delivery. In practically all cases, chignons disappear on their own within a couple of days postpartum and do not necessitate medical treatment. However, as noted, chignons are not the only side effects induced by vacuum-assisted delivery; therefore, it is still necessary to keep an eye out during the healing process in the event of other possible complications. Prolonged vacuum traction, improper cup placement, and sudden cup detachment are all factors contributing to both maternal and neonatal complications that need to be considered when applying vacuum extraction.
Despite the known risks of vacuum-assisted delivery, it nowadays tends to be a more commonly used birth-assisting tool due to its relatively lower occurrences of both maternal and neonatal complications compared to other methods, such as using forceps or a C-section, which tends to be a last resort option due to risks of significantly greater maternal morbidity. There have also been developed practices to minimize the impact of vacuum-assisted delivery on the neonatal head. Such a method is to use a proper vacuum cup to apply pressure up to 0.8 kg/cm2 and rhythmically sync the vacuum with uterine contractions in order to both expedite the delivery process and minimize traction-induced scalpel swelling. The infant's head should be regularly checked throughout the hospital stay.
It is crucial to know when to stop; the longer the delay, the higher the chance of both maternal and neonatal complications developing. All in all, both communicating with and updating healthcare personnel are key; parents and caretakers are encouraged to immediately report any changes or signs of worsening complications.
See also
Caput succedaneum
Cephalohematoma
Subgaleal Haemorrhage
Vacuum extraction
References
^ Baston H, Durward H (June 23, 2010). Examination of the Newborn: A Practical Guide. Routledge. pp. 72–75. ISBN 978-0-203-84995-8.
^ "Bloody Show: Symptoms & Signs of Labor". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
^ a b Hutchison J, Mahdy H, Hutchison J (2023). "Stages of Labor". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 31335010.
^ "Vacuum Extraction Delivery: What to Expect & Side Effects". Cleveland Clinic.
^ a b c d e Goordyal D, Anderson J, Alazmani A, Culmer P (January 2021). "An engineering perspective of vacuum assisted delivery devices in obstetrics: A review". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of Engineering in Medicine. 235 (1): 3–16. doi:10.1177/0954411920956467. PMC 7780266. PMID 32928047.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Nicholson L (2007). "Caput succedaneum and cephalohematoma: the cs that leave bumps on the head". Neonatal Network. 26 (5): 277–281. doi:10.1891/0730-0832.26.5.277. PMID 17926657. S2CID 19351510.
^ "Cephalohematoma Birth Injury: Causes and Complications". Cleveland Clinic.
^ Stewart RH (2020). "A Modern View of the Interstitial Space in Health and Disease". Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 7: 609583. doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.609583. PMC 7674635. PMID 33251275.
^ a b c d e Subgaleal Haemorrhage (SGH) Detection and Management in the Newborn (PDF). Government of Western Australia Child and Adolescent Health Service. 2015.
^ a b Vacca A (February 2002). "Vacuum-assisted delivery". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 16 (1): 17–30. doi:10.1053/beog.2001.0252. PMID 11866494.
^ a b c d e f Newborn Care: Subgaleal haemorrhage and observation of the newborn following instrumental delivery (PDF). Sydney Local Health District (Report). NSW Government. 2022. p. 4.
^ a b McQuivey RW (September 2004). "Vacuum-assisted delivery: a review". The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 16 (3): 171–180. doi:10.1080/1476-7050400001706. PMID 15590444.
^ a b c De Jong P (2015). Vacuum Assisted Delivery Procedures (PDF). Dept of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital (Report). pp. 6, 37, 45.
^ a b Colditz MJ, Lai MM, Cartwright DW, Colditz PB (February 2015). "Subgaleal haemorrhage in the newborn: A call for early diagnosis and aggressive management". Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 51 (2): 140–146. doi:10.1111/jpc.12698. PMID 25109786. S2CID 21238768.
^ Flannigan C (2011). A Practical Guide to Managing Paediatric Problems on the Postnatal Wards. Radcliffe Publishing Ltd. p. 7. ISBN 9781846195068.
^ a b c Jacob K, Hoerter JE (2023). "Caput Succedaneum". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 34662048.
^ Kazzam ME, Ng P (2022). "Postoperative Seroma Management". StatPearls . Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 36256748.
^ Marks JR, Miller JJ (2006). "Purpura". Lookingbill & Marks' Principles of Dermatology. Elsevier. pp. 235–244. doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-3185-7.50022-9. ISBN 978-1-4160-3185-7. S2CID 239164564.
^ McGrath A, Barrett MJ (2023). Petechiae. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 29493956. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ Mercer J, Erickson-Owens D, Skovgaard R (April 2009). "Cardiac asystole at birth: Is hypovolemic shock the cause?". Medical Hypotheses. 72 (4): 458–463. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2008.11.019. PMID 19121560. S2CID 15492267.
^ a b c Stewart M. Management of Subgaleal Haemorrhage in Neonatal Transport (PDF). The Paediatric, Infant Perinatal Emergency Retrieval (PIPER) (Report). The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne.
^ a b "Subgaleal Haemorrhage (SGH) Detection and Management in the Newborn" (PDF). Government of Western Australia Child and Adolescent Health Service. December 2015.
^ a b c d Raines DA, Krawiec C, Jain S (2023). "Cephalohematoma". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 29262234. Retrieved 2023-07-27.
^ "Medical Definition of SUBPERIOSTEAL". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
^ "Cranial sutures and fontanels". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
^ a b c Ali UA, Norwitz ER (2009). "Vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery". Reviews in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2 (1): 5–17. PMC 2672989. PMID 19399290.
^ Abbas RA, Qadi YH, Bukhari R, Shams T (May 2021). "Maternal and Neonatal Complications Resulting From Vacuum-Assisted and Normal Vaginal Deliveries". Cureus. 13 (5): e14962. doi:10.7759/cureus.14962. PMC 8191856. PMID 34123659.
^ Greenberg J (May 2023). Lockwood CJ, Barss VA (eds.). "Procedure for vacuum-assisted vaginal birth". UpToDate.
Further reading
Gilboa Y, Kivilevitch Z, Kedem A, Spira M, Borkowski T, Moran O, et al. (October 2013). "Caput succedaneum thickness in prolonged second stage of labour: a clinical evaluation". The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 53 (5): 459–463. doi:10.1111/ajo.12104. PMID 23802621. S2CID 9120239.
ClassificationDICD-11: KA42.2ICD-10: P12.1ICD-9-CM: 767.19
vteConditions originating in the perinatal period / fetal diseaseMaternal factors complicating pregnancy, labour or deliveryplacenta
Placenta praevia
Placental insufficiency
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome
chorion/amnion
Chorioamnionitis
umbilical cord
Umbilical cord prolapse
Nuchal cord
Single umbilical artery
presentation
Breech birth
Asynclitism
Shoulder presentation
Growth
Small for gestational age / Large for gestational age
Preterm birth / Postterm pregnancy
Intrauterine growth restriction
Birth trauma
scalp
Cephalohematoma
Chignon
Caput succedaneum
Subgaleal hemorrhage
Brachial plexus injury
Erb's palsy
Klumpke paralysis
Affected systemsRespiratory
Intrauterine hypoxia
Infant respiratory distress syndrome
Transient tachypnea of the newborn
Meconium aspiration syndrome
Pleural disease
Pneumothorax
Pneumomediastinum
Wilson–Mikity syndrome
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Cardiovascular
Pneumopericardium
Persistent fetal circulation
Bleeding andhematologic disease
Vitamin K deficiency bleeding
HDN
ABO
Anti-Kell
Rh c
Rh D
Rh E
Hydrops fetalis
Hyperbilirubinemia
Kernicterus
Neonatal jaundice
Velamentous cord insertion
Intraventricular hemorrhage
Germinal matrix hemorrhage
Anemia of prematurity
Gastrointestinal
Ileus
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Meconium peritonitis
Integument andthermoregulation
Erythema toxicum
Sclerema neonatorum
Nervous system
Perinatal asphyxia
Periventricular leukomalacia
Musculoskeletal
Gray baby syndrome
muscle tone
Congenital hypertonia
Congenital hypotonia
Infections
Vertically transmitted infection
Neonatal infection
rubella
herpes simplex
mycoplasma hominis
ureaplasma urealyticum
Omphalitis
Neonatal sepsis
Group B streptococcal infection
Neonatal conjunctivitis
Other
Miscarriage
Perinatal mortality
Stillbirth
Infant mortality
Neonatal withdrawal
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
|
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A vacuum extraction is a type of assistance used during vaginal delivery by an obstetrician or midwife when the second stage of labor, where the cervix is fully dilated allowing for fetus delivery, is stalled.[1][2][3][4][5] It anatomically resembles regular caput succedaneum, one of two most frequently occurring birth injuries to the head, the other being cephalohematoma, a usually harmless condition where blood accumulates under the newborn's scalp after vaginal delivery.[6][7]During vacuum extraction, the cup is attached to the infant's head, exposing the infant to trauma due to the vacuum pressure and pulling force involved in the procedure.[6] This form of assisted delivery is typically required when the labor is stalled due to difficulties in the stages of labor arising, such as when the infant's head found too high in the birth canal. Due to prolonged pressure and tension, this induces an accumulation of interstitial fluid (the fluid that surrounds cells) as well as possible minor hemorrhages, ultimately resulting in scalp swelling.[8][9]A chignon should not be mistaken for bruises or other similar fetal head traumas relating to vacuum extraction.[10] It chignon should begin to resolve within an hour, but it may take between 12 and 18 hours to completely disappear.[11][12] There are no long-term consequences for the newborn, but as with all birth traumas, it is recommended to be attended to and monitored.[6][11]","title":"Chignon (medical term)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goordyal_2021-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicholson_2007-6"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSW_Government_2022-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goordyal_2021-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Subgaleal_Haemorrhage_2-9"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-De_Jong_2015-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McQuivey_2004-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-De_Jong_2015-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-De_Jong_2015-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vacuum-assisted_Delivery.png"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSW_Government_2022-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colditz_2015-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicholson_2007-6"}],"text":"When the vacuum is applied to the infant's head, the tension creates a difference in pressure between the atmosphere and the infant's scalp that causes the soft tissue layers of the scalp to fill inside the suction cup.[5][6] Subsequently, interstitial fluid and small hemorrhages build up, causing the head to swell and forming a localized edema.[11][5][9] A chignon must be formed when performing a vacuum extraction with a hard plastic or metal cup in order to effectively adhere to the infant's head.[13] This occurs because a hard cup does not spread out over the head like a soft cup.[12] Because it takes a maximum of 2 minutes for a chignon to form, the vacuum extraction should be completed within 15 minutes in order to prevent injury to the baby.[13] A soft cup does not require a chignon to form and is associated with less trauma to the infant, despite a higher risk of cup detachment, which can lead to other injuries, such as lacerations to the scalp.[13]Vacuum extraction of baby.A chignon is firm and can cross suture lines, and it is often circular in appearance due to the shape of the suction cap.[11][14][15] The swelling may shift to each side depending on the position of the infant's head.[6]","title":"Cause"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Related head traumas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goordyal_2021-5"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jacob_2023-16"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Goordyal_2021-5"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jacob_2023-16"},{"link_name":"serum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serum_(blood)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicholson_2007-6"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicholson_2007-6"},{"link_name":"halo scalp ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_loss"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicholson_2007-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicholson_2007-6"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jacob_2023-16"}],"sub_title":"Caput succedaneum","text":"While a chignon and caput succedaneum are anatomically the same, a chignon is induced by the suction cup used during a vacuum extraction, while a true caput succedaneum is a natural buildup of fluid caused by the pressure induced when the infant's head passes through its mother's cervix.[5][16] A chignon always involves a buildup of serosanguinous fluid, but a caput succedaneum can involve either serosanguineous or hemorrhagic fluid.[5][16] Serosanguinous fluid is defined as fluid collected or leaving the body, containing both blood as well as the liquid portion of the blood (serum).[17]Clinically, a caput succedaneum is soft and uneven, with a depth of about 1 to 2 cm. It can include petechiae, (small, pinpoint red or purple spots due to bleeding), purpura (a purple rash due to blood vessel leakage), and/or a bruised appearance.[6][18][19] Like a chignon, a caput succadaneum is usually benign and should resolve within a few days postpartum.[6]Unlike a chignon, a caput succedaneum can lead to further complications, such as halo scalp ring, a form of hair loss or alopecia.[6] In some cases, a caput succadaneum can cause permanent hair loss or scarring.[6] Finally, jaundice is also a known possible complication of caput succedaneum.[16]","title":"Related head traumas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hypovolaemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypovolemia"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"hypovolemic shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypovolemic_shock"},{"link_name":"anemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia"},{"link_name":"coagulopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulopathy"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stewart-21"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Subgaleal_Haemorrhage_2-9"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Subgaleal_Haemorrhage-22"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSW_Government_2022-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicholson_2007-6"},{"link_name":"lesion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesion"},{"link_name":"pitting edema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edema"},{"link_name":"fluid wave test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_wave_test"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stewart-21"},{"link_name":"CT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CT_scan"},{"link_name":"MRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging"},{"link_name":"radiographs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiography"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stewart-21"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Subgaleal_Haemorrhage_2-9"},{"link_name":"hypovolemic shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypovolemic_shock"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colditz_2015-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSW_Government_2022-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Subgaleal_Haemorrhage_2-9"}],"sub_title":"Subgaleal hemorrhage","text":"Unlike a chignon with no long-term consequences, a subgaleal hemorrhage is a more severe instance of trauma associated with vacuum extraction and forceps delivery, however most commonly caused by vacuum extraction. A subgaleal hemorrhage is introduced into the loose connective tissue found within the subgaleal space, ultimately causing hypovolaemia. Hypovolemia is defined as a state of having a depleted circulating blood volume or fluids in the body.[20] This issue arises when the infant loses about 50-70% of the circulating blood volume, leading to complications such as hypovolemic shock, anemia, and coagulopathy.[21] While subgaleal hemorrhage is a rare complication, it is considered lethal.[9]Clinical manifestations of a subgaleal hemorrhage are variable; it is recommended that the mean time for diagnosis is typically within 1–6 hours after birth, especially if the infant delivery was through vacuum delivery or prolonged due to complications.[22]Therefore, close monitoring of a newborn infant is prompted with a minimum of eight hour observation for all infants delivered by vacuum extractions or forceps deliveries.[11]A subgaleal hemorrhage may initially look like a caput succedaneum or a chignon because blood crosses the suture lines for all three conditions.[6] However, notifiable signs of a subgaleal hemorrhage include fluctuant scalp swelling, a lesion crossing the suture lines, pitting edema continuing over the head, and fluid wave test.[21]If a subgaleal hemorrhage is suspected, measures such as hemoglobin count should be performed immediately and monitored every 4-8 hours. Also, imaging for subgaleal hemorrhage such as CT, MRI or radiographs of the skull can be done in order to identify any notifiable fractures.[21][9] Through early recognition and careful monitoring, hypovolemic shock can be avoided. When any form of assisted delivery devices have been used during labor, the individual(s) caring for the child must be notified that the child must be regularly examined and monitored. By doing so, increasing awareness of chignons and subgaleal hemorrhages will lead to earlier identification, referral and treatment.[14][11][9]","title":"Related head traumas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cephalohematoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalohematoma"},{"link_name":"Cephalohematoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalohematoma"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicholson_2007-6"},{"link_name":"cephalohematoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalohematoma"},{"link_name":"periosteum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periosteum"},{"link_name":"periosteum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periosteum"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raines_2023-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"cephalohematoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalohematoma"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicholson_2007-6"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Subgaleal_Haemorrhage-22"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raines_2023-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raines_2023-23"},{"link_name":"cephalohematoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalohematoma"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raines_2023-23"}],"sub_title":"Cephalohematoma","text":"Chignon and cephalohematoma are both relatively common birth injuries which occur to the newborn's head during vacuum delivery. Cephalohematoma and chignon are considered to pose no long-term consequences on a newborn's health.[6]A cephalohematoma which occurs in 0.4% to 2.5% of live births, is where pressure during vaginal delivery to the fetal head causes blood vessels rupture in the periosteum (a membrane layer covering bone exterior) leading to blood accumulation in the subperiosteal space, a space situated below the periosteum.[23][24] While the chignon may cross suture lines, cranial sutures (strong tissue that is naturally found connecting the bones of the skull together) are the boundaries for cephalohematoma.[6][22][25] As the accumulation of blood into the subperiosteal space is relatively slow, unlike the chignon which immediately occurs upon use of vacuum extraction, cephalohematomas will arise during the first one to three days after birth.[23]Cephalohematomas more frequently will occur during delivery of infants assigned male at birth compared to infants assigned female at birth, however the reasons are unknown. Some other common factors that can cause cephalohematoma are when using forceps or vacuum-assisted delivery methods, vaginal delivery of large infants, primigravida (the first pregnancy conceived by a pregnant person), when the infant is in a non-ideal position during delivery, and having a prolonged second stage of labor.[23]Similar to chignon, treatment for cephalohematoma is not required as the body is expected to reabsorb the fluid accumulating in the subperiosteal space. Attempting to drain or aspirate the collected fluid may result in an infection and abscess formation, and is therefore not recommended.[23]","title":"Related head traumas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicholson_2007-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicholson_2007-6"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ali_2009-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ali_2009-26"},{"link_name":"C-section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarean_section"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hutchison_2023-3"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ali_2009-26"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vacca_2002-10"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Greenberg_2023-28"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicholson_2007-6"}],"text":"Chignons are essentially both normal and harmless byproducts of vacuum-assisted delivery. In practically all cases, chignons disappear on their own within a couple of days postpartum and do not necessitate medical treatment.[6] However, as noted, chignons are not the only side effects induced by vacuum-assisted delivery; therefore, it is still necessary to keep an eye out during the healing process in the event of other possible complications.[6][26] Prolonged vacuum traction, improper cup placement, and sudden cup detachment are all factors contributing to both maternal and neonatal complications that need to be considered when applying vacuum extraction.[26]Despite the known risks of vacuum-assisted delivery, it nowadays tends to be a more commonly used birth-assisting tool due to its relatively lower occurrences of both maternal and neonatal complications compared to other methods, such as using forceps or a C-section, which tends to be a last resort option due to risks of significantly greater maternal morbidity.[3][27] There have also been developed practices to minimize the impact of vacuum-assisted delivery on the neonatal head. Such a method is to use a proper vacuum cup to apply pressure up to 0.8 kg/cm2 and rhythmically sync the vacuum with uterine contractions in order to both expedite the delivery process and minimize traction-induced scalpel swelling.[26] The infant's head should be regularly checked throughout the hospital stay.[10]It is crucial to know when to stop; the longer the delay, the higher the chance of both maternal and neonatal complications developing.[28] All in all, both communicating with and updating healthcare personnel are key; parents and caretakers are encouraged to immediately report any changes or signs of worsening complications.[6]","title":"Optimization of vacuum-assisted delivery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1111/ajo.12104","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1111%2Fajo.12104"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"23802621","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23802621"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9120239","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9120239"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5097223"},{"link_name":"ICD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems"},{"link_name":"11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-11"},{"link_name":"KA42.2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1092164142"},{"link_name":"ICD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems"},{"link_name":"10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICD-10"},{"link_name":"P12.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/P12.1"},{"link_name":"ICD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems"},{"link_name":"9-CM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes"},{"link_name":"767.19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=767.19"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pediatric_conditions_originating_in_the_perinatal_period"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Pediatric_conditions_originating_in_the_perinatal_period"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pediatric_conditions_originating_in_the_perinatal_period"},{"link_name":"perinatal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perinatal"},{"link_name":"fetal disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_disease"},{"link_name":"placenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placental_disease"},{"link_name":"Placenta praevia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placenta_praevia"},{"link_name":"Placental insufficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placental_insufficiency"},{"link_name":"Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin-to-twin_transfusion_syndrome"},{"link_name":"chorion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorion"},{"link_name":"amnion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnion"},{"link_name":"Chorioamnionitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorioamnionitis"},{"link_name":"umbilical cord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_cord#Problems_and_abnormalities"},{"link_name":"Umbilical cord prolapse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_cord_prolapse"},{"link_name":"Nuchal cord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuchal_cord"},{"link_name":"Single umbilical artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_umbilical_artery"},{"link_name":"presentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_(obstetrics)"},{"link_name":"Breech birth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breech_birth"},{"link_name":"Asynclitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynclitic_birth"},{"link_name":"Shoulder presentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder_presentation"},{"link_name":"Small for gestational age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_for_gestational_age"},{"link_name":"Large for gestational age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_for_gestational_age"},{"link_name":"Preterm birth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preterm_birth"},{"link_name":"Postterm pregnancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postterm_pregnancy"},{"link_name":"Intrauterine growth restriction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrauterine_growth_restriction"},{"link_name":"Birth trauma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_trauma_(physical)"},{"link_name":"scalp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalp"},{"link_name":"Cephalohematoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalohematoma"},{"link_name":"Chignon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Caput succedaneum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caput_succedaneum"},{"link_name":"Subgaleal hemorrhage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgaleal_hemorrhage"},{"link_name":"Brachial plexus injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachial_plexus_injury"},{"link_name":"Erb's palsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erb%27s_palsy"},{"link_name":"Klumpke paralysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klumpke_paralysis"},{"link_name":"Respiratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_disease"},{"link_name":"Intrauterine hypoxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrauterine_hypoxia"},{"link_name":"Infant respiratory distress syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_respiratory_distress_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Transient tachypnea of the newborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient_tachypnea_of_the_newborn"},{"link_name":"Meconium aspiration syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meconium_aspiration_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Pleural disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleural_disease"},{"link_name":"Pneumothorax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumothorax"},{"link_name":"Pneumomediastinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumomediastinum"},{"link_name":"Wilson–Mikity syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson%E2%80%93Mikity_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Bronchopulmonary dysplasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchopulmonary_dysplasia"},{"link_name":"Cardiovascular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease"},{"link_name":"Pneumopericardium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumopericardium"},{"link_name":"Persistent fetal circulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_fetal_circulation"},{"link_name":"Bleeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleeding"},{"link_name":"hematologic disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematologic_disease"},{"link_name":"Vitamin K deficiency bleeding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_K_deficiency_bleeding"},{"link_name":"HDN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn"},{"link_name":"ABO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn_(ABO)"},{"link_name":"Anti-Kell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn_(anti-Kell)"},{"link_name":"Rh c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn_(anti-Rhc)"},{"link_name":"Rh D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh_disease"},{"link_name":"Rh E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn_(anti-RhE)"},{"link_name":"Hydrops fetalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrops_fetalis"},{"link_name":"Hyperbilirubinemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbilirubinemia"},{"link_name":"Kernicterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernicterus"},{"link_name":"Neonatal jaundice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal_jaundice"},{"link_name":"Velamentous cord insertion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velamentous_cord_insertion"},{"link_name":"Intraventricular hemorrhage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraventricular_hemorrhage"},{"link_name":"Germinal matrix hemorrhage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal_matrix_hemorrhage"},{"link_name":"Anemia of prematurity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia_of_prematurity"},{"link_name":"Gastrointestinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_disease"},{"link_name":"Ileus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileus"},{"link_name":"Necrotizing enterocolitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrotizing_enterocolitis"},{"link_name":"Meconium peritonitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meconium_peritonitis"},{"link_name":"Integument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integumentary_system"},{"link_name":"thermoregulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoregulation"},{"link_name":"Erythema toxicum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythema_toxicum_neonatorum"},{"link_name":"Sclerema neonatorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sclerema_neonatorum"},{"link_name":"Nervous system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system_disease"},{"link_name":"Perinatal asphyxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perinatal_asphyxia"},{"link_name":"Periventricular leukomalacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periventricular_leukomalacia"},{"link_name":"Musculoskeletal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musculoskeletal_disorder"},{"link_name":"Gray baby syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_baby_syndrome"},{"link_name":"muscle tone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_tone"},{"link_name":"Congenital hypertonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertonia"},{"link_name":"Congenital hypotonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotonia"},{"link_name":"Vertically transmitted infection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertically_transmitted_infection"},{"link_name":"Neonatal infection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal_infection"},{"link_name":"rubella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_rubella_syndrome"},{"link_name":"herpes simplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal_herpes_simplex"},{"link_name":"mycoplasma hominis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma_hominis_infection"},{"link_name":"ureaplasma urealyticum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureaplasma_urealyticum_infection"},{"link_name":"Omphalitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omphalitis"},{"link_name":"Neonatal sepsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal_sepsis"},{"link_name":"Group B streptococcal infection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection"},{"link_name":"Neonatal conjunctivitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal_conjunctivitis"},{"link_name":"Miscarriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscarriage"},{"link_name":"Perinatal mortality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perinatal_mortality"},{"link_name":"Stillbirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillbirth"},{"link_name":"Infant mortality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infant_mortality"},{"link_name":"Neonatal withdrawal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal_withdrawal"},{"link_name":"Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetal_Alcohol_Spectrum_Disorder"}],"text":"Gilboa Y, Kivilevitch Z, Kedem A, Spira M, Borkowski T, Moran O, et al. (October 2013). \"Caput succedaneum thickness in prolonged second stage of labour: a clinical evaluation\". The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 53 (5): 459–463. doi:10.1111/ajo.12104. PMID 23802621. S2CID 9120239.ClassificationDICD-11: KA42.2ICD-10: P12.1ICD-9-CM: 767.19vteConditions originating in the perinatal period / fetal diseaseMaternal factors complicating pregnancy, labour or deliveryplacenta\nPlacenta praevia\nPlacental insufficiency\nTwin-to-twin transfusion syndrome\nchorion/amnion\nChorioamnionitis\numbilical cord\nUmbilical cord prolapse\nNuchal cord\nSingle umbilical artery\npresentation\nBreech birth\nAsynclitism\nShoulder presentation\nGrowth\nSmall for gestational age / Large for gestational age\nPreterm birth / Postterm pregnancy\nIntrauterine growth restriction\nBirth trauma\nscalp\nCephalohematoma\nChignon\nCaput succedaneum\nSubgaleal hemorrhage\nBrachial plexus injury\nErb's palsy\nKlumpke paralysis\nAffected systemsRespiratory\nIntrauterine hypoxia\nInfant respiratory distress syndrome\nTransient tachypnea of the newborn\nMeconium aspiration syndrome\nPleural disease\nPneumothorax\nPneumomediastinum\nWilson–Mikity syndrome\nBronchopulmonary dysplasia\nCardiovascular\nPneumopericardium\nPersistent fetal circulation\nBleeding andhematologic disease\nVitamin K deficiency bleeding\nHDN\nABO\nAnti-Kell\nRh c\nRh D\nRh E\nHydrops fetalis\nHyperbilirubinemia\nKernicterus\nNeonatal jaundice\nVelamentous cord insertion\nIntraventricular hemorrhage\nGerminal matrix hemorrhage\nAnemia of prematurity\nGastrointestinal\nIleus\nNecrotizing enterocolitis\nMeconium peritonitis\nIntegument andthermoregulation\nErythema toxicum\nSclerema neonatorum\nNervous system\nPerinatal asphyxia\nPeriventricular leukomalacia\nMusculoskeletal\nGray baby syndrome\nmuscle tone\nCongenital hypertonia\nCongenital hypotonia\nInfections\nVertically transmitted infection\nNeonatal infection\nrubella\nherpes simplex\nmycoplasma hominis\nureaplasma urealyticum\nOmphalitis\nNeonatal sepsis\nGroup B streptococcal infection\nNeonatal conjunctivitis\nOther\nMiscarriage\nPerinatal mortality\nStillbirth\nInfant mortality\nNeonatal withdrawal\nFetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Vacuum extraction of baby.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Vacuum-assisted_Delivery.png/220px-Vacuum-assisted_Delivery.png"}]
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[{"title":"Caput succedaneum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caput_succedaneum"},{"title":"Cephalohematoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalohematoma"},{"title":"Subgaleal Haemorrhage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgaleal_hemorrhage"},{"title":"Vacuum extraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_extraction"}]
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[{"reference":"Baston H, Durward H (June 23, 2010). Examination of the Newborn: A Practical Guide. Routledge. pp. 72–75. ISBN 978-0-203-84995-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0A1Cta3Q4HwC&pg=PA72","url_text":"Examination of the Newborn: A Practical Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-84995-8","url_text":"978-0-203-84995-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Bloody Show: Symptoms & Signs of Labor\". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 2023-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/symptoms/21605-bloody-show","url_text":"\"Bloody Show: Symptoms & Signs of Labor\""}]},{"reference":"Hutchison J, Mahdy H, Hutchison J (2023). \"Stages of Labor\". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 31335010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544290/","url_text":"\"Stages of Labor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31335010","url_text":"31335010"}]},{"reference":"\"Vacuum Extraction Delivery: What to Expect & Side Effects\". Cleveland Clinic.","urls":[{"url":"https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/22305-vacuum-extraction-delivery","url_text":"\"Vacuum Extraction Delivery: What to Expect & Side Effects\""}]},{"reference":"Goordyal D, Anderson J, Alazmani A, Culmer P (January 2021). \"An engineering perspective of vacuum assisted delivery devices in obstetrics: A review\". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of Engineering in Medicine. 235 (1): 3–16. doi:10.1177/0954411920956467. PMC 7780266. PMID 32928047.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7780266","url_text":"\"An engineering perspective of vacuum assisted delivery devices in obstetrics: A review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0954411920956467","url_text":"10.1177/0954411920956467"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7780266","url_text":"7780266"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32928047","url_text":"32928047"}]},{"reference":"Nicholson L (2007). \"Caput succedaneum and cephalohematoma: the cs that leave bumps on the head\". Neonatal Network. 26 (5): 277–281. doi:10.1891/0730-0832.26.5.277. PMID 17926657. S2CID 19351510.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1891%2F0730-0832.26.5.277","url_text":"10.1891/0730-0832.26.5.277"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17926657","url_text":"17926657"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19351510","url_text":"19351510"}]},{"reference":"\"Cephalohematoma Birth Injury: Causes and Complications\". Cleveland Clinic.","urls":[{"url":"https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/22229-cephalohematoma","url_text":"\"Cephalohematoma Birth Injury: Causes and Complications\""}]},{"reference":"Stewart RH (2020). \"A Modern View of the Interstitial Space in Health and Disease\". Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 7: 609583. doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.609583. PMC 7674635. PMID 33251275.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7674635","url_text":"\"A Modern View of the Interstitial Space in Health and Disease\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffvets.2020.609583","url_text":"10.3389/fvets.2020.609583"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7674635","url_text":"7674635"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33251275","url_text":"33251275"}]},{"reference":"Vacca A (February 2002). \"Vacuum-assisted delivery\". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 16 (1): 17–30. doi:10.1053/beog.2001.0252. PMID 11866494.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fbeog.2001.0252","url_text":"10.1053/beog.2001.0252"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11866494","url_text":"11866494"}]},{"reference":"Newborn Care: Subgaleal haemorrhage and observation of the newborn following instrumental delivery (PDF). Sydney Local Health District (Report). NSW Government. 2022. p. 4.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slhd.nsw.gov.au/RPA/neonatal%5Ccontent/pdf/guidelines/Subgaleal_Haemorrhage_SLHD_GL2022_10.pdf","url_text":"Newborn Care: Subgaleal haemorrhage and observation of the newborn following instrumental delivery"}]},{"reference":"McQuivey RW (September 2004). \"Vacuum-assisted delivery: a review\". The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 16 (3): 171–180. doi:10.1080/1476-7050400001706. PMID 15590444.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1476-7050400001706","url_text":"10.1080/1476-7050400001706"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15590444","url_text":"15590444"}]},{"reference":"De Jong P (2015). Vacuum Assisted Delivery Procedures (PDF). Dept of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital (Report). pp. 6, 37, 45.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.medelahealthcare.com/dam/healthcare/ASSETS/SOLUTIONS/PVS/PRODUCT-PAGES/VAD/PDFs/vad-procedures-booklet.pdf?uuid=jcr:c4852eea-e2ef-4fb8-87a2-3034fe4f45a3","url_text":"Vacuum Assisted Delivery Procedures"}]},{"reference":"Colditz MJ, Lai MM, Cartwright DW, Colditz PB (February 2015). \"Subgaleal haemorrhage in the newborn: A call for early diagnosis and aggressive management\". Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 51 (2): 140–146. doi:10.1111/jpc.12698. PMID 25109786. S2CID 21238768.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjpc.12698","url_text":"10.1111/jpc.12698"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25109786","url_text":"25109786"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21238768","url_text":"21238768"}]},{"reference":"Flannigan C (2011). A Practical Guide to Managing Paediatric Problems on the Postnatal Wards. Radcliffe Publishing Ltd. p. 7. ISBN 9781846195068.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781846195068","url_text":"9781846195068"}]},{"reference":"Jacob K, Hoerter JE (2023). \"Caput Succedaneum\". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 34662048.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK574534/","url_text":"\"Caput Succedaneum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34662048","url_text":"34662048"}]},{"reference":"Kazzam ME, Ng P (2022). \"Postoperative Seroma Management\". StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 36256748.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585101/","url_text":"\"Postoperative Seroma Management\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36256748","url_text":"36256748"}]},{"reference":"Marks JR, Miller JJ (2006). \"Purpura\". Lookingbill & Marks' Principles of Dermatology. Elsevier. pp. 235–244. doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-3185-7.50022-9. ISBN 978-1-4160-3185-7. S2CID 239164564.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-1-4160-3185-7.50022-9","url_text":"10.1016/b978-1-4160-3185-7.50022-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-3185-7","url_text":"978-1-4160-3185-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239164564","url_text":"239164564"}]},{"reference":"McGrath A, Barrett MJ (2023). Petechiae. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 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PMID 19399290.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672989","url_text":"\"Vacuum-assisted vaginal delivery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672989","url_text":"2672989"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19399290","url_text":"19399290"}]},{"reference":"Abbas RA, Qadi YH, Bukhari R, Shams T (May 2021). \"Maternal and Neonatal Complications Resulting From Vacuum-Assisted and Normal Vaginal Deliveries\". Cureus. 13 (5): e14962. doi:10.7759/cureus.14962. PMC 8191856. PMID 34123659.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8191856","url_text":"\"Maternal and Neonatal Complications Resulting From Vacuum-Assisted and Normal Vaginal Deliveries\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7759%2Fcureus.14962","url_text":"10.7759/cureus.14962"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8191856","url_text":"8191856"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34123659","url_text":"34123659"}]},{"reference":"Greenberg J (May 2023). Lockwood CJ, Barss VA (eds.). \"Procedure for vacuum-assisted vaginal birth\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Ward_(footballer)
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Tim Ward (footballer)
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["1 Biography","2 Playing career","3 Managerial career","4 Post Management","5 Honours","5.1 As a manager","6 Personal life","7 References","7.1 Bibliography","8 External links"]
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English footballer and manager
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Tim WardPersonal informationFull name
Timothy Victor WardDate of birth
(1917-09-16)16 September 1917Place of birth
Cheltenham, EnglandDate of death
28 January 1993(1993-01-28) (aged 75)Place of death
EnglandPosition(s)
Right wingerYouth career
Cheltenham Schools
Charlton KingsSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1935–1937
Cheltenham Town
1937–1951
Derby County
238
(4)1951–1953
Barnsley
33
(0)International career1947–1948
England
2
(0)Managerial career1953
Exeter City1953–1960
Barnsley1960–1962
Grimsby Town1962–1967
Derby County1967–1968
Carlisle United
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Victor Timothy Ward (17 September 1917 – 28 January 1993) was an English footballer and subsequently football manager, most notable for his time with Derby County.
Biography
Ward was the adopted son of Bill and Eunice Andrews and raised in Charlton Kings near Cheltenham. Tim played football on the local pitches with his childhood friend Cedric, during these games Cedric would be Arsenal and Tim would be Derby County.
He attended Charlton Kings Boys School.
Playing career
Ward played football for Cheltenham Schools and Charlton Kings before signing for Cheltenham Town who were then embarking on their first seasons in the Southern Football league. In 1937 Ward had an unsuccessful trial for Leicester City risking the sack from his job, before catching the attention of Derby County scout Jackie Whitehouse. He joined the club on trial, scoring with the first kick of his first trial match with Derby County 'A', and convinced George Jobey to pay Cheltenham £100 and became a full-time professional, playing at left half, replacing England international defender Errington Keen. Like many of his generation, Ward's career was adversely affected by the outbreak of World War II, and during his time in the army Ward made guest appearances for Notts County, Hamilton Academical and Leeds United and also played for the Scottish Army XI before he was sent to fight in Europe. After the war Ward played for the BAOR team before being demobbed. His time in Germany saw him miss all but one game of Derby's 1946 FA Cup campaign. Ward was philosophical on missing the final, saying 'So many of my friends were killed in the war and I regarded myself lucky to emerge from it, rather than unlucky to miss Wembley." On his return to England, despite Arsenal offering £10,000 for his services, Derby found him a position at right-half, where he was successful enough to gain 2 full England caps, making his debut against Belgium on 21 September 1947 at The Heysel Stadium and also appearing against Wales at Villa Park on 10 November 1948. He was also part of the FA Tour of Canada in 1950. He was sold to Barnsley in 1951, spending two years with the Tykes before entering management.
Managerial career
"The job has been the toughest I have ever had, and the shortage of money has been frustrating. The trouble with this club is that you can't put a threepenny stamp on a letter without consulting the board personally. I was told that money was available but I could never get an answer when I asked how much"
- Tim Ward on his time as Derby manager
Ward's management career started with an 8-day stay as Exeter City manager. After being appointed manager on 4 March 1953, and despite travelling to their Third Division South match against Ipswich Town, Barnsley, who had never released Ward, recalled him on 12 March and appointed him manager two weeks later. Though he arrived too late to save Barnsley from relegation, he achieved promotion straight away as Third Division North Champions in 1955. Though Barnsley were relegated again four years later, he was still comfortably established at Oakwell until joining Grimsby in January 1960. Another promotion followed as Grimsby finished runners up in the 1961–62 Third Division, finishing just three points behind winners Portsmouth.
His success at Grimsby saw him coveted by Derby County, who appointed him manager ahead of the 1962–63 season. At the time Derby were established as a Second division side and, after four years of finishing progressively higher in the league (18th, 13th, 9th, 8th), the club dipped to 17th in the 1966/67 season and the club decided not to renew his contract, replacing him with Brian Clough. Ward's five years at Derby were blighted by a lack of cash and a parochial attitude in the boardroom, but he is often credited with laying the foundations for the success of his successor, such as signing Colin Boulton, Peter Daniel, Kevin Hector, Alan Durban and Ron Webster, all of whom were part of Clough's 1972 Football League winning side. Ward claimed that the successful signing of Eddie Thomas for just £3,500, counted against him, saying "(Thomas) proved a marvellous bargain and after that I was expected to sign other players as cheaply." After Derby, Ward spent 15 months as manager of Carlisle United before leaving football management completely.
Post Management
Following his retirement from management, Ward ran the ex-Derby County football side and was instrumental in the formation of the Derby County Former Player's Association in 1991, becoming the first chairman. He also held a position of scout for Nottingham Forest.
Honours
As a manager
Barnsley
Third Division North champions: 1954–55
Grimsby Town
Third Division runners-up: 1961–62
Personal life
Tim married Harriet Anne Elliott (born 1 May 1919) in Derby in 1940. She died in 1996;
References
^ Derby County: The Complete Record (Breedon Books – 2006), p. 118
^ "Jewell made some decent signings but the balance was never right". Derby Telegraph. 18 March 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
Bibliography
Andrew Ward (1994). Armed with a football. Crowberry. ISBN 0-9507568-1-4.
Gerald Mortimer (2006). Derby County: The Complete Record. Breedon Books. ISBN 1-85983-517-1.
External links
Tim Ward – Managerial positions
vteExeter City F.C. – managers
Chadwick (1908–22)
Mavin (1923–27)
D. Wilson (1928–29)
McDevitt (1929–35)
English (1935–39)
Roughton (1945–52)
Kirkman (1952–53)
Ward (1953)
Dodgin (1953–57)
Thompson (1957–58)
Broome (1958–60)
G. Wilson (1960–62)
Spiers (1962–63)
Edwards (1963–65)
Stuttard (1965–66)
Basford (1966–67)
Broome (1967–69)
Newman (1969–76)
Saxton (1977–79)
Godfrey (1979–83)
Francis (1983–84)
Iley (1984–85)
Appleton (1985–87)
Cooper (1988–91)
Ball (1991–94)
Cooper (1994–95)
Fox (1995–2000)
Blake (2000–01)
Cornforth (2001–02)
McNab (2002–03)
Peters (2003)
Dolan (2003–04)
Perryman (2004)
Inglethorpe (2004–06)
Tisdale (2006–18)
Taylor (2018–22)
Caldwell (2022–)
vteBarnsley F.C. – managers
Fairclough (1898–1901)
McCartney (1901–04)
Fairclough (1904–12)
Hastie (1912–14)
Lewis (1914–19)
Sant (1919–26)
Commins (1926–28)
Fairclough (1928–30)
Fletcher (1930–37)
Seed (1937–53)
Ward (1953–60)
Steele (1960–71)
McSeveney (1971–72)
Steele (1972–73)
Iley (1973–78)
Clarke (1978–80)
Hunter (1980–84)
Collins (1984–85)
Clarke (1985–89)
Machin (1989–93)
Anderson (1993–94)
Wilson (1994–98)
Hendrie (1998–99)
Winstanley (1999)
Bassett (1999–2000)
Winstanley (2000–01)
Spackman (2001)
Hodges (2001)
Parkin (2001–02)
Hodges (2002–03)
Thordarson (2003–04)
Hart (2004–05)
Ritchie (2005–06)
Davey (2006–09)
Robins (2009–11)
Hill (2011–12)
Flitcroft (2012–13)
Wilson (2013–15)
Heckingbottomc (2015)
Johnson (2015–16)
Heckingbottom (2016–18)
Harsleyc (2018)
Morais (2018)
Stendel (2018–19)
Struber (2019–20)
Ismaël (2020–21)
Schopp (2021)
Laumannc (2021)
Asbaghi (2021–22)
Devaneyc (2022)
Duff (2022–23)
Collins (2023–24)
Devaneyc (2024)
Clarke (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteGrimsby Town F.C. – managers
Hickson (1902–20)
Price (1920)
Fraser (1921–24)
Gillow (1924–32)
Womack (1932–36)
Spencer (1937–51)
Womackc (1951)
Shankly (1951–53)
Berkessyc (1954)
Walsh (1954–55)
Chilton (1955–59)
Ward (1960–62)
Johnston (1962–64)
McGuigan (1964–67)
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(c) = caretaker manager; (p) = player-manager; (cp) = player-caretaker manager
vteDerby County F.C. – managers
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(c) = caretaker manager
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Derby County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_County_F.C."}],"text":"Victor Timothy Ward (17 September 1917 – 28 January 1993) was an English footballer and subsequently football manager, most notable for his time with Derby County.","title":"Tim Ward (footballer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"Derby County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_County_F.C."}],"text":"Ward was the adopted son of Bill and Eunice Andrews and raised in Charlton Kings near Cheltenham. Tim played football on the local pitches with his childhood friend Cedric, during these games Cedric would be Arsenal and Tim would be Derby County.He attended Charlton Kings Boys School.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cheltenham Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheltenham_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Leicester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Derby County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"George Jobey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Jobey"},{"link_name":"Errington Keen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errington_Keen"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Notts County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notts_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"Hamilton Academical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Academical_F.C."},{"link_name":"Leeds United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"BAOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAOR"},{"link_name":"1946 FA Cup campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_FA_Cup_final"},{"link_name":"Wembley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."}],"text":"Ward played football for Cheltenham Schools and Charlton Kings before signing for Cheltenham Town who were then embarking on their first seasons in the Southern Football league. In 1937 Ward had an unsuccessful trial for Leicester City risking the sack from his job, before catching the attention of Derby County scout Jackie Whitehouse. He joined the club on trial, scoring with the first kick of his first trial match with Derby County 'A', and convinced George Jobey to pay Cheltenham £100 and became a full-time professional, playing at left half, replacing England international defender Errington Keen. Like many of his generation, Ward's career was adversely affected by the outbreak of World War II, and during his time in the army Ward made guest appearances for Notts County, Hamilton Academical and Leeds United and also played for the Scottish Army XI before he was sent to fight in Europe. After the war Ward played for the BAOR team before being demobbed. His time in Germany saw him miss all but one game of Derby's 1946 FA Cup campaign. Ward was philosophical on missing the final, saying 'So many of my friends were killed in the war and I regarded myself lucky to emerge from it, rather than unlucky to miss Wembley.\" On his return to England, despite Arsenal offering £10,000 for his services, Derby found him a position at right-half, where he was successful enough to gain 2 full England caps, making his debut against Belgium on 21 September 1947 at The Heysel Stadium and also appearing against Wales at Villa Park on 10 November 1948. He was also part of the FA Tour of Canada in 1950. He was sold to Barnsley in 1951, spending two years with the Tykes before entering management.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Exeter City manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Third Division South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division_South"},{"link_name":"Ipswich Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Barnsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsley_F.C."},{"link_name":"Third Division North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division_North"},{"link_name":"Oakwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakwell"},{"link_name":"Grimsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimsby_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"1961–62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961%E2%80%9362_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Third Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C."},{"link_name":"Derby County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"1962–63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962%E2%80%9363_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Second division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Second_Division"},{"link_name":"1966/67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Brian Clough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Clough"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wardpraise-2"},{"link_name":"Colin Boulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Boulton"},{"link_name":"Peter Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Daniel_(footballer_born_1946)"},{"link_name":"Kevin Hector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Hector"},{"link_name":"Alan Durban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Durban"},{"link_name":"Ron Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Webster"},{"link_name":"Carlisle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle_United_F.C."}],"text":"\"The job has been the toughest I have ever had, and the shortage of money has been frustrating. The trouble with this club is that you can't put a threepenny stamp on a letter without consulting the board personally. I was told that money was available but I could never get an answer when I asked how much\"\n\n\n- Tim Ward on his time as Derby manager[1]Ward's management career started with an 8-day stay as Exeter City manager. After being appointed manager on 4 March 1953, and despite travelling to their Third Division South match against Ipswich Town, Barnsley, who had never released Ward, recalled him on 12 March and appointed him manager two weeks later. Though he arrived too late to save Barnsley from relegation, he achieved promotion straight away as Third Division North Champions in 1955. Though Barnsley were relegated again four years later, he was still comfortably established at Oakwell until joining Grimsby in January 1960. Another promotion followed as Grimsby finished runners up in the 1961–62 Third Division, finishing just three points behind winners Portsmouth.His success at Grimsby saw him coveted by Derby County, who appointed him manager ahead of the 1962–63 season. At the time Derby were established as a Second division side and, after four years of finishing progressively higher in the league (18th, 13th, 9th, 8th), the club dipped to 17th in the 1966/67 season and the club decided not to renew his contract, replacing him with Brian Clough. Ward's five years at Derby were blighted by a lack of cash and a parochial attitude in the boardroom, but he is often credited with laying the foundations for the success of his successor,[2] such as signing Colin Boulton, Peter Daniel, Kevin Hector, Alan Durban and Ron Webster, all of whom were part of Clough's 1972 Football League winning side. Ward claimed that the successful signing of Eddie Thomas for just £3,500, counted against him, saying \"(Thomas) proved a marvellous bargain and after that I was expected to sign other players as cheaply.\" After Derby, Ward spent 15 months as manager of Carlisle United before leaving football management completely.","title":"Managerial career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nottingham Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C."}],"text":"Following his retirement from management, Ward ran the ex-Derby County football side and was instrumental in the formation of the Derby County Former Player's Association in 1991, becoming the first chairman. He also held a position of scout for Nottingham Forest.","title":"Post Management"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Third Division North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division_North"},{"link_name":"1954–55","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954%E2%80%9355_in_English_football"},{"link_name":"Third Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Third_Division"},{"link_name":"1961–62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961%E2%80%9362_in_English_football"}],"sub_title":"As a manager","text":"BarnsleyThird Division North champions: 1954–55Grimsby TownThird Division runners-up: 1961–62","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby"}],"text":"Tim married Harriet Anne Elliott (born 1 May 1919) in Derby in 1940. She died in 1996;","title":"Personal life"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Jewell made some decent signings but the balance was never right\". Derby Telegraph. 18 March 2009. Retrieved 8 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/Jewell-decent-signings-balance-right/story-11635073-detail/story.html","url_text":"\"Jewell made some decent signings but the balance was never right\""}]},{"reference":"Andrew Ward (1994). Armed with a football. Crowberry. ISBN 0-9507568-1-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9507568-1-4","url_text":"0-9507568-1-4"}]},{"reference":"Gerald Mortimer (2006). Derby County: The Complete Record. Breedon Books. ISBN 1-85983-517-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85983-517-1","url_text":"1-85983-517-1"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivan
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Živan
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["1 See also"]
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Živan (Cyrillic script: Живан) is a masculine given name of Slavic origin. The name may refer to:
Živan Knežević (1906–1984), Yugoslav military officer
Živan Ljukovčan (born 1954), Serbian football goalkeeper
See also
Živanović
Name listThis page or section lists people that share the same given name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Živan Knežević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivan_Kne%C5%BEevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Živan Ljukovčan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivan_Ljukov%C4%8Dan"}],"text":"Živan Knežević (1906–1984), Yugoslav military officer\nŽivan Ljukovčan (born 1954), Serbian football goalkeeper","title":"Živan"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Živanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivanovi%C4%87"},{"title":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/%C5%BDivan&namespace=0"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/%C5%BDivan&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidation_of_Pedro_II_of_Brazil
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Consolidation of Pedro II of Brazil
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["1 Under the shadow of the Courtier faction","1.1 Aureliano tutorship","1.2 Search for a bride","1.3 Marriage","1.4 Establishment of the imperial authority","1.5 Brazil in the international arena","2 References"]
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This article is part of a series aboutPedro II of Brazil
Early life (1825–40)
Consolidation (1840–53)
Growth (1853–64)
Paraguayan War (1864–70)
Apogee (1870–81)
Decline and fall (1881–89)
Exile and death (1889–91)
Legacy
vte
Pedro IIPedro II at age 24, 1849Emperor of BrazilReign7 April 1831 – 15 November 1889Coronation18 July 1841Imperial ChapelPredecessorPedro ISuccessorMonarchy abolishedRegentsSee list (1831–1840)Prime ministersSee listHead of the Imperial House of BrazilTenure7 April 1831 – 5 December 1891PredecessorPedro I, Emperor of BrazilSuccessorIsabel, Princess ImperialBorn(1825-12-02)2 December 1825Palace of São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro, Empire of BrazilDied5 December 1891(1891-12-05) (aged 66)Paris, FranceBurial5 December 1939Cathedral of São Pedro de Alcântara, Petrópolis, BrazilSpouse
Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies
(m. 1843; died 1889)IssueDetail
Afonso, Prince Imperial
Isabel, Princess Imperial
Leopoldina, Princess Ludwig August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Pedro Afonso, Prince Imperial
NamesPedro de Alcântara João Carlos Leopoldo Salvador Bibiano Francisco Xavier de Paula Leocádio Miguel Gabriel Rafael Gonzaga de Habsburgo-Lorena e BragançaHouseBraganzaFatherPedro I of BrazilMotherMaria Leopoldina of AustriaReligionRoman CatholicismSignature
The consolidation of Pedro II of Brazil covers the period from his coronation on 18 July 1841 until 6 September 1853.
Under the shadow of the Courtier faction
Aureliano tutorship
Pedro II around age 22, c. 1847.
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (December 2009)
Search for a bride
Pedro II had grown and matured by 1843. He was considered a Handsome man, at 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) tall with blue eyes and brown hair. He had, however, two physical flaws: a protunding jaw (inherited from his Habsburg mother's family, which in the later 1840s he would try to conceal by letting his beard grow), and a high-pitched, childish voice. The "single complaint about Pedro II's behavior as monarch was his lack of social graces, and in particular his taciturnity. Since he rarely volunteered more than a word or two, maintaining a direct conversation with him was next to impossible." That, coupled with emotional immaturity, made ministers of State and courtiers expect that he would improve his behavior and character once he had married. There was also an urgent need to increase the number of heirs to the throne. The Brazilian Imperial Family was then reduced to only three people, Pedro II and his sisters Francisca and Januária (Another sister, Paula, had died in 1833 from meningitis at age 9). Januária was the heiress presumptive to the throne and held the title of Princess Imperial, while Francisca was second (and last) in the line of succession.
Arrival of Empress Teresa Cristina on board the frigate Constituição in Brazil, 1843.
The problem was that Pedro II, although born of one of the most illustrious royal lineages, was considered a poor marital prospect according to standards of European royalty. This was because Brazil was then a country without much political and economic importance in the international arena. The Brazilian government hoped to arrange matches with members of the House of Habsburg> and asked Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria and uncle of Pedro II, to assist in this. However, Ferdinand was mentally handicapped and Prince von Metternich was the power behind Austria's throne. Metternich was not at all interested in collaborating with the Brazilian Empire. The reason was a deep resentment he held against Pedro I (Pedro II's father). In 1834 the liberal and constitutionalist Pedro I defeated and dethroned his absolutist brother Miguel I, who was supported by the reactionary Metternich.
The diplomat Bento da Silva Lisboa (son of José da Silva Lisboa, Viscount of Cairu, councilor of Dom João VI) was made plenipotentiary minister to deal with marriage arrangements, and departed for Vienna on 12 December 1840. Lisboa remained for about a year in Vienna while being ignored by Metternich. Eventually, he met Vicenzo Ramirez, minister of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, who offered the hand of Princess Teresa Cristina (daughter of Francis I and sister of Ferdinand II, both kings of the Two Sicilies). Meanwhile, Metternich had changed his mind and planned to marry Pedro II to Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna (daughter of Russian Czar Nicholas I), but it was already too late. On 20 May 1842, both ministers signed a marriage contract between Pedro II and Teresa Cristina. The government of the Two Sicilies sent a picture of Teresa Cristina to the Brazilian emperor, and she seemed to be a beautiful young woman. The wedding occurred by proxy on 30 May 1843 in Naples, Pedro II being represented by his fiancée's brother Prince Leopold, Count of Syracuse.
Marriage
Pedro II and Teresa Cristina soon after their marriage, 1843.
A small Brazilian fleet composed of the frigate Constituição and the corvettes Dois de Julho and Euterpe departed for the Two Sicilies on 3 March 1843 to escort the new Empress of Brazil. Meanwhile, on 27 March 1843, the French frigate Belle Poule arrived in Rio de Janeiro with François d'Orléans, prince de Joinville (son of King Louis-Philippe of France) on board, who had come to ask for the hand of Francisca. Their marriage occurred on 1 May and the couple afterwards sailed for France. The Brazilian fleet, accompanied by a Neapolitan naval division consisting of a ship of the line and three frigates, returned with Teresa Cristina on 3 September 1843.
Pedro II went aboard immediately to greet his bride, but upon seeing her in person, felt greatly disappointed. The picture which had been sent to him was clearly idealized, and the real Teresa Cristina was short, a bit overweight, walked with a pronounced limp and, while not ugly, neither was she pretty. "His hopes and dreams died at that moment. His response was one of visible disgust and rejection. According to one report he turned his back on his bride, and another stated that he was so overcome that he had to sit down. He may have done both these things." After a while, he left the ship, and she returned to her cabin. Perceiving his disillusionment, she burst into tears, lamenting that "the emperor did not like me!" That evening, Pedro II wept on the shoulder of the Steward Paulo Barbosa and complained to the Lady-in-waiting Mariana de Verna, "They have deceived me, Dadama!" It took several hours to convince him that he could not give up. Thus, the wedding celebration occurred on the following day, 4 September.
Establishment of the imperial authority
Pedro II at age 20, 1846.
Empress Teresa Cristina was accompanied by her brother Prince Louis, Count of Aquila, who married Princess Januária. The relationship between the emperor and the count soon soured. Unlike the young Pedro II, Áquila was an "extrovert with an easy charm, he valued entertainment above study and pleasure above duty." In contrast, the emperor appeared uneasy in social situations, and somewhat insecure and immature. However, the unfavorable comparison soon was eliminated. The Italian prince committed the grave mistake of attempting to acquire a more prominent position in the Brazilian court, an ambition which the "Courtier faction" found threatening to its interests. The steward Paulo Barbosa, ever vigilant against any loss of status at court, aroused Pedro II's fears and insecurities by alleging that Áquila had designs upon the throne. The relationship between the brothers-in-law became unbearable, at which point the count, tired of being mistreated by the emperor, departed with Januária for Europe on 23 October 1844. The suspicions directed towards family members exposed an insecurity and undeveloped sense of judgment which were incompatible with his position as ruler. The emperor's attention was too easily misdirected to gossip, and he too willingly believed baseless allegations of plots directed against himself. This immaturity was exploited by the "Courtier faction" which controlled access to the emperor.
Around 1847 at age 21, Pedro II had finally established his authority as an emperor.
However, things quickly changed. With adulthood came a flowering of Pedro II's more admirable traits, and a fading of immature vulnerabilities. The emperor became more confident, courteous, and judicious. He no longer allowed others to manipulate his affairs or influence his decisions in governing, and became adroit at handling both personal and official interactions. The shy and suspicious youth became a man who could be sophisticated and charming in social situations. Pedro II "became a highly respected, even beloved, monarch whose dominance of the nation’s affairs was both welcome and unquestioned." Other positive traits flourished, such as his ability to exercise restraint. He learned to be patient and courteous, even under trying circumstances. He no longer allowed his emotions to be drawn out in public. "He was never rude and never lost his temper. He was exceptionally discreet in words and cautious in action."
Factors other than adulthood contributed to the beneficial changes: the long "Aureliano tutorship" (which allowed him to master the art of politics), the birth of his first son Afonso in 1845 (which gave him, as a father, a new opportunity to bond emotionally with another person, as well as a sense of purpose and self-worth), and finally but no less importantly, an end to domination by the courtiers. Pedro II sent Paulo Barbosa to serve as diplomatic envoy to Saint Petersburg in mid-1846. With Paulo Barbosa's influence in eclipse, Aureliano Coutinho lost much of his power and soon found himself stripped of his remaining political clout, "the result of an implicit, if unspoken, ban imposed by Pedro II." It is unknown whether the fall of the courtiers was engineered by the emperor directly, or whether he simply took advantage of opportunities which presented themselves to distance himself from their influence. There was no break on a personal level, and both men continued to enjoy friendly relationships with the emperor. The highly successful trip that Pedro II made to the southern provinces during this period improved his self-confidence and at the same time enhanced his reputation and authority. The emperor undertook to travel through areas of Rio Grande do Sul impacted during the Ragamuffin War, and his efforts were well received. The visit was met with great popular enthusiasm in Santa Catarina and São Paulo (and what is now Paraná). The populace gave many indications of their goodwill and appreciation to him for this personal involvement and concern. It became apparent during 1847 that Pedro II, at the age of 21, had solidified his authority.
Brazil in the international arena
Pedro II around age 22, c.1848.
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (December 2009)
References
Footnotes
^ Lyra 1977, Vol 1, p. 50.
^ Calmon 1975, p. 187.
^ a b c d e f g h i Barman 1999, p. 97.
^ a b Carvalho 2007, p. 9.
^ Barman 1999, p. 81.
^ a b c Schwarcz 1998, p. 68.
^ Calmon 1975, p. 191.
^ a b c d e f Barman 1999, p. 109.
^ Calmon 1975, p. 190.
^ Carvalho 2007, p. 30.
^ Calmon 1975, p. 193.
^ Barman 1999, p. 110.
^ a b c Barman 1999, p. 75.
^ a b c Lyra 1977, Vol 1, p. 107.
^ Barman 1999, p. 42.
^ a b c d Lyra 1977, Vol 1, p. 111.
^ a b Olivieri 1999, p. 16.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Carvalho 2007, p. 51.
^ Lyra 1977, Vol 1, p. 109.
^ a b Calmon 2002, p. 200.
^ Barman 1999, p. 83.
^ a b Lyra 1977, Vol 1, p. 116.
^ Barman 1999, p. 86.
^ a b Calmon 2002, p. 202.
^ a b Lyra 1977, Vol 1, p. 113.
^ a b Schwarcz 1998, p. 92.
^ a b Olivieri 1999, p. 17.
^ a b Calmon 2002, p. 203.
^ a b Lyra 1977, Vol 1, p. 117.
^ Lyra 1977, Vol 1, p. 119.
^ Calmon 2002, p. 205.
^ Lyra 1977, Vol 1, p. 122.
^ Olivieri 1999, p. 19.
^ Lyra 1977, Vol 1, p. 120.
^ Calmon 2002, p. 213.
^ Lyra 1977, Vol 1, p. 121.
^ Calmon 2002, p. 214.
^ a b Lyra 1977, Vol 1, p. 123.
^ Barman 1999, p. 96.
^ Calmon 2002, p. 238.
^ Schwarcz 1998, p. 94.
^ a b c Lyra 1977, Vol 1, p. 124.
^ a b c Calmon 2002, p. 239.
^ a b Schwarcz 1998, p. 95.
^ a b c d Carvalho 2007, p. 52.
^ Lyra 1977, Vol 1, pp. 125–126.
^ Calmon 2002, p. 240.
^ Barman 1999, p. 98.
^ Barman 1999, pp. 103–104.
^ a b Barman 1999, p. 104.
^ a b Barman 1999, p. 105.
^ a b Barman 1999, p. 106.
^ Barman 1999, p. 112.
^ Barman 1999, p. 122.
^ a b c d e f Barman 1999, p. 111.
^ Barman 1999, p. 113.
^ a b c Barman 1999, p. 114.
Bibliography
Barman, Roderick J. (1999). Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3510-0.
Calmon, Pedro (1975). História de D. Pedro II. 5 v (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: J. Olympio.
Calmon, Pedro (2002). História da Civilização Brasileira (in Portuguese). Brasília: Senado Federal.
Carvalho, José Murilo de (2007). D. Pedro II: ser ou não ser (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. ISBN 978-85-359-0969-2.
Lyra, Heitor (1977). História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Ascenção (1825–1870) (in Portuguese). Vol. 1. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia.
Olivieri, Antonio Carlos (1999). Dom Pedro II, Imperador do Brasil (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Callis. ISBN 978-85-86797-19-4.
Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz (1998). As barbas do Imperador: D. Pedro II, um monarca nos trópicos (in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. ISBN 978-85-7164-837-1.
vteEmpire of BrazilGeneral topics
History (Independence of Brazil, First Reign, Regency, Second Reign)
Economy
Nobility
Provinces
Units of measurement
Monarchy
Emperor of Brazil
Pedro I
Pedro II
Brazilian imperial family
Prince Imperial of Brazil
Prince of Grão-Pará
Prince of Brazil
PoliticsPolitical instances
Prime Minister
General Assembly
Moderating Power
Others
Constitution of 1824
Reverse parliamentarism
MilitaryArmed Forces
Imperial Brazilian Army
Military Academy
Fatherland Volunteers
List of generals
Imperial Brazilian Navy
Naval School
List of ships
Military Ranks
Wars
Independence War (1822–1824)
Confederation of the Equator (1824)
Cisplatine War (1825–1828)
Ragamuffin War (1835–1845)
Cabanagem (1835–1840)
Platine War (1851–1852)
Uruguayan War (1864–1865)
Paraguayan War (1864–1870)
SlaveryAbolitionists
Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil
André Rebouças
Joaquim Nabuco
José do Patrocínio
Luís Gama
Francisco José do Nascimento
Others
Abolitionism in Brazil
Netto Question
Eusébio de Queirós Law
Rio Branco Law
Lei Áurea
|
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Syracuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Count_of_Syracuse"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho200751-18"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1122-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivieri199919-33"}],"sub_title":"Search for a bride","text":"Pedro II had grown and matured by 1843. He was considered a Handsome man,[1][2][3] at 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) tall[4][5] with blue eyes and brown hair.[3][4][6] He had, however, two physical flaws: a protunding jaw (inherited from his Habsburg mother's family,[6][7][8] which in the later 1840s he would try to conceal by letting his beard grow),[8][9] and a high-pitched, childish voice.[6][10][11][12] The \"single complaint about Pedro II's behavior as monarch was his lack of social graces, and in particular his taciturnity. Since he rarely volunteered more than a word or two, maintaining a direct conversation with him was next to impossible.\"[13] That, coupled with emotional immaturity, made ministers of State and courtiers expect that he would improve his behavior and character once he had married.[3] There was also an urgent need to increase the number of heirs to the throne.[13][14] The Brazilian Imperial Family was then reduced to only three people, Pedro II and his sisters Francisca and Januária[13][14] (Another sister, Paula, had died in 1833 from meningitis at age 9).[15] Januária was the heiress presumptive to the throne and held the title of Princess Imperial, while Francisca was second (and last) in the line of succession.[14]Arrival of Empress Teresa Cristina on board the frigate Constituição in Brazil, 1843.The problem was that Pedro II, although born of one of the most illustrious royal lineages,[16] was considered a poor marital prospect according to standards of European royalty.[16][17][18] This was because Brazil was then a country without much political and economic importance in the international arena.[16][17][18] The Brazilian government hoped to arrange matches with members of the House of Habsburg[18][19]>[20] and asked Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria and uncle of Pedro II, to assist in this.[16] However, Ferdinand was mentally handicapped and Prince von Metternich was the power behind Austria's throne.[21] Metternich was not at all interested in collaborating with the Brazilian Empire.[18][22][23] The reason was a deep resentment he held against Pedro I (Pedro II's father). In 1834 the liberal and constitutionalist Pedro I defeated and dethroned his absolutist brother Miguel I, who was supported by the reactionary Metternich.[24]The diplomat Bento da Silva Lisboa (son of José da Silva Lisboa, Viscount of Cairu, councilor of Dom João VI) was made plenipotentiary minister to deal with marriage arrangements,[18][20][25][26][27] and departed for Vienna on 12 December 1840.[25] Lisboa remained for about a year in Vienna while being ignored by Metternich. Eventually, he met Vicenzo Ramirez, minister of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, who offered the hand of Princess Teresa Cristina (daughter of Francis I and sister of Ferdinand II, both kings of the Two Sicilies).[18][22][27][28] Meanwhile, Metternich had changed his mind and planned to marry Pedro II to Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna (daughter of Russian Czar Nicholas I), but it was already too late.[28][29] On 20 May 1842, both ministers signed a marriage contract between Pedro II and Teresa Cristina.[24][29] The government of the Two Sicilies sent a picture of Teresa Cristina to the Brazilian emperor, and she seemed to be a beautiful young woman.[18][26][30][31] The wedding occurred by proxy on 30 May 1843 in Naples, Pedro II being represented by his fiancée's brother Prince Leopold, Count of Syracuse.[18][32][33]","title":"Under the shadow of the Courtier faction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pedro_II_of_Brazil_and_Teresa_Cristina_1843.jpg"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1120-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon2002213-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1121-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon2002214-37"},{"link_name":"François d'Orléans, prince de Joinville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_prince_de_Joinville"},{"link_name":"Louis-Philippe of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Philippe_of_France"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1123-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199996-39"},{"link_name":"ship of the line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_of_the_line"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho200751-18"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1123-38"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon2002238-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarcz199894-41"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199997-3"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1124-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon2002239-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarcz199895-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho200752-45"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199997-3"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1124-42"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwarcz199895-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho200752-45"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199997-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199997-3"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho200751-18"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1124-42"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199997-3"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon2002239-43"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho200752-45"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199997-3"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon2002239-43"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarvalho200752-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyra_1977,_Vol_1125%E2%80%93126-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalmon2002240-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman199998-48"}],"sub_title":"Marriage","text":"Pedro II and Teresa Cristina soon after their marriage, 1843.A small Brazilian fleet composed of the frigate Constituição and the corvettes Dois de Julho and Euterpe[34][35] departed for the Two Sicilies on 3 March 1843 to escort the new Empress of Brazil.[36][37] Meanwhile, on 27 March 1843, the French frigate Belle Poule arrived in Rio de Janeiro with François d'Orléans, prince de Joinville (son of King Louis-Philippe of France) on board, who had come to ask for the hand of Francisca. Their marriage occurred on 1 May and the couple afterwards sailed for France.[38][39] The Brazilian fleet, accompanied by a Neapolitan naval division consisting of a ship of the line and three frigates, returned with Teresa Cristina on 3 September 1843.[18][38][40][41]Pedro II went aboard immediately to greet his bride, but upon seeing her in person, felt greatly disappointed.[3][42][43][44][45] The picture which had been sent to him was clearly idealized, and the real Teresa Cristina was short, a bit overweight, walked with a pronounced limp and, while not ugly, neither was she pretty.[3][42][44][45] \"His hopes and dreams died at that moment. His response was one of visible disgust and rejection. According to one report he turned his back on his bride, and another stated that he was so overcome that he had to sit down. […] He may have done both these things.\"[3] After a while, he left the ship, and she returned to her cabin. Perceiving his disillusionment, she burst into tears, lamenting that \"the emperor did not like me!\"[3][18][42] That evening, Pedro II wept on the shoulder of the Steward Paulo Barbosa and complained to the Lady-in-waiting Mariana de Verna, \"They have deceived me, Dadama!\"[3][43][45] It took several hours to convince him that he could not give up.[3][43][45] Thus, the wedding celebration occurred on the following day, 4 September.[46][47][48]","title":"Under the shadow of the Courtier faction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pedro_II_of_Brazil_1846_by_Rugendas.png"},{"link_name":"Prince Louis, Count of Aquila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Louis,_Count_of_Aquila"},{"link_name":"Princess Januária","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janu%C3%A1ria_Maria,_Princess_Imperial_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999103%E2%80%93104-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999104-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999104-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999105-51"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999105-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999106-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999106-52"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999109-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pedro_II1847.JPG"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999109-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999109-8"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999112-53"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999109-8"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999122-54"},{"link_name":"Afonso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso,_Prince_Imperial_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999111-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999111-55"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999113-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999114-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999114-57"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999111-55"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande do Sul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul"},{"link_name":"Ragamuffin War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragamuffin_War"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999111-55"},{"link_name":"Santa Catarina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)"},{"link_name":"Paraná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_(state)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999111-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999111-55"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarman1999114-57"}],"sub_title":"Establishment of the imperial authority","text":"Pedro II at age 20, 1846.Empress Teresa Cristina was accompanied by her brother Prince Louis, Count of Aquila, who married Princess Januária.[49] The relationship between the emperor and the count soon soured.[50] Unlike the young Pedro II, Áquila was an \"extrovert with an easy charm, he valued entertainment above study and pleasure above duty.\"[50] In contrast, the emperor appeared uneasy in social situations, and somewhat insecure and immature.[51] However, the unfavorable comparison soon was eliminated. The Italian prince committed the grave mistake of attempting to acquire a more prominent position in the Brazilian court, an ambition which the \"Courtier faction\" found threatening to its interests.[51] The steward Paulo Barbosa, ever vigilant against any loss of status at court, aroused Pedro II's fears and insecurities by alleging that Áquila had designs upon the throne.[52] The relationship between the brothers-in-law became unbearable, at which point the count, tired of being mistreated by the emperor, departed with Januária for Europe on 23 October 1844.[52] The suspicions directed towards family members exposed an insecurity and undeveloped sense of judgment which were incompatible with his position as ruler. The emperor's attention was too easily misdirected to gossip, and he too willingly believed baseless allegations of plots directed against himself. This immaturity was exploited by the \"Courtier faction\" which controlled access to the emperor.[8]Around 1847 at age 21, Pedro II had finally established his authority as an emperor.However, things quickly changed. With adulthood came a flowering of Pedro II's more admirable traits, and a fading of immature vulnerabilities. The emperor became more confident, courteous, and judicious.[8] He no longer allowed others to manipulate his affairs or influence his decisions in governing, and became adroit at handling both personal and official interactions.[8] The shy and suspicious youth became a man who could be sophisticated and charming in social situations.[53] Pedro II \"became a highly respected, even beloved, monarch whose dominance of the nation’s affairs was both welcome and unquestioned.\"[8] Other positive traits flourished, such as his ability to exercise restraint. He learned to be patient and courteous, even under trying circumstances. He no longer allowed his emotions to be drawn out in public. \"He was never rude and never lost his temper. He was exceptionally discreet in words and cautious in action.\"[54]Factors other than adulthood contributed to the beneficial changes: the long \"Aureliano tutorship\" (which allowed him to master the art of politics), the birth of his first son Afonso in 1845 (which gave him, as a father, a new opportunity to bond emotionally with another person, as well as a sense of purpose and self-worth),[55] and finally but no less importantly, an end to domination by the courtiers.[55] Pedro II sent Paulo Barbosa to serve as diplomatic envoy to Saint Petersburg in mid-1846.[56] With Paulo Barbosa's influence in eclipse, Aureliano Coutinho lost much of his power and soon found himself stripped of his remaining political clout, \"the result of an implicit, if unspoken, ban imposed by Pedro II.\"[57] It is unknown whether the fall of the courtiers was engineered by the emperor directly, or whether he simply took advantage of opportunities which presented themselves to distance himself from their influence. There was no break on a personal level, and both men continued to enjoy friendly relationships with the emperor.[57] The highly successful trip that Pedro II made to the southern provinces during this period improved his self-confidence and at the same time enhanced his reputation and authority.[55] The emperor undertook to travel through areas of Rio Grande do Sul impacted during the Ragamuffin War, and his efforts were well received.[55] The visit was met with great popular enthusiasm in Santa Catarina and São Paulo (and what is now Paraná).[55] The populace gave many indications of their goodwill and appreciation to him for this personal involvement and concern.[55] It became apparent during 1847 that Pedro II, at the age of 21, had solidified his authority.[57]","title":"Under the shadow of the Courtier faction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pedro_II_of_Brazil_around_1848.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Brazil in the international arena","text":"Pedro II around age 22, c.1848.","title":"Under the shadow of the Courtier faction"}]
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[{"image_text":"Pedro II around age 22, c. 1847.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Pedro_II_of_Brazil_circa_1842.jpg/200px-Pedro_II_of_Brazil_circa_1842.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arrival of Empress Teresa Cristina on board the frigate Constituição in Brazil, 1843.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Arrival_of_teresa_cristina_in_Brazil_in_1843.jpg/300px-Arrival_of_teresa_cristina_in_Brazil_in_1843.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pedro II and Teresa Cristina soon after their marriage, 1843.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Pedro_II_of_Brazil_and_Teresa_Cristina_1843.jpg/300px-Pedro_II_of_Brazil_and_Teresa_Cristina_1843.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pedro II at age 20, 1846.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pedro_II_of_Brazil_1846_by_Rugendas.png/220px-Pedro_II_of_Brazil_1846_by_Rugendas.png"},{"image_text":"Around 1847 at age 21, Pedro II had finally established his authority as an emperor.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pedro_II1847.JPG/250px-Pedro_II1847.JPG"},{"image_text":"Pedro II around age 22, c.1848.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Pedro_II_of_Brazil_around_1848.jpg/300px-Pedro_II_of_Brazil_around_1848.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Barman, Roderick J. (1999). Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3510-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3510-0","url_text":"978-0-8047-3510-0"}]},{"reference":"Calmon, Pedro (1975). História de D. Pedro II. 5 v (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: J. Olympio.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Calmon&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Calmon, Pedro"}]},{"reference":"Calmon, Pedro (2002). História da Civilização Brasileira (in Portuguese). Brasília: Senado Federal.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Carvalho, José Murilo de (2007). D. Pedro II: ser ou não ser (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. ISBN 978-85-359-0969-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-359-0969-2","url_text":"978-85-359-0969-2"}]},{"reference":"Lyra, Heitor (1977). História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Ascenção (1825–1870) (in Portuguese). Vol. 1. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Olivieri, Antonio Carlos (1999). Dom Pedro II, Imperador do Brasil (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Callis. ISBN 978-85-86797-19-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-86797-19-4","url_text":"978-85-86797-19-4"}]},{"reference":"Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz (1998). As barbas do Imperador: D. Pedro II, um monarca nos trópicos (in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. ISBN 978-85-7164-837-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/asbarbasdoimpera00schw","url_text":"As barbas do Imperador: D. Pedro II, um monarca nos trópicos"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7164-837-1","url_text":"978-85-7164-837-1"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consolidation_of_Pedro_II_of_Brazil&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consolidation_of_Pedro_II_of_Brazil&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/asbarbasdoimpera00schw","external_links_name":"As barbas do Imperador: D. Pedro II, um monarca nos trópicos"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertsdorf-H%C3%B6rnitz
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Bertsdorf-Hörnitz
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 50°53′20″N 14°44′30″E / 50.88889°N 14.74167°E / 50.88889; 14.74167Municipality in Saxony, GermanyBertsdorf-Hörnitz MunicipalityLocation of Bertsdorf-Hörnitz within Görlitz district
Bertsdorf-Hörnitz Show map of GermanyBertsdorf-Hörnitz Show map of SaxonyCoordinates: 50°53′20″N 14°44′30″E / 50.88889°N 14.74167°E / 50.88889; 14.74167CountryGermanyStateSaxonyDistrictGörlitz Municipal assoc.Olbersdorf Subdivisions2Government • Mayor (2022–29) Günther OhmannArea • Total17.98 km2 (6.94 sq mi)Elevation309 m (1,014 ft)Population (2022-12-31) • Total2,016 • Density110/km2 (290/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Postal codes02763Dialling codes03583Vehicle registrationGR, LÖB, NOL, NY, WSW, ZIWebsitebertsdorf-hoernitz.de
Bertsdorf-Hörnitz is a municipality in the Görlitz district, Saxony, Germany.
Althörnitz Castle
Althörnitz Castle was built between 1651 and 1654 for Christian von Hartig, mayor of Zittau. The von Sandersleben family owned it from 1881 until expropriation in 1945. It is now a hotel.
References
^ Gewählte Bürgermeisterinnen und Bürgermeister im Freistaat Sachsen, Stand: 17. Juli 2022, Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen.
^ "Einwohnerzahlen nach Gemeinden als Excel-Arbeitsmappe" (XLS) (in German). Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen. 2024.
^ Website Althörnitz Castle Hotel
vteTowns and municipalities in Görlitz (district)
Bad Muskau/Mužakow
Beiersdorf
Bernstadt auf dem Eigen
Bertsdorf-Hörnitz
Boxberg/Hamor
Dürrhennersdorf
Ebersbach-Neugersdorf
Gablenz/Jabłońc
Görlitz
Groß Düben/Dźěwin
Großschönau
Großschweidnitz
Hähnichen
Hainewalde
Herrnhut
Hohendubrau/Wysoka Dubrawa
Horka
Jonsdorf
Kodersdorf
Königshain
Kottmar
Krauschwitz/Krušwica
Kreba-Neudorf/Chrjebja-Nowa Wjes
Lawalde
Leutersdorf
Löbau
Markersdorf
Mittelherwigsdorf
Mücka/Mikow
Neißeaue
Neusalza-Spremberg
Niesky
Oderwitz
Olbersdorf
Oppach
Ostritz
Oybin
Quitzdorf am See
Reichenbach
Rietschen/Rěčicy
Rosenbach
Rothenburg
Schleife/Slepo
Schönau-Berzdorf
Schönbach
Schöpstal
Seifhennersdorf
Trebendorf/Trjebin
Vierkirchen
Waldhufen
Weißkeißel/Wuskidź
Weißwasser/Běła Woda
Zittau
Coat of arms
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
This Görlitz location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Görlitz district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz_(district)"},{"link_name":"Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxony"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schloss_Alt-Hoernitz.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zittau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zittau"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Municipality in Saxony, GermanyBertsdorf-Hörnitz is a municipality in the Görlitz district, Saxony, Germany.Althörnitz CastleAlthörnitz Castle was built between 1651 and 1654 for Christian von Hartig, mayor of Zittau. The von Sandersleben family owned it from 1881 until expropriation in 1945. It is now a hotel.[3]","title":"Bertsdorf-Hörnitz"}]
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[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bertsdorf-H%C3%B6rnitz_in_GR.svg/236px-Bertsdorf-H%C3%B6rnitz_in_GR.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Althörnitz Castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Schloss_Alt-Hoernitz.jpg/220px-Schloss_Alt-Hoernitz.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coat of arms","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Wappen_Landkreis_Goerlitz.svg/30px-Wappen_Landkreis_Goerlitz.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Einwohnerzahlen nach Gemeinden als Excel-Arbeitsmappe\" (XLS) (in German). Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen. 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statistik.sachsen.de/download/aktuelle-zahlen/statistik-sachsen_aI1_einwohnerzahlen-monat.xlsx","url_text":"\"Einwohnerzahlen nach Gemeinden als Excel-Arbeitsmappe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistisches_Landesamt_des_Freistaates_Sachsen","url_text":"Statistisches Landesamt des Freistaates Sachsen"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bertsdorf-H%C3%B6rnitz¶ms=50_53_20_N_14_44_30_E_type:city(2016)_region:DE-SN","external_links_name":"50°53′20″N 14°44′30″E / 50.88889°N 14.74167°E / 50.88889; 14.74167"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bertsdorf-H%C3%B6rnitz¶ms=50_53_20_N_14_44_30_E_type:city(2016)_region:DE-SN","external_links_name":"50°53′20″N 14°44′30″E / 50.88889°N 14.74167°E / 50.88889; 14.74167"},{"Link":"http://bertsdorf-hoernitz.de/","external_links_name":"bertsdorf-hoernitz.de"},{"Link":"https://wahlen.sachsen.de/download/Buergermeister/statistik-sachsen_wahlen_buergermeister_uebersicht_aktuell.xlsx","external_links_name":"Gewählte Bürgermeisterinnen und Bürgermeister im Freistaat Sachsen, Stand: 17. Juli 2022"},{"Link":"https://www.statistik.sachsen.de/download/aktuelle-zahlen/statistik-sachsen_aI1_einwohnerzahlen-monat.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Einwohnerzahlen nach Gemeinden als Excel-Arbeitsmappe\""},{"Link":"http://www.schlosshotel-althoernitz.com/en/home.html","external_links_name":"Website Althörnitz Castle Hotel"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/170251373","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/16151493-5","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertsdorf-H%C3%B6rnitz&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Polo_Campos
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Augusto Polo Campos
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["1 Life","2 Songs","3 Discography","4 References","5 External links"]
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Augusto Polo CamposBackground informationBorn(1932-02-25)25 February 1932Puquio, Ayacucho, PeruDied17 January 2018(2018-01-17) (aged 85)Lima, PeruGenresPeruvian musicOccupation(s)ComposerYears active1950-2015Musical artist
Augusto Armando Polo Campos (25 February 1932 – 17 January 2018) was a Peruvian composer.
Life
Born in Puquio, Polo Campos is considered one of the best Peruvian composers of all time. He was author of many popular international hits which represent the originality and richness of Peruvian identity with their melody and lyrics.
In 1933, his family went to reside in the city of Lima. They lived in the historical Rímac District, (also the name of Lima's most famous river). From an early age Augusto discovered a love and ability to recite and compose verses and rhymes.
His home was frequently visited by artists and singers who like to dance and sing Peruvian music, all of which would eventually influence and motivate the creativity of Polo Campos, who not much later would become a prolific and successful career as an admired composer whose songs would form part of the Peruvian traditions forever.
He was in a controversy about authorship of the song "Cariño Malo", with Armando Manzanero, and APDAYC.
He never studied music and does not play any instrument, being a self-taught whose talent and intelligence has helped him to create many beautiful songs making him able to obtain a Guinness Record for been able to make a song in less than 2 minutes. One of his songs was included in the James Bond film Quantum of Solace.
He had 7 children, Carmen, Augusto, Selena,Marco,Giomar, Flor and a Cristovals
His vals "Regresa" was a number one hit internationally for Peruvian singer Lucha Reyes, and again in an instrumental form for Peruvian electronic band Madre Matilda. "Regresa" was also the title track of an album by Los Violines de Lima in 1970.
Songs
Cariño Bonito
Regresa
De la victoria a la Gloria Alianza Lima
Esta es mi tierra
La Jarana de Colón
Romance en la Parada
Cariño Malo
Cada Domingo a las doce, después de la Misa
Regresa
Vuelve pronto
Si Lima pudiera Hablar
Y se llama... Perú
Cuando Llora mi Guitarra
Contigo Perú
Tu Perdición
Morena, la Flor de Lima
Limeña
Hombre con H
Ay Raquel
Discography
Pamela, Latin ( Bolero ) Peru
References
^ "AUGUSTO POLO CAMPOS, EXPRESIVO y PROLÍFICO COMPOSITOR NACIONAL - Generaccion.com | Primer Portal Interactivo Web 2.0". Archived from the original on 2010-01-03. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
^ "Augusto Polo Campos". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
^ "Armando Manzanero Demando a Polo Campos Por Dañar Su Imagen". February 2010.
^ "Armando Manzanero Demanda Augusto Polo Campos Cariño Malo Fotos". Archived from the original on 2018-03-29. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
^ "NOTICIAS DE LA FARÁNDULA DE PERÚ e INTERNACIONAL: SANCIONADO. Augusto Polo Campos es suspendido por el Apdayc durante 10 años". Archived from the original on 2010-02-10. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
^ "Blogger".
^ Artist's website Archived December 15, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^ Kimberly A. Dodge -Fusion Peruana: Contemporary Peruvian Musical Hybrids 0549557431 2008- Page 105 -"Augusto Polo Campos, who composed “Regresa” among other important valses, supports Jaime Cuadra's project because he believes that it is the best way for this music to travel the world,
^ 7 días del Perú y del mundo - Issues 691-704 - Page xli 1971 "A pocas semanas del lanzamiento de su álbum Regresa, aparece esta nueva placa con catorce variadas y gustadas composiciones."
^ http://pilpinta.blogspot.com/2008/08/cada-domingo-las-doce-despus-de-la-misa.html
^ "My Blog – My WordPress Blog".
External links
Cuando llora mi Guitarra, Vals on YouTube
Romance en la Parada, Vals
Juan Cruz Castiñeiras entrevista al compositor peruano Augusto Polo Campos
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_A._Toth
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Paul A. Toth
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["1 Biography","2 Early work","3 Novels","4 External links","5 References"]
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American poet
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Paul A. Toth" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Paul A. TothBorn1964 (age 59–60)Flint, Michigan, U.S.Occupation
Novelist
short story writer
NationalityAmerican
Paul A. Toth (born 1964) is an American novelist and short story writer. He is the author of four novels, Fizz (Bleak House Books, 2004), Fishnet (Bleak House Books, 2005), Finale (Raw Dog Screaming Press, 2009), and Airplane Novel (Raw Dog Screaming Press, 2011). His work has appeared in numerous publications and websites.
Biography
Toth was born in 1964 in Flint, Michigan and has lived in Los Angeles, Washington, D.C., Denver, and Sarasota, Florida. He has an MA in Communication and Leadership.
Early work
Toth's early work consists of short stories, over 150 of which have been published. Themes include the persistence of self-doubt regarding identity, a sense of being lost amongst objects, and a clutching for reality that almost always fails. Toth's short stories, as well as his nonfiction, poetry, and multimedia work, can be accessed via his web portal.
Novels
Fizz, Fishnet and Finale comprise a nonchronlogical trilogy, each volume considering identity in the shadow of unwitting self-deception.
Airplane Novel reframes the "events of 9/11" from the perspective of the South Tower, which creates an inside-out viewpoint otherwise beyond knowledge.
In his review, New York Times and Newsweek journalist Dan Newland wrote, "Airplane Novel is, without a doubt, the most extraordinary of all books published to date on the destruction by terrorists of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001. His book tells a truly intimate inside story of the rise and fall of the Twin Towers that cuts through the hype and emotive rhetoric...Objective, clear-headed and big-picture focused, this is a book that will change the outlook of many a reader regarding the 9/11 tragedy."
External links
Official website of Paul A. Toth
References
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Porcher_Miles
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William Porcher Miles
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["1 Early life","2 Mayor of Charleston","3 United States House of Representatives","4 South Carolina Secession","4.1 Election of 1860","4.2 Secession winter","5 Confederate States Congress","6 Later life","7 Notes","8 References","9 Works cited","10 External links"]
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American politician
William Porcher MilesMember of the C.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina's 2nd districtIn officeFebruary 18, 1862 – March 18, 1865Preceded byNew constituencySucceeded byConstituency abolishedDeputy from South Carolinato the Provisional Congressof the Confederate StatesIn officeFebruary 4, 1861 – February 17, 1862Preceded byNew constituencySucceeded byConstituency abolishedMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom South Carolina's 2nd districtIn officeMarch 4, 1857 – December 24, 1860Preceded byWilliam AikenSucceeded byChristopher Bowen36th Mayor of CharlestonIn officeNovember 7, 1855 – November 4, 1857Preceded byThomas Leger HutchinsonSucceeded byCharles Macbeth
Personal detailsBorn(1822-07-04)July 4, 1822Walterboro, South CarolinaDiedMay 11, 1899(1899-05-11) (aged 76)Ascension Parish, LouisianaResting placeGreen Hill Cemetery,Union, West VirginiaPolitical partyDemocraticSpouse
Betty Beirne (m. 1863)Alma materCharleston CollegeSignatureMilitary serviceAllegiance Confederate StatesBranch/service Confederate States ArmyYears of service1861Rank ColonelBattles/warsAmerican Civil War
William Porcher Miles (July 4, 1822 – May 11, 1899) was an American politician who was among the ardent states' rights advocates, supporters of slavery, and Southern secessionists who came to be known as the "Fire-Eaters." He is notable for having designed the most popular variant of the Confederate flag, originally rejected as the national flag in 1861 but adopted as a battle flag by the Army of Northern Virginia under General Robert E. Lee before it was reincorporated.
Born in South Carolina, he showed little early interest in politics, and his early career included the study of law and a tenure as a mathematics professor at the Charleston College from 1843 to 1855. In the late 1840s, as sectional issues roiled South Carolina politics, Miles began to speak up on sectional issues. He opposed both the Wilmot Proviso and the Compromise of 1850. From then on, Miles would look at any northern efforts to restrict slavery as justification for secession.
Miles was elected as mayor of Charleston in 1855 and served in the United States House of Representatives from 1857 until South Carolina seceded, in December 1860. He was a member of the state secession convention and a representative from South Carolina at the Confederate Convention in Montgomery, Alabama, which established the provisional government and constitution for the Confederate States. He represented his state in the Confederate House of Representatives during the American Civil War.
Early life
Miles was born in Walterboro, South Carolina, to James Saunders Miles and Sarah Bond Worley Miles. His ancestors were French Huguenots and his grandfather, Major Felix Warley, fought in the American Revolution. His primary education came at Southworth School and he later attended Willington Academy where John C. Calhoun had matriculated a generation earlier. Miles enrolled at Charleston College in 1838 where he met future secession advocates James De Bow and William Henry Trescot. Miles graduated in 1842 and in 1843 he briefly studied law with a local attorney before returning to his alma mater as a mathematics professor.
Throughout the 1840s Miles showed little interest in active politics. He did not participate in the Bluffton Movement in 1844, although he did recognize that the 1846 Wilmot Proviso threatened his concepts of "southern rights, the equality of the states under the Constitution, and the honor of a slaveholding people." In 1849 Miles was invited to speak at a Fourth of July celebration in Charleston.
In this speech, Miles attacked the principles behind the Wilmot Proviso. While he believed that slavery was a "Divine institution," he was willing to accept differences of opinion as long as antislavery advocates returned the favor by admitting that slavery was "recognized and countenanced" by the Constitution. To Miles, Northerners, in their efforts to legislate restrictions on slavery, were not simply raising an issue of constitutional interpretation. Miles argued:
They are not contending for an abstract principle – they are not influenced by a mere spirit of fanatical opposition to slavery ... they are deliberately, intentionally, and advisedly aiming a deadly blow at the South. It is intended as a blow. It is intended to repress her energies – to check her development – to diminish and eventually destroy her political weight and influence in this confederacy.
Miles rejected any compromise on slavery and supported Calhoun in opposition to the Compromise of 1850. However while activists within the state in 1850 and 1851 mobilized, Miles remained on the sidelines as Southern Rights associations and rallies dominated South Carolina politics. In 1852 Miles delivered an address to the Alumni Society of the Charleston College that included one of the frequent arguments of the Fire-Eaters. Addressing himself to the Declaration of Independence, Miles denied the concept of inalienable rights and maintained that liberty was an "Acquired Privilege." He argued that "Men are born neither Free nor Equal" and some men were born with the innate ability to earn liberty while others were not. Government should not attempt to either "make a Statesman of him who God intended should be a Ploughman" or "bind down forever to the plough him to whom God has given a mind capable of shaping the destinies of a People." From this point on in his career, Miles rejected the political legitimacy of abolitionists and free-soilers and responded to any attempts to restrict slavery with a call for secession. In 1852 he delivered "Republican Government Not Always the Best" to members of College of Charleston graduation address.
Mayor of Charleston
In the summer of 1855 a yellow fever epidemic hit the coast of Virginia. Eventually 2,000 people would die as well as half of the doctors who attempted to treat it. Virginia called for volunteers from the lower South where the disease was more common and residents had developed some natural immunity. Miles responded by serving for several weeks in Norfolk as a nurse. His heroic activities were reported back to Charleston, and his friends used the popularity generated by his activities to draft him as a candidate for mayor. Upon his return to Charleston he made only one public speech but was still elected mayor by a vote of 1,260 to 837. While serving as mayor, Miles lived at 53 Beaufain Street; the house no longer exists.
Interested in reform, the new mayor first tackled police reform. After sending out fact finding missions to other cities, he implemented a plan that addressed the problem of excessive partisanship within the city council. Appointment responsibility was reassigned to the police chief for lower ranks and to the mayor, with city council approval, for higher ranks. He expanded the size of the City Guard and created a mounted police force.
In the area of social reform, Miles created a house of corrections for juveniles, an almshouse, an orphanage and an asylum. He provided aid for transient poor and free black paupers and implemented a sewage system as a health measure. Having inherited a large public debt, he increased property taxes in an effort to retire the debt in 35 years. At the end of his two-year term he was widely judged to have been successful, leading him to consider further public office.
United States House of Representatives
In 1856 Miles ran for the seat being vacated by Congressman William Aiken Jr. The national issues of slavery in Kansas and the rise of the Republican Party dominated the election. Miles argued that the election of the Republican candidate for president, John C. Fremont, would require a joint southern response that could include boycotting the new Congress and calling a southern convention to determine further action. In a three-way election Miles was victorious by a vote of 1,852 to 1,844 for his two opponents.
When he took office in 1857 he found that the Kansas issues dominated Congressional debate, threatened the unity of the Democratic Party and increased the growth of the Republicans. His first speech on the House floor came in 1858 and argued the Southern position on Kansas. Despite his acknowledgement that the Kansas climate was not conducive to slavery, he stated:
But, sir, the issue has been made, the battle joined; and though it be on an abstract principle which does not at present promise to result in any practical advantage to us, I am willing to stand by the guns and fight it out. ...
The South may not dissolve the Union on the rejection of Kansas, but such rejection would, assuredly, sever still another of the cords – rapidly becoming fewer – which the course of events has been snapping one by one.
Miles was re-elected in 1858. In January 1859 he spoke in support of fellow fire-eater William Lowndes Yancey in advocating the repeal of federal laws banning the African slave trade. Miles felt that the regulation of the trade should be a state function and that the national ban was an insult to Southern honor. This stance was considered too radical even by his friends, such as Trescott, who felt, since it could never be supported by the majority of the nation, that Miles' stance was simply a guise to force disunion.
John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry sent a shock wave across the South. When the Thirty-sixth Congress met in December 1859 the first order of business was the selection of a speaker. Already in turmoil over the Brown raid, Southerners were further aggravated by the nomination of Ohio Republican John Sherman for the post. Sherman was one of 68 Republicans who had endorsed Hinton Helper's book, The Impending Crisis and How to Meet It, which Southerners believed would ignite class warfare between slaveholders and non-slaveholders in the South. Republicans proposed buying 100,000 copies of the book and distributing it throughout the country. Miles conspired with South Carolina's governor to send a regiment of militia to Washington to break up the Congress in the event of Sherman's election, but the withdrawal of Sherman's nomination prevented action.
In South Carolina the state legislature was unable to determine an appropriate response, but finally, reacting to a proposal by pro-secession Governor William Henry Gist decided to propose a Southern convention. As a first step Christopher Memminger was dispatched to Virginia in order to solicit their support. Miles advised Memminger to "urge our Carolina view in such a manner as to imbue Virginia with it ... we may soon hope to see the fruit of your addresses in the sturdy and healthy offspring of whose birth we would be so greatly proud — a Southern confederacy.
South Carolina Secession
Election of 1860
By 1860 Miles was one of the leading secessionists in South Carolina. His position in Washington, D.C., allowed him to serve as a conduit in the flow of information between Washington and Charleston. State politicians focused on the upcoming Democratic Convention scheduled in Charleston beginning on April 23. Miles was concerned about the candidacy of Stephen A. Douglas, especially rumors that there might even be a pro-Douglas faction in South Carolina. Miles and other radicals were convinced that only a strictly Southern party could properly address the state's needs.
The convention deadlocked over the party platform. Southerners opposed Douglas' support for popular sovereignty – a concept which would have allowed new territories to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery. Southerners preferred federal guarantees that slavery would be allowed in all United States territories. Thirteen of the 16 South Carolina delegates walked out of the convention. In May Miles returned to Charleston and declared that the next election would pit "power against principle – the majority against the minority, regardless of all constitutional barriers."
Support for secession was strong in South Carolina even before Lincoln's election. Miles pressed the issue, urging action as opposed to simply more discussion. Miles stated, according to a July 24 newspaper account:
I am chary of seeing the South pass "resolutions". They accomplish nothing. In truth, have come to be regarded very much like the cry of "wolf". Let us resolve less and do more. I am sick at heart of the endless talk and bluster of the South. If we are in earnest let us act. Above all, I am weary of these eternal attempts to hold out the olive branch, when we ought to be preparing to grasp the sword.
Miles argued that South Carolina should "break up things generally, which any state can at any time do." He believed that the South had "all the elements of wealth, prosperity and strength, to make her a first-class power among the nations of the world" and would "lose so little and gain so much" with secession." In August Miles was struck with typhoid fever and went to New England to recover, not returning to the state until the November elections.
Secession winter
As secession loomed, President James Buchanan was concerned about the safety of United States property in South Carolina. Miles, returning to Washington for the upcoming session of Congress, was one of the South Carolina delegates who met with Buchanan to discuss this problem. On December 10 Miles and the others presented a letter to the President that assured him that the forts in Charleston would not be molested "provided that no reinforcement should be sent into those forts, and their relative military status" maintained. Buchanan questioned the word "provided" since it appeared to bind him, but the delegates assured him that they were only communicating their understanding based on the status quo. According to both Miles and fellow South Carolina fire-eater Laurence M. Keitt, Buchanan said, "After all, this is a matter of honor among gentlemen. I do not know that any paper or writing is necessary. We understand each other."
Returning to South Carolina, Miles was elected as a delegate to the South Carolina secession convention. Miles was for immediate action. On December 17, fearing that even a few days of delay could be critical, he opposed the relocation of the convention from Columbia to Charleston due to a smallpox outbreak. Miles' last communications with southerners in Washington told him that they were all looking to South Carolina for leadership. Miles attitude was reflected in his statement, "Let us act if we mean to act without talking. Let it be 'a word and a blow – but the blow first."
The convention adopted an ordinance of secession on December 20. Miles, along with other South Carolinians, immediately resigned his seat in Congress. In the months ahead, Miles, believing in the possibility of peaceful secession, opposed precipitate action over either Fort Sumter or the Star of the West incident. In February 1861 Miles was one of eight South Carolina delegates to the Confederate Convention in Montgomery, Alabama, that established the Confederacy.
Confederate States Congress
Miles was selected for both the provisional and regular Confederate Congress. He was chairman of the House Military Affairs Committee while also serving as an aide-de-camp for General P. G. T. Beauregard at both Charleston, in the buildup to the attack on Fort Sumter, and the First Battle of Bull Run. Recognizing, however, his own lack of military training, Miles focused most of his attention on his congressional duties.
Historian Eric H. Walther describes Miles tenure in the Confederate Congress:
Like other fire-eaters, Miles found only frustration in the Confederate Congress. Before secession he had wanted to eliminate all trade duities in a southern confederacy. Now, De Bow warned him that a sudden shift to free trade would alienate and antagonize the powerful sugar planters of the Gulf South, who had prospered under the tariff policies of the Union. Miles complained that his colleagues on congressional committees made work impossible because their habitual absences prevented a quorum, and as events began to sour in the new nation he held no higher opinion of President Davis than other fire-eaters. Late in the war, when some military officials began to discuss the efficacy of using black troops in the Confederate army, Miles was perplexed. ... e understood the urgent demands of the army, but eventually ... that "it is not merely a military, but a great social and political question, and the more I consider it the less is my judgment satisfied that it could really help our cause to put arms into the hands of our slaves.
While serving in the Confederate Provisional Congress, Miles chaired the "Committee on the Flag and Seal," which adopted the "Stars and Bars" flag as the national flag of the Confederacy. Miles opposed this selection because, he felt, it too much resembled, as supporters of it admitted, the old Stars and Stripes. Miles argued:
Miles' rejected flag proposal, ancestor to the Battle Flag
There is no propriety in retaining the ensign of a government which, in the opinion of the States composing this Confederacy, had become so oppressive and injurious to their interests as to require their separation from it. It is idle to talk of "keeping" the flag of the United States when we have voluntarily seceded from them.
Miles favored his own design. When General P.G.T. Beauregard decided a more recognizable Battle Flag was needed, Miles' suggested his design. Although this design had been rejected by the committee for a national flag, it eventually became the Confederate Battle Flag, today often referred to as a "Rebel flag" or the "Southern Cross." Miles' design was later used as the canton in the second version of the national flag (nicknamed the "Stainless Banner") as well as in the third national design (nicknamed the "Blood-Stained Banner").
Later life
As late as January 1865, Miles offered a resolution in the Confederate Congress stating, "That we, the representatives of the people of the Confederate States, are firmly determined to continue the struggle in which we are involved until the United States shall acknowledge our independence."
Describing Miles's feelings shortly after the war ended and quoting from a September 25, 1865, letter, Walther wrote:
And yet even the realities of defeat did not change Miles' abstract ideas. Watching how other southerners dealt with defeat greatly upset the highly principled Miles. "When we see the most ardent Secessionists and 'Fire eaters' now eagerly denying that they ever did more than 'yield their convictions to the voice of their State,'" and call secession a heresy and slavery a curse, Miles concluded, "it is plain that Politics must be more a trade and less a pursuit for an honourable man than it ever was before." For any secessionist to return to public office in a reconstructed Union, Miles believed, entailed a forfeiture of self-respect, consistency, and honor. For himself and other secessionists, he said, politics "for a time cannot be a path which any high-toned and sensitive – not to say honest and conscientious – can possibly tread."
Miles had married Bettie Beirne in 1863, the daughter of a wealthy Virginia planter, Oliver Beirne, and granddaughter of Representative Andrew Beirne. For a few years after the war, he worked for his father-in-law as a factor in New Orleans. In 1867, Miles took over the management of Oak Ridge Plantation in Nelson County, Virginia. He encountered serious financial problems as a tobacco and wheat farmer, and in 1874, he unsuccessfully applied for the position of president at the new Hopkins University of Baltimore. Miles remained on the farm and helped friends like Beauregard and former Fire-Eater Robert Rhett gather materials for their own histories of the Confederacy.
In 1880, Miles was appointed president of the newly-reopened South Carolina College. After his father-in-law's death in 1882, Miles took over the family business interests and relocated to Houmas House in Ascension Parish, Louisiana, where he managed a dozen plantations that Oliver Beirne had inherited just one year before at the death of his longtime friend, John Burnside. In 1892, with his son, he formed Miles Planting and Manufacturing Company of Louisiana.
Miles died on May 11, 1899, at 76 and was interred at Green Hill Cemetery in Union, West Virginia.
Notes
^ Geoghegan, Tom (August 30, 2013). "Why do people still fly the Confederate flag?". BBC News. Retrieved October 30, 2013.
^ Walther pp. 270–272.
^ Walther p. 272
^ a b Walther p. 274
^ Walther pp. 275–277
^ William Porcher Miles, Republican Government Not Always the Best (Charleston, 1852).
^ Walther p. 278
^ Walther pp. 279–280
^ Channing 1974, p. 46.
^ Walther pp.280–281
^ Walther p. 281
^ Walther pp. 282–283
^ Walther pp. 284–285
^ Heidler p. 141
^ Walther pp. 285–286
^ Channing 1974, p. 112.
^ Walther pp. 287–288 Heidler pp. 141–142
^ a b c Walther p. 289
^ Cauthen p. 15
^ Cauthen p.18
^ a b Cauthen p.26
^ a b Cauthen p. 69
^ Walther p. 290
^ Cauthen pp. 94–95
^ Cauthen p. 95
^ a b Walther p. 291
^ Cauthen p. 70
^ Cauthen p. 85
^ Walther pp. 290–291
^ Walther pp. 291–292
^ Coski pp. 3–4
^ a b Walther p. 292
^ "Oak Ridge Estate R-57 | Marker History". www.markerhistory.com. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
^ Walther p. 293
^ Walther 294–295
^ Walther p. 296
References
Cauthen, Charles Edward. South Carolina Goes to War, 1860–1865, 2005, originally 1950 ISBN 1-57003-560-1.
Coski, John M. The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-674-01722-6.
Daniel, Ruth McCaskill. William Porcher Miles: Champion of Southern Interests. M.A. thesis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1943.
Heidler, David S. Pulling the Temple Down: The Fire-Eaters and the Destruction of the Union. (1994) ISBN 0-8117-0634-6.
Miles, William Porcher. The annual address delivered before the Cliosophic Society, March 29, 1847. Charleston: T.W. Haynes, 1847.
———. How to Educate Our Young Lawyers. Address to the law class of the University of Maryland. Columbia, South Carolina: The Presbyterian Publishing House, 1882.
———. Oration delivered before the Fourth of July Association. By Wm. Porcher Miles on the Fourth of July 1849. Charleston: James S. Burges, 1849.
Smith, Clarence McKittrick, Jr. William Porcher Miles, Progressive Mayor of Charleston, 1855–1857. Proceedings of the South Carolina Historical Association 12 (1942): 30–39.
Walther, Eric. H. The Fire-Eaters. (1992) ISBN 0-8071-1731-5.
Works cited
Channing, Steven (1974). Crisis of Fear: Secession in South Carolina. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-00730-8.
External links
Official
William Porcher Miles Papers at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
General information
United States Congress. "William Porcher Miles (id: M000707)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
William Porcher Miles at Find a Grave
William Porcher Miles at The Political Graveyard
Offices and distinctions
Political offices
Preceded byThomas Hutchinson
Mayor of Charleston 1855–1857
Succeeded byCharles Macbeth
Preceded byNew constituency
Deputy from South Carolina to theProvisional Congress of the Confederate States 1861–1862
Succeeded byConstituency abolished
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded byWilliam Aiken, Jr.
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina's 2nd congressional district 1857–1860
Succeeded byChristopher Bowen
Confederate States House of Representatives
Preceded byNew constituency
Member of the Confederate House of Representativesfrom South Carolina's 2nd congressional district 1862–1865
Succeeded byConstituency abolished
Academic offices
Preceded byAnson Cummingsas Chairman of the Faculty
President of South Carolina College 1880–1882
Succeeded byJohn McBryde
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"states' rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States%27_rights"},{"link_name":"Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"secessionists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession"},{"link_name":"Fire-Eaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-Eaters"},{"link_name":"Confederate flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel_flag"},{"link_name":"battle flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_ensign"},{"link_name":"Army of Northern Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Robert E. Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tom-1"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Charleston College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Charleston"},{"link_name":"Wilmot Proviso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmot_Proviso"},{"link_name":"Compromise of 1850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compromise_of_1850"},{"link_name":"Montgomery, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Confederate House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"}],"text":"William Porcher Miles (July 4, 1822 – May 11, 1899) was an American politician who was among the ardent states' rights advocates, supporters of slavery, and Southern secessionists who came to be known as the \"Fire-Eaters.\" He is notable for having designed the most popular variant of the Confederate flag, originally rejected as the national flag in 1861 but adopted as a battle flag by the Army of Northern Virginia under General Robert E. Lee[1] before it was reincorporated.Born in South Carolina, he showed little early interest in politics, and his early career included the study of law and a tenure as a mathematics professor at the Charleston College from 1843 to 1855. In the late 1840s, as sectional issues roiled South Carolina politics, Miles began to speak up on sectional issues. He opposed both the Wilmot Proviso and the Compromise of 1850. From then on, Miles would look at any northern efforts to restrict slavery as justification for secession.Miles was elected as mayor of Charleston in 1855 and served in the United States House of Representatives from 1857 until South Carolina seceded, in December 1860. He was a member of the state secession convention and a representative from South Carolina at the Confederate Convention in Montgomery, Alabama, which established the provisional government and constitution for the Confederate States. He represented his state in the Confederate House of Representatives during the American Civil War.","title":"William Porcher Miles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walterboro, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walterboro,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Huguenots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huguenots"},{"link_name":"Willington Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willington_Academy"},{"link_name":"John C. Calhoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun"},{"link_name":"James De Bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._D._B._De_Bow"},{"link_name":"William Henry Trescot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Trescot"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bluffton Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluffton_Movement"},{"link_name":"Wilmot Proviso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmot_Proviso"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walther_p._274-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walther_p._274-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Miles was born in Walterboro, South Carolina, to James Saunders Miles and Sarah Bond Worley Miles. His ancestors were French Huguenots and his grandfather, Major Felix Warley, fought in the American Revolution. His primary education came at Southworth School and he later attended Willington Academy where John C. Calhoun had matriculated a generation earlier. Miles enrolled at Charleston College in 1838 where he met future secession advocates James De Bow and William Henry Trescot. Miles graduated in 1842 and in 1843 he briefly studied law with a local attorney before returning to his alma mater as a mathematics professor.[2]Throughout the 1840s Miles showed little interest in active politics. He did not participate in the Bluffton Movement in 1844, although he did recognize that the 1846 Wilmot Proviso threatened his concepts of \"southern rights, the equality of the states under the Constitution, and the honor of a slaveholding people.\" In 1849 Miles was invited to speak at a Fourth of July celebration in Charleston.[3]In this speech, Miles attacked the principles behind the Wilmot Proviso. While he believed that slavery was a \"Divine institution,\" he was willing to accept differences of opinion as long as antislavery advocates returned the favor by admitting that slavery was \"recognized and countenanced\" by the Constitution.[4] To Miles, Northerners, in their efforts to legislate restrictions on slavery, were not simply raising an issue of constitutional interpretation. Miles argued:They are not contending for an abstract principle – they are not influenced by a mere spirit of fanatical opposition to slavery ... they are deliberately, intentionally, and advisedly aiming a deadly blow at the South. It is intended as a blow. It is intended to repress her energies – to check her development – to diminish and eventually destroy her political weight and influence in this confederacy.[4]Miles rejected any compromise on slavery and supported Calhoun in opposition to the Compromise of 1850. However while activists within the state in 1850 and 1851 mobilized, Miles remained on the sidelines as Southern Rights associations and rallies dominated South Carolina politics. In 1852 Miles delivered an address to the Alumni Society of the Charleston College that included one of the frequent arguments of the Fire-Eaters. Addressing himself to the Declaration of Independence, Miles denied the concept of inalienable rights and maintained that liberty was an \"Acquired Privilege.\" He argued that \"Men are born neither Free nor Equal\" and some men were born with the innate ability to earn liberty while others were not. Government should not attempt to either \"make a Statesman of him who God intended should be a Ploughman\" or \"bind down forever to the plough him to whom God has given a mind capable of shaping the destinies of a People.\" From this point on in his career, Miles rejected the political legitimacy of abolitionists and free-soilers and responded to any attempts to restrict slavery with a call for secession.[5] In 1852 he delivered \"Republican Government Not Always the Best\" to members of College of Charleston graduation address.[6]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChanning197446-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In the summer of 1855 a yellow fever epidemic hit the coast of Virginia. Eventually 2,000 people would die as well as half of the doctors who attempted to treat it. Virginia called for volunteers from the lower South where the disease was more common and residents had developed some natural immunity. Miles responded by serving for several weeks in Norfolk as a nurse. His heroic activities were reported back to Charleston, and his friends used the popularity generated by his activities to draft him as a candidate for mayor. Upon his return to Charleston he made only one public speech but was still elected mayor by a vote of 1,260 to 837.[7] While serving as mayor, Miles lived at 53 Beaufain Street; the house no longer exists.Interested in reform, the new mayor first tackled police reform. After sending out fact finding missions to other cities, he implemented a plan that addressed the problem of excessive partisanship within the city council. Appointment responsibility was reassigned to the police chief for lower ranks and to the mayor, with city council approval, for higher ranks.[8] He expanded the size of the City Guard and created a mounted police force.[9]In the area of social reform, Miles created a house of corrections for juveniles, an almshouse, an orphanage and an asylum. He provided aid for transient poor and free black paupers and implemented a sewage system as a health measure. Having inherited a large public debt, he increased property taxes in an effort to retire the debt in 35 years. At the end of his two-year term he was widely judged to have been successful, leading him to consider further public office.[10]","title":"Mayor of Charleston"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Aiken Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Aiken_Jr."},{"link_name":"John C. Fremont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Fremont"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"William Lowndes Yancey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lowndes_Yancey"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry"},{"link_name":"John Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sherman_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Hinton Helper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinton_Helper"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChanning1974112-16"},{"link_name":"William Henry Gist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Gist"},{"link_name":"Christopher Memminger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Memminger"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"In 1856 Miles ran for the seat being vacated by Congressman William Aiken Jr. The national issues of slavery in Kansas and the rise of the Republican Party dominated the election. Miles argued that the election of the Republican candidate for president, John C. Fremont, would require a joint southern response that could include boycotting the new Congress and calling a southern convention to determine further action. In a three-way election Miles was victorious by a vote of 1,852 to 1,844 for his two opponents.[11]When he took office in 1857 he found that the Kansas issues dominated Congressional debate, threatened the unity of the Democratic Party and increased the growth of the Republicans. His first speech on the House floor came in 1858 and argued the Southern position on Kansas. Despite his acknowledgement that the Kansas climate was not conducive to slavery, he stated:But, sir, the issue has been made, the battle joined; and though it be on an abstract principle which does not at present promise to result in any practical advantage to us, I am willing to stand by the guns and fight it out. ...\nThe South may not dissolve the Union on the rejection of Kansas, but such rejection would, assuredly, sever still another of the cords – rapidly becoming fewer – which the course of events has been snapping one by one.[12]Miles was re-elected in 1858. In January 1859 he spoke in support of fellow fire-eater William Lowndes Yancey in advocating the repeal of federal laws banning the African slave trade. Miles felt that the regulation of the trade should be a state function and that the national ban was an insult to Southern honor. This stance was considered too radical even by his friends, such as Trescott, who felt, since it could never be supported by the majority of the nation, that Miles' stance was simply a guise to force disunion.[13]John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry sent a shock wave across the South. When the Thirty-sixth Congress met in December 1859 the first order of business was the selection of a speaker. Already in turmoil over the Brown raid, Southerners were further aggravated by the nomination of Ohio Republican John Sherman for the post. Sherman was one of 68 Republicans who had endorsed Hinton Helper's book, The Impending Crisis and How to Meet It, which Southerners believed would ignite class warfare between slaveholders and non-slaveholders in the South.[14] Republicans proposed buying 100,000 copies of the book and distributing it throughout the country.[15] Miles conspired with South Carolina's governor to send a regiment of militia to Washington to break up the Congress in the event of Sherman's election, but the withdrawal of Sherman's nomination prevented action.[16]In South Carolina the state legislature was unable to determine an appropriate response, but finally, reacting to a proposal by pro-secession Governor William Henry Gist decided to propose a Southern convention. As a first step Christopher Memminger was dispatched to Virginia in order to solicit their support. Miles advised Memminger to \"urge our Carolina view in such a manner as to imbue Virginia with it ... [and] we may soon hope to see the fruit of your addresses in the sturdy and healthy offspring of whose birth we would be so greatly proud — a Southern confederacy.[17]","title":"United States House of Representatives"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"South Carolina Secession"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walther_p._289-18"},{"link_name":"Democratic Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"Stephen A. Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"popular sovereignty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walther_p._289-18"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cauthen_p.26-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cauthen_p._69-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cauthen_p.26-21"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walther_p._289-18"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Election of 1860","text":"By 1860 Miles was one of the leading secessionists in South Carolina. His position in Washington, D.C., allowed him to serve as a conduit in the flow of information between Washington and Charleston.[18] State politicians focused on the upcoming Democratic Convention scheduled in Charleston beginning on April 23. Miles was concerned about the candidacy of Stephen A. Douglas, especially rumors that there might even be a pro-Douglas faction in South Carolina. Miles and other radicals were convinced that only a strictly Southern party could properly address the state's needs.[19]The convention deadlocked over the party platform. Southerners opposed Douglas' support for popular sovereignty – a concept which would have allowed new territories to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery. Southerners preferred federal guarantees that slavery would be allowed in all United States territories. Thirteen of the 16 South Carolina delegates walked out of the convention.[20] In May Miles returned to Charleston and declared that the next election would pit \"power against principle – the majority against the minority, regardless of all constitutional barriers.\"[18]Support for secession was strong in South Carolina even before Lincoln's election. Miles pressed the issue, urging action as opposed to simply more discussion.[21] Miles stated, according to a July 24 newspaper account:I am chary of seeing the South pass \"resolutions\". They accomplish nothing. In truth, have come to be regarded very much like the cry of \"wolf\". Let us resolve less and do more. I am sick at heart of the endless talk and bluster of the South. If we are in earnest let us act. Above all, I am weary of these eternal attempts to hold out the olive branch, when we ought to be preparing to grasp the sword.[22]Miles argued that South Carolina should \"break up things generally, which any state can at any time do.\"[21] He believed that the South had \"all the elements of wealth, prosperity and strength, to make her a first-class power among the nations of the world\" and would \"lose so little and gain so much\" with secession.\"[18] In August Miles was struck with typhoid fever and went to New England to recover, not returning to the state until the November elections.[23]","title":"South Carolina Secession"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Laurence M. Keitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_M._Keitt"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cauthen_p._69-22"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walther_p._291-26"},{"link_name":"ordinance of secession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Immediate_Causes_Which_Induce_and_Justify_the_Secession_of_South_Carolina_from_the_Federal_Union"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Star of the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_of_the_West"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walther_p._291-26"},{"link_name":"Confederate Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Convention"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Secession winter","text":"As secession loomed, President James Buchanan was concerned about the safety of United States property in South Carolina. Miles, returning to Washington for the upcoming session of Congress, was one of the South Carolina delegates who met with Buchanan to discuss this problem. On December 10 Miles and the others presented a letter to the President that assured him that the forts in Charleston would not be molested \"provided that no reinforcement should be sent into those forts, and their relative military status\" maintained.[24] Buchanan questioned the word \"provided\" since it appeared to bind him, but the delegates assured him that they were only communicating their understanding based on the status quo. According to both Miles and fellow South Carolina fire-eater Laurence M. Keitt, Buchanan said, \"After all, this is a matter of honor among gentlemen. I do not know that any paper or writing is necessary. We understand each other.\"[25]Returning to South Carolina, Miles was elected as a delegate to the South Carolina secession convention. Miles was for immediate action. On December 17, fearing that even a few days of delay could be critical, he opposed the relocation of the convention from Columbia to Charleston due to a smallpox outbreak. Miles' last communications with southerners in Washington told him that they were all looking to South Carolina for leadership.[22] Miles attitude was reflected in his statement, \"Let us act if we mean to act without talking. Let it be 'a word and a blow – but the blow first.\"[26]The convention adopted an ordinance of secession on December 20. Miles, along with other South Carolinians, immediately resigned his seat in Congress.[27] In the months ahead, Miles, believing in the possibility of peaceful secession, opposed precipitate action over either Fort Sumter or the Star of the West incident.[26] In February 1861 Miles was one of eight South Carolina delegates to the Confederate Convention in Montgomery, Alabama, that established the Confederacy.[28]","title":"South Carolina Secession"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Confederate Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederate_States"},{"link_name":"P. G. T. Beauregard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Bull Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Stars and Bars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Confederate_States_Proposed1_1861.svg"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Confederate Battle Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America"}],"text":"Miles was selected for both the provisional and regular Confederate Congress. He was chairman of the House Military Affairs Committee while also serving as an aide-de-camp for General P. G. T. Beauregard at both Charleston, in the buildup to the attack on Fort Sumter, and the First Battle of Bull Run. Recognizing, however, his own lack of military training, Miles focused most of his attention on his congressional duties.[29]Historian Eric H. Walther describes Miles tenure in the Confederate Congress:Like other fire-eaters, Miles found only frustration in the Confederate Congress. Before secession he had wanted to eliminate all trade duities in a southern confederacy. Now, De Bow warned him that a sudden shift to free trade would alienate and antagonize the powerful sugar planters of the Gulf South, who had prospered under the tariff policies of the Union. Miles complained that his colleagues on congressional committees made work impossible because their habitual absences prevented a quorum, and as events began to sour in the new nation he held no higher opinion of President Davis than other fire-eaters. Late in the war, when some military officials began to discuss the efficacy of using black troops in the Confederate army, Miles was perplexed. ... [H]e understood the urgent demands of the army, but eventually ... [concluded] that \"it is not merely a military, but a great social and political question, and the more I consider it the less is my judgment satisfied that it could really help our cause to put arms into the hands of our slaves.[30]While serving in the Confederate Provisional Congress, Miles chaired the \"Committee on the Flag and Seal,\" which adopted the \"Stars and Bars\" flag as the national flag of the Confederacy. Miles opposed this selection because, he felt, it too much resembled, as supporters of it admitted, the old Stars and Stripes. Miles argued:Miles' rejected flag proposal, ancestor to the Battle FlagThere is no propriety in retaining the ensign of a government which, in the opinion of the States composing this Confederacy, had become so oppressive and injurious to their interests as to require their separation from it. It is idle to talk of \"keeping\" the flag of the United States when we have voluntarily seceded from them.[31]Miles favored his own design. When General P.G.T. Beauregard decided a more recognizable Battle Flag was needed, Miles' suggested his design. Although this design had been rejected by the committee for a national flag, it eventually became the Confederate Battle Flag, today often referred to as a \"Rebel flag\" or the \"Southern Cross.\" Miles' design was later used as the canton in the second version of the national flag (nicknamed the \"Stainless Banner\") as well as in the third national design (nicknamed the \"Blood-Stained Banner\").","title":"Confederate States Congress"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walther_p._292-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Walther_p._292-32"},{"link_name":"Oliver Beirne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Beirne"},{"link_name":"Andrew Beirne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Beirne"},{"link_name":"Nelson County, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Robert Rhett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rhett"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"South Carolina College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Ascension Parish, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_Parish,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Union, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"As late as January 1865, Miles offered a resolution in the Confederate Congress stating, \"That we, the representatives of the people of the Confederate States, are firmly determined to continue the struggle in which we are involved until the United States shall acknowledge our independence.\"[32]Describing Miles's feelings shortly after the war ended and quoting from a September 25, 1865, letter, Walther wrote:And yet even the realities of defeat did not change Miles' abstract ideas. Watching how other southerners dealt with defeat greatly upset the highly principled Miles. \"When we see the most ardent Secessionists and 'Fire eaters' now eagerly denying that they ever did more than 'yield their convictions to the voice of their State,'\" and call secession a heresy and slavery a curse, Miles concluded, \"it is plain that Politics must be more a trade and less a pursuit for an honourable man than it ever was before.\" For any secessionist to return to public office in a reconstructed Union, Miles believed, entailed a forfeiture of self-respect, consistency, and honor. For himself and other secessionists, he said, politics \"for a time cannot be a path which any high-toned and sensitive – not to say honest and conscientious – can possibly tread.\"[32]Miles had married Bettie Beirne in 1863, the daughter of a wealthy Virginia planter, Oliver Beirne, and granddaughter of Representative Andrew Beirne. For a few years after the war, he worked for his father-in-law as a factor in New Orleans. In 1867, Miles took over the management of Oak Ridge Plantation in Nelson County, Virginia.[33] He encountered serious financial problems as a tobacco and wheat farmer, and in 1874, he unsuccessfully applied for the position of president at the new Hopkins University of Baltimore. Miles remained on the farm and helped friends like Beauregard and former Fire-Eater Robert Rhett gather materials for their own histories of the Confederacy.[34]In 1880, Miles was appointed president of the newly-reopened South Carolina College. After his father-in-law's death in 1882, Miles took over the family business interests and relocated to Houmas House in Ascension Parish, Louisiana, where he managed a dozen plantations that Oliver Beirne had inherited just one year before at the death of his longtime friend, John Burnside. In 1892, with his son, he formed Miles Planting and Manufacturing Company of Louisiana.[35]Miles died on May 11, 1899, at 76 and was interred at Green Hill Cemetery in Union, West Virginia.[36]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tom_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Why do people still fly the Confederate flag?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23705803"},{"link_name":"BBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Walther_p._274_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Walther_p._274_4-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChanning197446_9-0"},{"link_name":"Channing 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChanning1974"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChanning1974112_16-0"},{"link_name":"Channing 1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChanning1974"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Walther_p._289_18-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Walther_p._289_18-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Walther_p._289_18-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cauthen_p.26_21-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cauthen_p.26_21-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cauthen_p._69_22-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Cauthen_p._69_22-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Walther_p._291_26-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Walther_p._291_26-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Walther_p._292_32-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Walther_p._292_32-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"\"Oak Ridge Estate R-57 | Marker History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.markerhistory.com/oak-ridge-estate-marker-r-57/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"}],"text":"^ Geoghegan, Tom (August 30, 2013). \"Why do people still fly the Confederate flag?\". BBC News. Retrieved October 30, 2013.\n\n^ Walther pp. 270–272.\n\n^ Walther p. 272\n\n^ a b Walther p. 274\n\n^ Walther pp. 275–277\n\n^ William Porcher Miles, Republican Government Not Always the Best (Charleston, 1852).\n\n^ Walther p. 278\n\n^ Walther pp. 279–280\n\n^ Channing 1974, p. 46.\n\n^ Walther pp.280–281\n\n^ Walther p. 281\n\n^ Walther pp. 282–283\n\n^ Walther pp. 284–285\n\n^ Heidler p. 141\n\n^ Walther pp. 285–286\n\n^ Channing 1974, p. 112.\n\n^ Walther pp. 287–288 Heidler pp. 141–142\n\n^ a b c Walther p. 289\n\n^ Cauthen p. 15\n\n^ Cauthen p.18\n\n^ a b Cauthen p.26\n\n^ a b Cauthen p. 69\n\n^ Walther p. 290\n\n^ Cauthen pp. 94–95\n\n^ Cauthen p. 95\n\n^ a b Walther p. 291\n\n^ Cauthen p. 70\n\n^ Cauthen p. 85\n\n^ Walther pp. 290–291\n\n^ Walther pp. 291–292\n\n^ Coski pp. 3–4\n\n^ a b Walther p. 292\n\n^ \"Oak Ridge Estate R-57 | Marker History\". www.markerhistory.com. Retrieved June 12, 2020.\n\n^ Walther p. 293\n\n^ Walther 294–295\n\n^ Walther p. 296","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"W. W. Norton & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-393-00730-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-00730-8"}],"text":"Channing, Steven (1974). Crisis of Fear: Secession in South Carolina. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-00730-8.","title":"Works cited"}]
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[{"image_text":"Miles' rejected flag proposal, ancestor to the Battle Flag","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Confederate_States_Proposed1_1861.svg/220px-Confederate_States_Proposed1_1861.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"Geoghegan, Tom (August 30, 2013). \"Why do people still fly the Confederate flag?\". BBC News. Retrieved October 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23705803","url_text":"\"Why do people still fly the Confederate flag?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Oak Ridge Estate R-57 | Marker History\". www.markerhistory.com. Retrieved June 12, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.markerhistory.com/oak-ridge-estate-marker-r-57/","url_text":"\"Oak Ridge Estate R-57 | Marker History\""}]},{"reference":"Channing, Steven (1974). Crisis of Fear: Secession in South Carolina. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-00730-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company","url_text":"W. W. Norton & Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-00730-8","url_text":"0-393-00730-8"}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"William Porcher Miles (id: M000707)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000707","url_text":"\"William Porcher Miles (id: M000707)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromsgrove_School
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Bromsgrove School
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["1 History","1.1 Second World War","1.2 Overseas","2 Scandals","2.1 Financial","2.2 Abuse","3 Commemoration Day","4 Students","5 Heads of school and monitors","6 Academic results","7 Houses","7.1 Boarding houses","7.2 Day Houses","8 School terms","9 Headmasters","10 Old Bromsgrovians","10.1 Medals for gallantry","11 See also","12 References","13 External links"]
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Coordinates: 52°19′43″N 2°03′48″W / 52.328611°N 2.063333°W / 52.328611; -2.063333Public school in Worcestershire, England
Bromsgrove SchoolCoat of arms of Bromsgrove School (arms of Cookes, with inescutcheon of a baronet)AddressWorcester RoadBromsgrove, Worcestershire, B61 7DUEnglandCoordinates52°19′43″N 2°03′48″W / 52.328611°N 2.063333°W / 52.328611; -2.063333InformationTypePublic school Independentday and boarding schoolCoeducational schoolMottoDeo, regi, vicino(Latin: "For God, for King, for Neighbour")Religious affiliation(s)Church of EnglandEstablished1553 (established)1476 (first recorded)FounderSir Thomas CookesLocal authorityWorcestershireDepartment for Education URN117012 TablesChairman of the GovernorsMichael LuckmanHeadmasterMichael E. Punt M.A. (Oxon) MScChaplainPaul Hedworth.Staff599 (200 teaching staff)GenderCoeducationalAge2 to 18Enrolment1,660Houses13 (senior school)4 (preparatory school)3 (pre-preparatory)Colour(s)Maroon
Former pupilsOld BromsgroviansWebsitehttp://www.bromsgrove-school.co.uk
Bromsgrove School is a co-educational boarding and day school in the Worcestershire town of Bromsgrove, England. Founded in 1553, it is one of the oldest public schools in Britain, and one of the 14 founding members of the Headmasters' Conference.
Bromsgrove School has both boarding and day students consisting of three schools, pre-prep nursery school (ages 2–7), preparatory school (ages 7–13) and the senior school (13–18). Bromsgrove charges up to £14,055 per term, with three terms per academic year. The school has a total of 200 teaching staff, with 1,660 pupils.
Spread across 100 acres, the main campus is located in the heart of the town of Bromsgrove. However, Bromsgrove School has also expanded overseas, with an additional boarding school in Bangkok (Bromsgrove International School Thailand) and a new school within the Mission Hills complex in Shenzhen, China, Bromsgrove School Mission Hills.
The school's headmaster from September 2022 is Michael Punt, who was previously headmaster of Chigwell School.
History
Thomas Cookes House, founded by Sir Thomas Cookes in 1693, is the oldest building on the site
The school was first recorded in 1476 as a chantry school and was re-established as a grammar school between 1548 and 1553. The 1693 financial endowment of Sir Thomas Cookes, 2nd Baronet (1648-1701) of Norgrove Court in Worcestershire, produced the first buildings on the present site and the historic link with Worcester College, Oxford, which he founded. The arms of Cookes (Argent, two chevronels between six martlets 3, 2 and 1 gules) were adopted by both Worcester College and Bromsgrove School. John Day Collis became head-master in December 1842. The tercentenary of the grammar school was celebrated on 31 March 1853. In 1856, Collis had the chapel and new school rooms built, and existing buildings enlarged and improved. In 1869 Bromsgrove was one of the fourteen founding schools of the Headmasters' Conference.
Second World War
During the Second World War, the entire school was temporarily moved to Llanwrtyd Wells in Wales, as the school buildings were requisitioned by British government departments for the war effort. Many former pupils and members of staff were killed during the Second World War, and their names are commemorated at the war memorial of the town. In 2007, the school was granted the freedom of Llanwrtyd Wells.
Overseas
In 2002, the school established Bromsgrove International School Thailand (BIST) in Thailand. Then, in 2016, the school opened Bromsgrove School Mission Hills, in Shenzhen, China.
Scandals
Financial
Main article: Independent school fee fixing scandal
In 2005, the school was one of fifty of the country's independent schools which were found guilty of running an illegal price-fixing cartel, exposed by The Times, which had allowed them to drive up fees for thousands of parents. Each school was required to pay a nominal penalty of £10,000 and all agreed to make ex-gratia payments totalling £3 million into a trust designed to benefit pupils who attended the schools during the period in respect of which fee information was shared.
Abuse
Richard Knight, an Organist and assistant director of music at Bromsgrove School was jailed for two years in 2018 for having sex with two girls from Bromsgrove School on school property, as well as at his own home and inside his car.
Judge Jeremy Baker QC, speaking at Worcester Crown Court on Friday, 23 November 2018, told Knight, 53, that the two victims had "particularly vulnerable" emotional backgrounds. "You knew that and that was why they were specifically targeted over and above other children at school", he said.
The judge described Knight's behaviour as "predatory" and that there was a "significant degree of planning".
Mr Knight, previously the conductor of Malvern Festival Chorus, had begun the second affair after the first one ended, and taught both pupils at the school. Knight had sex with one of the victims for the first time at her own home while her parents were out during Christmas Eve. The victim would often have to ride her bicycle to various pharmacists to get morning after pills.
The court also heard evidence that Knight's wife had been a pupil of his at a school he worked at previously. They married in 2002.
Commemoration Day
Commemoration Day (known colloquially as Commem) is the senior school's traditional end of year celebration. It is a special day for the school and especially for the upper sixth leavers. When Sir Thomas Cookes re-endowed the school in 1693, he enjoined that once a year a sermon should be preached to the scholars of the school in St John's Parish Church. It is this that the school commemorates as well as celebrating the end of the academic year with a prizegiving.
Following a very small private ceremony in the Cookes Room celebrating the founder Sir Thomas Cookes, where the heads of school lay a wreath beneath a portrait of Cookes, the whole school (except the lower fourth) then proceeds to St John's Church for the commemoration service. Unusually the school does not have its own school song, however, Charles Villiers Stanford's setting of Te Deum Laudamus in B flat has been sung at the service since 1989, becoming an unofficial school song.
After the church service everyone returns to school and takes their place in the speeches' marquee. The school and parents are addressed by the president of the school and the headmaster. Prizes are awarded to upper sixth leavers and other pupils.
At 4.15pm the chapel bell begins to toll, calling the school to final call over. All the pupils line up in houses with their houseparents, housemothers and tutors on the parade ground between Kyteless and the chapel. Each house, beginning with school house (the senior house of the school), in turn then moves forward and every pupil shakes hands with their house staff, the heads of school and then the headmaster and his wife. The final ceremony is the lowering of the school flag by the heads of school who hand it to the deputy head who then hands it to the headmaster for safekeeping until the start of the next academic year.
Students
Bromsgrove School has boarding and day students and consists of three schools, pre-prep nursery school (ages 2–7), preparatory school (ages 7–13) and the senior school (13–18). The school has a total of 200 teaching staff, with 1,660 pupils, including 220 in the pre-preparatory school, 500 in the preparatory School and 940 in the senior school, of whom 60% are male and 40% female, 60% boarding and 40% day. As well as British students, there are more than three hundred from 49 different countries, especially Russia, Germany, China and Hong Kong.
Main Worcester Road entrance
The school website states that the pass rate at grades A* to C (exams at age 16) is 96%. Bromsgrove also started teaching the International Baccalaureate Diploma (IB) in 2009, with sixth form students having the choice between IB, BTEC and A-Levels. The rugby match against King Edward's School, Birmingham, that has been played annually since 1875, is thought to be the oldest continuous rugby fixture between two schools in England.
Heads of school and monitors
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Similar to most public schools in Britain and the Commonwealth, Bromsgrove has a system of school leaders known as monitors. As representatives of the school, monitors' jobs are mostly based around keeping the school running at its best level of quality and tradition, with chapel and lunch duties being an example of this. Pupils who belong to any of these categories, in addition to other leadership roles, are entitled to a certain set of privileges, such as monitor ties, brown shoes, and waistcoats/cardigans.
In addition to the monitors, Bromsgrove has a set of heads of school featuring a head boy and girl, and their respective deputies.
Monitors and heads of school are chosen towards the end of their penultimate lower sixth year; the decision is made from a combination of both a student poll and teacher vote.
Academic results
57% of Bromsgrove School students achieved A*/A for the 2019 A Levels examination while 64% of students obtained A*/A for the 2019 GCSE examination.
Houses
North Gate entrance, with the Dining Hall seen behind to the right
The preparatory school houses of Boulton (Matthew Boulton), Darby (Abraham Darby), Telford (Thomas Telford), Watt (James Watt), were named after famous British industrialists.
The houses were renamed in 2020 Cedar, Rowan, Ash, Willow, Sycamore and Beech after species of trees. The change was made to avoid links to those involved with the slave trade or child labour.
Housman Hall, one of the school's senior boarding houses, was formerly the home of poet A. E. Housman
The senior school is divided into thirteen houses; six for boys, five for girls and two mixed.
Boarding houses
Mary Windsor, named after the daughter of Thomas Hickman-Windsor, 1st Earl of Plymouth and his wife Anne Savile, is for girl boarders. In 2012, Mary Windsor was moved into a new building as part of the developments around the south gate.
Oakley House is the largest house, home to both boarding and day girls. It is situated alongside Mary Windsor and Elmshurst, in the newly developed area by the South Gate.
Housman Hall for sixth form girls and boys was opened in 2005, after the school bought the Ramada Perry Hall Hotel for £3 million. The building was formerly the home of A. E. Housman, an old Bromsgrovian, and was expanded in 2009 into the neighbouring building, subsequently named after Housman. During an opening ceremony in 2014, Housman Hall was reopened after the school had completed a refurbishment.
Wendron Gordon, with over 100 pupils in 2009–2010, due to merging with School House, is for boy boarders.
Elmshurst is also for boy boarders and was named after the original house that was located at 17 New Road. Elmshurst was sold in the mid-1970s and the students relocated within the school campus to the current building, which was refurbished in 2018. Elmshurst now has an additional annexe known as Webber, which is located by the Conway Road entrance.
Webber House is the newest boarding house at Bromsgrove School, catering to Sixth Form boarders.
Day Houses
Lupton, named after Lupton House, in Sedbergh School, and Lyttelton, named after the school's links with Baron Lyttelton, a local lord, are houses for day boys, located in the centre of the campus. Walters, named after the school's wartime headmaster, is also a boys' day house.
Thomas Cookes and Hazeldene are two girls' day houses that are situated in the original and oldest building on the school's site.
School House is the senior house of the school, and often considered the most prestigious. After beginning as a boarding house, School is now a boys day house situated in the west wing of the Wendron-Gordon building. It consistently ranks as one of the most academically able houses, winning multiple prizes in academics and debating. It leads the final call over during the end of year Commemoration Day ceremony.
Ottilie Hild is the newest girls' day house, overlooking Gordon Green and opened in September 2020.
House
Abbr.
Gender
Type
Colours
Elmshurst
E
Male
Boarding
Hazeldene
Hz
Female
Day
Housman Hall
HH
Mixed
Boarding
Lupton
Lu
Male
Day
Lyttleton
Ly
Male
Day
Mary Windsor
MW
Female
Boarding
Oakley
O
Female
Boarding
Ottilie Hild
OH
Female
Day
School
S
Male
Day
Thomas Cookes
TC
Female
Day
Walters
Ws
Male
Day
Webber
Wb
Mixed
Boarding
Wendron-Gordon
WG
Male
Boarding
School terms
There are three academic terms in the year.
The Michaelmas term, from early September to mid December. New pupils are now admitted only at the start of the Michaelmas, unless in exceptional circumstances.
The Lent term, from early January to late March.
The Summer term, from late April to late June or early July.
Within each term, there is a break known as a half term, in which all pupils return home.
Headmasters
The headmasters of the school:
2022-present Michael Punt
2014–2022 Peter Clague
2004–2014 Christopher Edwards
1986–2004 Timothy Taylor
1970–1985 Nick Earle
1953–1970 Lionel Carey
1931–1953 David Walters
1912–1931 Robert G Routh
1901–1912 Frederick Hendy
1873–1901 Herbert Millington
1867–1873 George Blore
1842–1867 John Day Collis
1832–1842 George Jacob
1819–1832 John Topham
1817–1819 no headmaster
1816 Thomas Davies (sent to Fleet Prison)
1813–1816 no headmaster
1812 Joseph Fell (writing master)
1810–1812 no headmaster
1804–1810 Hugh Price
1799–1804 Jeremiah Roberts
1788–1799 Charles Shipley
1776–1788 John Best
1756–1776 John Bennett
1735–1756 Charles Wilmott
1721–1735 Thomas Wilmott
1693–1721 John Barney
1690–1693 Robert Durant
1687–1690 Samuel Lloyd
1679–1687 John Barney
1678–1679 Samuel Lloyd
1667–1678 James Orton
1665–1667 no headmaster
1664–1665 William Broughton
1650–1664 William Suthwell
1643–1650 William Spicer
1625–1643 John Crumpe
1622–1625 James Purcell
1616–1622 Thomas Flavell
1611–1616 William Binion
1606–1611 Henry Duggard
1597–1606 Humphrey Roe
1577–1597 Arnold Hancox
1562–1577 Robert Kymberley
1558–1562 Thomas Palmer
1545–1558 William Foonys
Old Bromsgrovians
See also: Category:People educated at Bromsgrove School
Notable Old Bromsgrovians include five Victoria Cross recipients and A. E. Housman. In business and politics, Digby Jones and Michael Heseltine were both educated at Bromsgrove, as were actors Ian Carmichael, Richard Wattis (of Hancock's Half Hour, Sykes, Father Dear Father), Trevor Eve (of Shoestring), Nick Miles (of Emmerdale) and Arthur Darvill (of Doctor Who). The author Nicholas Evans who wrote The Horse Whisperer and journalist Chris Atkins were educated at Bromsgrove. More recently, Iskra Lawrence (an English model, global role model and brand ambassador) attended the School.
In music, composer Isaiah Burnell was director of music from 1907 for 25 years. John Illsley, of the band Dire Straits, Guillemots member Fyfe Dangerfield, Ritchie Neville of boy band Five and jazz saxophonist Soweto Kinch attended the school.
The school continues to produce leading sportsman – Matt Neal attended during the 1980s, and Andy Goode was part of the drive by the school to welcome more leading rugby players to the school. Bromsgrove continues to educate many England national sportsmen including Ben Foden and Matt Mullan who have played Rugby union for England.
Others include Peter Spence, an English journalist and writer who wrote the British sitcom To the Manor Born and Admiral Sir Ben Key KCB, CBE, ADC, who is a senior naval officer; and has served as First Sea Lord since November 2021.
Rear-Admiral Sir David William Haslam (1923–2009) was educated at Bromsgrove School; he returned as a governor and lived opposite the school in Worcester Road until his death.
Medals for gallantry
Five Old Bromsgrovians are known to have received the Victoria Cross:
Sir George White (1835–1912), Commander-in-Chief, India, 1893–1899, Governor of Gibraltar 1900–1904
Percy Thompson Dean (1877–1939)
Eustace Jotham (1884–1915)
Frank Bernard Wearne (1894–1917)
Nigel Gray Leakey (1913–1941)
One old Bromsgrovian, Oliver Bryson, is known to have received the George Cross,
See also
List of the oldest schools in the United Kingdom
References
^ "Fees". Bromsgrove School. September 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2020.
^ a b "Campus and Facilities- Bromsgrove School Mission Hills". bromsgrove.mhis.education. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
^ Unique Honour For Town School (from Bromsgrove Advertiser)
^ Independent schools face huge fines over cartel to fix fees, The Times newspaper, 10 November 2005 (subscription site) Alternative site Archived 8 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine
^ The Office of Fair Trading: OFT names further trustees as part of the independent schools settlement Archived 10 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine
^ "'Predatory' teacher claims he 'fell in love' with two vulnerable pupils he had sex with".
^ "Former teacher jailed after 'sexual activity' with two pupils". 23 November 2018.
^ Isbi staff, Bromsgrove School, Worcestershire, , archived from the original on 3 April 2009
^ Bromsgrove & KES Birmingham.
Thomas Winter Hutton, King Edward's School, Birmingham, 1552-1952, Blackwell, 1952. p. 148 "The first Bromsgrove game was in 1875, and 121 games have been played—two in a season at one period."
Henry Icely, Bromsgrove School through four centuries, Blackwell, 1953. pp. 69,99. "Rugby football, hitherto an unregulated and unsatisfactory game, was by 1875 a far better occupation for October half-holidays than wooding." "In the seventies the Rugby game was still twelve a side. There were School matches. KES, Birmingham, was an early fixture; SES, Oxford, was played for the first time in 1882."
^ School staff, Senior School Sports Rugby, Bromsgrove School, archived from the original on 21 November 2008, retrieved 7 August 2008
^ "Bromsgrove School Guide: Reviews Rankings, Fees and More". Britannia StudyLink Malaysia: UK Study Expert. 5 August 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
^ "Official Re-Opening of Housman Hall". bromsgrove-school.co.uk. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
^ "Term Dates". bromsgrove-school.co.uk. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
^ "Bromsgrovians Connected". bromsgrovians.com. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
^ Barker, Dennis (6 February 2010). "Ian Carmichael obituary". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
^ Lovell, Nicholas (1996). V.C.s of Bromsgrove School: The Stories of Five Victoria Crosses Won by Old Bromsgrovians. Bromsgrove: Bromsgrove School Enterprises. ISBN 0-9521362-3-6
^ Ashcroft, Michael (2010). George Cross Heroes. London: Headline Review. p. 365. ISBN 978-0-7553-6082-6
External links
Bromsgrove School Website
Bromsgrove School Alumni Website
Bromsgrove School OB's who died in three wars
Map of Bromsgrove School Grounds
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Founded in 1553, it is one of the oldest public schools in Britain, and one of the 14 founding members of the Headmasters' Conference.Bromsgrove School has both boarding and day students consisting of three schools, pre-prep nursery school (ages 2–7), preparatory school (ages 7–13) and the senior school (13–18). Bromsgrove charges up to £14,055 per term, with three terms per academic year.[1] The school has a total of 200 teaching staff, with 1,660 pupils.Spread across 100 acres, the main campus is located in the heart of the town of Bromsgrove. However, Bromsgrove School has also expanded overseas, with an additional boarding school in Bangkok (Bromsgrove International School Thailand) and a new school within the Mission Hills complex in Shenzhen, China, Bromsgrove School Mission Hills.[2]The school's headmaster from September 2022 is Michael Punt, who was previously headmaster of Chigwell School.","title":"Bromsgrove School"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bromsgrove_School.jpg"},{"link_name":"chantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantry"},{"link_name":"grammar school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_school"},{"link_name":"financial endowment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_endowment"},{"link_name":"Sir Thomas Cookes, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Cookes,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Norgrove Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norgrove_Court"},{"link_name":"Worcester College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"John Day Collis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Day_Collis"},{"link_name":"Headmasters' Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headmasters%27_Conference"}],"text":"Thomas Cookes House, founded by Sir Thomas Cookes in 1693, is the oldest building on the siteThe school was first recorded in 1476 as a chantry school and was re-established as a grammar school between 1548 and 1553. The 1693 financial endowment of Sir Thomas Cookes, 2nd Baronet (1648-1701) of Norgrove Court in Worcestershire, produced the first buildings on the present site and the historic link with Worcester College, Oxford, which he founded. The arms of Cookes (Argent, two chevronels between six martlets 3, 2 and 1 gules) were adopted by both Worcester College and Bromsgrove School. John Day Collis became head-master in December 1842. The tercentenary of the grammar school was celebrated on 31 March 1853. In 1856, Collis had the chapel and new school rooms built, and existing buildings enlarged and improved. In 1869 Bromsgrove was one of the fourteen founding schools of the Headmasters' Conference.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Llanwrtyd Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanwrtyd_Wells"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"British government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_government"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Second World War","text":"During the Second World War, the entire school was temporarily moved to Llanwrtyd Wells in Wales, as the school buildings were requisitioned by British government departments for the war effort. Many former pupils and members of staff were killed during the Second World War, and their names are commemorated at the war memorial of the town. In 2007, the school was granted the freedom of Llanwrtyd Wells.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bromsgrove International School Thailand (BIST)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromsgrove_International_School_Thailand_(BIST)"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"sub_title":"Overseas","text":"In 2002, the school established Bromsgrove International School Thailand (BIST) in Thailand. Then, in 2016, the school opened Bromsgrove School Mission Hills, in Shenzhen, China.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Scandals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Financial","text":"In 2005, the school was one of fifty of the country's independent schools which were found guilty of running an illegal price-fixing cartel, exposed by The Times, which had allowed them to drive up fees for thousands of parents.[4] Each school was required to pay a nominal penalty of £10,000 and all agreed to make ex-gratia payments totalling £3 million into a trust designed to benefit pupils who attended the schools during the period in respect of which fee information was shared.[5]","title":"Scandals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Abuse","text":"Richard Knight, an Organist and assistant director of music at Bromsgrove School was jailed for two years in 2018 for having sex with two girls from Bromsgrove School on school property, as well as at his own home and inside his car.\nJudge Jeremy Baker QC, speaking at Worcester Crown Court on Friday, 23 November 2018, told Knight, 53, that the two victims had \"particularly vulnerable\" emotional backgrounds. \"You knew that and that was why they were specifically targeted over and above other children at school\", he said.\nThe judge described Knight's behaviour as \"predatory\" and that there was a \"significant degree of planning\".\nMr Knight, previously the conductor of Malvern Festival Chorus, had begun the second affair after the first one ended, and taught both pupils at the school. Knight had sex with one of the victims for the first time at her own home while her parents were out during Christmas Eve. The victim would often have to ride her bicycle to various pharmacists to get morning after pills. \nThe court also heard evidence that Knight's wife had been a pupil of his at a school he worked at previously. They married in 2002.[6]\n[7]","title":"Scandals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St John's Parish Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist_Church,_Bromsgrove"},{"link_name":"Charles Villiers Stanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Villiers_Stanford"},{"link_name":"Te Deum Laudamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Deum"},{"link_name":"B flat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Services_in_B-flat_major_(Stanford)"}],"text":"Commemoration Day (known colloquially as Commem) is the senior school's traditional end of year celebration. It is a special day for the school and especially for the upper sixth leavers. When Sir Thomas Cookes re-endowed the school in 1693, he enjoined that once a year a sermon should be preached to the scholars of the school in St John's Parish Church. It is this that the school commemorates as well as celebrating the end of the academic year with a prizegiving.Following a very small private ceremony in the Cookes Room celebrating the founder Sir Thomas Cookes, where the heads of school lay a wreath beneath a portrait of Cookes, the whole school (except the lower fourth) then proceeds to St John's Church for the commemoration service. Unusually the school does not have its own school song, however, Charles Villiers Stanford's setting of Te Deum Laudamus in B flat has been sung at the service since 1989, becoming an unofficial school song.After the church service everyone returns to school and takes their place in the speeches' marquee. The school and parents are addressed by the president of the school and the headmaster. Prizes are awarded to upper sixth leavers and other pupils.At 4.15pm the chapel bell begins to toll, calling the school to final call over. All the pupils line up in houses with their houseparents, housemothers and tutors on the parade ground between Kyteless and the chapel. Each house, beginning with school house (the senior house of the school), in turn then moves forward and every pupil shakes hands with their house staff, the heads of school and then the headmaster and his wife. The final ceremony is the lowering of the school flag by the heads of school who hand it to the deputy head who then hands it to the headmaster for safekeeping until the start of the next academic year.","title":"Commemoration Day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bromsgrove_School_01.JPG"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"International Baccalaureate Diploma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Baccalaureate_Diploma"},{"link_name":"King Edward's School, Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward%27s_School,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"oldest continuous rugby fixture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldest_football_competitions"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Bromsgrove School has boarding and day students and consists of three schools, pre-prep nursery school (ages 2–7), preparatory school (ages 7–13) and the senior school (13–18). The school has a total of 200 teaching staff, with 1,660 pupils, including 220 in the pre-preparatory school, 500 in the preparatory School and 940 in the senior school, of whom 60% are male and 40% female, 60% boarding and 40% day. As well as British students, there are more than three hundred from 49 different countries, especially Russia, Germany, China and Hong Kong.Main Worcester Road entranceThe school website states that the pass rate at grades A* to C (exams at age 16) is 96%.[8] Bromsgrove also started teaching the International Baccalaureate Diploma (IB) in 2009, with sixth form students having the choice between IB, BTEC and A-Levels. The rugby match against King Edward's School, Birmingham, that has been played annually since 1875,[9] is thought to be the oldest continuous rugby fixture between two schools in England.[10]","title":"Students"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"heads of school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefect#Academic"},{"link_name":"head boy and girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_girl_and_head_boy"}],"text":"Similar to most public schools in Britain and the Commonwealth, Bromsgrove has a system of school leaders known as monitors. As representatives of the school, monitors' jobs are mostly based around keeping the school running at its best level of quality and tradition, with chapel and lunch duties being an example of this. Pupils who belong to any of these categories, in addition to other leadership roles, are entitled to a certain set of privileges, such as monitor ties, brown shoes, and waistcoats/cardigans.In addition to the monitors, Bromsgrove has a set of heads of school featuring a head boy and girl, and their respective deputies.Monitors and heads of school are chosen towards the end of their penultimate lower sixth year; the decision is made from a combination of both a student poll and teacher vote.","title":"Heads of school and monitors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"57% of Bromsgrove School students achieved A*/A for the 2019 A Levels examination while 64% of students obtained A*/A for the 2019 GCSE examination.[11]","title":"Academic results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bromsgrove_School_03.JPG"},{"link_name":"Matthew Boulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Boulton"},{"link_name":"Abraham Darby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Darby_I"},{"link_name":"Thomas Telford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Telford"},{"link_name":"James Watt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Watt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Perry_Hall,_Home_of_A.E._Housman.jpg"},{"link_name":"A. E. Housman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._E._Housman"}],"text":"North Gate entrance, with the Dining Hall seen behind to the rightThe preparatory school houses of Boulton (Matthew Boulton), Darby (Abraham Darby), Telford (Thomas Telford), Watt (James Watt), were named after famous British industrialists.\nThe houses were renamed in 2020 Cedar, Rowan, Ash, Willow, Sycamore and Beech after species of trees. The change was made to avoid links to those involved with the slave trade or child labour.Housman Hall, one of the school's senior boarding houses, was formerly the home of poet A. E. HousmanThe senior school is divided into thirteen houses; six for boys, five for girls and two mixed.","title":"Houses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramada"},{"link_name":"A. E. Housman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Edward_Housman"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Boarding houses","text":"Mary Windsor, named after the daughter of Thomas Hickman-Windsor, 1st Earl of Plymouth and his wife Anne Savile, is for girl boarders. In 2012, Mary Windsor was moved into a new building as part of the developments around the south gate.Oakley House is the largest house, home to both boarding and day girls. It is situated alongside Mary Windsor and Elmshurst, in the newly developed area by the South Gate.Housman Hall for sixth form girls and boys was opened in 2005, after the school bought the Ramada Perry Hall Hotel for £3 million. The building was formerly the home of A. E. Housman, an old Bromsgrovian, and was expanded in 2009 into the neighbouring building, subsequently named after Housman. During an opening ceremony in 2014, Housman Hall was reopened after the school had completed a refurbishment.[12]Wendron Gordon, with over 100 pupils in 2009–2010, due to merging with School House, is for boy boarders.Elmshurst is also for boy boarders and was named after the original house that was located at 17 New Road. Elmshurst was sold in the mid-1970s and the students relocated within the school campus to the current building, which was refurbished in 2018. Elmshurst now has an additional annexe known as Webber, which is located by the Conway Road entrance.Webber House is the newest boarding house at Bromsgrove School, catering to Sixth Form boarders.","title":"Houses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sedbergh School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedbergh_School"},{"link_name":"Baron Lyttelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Lyttelton"}],"sub_title":"Day Houses","text":"Lupton, named after Lupton House, in Sedbergh School, and Lyttelton, named after the school's links with Baron Lyttelton, a local lord, are houses for day boys, located in the centre of the campus. Walters, named after the school's wartime headmaster, is also a boys' day house.Thomas Cookes and Hazeldene are two girls' day houses that are situated in the original and oldest building on the school's site.School House is the senior house of the school, and often considered the most prestigious. After beginning as a boarding house, School is now a boys day house situated in the west wing of the Wendron-Gordon building. It consistently ranks as one of the most academically able houses, winning multiple prizes in academics and debating. It leads the final call over during the end of year Commemoration Day ceremony.Ottilie Hild is the newest girls' day house, overlooking Gordon Green and opened in September 2020.","title":"Houses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Michaelmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaelmas"},{"link_name":"Lent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lent"},{"link_name":"half term","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_term"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"There are three academic terms in the year.[13]The Michaelmas term, from early September to mid December. New pupils are now admitted only at the start of the Michaelmas, unless in exceptional circumstances.\nThe Lent term, from early January to late March.\nThe Summer term, from late April to late June or early July.Within each term, there is a break known as a half term, in which all pupils return home.[citation needed]","title":"School terms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"John Day Collis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Day_Collis"}],"text":"The headmasters of the school:[14]2022-present Michael Punt\n2014–2022 Peter Clague\n2004–2014 Christopher Edwards\n1986–2004 Timothy Taylor\n1970–1985 Nick Earle\n1953–1970 Lionel Carey\n1931–1953 David Walters\n1912–1931 Robert G Routh\n1901–1912 Frederick Hendy\n1873–1901 Herbert Millington\n1867–1873 George Blore\n1842–1867 John Day Collis\n1832–1842 George Jacob\n1819–1832 John Topham\n1817–1819 no headmaster\n1816 Thomas Davies (sent to Fleet Prison)\n1813–1816 no headmaster\n1812 Joseph Fell (writing master)\n1810–1812 no headmaster\n1804–1810 Hugh Price\n1799–1804 Jeremiah Roberts\n1788–1799 Charles Shipley\n1776–1788 John Best\n1756–1776 John Bennett\n1735–1756 Charles Wilmott\n1721–1735 Thomas Wilmott\n1693–1721 John Barney\n1690–1693 Robert Durant\n1687–1690 Samuel Lloyd\n1679–1687 John Barney\n1678–1679 Samuel Lloyd\n1667–1678 James Orton\n1665–1667 no headmaster\n1664–1665 William Broughton\n1650–1664 William Suthwell\n1643–1650 William Spicer\n1625–1643 John Crumpe\n1622–1625 James Purcell\n1616–1622 Thomas Flavell\n1611–1616 William Binion\n1606–1611 Henry Duggard\n1597–1606 Humphrey Roe\n1577–1597 Arnold Hancox\n1562–1577 Robert Kymberley\n1558–1562 Thomas Palmer\n1545–1558 William Foonys","title":"Headmasters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:People educated at Bromsgrove School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Bromsgrove_School"},{"link_name":"A. E. Housman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._E._Housman"},{"link_name":"Digby Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digby_Jones"},{"link_name":"Michael Heseltine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Heseltine"},{"link_name":"Ian Carmichael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Carmichael"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Richard Wattis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wattis"},{"link_name":"Hancock's Half Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hancock%27s_Half_Hour"},{"link_name":"Sykes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykes_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Father Dear Father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Dear_Father"},{"link_name":"Trevor Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Eve"},{"link_name":"Shoestring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoestring_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Nick Miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Miles"},{"link_name":"Emmerdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmerdale"},{"link_name":"Arthur Darvill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Darvill"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Evans"},{"link_name":"The Horse Whisperer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Horse_Whisperer_(book)"},{"link_name":"Chris Atkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Atkins_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Iskra Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskra_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Isaiah Burnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_Burnell"},{"link_name":"John Illsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Illsley"},{"link_name":"Dire Straits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dire_Straits"},{"link_name":"Guillemots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillemots_(band)"},{"link_name":"Fyfe Dangerfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyfe_Dangerfield"},{"link_name":"Ritchie Neville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritchie_Neville"},{"link_name":"Soweto Kinch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soweto_Kinch"},{"link_name":"Matt Neal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Neal"},{"link_name":"Andy Goode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Goode"},{"link_name":"Ben Foden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Foden"},{"link_name":"Matt Mullan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Mullan"},{"link_name":"Rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Peter Spence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Spence"},{"link_name":"To the Manor Born","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_the_Manor_Born"},{"link_name":"Sir Ben Key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ben_Key_(Royal_Navy_officer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sir David William Haslam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Haslam_(Royal_Navy_officer)"}],"text":"See also: Category:People educated at Bromsgrove SchoolNotable Old Bromsgrovians include five Victoria Cross recipients and A. E. Housman. In business and politics, Digby Jones and Michael Heseltine were both educated at Bromsgrove, as were actors Ian Carmichael,[15] Richard Wattis (of Hancock's Half Hour, Sykes, Father Dear Father), Trevor Eve (of Shoestring), Nick Miles (of Emmerdale) and Arthur Darvill (of Doctor Who). The author Nicholas Evans who wrote The Horse Whisperer and journalist Chris Atkins were educated at Bromsgrove. More recently, Iskra Lawrence (an English model, global role model and brand ambassador) attended the School.In music, composer Isaiah Burnell was director of music from 1907 for 25 years. John Illsley, of the band Dire Straits, Guillemots member Fyfe Dangerfield, Ritchie Neville of boy band Five and jazz saxophonist Soweto Kinch attended the school.The school continues to produce leading sportsman – Matt Neal attended during the 1980s, and Andy Goode was part of the drive by the school to welcome more leading rugby players to the school. Bromsgrove continues to educate many England national sportsmen including Ben Foden and Matt Mullan who have played Rugby union for England.Others include Peter Spence, an English journalist and writer who wrote the British sitcom To the Manor Born and Admiral Sir Ben Key KCB, CBE, ADC, who is a senior naval officer; and has served as First Sea Lord since November 2021.Rear-Admiral Sir David William Haslam (1923–2009) was educated at Bromsgrove School; he returned as a governor and lived opposite the school in Worcester Road until his death.","title":"Old Bromsgrovians"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victoria Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Sir George White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_White_(British_Army_officer)"},{"link_name":"Commander-in-Chief, India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India"},{"link_name":"Governor of Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Percy Thompson Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Thompson_Dean"},{"link_name":"Eustace Jotham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustace_Jotham"},{"link_name":"Frank Bernard Wearne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Bernard_Wearne"},{"link_name":"Nigel Gray Leakey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Gray_Leakey"},{"link_name":"Oliver Bryson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Bryson"},{"link_name":"George Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cross"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Medals for gallantry","text":"Five Old Bromsgrovians are known to have received the Victoria Cross:[16]Sir George White (1835–1912), Commander-in-Chief, India, 1893–1899, Governor of Gibraltar 1900–1904\nPercy Thompson Dean (1877–1939)\nEustace Jotham (1884–1915)\nFrank Bernard Wearne (1894–1917)\nNigel Gray Leakey (1913–1941)One old Bromsgrovian, Oliver Bryson, is known to have received the George Cross,[17]","title":"Old Bromsgrovians"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Thomas Cookes House, founded by Sir Thomas Cookes in 1693, is the oldest building on the site","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bromsgrove_School.jpg/220px-Bromsgrove_School.jpg"},{"image_text":"Main Worcester Road entrance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bromsgrove_School_01.JPG/220px-Bromsgrove_School_01.JPG"},{"image_text":"North Gate entrance, with the Dining Hall seen behind to the right","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Bromsgrove_School_03.JPG/220px-Bromsgrove_School_03.JPG"},{"image_text":"Housman Hall, one of the school's senior boarding houses, was formerly the home of poet A. E. Housman","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Perry_Hall%2C_Home_of_A.E._Housman.jpg/220px-Perry_Hall%2C_Home_of_A.E._Housman.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of the oldest schools in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Fees\". Bromsgrove School. September 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bromsgrove-school.co.uk/fees.aspx","url_text":"\"Fees\""}]},{"reference":"\"Campus and Facilities- Bromsgrove School Mission Hills\". bromsgrove.mhis.education. Retrieved 5 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://bromsgrove.mhis.education/en-us/campus.php","url_text":"\"Campus and Facilities- Bromsgrove School Mission Hills\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Predatory' teacher claims he 'fell in love' with two vulnerable pupils he had sex with\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worcesternews.co.uk/news/17255635.predatory-teacher-richard-knight-claims-fell-love-two-vulnerable-bromsgrove-school-pupils-sex/","url_text":"\"'Predatory' teacher claims he 'fell in love' with two vulnerable pupils he had sex with\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former teacher jailed after 'sexual activity' with two pupils\". 23 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/former-teacher-richard-knight-jailed-15457938","url_text":"\"Former teacher jailed after 'sexual activity' with two pupils\""}]},{"reference":"Isbi staff, Bromsgrove School, Worcestershire, [Which School Ltd.], archived from the original on 3 April 2009","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090403191647/http://www.isbi.com/isbi-viewschool/1536-Bromsgrove_School.html","url_text":"Bromsgrove School, Worcestershire"},{"url":"http://www.isbi.com/isbi-viewschool/1536-Bromsgrove_School.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"School staff, Senior School Sports Rugby, Bromsgrove School, archived from the original on 21 November 2008, retrieved 7 August 2008","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081121111341/http://www.bromsgrove-school.co.uk/senior_school/senior_sports/senior_sports_rugby.htm","url_text":"Senior School Sports Rugby"},{"url":"http://www.bromsgrove-school.co.uk/senior_school/senior_sports/senior_sports_rugby.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bromsgrove School Guide: Reviews Rankings, Fees and More\". Britannia StudyLink Malaysia: UK Study Expert. 5 August 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://britannia-study.com.my/uk-boarding-school/bromsgrove-school","url_text":"\"Bromsgrove School Guide: Reviews Rankings, Fees and More\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Re-Opening of Housman Hall\". bromsgrove-school.co.uk. Retrieved 11 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bromsgrove-school.co.uk/schoolnews/official-re-opening-of-housman-hall-/241.aspx","url_text":"\"Official Re-Opening of Housman Hall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Term Dates\". bromsgrove-school.co.uk. Retrieved 11 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bromsgrove-school.co.uk/term-dates","url_text":"\"Term Dates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bromsgrovians Connected\". bromsgrovians.com. Retrieved 13 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bromsgrovians.com/frmContextPage.aspx?S=e4282ow","url_text":"\"Bromsgrovians Connected\""}]},{"reference":"Barker, Dennis (6 February 2010). \"Ian Carmichael obituary\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 24 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2010/feb/06/ian-carmichael-obituary","url_text":"\"Ian Carmichael obituary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartle
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Hartle
|
["1 Places"]
|
Hartle is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Adam Hartle (born 1979), an American comedian
Barry Hartle (born 1939), an English footballer
Dean Hartle (1931-2018), an American politician
Enid Hartle (1935–2008), an English opera singer
Greg Hartle (born 1951), a former American football player
James Hartle (born 1939), an American physicist
John Hartle (1933–1968), an English professional road racer
John A. Hartle (1891–1979), an American politician
Roy Hartle (1931–2014), an English footballer
Russell P. Hartle (1889–1961), an American army officer
Tom Hartle, an American publisher
Sophie Hartle,
Gabriella Hartle,
Bernita Hartle,
Imogen Hartle,
Madison Hartle,
Places
Hartleton, Pennsylvania, borough, United States
Surname listThis page lists people with the surname Hartle. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adam Hartle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Hartle"},{"link_name":"Barry Hartle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Hartle"},{"link_name":"Dean Hartle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Hartle"},{"link_name":"Enid Hartle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enid_Hartle"},{"link_name":"Greg Hartle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Hartle"},{"link_name":"James Hartle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hartle"},{"link_name":"John Hartle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hartle"},{"link_name":"John A. Hartle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Hartle"},{"link_name":"Roy Hartle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Hartle"},{"link_name":"Russell P. Hartle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_P._Hartle"},{"link_name":"Tom Hartle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hartle"},{"link_name":"Sophie Hartle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sophie_Hartle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gabriella Hartle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gabriella_Hartle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bernita Hartle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernita_Hartle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Imogen Hartle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imogen_Hartle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Madison Hartle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madison_Hartle&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Adam Hartle (born 1979), an American comedian\nBarry Hartle (born 1939), an English footballer\nDean Hartle (1931-2018), an American politician\nEnid Hartle (1935–2008), an English opera singer\nGreg Hartle (born 1951), a former American football player\nJames Hartle (born 1939), an American physicist\nJohn Hartle (1933–1968), an English professional road racer\nJohn A. Hartle (1891–1979), an American politician\nRoy Hartle (1931–2014), an English footballer\nRussell P. Hartle (1889–1961), an American army officer\nTom Hartle, an American publisher\nSophie Hartle,\nGabriella Hartle,\nBernita Hartle,\nImogen Hartle,\nMadison Hartle,","title":"Hartle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hartleton, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartleton,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Hartle&namespace=0"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"}],"text":"Hartleton, Pennsylvania, borough, United StatesSurname listThis page lists people with the surname Hartle. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.","title":"Places"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Hartle&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_at_the_Pan_American_Games
|
Golf at the Pan American Games
|
["1 Results","1.1 Men's individual","1.2 Women's individual","1.3 Mixed team","2 Medal table","3 References"]
|
International sporting eventGolf at the Pan American GamesNo. of events3 (men: 1; women: 1; mixed: 1)
Golf became part of the Pan American Games for the first time at the 2015 Games in Toronto, Canada. The Games had an individual event for each gender and a mixed-team competition. In the latter, the low female and low male score each day counted toward the team total.
Colombia swept all three gold medals at the first edition.
Results
Men's individual
Event
Gold
Silver
Bronze
2015 Torontodetails
Marcelo Rozo Colombia
Tommy Cocha Argentina
Felipe Aguilar Chile
2019 Limadetails
Fabrizio Zanotti Paraguay
José Toledo Guatemala
Mito Pereira Chile
2023 Santiagodetails
Abraham Ancer Mexico
Sebastián Muñoz Colombia
Dylan Menante United States
Women's individual
Event
Gold
Silver
Bronze
2015 Torontodetails
Mariajo Uribe Colombia
Andrea Lee United States
Julieta Granada Paraguay
2019 Limadetails
Emilia Migliaccio United States
Julieta Granada Paraguay
Paula Hurtado Colombia
2023 Santiagodetails
Sofia García Paraguay
Mariajo Uribe Colombia
Alena Sharp Canada
Mixed team
Event
Gold
Silver
Bronze
2015 Torontodetails
ColombiaMateo GómezPaola MorenoMarcelo RozoMariajo Uribe
United StatesKristen GillmanBeau HosslerAndrea LeeLee McCoy
ArgentinaTomás CochaManuela Carbajo ReDelfina AcostaAlejandro Tosti
2019 Limadetails
United StatesStewart HagestadEmilia MigliaccioBrandon WuRose Zhang
ParaguayCarlos FrancoSofia GarcíaJulieta GranadaFabrizio Zanotti
CanadaAustin ConnellyMary ParsonsJoey SavoieBrigitte Thibault
Medal table
Updated after the 2023 Pan American Games.
RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Colombia32162 Paraguay2215 United States22154 Mexico10015 Argentina01126 Guatemala01017 Canada0022 Chile0022Totals (8 entries)88824
References
^ Degun, Tom (February 13, 2013). "Golf to make Pan Am Games debut at Toronto 2015 as 36 sports confirmed on programme". insidethegames.biz. Insidethegames.biz. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
^ Golf Canada Request for Proposal - 2015 Pan/Parapan American Games
^ Thompson, Robert (20 July 2015). "Colombia sweeps golf's reintroduction at Pan Am Games". Global News. Toronto, Canada. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
vteGolfOverview
History
Glossary
Outline
Rules
etiquette
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match play
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foursomes
scoring
Stableford
handicap
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playoffs
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Equipment
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Instruction
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Country club
Golf club
Driving range
Pro shop
Governingorganizations
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venues
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The Chevron Championship
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The Tradition
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InternationaleventsTeam
Curtis Cup
Eisenhower Trophy
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European Amateur Team Championship
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Men's
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Multi-sport event
Summer Olympics
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Rankings
Men
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Women
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Links
Granted Royal status
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Category
vteGolf at multi-sport events
Arab Games
Asian Games
Asian Youth Games
Bolivarian Games
Canada Summer Games
Central American and Caribbean Games
Games of the Small States of Europe
Inter-Allied Games
Island Games
Mediterranean Games
Olympics
Pacific Games
Pan American Games
South American Games
South Asian Games
Southeast Asian Games
Universiade
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vteGolf at the Pan American Games
2015
2019
2023
vtePan American Games sportsIndividual sports
Archery
Athletics
Artistic swimming
Badminton
Boxing
Canoeing
Cycling
Diving
Equestrian
Fencing
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Gymnastics
Judo
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Team sports
Baseball
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Football
Handball
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Non-Olympic Sports
Basque pelota
Bowling
Bodybuilding
Futsal
Polo
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Roller sports
Squash
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Water skiing
Winter Sports
Alpine skiing
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Degun, Tom (February 13, 2013). \"Golf to make Pan Am Games debut at Toronto 2015 as 36 sports confirmed on programme\". insidethegames.biz. Insidethegames.biz. Retrieved January 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.insidethegames.biz/major-games/pan-american-games/toronto-2015/1012873-golf-to-make-pan-am-games-debut-at-toronto-2015-as-36-sports-confirmed-on-programme","url_text":"\"Golf to make Pan Am Games debut at Toronto 2015 as 36 sports confirmed on programme\""}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Robert (20 July 2015). \"Colombia sweeps golf's reintroduction at Pan Am Games\". Global News. Toronto, Canada. Retrieved 11 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://globalnews.ca/news/2119775/colombia-sweeps-golfs-reintroduction-at-pan-am-games/","url_text":"\"Colombia sweeps golf's reintroduction at Pan Am Games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_News","url_text":"Global News"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.insidethegames.biz/major-games/pan-american-games/toronto-2015/1012873-golf-to-make-pan-am-games-debut-at-toronto-2015-as-36-sports-confirmed-on-programme","external_links_name":"\"Golf to make Pan Am Games debut at Toronto 2015 as 36 sports confirmed on programme\""},{"Link":"http://www.rcga.org/_uploads/documents/2015_RFP.pdf","external_links_name":"Golf Canada Request for Proposal - 2015 Pan/Parapan American Games"},{"Link":"http://globalnews.ca/news/2119775/colombia-sweeps-golfs-reintroduction-at-pan-am-games/","external_links_name":"\"Colombia sweeps golf's reintroduction at Pan Am Games\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrocystidia
|
Macrocystidia
|
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Genus of fungi
For the kelp genus, see Macrocystis.
Macrocystidia
Macrocystidia cucumis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Phylum:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Agaricomycetes
Order:
Agaricales
Family:
Macrocystidiaceae
Genus:
MacrocystidiaJoss.
Type species
Macrocystidia cucumis(Pers.) Joss.
Species
M. africana
M. cucumis
M. incarnata
M. occidentalis
M. reducta
Macrocystidia is a genus of fungus in the mushroom family Marasmiaceae. The genus contains five species that collectively have a widespread distribution.
See also
List of Marasmiaceae genera
References
^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CABI. p. 396. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
External links
"Macrocystidia Joss". Atlas of Living Australia.
Fungi portal
Taxon identifiersMacrocystidia
Wikidata: Q5227125
AusFungi: 60015132
CoL: 62Y6Q
EoL: 21081
EPPO: 1MCYSG
Fungorum: 18004
GBIF: 2537938
iNaturalist: 49546
IRMNG: 1099995
MycoBank: 18004
NBN: NHMSYS0001488764
NCBI: 182054
NZOR: f495b43b-d8db-4468-8066-28d31a5f4339
Open Tree of Life: 765463
This Marasmiaceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macrocystis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrocystis"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"fungus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus"},{"link_name":"mushroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom"},{"link_name":"Marasmiaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marasmiaceae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kirk2008-1"}],"text":"For the kelp genus, see Macrocystis.Macrocystidia is a genus of fungus in the mushroom family Marasmiaceae. The genus contains five species that collectively have a widespread distribution.[1]","title":"Macrocystidia"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of Marasmiaceae genera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Marasmiaceae_genera"}]
|
[{"reference":"Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CABI. p. 396. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dictionaryfungit00kirk","url_text":"Dictionary of the Fungi"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dictionaryfungit00kirk/page/n406","url_text":"396"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-826-8","url_text":"978-0-85199-826-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Macrocystidia Joss\". Atlas of Living Australia.","urls":[{"url":"https://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:indexfungorum.org:names:18004","url_text":"\"Macrocystidia Joss\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-25_(submarine)
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Japanese submarine I-25
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["1 First patrol","2 Second patrol","3 Third patrol","4 Fourth patrol","4.1 1942 North American west coast","5 Loss","6 Notes","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]
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Imperial Japanese Navy B1 type submarine
History
Japan
NameI-25
BuilderMitsubishi
Commissioned1941
FateSunk by one or more US destroyers on 3 September 1943
Service record
Part of:
Yokosuka Naval District
Submarine Squadron 1
Commanders:
Meiji Tagami
15 October 1941 – 7 July 1943
Tsuneo Shichiji
7 July 1943 – 15 July 1943
Masaru Ohiga
15 July 1943 – 3 September 1943
General characteristics
Class and typeB1 Type submarine
Displacement
2,344 tonnes (2,584 tons) surfaced
3,315 tonnes (3,654 tons) submerged
Length108.7 m (356.6 ft)
Beam9.3 m (30.5 ft)
Draught5.1 m (16.7 ft)
Propulsion
2 diesels: 9,246 kW (12,400 hp)
Electric motors: 1,491 kW (2,000 hp)
Speed
43.5 km/h (23.5 kn; 27.0 mph) surfaced
15 km/h (8 kn; 9 mph) submerged
Range25,928 km (14,000 nmi; 16,111 mi) at 30 km/h (16.2 kn; 18.6 mph)
Test depth100 m (330 ft)
Complement94 officers and men
Armament
6 × 533 mm (21 in) forward torpedo tubes
17 torpedoes
1 × 14 cm/40 11th Year Type naval gun
Aircraft carried1 × Yokosuka E14Y observation seaplane
I-25 (イ-25) was a B1 type (I-15-class) submarine of the Imperial Japanese Navy that served in World War II, took part in the Attack on Pearl Harbor, and was the only Axis submarine to carry out aerial bombing on the continental United States in World War II, during the so-called Lookout Air Raids, and the shelling of Fort Stevens, both attacks occurring in the state of Oregon.
I-25, displaced 2584 long tons surfaced and 3654 long tons submerged and was 108 m (354 ft 4 in) long, with a range of 25,928 km (14,000 nmi; 16,111 mi), a maximum surface speed of 43.5 km/h (23.5 kn; 27.0 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 15 km/h (8 kn; 9 mph). She carried a two-seater Yokosuka E14Y reconnaissance floatplane, known to the Allies as "Glen". It was disassembled and stowed in a hangar in front of the conning tower.
First patrol
In World War II, I-25 served under the command of Lieutenant Commander Akiji Tagami who had graduated from Class 51 at Etajima, Hiroshima. 26-year-old Lieutenant Tatsuo Tsukudo was the executive officer(XO) on I-25. I-25 departed Yokosuka on 21 November 1941 in preparation for hostilities.
I-25 and three other submarines patrolled a line 222 km (120 nmi; 138 mi) north of Oahu during the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor. After the Japanese aircraft carriers sailed west following the attack, I-25 and eight other submarines sailed eastwards to patrol the west coast of the United States. I-25 patrolled off the mouth of the Columbia River. A scheduled shelling of American coastal cities on Christmas eve of 1941 was canceled because of the frequency of coastal air and surface patrols.
I-25 attacked SS Connecticut 16 km (9 nmi; 10 mi) off the US coast. The damaged tanker managed to escape but ran aground at the mouth of the Columbia River. I-25 then returned to Kwajalein, arriving on 11 January 1942 to refuel and be refurbished.
Second patrol
I-25 left Kwajalein atoll in the Marshall Islands on 5 February for its next operational patrol in the south Pacific. Tagami's orders were to reconnoitre the Australian harbours of Sydney, Melbourne and Hobart followed by the New Zealand harbours of Wellington and Auckland.
I-25 travelled on the surface for nine days, but as she approached the Australian coastline, she only travelled on the surface under the cover of night.
On Saturday 14 February, I-25 was within a few miles of the coast near Sydney. The searchlights in Sydney could clearly be seen from the bridge of I-25. Tagami then took I-25 to a position 190 km (100 nmi; 120 mi) south east of Sydney.
A Japanese Ko-hyoteki-class midget submarine, believed to be Midget No. 14, is raised from Sydney Harbour on 1 June 1942.
A number of days of rough swell prevented an immediate launch of the "Glen" floatplane. They stayed submerged during the day and went back to the surface at night. Finally on Tuesday, 17 February, Warrant Flying Officer Nobuo Fujita took off in the "Glen" for a reconnaissance flight over Sydney Harbour. The purpose was to look at Sydney's airbase. By 0730, Fujita had returned to I-25 and disassembled the "Glen" and stowed it in the watertight hangar. Commander Tagami then pointed I-25 southwards on the surface at 26 km/h (14 kn; 16 mph). By midday on Wednesday 18 February, they were nearly 740 km (400 nmi; 460 mi) south east of Sydney still heading southwards.
Their next mission was a similar flight over Melbourne. Tagami decided to launch the aircraft from Cape Wickham at the northern end of King Island at the western end of Bass Strait about halfway between Victoria and Tasmania. The floatplane was launched on 26 February for its reconnaissance flight to Melbourne over Port Phillip Bay.
Fujita's next reconnaissance flight in Australia was over Hobart on 1 March. I-25 then headed for New Zealand where Fujita flew another reconnaissance flight over Wellington on 8 March. Fujita next flew over Auckland on 13 March, followed by Fiji on 17 March.
I-25 returned to its base at Kwajalein on 31 March and then proceeded to Yokosuka for refit. I-25 was in Yokosuka drydock number 5 on 18 April 1942 when one of the Doolittle Raid B-25 Mitchell bombers damaged Japanese aircraft carrier Ryūhō in adjacent drydock number 4.
Third patrol
While outbound past the Aleutian Islands for a third war patrol off the west coast of North America, I-25's Glen seaplane overflew United States military installations on Kodiak Island. The surveillance on 21 May 1942 was in preparation for the northern diversion of the Battle of Midway.
Shortly after midnight on 20 June 1942, I-25 torpedoed the new, coal-burning Canadian freighter SS Fort Camosun off the coast of Washington. The freighter was bound for England with a cargo of war production materials including zinc, lead, and plywood. One torpedo struck the port side below the bridge and flooded the 2nd and 3rd cargo holds. Canadian corvettes Quesnel and Edmundston reached the stricken freighter after dawn and rescued the crew from lifeboats. Fort Camosun was towed back into Puget Sound for repairs, and later survived a second torpedo attack by I-27 in the Gulf of Aden in the fall of 1943.
See also: Bombardment of Fort Stevens
On the evening of 21 June 1942, I-25 followed a fleet of fishing vessels to avoid minefields near the mouth of the Columbia River, in Oregon. I-25 fired seventeen 14-cm (5.5-inch) shells at Battery Russell, a small coastal army installation within Fort Stevens which was later decommissioned. Fort Stevens was equipped with two 10-inch disappearing guns, some 12-inch mortars, 75 mm field guns, .50-caliber machine guns, and associated searchlights, observation posts, and secret radar capability. Damage was minimal. In fact, the only items of significance damaged on the fort were a baseball backstop and some power and telephone lines.
American servicemen inspecting a shell crater after the I-25's attack on Fort Stevens
The incoming shell fire had a highly stimulative effect on the personnel at Battery Russell. Men leaped out of bed, crashing into things in the dark—turning on a light would be unthinkable—as they scrambled to battle stations in their underwear.
"We looked like hell," Capt. Jack R. Wood, commander of the battery, told historian Bert Webber later. "But we were ready to shoot back in a couple of minutes."
But when gunners requested permission to open fire, they were firmly refused. In part, this was because the submarine's location remained uncertain because of difficulties evaluating reports from different observation points; it was, after all, 10 miles (16 km) from shore. Furthermore, authorities later stated they wished to avoid revealing the locations of their guns to what they believed to be a reconnaissance mission. The sub may also have been out of range of Battery Russell's artillery; the mechanism used with the 10-inch disappearing guns limited their upward travel, which limited their effective range to less than 10 miles (16 km). If the guns opened fire, the sub would be able to report back to Tokyo that a fleet of surface ships could simply heave to, 10 miles (16 km) from shore, and pound Battery Russell with impunity, then sail right on into the Columbia—where, among other valuable targets, upstream at Portland, Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation, one of Henry Kaiser's shipyards, was cranking out Liberty ships at a rate of more than one a week. This, obviously, was not something the Navy could take a chance on.
In the end, Battery Russell sat there and absorbed the fire without a single shot in reply. It was a turning point for American coastal artillery, and the failure to respond caused re-evaluation of men and artillery allocated to coastal defense.
Fourth patrol
Warrant Flying Officer Nobuo Fujita.
Nobuo Fujita standing by his Yokosuka E14Y "Glen" seaplane.
Following his successful observation flights on the second and third patrols, Warrant Officer Nubuo Fujita was specifically chosen for a special incendiary bombing mission to create forest fires in North America. I-25 left Yokosuka on 15 August 1942 carrying six 76-kilogram (168 lb) incendiary bombs. On 9 September, the crew again deployed the "Glen", which dropped two bombs over forest land near Brookings, Oregon. This attack by an enemy airplane was later called the "Lookout Air Raids", and was the only time that the mainland United States was ever bombed by enemy aircraft and the second continental territory to be bombed as such during wartime, after the bombing of Dutch Harbor in Unalaska, Alaska.
See also: Lookout Air Raids
Warrant Officer Fujita's mission had been to trigger wildfires across the coast; at the time, the Tillamook Burn incidents of 1933 and 1939 were well known, as was the destruction of the city of Bandon, Oregon by a smaller out-of-control wildfire in 1936. But light winds, wet weather conditions and two quick-acting fire lookouts kept the fires under control. In fact, had the winds been sufficiently brisk to stoke widespread forest fires, the lightweight Glen may have had difficulty navigating through the bad weather. Shortly after the Glen seaplane had landed and been disassembled for storage, I-25 was bombed at 42°22′N 125°12′W / 42.367°N 125.200°W / 42.367; -125.200 by a United States Army A-29 Hudson piloted by Captain Jean H. Daugherty from McChord Field near Tacoma, Washington. The Hudson carried 300-pound (140 kg) general-purpose demolition bombs with delayed fuzes rather than depth charges. The bombs caused minor damage, but quick response by a Coast Guard cutter and three more aircraft caused I-25 to be more cautious on a second bombing raid on 29 September 1942. The Glen seaplane was assembled and launched in pre-dawn darkness using Cape Blanco Light as a reference. The plane was heard at 0522 by a work crew at the Grassy Knob Lookout 7 miles (11 km) east of Port Orford, Oregon; but fire crews from the Gold Beach Ranger Station were unable to locate any evidence of the two incendiary bombs dropped. The Glen seaplane was again recovered, but I-25 decided not to risk a third flight with the two remaining incendiary bombs. Captain Tagami took I-25 to rest "...on the bottom until night time.
At 0415 4 October 1942 I-25 torpedoed the 6,706 tonnes (6,600 long tons) tanker Camden en route from San Pedro, California, to Puget Sound with a cargo of 76,000 barrels (12,100 m3) of gasoline. The damaged tanker was towed to the mouth of the Columbia River. When its draft was discovered to be too great to reach repair facilities in Portland, Oregon, another tow was arranged to Puget Sound; but the tanker was destroyed on 10 October by a fire of unknown origin during the second tow.
On the evening of 5 October 1942 I-25 torpedoed the Richfield Oil Company tanker Larry Doheny, which sank the next day. The cargo of 66,000 barrels (10,500 m3) of oil was lost with 2 of the tanker's crew and 4 members of the United States Navy Armed Guard. Survivors reached Port Orford, Oregon on the evening of 6 October.
Two submarines were sighted on 11 October 1942 about 800 miles (1,300 km) off the coast of Washington as I-25 was returning to Japan. I-25 fired its last torpedo at the lead submarine, which sank in 20 seconds with the loss of all hands. I-25 reported sinking a U.S. submarine, but the submarine was actually Soviet L-16 which was sailing with L-15 en route from Vladivostok to the Panama Canal via Unalaska, Alaska, and San Francisco. United States Navy Chief Photographer's Mate Sergi Andreevich Mihailoff of Arcadia, California, was aboard L-16 as a liaison officer and interpreter, and was killed with the remainder of the submarine crew. The United States Navy Western Sea Frontier denied loss of any submarine and withheld information about the Soviet loss because, at the time, the Soviet Union was officially neutral in the war between Japan and the United States.
SS H.M. Storey was bringing fuel oil from Noumea, New Caledonia, in the South Pacific Ocean to Los Angeles. On May 17, 1943, I-25 torpedoed and fired shells at the ship. The attack killed two of the crew; 63 of the crew made it in to the ship's lifeboats before she sank. US destroyer USS Fletcher rescued the crew in the lifeboats and took them to Port Vila Efate, Vanuatu, in the South Pacific.
1942 North American west coast
Date
Attack type/location
Vessel/weapon
Commander
20 June
SS Fort Camosun, torpedoed, survived, off North American west coast
I-25 torpedo
Akiji Tagami
21 June
Fort Stevens, Oregon shelled
I-25 5.5-inch (140 mm) deck gun
9 September
1st aircraft bombing on Wheeler Ridge, 8 miles (13 km) east of Brookings, Oregon
I-25 launched two-man aircraft/pilot Fujita/navigator Okuda
29 September
2nd aircraft bombing near "Grassy Knob" east of Port Orford, Oregon
I-25 same aircraft, same crewmen
4 October
SS Camden sunk
Torpedoed off west coast by I-25
5 October
SS Larry Doheny sunk off west coast
I-25 torpedo
10 October
Soviet submarine L-16 sunk off North American west coast
I-25 torpedo, misidentified as American by sub commander
Loss
I-25 was sunk less than a year later by one or more of the destroyers USS Ellet, USS Patterson, USS Wadsworth or USS Saufley which were involved in a series of naval engagements from late August to mid September 1943 off the New Hebrides islands, approximately 150 miles (240 km) northeast of Espiritu Santo. Which American ship sank the I-25 (or any of the other IJN submarines in the vicinity) remains unknown. On 24 October 1943, the Imperial Japanese Navy announced that I-25 was presumed lost with all 100 men on board in the Fiji area, and it was struck from the Navy List on 1 December 1943.
Notes
^ a b "Japanese Submarine Attacks on Curry County in World War II". Cape Blanco Heritage Society. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
^ a b c Hackett and Kingsepp (2002). HIJMS Submarine I-25: Tabular Record of Movement. CombinedFleet.com. Retrieved 2 June 2023
^ Campbell, John Naval Weapons of World War Two ISBN 0-87021-459-4 p.191
^ Webber (1985), "Silent Siege-II" p. vi
^ Webber, Bert, Retaliation: Japanese Attacks and Allied Countermeasures on the Pacific Coast in World War II, Oregon State University Press, 1975, p. 63
^ Webber, Bert, Retaliation: Japanese Attacks and Allied Countermeasures on the Pacific Coast in World War II, Oregon State University Press, 1975, pp. 14–16
^ Dunn, Peter. "JAPANESE RECONNAISSANCE FLIGHT OVER SYDNEY HARBOUR ON 17 FEBRUARY 1942". www.ozatwar.com. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
^ Webber, Bert, Retaliation: Japanese Attacks and Allied Countermeasures on the Pacific Coast in World War II, Oregon State University Press, 1975, p.153
^ Webber, Bert, Retaliation: Japanese Attacks and Allied Countermeasures on the Pacific Coast in World War II, Oregon State University Press, 1975, pp. 17–18
^ Webber, Bert, Retaliation: Japanese Attacks and Allied Countermeasures on the Pacific Coast in World War II, Oregon State University Press, 1975, pp. 19–20
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-04-17. Retrieved 2013-03-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Webber, Bert, Retaliation: Japanese Attacks and Allied Countermeasures on the Pacific Coast in World War II, Oregon State University Press, 1975
^ Finn J.D. John (2009-05-02). "Liberty ships: Building 'em faster than Hitler could sink 'em | Offbeat Oregon History". Offbeatoregon.com. Retrieved 2013-08-22.
^ Finn J.D. John (2011-01-30). "Japanese submarine I-25 blasted Oregon twice | Offbeat Oregon History". Offbeatoregon.com. Retrieved 2013-08-22.
^ Webber, Bert, Retaliation: Japanese Attacks and Allied Countermeasures on the Pacific Coast in World War II, Oregon State University Press, 1975, pp. 41–62
^ Finn J.D. John (2010-11-21). "Bandon founder's favorite plant destroyed the town he founded | Offbeat Oregon History". Offbeatoregon.com. Retrieved 2013-08-22.
^ a b McCash, William. Bombs Over Brookings: The World War II Bombings of Curry County, Oregon, and the Postwar Friendship Between Brookings and the Japanese Pilot, Nobuo Fujita. Bend, Ore.: Maverick, 2005
^ Webber, Bert (1985), "Silent Siege-II, Japanese Attacks On North America In World War II; Ships Sunk, Air Raids, Bombs Dropped, People Killed." Webb Research Group. ISBN 0-936738-26-X
^ Finn J.D. John (2009-07-10). "Offbeat Oregon History: During WWII, man brought home Japanese bomb in the glovebox". Offbeatoregon.com. Retrieved 2013-08-22.
^ Webber, Bert, Retaliation: Japanese Attacks and Allied Countermeasures on the Pacific Coast in World War II, Oregon State University Press, 1975, pp. 63–78
^ Webber (1985) p. 161. " harbor of Port Orford", is authur's work based upon interview with Captain Akiji Tagami, I-25 Sub cdr in 1975. Commander Tagami died in 1980
^ Webber (1985) p. 354
^ Webber, Bert, Retaliation: Japanese Attacks and Allied Countermeasures on the Pacific Coast in World War II, Oregon State University Press, 1975, pp. 21–22
^ Marshall, Don. Oregon Shipwrecks. Portland: Binford & Mort, 1984
^ Webber, Bert, Retaliation: Japanese Attacks and Allied Countermeasures on the Pacific Coast in World War II, Oregon State University Press, 1975, p.22
^ Mochitsura Hashimoto (1954). Sunk.
^ Norman Polmar; Jurrien Noot (1991). Submarines of the Russian and Soviet Navies. Naval Institute Press. p. 264. ISBN 9780870215704.
^ Webber, Bert, Retaliation: Japanese Attacks and Allied Countermeasures on the Pacific Coast in World War II, Oregon State University Press, 1975, p.23
^ militarymuseum.org H.M. Storey
^ merchantships2.tripod.com H.M. Storey
^ wrecksite.eu H.M. Storey (1943)
^ Dictionary of Disasters at Sea during the Age of Steam General, by Hocking
^ world-war.co.uk War Loss
^ Webber (1985) "Silent Siege-II", p. iv
^ Webber, "Silent Siege-II" (1985), p. 160, this 1st aerial bombing was in retaliation for the Doolittle Raid made on 18 April 1942, launched from the aircraft carrier USS Hornet, which in turn was later sunk at the Battle of Santa Cruz.
^ Rohwer, Jürgen; Gerhard Hümmelchen. "Seekrieg 1943, August". Württembergische Landesbibliothek Stuttgart (in German). Retrieved 6 July 2015.
Bibliography
Hackett, Bob, and Sander Kingsepp (2002). "IJN Submarine I-25: Tabular Record of Movement" (Web page). CombinedFleet.com. Retrieved 2 January 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Jenkins, David (1992). Battle Surface! Japan's Submarine War Against Australia 1942–44. Milsons Point NSW Australia: Random House Australia. pp. 158, 169. ISBN 0-09-182638-1.
Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Dieter Jung, Peter Mickel. Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945. United States Naval Institute, 1977. Annapolis, Maryland, USA. ISBN 0-87021-893-X.
Milanovich, Kathrin (2021). "The IJN Submarines of the I 15 Class". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2021. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. pp. 29–43. ISBN 978-1-4728-4779-9.
Aviation History article Archived 2005-09-20 at the Wayback Machine
External links
Offbeat Oregon History article about I-25's activities off the Oregon coast
SS Fort Camosun & Japanese submarine I-25
IJN I-25: Tabular Record of Movement - Revision 7
vteType B (Otsu) submarineI-15-class (Type B/B1)
I-15
I-17
I-19
I-21
I-23
I-25
I-26
I-27
I-28
I-29
I-30
I-31
I-32
I-33
I-34
I-35
I-36
I-37
I-38
I-39
I-40-class (Type BM1/B2)
I-40
I-41
I-42
I-43
I-44
I-45
I-54-class (Type BM2/B3)
I-54
I-56
I-58
Imperial Japanese Navy submarines
vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in September 1943Shipwrecks
3 Sep: I-25
4 Sep: USS LCI(L)-339
5 Sep: USS YP-279
7 Sep: Maloja, Velella
8 Sep: Calitea II, Etna, U-983, Vesuvio
9 Sep: Antonio Bajamonti, Cattaro, Conte Verde, Ermanno Carlotto, FR 22, FR 118, Lepanto, USS Nauset, Roma, Taranto
10 Sep: HMS Abdiel, Argo, Piero Foscari
11 Sep: Conte di Savoia, Giuseppe La Masa, Pegaso, USS Rowan
12 Sep: Ametista, USS Navajo, U-617
13 Sep: Terra Nova
14 Sep: Giuseppe Sirtori, Katsonis, Newfoundland
15 Sep: Ro-101
16 Sep: Heisternest
18 Sep: Francesco Rismondo
19 Sep: Kansai Maru, U-341
20 Sep: HMCS St. Croix, U-338, U-346
21 Sep: HMS Polyanthus
22 Sep: U-229
23 Sep: Gaetano Donizetti
24 Sep: Francesco Stocco
25 Sep: Giuseppe Sirtori, USS Skill
26 Sep: HMS Intrepid, Vasilissa Olga
27 Sep: Ardena, Enrico Cosenz, U-161, U-221
28 Sep: USS Cisco
30 Sep: Sanct Svithun
Unknown date: HMS Gallant, USS Grayling, I-20, I-182, USS LCT-209, K-1, USS Pompano, Sebastiano Caboto, U-669
Other incidents
7 Sep: U-760
8 Sep: USS Bluefish, U-988
9 Sep: Giuseppe Finzi, USS Peto
10 Sep: I-2
11 Sep: USS Savannah
13 Sep: HMHS Newfoundland, HMS Uganda
14 Sep: HMS Warspite
16 Sep: USS Pompon
19 Sep: Tango Maru
23 Sep: Kulmerland
25 Sep: Enrico Cosenz
1942 1943 1944 August 1943 October 1943
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"B1 type (I-15-class)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B1_type_submarine"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"Imperial Japanese Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Attack on Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers"},{"link_name":"continental United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_United_States"},{"link_name":"Lookout Air Raids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lookout_Air_Raid"},{"link_name":"shelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Fort_Stevens"},{"link_name":"Fort Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Stevens_(Oregon)"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Yokosuka E14Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokosuka_E14Y"},{"link_name":"reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"floatplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floatplane"},{"link_name":"Allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"conning tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conning_tower"}],"text":"I-25 (イ-25) was a B1 type (I-15-class) submarine of the Imperial Japanese Navy that served in World War II, took part in the Attack on Pearl Harbor, and was the only Axis submarine to carry out aerial bombing on the continental United States in World War II, during the so-called Lookout Air Raids, and the shelling of Fort Stevens, both attacks occurring in the state of Oregon.[4]I-25, displaced 2584 long tons surfaced and 3654 long tons submerged and was 108 m (354 ft 4 in) long, with a range of 25,928 km (14,000 nmi; 16,111 mi), a maximum surface speed of 43.5 km/h (23.5 kn; 27.0 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 15 km/h (8 kn; 9 mph). She carried a two-seater Yokosuka E14Y reconnaissance floatplane, known to the Allies as \"Glen\". It was disassembled and stowed in a hangar in front of the conning tower.","title":"Japanese submarine I-25"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lieutenant Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Commander"},{"link_name":"Etajima, Hiroshima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etajima,_Hiroshima"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"executive officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_officer"},{"link_name":"Yokosuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokosuka"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Oahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oahu"},{"link_name":"Attack on Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"aircraft carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"Columbia River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_River"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"SS Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_December_1941#28_December"},{"link_name":"Kwajalein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwajalein_Atoll"}],"text":"In World War II, I-25 served under the command of Lieutenant Commander Akiji Tagami who had graduated from Class 51 at Etajima, Hiroshima. 26-year-old Lieutenant Tatsuo Tsukudo was the executive officer(XO) on I-25. I-25 departed Yokosuka on 21 November 1941 in preparation for hostilities.[5]I-25 and three other submarines patrolled a line 222 km (120 nmi; 138 mi) north of Oahu during the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor. After the Japanese aircraft carriers sailed west following the attack, I-25 and eight other submarines sailed eastwards to patrol the west coast of the United States. I-25 patrolled off the mouth of the Columbia River. A scheduled shelling of American coastal cities on Christmas eve of 1941 was canceled because of the frequency of coastal air and surface patrols.[6]I-25 attacked SS Connecticut 16 km (9 nmi; 10 mi) off the US coast. The damaged tanker managed to escape but ran aground at the mouth of the Columbia River. I-25 then returned to Kwajalein, arriving on 11 January 1942 to refuel and be refurbished.","title":"First patrol"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marshall Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands"},{"link_name":"Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Hobart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hobart"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ko-hyoteki_Sydney.jpg"},{"link_name":"Warrant Flying Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrant_Officer"},{"link_name":"Nobuo Fujita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobuo_Fujita"},{"link_name":"Sydney Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Cape Wickham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Wickham"},{"link_name":"King Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Island_(Tasmania)"},{"link_name":"Bass Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_Strait"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Port Phillip Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Phillip_Bay"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji"},{"link_name":"Doolittle Raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doolittle_Raid"},{"link_name":"B-25 Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-25_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Japanese aircraft carrier Ryūhō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Ry%C5%ABh%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"I-25 left Kwajalein atoll in the Marshall Islands on 5 February for its next operational patrol in the south Pacific. Tagami's orders were to reconnoitre the Australian harbours of Sydney, Melbourne and Hobart followed by the New Zealand harbours of Wellington and Auckland.I-25 travelled on the surface for nine days, but as she approached the Australian coastline, she only travelled on the surface under the cover of night.On Saturday 14 February, I-25 was within a few miles of the coast near Sydney. The searchlights in Sydney could clearly be seen from the bridge of I-25. Tagami then took I-25 to a position 190 km (100 nmi; 120 mi) south east of Sydney.A Japanese Ko-hyoteki-class midget submarine, believed to be Midget No. 14, is raised from Sydney Harbour on 1 June 1942.A number of days of rough swell prevented an immediate launch of the \"Glen\" floatplane. They stayed submerged during the day and went back to the surface at night. Finally on Tuesday, 17 February, Warrant Flying Officer Nobuo Fujita took off in the \"Glen\" for a reconnaissance flight over Sydney Harbour.[7] The purpose was to look at Sydney's airbase. By 0730, Fujita had returned to I-25 and disassembled the \"Glen\" and stowed it in the watertight hangar. Commander Tagami then pointed I-25 southwards on the surface at 26 km/h (14 kn; 16 mph). By midday on Wednesday 18 February, they were nearly 740 km (400 nmi; 460 mi) south east of Sydney still heading southwards.Their next mission was a similar flight over Melbourne. Tagami decided to launch the aircraft from Cape Wickham at the northern end of King Island at the western end of Bass Strait about halfway between Victoria and Tasmania. The floatplane was launched on 26 February for its reconnaissance flight to Melbourne over Port Phillip Bay.Fujita's next reconnaissance flight in Australia was over Hobart on 1 March. I-25 then headed for New Zealand where Fujita flew another reconnaissance flight over Wellington on 8 March. Fujita next flew over Auckland on 13 March, followed by Fiji on 17 March.I-25 returned to its base at Kwajalein on 31 March and then proceeded to Yokosuka for refit. I-25 was in Yokosuka drydock number 5 on 18 April 1942 when one of the Doolittle Raid B-25 Mitchell bombers damaged Japanese aircraft carrier Ryūhō in adjacent drydock number 4.[8]","title":"Second patrol"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aleutian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutian_Islands"},{"link_name":"Kodiak Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiak_Island"},{"link_name":"Battle of Midway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Midway"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"corvettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvette"},{"link_name":"Quesnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMCS_Quesnel"},{"link_name":"Edmundston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMCS_Edmundston"},{"link_name":"Puget Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puget_Sound"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Aden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Bombardment of Fort Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Fort_Stevens"},{"link_name":"fired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Fort_Stevens"},{"link_name":"Fort Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Stevens_(Oregon)"},{"link_name":"disappearing guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disappearing_gun"},{"link_name":"radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shell_crater_resulting_form_Japanese_shelling_on_Fort_Stevens._-_NARA_-_299678.jpg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Shipbuilding_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Henry Kaiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kaiser"},{"link_name":"Liberty ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_ship"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"coastal artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_artillery"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"While outbound past the Aleutian Islands for a third war patrol off the west coast of North America, I-25's Glen seaplane overflew United States military installations on Kodiak Island. The surveillance on 21 May 1942 was in preparation for the northern diversion of the Battle of Midway.[9]Shortly after midnight on 20 June 1942, I-25 torpedoed the new, coal-burning Canadian freighter SS Fort Camosun off the coast of Washington. The freighter was bound for England with a cargo of war production materials including zinc, lead, and plywood. One torpedo struck the port side below the bridge and flooded the 2nd and 3rd cargo holds. Canadian corvettes Quesnel and Edmundston reached the stricken freighter after dawn and rescued the crew from lifeboats. Fort Camosun was towed back into Puget Sound for repairs, and later survived a second torpedo attack by I-27 in the Gulf of Aden in the fall of 1943.[10][11]See also: Bombardment of Fort StevensOn the evening of 21 June 1942, I-25 followed a fleet of fishing vessels to avoid minefields near the mouth of the Columbia River, in Oregon. I-25 fired seventeen 14-cm (5.5-inch) shells at Battery Russell, a small coastal army installation within Fort Stevens which was later decommissioned. Fort Stevens was equipped with two 10-inch disappearing guns, some 12-inch mortars, 75 mm field guns, .50-caliber machine guns, and associated searchlights, observation posts, and secret radar capability. Damage was minimal. In fact, the only items of significance damaged on the fort were a baseball backstop and some power and telephone lines.American servicemen inspecting a shell crater after the I-25's attack on Fort StevensThe incoming shell fire had a highly stimulative effect on the personnel at Battery Russell. Men leaped out of bed, crashing into things in the dark—turning on a light would be unthinkable—as they scrambled to battle stations in their underwear.\"We looked like hell,\" Capt. Jack R. Wood, commander of the battery, told historian Bert Webber later. \"But we were ready to shoot back in a couple of minutes.\"[12]But when gunners requested permission to open fire, they were firmly refused. In part, this was because the submarine's location remained uncertain because of difficulties evaluating reports from different observation points; it was, after all, 10 miles (16 km) from shore. Furthermore, authorities later stated they wished to avoid revealing the locations of their guns to what they believed to be a reconnaissance mission. The sub may also have been out of range of Battery Russell's artillery; the mechanism used with the 10-inch disappearing guns limited their upward travel, which limited their effective range to less than 10 miles (16 km). If the guns opened fire, the sub would be able to report back to Tokyo that a fleet of surface ships could simply heave to, 10 miles (16 km) from shore, and pound Battery Russell with impunity, then sail right on into the Columbia—where, among other valuable targets, upstream at Portland, Oregon Shipbuilding Corporation, one of Henry Kaiser's shipyards, was cranking out Liberty ships at a rate of more than one a week.[13] This, obviously, was not something the Navy could take a chance on.[14]In the end, Battery Russell sat there and absorbed the fire without a single shot in reply. It was a turning point for American coastal artillery, and the failure to respond caused re-evaluation of men and artillery allocated to coastal defense.[15]","title":"Third patrol"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FujitaNobuo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nobuo Fujita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobuo_Fujita"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fujita%26Glen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nobuo Fujita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobuo_Fujita"},{"link_name":"Yokosuka E14Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokosuka_E14Y"},{"link_name":"incendiary bombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incendiary_device"},{"link_name":"Brookings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Lookout Air Raids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lookout_Air_Raid"},{"link_name":"bombing of Dutch Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Unalaska, Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unalaska,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Lookout Air Raids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lookout_Air_Raids"},{"link_name":"wildfires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfire"},{"link_name":"Tillamook Burn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillamook_Burn"},{"link_name":"Bandon, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandon,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"fire lookouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_lookout"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"},{"link_name":"42°22′N 125°12′W / 42.367°N 125.200°W / 42.367; -125.200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Japanese_submarine_I-25¶ms=42_22_N_125_12_W_"},{"link_name":"A-29 Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-29_Hudson"},{"link_name":"McChord Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McChord_Field"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Tacoma, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Coast Guard cutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Cutter"},{"link_name":"Cape Blanco Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Blanco_Light"},{"link_name":"Port Orford, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Orford,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Gold Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Beach,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Port Orford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Orford"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Camden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_October_1942#4_October"},{"link_name":"San Pedro, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro,_California"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Richfield Oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richfield_Oil"},{"link_name":"Larry Doheny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Larry_Doheny"},{"link_name":"United States Navy Armed Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Armed_Guard"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Port Orford, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Orford,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"L-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninets-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Vladivostok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladivostok"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"Unalaska, Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unalaska,_Alaska"},{"link_name":"San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Arcadia, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia,_California"},{"link_name":"Western Sea Frontier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Frontier#Western_Sea_Frontier"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sunk-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"SS H.M. Storey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_H.M._Storey"},{"link_name":"fuel oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil"},{"link_name":"Noumea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noumea"},{"link_name":"New Caledonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Caledonia"},{"link_name":"South Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"lifeboats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"USS Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Fletcher_(DD-445)"},{"link_name":"Port Vila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Vila"},{"link_name":"Efate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efate"},{"link_name":"Vanuatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Warrant Flying Officer Nobuo Fujita.Nobuo Fujita standing by his Yokosuka E14Y \"Glen\" seaplane.Following his successful observation flights on the second and third patrols, Warrant Officer Nubuo Fujita was specifically chosen for a special incendiary bombing mission to create forest fires in North America. I-25 left Yokosuka on 15 August 1942 carrying six 76-kilogram (168 lb) incendiary bombs. On 9 September, the crew again deployed the \"Glen\", which dropped two bombs over forest land near Brookings, Oregon. This attack by an enemy airplane was later called the \"Lookout Air Raids\", and was the only time that the mainland United States was ever bombed by enemy aircraft and the second continental territory to be bombed as such during wartime, after the bombing of Dutch Harbor in Unalaska, Alaska.See also: Lookout Air RaidsWarrant Officer Fujita's mission had been to trigger wildfires across the coast; at the time, the Tillamook Burn incidents of 1933 and 1939 were well known, as was the destruction of the city of Bandon, Oregon by a smaller out-of-control wildfire in 1936.[16] But light winds, wet weather conditions and two quick-acting fire lookouts kept the fires under control.[17] In fact, had the winds been sufficiently brisk to stoke widespread forest fires, the lightweight Glen may have had difficulty navigating through the bad weather. Shortly after the Glen seaplane had landed and been disassembled for storage, I-25 was bombed at 42°22′N 125°12′W / 42.367°N 125.200°W / 42.367; -125.200 by a United States Army A-29 Hudson piloted by Captain Jean H. Daugherty from McChord Field[18] near Tacoma, Washington. The Hudson carried 300-pound (140 kg) general-purpose demolition bombs with delayed fuzes rather than depth charges. The bombs caused minor damage, but quick response by a Coast Guard cutter and three more aircraft caused I-25 to be more cautious on a second bombing raid on 29 September 1942. The Glen seaplane was assembled and launched in pre-dawn darkness using Cape Blanco Light as a reference. The plane was heard at 0522 by a work crew at the Grassy Knob Lookout 7 miles (11 km) east of Port Orford, Oregon; but fire crews from the Gold Beach Ranger Station were unable to locate any evidence of the two incendiary bombs dropped.[19] The Glen seaplane was again recovered, but I-25 decided not to risk a third flight with the two remaining incendiary bombs.[17][20] Captain Tagami took I-25 to rest \"...on the bottom [of the harbor of Port Orford ] until night time.[21][22]At 0415 4 October 1942 I-25 torpedoed the 6,706 tonnes (6,600 long tons) tanker Camden en route from San Pedro, California, to Puget Sound with a cargo of 76,000 barrels (12,100 m3) of gasoline. The damaged tanker was towed to the mouth of the Columbia River. When its draft was discovered to be too great to reach repair facilities in Portland, Oregon, another tow was arranged to Puget Sound; but the tanker was destroyed on 10 October by a fire of unknown origin during the second tow.[23]On the evening of 5 October 1942 I-25 torpedoed the Richfield Oil Company tanker Larry Doheny, which sank the next day. The cargo of 66,000 barrels (10,500 m3) of oil was lost with 2 of the tanker's crew and 4 members of the United States Navy Armed Guard.[24] Survivors reached Port Orford, Oregon on the evening of 6 October.[25]Two submarines were sighted on 11 October 1942 about 800 miles (1,300 km) off the coast of Washington as I-25 was returning to Japan. I-25 fired its last torpedo at the lead submarine, which sank in 20 seconds with the loss of all hands. I-25 reported sinking a U.S. submarine, but the submarine was actually Soviet L-16 which was sailing with L-15 en route from Vladivostok to the Panama Canal via Unalaska, Alaska, and San Francisco. United States Navy Chief Photographer's Mate Sergi Andreevich Mihailoff of Arcadia, California, was aboard L-16 as a liaison officer and interpreter, and was killed with the remainder of the submarine crew. The United States Navy Western Sea Frontier denied loss of any submarine and withheld information about the Soviet loss because, at the time, the Soviet Union was officially neutral in the war between Japan and the United States.[26][27][28]SS H.M. Storey was bringing fuel oil from Noumea, New Caledonia, in the South Pacific Ocean to Los Angeles. On May 17, 1943, I-25 torpedoed and fired shells at the ship. The attack killed two of the crew; 63 of the crew made it in to the ship's lifeboats before she sank. US destroyer USS Fletcher rescued the crew in the lifeboats and took them to Port Vila Efate, Vanuatu, in the South Pacific.[29][30][31][32][33]","title":"Fourth patrol"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"1942 North American west coast","title":"Fourth patrol"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"USS Ellet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Ellet"},{"link_name":"USS Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Patterson_(DD-392)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seekrieg194308-36"},{"link_name":"USS Wadsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Wadsworth_(DD-516)"},{"link_name":"USS Saufley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Saufley"},{"link_name":"New Hebrides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hebrides"},{"link_name":"Espiritu Santo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espiritu_Santo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cbhs-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-combined_fleet-2"}],"text":"I-25 was sunk less than a year later by one or more of the destroyers USS Ellet, USS Patterson,[36] USS Wadsworth or USS Saufley which were involved in a series of naval engagements from late August to mid September 1943 off the New Hebrides islands, approximately 150 miles (240 km) northeast of Espiritu Santo. Which American ship sank the I-25 (or any of the other IJN submarines in the vicinity) remains unknown.[1] On 24 October 1943, the Imperial Japanese Navy announced that I-25 was presumed lost with all 100 men on board in the Fiji area, and it was struck from the Navy List on 1 December 1943.[2]","title":"Loss"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cbhs_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cbhs_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Japanese Submarine Attacks on Curry County in World War II\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190524001432/http://www.capeblancoheritagesociety.com/port-orford-lifeboat-station/historical-articles/japanese-submarine-attack/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.capeblancoheritagesociety.com/port-orford-lifeboat-station/historical-articles/japanese-submarine-attack/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combined_fleet_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combined_fleet_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-combined_fleet_2-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-campbell_3-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87021-459-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-459-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Webber, Bert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebbert_Webber"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"JAPANESE RECONNAISSANCE FLIGHT OVER SYDNEY HARBOUR ON 17 FEBRUARY 1942\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ozatwar.com/japrecce/recce01.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Archived copy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180417022947/http://www.pilotmag.co.uk/2009/12/22/ss-fort-camosun-japanese-submarine-i-25/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pilotmag.co.uk/2009/12/22/ss-fort-camosun-japanese-submarine-i-25/"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Liberty ships: Building 'em faster than Hitler could sink 'em | Offbeat Oregon History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.offbeatoregon.com/H109_LibertyShips.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Japanese submarine I-25 blasted Oregon twice | Offbeat Oregon History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.offbeatoregon.com/o1101e-Japanese-submarine-blasted-its-way-into-Oregon-history.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Bandon founder's favorite plant destroyed the town he founded | Offbeat Oregon History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.offbeatoregon.com/H1011d-bandon-founder-favorite-plant-destroyed-his-town.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-936738-26-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-936738-26-X"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Offbeat Oregon History: During WWII, man brought home Japanese bomb in the glovebox\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.offbeatoregon.com/H026_GloveboxBomb.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sunk_26-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Submarines of the Russian and Soviet Navies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/submarinesrussia00polm"},{"link_name":"264","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/submarinesrussia00polm/page/n275"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780870215704","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870215704"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"militarymuseum.org H.M. Storey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.militarymuseum.org/Storey.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"merchantships2.tripod.com H.M. Storey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//merchantships2.tripod.com/ian/ianfergusonshomepage1.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"wrecksite.eu H.M. Storey (1943)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?37238"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"world-war.co.uk War Loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.world-war.co.uk/warloss_863usa.php3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"USS Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Hornet_(CV-8)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Santa Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Santa_Cruz_Islands"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-seekrieg194308_36-0"},{"link_name":"Rohwer, Jürgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Rohwer"},{"link_name":"\"Seekrieg 1943, August\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wlb-stuttgart.de/seekrieg/43-08.htm"}],"text":"^ a b \"Japanese Submarine Attacks on Curry County in World War II\". Cape Blanco Heritage Society. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.\n\n^ a b c Hackett and Kingsepp (2002). HIJMS Submarine I-25: Tabular Record of Movement. CombinedFleet.com. Retrieved 2 June 2023\n\n^ Campbell, John Naval Weapons of World War Two ISBN 0-87021-459-4 p.191\n\n^ Webber (1985), \"Silent Siege-II\" p. vi\n\n^ Webber, Bert, Retaliation: Japanese Attacks and Allied Countermeasures on the Pacific Coast in World War II, Oregon State University Press, 1975, p. 63\n\n^ Webber, Bert, Retaliation: Japanese Attacks and Allied Countermeasures on the Pacific Coast in World War II, Oregon State University Press, 1975, pp. 14–16\n\n^ Dunn, Peter. \"JAPANESE RECONNAISSANCE FLIGHT OVER SYDNEY HARBOUR ON 17 FEBRUARY 1942\". www.ozatwar.com. Retrieved 20 May 2013.\n\n^ Webber, Bert, Retaliation: Japanese Attacks and Allied Countermeasures on the Pacific Coast in World War II, Oregon State University Press, 1975, p.153\n\n^ Webber, Bert, Retaliation: Japanese Attacks and Allied Countermeasures on the Pacific Coast in World War II, Oregon State University Press, 1975, pp. 17–18\n\n^ Webber, Bert, Retaliation: Japanese Attacks and Allied Countermeasures on the Pacific Coast in World War II, Oregon State University Press, 1975, pp. 19–20\n\n^ \"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2018-04-17. Retrieved 2013-03-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)\n\n^ Webber, Bert, Retaliation: Japanese Attacks and Allied Countermeasures on the Pacific Coast in World War II, Oregon State University Press, 1975\n\n^ Finn J.D. John (2009-05-02). \"Liberty ships: Building 'em faster than Hitler could sink 'em | Offbeat Oregon History\". Offbeatoregon.com. Retrieved 2013-08-22.\n\n^ Finn J.D. John (2011-01-30). \"Japanese submarine I-25 blasted Oregon twice | Offbeat Oregon History\". Offbeatoregon.com. Retrieved 2013-08-22.\n\n^ Webber, Bert, Retaliation: Japanese Attacks and Allied Countermeasures on the Pacific Coast in World War II, Oregon State University Press, 1975, pp. 41–62\n\n^ Finn J.D. John (2010-11-21). \"Bandon founder's favorite plant destroyed the town he founded | Offbeat Oregon History\". Offbeatoregon.com. Retrieved 2013-08-22.\n\n^ a b McCash, William. Bombs Over Brookings: The World War II Bombings of Curry County, Oregon, and the Postwar Friendship Between Brookings and the Japanese Pilot, Nobuo Fujita. Bend, Ore.: Maverick, 2005\n\n^ Webber, Bert (1985), \"Silent Siege-II, Japanese Attacks On North America In World War II; Ships Sunk, Air Raids, Bombs Dropped, People Killed.\" Webb Research Group. ISBN 0-936738-26-X\n\n^ Finn J.D. John (2009-07-10). \"Offbeat Oregon History: During WWII, man brought home Japanese bomb in the glovebox\". Offbeatoregon.com. Retrieved 2013-08-22.\n\n^ Webber, Bert, Retaliation: Japanese Attacks and Allied Countermeasures on the Pacific Coast in World War II, Oregon State University Press, 1975, pp. 63–78\n\n^ Webber (1985) p. 161. \" harbor of Port Orford\", is authur's work based upon interview with Captain Akiji Tagami, I-25 Sub cdr in 1975. Commander Tagami died in 1980\n\n^ Webber (1985) p. 354\n\n^ Webber, Bert, Retaliation: Japanese Attacks and Allied Countermeasures on the Pacific Coast in World War II, Oregon State University Press, 1975, pp. 21–22\n\n^ Marshall, Don. Oregon Shipwrecks. Portland: Binford & Mort, 1984\n\n^ Webber, Bert, Retaliation: Japanese Attacks and Allied Countermeasures on the Pacific Coast in World War II, Oregon State University Press, 1975, p.22\n\n^ Mochitsura Hashimoto (1954). Sunk.\n\n^ Norman Polmar; Jurrien Noot (1991). Submarines of the Russian and Soviet Navies. Naval Institute Press. p. 264. ISBN 9780870215704.\n\n^ Webber, Bert, Retaliation: Japanese Attacks and Allied Countermeasures on the Pacific Coast in World War II, Oregon State University Press, 1975, p.23\n\n^ militarymuseum.org H.M. Storey\n\n^ merchantships2.tripod.com H.M. Storey\n\n^ wrecksite.eu H.M. Storey (1943)\n\n^ Dictionary of Disasters at Sea during the Age of Steam General, by Hocking\n\n^ world-war.co.uk War Loss\n\n^ Webber (1985) \"Silent Siege-II\", p. iv\n\n^ Webber, \"Silent Siege-II\" (1985), p. 160, this 1st aerial bombing was in retaliation for the Doolittle Raid made on 18 April 1942, launched from the aircraft carrier USS Hornet, which in turn was later sunk at the Battle of Santa Cruz.\n\n^ Rohwer, Jürgen; Gerhard Hümmelchen. \"Seekrieg 1943, August\". Württembergische Landesbibliothek Stuttgart (in German). Retrieved 6 July 2015.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"IJN Submarine I-25: Tabular Record of Movement\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.combinedfleet.com/I-25.htm"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-09-182638-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-182638-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87021-893-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-893-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4728-4779-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-4779-9"},{"link_name":"Aviation History article","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//history1900s.about.com/library/prm/bljapanesebombwc1.htm/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20050920090228/http://history1900s.about.com/library/prm/bljapanesebombwc1.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"Hackett, Bob, and Sander Kingsepp (2002). \"IJN Submarine I-25: Tabular Record of Movement\" (Web page). CombinedFleet.com. Retrieved 2 January 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\nJenkins, David (1992). Battle Surface! Japan's Submarine War Against Australia 1942–44. Milsons Point NSW Australia: Random House Australia. pp. 158, 169. ISBN 0-09-182638-1.\nJentschura, Hansgeorg; Dieter Jung, Peter Mickel. Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945. United States Naval Institute, 1977. Annapolis, Maryland, USA. ISBN 0-87021-893-X.\nMilanovich, Kathrin (2021). \"The IJN Submarines of the I 15 Class\". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2021. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. pp. 29–43. ISBN 978-1-4728-4779-9.\nAviation History article Archived 2005-09-20 at the Wayback Machine","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"image_text":"A Japanese Ko-hyoteki-class midget submarine, believed to be Midget No. 14, is raised from Sydney Harbour on 1 June 1942.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ko-hyoteki_Sydney.jpg/220px-Ko-hyoteki_Sydney.jpg"},{"image_text":"American servicemen inspecting a shell crater after the I-25's attack on Fort Stevens","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Shell_crater_resulting_form_Japanese_shelling_on_Fort_Stevens._-_NARA_-_299678.jpg/220px-Shell_crater_resulting_form_Japanese_shelling_on_Fort_Stevens._-_NARA_-_299678.jpg"},{"image_text":"Warrant Flying Officer Nobuo Fujita.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/FujitaNobuo.jpg/220px-FujitaNobuo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nobuo Fujita standing by his Yokosuka E14Y \"Glen\" seaplane.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Fujita%26Glen.jpg/220px-Fujita%26Glen.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Japanese Submarine Attacks on Curry County in World War II\". Cape Blanco Heritage Society. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190524001432/http://www.capeblancoheritagesociety.com/port-orford-lifeboat-station/historical-articles/japanese-submarine-attack/","url_text":"\"Japanese Submarine Attacks on Curry County in World War II\""},{"url":"http://www.capeblancoheritagesociety.com/port-orford-lifeboat-station/historical-articles/japanese-submarine-attack/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dunn, Peter. \"JAPANESE RECONNAISSANCE FLIGHT OVER SYDNEY HARBOUR ON 17 FEBRUARY 1942\". www.ozatwar.com. Retrieved 20 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ozatwar.com/japrecce/recce01.htm","url_text":"\"JAPANESE RECONNAISSANCE FLIGHT OVER SYDNEY HARBOUR ON 17 FEBRUARY 1942\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2018-04-17. Retrieved 2013-03-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180417022947/http://www.pilotmag.co.uk/2009/12/22/ss-fort-camosun-japanese-submarine-i-25/","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.pilotmag.co.uk/2009/12/22/ss-fort-camosun-japanese-submarine-i-25/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Finn J.D. John (2009-05-02). \"Liberty ships: Building 'em faster than Hitler could sink 'em | Offbeat Oregon History\". Offbeatoregon.com. Retrieved 2013-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.offbeatoregon.com/H109_LibertyShips.htm","url_text":"\"Liberty ships: Building 'em faster than Hitler could sink 'em | Offbeat Oregon History\""}]},{"reference":"Finn J.D. John (2011-01-30). \"Japanese submarine I-25 blasted Oregon twice | Offbeat Oregon History\". Offbeatoregon.com. Retrieved 2013-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.offbeatoregon.com/o1101e-Japanese-submarine-blasted-its-way-into-Oregon-history.html","url_text":"\"Japanese submarine I-25 blasted Oregon twice | Offbeat Oregon History\""}]},{"reference":"Finn J.D. John (2010-11-21). \"Bandon founder's favorite plant destroyed the town he founded | Offbeat Oregon History\". Offbeatoregon.com. Retrieved 2013-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.offbeatoregon.com/H1011d-bandon-founder-favorite-plant-destroyed-his-town.html","url_text":"\"Bandon founder's favorite plant destroyed the town he founded | Offbeat Oregon History\""}]},{"reference":"Finn J.D. John (2009-07-10). \"Offbeat Oregon History: During WWII, man brought home Japanese bomb in the glovebox\". Offbeatoregon.com. Retrieved 2013-08-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.offbeatoregon.com/H026_GloveboxBomb.htm","url_text":"\"Offbeat Oregon History: During WWII, man brought home Japanese bomb in the glovebox\""}]},{"reference":"Mochitsura Hashimoto (1954). Sunk.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Norman Polmar; Jurrien Noot (1991). Submarines of the Russian and Soviet Navies. Naval Institute Press. p. 264. ISBN 9780870215704.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/submarinesrussia00polm","url_text":"Submarines of the Russian and Soviet Navies"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/submarinesrussia00polm/page/n275","url_text":"264"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870215704","url_text":"9780870215704"}]},{"reference":"Rohwer, Jürgen; Gerhard Hümmelchen. \"Seekrieg 1943, August\". Württembergische Landesbibliothek Stuttgart (in German). Retrieved 6 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Rohwer","url_text":"Rohwer, Jürgen"},{"url":"http://www.wlb-stuttgart.de/seekrieg/43-08.htm","url_text":"\"Seekrieg 1943, August\""}]},{"reference":"Hackett, Bob, and Sander Kingsepp (2002). \"IJN Submarine I-25: Tabular Record of Movement\" (Web page). CombinedFleet.com. Retrieved 2 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.combinedfleet.com/I-25.htm","url_text":"\"IJN Submarine I-25: Tabular Record of Movement\""}]},{"reference":"Jenkins, David (1992). Battle Surface! Japan's Submarine War Against Australia 1942–44. Milsons Point NSW Australia: Random House Australia. pp. 158, 169. ISBN 0-09-182638-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-182638-1","url_text":"0-09-182638-1"}]},{"reference":"Milanovich, Kathrin (2021). \"The IJN Submarines of the I 15 Class\". In Jordan, John (ed.). Warship 2021. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. pp. 29–43. ISBN 978-1-4728-4779-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-4779-9","url_text":"978-1-4728-4779-9"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Japanese_submarine_I-25¶ms=42_22_N_125_12_W_","external_links_name":"42°22′N 125°12′W / 42.367°N 125.200°W / 42.367; -125.200"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190524001432/http://www.capeblancoheritagesociety.com/port-orford-lifeboat-station/historical-articles/japanese-submarine-attack/","external_links_name":"\"Japanese Submarine Attacks on Curry County in World War II\""},{"Link":"http://www.capeblancoheritagesociety.com/port-orford-lifeboat-station/historical-articles/japanese-submarine-attack/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ozatwar.com/japrecce/recce01.htm","external_links_name":"\"JAPANESE RECONNAISSANCE FLIGHT OVER SYDNEY HARBOUR ON 17 FEBRUARY 1942\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180417022947/http://www.pilotmag.co.uk/2009/12/22/ss-fort-camosun-japanese-submarine-i-25/","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.pilotmag.co.uk/2009/12/22/ss-fort-camosun-japanese-submarine-i-25/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.offbeatoregon.com/H109_LibertyShips.htm","external_links_name":"\"Liberty ships: Building 'em faster than Hitler could sink 'em | Offbeat Oregon History\""},{"Link":"http://www.offbeatoregon.com/o1101e-Japanese-submarine-blasted-its-way-into-Oregon-history.html","external_links_name":"\"Japanese submarine I-25 blasted Oregon twice | Offbeat Oregon History\""},{"Link":"http://www.offbeatoregon.com/H1011d-bandon-founder-favorite-plant-destroyed-his-town.html","external_links_name":"\"Bandon founder's favorite plant destroyed the town he founded | Offbeat Oregon History\""},{"Link":"http://www.offbeatoregon.com/H026_GloveboxBomb.htm","external_links_name":"\"Offbeat Oregon History: During WWII, man brought home Japanese bomb in the glovebox\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/submarinesrussia00polm","external_links_name":"Submarines of the Russian and Soviet Navies"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/submarinesrussia00polm/page/n275","external_links_name":"264"},{"Link":"http://www.militarymuseum.org/Storey.html","external_links_name":"militarymuseum.org H.M. Storey"},{"Link":"http://merchantships2.tripod.com/ian/ianfergusonshomepage1.html","external_links_name":"merchantships2.tripod.com H.M. Storey"},{"Link":"https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?37238","external_links_name":"wrecksite.eu H.M. Storey (1943)"},{"Link":"https://www.world-war.co.uk/warloss_863usa.php3","external_links_name":"world-war.co.uk War Loss"},{"Link":"http://www.wlb-stuttgart.de/seekrieg/43-08.htm","external_links_name":"\"Seekrieg 1943, August\""},{"Link":"http://www.combinedfleet.com/I-25.htm","external_links_name":"\"IJN Submarine I-25: Tabular Record of Movement\""},{"Link":"http://history1900s.about.com/library/prm/bljapanesebombwc1.htm/","external_links_name":"Aviation History article"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050920090228/http://history1900s.about.com/library/prm/bljapanesebombwc1.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.offbeatoregon.com/o1101e-Japanese-submarine-blasted-its-way-into-Oregon-history.html","external_links_name":"Offbeat Oregon History article about I-25's activities off the Oregon coast"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180417022947/http://www.pilotmag.co.uk/2009/12/22/ss-fort-camosun-japanese-submarine-i-25/","external_links_name":"SS Fort Camosun & Japanese submarine I-25"},{"Link":"http://www.combinedfleet.com/I-25.htm","external_links_name":"IJN I-25: Tabular Record of Movement - Revision 7"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Romanian_local_election
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2008 Romanian local elections
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["1 First round","1.1 Mayors","1.2 Local Councils","1.3 County Council Presidents","1.4 County Councils","2 Runoff","3 Notable partial election","3.1 Cluj-Napoca","4 References"]
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Local elections were held in Romania on 1 June 2008, with a runoff for mayors on 15 June 2008.
On 1 June elections were held for:
all the villages, communes, cities, and municipal councils (Local Councils, Romanian: Consilii Locale), and the Sectors Local Councils of Bucharest (Romanian: Consilii Locale de Sector)
the 41 County Councils (Romanian: Consilii Judeţene), and the Bucharest Municipal General Council (Romanian: Consiliul General Al Municipiului București).
the 41 Presidents of the County Councils (Romanian: Preşedinţii Consiliilor Judeţene)
all the mayors (Romanian: Primarii)
of the villages, cities, and municipalities
of the Sectors of Bucharest (Romanian: Primarii de Sector)
The General Mayor of The Municipality of Bucharest (Romanian: Primarul General al Municipiului București)
On 17 April 2008, the Social Democratic Party and the Conservative Party announced they would form a political alliance for these elections, the Alliance PSD+PC. For the first time the presidents of the County Councils were elected directly by the people, and not by later negotiations inside the County Council; other notable characteristics included a substantial number of Roma candidates standing, as well as some representatives of the Romanian Orthodox Church. Turnout was low, with fewer than half of the eligible voters turning out to vote; in most big cities, except for Constanţa (incumbent PSD member Radu Ştefan Mazăre won) and Cluj-Napoca (incumbent Democratic Liberal Party member Emil Boc won), the election was not decided in the first round; in Bucharest, PDL member Vasile Blaga and independent Sorin Oprescu (former member of the PSD) will meet in the run-off.
Overall, PD-L got 28.37%, PSD got 28.04%, PNL got 18.66%, and UDMR got 5.43% of the cast votes.
Incomplete map of the results for the Mayors Social Democratic Party Democratic Liberal Party National Liberal Party Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania Conservative Party Greater Romania Party Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania Independent Drawing not finished
First round
Mayors
The distribution of the mayor seats after the first round was as follows: Social Democratic Party Democratic Liberal Party National Liberal Party Other political parties To be decided in the runoff
The most notables victories of the election ("Top 10") are listed below:
Name
Political Party
City
Percentage
Klaus Iohannis
FDGR
Sibiu
83.2%
Florin Cârciumaru
PSD
Târgu Jiu
82.5%
Darius Vâlcov
PD-L
Slatina
81.07%
Gheorghe Ştefan
PD-L
Piatra Neamț
79.3%
Liviu Negoiță
PD-L
Sector 3 (Bucharest)
79.0%
Constantin Hogea
PD-L
Tulcea
73.4%
Tudor Pendiuc
PSD
Piteşti
72.0%
Emil Boc
PD-L
Cluj-Napoca
70.2%
George Scripcaru
PD-L
Braşov
69.8%
Radu Mazăre
PSD
Constanţa
67.9%
Gheorghe Falcă
PD-L
Arad
67.6%
Local Councils
The distribution of the 37,915 Local Council seats Social Democratic Party Democratic Liberal Party National Liberal Party Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania Conservative Party Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania other parties/Independent
County Council Presidents
Map of the Romanian counties based on the party of the president of the County Council Social Democratic Party Democratic Liberal Party National Liberal Party Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania
The distribution of the 41 County Council Presidents Social Democratic Party Democratic Liberal Party National Liberal Party Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania
County Councils
Results of the county councilors
The distribution of the votes for the 41 County Councils Social Democratic Party Democratic Liberal Party National Liberal Party other partiesThe distribution of the seats for the 41 County Councils Social Democratic Party Democratic Liberal Party National Liberal Party Greater Romania Party Conservative Party Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania other parties/Independent
Runoff
The distribution of the Mayor seats Social Democratic Party Democratic Liberal Party National Liberal Party Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania Conservative Party Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania Other parties/Independent candidates
The mayoral runoff was held in 1,441 local constituencies. Also, in the communes of Ştefăneşti and Vidra, in Ilfov County the first tour was repeated, due to the cancellation of the election held on 1 June in the two communes. If a runoff is needed for the mayor's election, it will be held on 24 June. A sentence regarding the cancellation of the electoral process in the commune of Iepureşti, Giurgiu is pending from the Central Electoral Bureau.
The independent and former Social Democratic Party member Sorin Oprescu won the election for mayor of Bucharest with 54% against Vasile Blaga from the president's Democratic Liberal Party. Overall, Social Democratic Party won about a third of the mayors, while Democratic Liberal Party won slightly less.
In Voineşti, a tiny town in northeastern Romania, the incumbent Social Democratic Party mayor Neculai Ivaşcu, who died on the election day, was nonetheless elected over his rival, Gheorghe Dobreanu of the National Liberal Party; however, the election commission declared the runner-up elected, but Social Democratic Party said they would appeal that decision.
Summary of the 1 June 2008 and 15 June 2008 Romanian local election results
Party
County CouncilsPresidents
Mayors
Local Councilsseats (CL)
County Councilseats (CJ)
Votes
%
Seats
Votes
%
Seats
Votes
%
Seats
Votes
%
Seats
Democratic Liberal Party (Partidul Democrat Liberal)
2,243,144
28.17
14
2,964,948
33.58
908
2,356,584
27.70
11,129
2,416,014
28.92
458
Social Democratic Party (Partidul Social Democrat)
2,234,465
28.06
17
2,717,490
30.77
1,138
2,268,271
26.67
12,137
2,337,102
27.97
452
National Liberal Party (Partidul Naţional Liberal)
1,537,840
18.08
5
1,721,834
19.50
706
1,576,214
19.80
8,529
1,521,191
18.20
297
Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (Uniunea Democrată Maghiară din România)
419,028
5.26
4
378,413
4.28
184
404,657
4.75
2,195
429,329
5.13
89
Conservative Party (Partidul Conservator)
263,200
3.30
–
224,182
2.53
47
315,825
3.71
1,398
277,492
3.32
16
New Generation Party (Partidul Noua Generaţie - Creştin Democrat)
227,744
2.86
–
159,739
1.80
35
300,661
3.53
1,203
248,757
2.97
9
Greater Romania Party (Partidul România Mare)
252,956
3.17
–
124,492
1.41
19
314,731
3.70
1,090
313,666
3.75
15
Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (Partidul Naţional Ţărănesc Creştin Democrat)
78,752
0.98
–
53,908
0.61
11
102,137
1.20
326
88,066
1.05
2
Other political parties
703,437
10.12
1
502,202
5.52
131
865,707
8.94
2,260
722,134
8,69
55
Total: 18,313,440 expected voters (turnout 49,38%)
7,960,566
100
41
8,829,208
100
3,179
8,504,787
100
40,297
8,353,751
100
1,393
Source: Central Electoral Bureau Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
Notable partial election
The legislature of the local authorities is of four years, for all the local authorities. Local elected officials who cannot serve the full term (due to death, incompatibility or resignation) are replaced. The members of the Local Councils and County Councils are replaced by the next person on the list elected. For the Mayors and Presidents of the County Councils, elected on a two-round system, and first past the post respectively, no later than 90 days from the vacancy of the post the Government must announce the day the early election is called. The election is not called if the vacancy occurs in the last six months of the term. The newly elected Mayors and Presidents of the County Councils serve the rest of the term. The ad interim Mayors and Presidents of the County Councils are one of the Deputy-Mayors (elected by the Local Council, if the settlement has more than one Deputy-Mayor), and one of the Vice President of the County Council, elected by the County Council.
Cluj-Napoca
On 22 December 2008 Emil Boc was sworn in as Prime Minister of Romania. He resigned from the office of Mayor of Cluj-Napoca on 4 January 2009. The Government called for partial election in Cluj-Napoca on 15 February 2009. The three main competitors were the ad interim Mayor of Cluj-Napoca, Sorin Apostu (PD-L), former Cluj County Council President and current Senator Marius Nicoară (PNL), and former Cluj-Napoca Police commander, Teodor Pop-Puşcaş (PSD).
References
^ the Government's Press Release
^ Romania's PSD and PC form alliance (SETimes.com)
^ Romanians vote in local elections (SETimes.com)
^ Low turnout in Romania's local elections (SETimes.com)
^ "Adevarul". Archived from the original on 2008-06-04. Retrieved 2008-06-05.
^ Biroul Electoral Central | PRIMA PAGINA |- Alegeri pentru autoritatile administratiei publice locale iunie 2008
^ "Adevârul newspaper". Archived from the original on 2008-06-20. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
^ Official results
^ Exit poll shows leftist candidate to become mayor of Bucharest
^ BalkanInsight.com – Independent Mayor for Capital of Romania
^ "AFP: Dead Romanian candidate wins mayoral vote". Archived from the original on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2008-06-16.
^ HotNews – Candidate defeated in Voinesti, Romania to become mayor after rival died on local elections day
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Consilii Locale), and the Sectors Local Councils of Bucharest (Romanian: Consilii Locale de Sector)\nthe 41 County Councils (Romanian: Consilii Judeţene), and the Bucharest Municipal General Council (Romanian: Consiliul General Al Municipiului București).\nthe 41 Presidents of the County Councils (Romanian: Preşedinţii Consiliilor Judeţene)\nall the mayors (Romanian: Primarii)\nof the villages, cities, and municipalities\nof the Sectors of Bucharest (Romanian: Primarii de Sector)\nThe General Mayor of The Municipality of Bucharest (Romanian: Primarul General al Municipiului București)On 17 April 2008, the Social Democratic Party and the Conservative Party announced they would form a political alliance for these elections, the Alliance PSD+PC.[2] For the first time the presidents of the County Councils were elected directly by the people, and not by later negotiations inside the County Council; other notable characteristics included a substantial number of Roma candidates standing, as 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Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_of_Hungarians_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Forum_of_Germans_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Other parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Independent candidates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician"},{"link_name":"Ştefăneşti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Etef%C4%83ne%C5%9Fti,_Ilfov&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vidra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidra,_Ilfov"},{"link_name":"Ilfov County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilfov_County"},{"link_name":"Iepureşti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iepure%C5%9Fti"},{"link_name":"Giurgiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giurgiu_County"},{"link_name":"Social 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Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"Neculai Ivaşcu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neculai_Iva%C5%9Fcu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gheorghe Dobreanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gheorghe_Dobreanu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The distribution of the Mayor seats Social Democratic Party Democratic Liberal Party National Liberal Party Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania Conservative Party Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania Other parties/Independent candidatesThe mayoral runoff was held in 1,441 local constituencies. Also, in the communes of Ştefăneşti and Vidra, in Ilfov County the first tour was repeated, due to the cancellation of the election held on 1 June in the two communes. If a runoff is needed for the mayor's election, it will be held on 24 June. A sentence regarding the cancellation of the electoral process in the commune of Iepureşti, Giurgiu is pending from the Central Electoral Bureau.The independent and former Social Democratic Party member Sorin Oprescu won the election for mayor of Bucharest with 54% against Vasile Blaga from the president's Democratic Liberal Party.[9] Overall, Social Democratic Party won about a third of the mayors, while Democratic Liberal Party won slightly less.[10]In Voineşti, a tiny town in northeastern Romania, the incumbent Social Democratic Party mayor Neculai Ivaşcu, who died on the election day, was nonetheless elected over his rival, Gheorghe Dobreanu of the National Liberal Party; however, the election commission declared the runner-up elected, but Social Democratic Party said they would appeal that decision.[11][12]","title":"Runoff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"two-round system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-round_system"},{"link_name":"first past the post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality_voting_system"},{"link_name":"Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Romania"}],"text":"The legislature of the local authorities is of four years, for all the local authorities. Local elected officials who cannot serve the full term (due to death, incompatibility or resignation) are replaced. The members of the Local Councils and County Councils are replaced by the next person on the list elected. For the Mayors and Presidents of the County Councils, elected on a two-round system, and first past the post respectively, no later than 90 days from the vacancy of the post the Government must announce the day the early election is called. The election is not called if the vacancy occurs in the last six months of the term. The newly elected Mayors and Presidents of the County Councils serve the rest of the term. The ad interim Mayors and Presidents of the County Councils are one of the Deputy-Mayors (elected by the Local Council, if the settlement has more than one Deputy-Mayor), and one of the Vice President of the County Council, elected by the County Council.","title":"Notable partial election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emil Boc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Boc"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Cluj-Napoca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluj-Napoca"},{"link_name":"Mayor of","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Cluj-Napoca"},{"link_name":"Cluj-Napoca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluj-Napoca"},{"link_name":"PD-L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Liberal_Party_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"Cluj County Council President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluj_County"},{"link_name":"Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Marius Nicoară","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Nicoar%C4%83"},{"link_name":"PNL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"Cluj-Napoca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluj-Napoca"},{"link_name":"Police commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Police"},{"link_name":"PSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Romania)"}],"sub_title":"Cluj-Napoca","text":"On 22 December 2008 Emil Boc was sworn in as Prime Minister of Romania. He resigned from the office of Mayor of Cluj-Napoca on 4 January 2009. The Government called for partial election in Cluj-Napoca on 15 February 2009. The three main competitors were the ad interim Mayor of Cluj-Napoca, Sorin Apostu (PD-L), former Cluj County Council President and current Senator Marius Nicoară (PNL), and former Cluj-Napoca Police commander, Teodor Pop-Puşcaş (PSD).","title":"Notable partial election"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Incomplete map of the results for the Mayors Social Democratic Party Democratic Liberal Party National Liberal Party Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania Conservative Party Greater Romania Party Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania Independent Drawing not finished","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Romania_local_election_2008_administrive_units.png/400px-Romania_local_election_2008_administrive_units.png"},{"image_text":"The distribution of the mayor seats after the first round was as follows: Social Democratic Party Democratic Liberal Party National Liberal Party Other political parties To be decided in the runoff","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/01062008-Romanian-mayors-1st-round.png/225px-01062008-Romanian-mayors-1st-round.png"},{"image_text":"The distribution of the 37,915 Local Council seats[7] Social Democratic Party Democratic Liberal Party National Liberal Party Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania Conservative Party Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania other parties/Independent","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/01062008-Romanian-local-councils.png/500px-01062008-Romanian-local-councils.png"},{"image_text":"Map of the Romanian counties based on the party of the president of the County Council Social Democratic Party Democratic Liberal Party National Liberal Party Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Alegeri_locale_2008.png/230px-Alegeri_locale_2008.png"},{"image_text":"The distribution of the 41 County Council Presidents Social Democratic Party Democratic Liberal Party National Liberal Party Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/01062008-Romanian-County-Presidents.png/230px-01062008-Romanian-County-Presidents.png"},{"image_text":"Results of the county councilors","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Romania-locale_2008.svg/225px-Romania-locale_2008.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The distribution of the votes for the 41 County Councils Social Democratic Party Democratic Liberal Party National Liberal Party other parties","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/01062008-Romanian-County-Councils.png/225px-01062008-Romanian-County-Councils.png"},{"image_text":"The distribution of the seats for the 41 County Councils Social Democratic Party Democratic Liberal Party National Liberal Party Greater Romania Party Conservative Party Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania other parties/Independent","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/01062008-Romanian-County-Councils-Composition.png/500px-01062008-Romanian-County-Councils-Composition.png"},{"image_text":"The distribution of the Mayor seats Social Democratic Party Democratic Liberal Party National Liberal Party Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania Conservative Party Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania Other parties/Independent candidates","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Romanian-mayors-1st-round-and-runoff.png/500px-Romanian-mayors-1st-round-and-runoff.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Adevarul\". Archived from the original on 2008-06-04. Retrieved 2008-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080604082925/http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/realesii/354228","url_text":"\"Adevarul\""},{"url":"http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/realesii/354228","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Adevârul newspaper\". Archived from the original on 2008-06-20. Retrieved 2008-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080620090410/http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/alegeri-2008-rezultate-finale/356424","url_text":"\"Adevârul newspaper\""},{"url":"http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/alegeri-2008-rezultate-finale/356424","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"AFP: Dead Romanian candidate wins mayoral vote\". Archived from the original on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2008-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110520141613/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hgfE-X2LvbXVEq2LuQ2cID_NkEYQ","url_text":"\"AFP: Dead Romanian candidate wins mayoral vote\""},{"url":"http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hgfE-X2LvbXVEq2LuQ2cID_NkEYQ","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.beclocale2008.ro/rezultate.html","external_links_name":"Central Electoral Bureau"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173251/http://www.beclocale2008.ro/rezultate.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.guv.ro/presa/afis-doc.php?idpresa=59694&idrubricapresa=1&idrubricaprimm=&idtema=&tip=1&pag=&dr=","external_links_name":"the Government's Press Release"},{"Link":"http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/newsbriefs/setimes/newsbriefs/2008/04/17/nb-04","external_links_name":"Romania's PSD and PC form alliance (SETimes.com)"},{"Link":"http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/newsbriefs/setimes/newsbriefs/2008/06/01/nb-02","external_links_name":"Romanians vote in local elections (SETimes.com)"},{"Link":"http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/newsbriefs/setimes/newsbriefs/2008/06/02/nb-01","external_links_name":"Low turnout in Romania's local elections (SETimes.com)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080604082925/http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/realesii/354228","external_links_name":"\"Adevarul\""},{"Link":"http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/realesii/354228","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.beclocale2008.ro/","external_links_name":"Biroul Electoral Central | PRIMA PAGINA |- Alegeri pentru autoritatile administratiei publice locale iunie 2008"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080620090410/http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/alegeri-2008-rezultate-finale/356424","external_links_name":"\"Adevârul newspaper\""},{"Link":"http://www.adevarul.ro/articole/alegeri-2008-rezultate-finale/356424","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.beclocale2008.ro/documm/Consilieri%20Judeteni/Alesii/cjalesijud.pdf","external_links_name":"Official results"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080620051411/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-06/16/content_8377989.htm","external_links_name":"Exit poll shows leftist candidate to become mayor of Bucharest"},{"Link":"http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/main/news/11032/","external_links_name":"BalkanInsight.com – Independent Mayor for Capital of Romania"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110520141613/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hgfE-X2LvbXVEq2LuQ2cID_NkEYQ","external_links_name":"\"AFP: Dead Romanian candidate wins mayoral vote\""},{"Link":"http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hgfE-X2LvbXVEq2LuQ2cID_NkEYQ","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://english.hotnews.ro/stiri-top_news-3277295-candidate-defeated-voinesti-romania-become-mayor-after-rival-died-local-elections-day.htm","external_links_name":"HotNews – Candidate defeated in Voinesti, Romania to become mayor after rival died on local elections day"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_Changes_(Torchwood)
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Everything Changes (Torchwood)
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["1 Plot","2 Production","2.1 Music","3 Broadcast","3.1 Reviews and reception","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
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2006 Torchwood episode
2006 Doctor Who episode01 – "Everything Changes"Torchwood episodeCastStarring
John Barrowman – Captain Jack Harkness
Eve Myles – Gwen Cooper
Burn Gorman – Owen Harper
Naoko Mori – Toshiko Sato
Indira Varma – Suzie Costello
Gareth David-Lloyd - Ianto Jones
Guest
Kai Owen – Rhys Williams
Tom Price – PC Andy
Paul Kasey – Weevil
Guy Lewis – Young cop
Jason May – SOCO
Rhys Swinburn – John Tucker
Olwen Medi – Yvonne
Gwyn Vaughan-Jones – DI Jacobs
Dion Davis – Officer
Jams Thomas – Hospital porter
Mark Heal – Security Guard
Gary Shepheard – Pizza lad
Gwilym Havard Davies – Man
Cathryn Davies – Woman
ProductionDirected byBrian KellyWritten byRussell T DaviesScript editorBrian MinchinProduced byRichard StokesChris Chibnall (co-producer)Executive producer(s)Russell T DaviesJulie GardnerMusic byMurray GoldProduction code1.1SeriesSeries 1Running time50 minsFirst broadcast22 October 2006 (2006-10-22)Chronology
← Preceded by—
Followed by →"Day One"
List of episodes
"Everything Changes" is the first episode of the British science fiction television programme Torchwood, which was first broadcast on the digital channel BBC Three on 22 October 2006. The story was written by show creator and executive producer Russell T Davies as an introduction to the show's mythos. The episode re-introduces Captain Jack Harkness, who had proved popular in the first series of the 2005 revival of Doctor Who, as the leader of Torchwood, a team of alien hunters.
The story is told from the perspective of Gwen Cooper (Eve Myles), who comes across the Torchwood team through her job as a police officer with the South Wales Police, who are investigating a series of strange deaths in Cardiff. Through Gwen's discovery of Torchwood, the audience are introduced to team members Owen Harper (Burn Gorman), Toshiko Sato (Naoko Mori) and Ianto Jones (Gareth David-Lloyd). Suzie Costello, as played by Indira Varma, had also been billed as a series regular prior to transmission, though in a twist the character was revealed as the murderer and killed off at the end of the episode, with Gwen replacing her as a member of the Torchwood team.
Upon broadcast the episode earned BBC Three its highest ever viewing figures. Critical reaction to the episode was mixed, with reviewers making both positive and negative comparisons to Torchwood's parent show Doctor Who.
Plot
During a murder investigation in Cardiff, police officer Gwen Cooper spies on a group of five people called Torchwood, led by Captain Jack Harkness, exiting an SUV. One member, Suzie, uses a metal gauntlet to temporarily bring the victim to life and talk to him. Gwen flees when Jack notices her. The next day, Gwen runs into Jack again at a hospital and, following him, finds a sealed-off area where Jack catches a Weevil.
As she escapes, Gwen follows the Torchwood SUV to Roald Dahl Plass, where she loses sight of them. Discovering a local pizza store makes regular deliveries to Torchwood, Gwen disguises herself as a pizza delivery girl. Monitoring her actions, Torchwood willingly let her into their underground hub. Jack shows Gwen around the hub, including the captured Weevil from the hospital. They then leave the hub via a pavement slab lift, which takes them to Roald Dahl Plass in front of the Millennium Centre; the slab makes anyone standing on it unnoticed to passersby.
Over drinks, Jack explains that Torchwood is one of several branches, including Torchwood One which was destroyed at Canary Wharf. They catch "tons" of aliens and scavenge alien technology that are washed up through a rift in space and time that runs through Cardiff, while preventing others from obtaining them. Jack places an amnesia pill in Gwen's drink, leaving her with no memory of the meeting.
The next day at work, Gwen is shown a drawing of the murder weapon, which triggers a series of memories. These solidify when she spots a Millennium Centre programme with the word "Remember" in her own handwriting at home. Outside the Millennium Centre, Suzie explains she killed the man Gwen saw resurrected to test the gauntlet. Suzie pulls a gun on Gwen as she is the only one that can link Suzie to the murder weapon. Jack rises from the pavement lift, and Suzie turns and shoots him in the head. Jack then comes back to life. With no chance of escape, Suzie shoots herself in the head. Gwen now remembers everything.
The gauntlet is sealed away. Standing on the roof of the Millennium Centre, Jack tells Gwen that he died once, but was brought back to life, and that he can never die. He agrees with Gwen that perhaps Torchwood can do more to help people, and offers her a job, which she accepts.
Production
This episode had the working title of "Flotsam And Jetsam". This title was worked into the script when Jack describes the idea of "flotsam and jetsam" falling through the Rift into Cardiff. The opening scene, involving the reanimation of a corpse in an alley at night, was adapted from a pitch written by Russell T Davies and Julie Gardner for a possible science fiction series called Excalibur, devised before Davies became responsible for the 2005 revival of Doctor Who. In "Kiss Kiss Bang Bang" Captain John Hart jokes about the name Torchwood and says it should have been named Excalibur. The BBC Three premiere on 22 October 2006 aired Everything Changes back-to-back with the second episode, "Day One", in a 100-minute premiere special; the closing credits of both episodes were combined to air at the end.
Music
The song "We Are the Pipettes" by The Pipettes is featured in this episode (as Gwen & Andy arrive to break up a bar fight), "She Moves in Her Own Way" by The Kooks (heard in the background at Jubilee Pizza) and "Spitting Games" by Snow Patrol (as Owen hits on Linda at the bar).
Broadcast
In the unofficial overnight viewing figures, "Everything Changes" gained an average audience of 2.4 million for its debut showing on BBC Three, a 12.7% share of the total television audience for its slot. This was the largest audience ever recorded by a BBC Three programme, as well as the highest ever audience for a programme broadcast solely on a digital television platform that was not either a United States import or a live football match. The figure also placed "Everything Changes" third in its timeslot across all channels, beaten only by the analogue channels ITV1 and Channel 4 with Prime Suspect and The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen respectively.
When "Everything Changes" was repeated on analogue channel BBC Two three days after its BBC Three airing, it won an audience of 2.8 million, a 13% share. This again placed the episode third in its timeslot, behind Who Do You Think You Are? on BBC One and the thriller Bon Voyage on ITV1.
Reviews and reception
The website of The Stage entertainment industry newspaper gave "Everything Changes" a positive preview in its coverage following the 18 October press screening of the episode. "The first episode is an economical, by the numbers introduction to the team", wrote reviewer Mark Wright. "It's certainly bold, the cast are very pretty and the dialogue has a zippy archness to it. Whether that will become grating after a few episodes remains to be seen, but if you like your sci-fi drama a bit punchier than the whimsical Doctor Who, touch wood, you should find a lot to enjoy in the adventures of Torchwood."
Previewing the episode for the Radio Times listing magazine, Mark Braxton was impressed, but felt that the series would offer better episodes later in the run. "It's slick, scary, funny and expensive looking, but it's also very much an establishing episode", Braxton commented. "With the guided tour dispensed with, however, the fun can really begin."
The Guardian newspaper's television reviewer Sam Wollaston also gave the episode a guarded welcome, although he felt that the attempts to make Cardiff appear glamorous were a failure. "They've done their best to sex the place up—lots of helicopter shots of that posh bit where Charlotte Church lives, but it still looks like Cardiff, to be honest. No matter—most of the interesting things are going on below the ground... It's not yet clear whether Eve Myles as new Torchwood recruit PC Gwen Cooper can fill Billie Piper's boots. Surely not—those boots are two gaping weekend voids that no one can fill. But this looks promising: it's slick, quick and a tiny bit scary. Not much humour yet, which was the lovely thing about Doctor Who. But it's early days; don't jump quite yet."
The Sunday Times Culture magazine mentioned Torchwood as one of the week's highlights and added that it was "arguably better than Who". Less positively, the Scotsman when reviewing the episode said "Torchwood seems to me to be as nonsensical and full of holes and unexciting as the genre always is." The use of the alien perfume on the young woman and her boyfriend by Owen has drawn criticism of the character online, with some viewers pointing out this is similar to date rape.
Notes
^ As depicted in the 2006 Doctor Who episode "Doomsday". In the 2007 Doctor Who episode "The Sound of Drums", Jack confirms that he changed the old Torchwood regime that was destroyed at Canary Wharf.
^ As depicted in the 2005 Doctor Who episode "The Parting of the Ways".
References
^ White, Cindy (24 August 2007). "BBC's Torchwood Has U.S. Roots". Sci Fi Wire. Archived from the original on 15 October 2007. Retrieved 25 August 2007.
^ a b c Deans, Jason (23 October 2006). "Torchwood scores digital first" (Requires free registration). Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved 23 October 2006.
^ "Torchwood scores record audience". BBC News Online. 23 October 2006. Retrieved 23 October 2006.
^ a b Deans, Jason (26 October 2006). "Torchwood lands on BBC2 with 2.8m" (Requires free registration). Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved 26 October 2006.
^ Wright, Mark (19 October 2006). "Everything changes—a first look at Torchwood". The Stage. Archived from the original on 4 January 2007. Retrieved 2006-10-23.
^ Braxton, Mark (21–27 October 2006). "Today's Choices – Sunday 22 October". Radio Times. 331 (4307). BBC Worldwide: 74.
^ Wollaston, Sam (23 October 2006). "The weekend's TV". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 October 2006.
^ Heggie, Iain (21 October 2006). "Aliens versus yoof". The Scotsman. Retrieved 19 December 2006.
^ Rawson-Jones, Ben (13 January 2008). "Cult Spy: Catching Up With 'Torchwood'". Digital Spy. Retrieved 7 May 2008.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Torchwood.
Everything Changes on Tardis Wiki, the Doctor Who Wiki
"Everything Changes" episode guide entry on the BBC website
vteTorchwoodProgrammeEpisodesSeries 1
"Everything Changes"
"Day One"
"Ghost Machine"
"Cyberwoman"
"Small Worlds"
"Countrycide"
"Greeks Bearing Gifts"
"Random Shoes"
"Out of Time"
"Captain Jack Harkness"
"End of Days"
Series 2
"Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang"
"Sleeper"
"To the Last Man"
"Meat"
"Adam"
"Reset"
"Dead Man Walking"
"A Day in the Death"
"Something Borrowed"
"From Out of the Rain"
"Adrift"
"Fragments"
"Exit Wounds"
Series 3
Children of Earth
Series 4
Miracle Day
"The New World"
"Rendition"
"Dead of Night"
"The Categories of Life"
"The Middle Men"
"Immortal Sins"
"End of the Road"
"The Gathering"
"The Blood Line"
CharactersMain
Jack Harkness
Gwen Cooper
Owen Harper
Toshiko Sato
Ianto Jones
Rhys Williams
Rex Matheson
Esther Drummond
Oswald Danes
Supporting
Andy Davidson
John Hart
Martha Jones
Vera Juarez
Jilly Kitzinger
Concepts
Torchwood Institute
Cardiff Rift
Weevils
RelatedWhoniverse
Doctor Who
"Army of Ghosts" / "Doomsday"
"The Stolen Earth" / "Journey's End"
Torchwood Declassified
Other
Cybermen
UNIT
Other mediaBooks
Long Time Dead
Audiobooks
Hidden
Everyone Says Hello
In the Shadows
Ghost Train
Radio plays
"Lost Souls"
" Asylum"
"Golden Age"
"The Dead Line"
The Lost Files
Audio drama
"The Conspiracy"
"Fall to Earth"
The Torchwood Archive
Soundtracks
Original Television Soundtrack
Children of Earth
Publications
Comics
Torchwood Magazine
vteTorchwood: Weevil storiesTelevisionMajor appearances
"Everything Changes"
"End of Days"
"Reset"
"Dead Man Walking"
"A Day in the Death"
"Exit Wounds"
Minor appearances
"Day One"
"Greeks Bearing Gifts"
"Sleeper"
"Adam"
"Fragments"
"The Pandorica Opens"
"The Magician's Apprentice"
Audio
"Lost Souls"
Torchwood
The Torchwood Archive
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Torchwood_episodes"},{"link_name":"science fiction television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television"},{"link_name":"Torchwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torchwood"},{"link_name":"BBC Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Three"},{"link_name":"executive producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_producer"},{"link_name":"Russell T Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_T_Davies"},{"link_name":"mythos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythos"},{"link_name":"Captain Jack Harkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Jack_Harkness"},{"link_name":"first series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who_(series_1)"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"Torchwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torchwood_Institute"},{"link_name":"Gwen Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwen_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Eve Myles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Myles"},{"link_name":"South Wales Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales_Police"},{"link_name":"Owen Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Harper"},{"link_name":"Burn Gorman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burn_Gorman"},{"link_name":"Toshiko Sato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiko_Sato"},{"link_name":"Naoko Mori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naoko_Mori"},{"link_name":"Ianto Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ianto_Jones"},{"link_name":"Gareth David-Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_David-Lloyd"},{"link_name":"Suzie Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzie_Costello"},{"link_name":"Indira Varma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Varma"}],"text":"2006 Doctor Who episode\"Everything Changes\" is the first episode of the British science fiction television programme Torchwood, which was first broadcast on the digital channel BBC Three on 22 October 2006. The story was written by show creator and executive producer Russell T Davies as an introduction to the show's mythos. The episode re-introduces Captain Jack Harkness, who had proved popular in the first series of the 2005 revival of Doctor Who, as the leader of Torchwood, a team of alien hunters.The story is told from the perspective of Gwen Cooper (Eve Myles), who comes across the Torchwood team through her job as a police officer with the South Wales Police, who are investigating a series of strange deaths in Cardiff. Through Gwen's discovery of Torchwood, the audience are introduced to team members Owen Harper (Burn Gorman), Toshiko Sato (Naoko Mori) and Ianto Jones (Gareth David-Lloyd). Suzie Costello, as played by Indira Varma, had also been billed as a series regular prior to transmission, though in a twist the character was revealed as the murderer and killed off at the end of the episode, with Gwen replacing her as a member of the Torchwood team.Upon broadcast the episode earned BBC Three its highest ever viewing figures. Critical reaction to the episode was mixed, with reviewers making both positive and negative comparisons to Torchwood's parent show Doctor Who.","title":"Everything Changes (Torchwood)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gwen Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwen_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Torchwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torchwood_Institute"},{"link_name":"Jack Harkness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Harkness"},{"link_name":"Suzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Torchwood_minor_characters#Suzie_Costello"},{"link_name":"Weevil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weevil_(Torchwood)"},{"link_name":"Roald Dahl Plass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Dahl_Plass"},{"link_name":"Millennium Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_Millennium_Centre"},{"link_name":"Canary Wharf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canary_Wharf"},{"link_name":"[N 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"rift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift_(Whoniverse)"},{"link_name":"[N 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"During a murder investigation in Cardiff, police officer Gwen Cooper spies on a group of five people called Torchwood, led by Captain Jack Harkness, exiting an SUV. One member, Suzie, uses a metal gauntlet to temporarily bring the victim to life and talk to him. Gwen flees when Jack notices her. The next day, Gwen runs into Jack again at a hospital and, following him, finds a sealed-off area where Jack catches a Weevil.As she escapes, Gwen follows the Torchwood SUV to Roald Dahl Plass, where she loses sight of them. Discovering a local pizza store makes regular deliveries to Torchwood, Gwen disguises herself as a pizza delivery girl. Monitoring her actions, Torchwood willingly let her into their underground hub. Jack shows Gwen around the hub, including the captured Weevil from the hospital. They then leave the hub via a pavement slab lift, which takes them to Roald Dahl Plass in front of the Millennium Centre; the slab makes anyone standing on it unnoticed to passersby.Over drinks, Jack explains that Torchwood is one of several branches, including Torchwood One which was destroyed at Canary Wharf.[N 1] They catch \"tons\" of aliens and scavenge alien technology that are washed up through a rift in space and time that runs through Cardiff, while preventing others from obtaining them. Jack places an amnesia pill in Gwen's drink, leaving her with no memory of the meeting.The next day at work, Gwen is shown a drawing of the murder weapon, which triggers a series of memories. These solidify when she spots a Millennium Centre programme with the word \"Remember\" in her own handwriting at home. Outside the Millennium Centre, Suzie explains she killed the man Gwen saw resurrected to test the gauntlet. Suzie pulls a gun on Gwen as she is the only one that can link Suzie to the murder weapon. Jack rises from the pavement lift, and Suzie turns and shoots him in the head. Jack then comes back to life. With no chance of escape, Suzie shoots herself in the head. Gwen now remembers everything.The gauntlet is sealed away. Standing on the roof of the Millennium Centre, Jack tells Gwen that he died once, but was brought back to life,[N 2] and that he can never die. He agrees with Gwen that perhaps Torchwood can do more to help people, and offers her a job, which she accepts.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Kiss Kiss Bang Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_Kiss_Bang_Bang_(Torchwood)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"BBC Three","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Three"},{"link_name":"Day One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_One_(Torchwood)"}],"text":"This episode had the working title of \"Flotsam And Jetsam\". This title was worked into the script when Jack describes the idea of \"flotsam and jetsam\" falling through the Rift into Cardiff.[citation needed] The opening scene, involving the reanimation of a corpse in an alley at night, was adapted from a pitch written by Russell T Davies and Julie Gardner for a possible science fiction series called Excalibur, devised before Davies became responsible for the 2005 revival of Doctor Who. In \"Kiss Kiss Bang Bang\" Captain John Hart jokes about the name Torchwood and says it should have been named Excalibur.[1] The BBC Three premiere on 22 October 2006 aired Everything Changes back-to-back with the second episode, \"Day One\", in a 100-minute premiere special; the closing credits of both episodes were combined to air at the end.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"We Are the Pipettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Are_the_Pipettes"},{"link_name":"The Pipettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pipettes"},{"link_name":"She Moves in Her Own Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_Moves_in_Her_Own_Way"},{"link_name":"The Kooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kooks"},{"link_name":"Spitting Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitting_Games"},{"link_name":"Snow Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_Patrol"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"The song \"We Are the Pipettes\" by The Pipettes is featured in this episode (as Gwen & Andy arrive to break up a bar fight), \"She Moves in Her Own Way\" by The Kooks (heard in the background at Jubilee Pizza) and \"Spitting Games\" by Snow Patrol (as Owen hits on Linda at the bar).","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ratings-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-beebratings-5"},{"link_name":"digital television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_television"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ratings-4"},{"link_name":"analogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_television"},{"link_name":"ITV1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV1"},{"link_name":"Channel 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_4"},{"link_name":"Prime Suspect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Suspect_(UK_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_League_of_Extraordinary_Gentlemen_(film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ratings-4"},{"link_name":"BBC Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ratings2-6"},{"link_name":"Who Do You Think You Are?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Do_You_Think_You_Are%3F_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"BBC One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"ITV1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ratings2-6"}],"text":"In the unofficial overnight viewing figures, \"Everything Changes\" gained an average audience of 2.4 million for its debut showing on BBC Three,[2] a 12.7% share of the total television audience for its slot.[3] This was the largest audience ever recorded by a BBC Three programme, as well as the highest ever audience for a programme broadcast solely on a digital television platform that was not either a United States import or a live football match.[2] The figure also placed \"Everything Changes\" third in its timeslot across all channels, beaten only by the analogue channels ITV1 and Channel 4 with Prime Suspect and The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen respectively.[2]When \"Everything Changes\" was repeated on analogue channel BBC Two three days after its BBC Three airing, it won an audience of 2.8 million, a 13% share.[4] This again placed the episode third in its timeslot, behind Who Do You Think You Are? on BBC One and the thriller Bon Voyage on ITV1.[4]","title":"Broadcast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Stage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stage"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Radio Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Times"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Church"},{"link_name":"Billie Piper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billie_Piper"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Sunday Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Scotsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scotsman"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"date rape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_rape"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Reviews and reception","text":"The website of The Stage entertainment industry newspaper gave \"Everything Changes\" a positive preview in its coverage following the 18 October press screening of the episode. \"The first episode is an economical, by the numbers introduction to the team\", wrote reviewer Mark Wright. \"It's certainly bold, the cast are very pretty and the dialogue has a zippy archness to it. Whether that will become grating after a few episodes remains to be seen, but if you like your sci-fi drama a bit punchier than the whimsical Doctor Who, touch wood, you should find a lot to enjoy in the adventures of Torchwood.\"[5]Previewing the episode for the Radio Times listing magazine, Mark Braxton was impressed, but felt that the series would offer better episodes later in the run. \"It's slick, scary, funny and expensive looking, but it's also very much an establishing episode\", Braxton commented. \"With the guided tour dispensed with, however, the fun can really begin.\"[6]The Guardian newspaper's television reviewer Sam Wollaston also gave the episode a guarded welcome, although he felt that the attempts to make Cardiff appear glamorous were a failure. \"They've done their best to sex the place up—lots of helicopter shots of that posh bit where Charlotte Church lives, but it still looks like Cardiff, to be honest. No matter—most of the interesting things are going on below the ground... It's not yet clear whether Eve Myles as new Torchwood recruit PC Gwen Cooper can fill Billie Piper's boots. Surely not—those boots are two gaping weekend voids that no one can fill. But this looks promising: it's slick, quick and a tiny bit scary. Not much humour yet, which was the lovely thing about Doctor Who. But it's early days; don't jump quite yet.\"[7]The Sunday Times Culture magazine mentioned Torchwood as one of the week's highlights and added that it was \"arguably better than Who\". Less positively, the Scotsman when reviewing the episode said \"Torchwood seems to me to be as nonsensical and full of holes and unexciting as the genre always is.\"[8] The use of the alien perfume on the young woman and her boyfriend by Owen has drawn criticism of the character online, with some viewers pointing out this is similar to date rape.[9]","title":"Broadcast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"Doomsday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doomsday_(Doctor_Who)"},{"link_name":"The Sound of Drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sound_of_Drums"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"The Parting of the Ways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Parting_of_the_Ways"}],"text":"^ As depicted in the 2006 Doctor Who episode \"Doomsday\". In the 2007 Doctor Who episode \"The Sound of Drums\", Jack confirms that he changed the old Torchwood regime that was destroyed at Canary Wharf.\n\n^ As depicted in the 2005 Doctor Who episode \"The Parting of the Ways\".","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"reference":"White, Cindy (24 August 2007). \"BBC's Torchwood Has U.S. Roots\". Sci Fi Wire. Archived from the original on 15 October 2007. Retrieved 25 August 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071015092707/http://scifi.com/scifiwire/index.php?id=43570","url_text":"\"BBC's Torchwood Has U.S. Roots\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci_Fi_Wire","url_text":"Sci Fi Wire"},{"url":"http://www.scifi.com/scifiwire/index.php?id=43570","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Deans, Jason (23 October 2006). \"Torchwood scores digital first\" (Requires free registration). Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved 23 October 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.guardian.co.uk/overnights/story/0,,1929356,00.html","url_text":"\"Torchwood scores digital first\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_Unlimited","url_text":"Guardian Unlimited"}]},{"reference":"\"Torchwood scores record audience\". BBC News Online. 23 October 2006. Retrieved 23 October 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6077078.stm","url_text":"\"Torchwood scores record audience\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_Online","url_text":"BBC News Online"}]},{"reference":"Deans, Jason (26 October 2006). \"Torchwood lands on BBC2 with 2.8m\" (Requires free registration). Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved 26 October 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.guardian.co.uk/overnights/story/0,,1932151,00.html","url_text":"\"Torchwood lands on BBC2 with 2.8m\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_Unlimited","url_text":"Guardian Unlimited"}]},{"reference":"Wright, Mark (19 October 2006). \"Everything changes—a first look at Torchwood\". The Stage. Archived from the original on 4 January 2007. Retrieved 2006-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070104064435/http://www.thestage.co.uk/tvtoday/2006/10/torchwood_first_look.php","url_text":"\"Everything changes—a first look at Torchwood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stage","url_text":"The Stage"},{"url":"http://www.thestage.co.uk/tvtoday/2006/10/torchwood_first_look.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Braxton, Mark (21–27 October 2006). \"Today's Choices – Sunday 22 October\". Radio Times. 331 (4307). BBC Worldwide: 74.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Times","url_text":"Radio Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Worldwide","url_text":"BBC Worldwide"}]},{"reference":"Wollaston, Sam (23 October 2006). \"The weekend's TV\". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 October 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.guardian.co.uk/broadcast/comment/0,,1929140,00.html","url_text":"\"The weekend's TV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Heggie, Iain (21 October 2006). \"Aliens versus yoof\". The Scotsman. Retrieved 19 December 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://living.scotsman.com/tv.cfm?id=1557142006","url_text":"\"Aliens versus yoof\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scotsman","url_text":"The Scotsman"}]},{"reference":"Rawson-Jones, Ben (13 January 2008). \"Cult Spy: Catching Up With 'Torchwood'\". Digital Spy. Retrieved 7 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/cult/a84181/cult-spy-catching-up-with-torchwood.html","url_text":"\"Cult Spy: Catching Up With 'Torchwood'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071015092707/http://scifi.com/scifiwire/index.php?id=43570","external_links_name":"\"BBC's Torchwood Has U.S. Roots\""},{"Link":"http://www.scifi.com/scifiwire/index.php?id=43570","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://media.guardian.co.uk/overnights/story/0,,1929356,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Torchwood scores digital first\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6077078.stm","external_links_name":"\"Torchwood scores record audience\""},{"Link":"http://media.guardian.co.uk/overnights/story/0,,1932151,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Torchwood lands on BBC2 with 2.8m\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070104064435/http://www.thestage.co.uk/tvtoday/2006/10/torchwood_first_look.php","external_links_name":"\"Everything changes—a first look at Torchwood\""},{"Link":"http://www.thestage.co.uk/tvtoday/2006/10/torchwood_first_look.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://media.guardian.co.uk/broadcast/comment/0,,1929140,00.html","external_links_name":"\"The weekend's TV\""},{"Link":"http://living.scotsman.com/tv.cfm?id=1557142006","external_links_name":"\"Aliens versus yoof\""},{"Link":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/cult/a84181/cult-spy-catching-up-with-torchwood.html","external_links_name":"\"Cult Spy: Catching Up With 'Torchwood'\""},{"Link":"https://tardis.wiki/wiki/Everything_Changes","external_links_name":"Everything Changes"},{"Link":"https://tardis.wiki/wiki/","external_links_name":"Tardis Wiki"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/torchwood/sites/episodes/series1/ep01_everythingchanges.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Everything Changes\" episode guide entry on the BBC website"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeannine_Edwards_(sportscaster)
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Jeannine Edwards
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["1 Early career","2 ESPN","3 Personal life","4 References"]
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American sportscaster
Jeannine EdwardsBorn (1964-03-12) March 12, 1964 (age 60)Tenafly, New JerseyYears active1993–2017Spouse
Glenn Spencer (m. 2013)Sports commentary careerGenre(s)Color analyst, Sideline reporterSport(s)College football, College basketball, Horse racing
Jeannine Edwards (born March 12, 1964) is a former ESPN/ABC sportscaster focusing on college football, college basketball and horse racing.
Early career
Edwards began her career at the racetrack in Maryland as a jockey and trainer before being hired by ESPN in 1995. Her first television experience was as an in-track host at Pimlico Race Course and Laurel Park beginning in 1993.
ESPN
Edwards began her career at ESPN as a horse racing analyst. She became a general assignment reporter for SportsCenter in 2000. Shortly thereafter, she began sideline reporting for college football and college basketball, which she continued on ESPN/ABC through her retirement at the end of 2017.
On December 29, 2017, Edwards retired after her 22-year career at ESPN, which ended with the Cotton Bowl.
Personal life
On February 17, 2013, Edwards became engaged to Oklahoma State Cowboys football defensive coordinator Glenn Spencer. Edwards and Spencer later married on July 12, 2013.
References
^ "Jeannine Edwards - TV Reporter & Studio Anchor". Archived from the original on 2012-08-14. Retrieved 2012-09-08.
^ Zurawik, David. "Jeannine Edwards on covering the Preakness for ESPN," The Baltimore Sun, Thursday, May 17, 2012.
^ "Jeannine Edwards « ESPN MediaZone". Archived from the original on 2012-04-27.
^ "Jeannine Edwards on covering the Preakness for ESPN". 17 May 2012.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Sports"}],"text":"Jeannine Edwards (born March 12, 1964) is a former ESPN/ABC sportscaster focusing on college football, college basketball and horse racing.","title":"Jeannine Edwards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Pimlico Race Course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pimlico_Race_Course"},{"link_name":"Laurel Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_Park_(race_track)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Edwards began her career at the racetrack in Maryland as a jockey and trainer before being hired by ESPN in 1995.[1] Her first television experience was as an in-track host at Pimlico Race Course and Laurel Park beginning in 1993.[2]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cotton Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Cotton_Bowl_Classic_(December)"}],"text":"Edwards began her career at ESPN as a horse racing analyst. She became a general assignment reporter for SportsCenter in 2000.[3] Shortly thereafter, she began sideline reporting for college football and college basketball, which she continued on ESPN/ABC through her retirement at the end of 2017.[4]On December 29, 2017, Edwards retired after her 22-year career at ESPN, which ended with the Cotton Bowl.","title":"ESPN"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oklahoma State Cowboys football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Cowboys"},{"link_name":"Glenn Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Spencer_(American_football)"}],"text":"On February 17, 2013, Edwards became engaged to Oklahoma State Cowboys football defensive coordinator Glenn Spencer. Edwards and Spencer later married on July 12, 2013.","title":"Personal life"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Jeannine Edwards - TV Reporter & Studio Anchor\". Archived from the original on 2012-08-14. Retrieved 2012-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120814055708/http://www.jeannineedwards.tv/bio.html","url_text":"\"Jeannine Edwards - TV Reporter & Studio Anchor\""},{"url":"http://www.jeannineedwards.tv/bio.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jeannine Edwards « ESPN MediaZone\". Archived from the original on 2012-04-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120427151103/http://espnmediazone.com/us/bios/edwards_jeannine/","url_text":"\"Jeannine Edwards « ESPN MediaZone\""},{"url":"http://espnmediazone.com/us/bios/edwards_jeannine","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jeannine Edwards on covering the Preakness for ESPN\". 17 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2012-05-17/sports/bal-espn-jeannine-edwards-preakness-20120517_1_preaknesses-pimlico-and-laurel-triple-crown","url_text":"\"Jeannine Edwards on covering the Preakness for ESPN\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120814055708/http://www.jeannineedwards.tv/bio.html","external_links_name":"\"Jeannine Edwards - TV Reporter & Studio Anchor\""},{"Link":"http://www.jeannineedwards.tv/bio.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2012-05-17/sports/bal-espn-jeannine-edwards-preakness-20120517_1_preaknesses-pimlico-and-laurel-triple-crown","external_links_name":"Zurawik, David. \"Jeannine Edwards on covering the Preakness for ESPN,\" The Baltimore Sun, Thursday, May 17, 2012."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120427151103/http://espnmediazone.com/us/bios/edwards_jeannine/","external_links_name":"\"Jeannine Edwards « ESPN MediaZone\""},{"Link":"http://espnmediazone.com/us/bios/edwards_jeannine","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2012-05-17/sports/bal-espn-jeannine-edwards-preakness-20120517_1_preaknesses-pimlico-and-laurel-triple-crown","external_links_name":"\"Jeannine Edwards on covering the Preakness for ESPN\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshunt_School
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Goffs-Churchgate Academy
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["1 History","2 Notable former pupils","2.1 Cheshunt Grammar School","2.2 Cheshunt Secondary Modern School","3 References"]
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Coordinates: 51°42′04″N 0°02′43″W / 51.70115°N 0.04535°W / 51.70115; -0.04535
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Academy in Cheshunt, Hertfordshire, United KingdomGoffs-Churchgate AcademyAddressCollege RoadCheshunt, Hertfordshire, EN8 9LYGreat BritainCoordinates51°42′04″N 0°02′43″W / 51.70115°N 0.04535°W / 51.70115; -0.04535InformationTypeAcademyMottoRespect, Aspire, Nurture, AchieveOpenedSeptember 2017 (–July 2018 first year of service)Local authorityBroxbourne Borough CouncilTrustGenerations Multi Academy TrustDepartment for Education URN145297 TablesOfstedReportsExecutive headteacherAlison GarnerPrincipalJulie Richardson GenderCoeducationalAge11 to 16EnrolmentApproximately 600 studentsHousesAttenborough, Rashford, Seacole, TrottColour(s)Green, Red, Blue, Yellow Websitewww.goffschurchgate.herts.sch.uk
Goffs-Churchgate Academy is a secondary school with academy status located in Cheshunt, Hertfordshire, England with around 600 students.
History
Cheshunt Grammar School was built in 1935 in Windmill Lane. Over the years many newer buildings were added around the original building. In 1988 the County Council closed the nearby Bishopslea School in College Road, and distributed the pupils around the other local schools, although Cheshunt Grammar School took most of the pupils and some teachers. In 1990, it was decided to move the entire school to the old Bishopslea School site in College Road.
The new school was called Cheshunt School and opened in September 1992. The old Grammar School was demolished and became a housing estate, despite the County Council's explicit prior assurances during a consultation period with local residents that the site would not be used for housing and that it would instead be put to use for the local community, before the school was closed, with street names reflecting the names of past people at the school. Until 2005, the old outdoor pool remained disused and undeveloped, but has since been turned into flats. The school was previously known as Cheshunt School up until 2017 when it merged with Goffs School.
Notable former pupils
See also: Category:People educated at Cheshunt School
Tim Brown, Chief Executive since 2014 of Jersey Post, and Chief Executive from 2008 to 2011 of the Postal Services Commission
Matt King, comedian, actor, played Super Hans in Peep Show
Ryan Mason, footballer
Cheshunt Grammar School
Prof John Brooks, Vice-Chancellor from 2005 to 2015 of Manchester Metropolitan University and from 1998 to 2005 of the University of Wolverhampton
Geoffrey Hodgson, academic
Peter Moules and Tommy Moeller (singer) from Unit 4 + 2
Robin Plummer Libyan Hostage 1984–85
Heather Tomlinson, Director of Education from 2001 to 2004 for Nottinghamshire
Benjamin Travers FRS, surgeon
Sir David Watson (although later attended Eton), academic, Professor of Higher Education Management from 2005 at the UCL Institute of Education, Vice-Chancellor from 1992 to 2005 of the University of Brighton, and Director from 1990 to 1992 of Brighton Polytechnic
Andy Parker, drummer and founding member of legendary British rock band UFO
Cheshunt Secondary Modern School
John Dalton, bass guitarist in The Kinks (replacing Pete Quaife in 1969)
Bob Henrit, musician with Unit 4 + 2 and The Kinks
Buster Meikle and Brian Parker, from 1960s group Unit 4 + 2
Cliff Richard (Harry Webb), pop singer
References
^ "Welcome from the Principal - Goffs - Churchgate Academy". goffschurchgate.herts.sch.uk. Retrieved 5 May 2024.
^ "Cheshunt School will be 'transformed' by new relationship with Goffs, says principal Alison Garner". Hertfordshire Mercury.
^ "Goffs End of Term Letter July 2017" (PDF). Retrieved 8 September 2017.
vteSchools in HertfordshirePrimary
Icknield Walk First School
King James Academy Royston
Little Munden Primary School
Samuel Ryder Academy
Simon Balle All-through School
Templewood Primary School
Districts: Dacorum
Hertsmere
Three Rivers
Watford
Secondary
Adeyfield Academy
Ashlyns School
The Astley Cooper School
Barclay Academy
Barnwell School
Beaumont School
Birchwood High School
Bishop's Hatfield Girls' School
The Bishop's Stortford High School
The Broxbourne School
Bushey Meads School
Chancellor's School
Chauncy School
Croxley Danes School
Dame Alice Owen's School
Elstree Screen Arts Academy
Fearnhill School
Freman College
Future Academies Watford
Goffs Academy
Goffs-Churchgate Academy
The Grange Academy
Haileybury Turnford
The Hemel Hempstead School
The Hertfordshire and Essex High School
Hertswood Academy
The Highfield School
Hitchin Boys' School
Hitchin Girls' School
Hockerill Anglo-European College
John F Kennedy Catholic School
The John Henry Newman School
The John Warner School
King James Academy Royston
Kings Langley School
The Knights Templar School
Laureate Academy
The Leventhorpe School
Longdean School
Loreto College
The Marlborough Science Academy
Marriotts School
Monk's Walk School
Mount Grace School
Nicholas Breakspear School
The Nobel School
Onslow St Audrey's School
Parmiter's School
Presdales School
The Priory School
Queens' School
Richard Hale School
Rickmansworth School
Ridgeway Academy
Robert Barclay Academy
Roundwood Park School
St Albans Girls' School
St Clement Danes School
St George's School
St Joan of Arc Catholic School
St Mary's Catholic School
St Mary's CE High School
St Michael's Catholic High School
Samuel Ryder Academy
Sandringham School
The Sele School
Simon Balle All-through School
Sir John Lawes School
Stanborough School, Welwyn Garden City
The Thomas Alleyne Academy
Townsend Church of England School
Tring School
Verulam School
Watford Grammar School for Boys
Watford Grammar School for Girls
Westfield Academy
Yavneh College
Independent (preparatory)
Aldenham School
Aldwickbury School
Edge Grove School
Heath Mount School
Lochinver House School
Lockers Park School
Merchant Taylors' Prep School
Westbrook Hay School
Independent (senior)
Abbot's Hill School
Aldenham School
Beechwood Park School
Berkhamsted School
Bishop's Stortford College
Haberdashers' Boys' School
Haberdashers' Girls' School
Haileybury and Imperial Service College
Immanuel College
The King's School
Merchant Taylors' School
Purcell School
Queenswood School
The Royal Masonic School for Girls
St Albans High School for Girls
St Albans School
St Christopher School
St Columba's College
St Edmund's College
St Francis' College
St Margaret's School
Sherrardswood School
Stanborough School, Watford
Tring Park School for the Performing Arts
Special
The Collett School
Falconer School
Independent: Egerton Rothesay School
Defunct
Brondesbury-at-Stocks
Cavendish School
Chrysalis School
Greneway Middle School
The Heathcote School
Langleybury
Meridian School
Norton School
Princess Helena College
Royal Caledonian School
Royal Masonic School for Boys
Rudolf Steiner School
The Watford UTC
Wynyard School
|
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Over the years many newer buildings were added around the original building. In 1988 the County Council closed the nearby Bishopslea School in College Road, and distributed the pupils around the other local schools, although Cheshunt Grammar School took most of the pupils and some teachers. In 1990, it was decided to move the entire school to the old Bishopslea School site in College Road.The new school was called Cheshunt School and opened in September 1992. The old Grammar School was demolished and became a housing estate, despite the County Council's explicit prior assurances during a consultation period with local residents that the site would not be used for housing and that it would instead be put to use for the local community, before the school was closed, with street names reflecting the names of past people at the school. Until 2005, the old outdoor pool remained disused and undeveloped, but has since been turned into flats. The school was previously known as Cheshunt School up until 2017[2] when it merged with Goffs School.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:People educated at Cheshunt School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Cheshunt_School"},{"link_name":"Jersey Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Post"},{"link_name":"Postal Services Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_Services_Commission"},{"link_name":"Matt King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_King_(comedian)"},{"link_name":"Peep Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peep_Show_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Ryan Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Mason"}],"text":"See also: Category:People educated at Cheshunt SchoolTim Brown, Chief Executive since 2014 of Jersey Post, and Chief Executive from 2008 to 2011 of the Postal Services Commission\nMatt King, comedian, actor, played Super Hans in Peep Show\nRyan Mason, footballer","title":"Notable former pupils"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Metropolitan_University"},{"link_name":"University of Wolverhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wolverhampton"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Hodgson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Hodgson"},{"link_name":"Unit 4 + 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_4_%2B_2"},{"link_name":"Robin Plummer Libyan Hostage 1984–85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libyan_Hostage_Situation_1984"},{"link_name":"Nottinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Travers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Travers"},{"link_name":"FRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society"},{"link_name":"David Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Watson_(academic)"},{"link_name":"UCL Institute of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCL_Institute_of_Education"},{"link_name":"University of Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Brighton"},{"link_name":"Andy Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Parker_(musician)"},{"link_name":"UFO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_(band)"}],"sub_title":"Cheshunt Grammar School","text":"Prof John Brooks, Vice-Chancellor from 2005 to 2015 of Manchester Metropolitan University and from 1998 to 2005 of the University of Wolverhampton\nGeoffrey Hodgson, academic\nPeter Moules and Tommy Moeller (singer) from Unit 4 + 2\nRobin Plummer Libyan Hostage 1984–85\nHeather Tomlinson, Director of Education from 2001 to 2004 for Nottinghamshire\nBenjamin Travers FRS, surgeon\nSir David Watson (although later attended Eton), academic, Professor of Higher Education Management from 2005 at the UCL Institute of Education, Vice-Chancellor from 1992 to 2005 of the University of Brighton, and Director from 1990 to 1992 of Brighton Polytechnic\nAndy Parker, drummer and founding member of legendary British rock band UFO","title":"Notable former pupils"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Dalton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton_(musician)"},{"link_name":"The Kinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kinks"},{"link_name":"Pete Quaife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Quaife"},{"link_name":"Bob Henrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Henrit"},{"link_name":"Cliff Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Richard"}],"sub_title":"Cheshunt Secondary Modern School","text":"John Dalton, bass guitarist in The Kinks (replacing Pete Quaife in 1969)\nBob Henrit, musician with Unit 4 + 2 and The Kinks\nBuster Meikle and Brian Parker, from 1960s group Unit 4 + 2\nCliff Richard (Harry Webb), pop singer","title":"Notable former pupils"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_AA-2_(SF-2)
|
USS T-2 (SS-60)
|
["1 Construction and career","2 Notes","3 References"]
|
Submarine of the United States
For other ships with the same name, see USS T-2.
USS AA-2, later renamed USS T-2, being launched at the Fore River Shipbuilding Company at Quincy, Massachusetts, on 6 September 1919.
History
United States
NameAA-2
BuilderFore River Shipyard
Laid down31 May 1917
Launched6 September 1919
Commissioned7 January 1922
Decommissioned16 July 1923
RenamedT-2 22 September 1920
Stricken19 September 1930
FateScrapped 1931
General characteristics (as built)
TypeAA-1-class submarine
Displacement
1,106 long tons (1,124 t) surfaced
1,487 long tons (1,511 t) submerged
Length268 ft 9 in (81.9 m)
Beam22 ft 8 in (6.9 m)
Draft15 ft 2 in (4.6 m)
Installed power
4,000 bhp (3,000 kW) (diesel)
1,500 hp (1,100 kW) (electric)
Propulsion
4 × diesel engines
2 × electric motors
Speed
20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) surfaced
10.5 knots (19.4 km/h; 12.1 mph) submerged
Range
3,000 nmi (5,600 km; 3,500 mi) at 11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph) on the surface
100 nmi (190 km; 120 mi) at 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph) submerged
Test depth160 feet (48.8 m)
Complement54 officers and enlisted men
Armament
4 × bow 18 inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes
2 × external 18-inch torpedo tubes (broadside)
2 × 3-inch (76 mm) deck gun
USS T-2 (SS-60) was an AA-1-class submarine built for the United States Navy during World War I.
Construction and career
The boat was laid down as AA-2 on 31 May 1917 at the Fore River Shipbuilding Company yard in Quincy, Massachusetts, by the Electric Boat Co. of New York, launched on 6 September 1919, sponsored by Miss Madeline Everett, redesignated SF-2 on 17 July 1920, renamed T-2 on 22 September 1920, and placed in commission at the Boston Navy Yard on 7 January 1922.
T-2 was the last of three T-boats placed in commission and served actively for only 18 months. Her unique mission was long-range scouting and reconnaissance for the surface fleet. Like her sister ships, she operated in Submarine Division 15, training crews and conducting maneuvers with the Atlantic Fleet. By the fall of 1922, design and construction flaws in the three T-boats had become apparent. As a result, T-2 was decommissioned on 16 July 1923 at the Submarine Base at Hampton Roads, Virginia, and was placed in reserve there. Later, she was moved to Philadelphia. Following seven years of inactivity, T-2 was stricken from the Navy list on 19 September 1930. She was broken up and her metal was sold for scrap on 20 November 1930.
Notes
^ a b c d e f Bauer, K. Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991), Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775–1990: Major Combatants, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-26202-0
References
Friedman, Norman (1995). U.S. Submarines Through 1945: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-263-3.
Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.
vteAA-1-class submarines
AA-1 / T-1
AA-2 / T-2
AA-3 / T-3
Preceded by: USS M-1
Followed by: N class
List of submarines of the United States Navy
List of submarine classes of the United States Navy
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Bauer, K. Jack; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991), Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775–1990: Major Combatants, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-26202-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-26202-0","url_text":"0-313-26202-0"}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Norman (1995). U.S. Submarines Through 1945: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-263-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-263-3","url_text":"1-55750-263-3"}]},{"reference":"Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-245-5","url_text":"0-85177-245-5"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/t/t-2-submarine-no-60-i.html","external_links_name":"here"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Giro_d%27Italia
|
1962 Giro d'Italia
|
["1 Teams","2 Route and stages","3 Classification leadership","4 Final standings","4.1 General classification","4.2 Mountains classification","4.3 Team classification","5 References","5.1 Citations"]
|
Cycling race
1962 Giro d'ItaliaRace detailsDates19 May - 9 June 1962Stages21Distance4,180 km (2,597 mi)Winning time123h 06' 03"Results
Winner
Franco Balmamion (ITA)
(Carpano)
Second
Imerio Massignan (ITA)
(Legnano)
Third
Nino Defilippis (ITA)
(Carpano)
Mountains
Angelino Soler (ESP)
(Ghigi)
Team
Faema
← 1961 1963 →
The 1962 Giro d'Italia was the 45th running of the Giro d'Italia, one of cycling's Grand Tour races. The Giro started in Milan, on 19 May, with a 185 km (115.0 mi) stage and concluded back in Milan, on 9 June, with a 160 km (99.4 mi) leg. A total of 130 riders from 13 teams entered the 21-stage race, which was won by Italian Franco Balmamion of the Carpano team. The second and third places were taken by Italian riders Imerio Massignan and Nino Defilippis, respectively.
Teams
A total of 13 teams were invited to participate in the 1962 Giro d'Italia. Each team sent a squad of ten riders, so the Giro began with a peloton of 130 cyclists. Out of the 130 riders that started this edition of the Giro d'Italia, a total of 47 riders made it to the finish in Milan.
The 13 teams that took part in the race were:
Atala
Carpano
Faema
Ferrys
Gazzola
Ghigi
Legnano
Liberia
Molteni
Moschettieri
Philco
San Pellegrino
Torpado
Route and stages
The race route was revealed on 19 April 1962 by race director Vincenzo Torriani in Rome.
Stage results
Stage
Date
Course
Distance
Type
Winner
1
19 May
Milan to Tabiano Terme
185 km (115 mi)
Plain stage
Dino Liviero (ITA)
2
20 May
Salsomaggiore Terme to Sestri Levante
158 km (98 mi)
Stage with mountain(s)
Graziano Battistini (ITA)
3
21 May
Sestri Levante to Panicagliora (Marliana)
225 km (140 mi)
Stage with mountain(s)
Angelino Soler (ESP)
4
22 May
Montecatini Terme to Perugia
248 km (154 mi)
Plain stage
Antonio Bailetti (ITA)
5
23 May
Perugia to Rieti
258 km (160 mi)
Stage with mountain(s)
Joseph Carrara (FRA)
6
24 May
Rieti to Fiuggi
193 km (120 mi)
Stage with mountain(s)
Willy Schroeders (BEL)
7
25 May
Fiuggi to Montevergine di Mercogliano
224 km (139 mi)
Stage with mountain(s)
Armand Desmet (BEL)
8
26 May
Avellino to Foggia
110 km (68 mi)
Stage with mountain(s)
Huub Zilverberg (NED)
9
27 May
Foggia to Chieti
205 km (127 mi)
Plain stage
Rik Van Looy (BEL)
10
28 May
Chieti to Fano
218 km (135 mi)
Plain stage
Giuseppe Tonucci (ITA)
11
29 May
Fano to Castrocaro Terme
170 km (106 mi)
Stage with mountain(s)
Rik Van Looy (BEL)
12
30 May
Forlì to Lignano Sabbiadoro
298 km (185 mi)
Plain stage
Bruno Mealli (ITA)
13
31 May
Lignano Sabbiadoro to Nevegal
173 km (107 mi)
Stage with mountain(s)
Guido Carlesi (ITA)
1 June
Rest day
14
2 June
Belluno to Passo Rolle
160 km (99 mi)
Stage with mountain(s)
Vincenzo Meco (ITA)
15
3 June
Moena to Aprica
215 km (134 mi)
Stage with mountain(s)
Vittorio Adorni (ITA)
16
4 June
Aprica to Pian dei Resinelli
123 km (76 mi)
Stage with mountain(s)
Angelino Soler (ESP)
17
5 June
Lecco to Casale Monferrato
194 km (121 mi)
Plain stage
Armando Pellegrini (ITA)
18
6 June
Casale Monferrato to Frabosa Soprana
232 km (144 mi)
Stage with mountain(s)
Angelino Soler (ESP)
19
7 June
Frabosa Soprana to Saint-Vincent
193 km (120 mi)
Stage with mountain(s)
Giuseppe Sartore (ITA)
20
8 June
Saint-Vincent to Saint-Vincent
238 km (148 mi)
Stage with mountain(s)
Alberto Assirelli (ITA)
21
9 June
Saint-Vincent to Milan
160 km (99 mi)
Plain stage
Guido Carlesi (ITA)
Total
4,180 km (2,597 mi)
Classification leadership
One jersey was worn during the 1962 Giro d'Italia. The leader of the general classification – calculated by adding the stage finish times of each rider – wore a pink jersey. This classification is the most important of the race, and its winner is considered as the winner of the Giro.
The mountains classification leader. The climbs were ranked in first and second categories. In this ranking, points were won by reaching the summit of a climb ahead of other cyclists. There were three categories of mountains. The first category awarded 50, 30, and 20 points, while the second distributed 40, 30, 20, and 10 points. Although no jersey was awarded, there was also one classification for the teams, in which the teams were awarded points for their rider's performance during the stages.
Classification leadership by stage
Stage
Winner
General classification
Mountains classification
Team classification
1
Dino Liviero
Dino Liviero
not awarded
Faema
2
Graziano Battistini
3
Angelino Soler
Antonio Suárez
José Pérez Francés
4
Antonio Bailetti
5
Joseph Carrara
Joseph Carrara
6
Willy Schroeders
Vincenzo Meco
7
Armand Desmet
Armand Desmet
8
Huub Zilverberg
9
Rik Van Looy
10
Giuseppe Tonucci
11
Rik Van Looy
12
Bruno Meali
13
Guido Carlesi
Angelino Soler
14
Vincenzo Meco
Graziano Battistini
15
Vittorio Adorni
16
Angelino Soler
17
Armando Pellegrini
Franco Balmamion
18
Angelino Soler
19
Giuseppe Sartore
20
Alberto Assirelli
21
Guido Carlesi
Final
Franco Balmamion
Angelino Soler
Faema
Final standings
Legend
Denotes the winner of the General classification
General classification
Final general classification (1–10)
Rank
Name
Team
Time
1
Franco Balmamion (ITA)
Carpano
123h 07' 03"
2
Imerio Massignan (ITA)
Legnano
+ 3' 57"
3
Nino Defilippis (ITA)
Carpano
+ 5' 02"
4
Vito Taccone (ITA)
Atala
+ 5' 21"
5
Vittorio Adorni (ITA)
Philco
+ 7' 11"
6
José Pérez Francés (ESP)
Ferrys
+ 7' 29"
7
Ercole Baldini (ITA)
Moschettieri
+ 7' 54"
8
Graziano Battistini (ITA)
Legnano
+ 8' 05"
9
Guido Carlesi (ITA)
Philco
+ 14' 22"
10
Armand Desmet (BEL)
Faema
+ 15' 55"
Mountains classification
Final mountains classification (1–8)
Name
Team
Points
1
Angelino Soler (ESP)
Ghigi
260
2
Joseph Carrara (FRA)
Libera
100
3
Vincenzo Meco (ITA)
San Pellegrino
60
4
Armando Pellegrini (ITA)
Molteni
50
Nino Defilippis (ITA)
Carpano
6
Imerio Massignan (ITA)
Legnano
40
Guido Neri (ITA)
Torpado
8
José Pérez Francés (ESP)
Ferrys
30
Renzo Fontona (ITA)
Legnano
Luigi Zanchetta (ITA)
Atala
Vittorio Adorni (ITA)
Philco
Alberto Assirelli (ITA)
Moschettieri
Team classification
Final team classification (1–10)
Team
Points
1
Faema
3792
2
Philco
2928
3
Carpano
2714
4
Moschettieri
2681
5
Ghigi
2229
6
Molteni
2227
7
Legnano
2087
8
Torpado
2057
9
Atala
1378
10
San Pellegrino
1452
References
Citations
^ "Balmamion, Vencedor Absoluto Del Giro" (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo. 10 June 1962. p. 8. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
^ "The Fine Art of Winning Slowly". Soigneur. 1 June 2019. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
^ a b c "Riconosceteli dalle maglie e dai numeri" . Corriere dello Sport (in Italian). 19 May 1962. p. 10. Archived from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
^ a b c d e Bill and Carol McGann. "1962 Giro d'Italia". Bike Race Info. Dog Ear Publishing. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 2012-07-10.
^ Sergio Neri (20 April 1962). "Il Giro d'Italia (turistico)" . Corriere dello Sport (in Italian). p. 1 & 2. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
^ Mario De Angelis (20 April 1962). "La maglia rosa si conquista sulle vette" . Corriere dello Sport (in Italian). p. 9. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
^ "Ecco il 45 <<Giro>>" (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). PCI. 20 April 1962. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
^ Attilio Camoriano (16 May 1962). "Pronto per la partenza il terribile <<Giro '62>>" (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). PCI. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
^ "La VL edicion de la Vuelta Ciclista a Italia" (PDF) (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo. 20 April 1962. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
^ "Le ventuno tappe da Milano a Milano" . Corriere dello Sport (in Italian). 19 May 1962. p. 10. Archived from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
^ a b Laura Weislo (13 May 2008). "Giro d'Italia classifications demystified". Cycling News. Future Publishing Limited. Archived from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
^ "G. P. della Montagna" . Corriere dello Sport (in Italian). 24 May 1962. p. 9. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
^ "G. P. della Montagna" . Corriere dello Sport (in Italian). 1 June 1962. p. 11. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
^ a b "La classifica finale" (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). PCI. 10 June 1962. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-27. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
^ "Tutte le cifre del Giro d'Italia" . Corriere dello Sport (in Italian). 9 June 1962. p. 9. Archived from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
^ "Balmanion, vencedor absoluto" . Diari de Girona (in Catalan). Diari de Girona Media, S.L. 10 June 1962. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
vteGiro d'ItaliaBy year
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2013
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2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
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Classifications("jerseys")Current
General classification (maglia rosa)
Points classification (maglia ciclamino)
Mountains classification (maglia azzurra)
Young rider classification(maglia bianca)
Team classification(classifica a squadre)
Intergiro classification(Intergiro)
Former
Last rider (maglia nera)
Intergiro classification (1989-2005) (maglia azzurra)
Combination classification (maglia azzurra)
Directors
1903–1935: Armando Cougnet
1949–1992: Vincenzo Torriani
1993–2003: Carmine Castellano
2004–2011: Angelo Zomegnan
2012–2013: Michele Acquarone
2014–present: Mauro Vegni
Lists and topics
History
General classification winners
Secondary classification winners
Grande Partenzas
Records and statistics
Cima Coppi
Wonderful Losers: A Different World
Grand Tour
Giro Donne
vte1962 Super Prestige Pernod
Genoa–Nice
Paris–Nice
Milan–San Remo
Giro di Campania
Tour of Flanders
Paris–Roubaix
Vuelta a España
Paris–Brussels
Grand Prix Stan Ockers
La Flèche Wallonne
Tour de Romandie
Giro d'Italia
Bordeaux–Paris
Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré
Tour de France
World Championships
Grand Prix des Nations
Paris–Tours
Giro di Lombardia
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giro d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"Grand Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Tour_(cycling)"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Franco Balmamion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Balmamion"},{"link_name":"Carpano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpano_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Imerio Massignan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imerio_Massignan"},{"link_name":"Nino Defilippis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nino_Defilippis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1962_elm_final-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soig_17-2"}],"text":"The 1962 Giro d'Italia was the 45th running of the Giro d'Italia, one of cycling's Grand Tour races. The Giro started in Milan, on 19 May, with a 185 km (115.0 mi) stage and concluded back in Milan, on 9 June, with a 160 km (99.4 mi) leg. A total of 130 riders from 13 teams entered the 21-stage race, which was won by Italian Franco Balmamion of the Carpano team. The second and third places were taken by Italian riders Imerio Massignan and Nino Defilippis, respectively.[1][2]","title":"1962 Giro d'Italia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDS_T-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDS_T-3"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRI_1962-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDS_T-3"}],"text":"A total of 13 teams were invited to participate in the 1962 Giro d'Italia.[3] Each team sent a squad of ten riders, so the Giro began with a peloton of 130 cyclists.[3] Out of the 130 riders that started this edition of the Giro d'Italia, a total of 47 riders made it to the finish in Milan.[4]The 13 teams that took part in the race were:[3]","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDS_UNV-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDS_UNV2-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LU_UNV-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LU_3DB4-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ELM_UNV-9"}],"text":"The race route was revealed on 19 April 1962 by race director Vincenzo Torriani in Rome.[5][6][7][8][9]","title":"Route and stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"general classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_classification_in_the_Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-demystified-11"},{"link_name":"mountains classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains_classification_in_the_Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDS_1st_Cat-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDS_2nd_Cat-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-demystified-11"}],"text":"One jersey was worn during the 1962 Giro d'Italia. The leader of the general classification – calculated by adding the stage finish times of each rider – wore a pink jersey. This classification is the most important of the race, and its winner is considered as the winner of the Giro.[11]The mountains classification leader. The climbs were ranked in first and second categories. In this ranking, points were won by reaching the summit of a climb ahead of other cyclists. There were three categories of mountains. The first category awarded 50, 30, and 20 points,[12] while the second distributed 40, 30, 20, and 10 points.[13] Although no jersey was awarded, there was also one classification for the teams, in which the teams were awarded points for their rider's performance during the stages.[11]","title":"Classification leadership"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Final standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1962_Giro_d%27Italia&action=edit§ion=6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRI_1962-4"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CDS_GPM-15"},{"link_name":"Angelino Soler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelino_Soler"},{"link_name":"Joseph Carrara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Carrara"},{"link_name":"Vincenzo Meco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Meco"},{"link_name":"Armando Pellegrini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armando_Pellegrini"},{"link_name":"Nino Defilippis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nino_Defilippis"},{"link_name":"Imerio Massignan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imerio_Massignan"},{"link_name":"Guido Neri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Neri"},{"link_name":"José Pérez Francés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_P%C3%A9rez_Franc%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Renzo Fontona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renzo_Fontona"},{"link_name":"Luigi Zanchetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Zanchetta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vittorio Adorni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Adorni"},{"link_name":"Alberto Assirelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Assirelli"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1962_Giro_d%27Italia&action=edit§ion=7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LU_Final-14"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DdG_Fin-16"},{"link_name":"Faema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faema_(cycling_team,_1955%E2%80%931962)"},{"link_name":"Molteni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molteni_(cycling_team)"},{"link_name":"Atala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atala_(cycling_team)"}],"sub_title":"General classification","text":"Mountains classification[edit]\n\nFinal mountains classification (1–8)[4][15]\n\n\n\n\nName\n\nTeam\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\n\n Angelino Soler (ESP)\n\nGhigi\n\n260\n\n\n2\n\n Joseph Carrara (FRA)\n\nLibera\n\n100\n\n\n3\n\n Vincenzo Meco (ITA)\n\nSan Pellegrino\n\n60\n\n\n4\n\n Armando Pellegrini (ITA)\n\nMolteni\n\n50\n\n\n Nino Defilippis (ITA)\n\nCarpano\n\n\n6\n\n Imerio Massignan (ITA)\n\nLegnano\n\n40\n\n\n Guido Neri (ITA)\n\nTorpado\n\n\n8\n\n José Pérez Francés (ESP)\n\nFerrys\n\n30\n\n\n Renzo Fontona (ITA)\n\nLegnano\n\n\n Luigi Zanchetta (ITA)\n\nAtala\n\n\n Vittorio Adorni (ITA)\n\nPhilco\n\n\n Alberto Assirelli (ITA)\n\nMoschettieri\n\n\nTeam classification[edit]\n\nFinal team classification (1–10)[14][16]\n\n\n\n\nTeam\n\nPoints\n\n\n1\n\nFaema\n\n3792\n\n\n2\n\nPhilco\n\n2928\n\n\n3\n\nCarpano\n\n2714\n\n\n4\n\nMoschettieri\n\n2681\n\n\n5\n\nGhigi\n\n2229\n\n\n6\n\nMolteni\n\n2227\n\n\n7\n\nLegnano\n\n2087\n\n\n8\n\nTorpado\n\n2057\n\n\n9\n\nAtala\n\n1378\n\n\n10\n\nSan Pellegrino\n\n1452","title":"Final standings"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Balmamion, Vencedor Absoluto Del Giro\" [Balmamion, Absolute Winner of the Giro] (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo. 10 June 1962. p. 8. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1962/06/10/pagina-8/647399/pdf.html#","url_text":"\"Balmamion, Vencedor Absoluto Del Giro\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140227210216/http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1962/06/10/pagina-8/647399/pdf.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Fine Art of Winning Slowly\". Soigneur. 1 June 2019. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://soigneur.nl/stories/the-fine-art-of-winning-slowly/","url_text":"\"The Fine Art of Winning Slowly\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191024005153/https://soigneur.nl/stories/the-fine-art-of-winning-slowly/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Riconosceteli dalle maglie e dai numeri\" [Riconosceteli from sweaters and by the numbers]. Corriere dello Sport (in Italian). 19 May 1962. p. 10. Archived from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://dlib.coninet.it/bookreader.php?&c=1&f=11469&p=1#page/10/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Riconosceteli dalle maglie e dai numeri\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141227191631/http://dlib.coninet.it/bookreader.php?&c=1&f=11469&p=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bill and Carol McGann. \"1962 Giro d'Italia\". Bike Race Info. Dog Ear Publishing. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 2012-07-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://bikeraceinfo.com/giro/giro1962.html","url_text":"\"1962 Giro d'Italia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140227172646/http://bikeraceinfo.com/giro/giro1962.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sergio Neri (20 April 1962). \"Il Giro d'Italia (turistico)\" [The (tourist) Tour of Italy]. Corriere dello Sport (in Italian). p. 1 & 2. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://dlib.coninet.it/bookreader.php?&c=1&f=11445&p=1#page/1/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Il Giro d'Italia (turistico)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190502063503/http://dlib.coninet.it/bookreader.php?&c=1&f=11445&p=1#page/1/mode/2up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mario De Angelis (20 April 1962). \"La maglia rosa si conquista sulle vette\" [The pink jersey is conquered on the peaks]. Corriere dello Sport (in Italian). p. 9. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://dlib.coninet.it/bookreader.php?&c=1&f=11445&p=1#page/1/mode/1up","url_text":"\"La maglia rosa si conquista sulle vette\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190502063503/http://dlib.coninet.it/bookreader.php?&c=1&f=11445&p=1#page/1/mode/2up","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ecco il 45 <<Giro>>\" [Here is the 45 <<Giro>>] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). PCI. 20 April 1962. p. 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190502063233/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1962/04/20/page_007.pdf","url_text":"\"Ecco il 45 <<Giro>>\""},{"url":"https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1962/04/20/page_007.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Attilio Camoriano (16 May 1962). \"Pronto per la partenza il terribile <<Giro '62>>\" [The terrible << Giro '62 >> is ready for departure] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). PCI. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190429042351/https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1962/05/16/page_009.pdf","url_text":"\"Pronto per la partenza il terribile <<Giro '62>>\""},{"url":"https://archivio.unita.news/assets/main/1962/05/16/page_009.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"La VL edicion de la Vuelta Ciclista a Italia\" [The VL Edition of the Cycling Tour of Italy] (PDF) (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo. 20 April 1962. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://hemeroteca-paginas.mundodeportivo.com/EMD02/HEM/1962/04/20/MD19620420-002.pdf","url_text":"\"La VL edicion de la Vuelta Ciclista a Italia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190502064320/http://hemeroteca-paginas.mundodeportivo.com/EMD02/HEM/1962/04/20/MD19620420-002.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Le ventuno tappe da Milano a Milano\" [The twenty-one stages from Milan in Milan]. Corriere dello Sport (in Italian). 19 May 1962. p. 10. Archived from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://dlib.coninet.it/bookreader.php?&c=1&f=11469&p=1#page/10/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Le ventuno tappe da Milano a Milano\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141227191631/http://dlib.coninet.it/bookreader.php?&c=1&f=11469&p=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Laura Weislo (13 May 2008). \"Giro d'Italia classifications demystified\". Cycling News. Future Publishing Limited. Archived from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/giro08/?id=/features/2008/giro_classifications08","url_text":"\"Giro d'Italia classifications demystified\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130508234448/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/giro08/?id=/features/2008/giro_classifications08","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"G. P. della Montagna\" [G. P. of Mountains]. Corriere dello Sport (in Italian). 24 May 1962. p. 9. Archived from the original on 5 January 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://dlib.coninet.it/bookreader.php?&c=1&f=11473&p=1#page/9/mode/1up","url_text":"\"G. P. della Montagna\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150105214247/http://dlib.coninet.it/bookreader.php?&c=1&f=8997&p=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"G. P. della Montagna\" [G. P. of Mountains]. Corriere dello Sport (in Italian). 1 June 1962. p. 11. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://dlib.coninet.it/bookreader.php?&c=1&f=11480&p=1#page/11/mode/1up","url_text":"\"G. P. della Montagna\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150315035727/http://dlib.coninet.it/bookreader.php?&c=1&f=11480&p=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"La classifica finale\" [The final classifications] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). PCI. 10 June 1962. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-27. Retrieved 27 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141227195215/http://archiviostorico.unita.it/cgi-bin/highlightPdf.cgi?t=ebook&file=%2Farchivio%2Funi_1962_06%2F19620610_0011.pdf","url_text":"\"La classifica finale\""},{"url":"http://archiviostorico.unita.it/cgi-bin/highlightPdf.cgi?t=ebook&file=/archivio/uni_1962_06/19620610_0011.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tutte le cifre del Giro d'Italia\" [All figures of the Tour of Italy]. Corriere dello Sport (in Italian). 9 June 1962. p. 9. Archived from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://dlib.coninet.it/bookreader.php?&c=1&f=11487&p=1#page/9/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Tutte le cifre del Giro d'Italia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141227195506/http://dlib.coninet.it/bookreader.php?&c=1&f=11487&p=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Balmanion, vencedor absoluto\" [Balmanion absolute victor]. Diari de Girona (in Catalan). Diari de Girona Media, S.L. 10 June 1962. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714175100/http://streaming.ajgirona.org/pandora/cgi-bin/Pandora.exe?xslt=show_pdf%3Bpublication%3DSitios%20de%20Gerona%2C%20Los%3Bsort_publication%3Dsitios.de.gerona.los%3Bday%3D10%3Bmonth%3D06%3Byear%3D1962%3Bpage%3D013%3Bid%3D0001306533%3Bfilename%3D19620610%3Bcollection%3Dpages%3Burl_high%3Dpages%2FSitios%20de%20Gerona%2C%20Los%2F1962%2F196206%2F19620610%2F19620610013.pdf%3Blang%3Dca%3Bpdf_parameters%3Dsearch%3D%22baldini%22&view=FitH%3Bencoding%3Dutf-8","url_text":"\"Balmanion, vencedor absoluto\""},{"url":"http://streaming.ajgirona.org/pandora/cgi-bin/Pandora.exe?xslt=show_pdf;publication=Sitios%20de%20Gerona,%20Los;sort_publication=sitios.de.gerona.los;day=10;month=06;year=1962;page=013;id=0001306533;filename=19620610;collection=pages;url_high=pages/Sitios%20de%20Gerona,%20Los/1962/196206/19620610/19620610013.pdf;lang=ca;pdf_parameters=search=%22baldini%22&view=FitH;encoding=utf-8","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Seals-Jones
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Ricky Seals-Jones
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["1 Early years","2 College career","2.1 Statistics","3 Professional career","3.1 Arizona Cardinals","3.2 Cleveland Browns","3.3 Kansas City Chiefs","3.4 Washington Football Team","3.5 New York Giants","3.6 Indianapolis Colts","4 Personal life","5 References","6 External links"]
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American football player (born 1995)
American football player
Ricky Seals-JonesSeals-Jones with Washington in 2021Personal informationBorn: (1995-03-15) March 15, 1995 (age 29)Houston, Texas, U.S.Height:6 ft 5 in (1.96 m)Weight:243 lb (110 kg)Career informationHigh school:Sealy (Sealy, Texas)College:Texas A&MPosition:Tight endUndrafted:2017Career history
Arizona Cardinals (2017–2018)
Cleveland Browns (2019)
Kansas City Chiefs (2020)
Washington Football Team (2021)
New York Giants (2022)*
Indianapolis Colts (2023)*
* Offseason and/or practice squad member only
Career NFL statisticsReceptions:90Receiving yards:1,044Receiving touchdowns:10Player stats at PFR
Roderick "Ricky" Seals-Jones (born March 15, 1995) is an American football tight end who is a free agent. He played college football at Texas A&M as a wide receiver and signed with the Arizona Cardinals as an undrafted free agent in 2017. He has also been a member of the Cleveland Browns, Kansas City Chiefs, Washington Redskins, New York Giants and Indianapolis Colts.
Early years
A two-sport athlete at Sealy High School, Seals-Jones was a dominant force at the 3A Texas high school football level and was also named a Parade All-American in basketball.
College career
Seals-Jones played college football for Texas A&M from 2013 to 2016 under head coach Kevin Sumlin.
As a true freshman in 2013, he ended up redshirting after only appearing in two games before suffering a season-ending injury. In the game against Rice, he had his first three collegiate receptions for 84 yards, which included a 71-yard touchdown reception from quarterback Matt Joeckel.
As a redshirt freshman in 2014, his role in the offense expanded. In the season opener against #9 South Carolina, he recorded five receptions for 67 yards and a touchdown. In the next two games, against Lamar and Rice, he recorded a receiving touchdown in both games. On October 4, in a 48–31 loss against SEC West rival #12 Mississippi State, he had a season-high 10 receptions for 72 yards. He finished his redshirt freshman season with a single reception for 21 yards against West Virginia in the 45–37 victory in the 2014 Liberty Bowl.
As a redshirt sophomore in 2015, he played in all 13 games. On October 3, he scored his first receiving touchdown of the season against #21 Mississippi State. On October 17, he had his best collegiate performance against #10 Alabama with six receptions for 107 yards and a touchdown. He finished out the season with three receptions for 18 yards and a touchdown in the 27–21 defeat to Louisville in the 2015 Music City Bowl.
As a redshirt junior in 2016, his production dropped but still was an important contributor to the Aggies. On September 3, against #16 UCLA in the season opener, he had four receptions for 57 yards in the 31–24 victory. On September 24, against #17 Arkansas, he recorded one reception for 47 yards before suffering a left leg injury. He returned from his injury to play against #1 Alabama over a month later, but only had a single reception for 25 yards in the 33–14 loss. On November 19, against UTSA, he had six receptions for a season-high 75 yards. In his final game with the Aggies, he had six receptions for 34 yards and his lone touchdown of the 2016 season in the 33–28 loss to the Kansas State Wildcats in the 2016 Texas Bowl. After the 2016 season, he decided to enter the 2017 NFL Draft.
Statistics
Year
School
Conf
Pos
G
Rec
Yds
Avg
TD
2013
Texas A&M
SEC
WR
1
3
84
28.0
1
2014
Texas A&M
SEC
WR
11
49
465
9.5
4
2015
Texas A&M
SEC
WR
13
45
560
12.4
4
2016
Texas A&M
SEC
WR
9
26
333
12.8
1
Career
123
1,442
11.7
10
Professional career
Seals-Jones playing for the Arizona Cardinals in 2017.
Pre-draft measurables
Height
Weight
Arm length
Hand span
40-yard dash
10-yard split
20-yard split
20-yard shuttle
Three-cone drill
Vertical jump
Broad jump
Bench press
6 ft 4+5⁄8 in(1.95 m)
243 lb(110 kg)
33+1⁄8 in(0.84 m)
9+5⁄8 in(0.24 m)
4.69 s
1.53 s
2.75 s
4.33 s
7.46 s
31.0 in(0.79 m)
10 ft 1 in(3.07 m)
17 reps
All values from NFL Combine/Pro Day
Arizona Cardinals
Seals-Jones was signed by the Arizona Cardinals as an undrafted free agent on May 2, 2017. The Cardinals chose to switch Seals-Jones from a wide receiver to tight end when he reported to training camp. He was waived on September 2, 2017, and was signed to the practice squad the next day. He was promoted to the active roster on September 25, 2017.
On September 25, 2017, in Week 3 against the Dallas Cowboys, he appeared on special teams in his NFL debut. In Week 11, against the Houston Texans, he had recorded three receptions for 54 yards and the first two touchdowns of his professional career. He followed that up with four receptions for 72 yards and a touchdown in the next game against the Jacksonville Jaguars. He finished the season with 12 receptions for 201 yards and three touchdowns in 10 games and one start.
In 2018, Seals-Jones played in 15 games with five starts, recording 34 receptions for 343 yards and one touchdown. Prior to the 2019 season, he was waived by the Cardinals during final roster cuts on August 31, 2019.
Cleveland Browns
Seals-Jones playing against the Cincinnati Bengals in 2019.
On September 1, 2019, Seals-Jones was claimed off waivers by the Cleveland Browns.
In Week 15 against his former team, the Cardinals, Seals-Jones caught three passes for 29 yards and two touchdowns during the 38–24 loss. In the 2019 season, he finished with 14 receptions for 229 receiving yards and four receiving touchdowns.
Kansas City Chiefs
On April 9, 2020, the Kansas City Chiefs signed Seals-Jones to a one-year contract. He was waived on January 2, 2021, and re-signed to the practice squad four days later. On January 16, 2021, Seals-Jones was promoted to the active roster.
Washington Football Team
Seals-Jones signed with the Washington Redskins on May 25, 2021. He recorded his first catch with Washington in a Week 2 victory against the New York Giants, making a game winning 19-yard touchdown reception late in the fourth quarter. He was placed on injured reserve on January 8, 2022. He appeared in 13 games in the 2021 season. He finished with 30 receptions for 271 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns.
New York Giants
Seals-Jones signed a one-year, $1.2 million contract with the New York Giants on March 18, 2022. On August 23, 2022, he was placed on injured reserve with a toe injury. On September 2, 2022, he was released with an injury settlement.
Indianapolis Colts
On August 9, 2023, Seals-Jones signed with the Indianapolis Colts. He was placed on injured reserve on August 29, 2023, then released a week later.
Personal life
Seals-Jones is the cousin of Pro Football Hall of Fame running back Eric Dickerson.
References
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^ Joiner, Scott (June 14, 2017). "Seals-Jones adjusting to life in the pros with the Cardinals". The Sealy News. Archived from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved August 28, 2018.
^ "Ricky Seals-Jones College Stats". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on August 29, 2018. Retrieved August 28, 2018.
^ "Ricky Seals-Jones commits to Texas A&M". 247Sports. Archived from the original on December 13, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2018.
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^ "Rice at Texas A&M Box Score, August 31, 2013". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
^ "Texas A&M at South Carolina Box Score, August 28, 2014". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
^ Houser, Brandon (August 29, 2014). "No. 21 Texas A&M Upset No. 9 South Carolina". Sports Dallas Fort-Worth. Archived from the original on August 29, 2018. Retrieved August 28, 2018.
^ "Lamar at Texas A&M Box Score, September 6, 2014". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
^ "Rice at Texas A&M Box Score, September 13, 2014". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
^ "Texas A&M at Mississippi State Box Score, October 4, 2014". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
^ "Liberty Bowl – Texas A&M vs West Virginia Box Score, December 29, 2014". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
^ "Mississippi State at Texas A&M Box Score, October 3, 2015". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
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^ "Alabama at Texas A&M Box Score, October 17, 2015". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
^ "Music City Bowl – Texas A&M vs Louisville Box Score, December 30, 2015". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
^ O'Hagan, Michael (December 31, 2015). "Louisville QB Has Record Night In Music City Bowl Win Over A&M". Chattanoogan. Archived from the original on August 29, 2018. Retrieved August 28, 2018.
^ "UCLA at Texas A&M Box Score, September 3, 2016". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on September 3, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
^ Karels, Carter (September 24, 2016). "Texas A&M receiver Ricky Seals-Jones exits Arkansas game with apparent left leg injury". SportsDay. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
^ "Arkansas vs Texas A&M Box Score, September 24, 2016". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
^ "Texas A&M at Alabama Box Score, October 22, 2016". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on September 3, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
^ "UTSA at Texas A&M Box Score, November 19, 2016". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.
^ Sabin, Rainer (October 22, 2016). "Instant Analysis: How Alabama defeated Texas A&M". AL.com. Archived from the original on August 29, 2018. Retrieved August 28, 2018.
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^ "Ricky Seals-Jones Draft and Combine Prospect Profile". NFL.com. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
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^ "Dallas Cowboys at Arizona Cardinals – September 25th, 2017". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on October 13, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
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^ "Jacksonville Jaguars at Arizona Cardinals – November 26th, 2017". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on October 14, 2022. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
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^ "Ricky Seals-Jones 2018 Game Log". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on November 17, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
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^ "Browns claim 3 players via waivers". ClevelandBrowns.com. September 1, 2019. Archived from the original on September 3, 2019. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
^ "Drake scores 4 TDs as Cardinals defeat Browns". Reuters. December 15, 2019. Archived from the original on November 17, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
^ "Ricky Seals-Jones 2019 Game Log". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
^ Patra, Kevin (April 9, 2020). "Chiefs re-sign CB Bashaud Breeland to 1-year deal". NFL.com. Archived from the original on May 12, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
^ Goldman, Charles (January 2, 2021). "Chiefs announce flurry of new roster moves on Saturday". USAToday.com. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2021.
^ Goldman, Charles (January 6, 2021). "Chiefs sign TE Ricky Seals-Jones to practice squad". USAToday.com. Archived from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
^ Goldman, Charles (January 16, 2021). "Chiefs announce flurry of roster moves on Saturday". USAToday.com. Archived from the original on February 6, 2021. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
^ "Washington Signs TE Ricky Seals-Jones". WashingtonFootball.com. May 25, 2021. Archived from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
^ Jones, Mike (September 17, 2021). "Washington Football Team defeats New York Giants on last-second field goal". Yahoo! Sports. Archived from the original on October 16, 2021. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
^ "Washington makes multiple roster moves ahead of season finale". WashingtonFootball.com. January 8, 2022. Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 8, 2022.
^ "Ricky Seals-Jones 2021 Game Log". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on November 17, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
^ Eisen, Michael (March 18, 2022). "TE Ricky Seals-Jones eyes bigger role with Giants". Giants.com. Archived from the original on March 18, 2022. Retrieved March 18, 2022.
^ Eisen, Michael (August 23, 2022). "Darrian Beavers to IR; Giants reduce roster to 80 players". Giants.com. Archived from the original on October 4, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
^ Benton, Dan (September 2, 2022). "Giants make 21 transactions; host eight tryouts and one visit". Giants Wire. Archived from the original on November 8, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
^ "Colts sign RB Jason Huntley, TE Ricky Seals-Jones; waive-injured TE La'Michael Pettway, S Michael Tutsie". Colts.com. August 9, 2023. Retrieved August 9, 2023.
^ Stankevitz, JJ (August 29, 2023). "Colts make roster moves to form initial 53-man roster". Colts.com. Retrieved June 3, 2024.
^ Odegard, Kyle (November 30, 2017). "The Rise Of Ricky Seals-Jones". www.azcardinals.com. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ricky Seals-Jones.
Career statistics and player information from Yahoo! Sports · Pro Football Reference
Texas A&M Aggies bio
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"tight end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tight_end"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Texas A&M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_A%26M_Aggies_football"},{"link_name":"wide receiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_receiver"},{"link_name":"Arizona Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"undrafted free agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undrafted_free_agent"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Browns"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"Washington Redskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Redskins"},{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Colts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Colts"}],"text":"American football playerRoderick \"Ricky\" Seals-Jones (born March 15, 1995) is an American football tight end who is a free agent. He played college football at Texas A&M as a wide receiver and signed with the Arizona Cardinals as an undrafted free agent in 2017. He has also been a member of the Cleveland Browns, Kansas City Chiefs, Washington Redskins, New York Giants and Indianapolis Colts.","title":"Ricky Seals-Jones"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sealy High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealy_High_School"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school_football"},{"link_name":"Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parade_Magazine"},{"link_name":"All-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-American"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parade_All-America_Boys_Basketball_Team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"A two-sport athlete at Sealy High School, Seals-Jones was a dominant force at the 3A Texas high school football level and was also named a Parade All-American in basketball.[1][2]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Kevin Sumlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Sumlin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"true freshman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_freshman"},{"link_name":"redshirting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshirted"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_Owls_football"},{"link_name":"receptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_catch"},{"link_name":"touchdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchdown"},{"link_name":"quarterback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterback"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Gamecocks_football"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Lamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar_Cardinals_football"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Mississippi State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_State_Bulldogs_football"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_Mountaineers_football"},{"link_name":"2014 Liberty Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Liberty_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Louisville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville_Cardinals_football"},{"link_name":"2015 Music City Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Music_City_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"UCLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA_Bruins_football"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Razorbacks_football"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"UTSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTSA_Roadrunners_football"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Kansas State Wildcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_State_Wildcats_football"},{"link_name":"2016 Texas Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Texas_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"2017 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Seals-Jones played college football for Texas A&M from 2013 to 2016 under head coach Kevin Sumlin.[3][4]As a true freshman in 2013, he ended up redshirting after only appearing in two games before suffering a season-ending injury.[5] In the game against Rice, he had his first three collegiate receptions for 84 yards, which included a 71-yard touchdown reception from quarterback Matt Joeckel.[6]As a redshirt freshman in 2014, his role in the offense expanded. In the season opener against #9 South Carolina, he recorded five receptions for 67 yards and a touchdown.[7][8] In the next two games, against Lamar and Rice, he recorded a receiving touchdown in both games.[9][10] On October 4, in a 48–31 loss against SEC West rival #12 Mississippi State, he had a season-high 10 receptions for 72 yards.[11] He finished his redshirt freshman season with a single reception for 21 yards against West Virginia in the 45–37 victory in the 2014 Liberty Bowl.[12]As a redshirt sophomore in 2015, he played in all 13 games. On October 3, he scored his first receiving touchdown of the season against #21 Mississippi State.[13][14] On October 17, he had his best collegiate performance against #10 Alabama with six receptions for 107 yards and a touchdown.[15] He finished out the season with three receptions for 18 yards and a touchdown in the 27–21 defeat to Louisville in the 2015 Music City Bowl.[16][17]As a redshirt junior in 2016, his production dropped but still was an important contributor to the Aggies. On September 3, against #16 UCLA in the season opener, he had four receptions for 57 yards in the 31–24 victory.[18] On September 24, against #17 Arkansas, he recorded one reception for 47 yards before suffering a left leg injury.[19][20] He returned from his injury to play against #1 Alabama over a month later, but only had a single reception for 25 yards in the 33–14 loss.[21] On November 19, against UTSA, he had six receptions for a season-high 75 yards.[22][23] In his final game with the Aggies, he had six receptions for 34 yards and his lone touchdown of the 2016 season in the 33–28 loss to the Kansas State Wildcats in the 2016 Texas Bowl.[24][25] After the 2016 season, he decided to enter the 2017 NFL Draft.[26]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Statistics","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ricky_Seals-Jones.JPG"},{"link_name":"Arizona Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals"}],"text":"Seals-Jones playing for the Arizona Cardinals in 2017.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arizona Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"wide receiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_receiver"},{"link_name":"tight end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tight_end"},{"link_name":"training camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training_camp_(NFL)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"practice squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practice_squad"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Dallas Cowboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys"},{"link_name":"special teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_teams"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Houston Texans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Texans"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville Jaguars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Jaguars"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Arizona Cardinals","text":"Seals-Jones was signed by the Arizona Cardinals as an undrafted free agent on May 2, 2017.[30] The Cardinals chose to switch Seals-Jones from a wide receiver to tight end when he reported to training camp.[31] He was waived on September 2, 2017, and was signed to the practice squad the next day.[32][33] He was promoted to the active roster on September 25, 2017.[34]On September 25, 2017, in Week 3 against the Dallas Cowboys, he appeared on special teams in his NFL debut.[35] In Week 11, against the Houston Texans, he had recorded three receptions for 54 yards and the first two touchdowns of his professional career.[36][37] He followed that up with four receptions for 72 yards and a touchdown in the next game against the Jacksonville Jaguars.[38][39] He finished the season with 12 receptions for 201 yards and three touchdowns in 10 games and one start.[40]In 2018, Seals-Jones played in 15 games with five starts, recording 34 receptions for 343 yards and one touchdown.[41] Prior to the 2019 season, he was waived by the Cardinals during final roster cuts on August 31, 2019.[42]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ricky_Seals-Jones_Browns_vs_Bengals_DEC2019.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Bengals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Bengals"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Browns"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Cleveland Browns","text":"Seals-Jones playing against the Cincinnati Bengals in 2019.On September 1, 2019, Seals-Jones was claimed off waivers by the Cleveland Browns.[43]\nIn Week 15 against his former team, the Cardinals, Seals-Jones caught three passes for 29 yards and two touchdowns during the 38–24 loss.[44] In the 2019 season, he finished with 14 receptions for 229 receiving yards and four receiving touchdowns.[45]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kansas City Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Kansas City Chiefs","text":"On April 9, 2020, the Kansas City Chiefs signed Seals-Jones to a one-year contract.[46] He was waived on January 2, 2021,[47] and re-signed to the practice squad four days later.[48] On January 16, 2021, Seals-Jones was promoted to the active roster.[49]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington Redskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Redskins"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"injured reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injured_reserve"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Washington Football Team","text":"Seals-Jones signed with the Washington Redskins on May 25, 2021.[50] He recorded his first catch with Washington in a Week 2 victory against the New York Giants, making a game winning 19-yard touchdown reception late in the fourth quarter.[51] He was placed on injured reserve on January 8, 2022.[52] He appeared in 13 games in the 2021 season. He finished with 30 receptions for 271 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns.[53]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"New York Giants","text":"Seals-Jones signed a one-year, $1.2 million contract with the New York Giants on March 18, 2022.[54] On August 23, 2022, he was placed on injured reserve with a toe injury.[55] On September 2, 2022, he was released with an injury settlement.[56]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indianapolis Colts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Colts"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Indianapolis Colts","text":"On August 9, 2023, Seals-Jones signed with the Indianapolis Colts.[57] He was placed on injured reserve on August 29, 2023, then released a week later.[58]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pro Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Eric Dickerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Dickerson"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"text":"Seals-Jones is the cousin of Pro Football Hall of Fame running back Eric Dickerson.[59]","title":"Personal life"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Seals-Jones playing for the Arizona Cardinals in 2017.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Ricky_Seals-Jones.JPG/220px-Ricky_Seals-Jones.JPG"},{"image_text":"Seals-Jones playing against the Cincinnati Bengals in 2019.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Ricky_Seals-Jones_Browns_vs_Bengals_DEC2019.jpg/220px-Ricky_Seals-Jones_Browns_vs_Bengals_DEC2019.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"McLaughlin, Brian (May 18, 2013). \"Meet PARADE's 2013 All-America Basketball Teams\". Parade. Archived from the original on May 11, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://communitytable.com/14852/brianmclaughlin/meet-parades-2013-all-america-basketball-teams/","url_text":"\"Meet PARADE's 2013 All-America Basketball Teams\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150511121852/http://communitytable.com/14852/brianmclaughlin/meet-parades-2013-all-america-basketball-teams/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Joiner, Scott (June 14, 2017). \"Seals-Jones adjusting to life in the pros with the Cardinals\". The Sealy News. Archived from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved August 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181006154946/http://www.sealynews.com/stories/seals-jones-adjusting-to-life-in-the-pros-with-the-cardinals,24605","url_text":"\"Seals-Jones adjusting to life in the pros with the Cardinals\""},{"url":"http://www.sealynews.com/stories/seals-jones-adjusting-to-life-in-the-pros-with-the-cardinals,24605?","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ricky Seals-Jones College Stats\". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on August 29, 2018. Retrieved August 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/ricky-seals-jones-1.html","url_text":"\"Ricky Seals-Jones College Stats\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180829035024/https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/players/ricky-seals-jones-1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ricky Seals-Jones commits to Texas A&M\". 247Sports. Archived from the original on December 13, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://247sports.com/Article/Ricky-Seals-Jones-commits-to-Texas-AM-106005/","url_text":"\"Ricky Seals-Jones commits to Texas A&M\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121213101956/http://247sports.com/Article/Ricky-Seals-Jones-commits-to-Texas-AM-106005","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ricky Seals-Jones Bio\". Texas A&M Athletics. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.12thman.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=1814","url_text":"\"Ricky Seals-Jones Bio\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031221/http://www.12thman.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=1814","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rice at Texas A&M Box Score, August 31, 2013\". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/boxscores/2013-08-31-texas-am.html","url_text":"\"Rice at Texas A&M Box Score, August 31, 2013\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031054/https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/boxscores/2013-08-31-texas-am.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Texas A&M at South Carolina Box Score, August 28, 2014\". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/boxscores/2014-08-28-south-carolina.html","url_text":"\"Texas A&M at South Carolina Box Score, August 28, 2014\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201030656/https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/boxscores/2014-08-28-south-carolina.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Houser, Brandon (August 29, 2014). \"No. 21 Texas A&M Upset No. 9 South Carolina\". Sports Dallas Fort-Worth. Archived from the original on August 29, 2018. Retrieved August 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://sportdfw.com/2014/08/29/21-texas-upset-9-south-carolina/","url_text":"\"No. 21 Texas A&M Upset No. 9 South Carolina\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180829000141/https://sportdfw.com/2014/08/29/21-texas-upset-9-south-carolina/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lamar at Texas A&M Box Score, September 6, 2014\". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/boxscores/2014-09-06-texas-am.html","url_text":"\"Lamar at Texas A&M Box Score, September 6, 2014\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042740/https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/boxscores/2014-09-06-texas-am.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Rice at Texas A&M Box Score, September 13, 2014\". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/boxscores/2014-09-13-texas-am.html","url_text":"\"Rice at Texas A&M Box Score, September 13, 2014\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043602/https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/boxscores/2014-09-13-texas-am.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Texas A&M at Mississippi State Box Score, October 4, 2014\". College Football at Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauktaw_Township
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Pauktaw Township
|
["1 References"]
|
Coordinates: 20°09′00″N 93°05′00″E / 20.1500°N 93.0833°E / 20.1500; 93.0833Township in Rakhine State, BurmaPauktaw Township
ပေါက်တောမြို့နယ်TownshipLocation in Sittwe districtCountry BurmaStateRakhine StateDistrictSittwe DistrictArea • Total413.74 sq mi (1,071.58 km2)Elevation11 ft (3 m)Population (2019)190,849 • EthnicitiesRakhine • ReligionsBuddhismIslamTime zoneUTC+6:30 (MST)
Pauktaw Township (Burmese: ပေါက်တောမြို့နယ်) is a township of Sittwe District in the Rakhine State of Myanmar. The principal town is Pauktaw.
References
^ Myanmar Information Management Unit (September 2019). Pauktaw Myone Daethasaingyarachatlatmya ပေါက်တောနော်မြို့နယ် ဒေသဆိုင်ရာအချက်လက်များ (PDF) (Report). MIMU. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 17, 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
vteRakhine StateCapital: SittweKyaukpyu District
Ann Township
Kyaukpyu Township
Manaung Township
Ramree Township
Maungdaw District
Buthidaung Township
Maungdaw Township
Sittwe District
Pauktaw Township
Ponnagyun Township
Rathedaung Township
Sittwe Township
Thandwe District
Thandwe Township
Toungup Township
Gwa Township
Maei Subtownship
Kyeintali Subtownship
Mrauk-U District
Kyauktaw Township
Minbya Township
Mrauk-U Township
Myebon Township
Main cities and towns
Sittwe
Ann
Buthidaung
Gwa
Kyaukphyu
Kyauktaw
Kyeintali
Manaung
Maungdaw
Minbya
Mrauk U
Myebon
Pauktaw
Ponnagyun
Ramree
Rathedaung
Thandwe
Toungup
20°09′00″N 93°05′00″E / 20.1500°N 93.0833°E / 20.1500; 93.0833
This Rakhine State location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burmese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_language"},{"link_name":"township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townships_of_Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Sittwe District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sittwe_District"},{"link_name":"Rakhine State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhine_State"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Pauktaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauktaw"}],"text":"Township in Rakhine State, BurmaPauktaw Township (Burmese: ပေါက်တောမြို့နယ်) is a township of Sittwe District in the Rakhine State of Myanmar. The principal town is Pauktaw.","title":"Pauktaw Township"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Myanmar Information Management Unit (September 2019). Pauktaw Myone Daethasaingyarachatlatmya ပေါက်တောနော်မြို့နယ် ဒေသဆိုင်ရာအချက်လက်များ [Pantanaw Township Regional Information] (PDF) (Report). MIMU. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 17, 2023. Retrieved 16 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231117011413/https://themimu.info/sites/themimu.info/files/documents/TspProfiles_GAD_Pauktaw_2019_MMR.pdf","url_text":"Pauktaw Myone Daethasaingyarachatlatmya ပေါက်တောနော်မြို့နယ် ဒေသဆိုင်ရာအချက်လက်များ"},{"url":"https://themimu.info/sites/themimu.info/files/documents/TspProfiles_GAD_Pauktaw_2019_MMR.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pauktaw_Township¶ms=20.1500_N_93.0833_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"20°09′00″N 93°05′00″E / 20.1500°N 93.0833°E / 20.1500; 93.0833"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231117011413/https://themimu.info/sites/themimu.info/files/documents/TspProfiles_GAD_Pauktaw_2019_MMR.pdf","external_links_name":"Pauktaw Myone Daethasaingyarachatlatmya ပေါက်တောနော်မြို့နယ် ဒေသဆိုင်ရာအချက်လက်များ"},{"Link":"https://themimu.info/sites/themimu.info/files/documents/TspProfiles_GAD_Pauktaw_2019_MMR.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pauktaw_Township¶ms=20.1500_N_93.0833_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"20°09′00″N 93°05′00″E / 20.1500°N 93.0833°E / 20.1500; 93.0833"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pauktaw_Township&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gilman_Norris
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Charles Gilman Norris
|
["1 Critiques of his work","2 Family","3 Novels and short stories","4 Plays","5 Works on Frank Norris","6 External links"]
|
American novelist
This article is about the author. For the actor and martial artist, see Chuck Norris. For other people, see Charles Norris (disambiguation).
Charles Gilman NorrisCharles G. Norris, circa 1922BornApril 23, 1881DiedJuly 25, 1945NationalityAmericanOccupationNovelist
Charles Gilman Norris (April 23, 1881 – July 25, 1945) was an American novelist. A native of Chicago, Norris worked as a journalist for some years before finding success as a novelist and playwright. His first book was The Amateur (1916). His other novels include Salt (1919), Brass: A Novel of Marriage (1921), Bread (1923), Pig Iron (1926), Seed: A Novel of Birth Control (1930), Zest (1933), Hands (1935), and Flint (1944). He also published three plays: The Rout of the Philistines (with Nino Marcelli, 1922), A Gest of Robin Hood (with Robert C. Newell, 1929), and Ivanhoe: A Grove Play (1936).
Critiques of his work
Norris was well-respected by his literary peers. In a letter to Alida Bigelow dated September 23, 1919, F. Scott Fitzgerald advised the young woman to "read "Salt" young girl so that you may know what life B." (spelling is that of Fitzgerald). The Oxford Companion to American Literature notes that Norris' novels dealt with "such problems as modern education, women in business, hereditary and environmental influences, big business, ethics and birth control."
Family
He was the brother of novelist Frank Norris and the husband of author Kathleen Norris. His granddaughter Kathleen Norris (1 Mar. 1935, San Francisco–8 Dec. 1967, San Francisco) was married to Prince Andrew Romanoff (1923-2021).
Novels and short stories
The Amateur. New York: George H. Doran, 1916. at Google Books
Salt; or, The Education of Griffith Adams. N. Y.: E.P. Dutton and Company, 1919. at Google Books
Brass; A Novel of Marriage. N.Y.: E. P. Dutton, 1921. at Google Books
Marriage; Short Stories of Married life by American Writers, Tarkington, Cutting, Hergesheimer, Miller, Street, Delano, Norris, Gale, Harrison, Kelland, Hopper, Adams, Butler, Foster, Hughes, Dreiser, Cooper, Turner, Webster, Lincoln. Garden City, N. Y.,: Doubleday Page, 1923.
Bread. N.Y: Dutton, 1923.
Pig Iron. N.Y: E. P. Dutton, 1926.
Zelda Marsh. N.Y.: E.P. Dutton, 1927.
Seed, A Novel of Birth Control. Garden City, N.Y.,: Doubleday Doran, 1930.
Zest. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday Doran, 1933.
Hands. New York,: Farrar & Rinehart, 1935.
Bricks Without Straw. N.Y.: Doubleday Doran, 1938.
Flint. Garden City, New York.: Doubleday Doran, 1944.
Books by Charles Norris in Theodore Dreiser's library
John Rossiter's Wife
Plays
The Rout of the Philistines : A Forest Play. San Francisco, Calif.: Bohemian Club, 1922. at Google Books
Norris, Charles Gilman, Robert C. Newell, and Bohemian Club. A Gest of Robin Hood. San Francisco,: Bohemian Club, 1929.
Norris, Charles Gilman, Walter Scott, and Calif. Bohemian Club (San Francisco). Ivanhoe: A Grove Play. San Francisco: Bohemian Club, 1936.
Works on Frank Norris
Norris, Frank. A Deal in Wheat, and Other Stories of the New and Old West. New York,: Doubleday Page, 1903.
Norris, Frank, and Charles Gilman Norris (introd.). The Octopus : A Story of California. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday Page & Co., 1924.
Norris, Frank, and Charles Gilman Norris. The Third Circle. New York,: J. Lane Company, 1909.
Norris, Charles Gilman. Frank Norris, 1870–1902; An Intimate Sketch of the Man who was Universally Acclaimed the Greatest American Writer of His Generation. New York,: Doubleday Page, 1914.
Norris, Frank, Oscar Lewis, and Charles Gilman Norris. Frank Norris of "the Wave": Stories & Sketches from the San Francisco Weekly, 1893 to 1897. San Francisco,: The Westgate Press, 1931.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charles G. Norris.
Biography portal
Works by or about Charles Gilman Norris at Internet Archive
Works by Charles Gilman Norris at Faded Page (Canada)
Works by Charles Gilman Norris at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Guide to the Norris Family Papers at The Bancroft Library
Portrait Photograph @ Online Archive of California
Charles Gilman Norris at Find a Grave
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
People
Trove
Other
SNAC
IdRef
|
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He also published three plays: The Rout of the Philistines (with Nino Marcelli, 1922), A Gest of Robin Hood (with Robert C. Newell, 1929), and Ivanhoe: A Grove Play (1936).","title":"Charles Gilman Norris"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"F. Scott Fitzgerald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald"},{"link_name":"birth control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control"}],"text":"Norris was well-respected by his literary peers. In a letter to Alida Bigelow dated September 23, 1919, F. Scott Fitzgerald advised the young woman to \"read \"Salt\" young girl so that you may know what life B.\" (spelling is that of Fitzgerald). The Oxford Companion to American Literature notes that Norris' novels dealt with \"such problems as modern education, women in business, hereditary and environmental influences, big business, ethics and birth control.\"","title":"Critiques of his work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank Norris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Norris"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Norris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Norris"},{"link_name":"Prince Andrew Romanoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Andrew_Romanoff"}],"text":"He was the brother of novelist Frank Norris and the husband of author Kathleen Norris. His granddaughter Kathleen Norris (1 Mar. 1935, San Francisco–8 Dec. 1967, San Francisco) was married to Prince Andrew Romanoff (1923-2021).","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Amateur. New York: George H. Doran, 1916.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=17IcAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"Salt; or, The Education of Griffith Adams. N. Y.: E.P. Dutton and Company, 1919.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=1CgxAAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"Brass; A Novel of Marriage. N.Y.: E. P. Dutton, 1921.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=I9sWAAAAYAAJ"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"},{"link_name":"Farrar & Rinehart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrar_%26_Rinehart"},{"link_name":"Theodore Dreiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Dreiser"}],"text":"The Amateur. New York: George H. Doran, 1916. at Google Books\nSalt; or, The Education of Griffith Adams. N. Y.: E.P. Dutton and Company, 1919. at Google Books\nBrass; A Novel of Marriage. N.Y.: E. P. Dutton, 1921. at Google Books\nMarriage; Short Stories of Married life by American Writers, Tarkington, Cutting, Hergesheimer, Miller, Street, Delano, Norris, Gale, Harrison, Kelland, Hopper, Adams, Butler, Foster, Hughes, Dreiser, Cooper, Turner, Webster, Lincoln. Garden City, N. Y.,: Doubleday Page, 1923.\nBread. N.Y: Dutton, 1923.\nPig Iron. N.Y: E. P. Dutton, 1926.\nZelda Marsh. N.Y.: E.P. Dutton, 1927.\nSeed, A Novel of Birth Control. Garden City, N.Y.,: Doubleday Doran, 1930.\nZest. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday Doran, 1933.\nHands. New York,: Farrar & Rinehart, 1935.\nBricks Without Straw. N.Y.: Doubleday Doran, 1938.\nFlint. Garden City, New York.: Doubleday Doran, 1944.Books by Charles Norris in Theodore Dreiser's libraryJohn Rossiter's Wife","title":"Novels and short stories"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=pu4EAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"The Rout of the Philistines : A Forest Play. San Francisco, Calif.: Bohemian Club, 1922.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=pu4EAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"Google Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books"}],"text":"The Rout of the Philistines : A Forest Play. San Francisco, Calif.: Bohemian Club, 1922. at Google Books\nNorris, Charles Gilman, Robert C. Newell, and Bohemian Club. A Gest of Robin Hood. San Francisco,: Bohemian Club, 1929.\nNorris, Charles Gilman, Walter Scott, and Calif. Bohemian Club (San Francisco). Ivanhoe: A Grove Play. San Francisco: Bohemian Club, 1936.","title":"Plays"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Norris, Frank. A Deal in Wheat, and Other Stories of the New and Old West. New York,: Doubleday Page, 1903.\nNorris, Frank, and Charles Gilman Norris (introd.). The Octopus : A Story of California. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday Page & Co., 1924.\nNorris, Frank, and Charles Gilman Norris. The Third Circle. New York,: J. Lane Company, 1909.\nNorris, Charles Gilman. Frank Norris, 1870–1902; An Intimate Sketch of the Man who was Universally Acclaimed the Greatest American Writer of His Generation. New York,: Doubleday Page, 1914.\nNorris, Frank, Oscar Lewis, and Charles Gilman Norris. Frank Norris of \"the Wave\": Stories & Sketches from the San Francisco Weekly, 1893 to 1897. San Francisco,: The Westgate Press, 1931.","title":"Works on Frank Norris"}]
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[]
| null |
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djedefptah
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Thamphthis
|
["1 Background","2 Name sources and contradictions","3 Literature","4 References"]
|
Ancient Egyptian ruler of the 4th dynasty
Thamphthis in hieroglyphsLength of reign:Predecessor: Shepseskaf?Successor: Userkaf? Saqqara table Turin canon (Column III, line 16)
Thamphthis is the hellenized name of an ancient Egyptian ruler (pharaoh) of the 4th Dynasty in the Old Kingdom, who may have ruled around 2500 BC under the name Djedefptah for between two and nine years. His original Egyptian name is lost, but it may have been Djedefptah or Ptahdjedef ("he endures like Ptah") according to William C. Hayes. Thamphthis is one of the shadowy rulers of the Old Kingdom, since he is completely unattested in contemporary sources. For this reason, his historical figure is discussed intensely by historians and Egyptologists.
Background
Since Thamphthis' name was found in the historical works of Manetho, the Aegyptiacae, Egyptologists are trying to connect this ruler with contemporary kings to build up a continuous chronology, which resulted in controversies and debates.
As early as 1887, Eduard Meyer viewed Thamphthis as a mere usurper, who was not allowed to be mentioned in royal annals or have his own mortuary cult because he gained the throne illegitimately. Peter Jánosi goes further and says that Thamphthis is a fiction, due to the lack of archaeological support. He claims that Thamphthis should be erased from modern kinglists.
Winfried Seipel and Hermann Alexander Schlögl instead postulate that the historical figure behind Thamphthis could have been queen Khentkaus I. This theory is supported by Khentkaus being depicted in her mortuary temple as a ruling pharaoh with nemes-headdress, king's beard and uraeus-diadem on her forehead. But this theory is problematic since Khentkaus' name never appears inside a serekh or royal cartouche.
Wolfgang Helck points out that Khentkaus I could have been the mother of Thamphthis, so Thamphthis would have been the son of king Shepseskaf. As a possible wife of Thamphthis he proposes a princess named Bunefer, who may have been the daughter of Shepseskaf. She was a priestess of Shepseskaf.
Name sources and contradictions
In the Manethonian tradition of the historian Sextus Julius Africanus, who translated Manetho, Thamphthis is described as the last ruler of the 4th dynasty with a reign of nine years. In the tradition of the historians Eusebius and Eratosthenes his name is missed. Eusebius gives the reason that Thamphthis was not meant to be named, for he "didn't do something worth to be mentioned".
A further source for the chronology of rulers of the Old Kingdom is the Royal Canon of Turin, composed during the 19th dynasty around 1300 BC. It names kings which are omitted in many other kinglists. But the Turin Canon is damaged at several spots, so many royal names are fragmentary or completely lost in lacunae today. For this reason it cannot be excluded that Thamphthis' name was originally present in this document too, since the Aegyptiacae of Manetho are mostly consistent with the Turin Canon. In column III, line 12 king Khafre is mentioned, after him, in line 13, a lacuna appears. After king Shepseskaf, mentioned in line 15, a second lacuna appears. Whilst line 13 may possibly be assigned to a king Baka, the missing line 16 could have originally held Thamphthis' name. These lacunae cover two years during which a king could have reigned.
The Royal kinglist of Saqqara from the tomb of Tjuneroy (19th dynasty) lists nine kings for the 4th dynasty, whilst the Abydos King List gives only six names. Curiously the Saqqara-Table has after Shepseskaf two cartouches before Userkaf, but both are heavily damaged, so the original names are no longer legible. Whilst one of these two cartouches once may have held Thamphthis' name, the other cartouche remains a mystery.
A rock inscription in the Wadi Hammamat made in the Middle Kingdom presents a list of the cartouche-names of Khufu, Djedefre, Baufra and prince Djedefhor (also recorded as Hordjedef). Curiously Djedefhor's name is written in a cartouche, too. This leads to the possibility that he could have been a king for a very short while himself. If this was true, this fact would close the chronological gaps. But contemporary sources don't show Djedefhor and Baufra as kings; they give to these two only the titles of princes and call them both "son of the king".
The tomb inscriptions of several high officials, princes and priests do not preserve any evidence that some kind of internal political conflict had arisen or that a usurper had seized the throne of Egypt. Prince Sekhemkare reports about his career under the kings Khafre, Menkaura, Shepseskaf, Userkaf and even Sahure, but makes no mention of Thamphthis. The same goes for the high official Netjer-pu-nesut, who was honoured under the kings Djedefre, Khafre, Menkaura, Shepseskaf, Userkaf and Sahure. Again no Thamphthis is mentioned. The 5th dynasty high priest and official Ptahshepses who served under king Niuserre and took care of the mortuary cults of king Menkaura and Shepseskaf also made no reference to Thamphthis. The late Patrick F. O'Mara in a GM 158 paper notes that "no royal monument private tomb in the cemeteries of Gizeh and Saqqara record names of any other kings for the dynasty. No names of estates of the period compounded with royal names make mention of any other kings than these, nor do the names of the royal grandchildren, who often bore the name of a royal ancestor as a component of their own" names.
The lack of contemporary attestations for Thamphthis does not by itself prove that he was a "faux king" or "phantom king" since he may well have been a short-lived ruler of the 4th Dynasty. The stela of the 5th Dynasty official Khau-Ptah is informative: while this official lists his career in an uninterrupted sequence of Sahure, Neferirkare, Raneferef and Niuserre, he completely omits Shepseskare. Shepseskare or Sisires likely did not rule Egypt for the seven years assigned to him by both Manetho and the Turin Canon judging by the paucity of contemporary records for his rule, but he certainly ruled Egypt for a brief period of time. This is established by the existence of two cylinder seals identifying him and four or five fragments of clay sealings bearing his name. In more recent years, "several new sealings " which were found in Abusir also show that Shepseskare did exist. Verner argues that the archaeological context of the sealings show that Shepseskare succeeded Raneferef (rather than the reverse as Manetho and the Turin Canon states) and that a dynastic struggle ensued in which Shepseskare was soon overthrown by Niuserre, Raneferef's brother, after a very brief reign. This would explain the surprising omission of Shepseskare by Khau-ptah since the former was a usurper who briefly seized the throne after Raneferef's death. But there is no evidence for any dynastic difficulties in the late 4th Dynasty and the complete lack of contemporary attestations for Thamphthis is strong evidence for regarding him as a phantom king. In this situation, the two year figure assigned to him by later Egyptian records could possibly be added to Shepseskaf's existing 4-year reign.
Literature
Jürgen von Beckerath: Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen, von Zabern, Mainz 1999, ISBN 3-422-00832-2
Jürgen von Beckerath: Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägypten, von Zabern, Mainz 1997 ISBN 3-8053-2310-7
Iowerth Eiddon Stephen Edwards: The Cambridge ancient history, Band 3. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2000, ISBN 978-0-521-07791-0
William C. Hayes: The Scepter of Egypt, Band 1: From the Earliest Times to the End of the Middle Kingdom. Yale University Press, New York 1990 (Neuauflage), ISBN 978-0-300-09159-5
Wolfgang Helck: Geschichte des Alten Ägypten. BRILL, Leiden 1981, ISBN 90-04-06497-4
Peter Jánosi: Giza in der 4. Dynastie. Die Baugeschichte und Belegung einer Nekropole des Alten Reiches. Band I: Die Mastabas der Kernfriedhöfe und die Felsgräber. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 2005, ISBN 3-7001-3244-1
Alan B. Lloyd: Herodotus, book II: commentary 99-182. BRILL, Leiden 1988, ISBN 978-90-04-04179-0
Eduard Meyer, Johannes Duemichen: Geschichte des alten Aegyptens. Band 1 von: Allgemeine Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen. Grote, Hamburg 1887
Kim Ryholt, Adam Bülow-Jacobsen: The political situation in Egypt during the second Intermediate Period. Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997, ISBN 978-87-7289-421-8
Wilfried Seipel: Untersuchungen zu den ägyptischen Königinnen der Frühzeit und des Alten Reiches. University of California, 1980
Ian Shaw: The Oxford history of ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press, Oxford (UK) 2002, ISBN 978-0-19-280293-4
William Gillian Waddell: Manetho - The Loeb classical library; 350 -. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Mass.) 2004 (Reprint), ISBN 0-674-99385-3
References
^ Alan H. Gardiner: The royal canon of Turin. Griffith Institute, Oxford (UK) 1997, ISBN 0-900416-48-3, p. 16; table II.
^ William C. Hayes: The Scepter of Egypt, Band 1. p. 66; cifer: Jürgen von Beckerath: Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen, pp. 53–54, 180.
^ a b William Gillian Waddell: Manetho (The Loeb classical library 350). pp. 47–49
^ Eduard Meyer, Johannes Dümichen: Geschichte des alten Aegyptens. page 114.
^ Peter Jánosi: Die Gräberwelt der Pyramidenzeit. p. 151.
^ Wilfried Seipel: Untersuchungen zu den ägyptischen Königinnen der Frühzeit und des Alten Reiches. pp. 189–190.
^ Hermann Alexander Schlögl: Das Alte Ägypten. pp. 99–100.
^ Wolfgang Helck: Geschichte des Alten Ägypten. pp. 57 & 61.
^ Jánosi, Peter. "G 4712 - Ein Datierungsproblem." Göttinger Miszellen 133 (1993), pp. 56, 60–62.
^ Alan B. Lloyd: Herodotus, book II.. pp. 77ff.
^ Kim Ryholt, Adam Bülow-Jacobsen: Inclusion of Fictitious Kings. In: The political situation in Egypt during the second Intermediate Period. p. 17.
^ Jürgen von Beckerath: Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägypten. page 24 & 216.
^ Peter Jánosi: Giza in der 4. Dynastie. pp. 64 & 65.
^ I. E. S. Edwards: The Cambridge ancient history, Band 3. page 176.
^ Patrick F. O'Mara, Manetho and the Turin Canon: A Comparison of Regnal Years, GM 158, 1997, p .51 O'Mara notes that his records are based on an examination of Ld. II, Urk I, and A. Mariette, Mastabas de l'ancien empire.
^ A. Mariette, Mastabas de l'ancien empire, 295
^ Miroslav Verner, Archaeological Remarks on the 4th and 5th Dynasty Chronology, Archiv Orientální, Volume 69: 2001, pp.395-400
^ G. Daressy, ASAE 15, 1915, 94f
^ P. Kaplony, Die Rollsiegel des Altes Reiches. Katalog der Rollsiegel, Bruxelles 1981, A. Text, 289–294 and B. Talfen, 81f
^ Miroslav Verner, Who was Shepseskare and when did he reign?, in Abusir and Saqqara in the Year 2000 (ArOr Suppl.9, 2000,) pp. 581–602
vtePharaohsProtodynastic to First Intermediate Period (<3150–2040 BC)PeriodDynasty
Pharaohs
male
female♀
uncertain
Protodynastic(pre-3150 BC)Lower
Hedju Hor
Ny-Hor
Ni-Neith
Hat-Hor
Pu
Hsekiu
Khayu
Tiu
Thesh
Neheb
Wazner
Mekh
A
Double Falcon
Wash
Upper
A
Finger Snail
Fish
Pen-Abu
Stork
Bull
Scorpion I
Shendjw
Iry-Hor
Ka
Scorpion II
Narmer / Menes
Early Dynastic(3150–2686 BC)I
Narmer / Menes
Hor-Aha
Djer
Djet
Den
Anedjib
Semerkhet
Qa'a
Sneferka
Horus Bird
II
Hotepsekhemwy
Nebra
Nynetjer
Ba
Nubnefer
Horus Sa
Weneg-Nebty
Wadjenes
Senedj
Seth-Peribsen
Sekhemib-Perenmaat
Neferkara I
Neferkasokar
Hudjefa I
Khasekhemwy
Old Kingdom(2686–2181 BC)III
Djoser
Sekhemkhet
Sanakht
Nebka
Khaba
Sedjes
Qahedjet
Huni
IV
Snefru
Khufu
Djedefre
Khafre
Bikheris
Menkaure
Shepseskaf
Thamphthis
V
Userkaf
Sahure
Neferirkare Kakai
Neferefre
Shepseskare
Nyuserre Ini
Menkauhor Kaiu
Djedkare Isesi
Unas
VI
Teti
Userkare
Pepi I
Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
Pepi II
Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
Netjerkare Siptah
Neferka
Nefer
1st Intermediate(2181–2040 BC)VII/VIII
Menkare
Neferkare II
Neferkare III Neby
Djedkare Shemai
Neferkare IV Khendu
Merenhor
Neferkamin
Nikare
Neferkare V Tereru
Neferkahor
Neferkare VI Pepiseneb
Neferkamin Anu
Qakare Iby
Neferkaure
Neferkauhor
Neferirkare
Wadjkare
Khuiqer
Khui
Iytjenu
IX
Meryibre Khety
Neferkare VII
Nebkaure Khety
Setut
Imhotep
X
Meryhathor
Neferkare VIII
Wahkare Khety
Merykare
Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period (2040–1550 BC)PeriodDynasty
Pharaohs
male
female♀
uncertain
Middle Kingdom(2040–1802 BC)XI
Mentuhotep I
Intef I
Intef II
Intef III
Mentuhotep II
Mentuhotep III
Mentuhotep IV
Nubia
Segerseni
Qakare Ini
Iyibkhentre
XII
Amenemhat I
Senusret I
Amenemhat II
Senusret II
Senusret III
Amenemhat III
Amenemhat IV
Sobekneferu♀
Seankhibtawy Seankhibra
2nd Intermediate(1802–1550 BC)XIII
Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep
Sonbef
Nerikare
Sekhemkare Amenemhat V
Ameny Qemau
Hotepibre
Iufni
Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI
Semenkare Nebnuni
Sehetepibre
Sewadjkare
Nedjemibre
Khaankhre Sobekhotep
Renseneb
Hor
Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw
Djedkheperew
Sebkay
Sedjefakare
Wegaf
Khendjer
Imyremeshaw
Sehetepkare Intef
Seth Meribre
Sobekhotep III
Neferhotep I
Sihathor
Sobekhotep IV
Merhotepre Sobekhotep
Khahotepre Sobekhotep
Wahibre Ibiau
Merneferre Ay
Merhotepre Ini
Sankhenre Sewadjtu
Mersekhemre Ined
Sewadjkare Hori
Merkawre Sobekhotep
Mershepsesre Ini II
Sewahenre Senebmiu
Merkheperre
Merkare
Sewadjare Mentuhotep
Seheqenre Sankhptahi
XIV
Yakbim Sekhaenre
Ya'ammu Nubwoserre
Qareh Khawoserre
'Ammu Ahotepre
Maaibre Sheshi
Nehesy
Khakherewre
Nebefawre
Sehebre
Merdjefare
Sewadjkare III
Nebdjefare
Nebsenre
Sekheperenre
Bebnum
'Apepi
Nuya
Wazad
Sheneh
Shenshek
Khamure
Yakareb
Yaqub-Har
XV
Sharek
Semqen
'Aper-'Anati
Salitis
Sakir-Har
Khyan
Yanassi
Apepi
Khamudi
XVI
Djehuti
Sobekhotep VIII
Neferhotep III
Mentuhotepi
Nebiryraw I
Nebiriau II
Semenre
Bebiankh
Sekhemre Shedwast
Dedumose I
Dedumose II
Montuemsaf
Merankhre Mentuhotep
Senusret IV
Pepi III
Abydos
Senebkay
Wepwawetemsaf
Pantjeny
Snaaib
XVII
Rahotep
Nebmaatre
Sobekemsaf I
Sobekemsaf II
Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
Nubkheperre Intef
Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef
Senakhtenre Ahmose
Seqenenre Tao
Kamose
New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period (1550–664 BC)PeriodDynastyPharaohs (malefemale♀)uncertainNew Kingdom(1550–1070 BC)XVIII
Ahmose I
Amenhotep I
Thutmose I
Thutmose II
Hatshepsut♀
Thutmose III
Amenhotep II
Thutmose IV
Amenhotep III
Akhenaten
Smenkhkare
Neferneferuaten♀
Tutankhamun
Ay
Horemheb
XIX
Ramesses I
Seti I
Ramesses II
Merneptah
Amenmesses
Seti II
Siptah
Twosret♀
XX
Setnakhte
Ramesses III
Ramesses IV
Ramesses V
Ramesses VI
Ramesses VII
Ramesses VIII
Ramesses IX
Ramesses X
Ramesses XI
3rd Intermediate(1069–664 BC)XXI
Smendes
Amenemnisu
Psusennes I
Amenemope
Osorkon the Elder
Siamun
Psusennes II
High Priests of Amun
Herihor
Piankh
Pinedjem I
Masaharta
Djedkhonsuefankh
Menkheperre
Smendes II
Pinedjem II
Psusennes III
XXII
Shoshenq I
Osorkon I
Shoshenq II
Tutkheperre Shoshenq
Takelot I
Osorkon II
Shoshenq III
Shoshenq IV
Pami
Shoshenq V
Pedubast II
Osorkon IV
XXIII
Harsiese A
Takelot II
Pedubast I
Iuput I
Shoshenq VI
Osorkon III
Takelot III
Rudamun
Shoshenq VII
Menkheperre Ini
XXIV
Tefnakht
Bakenranef
XXV
Piye
Shebitku
Shabaka
Taharqa
Tanutamun
Late Period and Hellenistic Period (664–30 BC)PeriodDynasty
Pharaohs
male
female♀
uncertain
Late(664–332 BC)XXVI
Ammeris
Tefnakht II
Nekauba
Necho I
Psamtik I
Necho II
Psamtik II
Wahibre
Ahmose II
Psamtik III
XXVII
Cambyses II
Petubastis III
Darius I
Psammetichus IV
Xerxes
Artaxerxes I
Darius II
XXVIII
Amyrtaeus
XXIX
Nepherites I
Hakor
Psammuthes
Nepherites II
Muthis
XXX
Nectanebo I
Teos
Nectanebo II
XXXI
Artaxerxes III
Khabash
Arses
Darius III
Hellenistic(332–30 BC)Argead
Alexander the Great
Philip III Arrhidaeus
Alexander IV
Ptolemaic
Ptolemy I Soter
Ptolemy II Philadelphus
Arsinoe II♀
Ptolemy III Euergetes
Berenice II Euergetes♀
Ptolemy IV Philopator
Arsinoe III Philopator♀
Ptolemy V Epiphanes
Cleopatra I Syra♀
Ptolemy VI Philometor
Cleopatra II♀
Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
Ptolemy VIII Euergetes
Cleopatra III♀
Ptolemy IX Soter
Cleopatra IV♀
Ptolemy X Alexander I
Berenice III♀
Ptolemy XI Alexander II
Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
Cleopatra V♀
Berenice IV Epiphaneia♀
Cleopatra VI Tryphaena♀
Cleopatra VII Philopator♀
Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
Arsinoe IV♀
Ptolemy XIV Philopator
Ptolemy XV Caesarion
Roman Period (30 BC–313 AD)PeriodDynasty
Pharaohs
male
female♀
uncertain
Roman(30 BC–313 AD)XXXIV
Augustus
Tiberius
Caligula
Claudius
Nero
Galba
Otho
Vitellius
Vespasian
Titus
Domitian
Nerva
Trajan
Hadrian
Antoninus Pius
Lucius Verus
Marcus Aurelius
Commodus
Pertinax
Pescennius Niger
Septimius Severus
Geta
Caracalla
Macrinus
Diadumenian
Elagabalus
Severus Alexander
Maximinus Thrax
Gordian I
Gordian II
Pupienus
Balbinus
Gordian III
Philip
Decius
Trebonianus Gallus
Aemilianus
Valerian
Macrianus Minor
Quietus
Lucius Mussius Aemilianus
Gallienus
Claudius Gothicus
Quintillus
Aurelian
Tacitus
Probus
Carus
Carinus
Numerian
Diocletian
Maximian
Galerius
Maximinus Daza
Dynastic genealogies
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
11th
12th
18th
19th
20th
21st to 23rd
24th
25th
26th
27th
30th
31st
Argead
Ptolemaic
List of pharaohs
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hellenized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenization"},{"link_name":"Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"pharaoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh"},{"link_name":"4th Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Old Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Ptah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptah"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"historians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian"},{"link_name":"Egyptologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptologist"}],"text":"Thamphthis is the hellenized name of an ancient Egyptian ruler (pharaoh) of the 4th Dynasty in the Old Kingdom, who may have ruled around 2500 BC under the name Djedefptah for between two and nine years. His original Egyptian name is lost, but it may have been Djedefptah or Ptahdjedef (\"he endures like Ptah\") according to William C. Hayes.[2] Thamphthis is one of the shadowy rulers of the Old Kingdom, since he is completely unattested in contemporary sources. For this reason, his historical figure is discussed intensely by historians and Egyptologists.","title":"Thamphthis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manetho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manetho"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WiWa-3"},{"link_name":"Eduard Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Meyer"},{"link_name":"usurper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usurper"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Khentkaus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khentkaus_I"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"serekh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serekh"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Helck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Helck"},{"link_name":"Shepseskaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepseskaf"},{"link_name":"Bunefer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunefer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Since Thamphthis' name was found in the historical works of Manetho, the Aegyptiacae,[3] Egyptologists are trying to connect this ruler with contemporary kings to build up a continuous chronology, which resulted in controversies and debates.As early as 1887, Eduard Meyer viewed Thamphthis as a mere usurper, who was not allowed to be mentioned in royal annals or have his own mortuary cult because he gained the throne illegitimately.[4] Peter Jánosi goes further and says that Thamphthis is a fiction, due to the lack of archaeological support. He claims that Thamphthis should be erased from modern kinglists.[5]Winfried Seipel and Hermann Alexander Schlögl instead postulate that the historical figure behind Thamphthis could have been queen Khentkaus I.[6] This theory is supported by Khentkaus being depicted in her mortuary temple as a ruling pharaoh with nemes-headdress, king's beard and uraeus-diadem on her forehead. But this theory is problematic since Khentkaus' name never appears inside a serekh or royal cartouche.[7]Wolfgang Helck points out that Khentkaus I could have been the mother of Thamphthis, so Thamphthis would have been the son of king Shepseskaf. As a possible wife of Thamphthis he proposes a princess named Bunefer, who may have been the daughter of Shepseskaf. She was a priestess of Shepseskaf.[8][9]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sextus Julius Africanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Africanus"},{"link_name":"Eusebius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius"},{"link_name":"Eratosthenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eratosthenes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WiWa-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABL-10"},{"link_name":"Royal Canon of Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin_King_List"},{"link_name":"lacunae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacuna_(manuscripts)"},{"link_name":"Khafre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khafre"},{"link_name":"Baka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikheris"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KiRy-11"},{"link_name":"Royal kinglist of Saqqara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqqara_Tablet"},{"link_name":"Abydos King List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abydos_King_List"},{"link_name":"Userkaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Userkaf"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Middle Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Khufu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khufu"},{"link_name":"Djedefre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djedefre"},{"link_name":"Djedefhor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djedefhor"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Menkaura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menkaura"},{"link_name":"Sahure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahure"},{"link_name":"Ptahshepses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptahshepses"},{"link_name":"Niuserre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niuserre"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"In the Manethonian tradition of the historian Sextus Julius Africanus, who translated Manetho, Thamphthis is described as the last ruler of the 4th dynasty with a reign of nine years. In the tradition of the historians Eusebius and Eratosthenes his name is missed. Eusebius gives the reason that Thamphthis was not meant to be named, for he \"didn't do something worth to be mentioned\".[3][10]A further source for the chronology of rulers of the Old Kingdom is the Royal Canon of Turin, composed during the 19th dynasty around 1300 BC. It names kings which are omitted in many other kinglists. But the Turin Canon is damaged at several spots, so many royal names are fragmentary or completely lost in lacunae today. For this reason it cannot be excluded that Thamphthis' name was originally present in this document too, since the Aegyptiacae of Manetho are mostly consistent with the Turin Canon. In column III, line 12 king Khafre is mentioned, after him, in line 13, a lacuna appears. After king Shepseskaf, mentioned in line 15, a second lacuna appears. Whilst line 13 may possibly be assigned to a king Baka, the missing line 16 could have originally held Thamphthis' name. These lacunae cover two years during which a king could have reigned.[11]The Royal kinglist of Saqqara from the tomb of Tjuneroy (19th dynasty) lists nine kings for the 4th dynasty, whilst the Abydos King List gives only six names. Curiously the Saqqara-Table has after Shepseskaf two cartouches before Userkaf, but both are heavily damaged, so the original names are no longer legible. Whilst one of these two cartouches once may have held Thamphthis' name, the other cartouche remains a mystery.[12]A rock inscription in the Wadi Hammamat made in the Middle Kingdom presents a list of the cartouche-names of Khufu, Djedefre, Baufra and prince Djedefhor (also recorded as Hordjedef). Curiously Djedefhor's name is written in a cartouche, too. This leads to the possibility that he could have been a king for a very short while himself. If this was true, this fact would close the chronological gaps. But contemporary sources don't show Djedefhor and Baufra as kings; they give to these two only the titles of princes and call them both \"son of the king\".[13]The tomb inscriptions of several high officials, princes and priests do not preserve any evidence that some kind of internal political conflict had arisen or that a usurper had seized the throne of Egypt. Prince Sekhemkare reports about his career under the kings Khafre, Menkaura, Shepseskaf, Userkaf and even Sahure, but makes no mention of Thamphthis. The same goes for the high official Netjer-pu-nesut, who was honoured under the kings Djedefre, Khafre, Menkaura, Shepseskaf, Userkaf and Sahure. Again no Thamphthis is mentioned. The 5th dynasty high priest and official Ptahshepses who served under king Niuserre and took care of the mortuary cults of king Menkaura and Shepseskaf also made no reference to Thamphthis.[14] The late Patrick F. O'Mara in a GM 158 paper notes that \"no royal monument private tomb in the cemeteries of Gizeh and Saqqara record names of any other [except the aforementioned] kings for the [fourth] dynasty. No names of estates of the period compounded with royal names make mention of any other [fourth dynasty] kings than these, nor do the names of the royal grandchildren, who often bore the name of a royal ancestor as a component of their own\" names.[15]The lack of contemporary attestations for Thamphthis does not by itself prove that he was a \"faux king\" or \"phantom king\" since he may well have been a short-lived ruler of the 4th Dynasty. The stela of the 5th Dynasty official Khau-Ptah is informative: while this official lists his career in an uninterrupted sequence of Sahure, Neferirkare, Raneferef and Niuserre, he completely omits Shepseskare.[16] Shepseskare or Sisires likely did not rule Egypt for the seven years assigned to him by both Manetho and the Turin Canon judging by the paucity of contemporary records for his rule, but he certainly ruled Egypt for a brief period of time.[17] This is established by the existence of two cylinder seals identifying him[18] and four or five fragments of clay sealings bearing his name.[19] In more recent years, \"several new sealings [of Shepseskare]\" which were found in Abusir also show that Shepseskare did exist.[20] Verner argues that the archaeological context of the sealings show that Shepseskare succeeded Raneferef (rather than the reverse as Manetho and the Turin Canon states) and that a dynastic struggle ensued in which Shepseskare was soon overthrown by Niuserre, Raneferef's brother, after a very brief reign. This would explain the surprising omission of Shepseskare by Khau-ptah since the former was a usurper who briefly seized the throne after Raneferef's death. But there is no evidence for any dynastic difficulties in the late 4th Dynasty and the complete lack of contemporary attestations for Thamphthis is strong evidence for regarding him as a phantom king. In this situation, the two year figure assigned to him by later Egyptian records could possibly be added to Shepseskaf's existing 4-year reign.","title":"Name sources and contradictions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jürgen von Beckerath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_von_Beckerath"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-422-00832-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-422-00832-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-8053-2310-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8053-2310-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-07791-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-07791-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-300-09159-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09159-5"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Helck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Helck"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-04-06497-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-06497-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-7001-3244-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7001-3244-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-04179-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04179-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-87-7289-421-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7289-421-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-280293-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280293-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-674-99385-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99385-3"}],"text":"Jürgen von Beckerath: Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen, von Zabern, Mainz 1999, ISBN 3-422-00832-2\nJürgen von Beckerath: Chronologie des pharaonischen Ägypten, von Zabern, Mainz 1997 ISBN 3-8053-2310-7\nIowerth Eiddon Stephen Edwards: The Cambridge ancient history, Band 3. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2000, ISBN 978-0-521-07791-0\nWilliam C. Hayes: The Scepter of Egypt, Band 1: From the Earliest Times to the End of the Middle Kingdom. Yale University Press, New York 1990 (Neuauflage), ISBN 978-0-300-09159-5\nWolfgang Helck: Geschichte des Alten Ägypten. BRILL, Leiden 1981, ISBN 90-04-06497-4\nPeter Jánosi: Giza in der 4. Dynastie. Die Baugeschichte und Belegung einer Nekropole des Alten Reiches. Band I: Die Mastabas der Kernfriedhöfe und die Felsgräber. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 2005, ISBN 3-7001-3244-1\nAlan B. Lloyd: Herodotus, book II: commentary 99-182. BRILL, Leiden 1988, ISBN 978-90-04-04179-0\nEduard Meyer, Johannes Duemichen: Geschichte des alten Aegyptens. Band 1 von: Allgemeine Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen. Grote, Hamburg 1887\nKim Ryholt, Adam Bülow-Jacobsen: The political situation in Egypt during the second Intermediate Period. Museum Tusculanum Press, 1997, ISBN 978-87-7289-421-8\nWilfried Seipel: Untersuchungen zu den ägyptischen Königinnen der Frühzeit und des Alten Reiches. University of California, 1980\nIan Shaw: The Oxford history of ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press, Oxford (UK) 2002, ISBN 978-0-19-280293-4\nWilliam Gillian Waddell: Manetho - The Loeb classical library; 350 -. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Mass.) 2004 (Reprint), ISBN 0-674-99385-3","title":"Literature"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Academy_of_Sciences
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Iraqi Academy of Sciences
|
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Iraqi Academy of Sciences" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Iraqi Academy of Sciences (Arabic: المجمع العلمي العراقي) is an academy in Baghdad founded in 1948 in order to develop and regulate the Arabic language in Iraq and the Arab World.
The Academy also has two other departments to regulate and develop Kurdish and Aramaic (Syriac) in Iraq; those two departments were founded in 1963.
It was looted during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
See also
List of language regulators
References
^ ""Stuff Happens": A Brief Overview of the 2003 Destruction of Iraqi Manuscript Collections, Archives, and Libraries" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-10. Retrieved 2011-09-03.
External links
Homepage in Arabic
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China
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This Iraq-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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This article related to the Arabic language is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Arabic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Arab World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_World"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_language"},{"link_name":"Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic"},{"link_name":"Syriac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"2003 invasion of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Iraqi Academy of Sciences (Arabic: المجمع العلمي العراقي) is an academy in Baghdad founded in 1948 in order to develop and regulate the Arabic language in Iraq and the Arab World.The Academy also has two other departments to regulate and develop Kurdish and Aramaic (Syriac) in Iraq; those two departments were founded in 1963.It was looted during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[1]","title":"Iraqi Academy of Sciences"}]
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[]
|
[{"title":"List of language regulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_language_regulators"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"\"Stuff Happens\": A Brief Overview of the 2003 Destruction of Iraqi Manuscript Collections, Archives, and Libraries\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-10. Retrieved 2011-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150510024454/https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/3697/AlTikriti553.pdf?sequence=2","url_text":"\"\"Stuff Happens\": A Brief Overview of the 2003 Destruction of Iraqi Manuscript Collections, Archives, and Libraries\""},{"url":"http://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/3697/AlTikriti553.pdf?sequence=2","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dujiangyan_City
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Dujiangyan City
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["1 History","2 Climate","3 Administrative divisions","4 Transport","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]
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Coordinates: 30°59′17″N 103°38′49″E / 30.988°N 103.647°E / 30.988; 103.647For the ancient irrigation system, see Dujiangyan.
County-level city in Sichuan, ChinaDujiangyan
都江堰市County-level cityPuzhao Temple in DujiangyanEtymology: DujiangyanLocation of Dujiangyan in SichuanDujiangyanLocation in Sichuan ProvinceCoordinates (Dujiangyan Government): 30°59′17″N 103°38′49″E / 30.988°N 103.647°E / 30.988; 103.647CountryChinaProvinceSichuanSub-provincial cityChengduMunicipal seatGuankou SubdistrictArea • Total1,208 km2 (466 sq mi)Population (2020) • Total710,056 • Density545/km2 (1,410/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)Postal code6118XXChengdu district map
Subdivisions of Chengdu, Sichuan
1234567891011121314151617181920
Core districts
1
Jinjiang
2
Qingyang
3
Jinniu
4
Wuhou
5
Chenghua
Suburbs
6
Longquanyi
7
Qingbaijiang
8
Xindu
9
Wenjiang
11
Shuangliu
12
Pidu
15
Xinjin
Satellite cities
16
Dujiangyan
17
Pengzhou
18
Qionglai
19
Chongzhou
20
Jianyang
Rural
10
Jintang Co.
13
Dayi Co.
14
Pujiang Co.
Websitewww.djy.gov.cn
DujiangyanChinese都江堰PostalTukiangyenKwanhsien (until 1988)TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinDūjiāngyànWade–GilesTu1-chiang1-yan4
GuanxianTraditional Chinese灌縣Simplified Chinese灌县PostalKwanhsienTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinGuànxiànWade–GilesKuan4-hsien4
Dujiangyan (Chinese: 都江堰; pinyin: Dūjiāngyàn) is a county-level city of Sichuan Province, Southwest China, it is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Chengdu. Its north-west region forms a border with southern Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture. It has an area of 1,208 km2 (466 sq mi) and had a population of 710,056 in 2020.
Dujiangyan was formerly a county named Guanxian or Guan County (灌县; 'irrigation" county'). The county became a county-level city in 1988 and was renamed after the Dujiangyan Irrigation System, in the city's northwest, famous for providing Chengdu with water for over two millennia, since around 250 BC.
History
Around 250 BC during the Warring States period, Li Bing, a governor of Shu (present Sichuan Province) in the Qin state with his son directed the construction of Dujiangyan. Li Bing gave up the old ways of dam building, which were simply directed at flood control, employing a new method of channeling and dividing the water of the Min River. He accomplished this by separating the project into two main parts: the headwork and the irrigation system. The whole system has functioned for 2,000 years, preventing floods and providing substantial irrigation and facilitating shipping and wood drifting. It has contributed greatly to the richness of Chengdu Plain with its reputation as "The Land of Abundance".
On 12 May 2008, the city was the closest to the epicenter of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake and the city suffered severe damage. Xinjian Primary School, Juyuan Middle School, and Xiang'e Middle School collapsed in the earthquake.
Climate
Dujiangyan has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) with cool, dry winters and hot, very wet summers.
Climate data for Dujiangyan, elevation 689 m (2,260 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
17.9(64.2)
21.0(69.8)
29.7(85.5)
31.3(88.3)
33.4(92.1)
34.7(94.5)
35.5(95.9)
35.0(95.0)
34.2(93.6)
28.2(82.8)
24.8(76.6)
17.7(63.9)
35.5(95.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
8.5(47.3)
11.1(52.0)
15.7(60.3)
21.3(70.3)
25.1(77.2)
27.4(81.3)
29.4(84.9)
29.1(84.4)
24.7(76.5)
19.7(67.5)
15.2(59.4)
10.0(50.0)
19.8(67.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)
5.2(41.4)
7.5(45.5)
11.6(52.9)
16.7(62.1)
20.6(69.1)
23.3(73.9)
25.2(77.4)
24.8(76.6)
21.0(69.8)
16.4(61.5)
11.8(53.2)
6.6(43.9)
15.9(60.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
2.7(36.9)
4.9(40.8)
8.4(47.1)
13.1(55.6)
17.0(62.6)
20.0(68.0)
21.9(71.4)
21.6(70.9)
18.5(65.3)
14.2(57.6)
9.5(49.1)
4.2(39.6)
13.0(55.4)
Record low °C (°F)
−5.0(23.0)
−3.6(25.5)
−2.9(26.8)
0.4(32.7)
6.4(43.5)
13.1(55.6)
15.6(60.1)
15.0(59.0)
11.9(53.4)
2.9(37.2)
−0.2(31.6)
−7.1(19.2)
−7.1(19.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
15.3(0.60)
20.2(0.80)
41.9(1.65)
65.7(2.59)
91.3(3.59)
115.8(4.56)
266.5(10.49)
273.4(10.76)
161.2(6.35)
71.3(2.81)
30.9(1.22)
13.0(0.51)
1,166.5(45.93)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)
11.0
12.0
14.2
15.2
16.2
16.7
18.0
17.2
19.3
19.5
11.5
9.1
179.9
Average snowy days
3.2
1.3
0.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.1
0.7
5.4
Average relative humidity (%)
80
79
76
74
71
75
78
79
83
84
82
81
79
Mean monthly sunshine hours
46.2
45.8
67.2
93.9
96.9
86.6
108.4
106.6
46.8
39.0
47.7
49.7
834.8
Percent possible sunshine
14
15
18
24
23
21
25
26
13
11
15
16
18
Source 1: China Meteorological Administration
Source 2: Weather China
Administrative divisions
Dujiangyan has 6 subdistricts and 5 towns:
Kuiguangta Subdistrict 奎光塔街道
Xingfu Subdistrict 幸福街道
Guankou Subdistrict 灌口街道
Yinxing Subdistrict 银杏街道
Yutang Subdistrict 玉堂街道
Puyang Subdistrict 蒲阳街道
Juyuan Town 聚源镇
Tianma Town 天马镇
Shiyang Town 石羊镇
Qingchengshan Town 青城山镇
Longchi Town 龙池镇
Transport
Xuanhua Gate of Dujiangyan on 2018 Chinese New Year
China National Highway 317
Chengdu–Dujiangyan High-Speed Railway
Dujiangyan railway station
A tram system with two lines and 17.3km of track opened in 2024.
See also
China portal
Dujiangyan Irrigation System
Kuiguang Pagoda
Notes
^ a b "成都市第七次全国人口普查公报（第二号）" (PDF). Chengdu Municipal Statistics Bureau. 27 May 2021.
^ "Chinese Are Left to Ask Why Schools Crumbled." The New York Times.
^ "Provincial authority outlines school collapse reasons." China.org.
^ "Overwhelmed by death, Sichuan disinfects Archived 9 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine." Reuters India.
^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
^
中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
^ 都江堰 – 气象数据 -中国天气网 (in Chinese). Weather China. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
^ 2023年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：都江堰市 (in Simplified Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of China.
^ https://www.urbanrail.net/as/cn/dujiangyan/dujiangyan.htm
References
"Dujiangyan". ChinaCulture. China: Ministry of Culture. 24 September 2003. Archived from the original on 10 December 2006.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dujiangyan City.
Official website of Dujiangyan Government Archived 25 April 2020 at the Wayback Machine
vteChengduAreasDistricts
Jinjiang
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Jinniu
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Longquanyi
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Xindu
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Pidu
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Cities
Dujiangyan
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Counties
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Chengdu railway station
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Attractions
Chunxi Road
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EducationSecondary
4
7
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9
Sec. int'l
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Merged
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Culture
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This list is incomplete.
vteCounty-level divisions of Sichuan ProvinceChengdu (capital)Sub-provincial cityChengdu
Qingyang District
Jinjiang District
Jinniu District
Wuhou District
Chenghua District
Longquanyi District
Qingbaijiang District
Xindu District
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Pidu District
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Pengzhou city
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Xuanhan County
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dujiangyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dujiangyan"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"county-level city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County-level_city"},{"link_name":"Sichuan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan"},{"link_name":"Southwest China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_China"},{"link_name":"administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Chengdu"},{"link_name":"prefecture-level city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture-level_city"},{"link_name":"Chengdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengdu"},{"link_name":"Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngawa_Tibetan_and_Qiang_Autonomous_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020Census-1"},{"link_name":"Dujiangyan Irrigation System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dujiangyan_Irrigation_System"},{"link_name":"Chengdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengdu"}],"text":"For the ancient irrigation system, see Dujiangyan.County-level city in Sichuan, ChinaDujiangyan (Chinese: 都江堰; pinyin: Dūjiāngyàn) is a county-level city of Sichuan Province, Southwest China, it is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Chengdu. Its north-west region forms a border with southern Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture. It has an area of 1,208 km2 (466 sq mi) and had a population of 710,056 in 2020.[1]Dujiangyan was formerly a county named Guanxian or Guan County (灌县; 'irrigation\" county'). The county became a county-level city in 1988 and was renamed after the Dujiangyan Irrigation System, in the city's northwest, famous for providing Chengdu with water for over two millennia, since around 250 BC.","title":"Dujiangyan City"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warring States period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_period"},{"link_name":"Li Bing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Bing_(Qin)"},{"link_name":"Sichuan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sichuan_Province"},{"link_name":"Qin state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_state"},{"link_name":"Min River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_River_(Sichuan)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"epicenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicenter"},{"link_name":"2008 Sichuan earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Sichuan_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Around 250 BC during the Warring States period, Li Bing, a governor of Shu (present Sichuan Province) in the Qin state with his son directed the construction of Dujiangyan. Li Bing gave up the old ways of dam building, which were simply directed at flood control, employing a new method of channeling and dividing the water of the Min River. He accomplished this by separating the project into two main parts: the headwork and the irrigation system. The whole system has functioned for 2,000 years, preventing floods and providing substantial irrigation and facilitating shipping and wood drifting. It has contributed greatly to the richness of Chengdu Plain with its reputation as \"The Land of Abundance\".[citation needed]On 12 May 2008, the city was the closest to the epicenter of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake and the city suffered severe damage. Xinjian Primary School, Juyuan Middle School, and Xiang'e Middle School collapsed in the earthquake.[2][3][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monsoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon"},{"link_name":"humid subtropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"possible sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"China Meteorological Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cma_graphical-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clim-7"}],"text":"Dujiangyan has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa) with cool, dry winters and hot, very wet summers.Climate data for Dujiangyan, elevation 689 m (2,260 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–2010)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n17.9(64.2)\n\n21.0(69.8)\n\n29.7(85.5)\n\n31.3(88.3)\n\n33.4(92.1)\n\n34.7(94.5)\n\n35.5(95.9)\n\n35.0(95.0)\n\n34.2(93.6)\n\n28.2(82.8)\n\n24.8(76.6)\n\n17.7(63.9)\n\n35.5(95.9)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n8.5(47.3)\n\n11.1(52.0)\n\n15.7(60.3)\n\n21.3(70.3)\n\n25.1(77.2)\n\n27.4(81.3)\n\n29.4(84.9)\n\n29.1(84.4)\n\n24.7(76.5)\n\n19.7(67.5)\n\n15.2(59.4)\n\n10.0(50.0)\n\n19.8(67.6)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n5.2(41.4)\n\n7.5(45.5)\n\n11.6(52.9)\n\n16.7(62.1)\n\n20.6(69.1)\n\n23.3(73.9)\n\n25.2(77.4)\n\n24.8(76.6)\n\n21.0(69.8)\n\n16.4(61.5)\n\n11.8(53.2)\n\n6.6(43.9)\n\n15.9(60.6)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n2.7(36.9)\n\n4.9(40.8)\n\n8.4(47.1)\n\n13.1(55.6)\n\n17.0(62.6)\n\n20.0(68.0)\n\n21.9(71.4)\n\n21.6(70.9)\n\n18.5(65.3)\n\n14.2(57.6)\n\n9.5(49.1)\n\n4.2(39.6)\n\n13.0(55.4)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−5.0(23.0)\n\n−3.6(25.5)\n\n−2.9(26.8)\n\n0.4(32.7)\n\n6.4(43.5)\n\n13.1(55.6)\n\n15.6(60.1)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n11.9(53.4)\n\n2.9(37.2)\n\n−0.2(31.6)\n\n−7.1(19.2)\n\n−7.1(19.2)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n15.3(0.60)\n\n20.2(0.80)\n\n41.9(1.65)\n\n65.7(2.59)\n\n91.3(3.59)\n\n115.8(4.56)\n\n266.5(10.49)\n\n273.4(10.76)\n\n161.2(6.35)\n\n71.3(2.81)\n\n30.9(1.22)\n\n13.0(0.51)\n\n1,166.5(45.93)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)\n\n11.0\n\n12.0\n\n14.2\n\n15.2\n\n16.2\n\n16.7\n\n18.0\n\n17.2\n\n19.3\n\n19.5\n\n11.5\n\n9.1\n\n179.9\n\n\nAverage snowy days\n\n3.2\n\n1.3\n\n0.1\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0.1\n\n0.7\n\n5.4\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n80\n\n79\n\n76\n\n74\n\n71\n\n75\n\n78\n\n79\n\n83\n\n84\n\n82\n\n81\n\n79\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n46.2\n\n45.8\n\n67.2\n\n93.9\n\n96.9\n\n86.6\n\n108.4\n\n106.6\n\n46.8\n\n39.0\n\n47.7\n\n49.7\n\n834.8\n\n\nPercent possible sunshine\n\n14\n\n15\n\n18\n\n24\n\n23\n\n21\n\n25\n\n26\n\n13\n\n11\n\n15\n\n16\n\n18\n\n\nSource 1: China Meteorological Administration[5][6]\n\n\nSource 2: Weather China[7]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subdistricts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdistrict_(China)"},{"link_name":"towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_(China)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Dujiangyan has 6 subdistricts and 5 towns:[8]Kuiguangta Subdistrict 奎光塔街道\nXingfu Subdistrict 幸福街道\nGuankou Subdistrict 灌口街道\nYinxing Subdistrict 银杏街道\nYutang Subdistrict 玉堂街道\nPuyang Subdistrict 蒲阳街道\nJuyuan Town 聚源镇\nTianma Town 天马镇\nShiyang Town 石羊镇\nQingchengshan Town 青城山镇\nLongchi Town 龙池镇","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xuanhua_Gate_at_Guanxian_(20180216093639).jpg"},{"link_name":"China National Highway 317","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Highway_317"},{"link_name":"Chengdu–Dujiangyan High-Speed Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengdu%E2%80%93Dujiangyan_High-Speed_Railway"},{"link_name":"Dujiangyan railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dujiangyan_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Xuanhua Gate of Dujiangyan on 2018 Chinese New YearChina National Highway 317\nChengdu–Dujiangyan High-Speed Railway\nDujiangyan railway stationA tram system with two lines and 17.3km of track opened in 2024.[9]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2020Census_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2020Census_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"成都市第七次全国人口普查公报（第二号）\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cdstats.chengdu.gov.cn/cdstjj/uploads/20230222161408ajyd4nqjevd.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Chinese Are Left to Ask Why Schools Crumbled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2008/05/25/world/asia/25schools.html"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Provincial authority outlines school collapse reasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.china.org.cn/china/wenchuan_earthquake/2008-05/29/content_15535635.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Overwhelmed by death, Sichuan disinfects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-33747120080524"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170809171017/http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-33747120080524"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Reuters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cma_graphical_5-0"},{"link_name":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html"},{"link_name":"China Meteorological Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"中国气象数据网","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps"},{"link_name":"China Meteorological Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Clim_7-0"},{"link_name":"都江堰 – 气象数据 -中国天气网","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.weather.com.cn/cityintro/101270111.shtml?"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"2023年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：都江堰市","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.stats.gov.cn/sj/tjbz/tjyqhdmhcxhfdm/2023/51/01/510181.html"},{"link_name":"National Bureau of Statistics of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"https://www.urbanrail.net/as/cn/dujiangyan/dujiangyan.htm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.urbanrail.net/as/cn/dujiangyan/dujiangyan.htm"}],"text":"^ a b \"成都市第七次全国人口普查公报（第二号）\" [Seventh National Census of Chengdu (Bulletin No.2)] (PDF). Chengdu Municipal Statistics Bureau. 27 May 2021.\n\n^ \"Chinese Are Left to Ask Why Schools Crumbled.\" The New York Times.\n\n^ \"Provincial authority outlines school collapse reasons.\" China.org.\n\n^ \"Overwhelmed by death, Sichuan disinfects Archived 9 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine.\" Reuters India.\n\n^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 13 April 2023.\n\n^ \n中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 13 April 2023.\n\n^ 都江堰 – 气象数据 -中国天气网 (in Chinese). Weather China. Retrieved 22 November 2022.\n\n^ 2023年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：都江堰市 (in Simplified Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of China.\n\n^ https://www.urbanrail.net/as/cn/dujiangyan/dujiangyan.htm","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Xuanhua Gate of Dujiangyan on 2018 Chinese New Year","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Xuanhua_Gate_at_Guanxian_%2820180216093639%29.jpg/220px-Xuanhua_Gate_at_Guanxian_%2820180216093639%29.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C5%A1e%C4%8Di_Traminec
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Gewürztraminer
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["1 Etymology","2 History","3 Crosses","4 Regions","4.1 Australia","4.2 Canada","4.3 France","4.4 Germany","4.5 Italy","4.6 Luxembourg","4.7 New Zealand","4.8 United States","5 Vine and viticulture","6 Synonyms","7 See also","8 References"]
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Variety of grape
"Dreimanner" redirects here; for the Austrian wine grape, see Roter Veltliner. "St. Klauser" redirects here; for a related grape and other synonyms, see Savagnin.
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GewürztraminerGrape (Vitis)Gewürztraminer in Viala & VermorelColor of berry skinRoseSpeciesVitis viniferaAlso calledGewurztraminer, Traminec, Gewürz, Gertie, Gentil Rose Aromatique, Traminer Musque (more)OriginTramin, ItalyNotable regionsAlsace, Germany, Northeast Italy, Macedonia, New Zealand, Switzerland, USA, Canada, Southern Australia, Somontano in Spain, Stellenbosch in South Africa.Notable winesFrom Alsace, especially the Vendange TardivesVIVC number12609
Gewürztraminer vine and grapes
Gewürztraminer (German: ) is an aromatic wine grape variety, used in white wines, and which performs best in cooler climates. In English, it is sometimes referred to colloquially as Gewürz (/ɡəˈvʊərts, -ˈvɜːrts/; although this is never the case in German, because "Gewürz" means "herb" or "spice"). In English and French it is usually written Gewurztraminer (without the umlaut). Gewürztraminer is a variety with a pink to red skin colour, which makes it a "white wine grape" as opposed to the blue to black-skinned varieties commonly referred to as "red wine grapes". The variety has high natural sugar and the wines are white and usually off-dry, with a flamboyant bouquet of lychees. Indeed, Gewürztraminer and lychees share the same aroma compounds. Dry Gewürztraminers may also have aromas of roses, passion fruit and floral notes. It is not uncommon to notice some spritz (fine bubbles on the inside of the glass).
Gewürztraminer's sweetness may offset the spice in Southeast Asian cuisine.
Etymology
The German name Gewürztraminer literally means "Spice Traminer" or "Perfumed Traminer", and is attested in Germany from the 16th century. This grape variety is a mutation of the Savagnin blanc, also named Traminer in South Tyrol (region situated in northern Italy).
History
Gewürztraminer vine at budbreak
The history of the Traminer family is complicated, and not helped by its rather unstable genome. The story starts with the ancient Traminer variety, a green-skinned grape that takes its name from the village of Tramin, located in South Tyrol, the mainly German-speaking province in northern Italy. The famous ampelographer Pierre Galet thought that Traminer was identical to the green-skinned Savagnin blanc (not Sauvignon blanc) that makes vin jaune in the Jura. More recently it has been suggested that Savagnin blanc acquired slight differences in its leaf shape and geraniol content as it travelled to the other end of the Alps.
Frankisch in Austria, Gringet in Savoie, Heida in Switzerland, Formentin in Hungary and Grumin from Bohemia are all very similar to Savagnin blanc and probably represent clones of the Traminer family, if not Traminer itself. The Viognier of the Rhone Valley may be a more distant relative of Savagnin blanc.
At some point, either Traminer or Savagnin blanc mutated into a form with pink-skinned berries, called Red Traminer or Savagnin rose. Galet believed that a musqué ('muscat-like') mutation in the Red Traminer/Savagnin rose then led to the extra-aromatic Gewürztraminer, although in Germany these names are all regarded as synonymous.
With these convoluted genetics happening in the area that has been the front line for a millennium of wars in Europe, it is maybe not surprising that vines have been misnamed. Given that the wine made from 'Gewürztraminer' in Germany can be much less aromatic than that in Alsace, some of the German vines may well be misidentified Savagnin Rose. The Baden vineyard of Durbach claims its own type of Red Traminer called Durbacher Clevner (not to be confused with "Klevner", an Austrian synonym for Pinot blanc). The story goes that in 1780 Karl Friedrich, Grand Duke of Baden brought vines from Chiavenna in Italy, halfway between Tramin and the Jura, which was known to the Germans as Cleven.
The Klevener de Heiligenstein or Heiligensteiner Klevener found around Heiligenstein in Alsace may represent an outpost of the Durbach vines. They are often described as a less aromatic form of Gewürztraminer.
Traminer is recorded in Tramin from ca. 1000 until the 16th century. It was spread down the Rhine to Alsace, by way of the Palatinate, where Gewürz (spice) was added to its name – presumably this was when one of the mutations happened. The longer name was first used in Alsace (then under German rule) in the 1870's (. It is not clear what this name change represents, as it seems too great a coincidence that the musqué mutation happened just after the arrival of the great phylloxera epidemic. More likely, an existing mutant was selected for grafting onto phylloxera-resistant rootstocks when the vineyards were replanted. In 1973 the name Traminer was discontinued in Alsace except for in the Heiligenstein area.
Crosses
A Gewürztraminer made in Oregon from grapes grown in Washington State
The Germans have tried hard to breed the flavours of Gewürztraminer into vines that are easier to grow. In 1932, Georg Scheu crossed Gewürztraminer with Müller-Thurgau to produce Würzer, a little of which is grown in Rheinhessen and in England. Similar crosses at Alzey and Würzburg respectively have produced Septimer and the reasonably successful Perle. The early-ripening Siegerrebe is the result of a cross with Madeleine Angevine at Alzey and is notable for producing the highest ever must weight recorded in Germany, 326 °Oechsle. A cross between Müller-Thurgau and Siegerrebe produced Ortega.
Cserszegi fűszeres is the result of a Hungarian cross with Irsai Oliver.
In 1938, Harold Olmo crossed Sémillon and Gewürztraminer at U.C. Davis to make Flora, which is grown a little in California and New Zealand – in the latter it was mistaken for a late-ripening clone of Pinot gris. Brown Bros blend it with Orange Muscat in Australia.
In 1965, Gewürztraminer was crossed with Joannes Seyve 23.416 at the University of Illinois to produce a hybrid variety called Traminette. Traminette is more cold-tolerant than the original, while maintaining most of the desirable taste and aroma characteristics.
In the late 20th century, Australian viticulturalist and grape breeder A.J. Antcliff crossed Gewürztraminer with Merbein 29-56 to create the white grape variety Taminga.
During a series of trials between 1924 and 1930, Gewürztraminer was crossed with Trebbiano to create the pink-skinned Italian wine grape variety Manzoni rosa.
In 1970s, Czech winemaker and grape breeder Ing. Josef Veverka crossed in former Czechoslovakia Gewürztraminer with Müller-Thurgau to create the wine grape variety Pálava (the name refers to the Pálava hills located in the south Moravia). The grape variety is pink-skinned, earlier, more productive and of a finer traminer-like aroma. Pálava is grown in Moravia (Czech Republic) and Slovakia.
Regions
Bottles of Gewürztraminer (Traminac) made in Croatia
In Europe, the grape is grown in Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and in Turkey. In the New World, the grape is grown in California and Northern Michigan, New Zealand, and in Mendoza, the most important wine region of Argentina and in the far south of Chile. In the Middle East, the grape is grown in the Golan Heights.
Australia
Australian Gewürztraminer is more notable for its occasional use of old names like Traminer Musqué and Gentil Rose Aromatique than the actual quality of the wines. However recently those from the country's coolest regions can be fine examples. These include Gewürztraminers from the Adelaide Hills, Eden Valley, the island of Tasmania, Clare Valley, Yarra Valley and the vineyards scattered in the Australian Alps. The Macedon Ranges, just north of Melbourne, has a cold climate and volcanic soils, much suited to production of Gewürztraminer. (Macedon Ranges Vignerons Association.)
Canada
Canadian wine regions where it is grown include Vancouver Island and the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia, the Niagara Peninsula, and the north shore of Lake Erie and Prince Edward County wine regions of Ontario.
German Gewürztraminer – may be Red Traminer
France
Gewürztraminer is planted in Alsace, where it is the second most planted grape variety and the one most characteristic of the region. It grows better in the south of the region. Styles of Gewurztraminer d'Alsace range from the very dry Trimbach house style to the very sweet. The variety's high natural sugar means that it is popular for making dessert wine, both vendange tardive and the noble rot-affected Sélection de Grains Nobles.
As mentioned above, around Heiligenstein there is a grape known as Klevener de Heiligenstein, which is a Red Traminer (Savagnin Rose) and not a true Gewürz; the Heiligenstein wines are certainly more restrained than other Gewurztraminers d'Alsace.
Germany
Germany has about 10 square kilometres of the variety, but it is very different from that of their neighbours across the Rhine. As suggested above much of their "Gewürztraminer" is probably Red Traminer. The Germans go for a relatively dry style, that tries to subdue the natural flamboyance of the grape.
Italy
The Traminer is native to the cool Alpine slopes of the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol in northeastern Italy. Whether the Gewürz- mutant originated there or not is an open question, but it is certainly grown there today. What is certain is that the name "Traminer" derives from the town of Tramin. Confusingly, both pink and green grapes may be called simply Traminer.
Luxembourg
Luxembourg has also been prominent in the production of wines with Gewürztraminer grapes.
New Zealand
Even though the volumes produced remain tiny, Gewürztraminer is more and more popular in New Zealand. Around 200 hectares are being grown today, including 70ha in Marlborough, 54ha in Hawke's Bay, 19ha in Gisborne, 18ha in North Canterbury and 10ha in Central Otago.
United States
In the United States, Gewürztraminer grapes are concentrated in Monterey, Mendocino and Sonoma in California, the Columbia Valley of Washington and Oregon, and the Snake River Region of Idaho. It is also grown in Michigan, Rhode Island, Caddo County, Oklahoma, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Indiana, Hawaii, Texas, Virginia, Maryland, Missouri, New Mexico, New Hampshire, Grand Valley, Colorado and the Finger Lakes and Long Island Regions of New York.
Vine and viticulture
Gewürztraminer is especially sensitive to both soil and climate. The vine grows vigorously, but it does not do well in chalky soils and is very susceptible to disease. It buds early, so is very susceptible to frost, needs dry and warm summers, and ripens erratically and late. Its natural sweetness means that in hot climates it does not have enough acidity to balance the huge amounts of sugar, and picking early to retain the acidity means that the varietal aromas do not develop. These aromas may be further diluted by overcropping in an attempt to overcome the low yields.
Synonyms
Genetic instability means that the Traminers should be regarded as a family of related clones, rather than distinct varieties. Thus DNA analysis will probably reveal that the following names are not synonymous. It gets even worse when it comes to Gewürztraminer, as Geilweilerhof, being Germans, see no difference between it and Red Traminer – and some of the names look like they belong to the original green-skinned Traminer/Savagnin blanc. Still, with those caveats, here they are:
Auvernas rouge, Blanc brun, Blanc Court, Bon blanc, Christkindeltraube, Christkindlestraube, Clevener, Clevner, Crevena Ruziva, Crovena Ruzica, Dišeči Traminec, Dreimaenner, Dreimannen, Dreipfennigholz, Drumin, Drumin Ljbora, Duret rouge, Edeltraube, Fermentin rouge, Fleischroth, Fleischweiner, Formentin rouge, Fourmenteau rouge, Frencher, Fromente, Fromenteau, Fűszeres, Fűszeres Tramini, Gentil Rose Aromatique, Gentil-duret rouge, Gentile blanc, Gertie, Gewuerztraminer, Gringet, Gris rouge, Haiden, Kirmizi Traminer, Klaebinger, Klaevner, Kleinbraun, Kleinwiener, Livora, Livora Cervena, Mala Dinka, Marzimmer, Mirisavi Traminac, Nature, Nature rose, Noble rose, Nuernberger Rot, Pinat Cervena, Piros Tramini, Plant Paien, Princ Cerveny, Princt Cervena, Princt Cerveny, Ranfoliza, Rosentraminer, Rotclevner, Rotedel, Roter Nuerberger, Roter Nuernberger, Roter Traminer, Rotfranken, Rothklauser, Rothweiner, Rothwiener, Rotklaevler, Rotklaevner, Rotklevner, Rousselet, Runziva, Rusa, Ruska, Ryvola, Salvagnin, Sauvagnin, Savagnin, Savagnin jaune, Savagnin Rosa Aromatique, Savagnin rose, Savagnin Rose Aromatique, Savagnin Rose Musque, St. Klauser, Termeno Aromatico, Tramín červený (Czech, Slovak), Tramin Korenny, Traminac, Traminac Crveni, Traminac Dišeći, Traminac mirisavi (Croatian), Traminac Mirisavi Crveni, Traminac Sivi, Traminec, Traminer, Traminer Aromatico, Traminer Epice, Traminer Musque, Traminer Parfume, Traminer rosa, Traminer Rose Aromatique, Traminer Rot, Traminer Rozovyi, Tramini Piros and Trammener.
See also
International variety
References
^ Ong, Peter K. C.; Acree, Terry E. (1999). "Similarities in the Aroma Chemistry of Gewürztraminer Variety Wines and Lychee (Litchi chinesis Sonn.) Fruit". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 47 (2): 665–670. doi:10.1021/jf980452j. PMID 10563950.
^ Bhang, Ellen (27 May 2014). "Gewurztraminer is perfect for spring". Boston Globe. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
^ Stuart Wilson (1996). Understanding, Choosing, and Enjoying Wine. London: Hermes House. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-681-18585-2.
^ Scienza, A; Villa, P; Gianazza, E; Mattivi, F; Versini, G (18 May 1990). La caratterizzazione genetica del Traminer. Symposium Gewürztraminer=Simposio Traminer aromatico, Bolzano, 1990. pp. 21–32. hdl:10449/16901.
^ Jancis Robinson Vines, Grapes & Wine pg 253 Octopus Publishing 1986 ISBN 978-1-85732-999-5
^ Bleisch, B.I.; R.M. Pool; W.B. Robinson; T. Henick-Kling; B.K. Gavitt; J.P. Watson; M.H. Martens; R.S. Luce (1996). "'Traminette' Grape". Retrieved 2007-08-28.
^ Vitis International Variety Catalogue (VIVC) Taminga Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine Accessed: August 17th, 2012
^ J. Robinson, J. Harding and J. Vouillamoz Wine Grapes – A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours pgs 469–471, 594–595 Allen Lane 2012 ISBN 978-1-846-14446-2
^ According to French regulations as of 2011, this variety may only be planted in Moselle, Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin.
^ Maul, E.; Eibach, R. (2006). "European Vitis Database". Information and Coordination Centre for Biological Diversity (IBV) of the Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food (BLE), Deichmanns Aue 29, 53179. Bonn, Germany. Archived from the original on 2007-08-22. Retrieved 2007-08-28.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roter Veltliner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roter_Veltliner"},{"link_name":"Savagnin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savagnin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gewurztraminer_-_raisins_sur_pied_de_vigne.jpg"},{"link_name":"[ɡəˈvʏʁtstʁaˈmiːnɐ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"link_name":"aromatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic_(wine)"},{"link_name":"wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine"},{"link_name":"grape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape"},{"link_name":"white wines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_wine"},{"link_name":"/ɡəˈvʊərts, -ˈvɜːrts/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"umlaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umlaut_(diacritic)"},{"link_name":"off-dry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetness_of_wine"},{"link_name":"bouquet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouquet_(wine)"},{"link_name":"lychees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lychee"},{"link_name":"aroma compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroma_compound"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"sweetness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine_and_food_matching#Sweetness"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asian cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"\"Dreimanner\" redirects here; for the Austrian wine grape, see Roter Veltliner. \"St. Klauser\" redirects here; for a related grape and other synonyms, see Savagnin.Gewürztraminer vine and grapesGewürztraminer (German: [ɡəˈvʏʁtstʁaˈmiːnɐ]) is an aromatic wine grape variety, used in white wines, and which performs best in cooler climates. In English, it is sometimes referred to colloquially as Gewürz (/ɡəˈvʊərts, -ˈvɜːrts/; although this is never the case in German, because \"Gewürz\" means \"herb\" or \"spice\"). In English and French it is usually written Gewurztraminer (without the umlaut). Gewürztraminer is a variety with a pink to red skin colour, which makes it a \"white wine grape\" as opposed to the blue to black-skinned varieties commonly referred to as \"red wine grapes\". The variety has high natural sugar and the wines are white and usually off-dry, with a flamboyant bouquet of lychees. Indeed, Gewürztraminer and lychees share the same aroma compounds.[1] Dry Gewürztraminers may also have aromas of roses, passion fruit and floral notes. It is not uncommon to notice some spritz (fine bubbles on the inside of the glass).Gewürztraminer's sweetness may offset the spice in Southeast Asian cuisine.[2]","title":"Gewürztraminer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Savagnin blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savagnin_blanc"},{"link_name":"Traminer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traminer"},{"link_name":"South Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Tyrol"}],"text":"The German name Gewürztraminer literally means \"Spice Traminer\"[3] or \"Perfumed Traminer\", and is attested in Germany from the 16th century. This grape variety is a mutation of the Savagnin blanc, also named Traminer in South Tyrol (region situated in northern Italy).","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gertie_budbreak.jpg"},{"link_name":"Traminer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traminer"},{"link_name":"genome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome"},{"link_name":"Tramin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramin_an_der_Weinstra%C3%9Fe"},{"link_name":"South Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"ampelographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampelography"},{"link_name":"vin jaune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin_jaune"},{"link_name":"geraniol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraniol"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Viognier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viognier"},{"link_name":"musqué","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musqu%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Pinot blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_blanc"},{"link_name":"Karl Friedrich, Grand Duke of Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Friedrich,_Grand_Duke_of_Baden"},{"link_name":"Chiavenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiavenna"},{"link_name":"Klevener de Heiligenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klevener_de_Heiligenstein"},{"link_name":"Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace_wine"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"Palatinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatinate_(wine_region)"},{"link_name":"phylloxera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylloxera"}],"text":"Gewürztraminer vine at budbreakThe history of the Traminer family is complicated, and not helped by its rather unstable genome. The story starts with the ancient Traminer variety, a green-skinned grape that takes its name from the village of Tramin, located in South Tyrol, the mainly German-speaking province in northern Italy. The famous ampelographer Pierre Galet thought that Traminer was identical to the green-skinned Savagnin blanc (not Sauvignon blanc) that makes vin jaune in the Jura. More recently it has been suggested that Savagnin blanc acquired slight differences in its leaf shape and geraniol content[4] as it travelled to the other end of the Alps.Frankisch in Austria, Gringet in Savoie, Heida in Switzerland, Formentin in Hungary and Grumin from Bohemia are all very similar to Savagnin blanc and probably represent clones of the Traminer family, if not Traminer itself. The Viognier of the Rhone Valley may be a more distant relative of Savagnin blanc.At some point, either Traminer or Savagnin blanc mutated into a form with pink-skinned berries, called Red Traminer or Savagnin rose. Galet believed that a musqué ('muscat-like') mutation in the Red Traminer/Savagnin rose then led to the extra-aromatic Gewürztraminer, although in Germany these names are all regarded as synonymous.With these convoluted genetics happening in the area that has been the front line for a millennium of wars in Europe, it is maybe not surprising that vines have been misnamed. Given that the wine made from 'Gewürztraminer' in Germany can be much less aromatic than that in Alsace, some of the German vines may well be misidentified Savagnin Rose. The Baden vineyard of Durbach claims its own type of Red Traminer called Durbacher Clevner (not to be confused with \"Klevner\", an Austrian synonym for Pinot blanc). The story goes that in 1780 Karl Friedrich, Grand Duke of Baden brought vines from Chiavenna in Italy, halfway between Tramin and the Jura, which was known to the Germans as Cleven.The Klevener de Heiligenstein or Heiligensteiner Klevener found around Heiligenstein in Alsace may represent an outpost of the Durbach vines. They are often described as a less aromatic form of Gewürztraminer.Traminer is recorded in Tramin from ca. 1000 until the 16th century. It was spread down the Rhine to Alsace, by way of the Palatinate, where Gewürz (spice) was added to its name – presumably this was when one of the mutations happened. The longer name was first used in Alsace (then under German rule) in the 1870's (. It is not clear what this name change represents, as it seems too great a coincidence that the musqué mutation happened just after the arrival of the great phylloxera epidemic. More likely, an existing mutant was selected for grafting onto phylloxera-resistant rootstocks when the vineyards were replanted. In 1973 the name Traminer was discontinued in Alsace except for in the Heiligenstein area.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Washington_gertie.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georg Scheu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Scheu"},{"link_name":"crossed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossed_(wine)"},{"link_name":"Müller-Thurgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Thurgau"},{"link_name":"Würzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrzer"},{"link_name":"Rheinhessen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinhessen"},{"link_name":"Septimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Septimer_(grape)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Perle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perle_(grape)"},{"link_name":"Siegerrebe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegerrebe"},{"link_name":"Madeleine Angevine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Angevine"},{"link_name":"Oechsle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oechsle_scale"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Robinson_pg_253-5"},{"link_name":"Ortega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortega_(grape)"},{"link_name":"Cserszegi fűszeres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cserszegi_f%C5%B1szeres"},{"link_name":"Irsai Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irsai_Oliver"},{"link_name":"Harold Olmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Olmo"},{"link_name":"U.C. Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.C._Davis"},{"link_name":"Flora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_(grape)"},{"link_name":"Pinot gris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinot_gris"},{"link_name":"Joannes Seyve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joannes_Seyve"},{"link_name":"Traminette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traminette"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"viticulturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulturalist"},{"link_name":"A.J. Antcliff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A.J._Antcliff&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Merbein 29-56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merbein_29-56&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Taminga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taminga"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"crossed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossed_(wine)"},{"link_name":"Trebbiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebbiano"},{"link_name":"Manzoni rosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manzoni_rosa"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"Pálava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1lava_(grape)"},{"link_name":"Pálava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1lava"},{"link_name":"Moravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravia"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"}],"text":"A Gewürztraminer made in Oregon from grapes grown in Washington StateThe Germans have tried hard to breed the flavours of Gewürztraminer into vines that are easier to grow. In 1932, Georg Scheu crossed Gewürztraminer with Müller-Thurgau to produce Würzer, a little of which is grown in Rheinhessen and in England. Similar crosses at Alzey and Würzburg respectively have produced Septimer and the reasonably successful Perle. The early-ripening Siegerrebe is the result of a cross with Madeleine Angevine at Alzey and is notable for producing the highest ever must weight recorded in Germany, 326 °Oechsle.[5] A cross between Müller-Thurgau and Siegerrebe produced Ortega.Cserszegi fűszeres is the result of a Hungarian cross with Irsai Oliver.In 1938, Harold Olmo crossed Sémillon and Gewürztraminer at U.C. Davis to make Flora, which is grown a little in California and New Zealand – in the latter it was mistaken for a late-ripening clone of Pinot gris. Brown Bros blend it with Orange Muscat in Australia.In 1965, Gewürztraminer was crossed with Joannes Seyve 23.416 at the University of Illinois to produce a hybrid variety called Traminette. Traminette is more cold-tolerant than the original, while maintaining most of the desirable taste and aroma characteristics.[6]In the late 20th century, Australian viticulturalist and grape breeder A.J. Antcliff crossed Gewürztraminer with Merbein 29-56 to create the white grape variety Taminga.[7]During a series of trials between 1924 and 1930, Gewürztraminer was crossed with Trebbiano to create the pink-skinned Italian wine grape variety Manzoni rosa.[8]In 1970s, Czech winemaker and grape breeder Ing. Josef Veverka crossed in former Czechoslovakia Gewürztraminer with Müller-Thurgau to create the wine grape variety Pálava (the name refers to the Pálava hills located in the south Moravia). The grape variety is pink-skinned, earlier, more productive and of a finer traminer-like aroma. Pálava is grown in Moravia (Czech Republic) and Slovakia.","title":"Crosses"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gra%C5%A1evina_i_traminac.jpg"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"New World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_wine"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_wine"},{"link_name":"Mendoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendoza_wine"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_wine"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_wine"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Golan Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golan_Heights"}],"text":"Bottles of Gewürztraminer (Traminac) made in CroatiaIn Europe, the grape is grown in Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and in Turkey. In the New World, the grape is grown in California and Northern Michigan, New Zealand, and in Mendoza, the most important wine region of Argentina and in the far south of Chile. In the Middle East, the grape is grown in the Golan Heights.","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adelaide Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Hills_wine_region"},{"link_name":"Eden Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Valley_wine_region"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Clare Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_Valley_wine_region"},{"link_name":"Yarra Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarra_Valley"},{"link_name":"Australian Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Alps"}],"sub_title":"Australia","text":"Australian Gewürztraminer is more notable for its occasional use of old names like Traminer Musqué and Gentil Rose Aromatique than the actual quality of the wines. However recently those from the country's coolest regions can be fine examples. These include Gewürztraminers from the Adelaide Hills, Eden Valley, the island of Tasmania, Clare Valley, Yarra Valley and the vineyards scattered in the Australian Alps. The Macedon Ranges, just north of Melbourne, has a cold climate and volcanic soils, much suited to production of Gewürztraminer. (Macedon Ranges Vignerons Association.)","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_wine"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Island"},{"link_name":"Okanagan Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okanagan_Valley_(wine_region)"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia_wine"},{"link_name":"Niagara Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Lake Erie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Erie"},{"link_name":"Prince Edward County wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_County_Wine"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gew%C3%BCrztraminer.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Canada","text":"Canadian wine regions where it is grown include Vancouver Island and the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia, the Niagara Peninsula, and the north shore of Lake Erie and Prince Edward County wine regions of Ontario.German Gewürztraminer – may be Red Traminer","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace_wine"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Gewurztraminer d'Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gewurztraminer_d%27Alsace&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewurztraminer_d%27Alsace"},{"link_name":"Trimbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maison_Trimbach"},{"link_name":"dessert wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dessert_wine"},{"link_name":"vendange tardive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendange_tardive"},{"link_name":"noble rot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_rot"},{"link_name":"Sélection de Grains Nobles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9lection_de_Grains_Nobles"},{"link_name":"Heiligenstein wines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klevener_de_Heiligenstein"}],"sub_title":"France","text":"Gewürztraminer is planted in Alsace,[9] where it is the second most planted grape variety and the one most characteristic of the region. It grows better in the south of the region. Styles of Gewurztraminer d'Alsace [fr] range from the very dry Trimbach house style to the very sweet. The variety's high natural sugar means that it is popular for making dessert wine, both vendange tardive and the noble rot-affected Sélection de Grains Nobles.As mentioned above, around Heiligenstein there is a grape known as Klevener de Heiligenstein, which is a Red Traminer (Savagnin Rose) and not a true Gewürz; the Heiligenstein wines are certainly more restrained than other Gewurztraminers d'Alsace.","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Germany","text":"Germany has about 10 square kilometres of the variety, but it is very different from that of their neighbours across the Rhine. As suggested above much of their \"Gewürztraminer\" is probably Red Traminer. The Germans go for a relatively dry style, that tries to subdue the natural flamboyance of the grape.","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige/S%C3%BCdtirol_(wine)"},{"link_name":"Tramin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramin_an_der_Weinstra%C3%9Fe"}],"sub_title":"Italy","text":"The Traminer is native to the cool Alpine slopes of the Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol in northeastern Italy. Whether the Gewürz- mutant originated there or not is an open question, but it is certainly grown there today. What is certain is that the name \"Traminer\" derives from the town of Tramin. Confusingly, both pink and green grapes may be called simply Traminer.","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Luxembourg","text":"Luxembourg has also been prominent in the production of wines with Gewürztraminer grapes.","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"New Zealand","text":"Even though the volumes produced remain tiny, Gewürztraminer is more and more popular in New Zealand. Around 200 hectares are being grown today, including 70ha in Marlborough, 54ha in Hawke's Bay, 19ha in Gisborne, 18ha in North Canterbury and 10ha in Central Otago.","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Caddo County, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caddo_County,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Grand Valley, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Valley_(Colorado-Utah)"},{"link_name":"Finger Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finger_Lakes"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"In the United States, Gewürztraminer grapes are concentrated in Monterey, Mendocino and Sonoma in California, the Columbia Valley of Washington and Oregon, and the Snake River Region of Idaho. It is also grown in Michigan, Rhode Island, Caddo County, Oklahoma, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Indiana, Hawaii, Texas, Virginia, Maryland, Missouri, New Mexico, New Hampshire, Grand Valley, Colorado and the Finger Lakes and Long Island Regions of New York.","title":"Regions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Gewürztraminer is especially sensitive to both soil and climate. The vine grows vigorously, but it does not do well in chalky soils and is very susceptible to disease. It buds early, so is very susceptible to frost, needs dry and warm summers, and ripens erratically and late. Its natural sweetness means that in hot climates it does not have enough acidity to balance the huge amounts of sugar, and picking early to retain the acidity means that the varietal aromas do not develop. These aromas may be further diluted by overcropping in an attempt to overcome the low yields.[citation needed]","title":"Vine and viticulture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_language"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VIVC-10"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"}],"text":"Genetic instability means that the Traminers should be regarded as a family of related clones, rather than distinct varieties. Thus DNA analysis will probably reveal that the following names are not synonymous. It gets even worse when it comes to Gewürztraminer, as Geilweilerhof, being Germans, see no difference between it and Red Traminer – and some of the names look like they belong to the original green-skinned Traminer/Savagnin blanc. Still, with those caveats, here they are:Auvernas rouge, Blanc brun, Blanc Court, Bon blanc, Christkindeltraube, Christkindlestraube, Clevener, Clevner, Crevena Ruziva, Crovena Ruzica, Dišeči Traminec, Dreimaenner, Dreimannen, Dreipfennigholz, Drumin, Drumin Ljbora, Duret rouge, Edeltraube, Fermentin rouge, Fleischroth, Fleischweiner, Formentin rouge, Fourmenteau rouge, Frencher, Fromente, Fromenteau, Fűszeres, Fűszeres Tramini, Gentil Rose Aromatique, Gentil-duret rouge, Gentile blanc, Gertie, Gewuerztraminer, Gringet, Gris rouge, Haiden, Kirmizi Traminer, Klaebinger, Klaevner, Kleinbraun, Kleinwiener, Livora, Livora Cervena, Mala Dinka, Marzimmer, Mirisavi Traminac, Nature, Nature rose, Noble rose, Nuernberger Rot, Pinat Cervena, Piros Tramini, Plant Paien, Princ Cerveny, Princt Cervena, Princt Cerveny, Ranfoliza, Rosentraminer, Rotclevner, Rotedel, Roter Nuerberger, Roter Nuernberger, Roter Traminer, Rotfranken, Rothklauser, Rothweiner, Rothwiener, Rotklaevler, Rotklaevner, Rotklevner, Rousselet, Runziva, Rusa, Ruska, Ryvola, Salvagnin, Sauvagnin, Savagnin, Savagnin jaune, Savagnin Rosa Aromatique, Savagnin rose, Savagnin Rose Aromatique, Savagnin Rose Musque, St. Klauser, Termeno Aromatico, Tramín červený (Czech, Slovak), Tramin Korenny, Traminac, Traminac Crveni, Traminac Dišeći, Traminac mirisavi (Croatian), Traminac Mirisavi Crveni, Traminac Sivi, Traminec, Traminer, Traminer Aromatico, Traminer Epice, Traminer Musque, Traminer Parfume, Traminer rosa, Traminer Rose Aromatique, Traminer Rot, Traminer Rozovyi, Tramini Piros and Trammener.[10][failed verification]","title":"Synonyms"}]
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[{"image_text":"Gewürztraminer vine and grapes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/11/Gewurztraminer_-_raisins_sur_pied_de_vigne.jpg/220px-Gewurztraminer_-_raisins_sur_pied_de_vigne.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gewürztraminer vine at budbreak","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Gertie_budbreak.jpg/220px-Gertie_budbreak.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Gewürztraminer made in Oregon from grapes grown in Washington State","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Washington_gertie.jpg/220px-Washington_gertie.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bottles of Gewürztraminer (Traminac) made in Croatia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Gra%C5%A1evina_i_traminac.jpg/250px-Gra%C5%A1evina_i_traminac.jpg"},{"image_text":"German Gewürztraminer – may be Red Traminer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Gew%C3%BCrztraminer.jpg/200px-Gew%C3%BCrztraminer.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"International variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_variety"}]
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[{"reference":"Ong, Peter K. C.; Acree, Terry E. (1999). \"Similarities in the Aroma Chemistry of Gewürztraminer Variety Wines and Lychee (Litchi chinesis Sonn.) Fruit\". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 47 (2): 665–670. doi:10.1021/jf980452j. PMID 10563950.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf980452j","url_text":"10.1021/jf980452j"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10563950","url_text":"10563950"}]},{"reference":"Bhang, Ellen (27 May 2014). \"Gewurztraminer is perfect for spring\". Boston Globe. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bostonglobe.com/lifestyle/food-dining/2014/05/24/wine-with-long-name-perfect-for-spring/UGgXpigTqqUIzDel8aJ2gL/story.html","url_text":"\"Gewurztraminer is perfect for spring\""}]},{"reference":"Stuart Wilson (1996). Understanding, Choosing, and Enjoying Wine. London: Hermes House. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-681-18585-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-681-18585-2","url_text":"978-0-681-18585-2"}]},{"reference":"Scienza, A; Villa, P; Gianazza, E; Mattivi, F; Versini, G (18 May 1990). La caratterizzazione genetica del Traminer. Symposium Gewürztraminer=Simposio Traminer aromatico, Bolzano, 1990. pp. 21–32. hdl:10449/16901.","urls":[{"url":"https://openpub.fmach.it/handle/10449/16901","url_text":"La caratterizzazione genetica del Traminer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10449%2F16901","url_text":"10449/16901"}]},{"reference":"Bleisch, B.I.; R.M. Pool; W.B. Robinson; T. Henick-Kling; B.K. Gavitt; J.P. Watson; M.H. Martens; R.S. Luce (1996). \"'Traminette' Grape\". Retrieved 2007-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/hort/faculty/reisch/bulletin/traminette.html","url_text":"\"'Traminette' Grape\""}]},{"reference":"Maul, E.; Eibach, R. (2006). \"European Vitis Database\". Information and Coordination Centre for Biological Diversity (IBV) of the Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food (BLE), Deichmanns Aue 29, 53179. Bonn, Germany. Archived from the original on 2007-08-22. Retrieved 2007-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070822222202/http://www.genres.de/eccdb/vitis/","url_text":"\"European Vitis Database\""},{"url":"http://www.genres.de/eccdb/vitis/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_Sammarinese_general_election
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1945 San Marino general election
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["1 Electoral system","2 Results","3 References"]
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1945 San Marino general election
← 1943
11 March 1945
1949 →
All 60 seats in the Grand and General Council31 seats needed for a majorityTurnout57.41% (3.14pp)
Party
%
Seats
+/–
CdL
65.97
40
−20
AP
34.03
20
New
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.Politics of San Marino
Constitution
Captains Regent
Alessandro Rossi
Milena Gasperoni
Congress of State
Grand and General Council
Political parties
Elections in San Marino
Foreign relations
Visa policy
Other countries
vte
General elections were held in San Marino on 11 March 1945. The British Army had required a fresh election for the final elimination of all fascist-friendly politicians. The result was a victory for the Committee of Freedom, which won 40 of the 60 seats in the Grand and General Council.
Electoral system
Voters had to be citizens of San Marino, male and at least 24 years old.
Results
PartyVotes%SeatsCommittee of Freedom2,21465.9740Popular Alliance1,14234.0320Total3,356100.0060Valid votes3,32699.11Invalid/blank votes300.89Total votes3,356100.00Registered voters/turnout5,84657.41Source: Nohlen & Stöver
References
^ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1678 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
^ Nohlen & Stöver, p1690
vte Elections and referendums in San MarinoGeneral elections
1906 (Mar)
1906 (Jun)
1909
1912
1915
1918
1920
1923
1926
1932
1938
1943
1945
1949
1951
1955
1959
1964
1969
1974
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2001
2006
2008
2012
2016
2019
2024
Local elections
1997
1998
1999
2003
2004
2009
2014
2020
Referendums
1906
1982
1996
1997
1999
2003
2005
2008
2011
2013
2014
2016
2019
2021
This San Marino–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This European election-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laetitia_Griffith
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Laetitia Griffith
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["1 Career","2 Decorations","3 References","4 External links"]
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Dutch politician (born 1965)
Laetitia GriffithLaetitia Griffith in 2006Advisory Member of the Council of StateIn office1 January 2012 – 1 January 2017Vice PresidentHerman Tjeenk Willink (2012) Piet Hein Donner (2012–2017)Member of the House of RepresentativesIn office1 June 2006 – 17 June 2010In office30 January 2003 – 3 June 2005Parliamentary groupPeople's Party for Freedom and Democracy
Personal detailsBornLaetitia Juliëtte Griffith (1965-11-01) 1 November 1965 (age 58)Paramaribo, SurinamNationalityDutchPolitical partyPeople's Party for Freedom and Democracy (from 2000)Spouse
Jan Naeyé (m. 1998)Residence(s)Driemond, NetherlandsAlma materVrije Universiteit Amsterdam (Bachelor of Laws, Bachelor of Public Administration, Master of Laws, Master of Public Administration)OccupationPolitician · Civil servant · Jurist · Nonprofit director
Laetitia Juliëtte Griffith (born 1 November 1965) is a retired Surinamese–born Dutch politician of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) and jurist.
Career
Born in Paramaribo, Suriname, Griffith moved to the Netherlands in 1987 to study law. She graduated in 1992 from the VU University Amsterdam. In 1993 she started work at the Ministry of Justice.
In 2000 Griffith joined the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy after being advised to do so by Minister Benk Korthals. After the fall of the First Balkenende cabinet she became a member of the House of Representatives. On 16 May 2005 she became an alderman in the Amsterdam municipal council.
On 19 May 2006 it was announced that Griffith would succeed Ayaan Hirsi Ali as parliamentarian. On 15 March 2010 she announced her retreat from politics. In 2012 she became a member of the Council of State.
Decorations
Honours
Ribbon bar
Honour
Country
Date
Comment
Knight of the Order of Orange-Nassau
Netherlands
1 January 2017
References
^ (in Dutch) Griffith (VVD) stopt als Kamerlid Archived 2010-03-22 at the Wayback Machine, NRC Handelsblad, March 16, 2010.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Laetitia Griffith.
Official
(in Dutch) Mr. L.J. (Laetitia) Griffith Parlement & Politiek
Non-profit organization positions
Preceded byUnknown
Chairwoman of the Prinses Beatrix Foundation 2006–2014
Succeeded byJacqueline Cramer
vteMembers of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands (2006–2010)House of Representatives, 30 November 2006 – 16 June 2010Christian Democratic Appeal(CDA – 41)
Van Geel
Aasted-Madsen
Algra
Atsma
<Balkenende>
Bilder
Biskop
Blanksma-Van den Heuvel
Van Bochove
<Van de Camp>
Çörüz
Van Dijk
<Donner>
Eski
Ferrier
<Van Gennip>
Van Haersma Buma
Haverkamp
<Hessels>
<Van Heugten>
Van Hijum
<Van der Hoeven>
Ten Hoopen
Jager
Joldersma
Jonker
<Van der Knaap>
Knops
Koopmans
Koppejan
<Kortenhorst>
Mastwijk
de Nerée tot Babberich
Omtzigt
Ormel
De Pater-Van der Meer
Pieper
De Rouwe
Schermers
Schinkelshoek
Schreijer-Pierik
Smilde
Spies
Sterk
Van Toorenburg
Uitslag
<Verburg>
<Verhagen>
Vietsch
De Vries
Van Vroonhoven-Kok
<Wijn>
Willemse-Van der Ploeg
Labour Party(PvdA – 33)
Hamer
Albayrak
Arib
Besselink
Blom
Boelhouwer
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Bouchibti
Bouwmeester
<Bussemaker>
<Crone>
Van Dam
<Depla>
Van Dijken
<Dijksma>
Dijsselbloem
Eijsink
Gill'ard
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Heijnen
Jacobi
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Kuiken
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Leerdam
Linhard
Roefs
Samsom
Smeets
Spekman
Tang
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Timmer
<Timmermans>
Van der Veen
Verbeet (Speaker)
Vermeij
Vos
Waalkens
Wolbert
<Wolfson>
<Yücel>
Socialist Party(SP – 25)
Kant
<Abel>
Bashir
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Van Dijk
Gerkens
Van Gerven
Gesthuizen
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Remkes
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Weekers
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Party for Freedom(PVV – 9)
Wilders
Agema
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Brinkman
Van Dijck
Fritsma
Graus
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De Roon
GroenLinks(GL – 7)
Halsema
Azough
Dibi
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Van Gent
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Christian Union(CU – 6)
Slob
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Ortega
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Voordewind
Wiegman
Democrats 66(D66 – 3)
Pechtold
Van der Ham
Kaya
Party for the Animals(PvdD – 2)
Thieme
Ouwehand
Reformed Political Party(SGP – 2)
Van der Vlies
Van der Staaij
Independent(Lid-Verdonk – 1)
Verdonk
Underline signifies the parliamentary leader (first mentioned) and the Speaker Angle brackets signify a replacement member or a member who prematurely left this House of Representatives
See also: Members of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands, 2010–2012
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Netherlands
This article about a Dutch People's Party for Freedom and Democracy politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsibilities_and_Other_Poems
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Responsibilities and Other Poems
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["1 Publication history","2 Literary significance","3 References"]
|
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Responsibilities and Other Poems" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Responsibilities and Other Poems is a work written by William Butler Yeats.
Publication history
Responsibilities and a Play was printed and published by Yeats's sister, Elizabeth Corbet Yeats, at the Cuala Press in 1914. 400 copies were published.
The work contained thirty one poems and a new version of the play The Hour Glass, which was originally written in collaboration with Lady Gregory, but now presented in a new version.
Responsibilities and Other Poems was published by Macmillan in 1916. This trade edition contained one new poem “The Well and the Tree,” which was subsequently removed from the sequence to become part of the play, At the Hawk’s Well. This work also included some poems from the Green Helmet and Other Poems (1910) and the 1913 poems from Poems Written in Discouragement.
Literary significance
Beginning in 1895 with Poems and in 1899 with The Wind among the Reeds Yeats published poems typically with a dreamlike atmosphere and replete with reference to Irish folklore and legends. The Green Helmet of 1910 contained little of the Celtic influence of his earlier poems. The other world had all but disappeared with his publication of Responsibilities and a Play.
The Responsibilities poems signify a transition turning point for Yeats from the dreamworld of the Celtic Twilight to the harsh realities of the modern day. He sums it up in the poem "September 1913" written about the worker's strike in Dublin: "Romantic Ireland's dead and gone." Those realities included the attacks on Maude Gonne and himself by George Moore; The Hugh Lane controversy; the workers’ strike of 1913 and his support of the working man and James Connolly; Parnell; and the fuss over The Playboy of the Western World.. The poems are political and personal. Responsibilities begins with Yeats’ obscure and anonymous epigraph attributed to “an old play”: “In dreams begins responsibility.” His next epigraph is from Confucius and refers to the Prince of Chang, the founder of the Second Dynasty, perhaps signifying a new dynasty for Yeats himself. These are announcements of a new direction for Yeats. His introductory matter continues with a poems referring to the Butler family, a veiled response to the criticisms of George Moore. The collection ends with a poem referring to with George Moore as a post passing dogs defile.
References
^ Yeats, William Butler (1914). Responsibilities Poems and a Play (1st ed.). Cuala Press. ISBN 9780716513469. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
^ Yeats, William Butler (1916). Responsibilities And Other Poems (1st ed.). Macmillan. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
vteW. B. YeatsPoetryVolumes
The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems (1889)
The Countess Kathleen and Various Legends and Lyrics (1892)
In the Seven Woods (1903)
Responsibilities and Other Poems (1916)
The Wild Swans at Coole (1919)
Michael Robartes and the Dancer (1921)
The Tower (1928)
The Winding Stair and Other Poems (1933)
Poems
"The Song of Wandering Aengus"
"Aedh Wishes for the Cloths of Heaven"
"An Irish Airman Foresees His Death"
"Adam's Curse"
"Blood and the Moon"
"The Circus Animals' Desertion"
"Down by the Salley Gardens"
"A Drunken Man's Praise of Sobriety"
"Easter, 1916"
"Ego Dominus Tuus"
"In Memory of Eva Gore-Booth and Con Markiewicz"
"The Lake Isle of Innisfree"
"Nineteen Hundred and Nineteen"
"On being asked for a War Poem"
"Politics"
"A Prayer for My Daughter"
"Remorse for Intemperate Speech"
"The Rose of Battle"
"The Rose-Tree"
"Sailing to Byzantium"
"September 1913"
"Song of the Old Mother"
"The Fiddler of Dooney"
"The Gift of Harun Al-Raschid"
"The Scholars"
"The Second Coming"
"The Song of the Happy Shepherd"
"The Stolen Child"
"Swift's Epitaph"
"To the Rose upon the Rood of Time"
"The Tower"
"Under Ben Bulben
"The Wanderings of Oisin"
"The Wild Swans at Coole"
Plays
Mosada (1886)
The Land of Heart's Desire (1894)
Diarmuid and Grania (1901)
Cathleen ni Houlihan (1902)
On Baile's Strand (1903)
The Countess Cathleen (1911)
At the Hawk's Well (1916)
The Resurrection (1927)
Purgatory (1938)
Other works
The Works of William Blake: Poetic, Symbolic and Critical (1893; co-author)
A Vision (1925)
The Bounty of Sweden (1925)
"The Curse of the Fires and of the Shadows"
Oxford Book of Modern Verse 1892–1935 (editor)
People
Georgie Hyde-Lees (wife)
Anne Yeats (daughter)
Michael Yeats (son)
John Butler Yeats (father)
Susan Pollexfen (mother)
Jack Butler Yeats (brother)
Elizabeth Yeats (sister)
Lily Yeats (sister)
Maud Gonne (lover)
Related
W. B. Yeats bibliography
Rhymers' Club
Dun Emer Press
Cuala Press
An Appointment with Mr Yeats
"Troy"
Thoor Ballylee
Samhain magazine
This poetry-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Butler Yeats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Butler_Yeats"}],"text":"Responsibilities and Other Poems is a work written by William Butler Yeats.","title":"Responsibilities and Other Poems"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elizabeth Corbet Yeats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Yeats"},{"link_name":"Cuala Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuala_Press"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Macmillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Responsibilities and a Play was printed and published by Yeats's sister, Elizabeth Corbet Yeats, at the Cuala Press in 1914. 400 copies were published.[1]The work contained thirty one poems and a new version of the play The Hour Glass, which was originally written in collaboration with Lady Gregory, but now presented in a new version.Responsibilities and Other Poems was published by Macmillan in 1916. This trade edition contained one new poem “The Well and the Tree,” which was subsequently removed from the sequence to become part of the play, At the Hawk’s Well. This work also included some poems from the Green Helmet and Other Poems (1910) and the 1913 poems from Poems Written in Discouragement.[2]","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Beginning in 1895 with Poems and in 1899 with The Wind among the Reeds Yeats published poems typically with a dreamlike atmosphere and replete with reference to Irish folklore and legends. The Green Helmet of 1910 contained little of the Celtic influence of his earlier poems. The other world had all but disappeared with his publication of Responsibilities and a Play.The Responsibilities poems signify a transition turning point for Yeats from the dreamworld of the Celtic Twilight to the harsh realities of the modern day. He sums it up in the poem \"September 1913\" written about the worker's strike in Dublin: \"Romantic Ireland's dead and gone.\" Those realities included the attacks on Maude Gonne and himself by George Moore; The Hugh Lane controversy; the workers’ strike of 1913 and his support of the working man and James Connolly; Parnell; and the fuss over The Playboy of the Western World.. The poems are political and personal. Responsibilities begins with Yeats’ obscure and anonymous epigraph attributed to “an old play”: “In dreams begins responsibility.” His next epigraph is from Confucius and refers to the Prince of Chang, the founder of the Second Dynasty, perhaps signifying a new dynasty for Yeats himself. These are announcements of a new direction for Yeats. His introductory matter continues with a poems referring to the Butler family, a veiled response to the criticisms of George Moore. The collection ends with a poem referring to with George Moore as a post passing dogs defile.","title":"Literary significance"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_E._Witte
|
Edwin E. Witte
|
["1 Education and family life","2 As government social reformer","3 Professor at the University of Wisconsin","4 Social Security","4.1 Father of social security","5 Later life","6 Bibliography","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
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American economist
Witte explaining a proposal, 1935
Edwin Emil Witte (January 4, 1887 – May 20, 1960) was an economist who focused on social insurance issues for the state of Wisconsin and for the Committee on Economic Security. While the executive director of the President's Committee on Economic Security under U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, he developed during 1934 the policies and the legislation that became the Social Security Act of 1935. Because of this he is sometimes called "the father of Social Security".
Education and family life
Witte was born in the Moravian community of Ebenezer, Wisconsin, about four miles south of Watertown. He was recognized from an early age as having remarkable intelligence, such that his parents sent him to high school in Watertown. He graduated as the valedictorian of his class and also became the first person in his family to attend college.
He graduated from the University of Wisconsin in 1909 with a B.A. in history and immediately began graduate work. His adviser, Frederick Jackson Turner, left Madison in 1910 for Harvard, but recommended that Witte continue studying history under John R. Commons of the economics department. This advice turned Witte to the study of economics. Because Commons at this time was heavily involved in advising Robert M. La Follette, and the government of Wisconsin (see Wisconsin Idea), Witte easily found work with the state upon completion of his coursework in 1911. Witte was soon overwhelmed with work; he completed his qualifying exams in 1916 but did not return to his dissertation studies until the mid-1920s. He eventually completed his doctorate in economics in 1927.
Witte married Florence Rimsnider, a librarian who worked at the Legislative Reference Library. The couple lived on Madison Street; they had one son and two daughters.
As government social reformer
Witte's first job for the state of Wisconsin was as a statistician of workmen's compensation insurance rates for the Wisconsin Industrial Commission. His work here led the Wisconsin Legislature to grant the Commission authority to regulate those rates.
In 1912, Witte accepted the job of personal secretary to Congressman John M. Nelson. Nelson served on the House Judiciary Committee which was then considering the Clayton Antitrust Act. Witte wrote Nelson's minority report opposing approval of the Clayton Act because its language did not provide a strong anti-injunction clause favored by Samuel Gompers and organized labor. Witte's views were validated in Duplex Printing Press Company v. Deering (254 U.S. 443 ) which struck down the labor protection clauses of the act.
When Commons was appointed to the United States Commission on Industrial Relations, he brought Witte along. Witte's main focus here was on the use of the labor injunction, which became the topic of his dissertation. By the time he published this research, he was noted as the foremost authority on the anti-labor injunction and served as an adviser (along with Felix Frankfurter, Donald Richberg, Francis Sayre, and Herman Oliphant) to the Senate Judiciary Committee drafting the Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act of 1932.
In January 1917, he was appointed the executive secretary of the Wisconsin Industrial Commission., where he added labor and safety regulatory policies to his list of progressive social insurance concerns. In 1921, he accepted the position of chief of the Wisconsin Legislative Research Library a position that was mostly helping legislators draft legislation.
In all of these positions, Witte developed his skills at using research as a tool for persuasion in the development of social insurance policy. Working closely with legislators at both the state and national level, Witte had a keen sense for the process. As a government social reformer, David B. Johnson describe Witte as "neither a politician nor an activist. Rather he was a facilitator, a creative draftsman of public programs, a compromiser, and a tireless mediator who devoted his efforts towards bringing divergent sides together and to working out mutually acceptable solutions".
Professor at the University of Wisconsin
From 1922 to 1933, he served as chief of the Wisconsin Legislative Reference Library, an agency now known as the Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau. Joining the faculty at Wisconsin, he worked with Commons, and Selig Perlman, Robert M. La Follette, Sr., Robert M. La Follette, Jr., E. A. Ross, and Arthur J. Altmeyer (who became the chairman of the Social Security Board) who were developing the Wisconsin progressive movement and working on public policy issues of the day. In 1933 Witte was appointed full professor in the economics department at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Throughout the 1910s and 1920s, while serving as an administrator, Witte managed to publish consistently. This, coupled with his reputation as an expert on labor economics explain the unusual appointment. Following this appointment, Witte served on the unemployment insurance section of the Wisconsin Industrial Commission.
As a professor of economics, one of his central beliefs (taught in his "Government and Business" courses) was that the economics discipline, because of its focus on markets, deprecated the role of government in regulating, promoting, and protecting the economy. He preferred "political economics" to "economics" as the truer descriptor of his discipline. Also trained by Commons, Witte preferred the institutional economics approach to problems.
Social Security
Because of Witte's expertise in both legislation and social insurance, and his national reputation as an expert in the area of social insurance, he was selected to lead the President's Committee on Economic Security to propose legislation that would eventually become the Social Security Act of 1935. Witte also was an acquaintance of Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins, and her assistant secretary, Arthur J. Altmeyer was a colleague of Witte's while at graduate school and on the Wisconsin Industrial Commission.
The major problem facing Witte was time. He was appointed in late July and President Roosevelt wanted legislative proposals to hand the new congress when it convened in January 1935. Witte was able to meet this deadline. He and his staff (which included one of his undergraduate students Wilbur J. Cohen) had a set of legislative proposals that covered unemployment insurance, old-age pensions, disability compensation, aid to families with dependent children. His committee also for a time worked on a national health insurance plan but this was dropped from the final bill as being too much too soon. It was also strongly opposed by the American Medical Association.
When hearings began in January 1935, Witte as the principal author of the Social Security Act of 1935 was questioned for four days before the House Ways and Means Committee explaining the operation of the bill, its costs and benefits, and using his research to make a persuasive case. He performed the same act for three days before the Senate Finance Committee. He remained in Washington during the Spring and Summer of 1935, working with Congress towards the final legislation. It was signed by Roosevelt on August 18, 1935. Witte returned to his teaching but remained for many years a consultant to the Social Security Administration as a member of the first Advisory Council on Social Security, as a member of the Federal Advisory Council on Social Security, and as a member of the President's Committee on Administrative Management.
Father of social security
Witte has long been credited as the "Father of Social Security", but Witte himself denied this claim. He believed that he deserved "this title less than many others". Witte pointed out that the Social Security Act was a collaborative undertaking:
Social Security, like most other major social advances, has been the product of the endeavors and work of many people over a long period of time. The contributions made by any one person have been so commingled with those of many others that the end-product cannot be attributed to any individual or group of individuals.
Then, also, Arthur J. Altmeyer is often referred to as the "Father of Social Security". See the remarks of Congressman Robert Kastenmeier (D-WI) on the death of Altmeyer.
The son of Abraham Epstein has called his father the "Forgotten Father of Social Security" in a recent book.
Later life
Witte continued to advise legislators both in Wisconsin and Washington for many years afterwards. In 1935, he consulted with Senators Robert M. La Follette, Jr. and Robert Wagner on the Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act). In addition to guiding the Social Security Act through the United States Congress, Witte also worked on other labor legislation including (with George William Norris and Fiorello H. La Guardia) the Norris La Guardia anti-injunction act. Also during the 1930s he served on the Wisconsin State Planning Board and the Wisconsin Labor Relations Board. He continued to teach and publish as well. During his tenure at the University of Wisconsin, he advised fifty six Ph.D. candidates. During World War II, Witte served as a labor-management mediator under the Defense Mobilization Act and then for the War Labor Board. Once the war was over Witte returned to his teaching.
In 1947 he created the Industrial Relations Center at Madison. He was also one of the founding members of the Industrial Relations Research Association and was its first president in 1948. He was also involved with the National Association of Arbiters, the Atomic Energy Labor Relations Panel as well as continuing to advise Wisconsin legislators. During the academic year of 1953–54, he was a visiting scholar at Cornell University's School of Industrial and Labor Relations. In 1956 Witte was elected to the presidency of the American Economics Association.
Witte retired in 1957, and like millions of other Americans, received Social Security benefits, while he continued to teach regularly as a visiting professor. Edwin E. Witte died on May 20, 1960, of a stroke complicated by cardiovascular issues.
Bibliography
The Government in Labor Disputes (1932)
Social Security in America (1937)
References
This article incorporates material from the Citizendium article "Edwin E. Witte", which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License but not under the GFDL.
^ This section is from David B. Johnson, "The 'Government Man': Edwin E. Witte of the University of Wisconsin," Wisconsin Magazine of History 82, no. 1 (Autumn 1998), 34-36.
^ David B. Johnson, "The 'Government Man': Edwin E. Witte of the University of Wisconsin," Wisconsin Magazine of History 82, no. 1 (Autumn 1998), 37.
^ History of the Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau: Witte Archived 2012-08-03 at archive.today
^ Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau
^ See Edwin E. Witte, "Economics and Public Policy", American Economic Review 47 (March 1957), 12-13, and Edwin E. Witte, "Institutional Economics as seen by an Institutional Economist", Southern Economic Review 21 (October 1954), 131-140 for Witte's views on the economics discipline and government.
^ Frances Perkins, Foreword to The Development of the Social Security Act, by Edwin E. Witte (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1963), viii.
^ Edwin E. Witte, "Reflections on The Beginnings of Social Security," Remarks delivered at observance cf 20th Anniversary of Social Security Act by Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Washington, D.C., on August 15, 1955.
^
Robert Kastenmeier, "Arthur J. Altmeyer, 'Father' of Social Security," Congressional Record-House, October 18, 1972, H10353-H10354.
^ Pierre Epstein, Abraham Epstein: The Forgotten Father of Social Security (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2007).
Further reading
Cohen, Wilbur J. "Edwin E. Witte (1887-1960): Father of Social Security", Industrial and Labor Relations Review vol. 14, no.1 (October 1960), pp. 7–9.
Johnson, David B. "The 'government man': Edwin E. Witte of the University of Wisconsin" Wisconsin Magazine of History, vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 32–51.
Schlabach, Theron F. Edwin E. Witte, Cautious Reformer. Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1969.
External links
Edwin Witte Archived 2009-05-04 at the Wayback Machine, Wisconsin Historical Society
Guide to the Edwin E. Witte reports and articles, 1914-1960. #5236. Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University Library.
Edwin E. Witte at Find a Grave
vtePresidents of the American Economic Association1886–1900
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Frank A. Fetter (1912)
David Kinley (1913)
John H. Gray (1914)
Walter F. Willcox (1915)
Thomas N. Carver (1916)
John R. Commons (1917)
Irving Fisher (1918)
Henry B. Gardner (1919)
Herbert J. Davenport (1920)
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La Follette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin Idea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Idea"}],"text":"Witte was born in the Moravian community of Ebenezer, Wisconsin, about four miles south of Watertown.[1] He was recognized from an early age as having remarkable intelligence, such that his parents sent him to high school in Watertown. He graduated as the valedictorian of his class and also became the first person in his family to attend college.He graduated from the University of Wisconsin in 1909 with a B.A. in history and immediately began graduate work. His adviser, Frederick Jackson Turner, left Madison in 1910 for Harvard, but recommended that Witte continue studying history under John R. Commons of the economics department. This advice turned Witte to the study of economics. Because Commons at this time was heavily involved in advising Robert M. La Follette, and the government of Wisconsin (see Wisconsin Idea), Witte easily found work with the state upon completion of his coursework in 1911. Witte was soon overwhelmed with work; he completed his qualifying exams in 1916 but did not return to his dissertation studies until the mid-1920s. He eventually completed his doctorate in economics in 1927.Witte married Florence Rimsnider, a librarian who worked at the Legislative Reference Library. The couple lived on Madison Street; they had one son and two daughters.","title":"Education and family life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wisconsin Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Clayton Antitrust Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayton_Antitrust_Act"},{"link_name":"Samuel Gompers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Gompers"},{"link_name":"United States Commission on Industrial Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Commission_on_Industrial_Relations"},{"link_name":"Felix Frankfurter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter"},{"link_name":"Donald Richberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Richberg"},{"link_name":"Francis Sayre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bowes_Sayre,_Sr."},{"link_name":"Herman Oliphant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Oliphant"},{"link_name":"Senate Judiciary Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_Judiciary_Committee"},{"link_name":"Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norris-La_Guardia_Anti-Injunction_Act"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Witte's first job for the state of Wisconsin was as a statistician of workmen's compensation insurance rates for the Wisconsin Industrial Commission. His work here led the Wisconsin Legislature to grant the Commission authority to regulate those rates.In 1912, Witte accepted the job of personal secretary to Congressman John M. Nelson. Nelson served on the House Judiciary Committee which was then considering the Clayton Antitrust Act. Witte wrote Nelson's minority report opposing approval of the Clayton Act because its language did not provide a strong anti-injunction clause favored by Samuel Gompers and organized labor. Witte's views were validated in Duplex Printing Press Company v. Deering (254 U.S. 443 [1921]) which struck down the labor protection clauses of the act.When Commons was appointed to the United States Commission on Industrial Relations, he brought Witte along. Witte's main focus here was on the use of the labor injunction, which became the topic of his dissertation. By the time he published this research, he was noted as the foremost authority on the anti-labor injunction and served as an adviser (along with Felix Frankfurter, Donald Richberg, Francis Sayre, and Herman Oliphant) to the Senate Judiciary Committee drafting the Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act of 1932.In January 1917, he was appointed the executive secretary of the Wisconsin Industrial Commission., where he added labor and safety regulatory policies to his list of progressive social insurance concerns. In 1921, he accepted the position of chief of the Wisconsin Legislative Research Library a position that was mostly helping legislators draft legislation.In all of these positions, Witte developed his skills at using research as a tool for persuasion in the development of social insurance policy. Working closely with legislators at both the state and national level, Witte had a keen sense for the process. As a government social reformer, David B. Johnson describe Witte as \"neither a politician nor an activist. Rather he was a facilitator, a creative draftsman of public programs, a compromiser, and a tireless mediator who devoted his efforts towards bringing divergent sides together and to working out mutually acceptable solutions\".[2]","title":"As government social reformer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Selig Perlman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selig_Perlman"},{"link_name":"Robert M. La Follette, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette,_Jr."},{"link_name":"E. A. Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._A._Ross"},{"link_name":"Arthur J. Altmeyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_J._Altmeyer"},{"link_name":"institutional economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_economics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"From 1922 to 1933, he served as chief of the Wisconsin Legislative Reference Library,[3] an agency now known as the Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau.[4] Joining the faculty at Wisconsin, he worked with Commons, and Selig Perlman, Robert M. La Follette, Sr., Robert M. La Follette, Jr., E. A. Ross, and Arthur J. Altmeyer (who became the chairman of the Social Security Board) who were developing the Wisconsin progressive movement and working on public policy issues of the day. In 1933 Witte was appointed full professor in the economics department at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Throughout the 1910s and 1920s, while serving as an administrator, Witte managed to publish consistently. This, coupled with his reputation as an expert on labor economics explain the unusual appointment. Following this appointment, Witte served on the unemployment insurance section of the Wisconsin Industrial Commission.As a professor of economics, one of his central beliefs (taught in his \"Government and Business\" courses) was that the economics discipline, because of its focus on markets, deprecated the role of government in regulating, promoting, and protecting the economy. He preferred \"political economics\" to \"economics\" as the truer descriptor of his discipline. Also trained by Commons, Witte preferred the institutional economics approach to problems.[5]","title":"Professor at the University of Wisconsin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Social Security Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_Act"},{"link_name":"Frances Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Perkins"},{"link_name":"Arthur J. Altmeyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_J._Altmeyer"},{"link_name":"President Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Wilbur J. Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbur_J._Cohen"},{"link_name":"American Medical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Medical_Association"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Social Security Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_Act"},{"link_name":"Senate Finance Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_Finance_Committee"}],"text":"Because of Witte's expertise in both legislation and social insurance, and his national reputation as an expert in the area of social insurance, he was selected to lead the President's Committee on Economic Security to propose legislation that would eventually become the Social Security Act of 1935. Witte also was an acquaintance of Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins, and her assistant secretary, Arthur J. Altmeyer was a colleague of Witte's while at graduate school and on the Wisconsin Industrial Commission.The major problem facing Witte was time. He was appointed in late July and President Roosevelt wanted legislative proposals to hand the new congress when it convened in January 1935. Witte was able to meet this deadline. He and his staff (which included one of his undergraduate students Wilbur J. Cohen) had a set of legislative proposals that covered unemployment insurance, old-age pensions, disability compensation, aid to families with dependent children. His committee also for a time worked on a national health insurance plan but this was dropped from the final bill as being too much too soon. It was also strongly opposed by the American Medical Association.[6]When hearings began in January 1935, Witte as the principal author of the Social Security Act of 1935 was questioned for four days before the House Ways and Means Committee explaining the operation of the bill, its costs and benefits, and using his research to make a persuasive case. He performed the same act for three days before the Senate Finance Committee. He remained in Washington during the Spring and Summer of 1935, working with Congress towards the final legislation. It was signed by Roosevelt on August 18, 1935. Witte returned to his teaching but remained for many years a consultant to the Social Security Administration as a member of the first Advisory Council on Social Security, as a member of the Federal Advisory Council on Social Security, and as a member of the President's Committee on Administrative Management.","title":"Social Security"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Social Security Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Security_Act"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Arthur J. Altmeyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_J._Altmeyer"},{"link_name":"Robert Kastenmeier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kastenmeier"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Abraham Epstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Epstein"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Father of social security","text":"Witte has long been credited as the \"Father of Social Security\", but Witte himself denied this claim. He believed that he deserved \"this title less than many others\". Witte pointed out that the Social Security Act was a collaborative undertaking:Social Security, like most other major social advances, has been the product of the endeavors and work of many people over a long period of time. The contributions made by any one person have been so commingled with those of many others that the end-product cannot be attributed to any individual or group of individuals.[7]Then, also, Arthur J. Altmeyer is often referred to as the \"Father of Social Security\". See the remarks of Congressman Robert Kastenmeier (D-WI) on the death of Altmeyer.[8]The son of Abraham Epstein has called his father the \"Forgotten Father of Social Security\" in a recent book.[9]","title":"Social Security"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert M. La Follette, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Robert Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Wagner Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner_Act"},{"link_name":"National Labor Relations Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act"},{"link_name":"George William Norris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_William_Norris"},{"link_name":"Fiorello H. La Guardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiorello_H._La_Guardia"},{"link_name":"Norris La Guardia anti-injunction act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norris-La_Guardia_Act"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"War Labor Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_War_Labor_Board_(1942%E2%80%931945)"},{"link_name":"Industrial Relations Research Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Relations_Research_Association"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"American Economics Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Economics_Association"}],"text":"Witte continued to advise legislators both in Wisconsin and Washington for many years afterwards. In 1935, he consulted with Senators Robert M. La Follette, Jr. and Robert Wagner on the Wagner Act (National Labor Relations Act). In addition to guiding the Social Security Act through the United States Congress, Witte also worked on other labor legislation including (with George William Norris and Fiorello H. La Guardia) the Norris La Guardia anti-injunction act. Also during the 1930s he served on the Wisconsin State Planning Board and the Wisconsin Labor Relations Board. He continued to teach and publish as well. During his tenure at the University of Wisconsin, he advised fifty six Ph.D. candidates. During World War II, Witte served as a labor-management mediator under the Defense Mobilization Act and then for the War Labor Board. Once the war was over Witte returned to his teaching.In 1947 he created the Industrial Relations Center at Madison. He was also one of the founding members of the Industrial Relations Research Association and was its first president in 1948. He was also involved with the National Association of Arbiters, the Atomic Energy Labor Relations Panel as well as continuing to advise Wisconsin legislators. During the academic year of 1953–54, he was a visiting scholar at Cornell University's School of Industrial and Labor Relations. In 1956 Witte was elected to the presidency of the American Economics Association.Witte retired in 1957, and like millions of other Americans, received Social Security benefits, while he continued to teach regularly as a visiting professor. Edwin E. Witte died on May 20, 1960, of a stroke complicated by cardiovascular issues.","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Government in Labor Disputes (1932)\nSocial Security in America (1937)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The 'government man': Edwin E. Witte of the University of Wisconsin\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/wmh&CISOPTR=48819&CISOSHOW=48768"}],"text":"Cohen, Wilbur J. \"Edwin E. Witte (1887-1960): Father of Social Security\", Industrial and Labor Relations Review vol. 14, no.1 (October 1960), pp. 7–9.\nJohnson, David B. \"The 'government man': Edwin E. Witte of the University of Wisconsin\" Wisconsin Magazine of History, vol. 82, no. 1, pp. 32–51.\nSchlabach, Theron F. Edwin E. Witte, Cautious Reformer. Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1969.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Witte explaining a proposal, 1935","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Edwin_E._Witte%2C_explaining_pension_proposal%2C_January_21%2C_1935.jpg/220px-Edwin_E._Witte%2C_explaining_pension_proposal%2C_January_21%2C_1935.jpg"}]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/wmh&CISOPTR=48819&CISOSHOW=48768","external_links_name":"The 'Government Man': Edwin E. Witte of the University of Wisconsin"},{"Link":"http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/wmh&CISOPTR=48819&CISOSHOW=48768","external_links_name":"The 'Government Man': Edwin E. Witte of the University of Wisconsin"},{"Link":"http://www.legis.state.wi.us/lrb/history/chiefs/witte.htm","external_links_name":"History of the Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau: Witte"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120803104853/http://www.legis.state.wi.us/lrb/history/chiefs/witte.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.legis.state.wi.us/lrb/","external_links_name":"Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau"},{"Link":"http://www.socialsecurity.gov/history/witte4.html","external_links_name":"Reflections on The Beginnings of Social Security"},{"Link":"http://www.socialsecurity.gov/history/ajakasten.html","external_links_name":"Arthur J. Altmeyer, 'Father' of Social Security"},{"Link":"http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/wmh&CISOPTR=48819&CISOSHOW=48768","external_links_name":"\"The 'government man': Edwin E. Witte of the University of Wisconsin\""},{"Link":"http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/topics/witte/index.asp","external_links_name":"Edwin Witte"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090504104625/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/topics/witte/index.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://rmc.library.cornell.edu/ead/htmldocs/KCL05236.html","external_links_name":"Guide to the Edwin E. Witte reports and articles, 1914-1960. #5236. Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation and Archives, Cornell University Library."},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/21339189","external_links_name":"Edwin E. Witte"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/379805/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000064013733","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/46357200","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqVTFyM88Y7jdqkMqqCwC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/171920856","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007461508905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no96043408","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070784000","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=209533","external_links_name":"Mathematics Genealogy Project"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1015784","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6c82b2s","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/087674114","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Hilton-Jacobs
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Lawrence Hilton Jacobs
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["1 Life and career","2 Filmography","2.1 Film/Movie","2.2 Television","3 Music credits","4 References","5 External links"]
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American actor and singer (born 1953)
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Lawrence Hilton Jacobs" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Lawrence Hilton JacobsLawrence Hilton Jacobs, c. 1976Born (1953-09-04) September 4, 1953 (age 70)New York City, New York, U.S.Occupation(s)Actor, singerYears active1974–presentKnown forFreddie "Boom Boom" Washington in Welcome Back, Kotter
Lawrence Hilton Jacobs, also credited as Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs (born September 4, 1953), is an American actor and singer. Best known for playing Freddie "Boom Boom" Washington in Welcome Back Kotter (1975–79), he has also appeared in a number of films and television shows, including Claudine (1974), Cooley High (1975), Roots (1977), Bangers and Mash (1983), Alien Nation (1989–90), The Jacksons: An American Dream (1992), and 31 (2016).
Life and career
Jacobs was born in New York City, New York, the fifth of nine children of parents Hilton Jacobs (died 2000) and Clothilda Jacobs (died 2008). He began his acting career in the summer of 1969 and graduated from the High School of Art and Design in 1971. He attended Wilkes University for a short time before his acting career took off. Afterward, he studied acting with the Negro Ensemble Company and the Al Fann Theatrical Ensemble.
In 1975, he won the role of Freddie "Boom Boom" Washington on the ABC hit comedy series, Welcome Back, Kotter. Jacobs also starred in cult classic Cooley High in 1975, and two years later had a role in the block-buster ABC mini-series Roots. Jacobs starred in a few commercials over the years, including an early 1970s commercial for The United Negro College Fund. Later in his career, he appeared in the 1989-1990 science fiction TV series Alien Nation as Sgt. Dobbs, an LAPD detective. He portrayed Panda Thomas (#1) in Rob Zombie's slasher film 31.
Jacobs portrayed Joseph Walter "Joe" Jackson, the father of the Jackson family, in the 1992 miniseries The Jacksons: An American Dream. He also appeared in a commercial for Salon Selectives.
Jacobs sang on Rick James' 1981 album, Street Songs.
As a homage to him, the housing project in Eddie Murphy's television program The PJs is named the Hilton-Jacobs Projects.
He has two daughters.
Filmography
Film/Movie
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1974
Claudine
Charles
Death Wish
Mugger in Park #2
The Gambler
Street Basketball Boy
1975
Cooley High
Richard "Cochise" Morris
1978
Youngblood
Rommel
The Comedy Company
Russell Dodd
Television film
1980
For the Love of It
Al
Television film
1985
The Annihilators
Floyd
1988
Paramedics
Blade Runner
1989
L.A. Heat
Det. Jon Chance
Angels of the City
Det. Jon Chance
Video
L.A. Vice
Det. Jon Chance
East L.A. Warriors
Chesare
1990
Kill Crazy
Rubin
Video
Chance
Det. Jon Chance
1991
Quietfire
Jessie Palmer
Video
1992
Tuesday Never Comes
Druilet
1993
Indecent Behavior
Lou Parsons
1997
Tidal Wave: No Escape
Marlan Clark
Television film
1999
Mr. Right Now!
-
Video
2001
Southlander
Motherchild
2002
Hip, Edgy, Sexy, Cool
-
The Streetsweeper
Jackie
2003
Killer Drag Queens on Dope
Mr. Fly
2004
30 Miles
Anthony
2005
Don't Give Me the Finger
Ross
Short
2007
Sublime
Mandingo
Video
2008
Otis
Male Nurse
2009
Young American Gangstas
Elmer Reese
2011
Nocturnal Agony
Theodore
2013
Playin' for Love
Coach Preston Reid
2014
Airplane vs. Volcano
Jim Kirkland
Video
2015
Mercy for Angels
Chief
Tamales and Gumbo
Mr. Walker
The Christmas Gift
Wesley Hardin Johnson Sr.
Television film
2016
31
Panda Thomas
Dead Man Rising
Warden Dallas
2017
A Chance in the World
Mr. Robinson
Sins of the Father
Kenny
Short
2018
Welcome to Where You've Always Been
Homeless Man
Short
Compton's Finest
Hostage Negotiator
2020
She's the One
Playboy
Shooting Heroin
Edward
The Perfect Mate
Rev. Adams
2021
Escape from Death Block 13
Agent Langley
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1975–79
Welcome Back, Kotter
Freddie 'Boom-Boom' Washington
Main Cast
1976
Mr. T and Tina
Freddie 'Boom-Boom' Washington
Episode: "Pilot"
Baretta
Dave Rich
Episode: "Can't Win for Losin'"
1977
Roots
Noah
Episode: "Part V"
1979
Paris
Thomas Sims
Episode: "Dear John"
1980
Barnaby Jones
Wes Carter
Episode: "The Price of Anger"
1981
Darkroom
Young Man / Pimp
Episode: "Needlepoint"
Lewis & Clark
Dave Rich
Episode: "The Uptight End"
1984
On the boulevard
Joe, an L.A. street musician
Main character. Short film in memory of producer/director Horace Jenkins
1985
Rituals
Lucky Washington
Regular Cast
1986
New Love, American Style
-
Episode: "Love and Video Dating/Love at the Bus Stop"
Simon & Simon
Gordon Tate
Episode: "The Blue Chip Stomp"
The Redd Foxx Show
Warren
Episode: "The Good Samaritan"
Fame
Lamar
Episode: "The Inheritance"
1987
Hill Street Blues
Crumley
Episode: "The Cookie Crumbles"
1989–90
Alien Nation
Sergeant Dobbs
Main Cast
1992
The Jacksons: An American Dream
Joe Jackson
TV Mini Series
1994
Renegade
Rocky Dussault
2 episodes
1995
Charlie Grace
Detective Gossett
Episode: "Take Me to the Pilot"
Pointman
Joe Neal
Episode: "Take the Points"
Martin
Kevin Jones
Episode: "Swing Thing"
Diagnosis: Murder
Sgt. Baker
Episode: "All American Murder"
1996
The Parent 'Hood
Greg Harvey
Episode: "Torn Between Two Brothers"
Roseanne
Louis
Episode: "Roseambo"
Homeboys in Outer Space
Staff
Episode: "Super Bad Foxy Lady Killer or Ty and Morris Get the Shaft"
1997
Weird Science
Mr. Black
Episode: "Boys on the Hide"
Mr. Rhodes
Freddie 'Boom Boom' Washington
Episode: "The Welcome Back Show"
Tracey Takes On...
James
Episode: "Race Relations"
Moesha
Sgt. Baker
2 episodes
1998
The Wayans Bros.
Richie
Episode: "Help a Brother Out"
L.A. Doctors
Robert Edwards
Episode: "A Prayer for the Lying"
2000
The Jamie Foxx Show
Milton
Episode: "Rollin' in the Dough"
2002
Static Shock
Driver
Voice, episode: "Sunspots"
2002–03
Gilmore Girls
Principal Merton
2 episodes
2004
Girlfriends
Leonard James
Episode: "New York Bound"
That's So Raven
Mr. Carter
Episode: "There Goes the Bride"
2009
Players at the Poker Palace
Donny
Recurring cast
2011
Chuck
President of Zamibia
Episode: "Chuck Versus the Tooth"
2011–13
Let's Stay Together
Charles Sr.
Recurring cast: Season 1, guest: Season 3
2014
Family Time
Carl
Episode: "The Will"
2018
Rel
Mitchell
Episode: "Re-Enter the Dragons"
2019–
A House Divided
Cameran Sanders, Sr.
Main cast
2022–23
The Proud Family: Louder and Prouder
Chuck
Voice, 2 episodes
Music credits
Lawrence Hilton Jacobs S/T (1978)
All the Way...Love (1979)
Let Me Do It (1981) (producer); performed by Halo; sought-after record among collectors.
References
^ "Lawrence Hilton Jacobs Page". Soulwalking.co.uk. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
^ "Latest on Rob Zombie's 31; Casting News and Behind-the-Scenes Video". Dreadcentral.com. March 2, 2015. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
^ Cooper, Patrick (March 2, 2015). "Boom Boom Washington Joins Cast of Rob Zombie's '31'". Bloody-disgusting.com. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
^ "Stock Photo - Welcome Back Kotter Actor Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs hikes in Runyon Canyon with two of his Daughters Featuring: Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs Where: Los Angeles, California, United". Alamy.com. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
External links
Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs at IMDb
Lawrence-Hilton Jacobs at the Internet Broadway Database
Profile at The Turtons Entertainment Group at the Wayback Machine (archived March 3, 2021)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
United States
Netherlands
Artists
MusicBrainz
Other
IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Welcome Back Kotter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_Back_Kotter"},{"link_name":"Claudine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudine_(film)"},{"link_name":"Cooley High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooley_High"},{"link_name":"Roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots_(1977_miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Alien Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_Nation_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Jacksons: An American Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jacksons:_An_American_Dream"},{"link_name":"31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31_(film)"}],"text":"Lawrence Hilton Jacobs, also credited as Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs (born September 4, 1953), is an American actor and singer. Best known for playing Freddie \"Boom Boom\" Washington in Welcome Back Kotter (1975–79), he has also appeared in a number of films and television shows, including Claudine (1974), Cooley High (1975), Roots (1977), Bangers and Mash (1983), Alien Nation (1989–90), The Jacksons: An American Dream (1992), and 31 (2016).","title":"Lawrence Hilton Jacobs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"High School of Art and Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_School_of_Art_and_Design"},{"link_name":"Wilkes University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkes_University"},{"link_name":"Negro Ensemble Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_Ensemble_Company"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Welcome Back, Kotter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_Back,_Kotter"},{"link_name":"Roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots_(1977_miniseries)"},{"link_name":"The United Negro College Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_United_Negro_College_Fund"},{"link_name":"Alien Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_Nation_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Rob Zombie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Zombie"},{"link_name":"31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31_(film)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Joseph Walter \"Joe\" Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Jackson_(manager)"},{"link_name":"Jackson family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_family"},{"link_name":"miniseries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniseries"},{"link_name":"The Jacksons: An American Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jacksons:_An_American_Dream"},{"link_name":"Salon Selectives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salon_Selectives"},{"link_name":"Rick James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_James"},{"link_name":"Street Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Songs_(album)"},{"link_name":"housing project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_housing"},{"link_name":"Eddie Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Murphy"},{"link_name":"The PJs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_PJs"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Jacobs was born in New York City, New York, the fifth of nine children of parents Hilton Jacobs (died 2000) and Clothilda Jacobs (died 2008).[1] He began his acting career in the summer of 1969 and graduated from the High School of Art and Design in 1971. He attended Wilkes University for a short time before his acting career took off. Afterward, he studied acting with the Negro Ensemble Company and the Al Fann Theatrical Ensemble.In 1975, he won the role of Freddie \"Boom Boom\" Washington on the ABC hit comedy series, Welcome Back, Kotter. Jacobs also starred in cult classic Cooley High in 1975, and two years later had a role in the block-buster ABC mini-series Roots. Jacobs starred in a few commercials over the years, including an early 1970s commercial for The United Negro College Fund. Later in his career, he appeared in the 1989-1990 science fiction TV series Alien Nation as Sgt. Dobbs, an LAPD detective.[2] He portrayed Panda Thomas (#1) in Rob Zombie's slasher film 31.[3]Jacobs portrayed Joseph Walter \"Joe\" Jackson, the father of the Jackson family, in the 1992 miniseries The Jacksons: An American Dream. He also appeared in a commercial for Salon Selectives.Jacobs sang on Rick James' 1981 album, Street Songs.As a homage to him, the housing project in Eddie Murphy's television program The PJs is named the Hilton-Jacobs Projects.He has two daughters.[4]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film/Movie","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Lawrence Hilton Jacobs S/T (1978)\nAll the Way...Love (1979)\nLet Me Do It (1981) (producer); performed by Halo; sought-after record among collectors.","title":"Music credits"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Lawrence Hilton Jacobs Page\". Soulwalking.co.uk. Retrieved January 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soulwalking.co.uk/Lawrence%20Hilton%20Jacobs.html","url_text":"\"Lawrence Hilton Jacobs Page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Latest on Rob Zombie's 31; Casting News and Behind-the-Scenes Video\". Dreadcentral.com. March 2, 2015. Retrieved January 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/91579/latest-rob-zombies-31-casting-news-behind-scenes-video/","url_text":"\"Latest on Rob Zombie's 31; Casting News and Behind-the-Scenes Video\""}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Patrick (March 2, 2015). \"Boom Boom Washington Joins Cast of Rob Zombie's '31'\". Bloody-disgusting.com. Retrieved January 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://bloody-disgusting.com/news/3334343/boom-boom-washington-joins-cast-rob-zombies-31/","url_text":"\"Boom Boom Washington Joins Cast of Rob Zombie's '31'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Stock Photo - Welcome Back Kotter Actor Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs hikes in Runyon Canyon with two of his Daughters Featuring: Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs Where: Los Angeles, California, United\". Alamy.com. Retrieved January 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-welcome-back-kotter-actor-lawrence-hilton-jacobs-hikes-in-runyon-canyon-71062355.html","url_text":"\"Stock Photo - Welcome Back Kotter Actor Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs hikes in Runyon Canyon with two of his Daughters Featuring: Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs Where: Los Angeles, California, United\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Green
|
Robert Green
|
["1 Club career","1.1 Norwich City","1.2 West Ham United","1.3 Queens Park Rangers","1.4 Leeds United","1.5 Huddersfield Town","1.6 Chelsea","2 International career","3 Personal life","4 Career statistics","4.1 Club","4.2 International","5 Honours","6 References","7 External links"]
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English footballer (born 1980)
For other people named Robert Green, see Robert Green (disambiguation).
Rob Green
Green in 2010Personal informationFull name
Robert Paul GreenDate of birth
(1980-01-18) 18 January 1980 (age 44)Place of birth
Chertsey, Surrey, EnglandHeight
6 ft 2 in (1.87 m)Position(s)
GoalkeeperYouth career1992–1999
Norwich CitySenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1999–2006
Norwich City
223
(0)2006–2012
West Ham United
219
(0)2012–2016
Queens Park Rangers
121
(0)2016–2017
Leeds United
46
(0)2017–2018
Huddersfield Town
0
(0)2018–2019
Chelsea
0
(0)Total
609
(0)International career1997
England U16
1
(0)1998
England U18
2
(0)2006
England B
1
(0)2005–2012
England
12
(0)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Robert Paul Green (born 18 January 1980) is an English former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He played in the Premier League and Football League and for the England national team.
Green made his first-team debut for Norwich City in 1999 and totalled 241 appearances across all competitions for them, making the PFA Team of the Year when they won the First Division in 2003–04. In 2006, he transferred to West Ham United, making the same number of appearances in a six-year spell in which he was their Player of the Year in 2008 and won promotion via the Championship play-offs in 2012. He then moved on a free transfer to Queens Park Rangers, winning the play-offs again in 2014. In July 2016, Green joined Leeds United on a one-year contract. He later joined Huddersfield Town and Chelsea for one year each before retiring in 2019.
Green represented England at under-16, under-18 and B level. He made his debut for the full England squad in 2005. Green was cut from England's 2006 FIFA World Cup squad due to injury but featured in the 2010 edition. He was also in their squad for UEFA Euro 2012.
Club career
Norwich City
Born in Chertsey, Surrey, Green came through the youth system at Norwich City. He made his first-team debut in the First Division on 11 April 1999, keeping a clean sheet in the 0–0 East Anglia derby draw against rivals Ipswich Town at Carrow Road. The first-choice goalkeeper since 1997-1998 remained Andy Marshall — on Marshall's departure in the summer of 2001 Green was able to establish himself as first choice goalkeeper for Norwich.
He was a star of the 2001–02 season play-off campaign which culminated in a final loss to Birmingham City on penalties.
By 2003, Green was a key figure in the Norwich team. He played a key role in helping Norwich into the First Division championship in 2003–04 and promotion into the Premier League. The Norwich number one was once again ever present, keeping another 18 clean sheets and conceding just 39 goals in 46 league appearances. Green put in many match winning performances during the season. These man of the match displays included home fixtures with Derby County and Stoke City; he pulled off a save from Gerry Taggart during the latter. Performances of this high standard led to his first England international call up for the friendly in March 2004 versus Sweden. He was also included in the PFA Team of the Year for the season.
Norwich were relegated into the Championship the following season. Green kept just 6 clean sheets and conceded 77 goals during the Premier League season despite many excellent individual performances. England coach Sven-Göran Eriksson continually picked Green for international squads on merit.
After relegation Norwich struggled to adjust back to Championship football. It proved to be Green's worst season as Norwich's number one, keeping just seven clean sheets in 42 league appearances. Green missed the last few matches of 2005–06 after he sustained an injury in the warm-up prior to the away fixture against Sheffield Wednesday. In August 2006, Norwich accepted a bid of up to £2 million from West Ham United for Green.
West Ham United
Green playing for West Ham United in 2006
Green signed a four-year deal with West Ham United, where he teamed up with former Norwich striker, Dean Ashton who had been sold to West Ham in January 2006. Green made his debut for West Ham on 19 October 2006 in a 1–0 defeat against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane. Two of his best performances were when West Ham won 1–0 against Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium and against Manchester United where he helped his team to a 1–0 win, which preserved West Ham's Premier League status. Green kept nine clean sheets in 26 appearances during the league season.
In 2007–08, Green saved the first three penalties taken against him. The first, against Kevin Doyle of Reading, the second, Benjani of Portsmouth in injury time, and the third from Tottenham's Jermain Defoe, again in injury time. The streak was ended by James McFadden of Birmingham City on 9 February 2008. He played in every match and was named the West Ham Hammer of the Year with the team finishing in 10th place in the Premier League.
Green warming up for West Ham United in 2008
In 2008–09, Green saved yet another penalty, this time on 30 August 2008 against Jason Roberts of Blackburn Rovers, West Ham then went on to win the match 4–1. Green played all 38 league matches for West Ham in that season, keeping ten clean sheets. And again played in all 38 league matches for West Ham in 2009–10, keeping eight clean sheets and saving yet another penalty, this time from Aston Villa's Ashley Young in a 2–1 victory.
Green made 44 appearances in all competitions during 2010–11, keeping seven clean sheets. He saved a penalty in a 3–1 victory over Wigan Athletic at Upton Park and then again against Stoke City in a 2–1 FA Cup defeat. On 19 March 2011, Green made a world-class save against Gareth Bale's free kick in the 0–0 draw with Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane. He was named Hammer of the Year as runner-up to Scott Parker.
Green was sent off for the first time in his club career against Blackpool on 21 February 2012. West Ham, who had not named a substitute goalkeeper in their squad for the match, were forced to play the remainder of the second-half with midfielder Henri Lansbury in goal. They eventually won 4–1. West Ham later won an appeal against the red card leaving Green available to play in their next match. He played 42 of West Ham's 46 match 2011–12 Championship season playing in the play-off final at Wembley Stadium which West Ham United won, sealing their immediate return into the Premier League. In June 2012, after West Ham and Green failed to agree new terms at the end of his contract, joint-chairman David Gold announced Green's departure from the club.
Queens Park Rangers
Green playing for Queens Park Rangers in 2014
Green agreed terms with Queens Park Rangers (QPR) on 21 June 2012, and joined on a free transfer on 1 July, on a two-year contract. He made his debut on 18 August 2012 in a 5–0 home defeat by Swansea City. Green played only two more matches for QPR before manager Mark Hughes signed Brazilian international Júlio César; although Green played the next match against Manchester City, this was only because Júlio César's work permit was not complete and the Brazilian started the following match, against Chelsea on 15 September 2012.
After the sacking of Hughes, new manager Harry Redknapp replaced Julio César with Green at half time during his first match in charge, against Sunderland on 27 November 2012. Green then went on to play the next five matches. before being once again relegated to the bench for most of the next 4 months, only starting three matches between 26 December and 20 April, two FA Cup matches in January then coming on when Júlio César was injured in the victory over Southampton and playing the following match as the Brazilian recovered. Redknapp said following Green's third successive start in the loss to Arsenal that for the remainder of the season he "want to play Rob Green" and that Green "will probably be goalkeeper next season", as he expected Júlio César to be sold over the summer. At the start of 2013–14, Green was named as first choice goalkeeper for the opening matches of the season. Green was a member of the QPR team that won the 2014 Championship play-off final, 1–0 against Derby County at Wembley Stadium on 24 May 2014.
After a single season back in the Premier League, QPR were relegated after a 6–0 away defeat to Manchester City on 10 May 2015, Green's fourth relegation from the Premier League. Earlier in the season, on 26 December, he saved an early penalty in an eventual 2–1 loss to Arsenal, as his teammate Eduardo Vargas pointed out which way fellow Chilean Alexis Sánchez was likely to shoot.
After starting 2015–16 as QPR's first choice goalkeeper, Green was frozen out the starting line-up one match after the arrival of new manager Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink due to a clause in his contract triggering a contract extension if he played 30 Championship matches. With QPR wanting to reduce the wage bill, Green left the club upon the expiry of his contract at the end of 2015–16, after a move to Premier League club Crystal Palace fell through in the January transfer window.
Leeds United
On 6 July 2016, Green signed a one-year contract with Championship club Leeds United. On 7 August 2016, Green made his Leeds debut against QPR in a 3–0 defeat, in which he failed to punch a ball from a corner leading to a Sol Bamba own goal. Green was the match winner in the next match on 10 August 2016 in the League Cup against Fleetwood Town, when he saved a penalty from Fleetwood's Eggert Jónsson in a 5–4 penalty shoot-out victory after a 2–2 extra-time draw His first clean sheet came on 20 August 2016 in a 2–0 win against Sheffield Wednesday.
On 20 November 2016, Green committed a high-profile error when he dropped the ball under his crossbar onto the foot of Newcastle United striker Dwight Gayle to tap the ball home in a 2–0 defeat. On 17 December 2016, Green kept his 8th League clean sheet for Leeds, this equalled the tally already for Leeds' clean sheet for the whole of the previous 2015–16 season with goalkeeper predecessor Marco Silvestri.
After making his 600th league appearance, on 26 February 2017, Green saved a penalty from Sheffield Wednesday striker Jordan Rhodes in Leeds' 1–0 victory. After impressing during his first season at the club, on 18 March 2017, Green signed a new one-year contract at the club.
Green started the 2017–18 season under new head coach Thomas Christiansen as the club's second choice goalkeeper behind new signing Felix Wiedwald, and made his only appearance of the season on 22 August 2017 in Leeds' 5–1 League Cup victory against Newport County. After the signing of Andy Lonergan on 27 August 2017, Leeds reached a mutual termination the same day with Green to allow him to move to Premier League side Huddersfield Town.
Huddersfield Town
On 27 August 2017, Green signed for Premier League club Huddersfield Town on a contract until the end of 2017–18, after his contract with Leeds United was mutually terminated. Green failed to make a single first-team appearance for Huddersfield and in May 2018, the club announced that his contract would not be renewed.
Chelsea
Green signed for Premier League club Chelsea on 26 July 2018 on a one-year contract to provide cover for Thibaut Courtois (later sold and replaced by Kepa Arrizabalaga) and Willy Caballero. In March 2019 he spoke about being a third-choice goalkeeper, stating that "you don't get that same motivation" and "there is not the same commitment in a physical or mental sense".
Despite not even being on the bench for the 2019 UEFA Europa League final or any other Chelsea game during the season, Green celebrated by lifting the Europa League trophy after Chelsea beat Arsenal 4–1 on 29 May 2019.
On 31 May 2019, Green announced his retirement from playing.
International career
Green (wearing No. 12) enters the field with England before the 2010 FIFA World Cup match against the U.S.
Green earned his first call-up to the full England squad in 2004 while at Norwich. On 31 May 2005, he became the sixth Norwich player to wear the Three Lions shirt when he appeared as a half-time substitute for David James in a 3–2 friendly win against Colombia at Giants Stadium in the United States. Green remained in the England squad despite Norwich having been relegated into the Championship in 2005, and was selected for the England 2006 FIFA World Cup squad. However, he ruptured his groin whilst taking a goal kick during the England B international against Belarus on 25 May. He was replaced in the squad by Liverpool's Scott Carson. The injury not only meant that Green missed the World Cup but also the start of the 2006–07 season.
After a prolonged absence from the international scene, Green was called up for the England "B" match in May 2007 and then named in the senior England squad to face Brazil and Estonia in June 2007. He did not make Fabio Capello's first England team in February 2008. Green showed a sense of humour about the international situation, sporting gloves with 'England's No.6' embroidered on them. He was recalled to the squad in place of the injured Chris Kirkland for England's friendly with France on 26 March 2008. On 6 June 2009 Green made his first England start in their 4–0 win in Almaty against Kazakhstan in a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier. He played for England against Croatia on 9 September 2009 with England securing a place in South Africa with a 5–1 victory. On 10 October 2009, he became the first ever England goalkeeper to be sent off, during the penultimate match of qualification against Ukraine, for a professional foul on Artem Milevskyi early in the match. England went on to lose 1–0.
Green playing for England in 2012
Green was named in England's squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Manager Fabio Capello opted not to name his first choice goalkeeper until the day of England's opening match, against the United States on 12 June, at which point he selected Green to start. With England leading 1–0 in the 40th minute, Green failed to save a long-range shot from U.S. midfielder Clint Dempsey, which bounced off his gloves and into the net. The match ended in a 1–1 draw. Following this error and an unconvincing final training session on 17 June, Green was dropped. He was replaced by David James who played in England's next match, a 0–0 draw against Algeria on 18 June. He did not appear again in the World Cup and was omitted from the first England squad named after the tournament for a friendly against Hungary.
Green was brought back into the squad for the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifier against Montenegro in October 2010. On 16 May 2012, new England manager Roy Hodgson named Green as part of his 23-man squad for UEFA Euro 2012. On 26 May, he made his first appearance since the World Cup, and kept a clean sheet as England defeated Norway 1–0 in a friendly.
Personal life
In the summer of 2008, Green climbed Mount Kilimanjaro during a charity event for AMREF (the African Medical and Research Foundation). He is a fan of Woking and cited the club's long-time custodian Laurence Batty as another goalkeeping inspiration.
Green stated in an interview in 2017 that he was studying at the Open University for a BA Hons Business Management Degree in order to have something to focus on after he retires from football.
Green has one permanently bent finger and claims to have played for ten years with a finger brace inside his goalkeeper gloves.
Career statistics
Club
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
Club
Season
League
FA Cup
League Cup
Europe
Other
Total
Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Norwich City
1998–99
First Division
2
0
0
0
0
0
—
—
2
0
1999–2000
First Division
3
0
0
0
0
0
—
—
3
0
2000–01
First Division
5
0
0
0
0
0
—
—
5
0
2001–02
First Division
41
0
2
0
1
0
—
3
0
47
0
2002–03
First Division
46
0
3
0
1
0
—
—
50
0
2003–04
First Division
46
0
1
0
1
0
—
—
48
0
2004–05
Premier League
38
0
1
0
2
0
—
—
41
0
2005–06
Championship
42
0
1
0
2
0
—
—
45
0
2006–07
Championship
0
0
—
—
—
—
0
0
Total
223
0
8
0
7
0
0
0
3
0
241
0
West Ham United
2006–07
Premier League
26
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
—
27
0
2007–08
Premier League
38
0
2
0
1
0
—
—
41
0
2008–09
Premier League
38
0
4
0
1
0
—
—
43
0
2009–10
Premier League
38
0
1
0
2
0
—
—
41
0
2010–11
Premier League
37
0
4
0
3
0
—
—
44
0
2011–12
Championship
42
0
0
0
0
0
—
3
0
45
0
Total
219
0
11
0
8
0
0
0
3
0
241
0
Queens Park Rangers
2012–13
Premier League
16
0
2
0
1
0
—
—
19
0
2013–14
Championship
45
0
0
0
0
0
—
3
0
48
0
2014–15
Premier League
36
0
0
0
0
0
—
—
36
0
2015–16
Championship
24
0
0
0
1
0
—
—
25
0
Total
121
0
2
0
2
0
0
0
3
0
128
0
Leeds United
2016–17
Championship
46
0
0
0
1
0
—
—
47
0
2017–18
Championship
0
0
—
1
0
—
—
1
0
Total
46
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
48
0
Huddersfield Town
2017–18
Premier League
0
0
0
0
—
—
—
0
0
Chelsea
2018–19
Premier League
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Career total
609
0
21
0
19
0
0
0
9
0
658
0
^ Appearance in First Division play-offs
^ a b Appearance in Championship play-offs
International
Appearances and goals by national team and year
National team
Year
Apps
Goals
England
2005
1
0
2006
0
0
2007
0
0
2008
0
0
2009
7
0
2010
3
0
2011
0
0
2012
1
0
Total
12
0
Honours
Norwich City
Football League First Division: 2003–04
West Ham United
Football League Championship play-offs: 2012
Queens Park Rangers
Football League Championship play-offs: 2014
Individual
PFA Team of the Year: 2003–04 First Division
West Ham United Hammer of the Year: 2007–08
References
^ "Updated squads for 2017/18 Premier League confirmed". Premier League. 2 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
^ a b "Robert Green: Overview". Premier League. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
^ Hugman, Barry J., ed. (2010). The PFA Footballers' Who's Who 2010–11. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-84596-601-0.
^ a b "Games played by Rob Green in 1998/1999". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ "Green signs new Canaries deal". BBC Sport. 24 January 2001. Retrieved 11 May 2008.
^ "Birmingham reach Premiership". 12 May 2002 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
^ "Green pens Norwich deal". BBC Sport. 30 June 2004. Retrieved 11 May 2008.
^ "England make shock calls". 27 March 2004.
^ a b "Henry retains PFA crown". BBC Sport. 25 April 2004. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
^ "Fulham 6–0 Norwich". BBC Sport. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
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^ "West Ham United". Flown From The Nest. Steve Whitlam. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
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^ "Man Utd 0–1 West Ham". BBC Sport. 13 May 2007. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
^ a b c d "Robert Green". Westhamstats.info. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
^ "Reading 0 West Ham 3". Sporting Life. Archived from the original on 2 December 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
^ "Portsmouth 0 West Ham 0". Sporting Life. Archived from the original on 2 December 2007. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
^ "West Ham 1 Tottenham 1". Sporting Life. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
^ "West Ham 1 Birmingham 1". Sporting Life. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
^ a b "Green is Hammer of the Year". West Ham United F.C. Archived from the original on 24 November 2008. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
^ "West Ham 4–1 Blackburn". BBC Sport. 30 August 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
^ "West Ham 3–1 Wigan". BBC Sport. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
^ "Stoke City 2–1 West Ham United". BBC Sport. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
^ "Tottenham 0–0 West Ham". BBC Sport. 19 March 2011.
^ "Robert Green Player Profile". West Ham United F.C. 18 January 1980. Archived from the original on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
^ "West Ham United's Robert Green Commits Another Howler After Red Card". The Huffington Post. 22 February 2012. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
^ "Blackpool 1–4 West Ham". BBC Sport. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ "West Ham United keeper Robert Green's red card overturned". East London & West Essex Guardian. 23 February 2012. Archived from the original on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
^ "Championship 2011–12". Westhamstats.info. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
^ "Blackpool 1 West Ham 2". Sporting Life. 19 May 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
^ "Robert Green to leave West Ham this summer, says David Gold". BBC Sport. 3 June 2012. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
^ "QPR swoop for keeper Green". ESPN. 21 June 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ "QPR 0–5 Swansea". BBC Sport. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ "Julio Cesar agrees QPR move from Inter Milan". BBC Sport. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ "Rob Green victim of the Tony Fernandes QPR revolution". Daily Express. London. 1 September 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
^ "QPR 0–0 Chelsea". BBC Sport. 15 September 2012.
^ "Sunderland 0–0 QPR". BBC Sport. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ "QPR 1–1 Aston Villa". BBC Sport. 1 December 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ "Wigan 2–2 QPR". BBC Sport. 8 December 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ "QPR 2–1 Fulham". BBC Sport. 15 December 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ "Newcastle 1–0 QPR". BBC Sport. 22 December 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ "QPR 1–2 West Brom". BBC Sport. 26 December 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ "QPR 0–3 Liverpool". BBC Sport. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ a b "Games played by Rob Green in 2012/2013". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ "Southampton 1–2 QPR". BBC Sport. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ "QPR 0–1 Arsenal". BBC Sport. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ "QPR's Júlio César likely to be sold this summer, says Harry Redknapp". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
^ a b "Games played by Rob Green in 2013/2014". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ a b Fletcher, Paul (24 May 2014). "Derby County 0–1 Queens Park Rangers". BBC Sport. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ Moore, Joe (10 May 2015). "Man City 6–0 QPR: Aquero hat-trick sends hapless Hoops down". Talksport. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
^ Burnett, Rob (27 December 2014). "Revealed: How QPR's Eduardo Vargas correctly predicted where Alexis Sanchez would put his penalty to help Rob Green save it". Daily Mirror. London. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
^ "QPR not playing Rob Green because of contract clause". Sky Sports. 12 March 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
^ "Rob Green: Leeds United sign former England goalkeeper". BBC Sport. 6 July 2016.
^ "QPR claim opening victory". Leeds United F.C. 7 August 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
^ "Matchday: Fleetwood – Live!". Leeds United F.C. 10 August 2016. Retrieved 10 August 2016.
^ "United too strong for Wednesday". Leeds United F.C. 20 August 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2016.
^ Newsum, Matt (20 November 2016). "Leeds United 0–2 Newcastle United". BBC Sport.
^ "Leeds United: Monk's man given the green light for a reason – Hay". Yorkshire Evening Post. Leeds. 14 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
^ "Green saves Penalty!". Sky Sports. 26 February 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
^ "Leeds United: Rob Green secures Elland Road contract extension". Yorkshire Evening Post. Leeds. 18 March 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
^ "REPORT: BOLTON WANDERERS 2–3 LEEDS UNITED". Leeds United F.C. 6 August 2017.
^ "Leeds 5 Newport 1". BBC Sport. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
^ "Whites Re-Sign Lonergan". Wolverhampton Official Website. 27 August 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
^ "Green Departs". Leeds United Official. 27 August 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
^ Tomlinson, Adam (27 August 2017). "Signing: Robert Green joins Town". Huddersfield Town A.F.C. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
^ PA SPORT (18 May 2018). "Former Leeds United goalkeeper Rob Green leaves Huddersfield Town". Yorkshire Evening Post. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
^ "Robert Green: Chelsea sign ex-England goalkeeper on a free transfer". BBC Sport. 26 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
^ "Premier League: Chelsea's Robert Green describes life as a third-choice goalkeeper". BBC Sport. 27 March 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
^ Freezer, David. "Canaries legend becomes a full-kit winner with Chelsea in Europa League final". Norwich Evening News. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
^ "Rob Green: Chelsea and former England goalkeeper to retire". BBC Sport. 31 May 2019.
^ "Happy to be here" Archived 28 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine. The Football Association. 30 March 2004. Retrieved 23 June 2007.
^ "Owen does it again" Archived 16 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine. The Football Association. 1 June 2005. Retrieved 23 June 2007.
^ "World Cup Squad" Archived 10 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine. The Football Association. 8 May 2006. Retrieved 23 June 2007.
^ "Keeper Green set to miss finals". BBC Sport. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
^ "Carson promoted to England squad". BBC Sport. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
^ "Green gears up for playing return". BBC Sport. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
^ "Injured Foster sent home" Archived 2 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine. The Football Association. 22 May 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2007.
^ "McClaren names squad' Archived 4 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. BBC Sport. 26 May 2007. Retrieved 23 June 2007.
^ Yates, David. "Hammers keeper Robert Green pokes fun at England job". Daily Mirror. London. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
^ "Green called into England squad". BBC Sport. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
^ "Green keeps it clean". West Ham United F.C. Archived from the original on 15 June 2009. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
^ McNulty, Phil (9 September 2009). "England 5-1 Croatia". BBC Sport. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
^ McNulty, Phil (10 October 2009). "Ukraine 1–0 England". BBC Sport. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
^ "England crash in Ukraine". FIFA. Archived from the original on 13 October 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
^ "Official Players List" (PDF). FIFA. 4 June 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2010. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
^ "Capello defends goalkeeper delay". Professional Footballers' Association. 13 June 2010. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
^ McNulty, Phil (12 June 2010). "England 1–1 USA". BBC Sport. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
^ "World Cup 2010: David James will play against Algeria". BBC Sport. 18 June 2010. Retrieved 19 June 2010.
^ McNulty, Phil (18 June 2010). "England 0–0 Algeria". BBC Sport. Retrieved 19 June 2010.
^ Sapa-dpa (5 October 2010). "Goalkeeper Green recalled to squad for Montenegro qualifier". Times Live. Archived from the original on 6 October 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
^ "England Euro 2012 squad: Ruddy, Carroll & Defoe in, Ferdinand out". BBC Sport. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ McNulty, Phil. "Norway 0–1 England". BBC Sport. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ "Robert Green's Kilimanjaro Climb". Justgiving.com. 20 June 2008. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
^ "Woking Football Club". Woking F.C. 15 September 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
^ Smith, Alan. "Deep thinker enjoys life on the big stage". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
^ "ROB GREEN: THE PERFECT DEGREE FOR FOOTBALL SUPPORTERS". Leeds United F.C. 7 January 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
^ "Rob Green shows off gruesome finger injury and explains how it happened". 29 December 2023.
^ "Games played by Rob Green in 1999/2000". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ "Games played by Rob Green in 2000/2001". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ "Games played by Rob Green in 2001/2002". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ "Games played by Rob Green in 2002/2003". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ "Games played by Rob Green in 2003/2004". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ "Games played by Rob Green in 2004/2005". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ "Games played by Rob Green in 2005/2006". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ a b "Games played by Rob Green in 2006/2007". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ "Games played by Rob Green in 2007/2008". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ "Games played by Rob Green in 2008/2009". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ "Games played by Rob Green in 2009/2010". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ "Games played by Rob Green in 2010/2011". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ "Games played by Rob Green in 2011/2012". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ "Games played by Rob Green in 2014/2015". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ "Games played by Rob Green in 2015/2016". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
^ "Games played by Rob Green in 2016/2017". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
^ a b "Games played by Rob Green in 2017/2018". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 18 May 2018.
^ "Games played by Rob Green in 2018/2019". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
^ "Green, Robert". National Football Teams. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
^ Rollin, Glenda; Rollin, Jack, eds. (2004). Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2004–2005. London: Headline Publishing Group. pp. 48, 274–275. ISBN 978-0-7553-1311-2.
^ Fletcher, Paul (19 May 2012). "Blackpool 1–2 West Ham". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 13 January 2016.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robert Green.
Robert Green at Soccerbase
England squads
vteEngland squad – 2010 FIFA World Cup
1 James
2 Johnson
3 A. Cole
4 Gerrard (c)
5 Dawson
6 Terry
7 Lennon
8 Lampard
9 Crouch
10 Rooney
11 J. Cole
12 Green
13 Warnock
14 Barry
15 Upson
16 Milner
17 Wright-Phillips
18 Carragher
19 Defoe
20 King
21 Heskey
22 Carrick
23 Hart
Coach: Capello
vteEngland squad – UEFA Euro 2012
1 Hart
2 Johnson
3 Cole
4 Gerrard (c)
5 Kelly
6 Terry
7 Walcott
8 Henderson
9 Carroll
10 Rooney
11 Young
12 Baines
13 Green
14 Jones
15 Lescott
16 Milner
17 Parker
18 Jagielka
19 Downing
20 Oxlade-Chamberlain
21 Defoe
22 Welbeck
23 Butland
Coach: Hodgson
Awards
vte2003–04 Football League First Division PFA Team of the Year
GK: Green
DF: Jagielka
DF: Gabbidon
DF: Mackay
DF: Arca
MF: Koumas
MF: Cahill
MF: Carrick
MF: Reid
FW: Johnson
FW: Earnshaw
vteNorwich City F.C. – Hall of Fame inductees2002
Allcock
Ashman
Brennan
Butler
Davies
Deehan
Forbes
Gavin
Gunn
Hannah
Keelan
Lochhead
Macaulay
Nethercott
Nutchey
Peters
Ramsay
Roberts
Robinson
Ross
Saunders
South
Stringer
Varco
Vinall
Watling
2003
Adams
Bellamy
Bennett
Bly
Bond
Bone
Bowen
Boyer
Brown
Bruce
Bryceland
Channon
Chase
Crook
Cross
Crossan
Crowe
Culverhouse
Curran
Drinkell
Eadie
Eyre
Fashanu
Fleck
Fleming
Foggo
Foulkes
Fox
Furness
Gordon
Goss
Hartford
Hill
Hollis
Ga. Holt
Hunt
Kennon
Kenton
Kinsey
Lewis
Livermore
Low
MacDougall
Mackay
Marshall
Mendham
McCrohan
McVeigh
Megson
Morgan
Neighbour
Newman
Newsome
Norman
O'Neill
Paddon
Pickwick
Polston
Powell
Punton
Reeves
Sheppard
Smith
Suggett
Sutch
Sutton
Thurlow
Townsend
Walker
Watson
Williams
Woods
Worthington
Wynn-Jones
2006
Briggs
Burton
Butterworth
Green
Halliday
Howes
Huckerby
Machin
Parker
Phelan
2009
Allison
Barham
Collinson
Dublin
Johnston
Munby
Phillips
Silvester
Turner
Young
2012
Ashton
Drury
Ekoku
Foulger
Hoolahan
Gr. Holt
Kirchen
Lambert
vteWest Ham United F.C. – Hammer of the Year
1958: Malcolm
1959: Brown
1960: Musgrove
1961: Moore
1962: Leslie
1963: Moore
1964: Byrne
1965: Peters
1966: Hurst
1967: Hurst
1968: Moore
1969: Hurst
1970: Moore
1971: Bonds
1972: Brooking
1973: B. Robson
1974: Bonds
1975: Bonds
1976: Brooking
1977: Brooking
1978: Brooking
1979: Devonshire
1980: Martin
1981: Parkes
1982: Martin
1983: Martin
1984: Brooking
1985: Allen
1986: Cottee
1987: Bonds
1988: S. Robson
1989: Ince
1990: Dicks
1991: Mikloško
1992: Dicks
1993: Potts
1994: Morley
1995: Potts
1996: Dicks
1997: Dicks
1998: Ferdinand
1999: Hislop
2000: Di Canio
2001: Pearce
2002: Schemmel
2003: Cole
2004: Etherington
2005: Sheringham
2006: Gabbidon
2007: Tevez
2008: Green
2009: Parker
2010: Parker
2011: Parker
2012: Noble
2013: Reid
2014: Noble
2015: Cresswell
2016: Payet
2017: Antonio
2018: Arnautović
2019: Fabiański
2020: Rice
2021: Souček
2022: Rice
2023: Rice
2024: Bowen
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Green (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Green_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"goalkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League"},{"link_name":"England national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Norwich City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"PFA Team of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFA_Team_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"2003–04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"West Ham United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Football_League_Championship_play-off_Final"},{"link_name":"Queens Park Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Park_Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Football_League_Championship_play-off_Final"},{"link_name":"Leeds United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_F.C."},{"link_name":"under-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_under-16_football_team"},{"link_name":"under-18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_under-18_football_team"},{"link_name":"B level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_B_team"},{"link_name":"2006 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2010 edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012"}],"text":"For other people named Robert Green, see Robert Green (disambiguation).Robert Paul Green (born 18 January 1980) is an English former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He played in the Premier League and Football League and for the England national team.Green made his first-team debut for Norwich City in 1999 and totalled 241 appearances across all competitions for them, making the PFA Team of the Year when they won the First Division in 2003–04. In 2006, he transferred to West Ham United, making the same number of appearances in a six-year spell in which he was their Player of the Year in 2008 and won promotion via the Championship play-offs in 2012. He then moved on a free transfer to Queens Park Rangers, winning the play-offs again in 2014. In July 2016, Green joined Leeds United on a one-year contract. He later joined Huddersfield Town and Chelsea for one year each before retiring in 2019.Green represented England at under-16, under-18 and B level. He made his debut for the full England squad in 2005. Green was cut from England's 2006 FIFA World Cup squad due to injury but featured in the 2010 edition. He was also in their squad for UEFA Euro 2012.","title":"Robert Green"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chertsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chertsey"},{"link_name":"Norwich City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"East Anglia derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglian_derby"},{"link_name":"Ipswich Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Carrow Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrow_Road"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sb9899-4"},{"link_name":"Andy Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Marshall"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2001–02 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_Norwich_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Birmingham City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"2003–04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Norwich_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Derby County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_County_F.C."},{"link_name":"Stoke City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Gerry Taggart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerry_Taggart"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"PFA Team of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFA_Team_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pfa-9"},{"link_name":"Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Championship"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sven-Göran Eriksson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sven-G%C3%B6ran_Eriksson"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Norwich_City_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Wednesday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C."},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whusigns-11"}],"sub_title":"Norwich City","text":"Born in Chertsey, Surrey, Green came through the youth system at Norwich City.[3] He made his first-team debut in the First Division on 11 April 1999, keeping a clean sheet in the 0–0 East Anglia derby draw against rivals Ipswich Town at Carrow Road.[4] The first-choice goalkeeper since 1997-1998 remained Andy Marshall — on Marshall's departure in the summer of 2001 Green was able to establish himself as first choice goalkeeper for Norwich.[5]He was a star of the 2001–02 season play-off campaign which culminated in a final loss to Birmingham City on penalties.[6]By 2003, Green was a key figure in the Norwich team.[citation needed] He played a key role in helping Norwich into the First Division championship in 2003–04 and promotion into the Premier League.[7] The Norwich number one was once again ever present, keeping another 18 clean sheets and conceding just 39 goals in 46 league appearances.[citation needed] Green put in many match winning performances during the season.[citation needed] These man of the match displays included home fixtures with Derby County and Stoke City; he pulled off a save from Gerry Taggart during the latter.[citation needed] Performances of this high standard led to his first England international call up for the friendly in March 2004 versus Sweden.[8] He was also included in the PFA Team of the Year for the season.[9]Norwich were relegated into the Championship the following season.[10] Green kept just 6 clean sheets and conceded 77 goals during the Premier League season despite many excellent individual performances.[citation needed] England coach Sven-Göran Eriksson continually picked Green for international squads on merit.[citation needed]After relegation Norwich struggled to adjust back to Championship football.[citation needed] It proved to be Green's worst season as Norwich's number one, keeping just seven clean sheets in 42 league appearances.[citation needed] Green missed the last few matches of 2005–06 after he sustained an injury in the warm-up prior to the away fixture against Sheffield Wednesday.[citation needed] In August 2006, Norwich accepted a bid of up to £2 million from West Ham United for Green.[11]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Green_cropped.jpg"},{"link_name":"West Ham United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"West Ham United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whusigns-11"},{"link_name":"striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Dean Ashton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Ashton"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Tottenham Hotspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C."},{"link_name":"White Hart Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Hart_Lane"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"Emirates Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirates_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whustats-17"},{"link_name":"2007–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_West_Ham_United_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Kevin Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Doyle"},{"link_name":"Reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_F.C."},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Benjani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjani_Mwaruwari"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_F.C."},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Jermain Defoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermain_Defoe"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"James McFadden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McFadden"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green_is_Hammer_of_the_Year-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rob_Green.JPG"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_West_Ham_United_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Jason Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Roberts_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Blackburn Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whustats-17"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_West_Ham_United_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Aston Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C."},{"link_name":"Ashley Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashley_Young"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whustats-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whustats-17"},{"link_name":"Wigan Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Upton Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boleyn_Ground"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Gareth Bale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Bale"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Hammer of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C.#Hammer_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Scott Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Parker"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Blackpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"substitute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitute_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Henri Lansbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Lansbury"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"red card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_card_(sports)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"play-off final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Football_League_Championship_play-off_Final"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"David Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gold_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"West Ham United","text":"Green playing for West Ham United in 2006Green signed a four-year deal with West Ham United,[11] where he teamed up with former Norwich striker, Dean Ashton who had been sold to West Ham in January 2006.[12] Green made his debut for West Ham on 19 October 2006 in a 1–0 defeat against Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane.[13] Two of his best performances were when West Ham won 1–0 against Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium[14] and against Manchester United where he helped his team to a 1–0 win,[15] which preserved West Ham's Premier League status.[16] Green kept nine clean sheets in 26 appearances during the league season.[17]In 2007–08, Green saved the first three penalties taken against him. The first, against Kevin Doyle of Reading,[18] the second, Benjani of Portsmouth in injury time,[19] and the third from Tottenham's Jermain Defoe, again in injury time.[20] The streak was ended by James McFadden of Birmingham City on 9 February 2008.[21] He played in every match and was named the West Ham Hammer of the Year with the team finishing in 10th place in the Premier League.[22]Green warming up for West Ham United in 2008In 2008–09, Green saved yet another penalty, this time on 30 August 2008 against Jason Roberts of Blackburn Rovers, West Ham then went on to win the match 4–1.[23] Green played all 38 league matches for West Ham in that season, keeping ten clean sheets.[17] And again played in all 38 league matches for West Ham in 2009–10, keeping eight clean sheets and saving yet another penalty, this time from Aston Villa's Ashley Young in a 2–1 victory.[17]Green made 44 appearances in all competitions during 2010–11, keeping seven clean sheets.[17] He saved a penalty in a 3–1 victory over Wigan Athletic at Upton Park[24] and then again against Stoke City in a 2–1 FA Cup defeat.[25] On 19 March 2011, Green made a world-class save against Gareth Bale's free kick in the 0–0 draw with Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane.[26] He was named Hammer of the Year as runner-up to Scott Parker.[27]Green was sent off for the first time in his club career[28] against Blackpool on 21 February 2012. West Ham, who had not named a substitute goalkeeper in their squad for the match, were forced to play the remainder of the second-half with midfielder Henri Lansbury in goal. They eventually won 4–1.[29] West Ham later won an appeal against the red card leaving Green available to play in their next match.[30] He played 42 of West Ham's 46 match 2011–12 Championship season playing in the play-off final at Wembley Stadium which West Ham United won, sealing their immediate return into the Premier League.[31][32] In June 2012, after West Ham and Green failed to agree new terms at the end of his contract, joint-chairman David Gold announced Green's departure from the club.[33]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chelsea_2_QPR_1_(15684368141).jpg"},{"link_name":"Queens Park Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Park_Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"Queens Park Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Park_Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Swansea City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_City_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qprdebut-35"},{"link_name":"Mark Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hughes"},{"link_name":"Brazilian international","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Júlio César","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_C%C3%A9sar_(football_goalkeeper,_born_1979)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Manchester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_F.C."},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Harry Redknapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Redknapp"},{"link_name":"Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sb1213-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sb1314-50"},{"link_name":"2014 Championship play-off final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Football_League_Championship_play-off_final"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2014POF-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Vargas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Vargas"},{"link_name":"Alexis Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_S%C3%A1nchez"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Floyd_Hasselbaink"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Palace_F.C."},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Queens Park Rangers","text":"Green playing for Queens Park Rangers in 2014Green agreed terms with Queens Park Rangers (QPR) on 21 June 2012, and joined on a free transfer on 1 July, on a two-year contract.[34] He made his debut on 18 August 2012 in a 5–0 home defeat by Swansea City.[35] Green played only two more matches for QPR before manager Mark Hughes signed Brazilian international Júlio César;[36] although Green played the next match against Manchester City, this was only because Júlio César's work permit was not complete[37] and the Brazilian started the following match, against Chelsea on 15 September 2012.[38]After the sacking of Hughes, new manager Harry Redknapp replaced Julio César with Green at half time during his first match in charge, against Sunderland on 27 November 2012. Green then went on to play the next five matches.[39][40][41][42][43][44] before being once again relegated to the bench[45] for most of the next 4 months, only starting three matches between 26 December and 20 April,[46] two FA Cup matches in January then coming on when Júlio César was injured in the victory over Southampton[47] and playing the following match as the Brazilian recovered. Redknapp said following Green's third successive start in the loss to Arsenal[48] that for the remainder of the season he \"want[s] to play Rob Green\" and that Green \"will probably be [his] goalkeeper next season\", as he expected Júlio César to be sold over the summer.[49] At the start of 2013–14, Green was named as first choice goalkeeper for the opening matches of the season.[50] Green was a member of the QPR team that won the 2014 Championship play-off final, 1–0 against Derby County at Wembley Stadium on 24 May 2014.[51]After a single season back in the Premier League, QPR were relegated after a 6–0 away defeat to Manchester City on 10 May 2015, Green's fourth relegation from the Premier League.[52] Earlier in the season, on 26 December, he saved an early penalty in an eventual 2–1 loss to Arsenal, as his teammate Eduardo Vargas pointed out which way fellow Chilean Alexis Sánchez was likely to shoot.[53]After starting 2015–16 as QPR's first choice goalkeeper, Green was frozen out the starting line-up one match after the arrival of new manager Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink due to a clause in his contract triggering a contract extension if he played 30 Championship matches.[54] With QPR wanting to reduce the wage bill, Green left the club upon the expiry of his contract at the end of 2015–16, after a move to Premier League club Crystal Palace fell through in the January transfer window.[citation needed]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leeds United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Sol Bamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_Bamba"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Fleetwood Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleetwood_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Eggert Jónsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggert_J%C3%B3nsson"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Newcastle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dwight Gayle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_Gayle"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Marco Silvestri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Silvestri"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Jordan Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Thomas Christiansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Christiansen"},{"link_name":"Felix Wiedwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Wiedwald"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Newport County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_County_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Andy Lonergan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Lonergan"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Huddersfield Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Town"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"sub_title":"Leeds United","text":"On 6 July 2016, Green signed a one-year contract with Championship club Leeds United.[55] On 7 August 2016, Green made his Leeds debut against QPR in a 3–0 defeat, in which he failed to punch a ball from a corner leading to a Sol Bamba own goal.[56] Green was the match winner in the next match on 10 August 2016 in the League Cup against Fleetwood Town, when he saved a penalty from Fleetwood's Eggert Jónsson in a 5–4 penalty shoot-out victory after a 2–2 extra-time draw[57] His first clean sheet came on 20 August 2016 in a 2–0 win against Sheffield Wednesday.[58]On 20 November 2016, Green committed a high-profile error when he dropped the ball under his crossbar onto the foot of Newcastle United striker Dwight Gayle to tap the ball home in a 2–0 defeat.[59] On 17 December 2016, Green kept his 8th League clean sheet for Leeds, this equalled the tally already for Leeds' clean sheet for the whole of the previous 2015–16 season with goalkeeper predecessor Marco Silvestri.[60]After making his 600th league appearance, on 26 February 2017, Green saved a penalty from Sheffield Wednesday striker Jordan Rhodes in Leeds' 1–0 victory.[61] After impressing during his first season at the club, on 18 March 2017, Green signed a new one-year contract at the club.[62]Green started the 2017–18 season under new head coach Thomas Christiansen as the club's second choice goalkeeper behind new signing Felix Wiedwald,[63] and made his only appearance of the season on 22 August 2017 in Leeds' 5–1 League Cup victory against Newport County.[64] After the signing of Andy Lonergan on 27 August 2017,[65] Leeds reached a mutual termination the same day with Green to allow him to move to Premier League side Huddersfield Town.[66]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Huddersfield Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"2017–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"sub_title":"Huddersfield Town","text":"On 27 August 2017, Green signed for Premier League club Huddersfield Town on a contract until the end of 2017–18, after his contract with Leeds United was mutually terminated.[67] Green failed to make a single first-team appearance for Huddersfield and in May 2018, the club announced that his contract would not be renewed.[68]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thibaut Courtois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thibaut_Courtois"},{"link_name":"Kepa Arrizabalaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepa_Arrizabalaga"},{"link_name":"Willy Caballero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Caballero"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"2019 UEFA Europa League final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_UEFA_Europa_League_final"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"sub_title":"Chelsea","text":"Green signed for Premier League club Chelsea on 26 July 2018 on a one-year contract to provide cover for Thibaut Courtois (later sold and replaced by Kepa Arrizabalaga) and Willy Caballero.[69] In March 2019 he spoke about being a third-choice goalkeeper, stating that \"you don't get that same motivation\" and \"there is not the same commitment in a physical or mental sense\".[70]Despite not even being on the bench for the 2019 UEFA Europa League final or any other Chelsea game during the season, Green celebrated by lifting the Europa League trophy after Chelsea beat Arsenal 4–1 on 29 May 2019.[71]On 31 May 2019, Green announced his retirement from playing.[72]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Teams_head_out_for_England_%26_USA_World_Cup_match_2010-06-12.jpg"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2010 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"David James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_James_(footballer,_born_1970)"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Giants Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giants_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"2006 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"England B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_B_team"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scott Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Carson"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Fabio Capello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabio_Capello"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Chris Kirkland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Kirkland"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Almaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaty"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Artem Milevskyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artem_Milevskyi"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Green_crop.jpg"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Clint Dempsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Dempsey"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 2012 qualifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012_qualifying"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"Roy Hodgson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Hodgson"},{"link_name":"UEFA Euro 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"}],"text":"Green (wearing No. 12) enters the field with England before the 2010 FIFA World Cup match against the U.S.Green earned his first call-up to the full England squad in 2004 while at Norwich.[73] On 31 May 2005, he became the sixth Norwich player to wear the Three Lions shirt when he appeared as a half-time substitute for David James in a 3–2 friendly win against Colombia at Giants Stadium in the United States.[74] Green remained in the England squad despite Norwich having been relegated into the Championship in 2005, and was selected for the England 2006 FIFA World Cup squad.[75] However, he ruptured his groin whilst taking a goal kick during the England B international against Belarus on 25 May.[76] He was replaced in the squad by Liverpool's Scott Carson.[77] The injury not only meant that Green missed the World Cup but also the start of the 2006–07 season.[78]After a prolonged absence from the international scene, Green was called up for the England \"B\" match in May 2007[79] and then named in the senior England squad to face Brazil and Estonia in June 2007.[80] He did not make Fabio Capello's first England team in February 2008. Green showed a sense of humour about the international situation, sporting gloves with 'England's No.6' embroidered on them.[81] He was recalled to the squad in place of the injured Chris Kirkland for England's friendly with France on 26 March 2008.[82] On 6 June 2009 Green made his first England start in their 4–0 win in Almaty against Kazakhstan in a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier.[83] He played for England against Croatia on 9 September 2009 with England securing a place in South Africa with a 5–1 victory.[84] On 10 October 2009, he became the first ever England goalkeeper to be sent off, during the penultimate match of qualification against Ukraine, for a professional foul on Artem Milevskyi early in the match. England went on to lose 1–0.[85][86]Green playing for England in 2012Green was named in England's squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup.[87] Manager Fabio Capello opted not to name his first choice goalkeeper until the day of England's opening match, against the United States on 12 June, at which point he selected Green to start.[88] With England leading 1–0 in the 40th minute, Green failed to save a long-range shot from U.S. midfielder Clint Dempsey, which bounced off his gloves and into the net.[89] The match ended in a 1–1 draw. Following this error and an unconvincing final training session on 17 June, Green was dropped. He was replaced by David James who played in England's next match, a 0–0 draw against Algeria on 18 June.[90][91] He did not appear again in the World Cup and was omitted from the first England squad named after the tournament for a friendly against Hungary.[citation needed]Green was brought back into the squad for the UEFA Euro 2012 qualifier against Montenegro in October 2010.[92] On 16 May 2012, new England manager Roy Hodgson named Green as part of his 23-man squad for UEFA Euro 2012.[93] On 26 May, he made his first appearance since the World Cup, and kept a clean sheet as England defeated Norway 1–0 in a friendly.[94]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Kilimanjaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro"},{"link_name":"AMREF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amref_Health_Africa"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Woking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woking_F.C."},{"link_name":"Laurence Batty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Batty"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Open University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_University"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"}],"text":"In the summer of 2008, Green climbed Mount Kilimanjaro during a charity event for AMREF (the African Medical and Research Foundation).[95] He is a fan of Woking and cited the club's long-time custodian Laurence Batty as another goalkeeping inspiration.[96][97]Green stated in an interview in 2017 that he was studying at the Open University for a BA Hons Business Management Degree in order to have something to focus on after he retires from football.[98]Green has one permanently bent finger and claims to have played for ten years with a finger brace inside his goalkeeper gloves.[99]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-103"},{"link_name":"First Division play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Championship_play-offs"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CPO_114-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-CPO_114-1"},{"link_name":"Championship play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFL_Championship_play-offs"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"^ Appearance in First Division play-offs\n\n^ a b Appearance in Championship play-offs","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Football League First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"2003–04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Football_League_First_Division"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Football League Championship play-offs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Championship_play-offs"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Football_League_play-offs#Championship"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Football_League_play-offs#Championship"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2014POF-51"},{"link_name":"PFA Team of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFA_Team_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"2003–04 First Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFA_Team_of_the_Year_(2000s)#First_Division_5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pfa-9"},{"link_name":"West Ham United Hammer of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C.#Hammer_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"2007–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_West_Ham_United_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green_is_Hammer_of_the_Year-22"}],"text":"Norwich CityFootball League First Division: 2003–04[119]West Ham UnitedFootball League Championship play-offs: 2012[120]Queens Park RangersFootball League Championship play-offs: 2014[51]IndividualPFA Team of the Year: 2003–04 First Division[9]\nWest Ham United Hammer of the Year: 2007–08[22]","title":"Honours"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Green playing for West Ham United in 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Robert_Green_cropped.jpg/170px-Robert_Green_cropped.jpg"},{"image_text":"Green warming up for West Ham United in 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Rob_Green.JPG/170px-Rob_Green.JPG"},{"image_text":"Green playing for Queens Park Rangers in 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Chelsea_2_QPR_1_%2815684368141%29.jpg/170px-Chelsea_2_QPR_1_%2815684368141%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Green (wearing No. 12) enters the field with England before the 2010 FIFA World Cup match against the U.S.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Teams_head_out_for_England_%26_USA_World_Cup_match_2010-06-12.jpg/170px-Teams_head_out_for_England_%26_USA_World_Cup_match_2010-06-12.jpg"},{"image_text":"Green playing for England in 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Robert_Green_crop.jpg/170px-Robert_Green_crop.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Updated squads for 2017/18 Premier League confirmed\". Premier League. 2 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/news/612828","url_text":"\"Updated squads for 2017/18 Premier League confirmed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Green: Overview\". Premier League. Retrieved 7 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premierleague.com/players/2758/Robert-Green/overview","url_text":"\"Robert Green: Overview\""}]},{"reference":"Hugman, Barry J., ed. (2010). The PFA Footballers' Who's Who 2010–11. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing. p. 176. ISBN 978-1-84596-601-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84596-601-0","url_text":"978-1-84596-601-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Games played by Rob Green in 1998/1999\". Soccerbase. Centurycomm. 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Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2004–2005. London: Headline Publishing Group. pp. 48, 274–275. ISBN 978-0-7553-1311-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7553-1311-2","url_text":"978-0-7553-1311-2"}]},{"reference":"Fletcher, Paul (19 May 2012). \"Blackpool 1–2 West Ham\". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 13 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160113003707/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/18044378","url_text":"\"Blackpool 1–2 West Ham\""},{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/18044378","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csan%C3%A1d_County_(medieval)
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Csanád County (medieval)
|
["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 Sources"]
|
County of the Kingdom of Hungary
Csanád (Chanad) County in 1370
The Csanád County or Chanad County or (Latin: Comitatus Chanadiensis) was a county of the Kingdom of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary. It was established after Csanád (the eponymous founder) had defeated Ajtony, and the bishopric of Csanád was founded in the 11th century.
History
This section needs expansion with: Banat in the Middle Ages. You can help by adding to it. (March 2016)
It was established after Magyar nobleman Csanád (the eponymous founder) had defeated Ajtony, who had ruled over the region now known as Banat (in Romania and Serbia). At urbs Morisena, which was given the name of Csanád, a Roman Catholic bishopric was immediately founded, headed by Gerard. By that time Csanád had been baptized and become the head of the royal county (comitatus) organized around the fortress at Csanád.
Since 1526, the county was controlled by the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom. During the Ottoman campaign in 1551-1552, the county was conquered and its territory was incorporated into the newly formed Sanjak of Çanad, within the Temeşvar Eyalet.
See also
Banat in the Middle Ages
Sanjak of Çanad
References
^ Curta 2019, p. 477-478, 511.
^ Engel 2001, p. 41-42.
^ Káldy-Nagy 2000, p. 5-13.
^ Dávid 2000, p. 265-297.
Sources
Curta, Florin (2019). Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500–1300). Leiden & Boston: Brill.
Dávid, Géza (2000). "An Ottoman Military Career on the Hungarian Borders: Kasim Voyvoda, Bey, and Pasha". Ottomans, Hungarians, and Habsburgs in Central Europe: The Military Confines in the Era of Ottoman Conquest. Leden-Boston-Köln: Brill. pp. 265–297.
Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526. London & New York: Tauris.
Káldy-Nagy, Gyula (2000). A csanádi szandzsák 1567. és 1579. évi összeírása. Szeged: Csongrád Megyei Levéltár.
Krstić, Aleksandar; Magina, Adrian (2021). "The Belmužević Family: The Fate of a Noble Family in South-East Europe During the Turbulent Period of the Ottoman Conquest (the 15th and First Half of the 16th Centuries)". Revue des études sud-est européennes. 59: 105–123.
Pálosfalvi, Tamás (2018). From Nicopolis to Mohács: A History of Ottoman-Hungarian Warfare, 1389-1526. Leiden & Boston: Brill.
|
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At urbs Morisena, which was given the name of Csanád, a Roman Catholic bishopric was immediately founded, headed by Gerard. By that time Csanád had been baptized and become the head of the royal county (comitatus) organized around the fortress at Csanád.[1][2]Since 1526, the county was controlled by the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom. During the Ottoman campaign in 1551-1552, the county was conquered and its territory was incorporated into the newly formed Sanjak of Çanad, within the Temeşvar Eyalet.[3][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Curta, Florin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florin_Curta"},{"link_name":"Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500–1300)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=-sqiDwAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"\"An Ottoman Military Career on the Hungarian Borders: Kasim Voyvoda, Bey, and Pasha\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=V9vom-ZAElcC&pg=PA265"},{"link_name":"Engel, Pál","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Engel"},{"link_name":"The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=cCb6vwEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"A csanádi szandzsák 1567. és 1579. évi összeírása","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/CSOM_Dae_15"},{"link_name":"\"The Belmužević Family: The Fate of a Noble Family in South-East Europe During the Turbulent Period of the Ottoman Conquest (the 15th and First Half of the 16th Centuries)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/53642059"},{"link_name":"From Nicopolis to Mohács: A History of Ottoman-Hungarian Warfare, 1389-1526","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=QJByDwAAQBAJ"}],"text":"Curta, Florin (2019). Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500–1300). Leiden & Boston: Brill.\nDávid, Géza (2000). \"An Ottoman Military Career on the Hungarian Borders: Kasim Voyvoda, Bey, and Pasha\". Ottomans, Hungarians, and Habsburgs in Central Europe: The Military Confines in the Era of Ottoman Conquest. Leden-Boston-Köln: Brill. pp. 265–297.\nEngel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526. London & New York: Tauris.\nKáldy-Nagy, Gyula (2000). A csanádi szandzsák 1567. és 1579. évi összeírása. Szeged: Csongrád Megyei Levéltár.\nKrstić, Aleksandar; Magina, Adrian (2021). \"The Belmužević Family: The Fate of a Noble Family in South-East Europe During the Turbulent Period of the Ottoman Conquest (the 15th and First Half of the 16th Centuries)\". Revue des études sud-est européennes. 59: 105–123.\nPálosfalvi, Tamás (2018). From Nicopolis to Mohács: A History of Ottoman-Hungarian Warfare, 1389-1526. Leiden & Boston: Brill.","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_text":"Csanád (Chanad) County in 1370","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Koh_administrative_1370_01.png/300px-Koh_administrative_1370_01.png"}]
|
[{"title":"Banat in the Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banat_in_the_Middle_Ages"},{"title":"Sanjak of Çanad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjak_of_%C3%87anad"}]
|
[{"reference":"Curta, Florin (2019). Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500–1300). Leiden & Boston: Brill.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florin_Curta","url_text":"Curta, Florin"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-sqiDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500–1300)"}]},{"reference":"Dávid, Géza (2000). \"An Ottoman Military Career on the Hungarian Borders: Kasim Voyvoda, Bey, and Pasha\". Ottomans, Hungarians, and Habsburgs in Central Europe: The Military Confines in the Era of Ottoman Conquest. Leden-Boston-Köln: Brill. pp. 265–297.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V9vom-ZAElcC&pg=PA265","url_text":"\"An Ottoman Military Career on the Hungarian Borders: Kasim Voyvoda, Bey, and Pasha\""}]},{"reference":"Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526. London & New York: Tauris.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Engel","url_text":"Engel, Pál"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cCb6vwEACAAJ","url_text":"The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526"}]},{"reference":"Káldy-Nagy, Gyula (2000). A csanádi szandzsák 1567. és 1579. évi összeírása. Szeged: Csongrád Megyei Levéltár.","urls":[{"url":"https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/CSOM_Dae_15","url_text":"A csanádi szandzsák 1567. és 1579. évi összeírása"}]},{"reference":"Krstić, Aleksandar; Magina, Adrian (2021). \"The Belmužević Family: The Fate of a Noble Family in South-East Europe During the Turbulent Period of the Ottoman Conquest (the 15th and First Half of the 16th Centuries)\". Revue des études sud-est européennes. 59: 105–123.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/53642059","url_text":"\"The Belmužević Family: The Fate of a Noble Family in South-East Europe During the Turbulent Period of the Ottoman Conquest (the 15th and First Half of the 16th Centuries)\""}]},{"reference":"Pálosfalvi, Tamás (2018). From Nicopolis to Mohács: A History of Ottoman-Hungarian Warfare, 1389-1526. Leiden & Boston: Brill.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QJByDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"From Nicopolis to Mohács: A History of Ottoman-Hungarian Warfare, 1389-1526"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Csan%C3%A1d_County_(medieval)&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-sqiDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500–1300)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=V9vom-ZAElcC&pg=PA265","external_links_name":"\"An Ottoman Military Career on the Hungarian Borders: Kasim Voyvoda, Bey, and Pasha\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cCb6vwEACAAJ","external_links_name":"The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526"},{"Link":"https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/CSOM_Dae_15","external_links_name":"A csanádi szandzsák 1567. és 1579. évi összeírása"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/53642059","external_links_name":"\"The Belmužević Family: The Fate of a Noble Family in South-East Europe During the Turbulent Period of the Ottoman Conquest (the 15th and First Half of the 16th Centuries)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QJByDwAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"From Nicopolis to Mohács: A History of Ottoman-Hungarian Warfare, 1389-1526"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_District
|
Abu Ghraib District
|
["1 Cities","2 References"]
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Coordinates: 33°17′30.98″N 44°4′9.08″E / 33.2919389°N 44.0691889°E / 33.2919389; 44.0691889District in Baghdad Governorate, Iraq
33°17′30.98″N 44°4′9.08″E / 33.2919389°N 44.0691889°E / 33.2919389; 44.0691889
Abu-Ghraib (Arabic: قضاء أبي غريب) is a district in Baghdad Governorate, Iraq. Its hub is the city of Abu Ghraib. The population of the district was 189,000 as of 2003 100,000 people in the city of victory and peace and 89,000 people distributed to the rest of the judiciary.
Cities
Al Nasr Wal Salam
Abu Ghraib
Sadr al Yusufiyah
Al Radwaniyah
References
^ Herak Archived 2017-03-05 at the Wayback Machine,.
vteDistricts of Iraq and their capitalsAnbar Governorate
Anah District (Anah)
Fallujah District (Fallujah)
Haditha District (Haditha)
Hit District (Hit)
al-Qa'im District (Al-Qa'im)
Ramadi District (Ramadi)
Rawah District (Rawah)
ar-Rutba District (Ar-Rutbah)
Flag of IraqBabil Governorate
Hashimiya District (Al Hashimiyah)
Al-Hilla District (Hillah)
al-Mahawil District (Al-Mahawil)
al-Musayab District (Musayyib)
Baghdad Governorate
Abu Ghraib District
al-Istiqlal District
al-Mada'in District
Mahmudiya District (Mahmudiya)
Taji District
al-Tarmia District
Baghdad: New Baghdad
Adhamiyah
Kadhimiya
Karrada
Karkh
Mansour
Al Rashid
Rusafa
Sadr City
Basra Governorate
Abu Al-Khaseeb District (Abu Al-Khaseeb)
Basrah District (Basra)
al-Faw District (al-Faw)
al-Midaina District (Al-Midaina)
al-Qurna District (Al-Qurnah)
Shatt Al-Arab District (Shatt al-Arab)
al-Zubair District (Al-Zubair)
Dhi Qar Governorate
al-Chibayish District (Al-Chibayish)
Nasiriyah District (Nasiriyah)
al-Rifa'i District (Al-Rifa'i)
al-Shatrah District (Al-Shatrah)
Suq al-Shuyukh District (Suq Al-Shoyokh)
Diyala Governorate
Balad Ruz District (Balad Ruz)
Ba'quba District (Baqubah)
al Khalis District (Al Khalis)
Khanaqin District (Khanaqin)
Kifri District (Kifri)
al-Miqdadiya District (Al-Miqdadiya)
Duhok Governorate
Akre District (Akre)
Amadiya District (Amadiya)
Duhok District (Duhok)
Simele District (Simele)
Zakho District (Zakho)
Erbil Governorate
Choman District (Choman)
Erbil District (Erbil)
Koy Sinjaq District (Koy Sanjaq)
Makhmur District (Makhmur)
Mergasor District (Mergasor)
Shaqlawa District (Shaqlawa)
Soran District (Soran)
Halabja Governorate
Byara District (Byara)
Halabja District (Halabja)
Khurmal District (Khurmal)
Sirwan District (Sirwan)
Karbala Governorate
al-Hindiya District (Al-Hindiya)
Kerbala District (Karbala)
Ain Al-Tamur District (Ayn al-Tamr)
Kirkuk Governorate
Daquq District (Daquq)
Dibis District (Dibis)
Hawija District (Hawija)
Kirkuk District (Kirkuk)
Maysan Governorate
Ali Al-Gharbi District (Ali Al-Gharbi)
Amara District (Amarah)
al-Kahla District (Al-Kahla)
al-Maimouna District (Al-Maimouna)
al-Mejar Al-Kabi District (Al-Mejar Al-Kabi)
Qal'at Saleh District (Qal'at Saleh)
Muthanna Governorate
al-Khidhir District (Al-Khidhir)
al-Rumaitha District (Al-Rumaitha)
al-Salman District (Al-Salman)
al-Samawa District (Samawah)
Najaf Governorate
Kufa District (Kufa)
al-Manathera District (Al-Manathera)
al-Meshkhab District (Al-Meshkhab)
Najaf District (Najaf)
Nineveh Governorate
al-Ba'aj District (Al-Ba'aj)
al-Hamdaniya District (Qaraqosh)
Hatra District (Al-Hadar)
Mosul District (Mosul)
Shekhan District (Ain Sifni)
Sinjar District (Sinjar)
Tel Afar District (Tal Afar)
Tel Kaif District (Tel Keppe)
al-Qādisiyyah Governorate
Afak District (Afak)
Diwaniya District (Al Diwaniyah)
Hamza District (Hamza)
al-Shamiya District (Al-Shamiya )
Saladin Governorate
Baiji District (Baiji)
Balad District (Balad)
al-Daur District (Ad-Dawr)
Dujail District (Dujail)
Samarra District (Samarra)
al-Shirqat District (Al-Shirqat)
Tikrit District (Tikrit)
Tooz District (Tuz Khurmatu)
Sulaymaniyah Governorate
Chamchamal District (Chamchamal)
Darbandikhan District (Darbandikhan)
Dokan District (Dokan)
Kalar District (Kalar)
Kifri District (Kifri)
Mawat District (Mawat)
Penjwen District (Penjwen)
Pshdar District (Qaladiza)
Qaradagh District (Qaradagh)
Ranya District (Ranya)
Saidsadiq District (Said Sadiq)
Sharazoor District (Zarayan)
Sharbazher District (Sharbazher)
Sulaymaniyah District (Sulaymaniyah)
Wasit Governorate
Al-Aziziyah District (Al-Aziziyah)
Badra District (Badra)
al-Hai District (Al-Hay)
Kut District (Kut)
al-Nu'maniya District (Al-Nu'maniya)
al-Suwaira District (Al-Suwaira)
This Iraq geographical location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[{"image_text":"Flag of Iraq","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/50px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png"}]
| null |
[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_Quartet_(Debussy)
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String Quartet (Debussy)
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["1 Background","2 Analysis","3 References","4 External links"]
|
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "String Quartet" Debussy – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
String Quartetby Claude DebussyClaude Debussy in 1884KeyG minorCatalogueL 91Opus10FormString quartetComposed1892–1893DurationAbout 25 minutesMovementsFourPremiereDateDecember 29, 1893 (1893-12-29)LocationSociété Nationale in ParisPerformersYsaÿe Quartet
Claude Debussy completed his String Quartet in G minor, Op. 10 (L.91), in 1893 when he was 31 years old. It is Debussy's only string quartet.
Background
In 1892, Debussy had just abandoned the opera Rodrigue et Chimène. He planned to write two string quartets, only one of which he completed. The quartet was meant to be dedicated to composer Ernest Chausson, but Chausson's personal reservations diverted this intention.
The quartet received its premiere on December 29, 1893 by the Ysaÿe Quartet at the Société Nationale in Paris to mixed reactions.
Analysis
The work consists of four movements:
Animé et très décidé (G minor – D minor – G minor)Assez vif et bien rythmé (G major – E♭ major – G major)Andantino, doucement expressif (D♭ major – C♯ minor – D♭ major)Très modéré – En animant peu à peu – Très mouvementé et avec passion (D♭ major – G minor – C major – G major)
Its sensuality and impressionistic tonal shifts are emblematic of its time and place and its cyclic structure constitutes a divorce from the rules of classical harmony into a new style. After its premiere, composer Guy Ropartz described the quartet as "dominated by the influence of young Russia; there are poetic themes, rare sonorities, the first two movements being particularly remarkable." Debussy wrote that "Any sounds in any combination and in any succession are henceforth free to be used in a musical continuity."
Maurice Ravel, another impressionist composer, wrote a string quartet that is modeled after Debussy's.
References
Citations
^ a b Jameson, Michael. "String Quartet". AllMusic. Retrieved 2018-02-20.
^ Modernism and Music: An Anthology of Sources. Edited by Daniel Albright. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2004. p. 191. ISBN 0226012670. OCLC 52845745.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
External links
String Quartet in G Minor: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
Performance of String Quartet by the Borromeo String Quartet at the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in MP3 format
'Debussy Quartet in G minor, Op. 10', lecture by Roger Parker and performance by the Badke Quartet at Gresham College, 29 January 2008
Notes by Ong Yong Hui (archived via Internet Archive)
Notes by Keith Anderson
vteClaude DebussyList of compositionsOpera
Rodrigue et Chimène (1890–1892)
Pelléas et Mélisande (1893–1902)
Le diable dans le beffroi (1902–1911)
La chute de la maison Usher (1908–1917)
Ballet
Khamma (1911–1912)
Jeux (1912–1913)
La boîte à joujoux (1913)
Orchestral
Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune (1894)
Nocturnes (1897–1899)
La mer (1903–1905)
Images (1905–1912)
With a soloist
L'enfant prodigue (1884)
Fantaisie for piano and orchestra (1889–1890)
Première rhapsodie (1909–1910)
Rhapsodie for saxophone and orchestra (1901-1911)
Chamber
Piano Trio (1879)
String Quartet (1893)
Dances for Harp and String Orchestra (1904)
Syrinx for flute (1913)
Six sonatas for various instruments (1915–1917): Cello Sonata (1915)
PianoSolo
Two Arabesques (1888, 1891)
Valse romantique (1890)
Suite bergamasque (1890–1905)
Pour le piano suite (1894–1901)
Estampes (1903)
Masques (1904)
L'isle joyeuse (1904)
Images, Set 1 (1905)
Reflets dans l'eau
Children's Corner (1906–1908)
The Little Nigar (1909)
Préludes, Book 1 (1909–1910)
Voiles
Des pas sur la neige
Ce qu'a vu le vent d'ouest
La fille aux cheveux de lin
La sérénade interrompue
La cathédrale engloutie
La plus que lente (1910)
Préludes, Book 2 (1912–1913)
Brouillards
Hommage à S. Pickwick Esq. P.P.M.P.C.
Études (1915)
Four hands or two pianos
Petite suite (1886–1889)
Six épigraphes antiques (1914)
En blanc et noir (1915)
Songs
Beau soir (1880)
Ariettes oubliées (1885–1887)
Cinq poèmes de Charles Baudelaire (1887–1889)
Fêtes galantes (1891–1904)
Other vocal
La Damoiselle élue (1889)
Trois Chansons (1909)
Le Martyre de saint Sébastien (1911)
Related
Emma Bardac (wife)
Musée Claude-Debussy
Impressionism in music
Debussy quadrangle
crater
Debussy Heights
Category
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Other
MusicBrainz work
This article about a composition for a chamber music group is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
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[{"reference":"Jameson, Michael. \"String Quartet\". AllMusic. Retrieved 2018-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/composition/string-quartet-l-91-85-op-10-mc0002363450","url_text":"\"String Quartet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Modernism and Music: An Anthology of Sources. Edited by Daniel Albright. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2004. p. 191. ISBN 0226012670. OCLC 52845745.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226012670","url_text":"0226012670"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52845745","url_text":"52845745"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Corbin
|
Kevin Corbin
|
["1 Political positions","2 Electoral history","2.1 2020","2.2 2018","2.3 2016","3 References","4 External links"]
|
American politician from North Carolina
SenatorKevin CorbinMember of the North Carolina Senatefrom the 50th districtIncumbentAssumed office January 1, 2021Preceded byJim DavisMember of the North Carolina House of Representativesfrom the 120th districtIn officeJanuary 1, 2017 – January 1, 2021Preceded byRoger WestSucceeded byKarl Gillespie
Personal detailsPolitical partyRepublicanSpouseBethChildren2ResidenceFranklin, North CarolinaAlma materAppalachian State University (BS)OccupationInsurance agency ownerWebsiteOfficial website
Kevin Corbin is a Republican member of the North Carolina Senate, having represented the 50th district since 2021. Corbin previously served 2 terms in the North Carolina House of Representatives, representing the 120th district from 2017 to 2021. An insurance executive from Franklin, North Carolina, he also served as a member of the Macon County board of commissioners from 2011 to 2016 and served 20 years on the Macon County School Board.
Political positions
Corbin supports Medicaid expansion, one of the first Republicans in the North Carolina General Assembly to do so. During the 2021-2022 session, Corbin and Sen. Jim Burgin announced they were working on a bill to expand coverage to 12 months for new mothers. The bill was referred to Approriations where it was approved and signed by the Governor.
Electoral history
2020
North Carolina Senate 50th district Republican primary election, 2020
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Kevin Corbin
20,077
78.15%
Republican
Sarah Conway
5,613
21.85%
Total votes
25,690
100%
North Carolina Senate 50th district general election, 2020
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Kevin Corbin
73,875
66.66%
Democratic
Victoria Fox
36,954
33.34%
Total votes
110,829
100%
Republican hold
2018
North Carolina House of Representatives 120th district general election, 2018
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Kevin Corbin (incumbent)
25,619
73.44%
Democratic
Aaron Martin
9,267
26.56%
Total votes
34,886
100%
Republican hold
2016
North Carolina House of Representatives 120th district Republican primary election, 2016
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Kevin Corbin
10,135
73.86%
Republican
Elliott J. Southworth
3,587
26.14%
Total votes
13,722
100%
North Carolina House of Representatives 120th district general election, 2016
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Kevin Corbin
29,047
72.03%
Democratic
Randy Hogsed
11,282
27.97%
Total votes
40,329
100%
Republican hold
References
^ "The Voter's Self Defense System".
^ "Kevin Corbin". Retrieved May 12, 2021.
^ Vaillancourt, Cory (March 30, 2021). "Sen. Corbin again leads health care push". The Smokey Mountain News. Retrieved May 11, 2021.
^ North Carolina State Board of Elections.
^ North Carolina State Board of Elections.
^ North Carolina State Board of Elections.
^ North Carolina State Board of Elections.
^ North Carolina State Board of Elections.
External links
Campaign Website
North Carolina House of Representatives
Preceded byRoger West
Member of the North Carolina House of Representatives from the 120th district 2017–2021
Succeeded byKarl Gillespie
North Carolina Senate
Preceded byJim Davis
Member of the North Carolina Senate from the 50th district 2021–present
Incumbent
vteMembers of the North Carolina State Senate156th General Assembly (2023–2024)
President of the Senate
Mark Robinson (R)
President pro tempore
Phil Berger (R)
Majority Leader
Paul Newton (R)
Minority Leader
Dan Blue (D)
▌Norman Sanderson (R)
▌Jim Perry (R)
▌Bobby Hanig (R)
▌Buck Newton (R)
▌Kandie Smith (D)
▌Michael Lazzara (R)
▌Michael Lee (R)
▌Bill Rabon (R)
▌Brent Jackson (R)
▌Benton Sawrey (R)
▌Lisa Stone Barnes (R)
▌Jim Burgin (R)
▌Lisa Grafstein (D)
▌Dan Blue (D)
▌Jay Chaudhuri (D)
▌Gale Adcock (D)
▌Sydney Batch (D)
▌Mary Wills Bode (D)
▌Val Applewhite (D)
▌Natalie Murdock (D)
▌Tom McInnis (R)
▌Mike Woodard (D)
▌Graig Meyer (D)
▌Danny Britt (R)
▌Amy Galey (R)
▌Phil Berger (R)
▌Michael Garrett (D)
▌Gladys Robinson (D)
▌Dave Craven (R)
▌Steve Jarvis (R)
▌Joyce Krawiec (R)
▌Paul Lowe Jr. (D)
▌Carl Ford (R)
▌Paul Newton (R)
▌Todd Johnson (R)
▌Eddie Settle (R)
▌Vickie Sawyer (R)
▌Mujtaba Mohammed (D)
▌DeAndrea Salvador (D)
▌Joyce Waddell (D)
▌Natasha Marcus (D)
▌Rachel Hunt (D)
▌Brad Overcash (R)
▌Ted Alexander (R)
▌Dean Proctor (R)
▌Warren Daniel (R)
▌Ralph Hise (R)
▌Tim Moffitt (R)
▌Julie Mayfield (D)
▌Kevin Corbin (R)
▌Republican (30)
▌Democratic (20)
North Carolina General Assembly
North Carolina House of Representatives
North Carolina Senate
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"North Carolina Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Senate"},{"link_name":"North Carolina House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Franklin, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Macon County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macon_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Kevin Corbin is a Republican member of the North Carolina Senate, having represented the 50th district since 2021. Corbin previously served 2 terms in the North Carolina House of Representatives, representing the 120th district from 2017 to 2021.[1] An insurance executive from Franklin, North Carolina, he also served as a member of the Macon County board of commissioners from 2011 to 2016 and served 20 years on the Macon County School Board.[2]","title":"Kevin Corbin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Medicaid expansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicaid_coverage_gap"},{"link_name":"North Carolina General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"2021-2022 session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_General_Assembly_of_2021-22"},{"link_name":"Jim Burgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Burgin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Corbin supports Medicaid expansion, one of the first Republicans in the North Carolina General Assembly to do so. During the 2021-2022 session, Corbin and Sen. Jim Burgin announced they were working on a bill to expand coverage to 12 months for new mothers. The bill was referred to Approriations where it was approved and signed by the Governor.[3]","title":"Political positions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Electoral history"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2020","title":"Electoral history"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2018","title":"Electoral history"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2016","title":"Electoral history"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"The Voter's Self Defense System\".","urls":[{"url":"https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/biography/166642/kevin-corbin","url_text":"\"The Voter's Self Defense System\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kevin Corbin\". Retrieved May 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ballotpedia.org/Kevin_Corbin","url_text":"\"Kevin Corbin\""}]},{"reference":"Vaillancourt, Cory (March 30, 2021). \"Sen. Corbin again leads health care push\". The Smokey Mountain News. Retrieved May 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://smokymountainnews.com/archives/item/31077-sen-corbin-again-leads-health-care-push","url_text":"\"Sen. Corbin again leads health care push\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.ncleg.gov/Members/Biography/S/433","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/biography/166642/kevin-corbin","external_links_name":"\"The Voter's Self Defense System\""},{"Link":"https://ballotpedia.org/Kevin_Corbin","external_links_name":"\"Kevin Corbin\""},{"Link":"https://smokymountainnews.com/archives/item/31077-sen-corbin-again-leads-health-care-push","external_links_name":"\"Sen. Corbin again leads health care push\""},{"Link":"https://er.ncsbe.gov/?election_dt=03/03/2020&county_id=0&office=NCS&contest=2705","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://er.ncsbe.gov/?election_dt=11/03/2020&county_id=0&office=NCS&contest=1341","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://er.ncsbe.gov/?election_dt=11/06/2018&county_id=0&office=NCH&contest=1123","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://er.ncsbe.gov/?election_dt=03/15/2016&county_id=0&office=NCH&contest=1584","external_links_name":"[4]"},{"Link":"https://er.ncsbe.gov/?election_dt=11/08/2016&county_id=0&office=NCH&contest=1195","external_links_name":"[5]"},{"Link":"https://www.kevincorbin.com/","external_links_name":"Campaign Website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Aramis_(PY-7)
|
USS Aramis
|
["1 Construction","2 Service history","2.1 Patrol craft","2.2 Underwater detection system","2.3 Anti-submarine vessel","2.4 Flagship","2.5 Post-war service","2.6 Decommissioning","2.7 Service as Tender, and disposal","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Patrol vessel of the United States Navy
History
United States
NameAramis
NamesakeAramis
BuilderRobert Jacob, City Island, New York
Completed1916
Acquired3 July 1917
Commissioned2 November 1917
Decommissioned6 October 1921
ReclassifiedPY-7, 17 July 1920
Stricken20 July 1933
FateSold, 13 November 1933
General characteristics
TypePatrol Yacht
Displacement375 long tons (381 t)
Length157 ft 6 in (48.01 m)
Beam22 ft 4 in (6.81 m)
Draft7 ft 6 in (2.29 m)
Propulsion2 × 350 hp (261 kW) Craig diesel engines, one shaft
Speed13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph)
Complement33
Armament
2 × 6-pounder guns
2 × 1-pounder guns
2 × Colt machine guns
USS Aramis (SP-418/PY-7) was a yacht acquired by the United States Navy during World War I which served as a patrol boat off New York City, was then fitted with an experimental "underwater detection system" and depth charges as an anti-submarine vessel, and was briefly the flagship of a battleship squadron. She ended her career as a tender and houseboat to a survey vessel off the coast of Cuba, until disposed of in 1933.
Construction
Aramis was a steel-hulled yacht designed by the naval architects Swasey, Raymond, and Page. Completed in 1916 at City Island, New York, by Robert Jacob, she was built for Arthur Hudson Marks, the vice president of the Goodrich Rubber Co., of Akron, Ohio. Equipped with one of the first marine diesel engines to be installed in an American yacht, Aramis came to the Navy's notice soon after the United States entered World War I in April 1917.
Service history
Patrol craft
The Navy acquired Aramis on 3 July, "enrolled" her six days later, and accepted her on 11 August for service at the New York Navy Yard. Assigned the designation SP-418, she was placed in commission there on 2 November 1917.
The next morning, Aramis proceeded, via Fort Lafayette, to her patrol station at the mouth of New York Harbor, arriving at the net defenses that afternoon. She maintained watch there until the morning of the 5th, noting the movement of other patrol craft and, at night, sweeping the net with her searchlight every 30 minutes. After her second tour at the net defenses on the 6th and 7th, she returned to moor at the pier at the foot of 24th Street on the 8th. Returning to the nets later that day, she spotted a strange craft in a forbidden area. Aramis lowered her launch, under the command of her executive officer, Lt. (jg.) Williams, USNRF, to give chase. Ultimately, he returned with the launch Kid, its occupants arrested for an intrusion into the net area off limits to private craft. A similar incident occurred over a week later when Aramis hailed a launch that crossed the net but did not stop. On that occasion, a section patrol craft SP-1201 overtook the intruder, took her into custody, and towed her to Fort Lafayette.
Underway from the ordnance pier at Sandy Hook at 11:50 on 20 November, bound for the Scotland and Ambrose Lightships, Aramis received orders by semaphore from the tug Cayuga to report forthwith to the New York Navy Yard. Arriving at 17:15 for further orders, Aramis shifted to the Jersey Central Railroad Pier the next morning where she was briefly visited by Secretary of War Newton D. Baker. The purpose of the Secretary's visit is not clear from the ship's log. After disembarking her distinguished guest, Aramis returned to the New York Navy Yard and shifted thence to the Marine Basin, Brooklyn, on the 24th.
Underwater detection system
Underway for New London, Connecticut, on the morning of 4 December, Aramis reached port the following morning. She provisioned there and then, on the afternoon of the 20th, voyaged to the marine railway of the Riverside shipyard at Greenport, Long Island, New York. On the morning of the 22nd, the ship was hauled out for repairs and alterations—and, apparently, the installation of a primitive underwater detection system.
Off the ways on 9 January 1918, Aramis returned to New London. There, off Fort Trumbull, a launch from the cruiser Chicago, the flagship for the Submarine Force, Atlantic Fleet, came alongside on the morning of 18 January bearing Lt. Comdr. Chester W. Nimitz—the future fleet admiral—and a board of officers and civilians to test the recently installed listening apparatus. The yacht carried out further experimentation with the listening gear into February, when she was ordered back to the New York Navy Yard.
Casting off from the Public Dock, New London, at 10:43 on the 7th, the ship was caught briefly in an ice floe two hours later. She made stops at New Haven, Connecticut, and at the Marine Basin, Brooklyn, before reaching the navy yard early on the 27th. Ordered to convoy the submarine L-5 (Submarine No. 44) to New London, Aramis got underway with her charge at 10:00 that same morning and escorted the submersible on her voyage without incident, reaching their destination later the same day. Returning to New York the next morning, Aramis struck submerged wreckage near Middle Ground Light, knocking off a blade of her port screw. As she continued onward she passed through "considerable wreckage" on the "steamer track" 10 miles east of Middle Ground Light, flotsam that included hatches and parts of heavy decking.
Aramis reached the Marine Basin late on the 28th and shifted to Seabury's Shipyard, Morris Heights, on 5 March. She remained there into April undergoing repairs and shifted to the New York Navy Yard on the 9th. On 16 May, while the ship was at Section Base No. 6, Bath Beach, Brooklyn, Rear Admiral Usher and Captain Louis de Steiguer inspected the ship. On 21 June, while the ship was undergoing a refit at Shewan's Shipyard, Brooklyn, Elmer A. Sperry, the inventor of the gyroscopic compass, came on board to work on one of his compasses that had been installed in the ship.
Anti-submarine vessel
Underway from Shewan's yard on the afternoon of 27 June, Aramis arrived at Section Base No. 6 later that day. On the 28th, she shifted to the Ammunition Depot at Fort Lafayette, and there took on board four Mark I depth charges, the most primitive type, which required no fixed launcher — only a strong sailor to heave it over the side. Now equipped with listening gear and an anti-submarine warfare (ASW) capability, albeit primitive, Aramis returned to the business of patrolling the waters of the 3rd Naval District assigned her.
Aramis spent much of July engaged in training "listeners", operating out of Section Base No. 6. She also performed local convoy escort duties on 16 July and lay at a "listening post" the following day, apparently near the course of a convoy. Her regimen remained the same into August, and she spent the first few days of that month engaged in "listening" on station near Ambrose Lightship, alternating with Tarantula (SP-124) and Sabalo (SP-225), and the submarine chasers SC-52, SC-53, and SC-56.
Underway from Section Base No. 6 at 11:57 on 12 August, Aramis relieved SC-55 at the Fire Island lightship at 17:00 and commenced listening with her "K" tubes (the primitive listening gear) soon thereafter. At 18:45, Aramis came upon the captain and crew (30 men in all) of the Norwegian steamer Sommerstad, three days out of Halifax, Nova Scotia, which had been torpedoed and sunk by the German submarine U-117 that morning. Picking up the Norwegian sailors and taking their boats in tow, Aramis headed back to port at 23:00. After casting Somerstad's motor sailer—in a leaky condition—adrift, Aramis reached the Barge Office at the Battery, New York City, at 11:05 on the 13th, where the Norwegians were sent ashore to be aided by their consul. Underway again at 11:35, Aramis reached Section Base No. 6 at 12:45, her rescue mission completed. However, she did not stay long before she got underway again for a patrol station soon thereafter. Unfortunately, at 18:30 that afternoon, Aramis rammed Preble (Coast Torpedo Vessel No. 12), causing the latter to miss the sailing of a convoy, but suffered no damage herself.
While returning to her section base at 15:55 the next day, Aramis' forward lookout spotted what looked like a floating spar about 300 yards off the starboard bow. Ensign George Dumars, USNRF, the officer of the deck, managed to obtain a quick glimpse of it before it vanished. Aramis was brought dead in the water and her listening gear was put into operation. The man listening reported that he heard submarine engines. Within five minutes, the commanding officer, Ensign Leroy W. Tilt, USNRF, called all hands to general quarters. Reporting the presence of a submarine to district headquarters, Aramis bent on speed and came about. At 17:15, the patrol craft spotted the Hauoli, standing up from the eastward, about seven miles south. After her attempts to reach that vessel by radio failed, Aramis fired a blank charge to attract Hauoli's attention, and the patrol boat came alongside at 18:00. Unfortunately, Hauoli's approach "gummed the listening device to such an extent as to drown all other sounds," enabling the submarine—as everyone believed it was—to slip away. Aramis, with Hauoli standing by, then headed for the spot the submarine had last been seen and, during the next quarter-hour dropped her four Mark I depth charges, one by one. Unfortunately, none of them worked.
Subsequently, shifting from Base No. 6 to the Marine Basin at Brooklyn—where she took on board a pair of depth charges from Shubrick (Coast Torpedo Boat No. 31)—Aramis relieved the converted yacht Gloucester on patrol duty on 18 August before returning to the Marine Basin for the installation of new wireless equipment. She proceeded to her section base on the 25th, only to move over to Shewan's shipyard on the 27th.
Flagship
No logs exist for Aramis' activities over the next four months, but extant message traffic reveals that she was detached from the 3rd Naval District on 18 September for use as a division commander's flagship and was directed to proceed to Base Two (Yorktown, Virginia) and report to the Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic Fleet. However, Aramis' chronic engine trouble delayed her departure until 6 October 1918, when the yacht finally sailed unescorted. What followed for the next month and a half—during which the armistice brought World War I to an end—is not certain; but, on 22 November 1918, Rear Admiral Thomas Washington, Commander, Battleship Division 3, Atlantic Fleet, assumed command of his division and broke his flag in Aramis. Unfortunately, Aramis' history of engine trouble again proved her undoing. The message traffic indicates that she proved to be unsuitable for her new task; and, on 3 December, Owera was ordered to proceed to relieve Aramis as flagship for the Commander of Battleship Division 3.
Post-war service
Detached on 12 December, Aramis was assigned temporary duty at the Submarine Base, New London. Upon the arrival of Yacona, Aramis was directed to proceed to Commander, Submarine Base, New London. Aramis' subsequent movements appear to have elicited considerable interest within the 3rd and 4th Naval Districts, since at one point nobody knew for sure where she was. Limping into Lewes, Delaware, on the afternoon of 20 December, Aramis finally reached New London by the end of the year, since when her log resumed on 1 January 1919, she was at that port, moored at Dock "D", Submarine Base.
Although detached from duty at New London on 17 March, Aramis did not get underway until the morning of 1 April 1919 and reached New York the following morning, anchoring in the familiar waters off Section Base No. 6. Aramis shifted to Pier "A", the Battery, on the afternoon of 6 April 1919, and, the following morning at 10:05, embarked Rear Admiral Guy H. Burrage, and a party that included Mrs. William S. Sims and the Sims' children, Margaret, Adeline, and William, Jr., to await the return from Europe of Rear Admiral William S. Sims, the former commander of United States naval forces operating in European waters. Underway at 10:40, the yacht proceeded down the harbor. The passage toward the reunion of the admiral and his family, however, was almost a disaster. At 11:00, Aramis sighted a British freighter on a converging course and swung to the right side of the shipping channel in order to give the merchantman the advantage of deeper water. Aramis blew one whistle signal and maintained her course and speed, but the steamer did not show any intention of slowing down and bore down on the yacht. Lt. (jg.) Tilt, in making his protest over the handling of the British merchantman, reported what followed: "The steamer ... in going under our stern came so close that had the Aramis not thrown the wheel hard over left a collision would have occurred." Aramis resumed her harbor cruise, and proceeded without further incident. She moored alongside the British Cunard liner RMS Mauretania at 16:00 and soon embarked her distinguished passenger, Admiral Sims. Docking at Pier "A" a little under an hour later, she disembarked the reunited family and the other dignitaries who had been on board and returned to her section base.
Aramis remained in the New York area into the summer. She cruised to New London and back in late July before receiving orders, dated 9 August 1919, sending her to the Potomac River as the prospective relief for Sylph. Departing New York on 8 September, Aramis reached the Washington Navy Yard on 13 September and remained there, being assigned duty, along with Nokomis as a "Navy Department tender." On 24 October, orders arrived directing the ships to sail for the New York Navy Yard to undergo conversion work. Returning to the New York Navy Yard on 10 November 1919, Aramis remained there for the rest of 1919 and for all of 1920, retained in commission but inactive. During this time in Brooklyn, she was re-classified as a "patrol vessel, converted yacht," and was renumbered PY-7, on 17 July 1920.
Decommissioning
Early the following year, it had been thought that Aramis would ultimately relieve Sylph, but the cost of necessary work to the former apparently caused a rethinking of the idea, and it was accordingly dropped between March and June, 1921. The Chief of Naval Operations subsequently directed the Commandant of the 3rd Naval District on 3 September 1921 to place Aramis out of commission "as soon as is practicable... with a view toward the eventual recommissioning of this vessel." Accordingly, on 6 October 1921, Aramis was decommissioned at the New York Navy Yard. Towed by the fleet tug Iuka, Aramis reached the reserve basin at the Philadelphia Navy Yard on 9 October 1923 and remained inactive until redesignated as a "District Craft, Unclassified," in late 1924. She was then slated to serve as a tender and houseboat to Nokomis, which was being assigned to survey duty off the coast of Cuba.
Service as Tender, and disposal
Assigned to the 7th Naval District, Aramis was towed to Key West, Florida, by the tug Bay Spring in December 1924. For the next nine years, the yacht remained in operation, kept in repair by the crew of Nokomis as that ship conducted important surveys based at Cárdenas on the northeastern coast of Cuba. Finally, after she had deteriorated to the point where she was unfit for further naval service, Aramis was placed on the list of naval vessels to be disposed of by sale or salvage. Stripped of all useful items at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba, by mid-July 1933, Aramis was struck from the Navy List on 20 July 1933. She was sold to R.E. O'Fallon of Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, on 13 November 1933. Her ultimate fate is unknown.
References
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.
External links
Naval Historical Center : USS Aramis (SP-418, later PY-7)
Photo gallery of USS Aramis at NavSource Naval History
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"anti-submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare"}],"text":"USS Aramis (SP-418/PY-7) was a yacht acquired by the United States Navy during World War I which served as a patrol boat off New York City, was then fitted with an experimental \"underwater detection system\" and depth charges as an anti-submarine vessel, and was briefly the flagship of a battleship squadron. She ended her career as a tender and houseboat to a survey vessel off the coast of Cuba, until disposed of in 1933.","title":"USS Aramis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Akron, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"marine diesel engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_diesel_engine"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"}],"text":"Aramis was a steel-hulled yacht designed by the naval architects Swasey, Raymond, and Page. Completed in 1916 at City Island, New York, by Robert Jacob, she was built for Arthur Hudson Marks, the vice president of the Goodrich Rubber Co., of Akron, Ohio. Equipped with one of the first marine diesel engines to be installed in an American yacht, Aramis came to the Navy's notice soon after the United States entered World War I in April 1917.","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"Fort Lafayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lafayette"},{"link_name":"New York Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Lt. (jg.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_(junior_grade)"},{"link_name":"Sandy Hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Hook,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Ambrose Lightships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightship_Ambrose"},{"link_name":"Cayuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Powhatan_(1898)"},{"link_name":"Secretary of War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War"},{"link_name":"Newton D. Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton_D._Baker"}],"sub_title":"Patrol craft","text":"The Navy acquired Aramis on 3 July, \"enrolled\" her six days later, and accepted her on 11 August for service at the New York Navy Yard. Assigned the designation SP-418, she was placed in commission there on 2 November 1917.The next morning, Aramis proceeded, via Fort Lafayette, to her patrol station at the mouth of New York Harbor, arriving at the net defenses that afternoon. She maintained watch there until the morning of the 5th, noting the movement of other patrol craft and, at night, sweeping the net with her searchlight every 30 minutes. After her second tour at the net defenses on the 6th and 7th, she returned to moor at the pier at the foot of 24th Street on the 8th. Returning to the nets later that day, she spotted a strange craft in a forbidden area. Aramis lowered her launch, under the command of her executive officer, Lt. (jg.) Williams, USNRF, to give chase. Ultimately, he returned with the launch Kid, its occupants arrested for an intrusion into the net area off limits to private craft. A similar incident occurred over a week later when Aramis hailed a launch that crossed the net but did not stop. On that occasion, a section patrol craft SP-1201 overtook the intruder, took her into custody, and towed her to Fort Lafayette.Underway from the ordnance pier at Sandy Hook at 11:50 on 20 November, bound for the Scotland and Ambrose Lightships, Aramis received orders by semaphore from the tug Cayuga to report forthwith to the New York Navy Yard. Arriving at 17:15 for further orders, Aramis shifted to the Jersey Central Railroad Pier the next morning where she was briefly visited by Secretary of War Newton D. Baker. The purpose of the Secretary's visit is not clear from the ship's log. After disembarking her distinguished guest, Aramis returned to the New York Navy Yard and shifted thence to the Marine Basin, Brooklyn, on the 24th.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New London, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_London,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Greenport, Long Island, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenport,_Suffolk_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Fort Trumbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Trumbull"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Chicago_(1885)"},{"link_name":"Lt. Comdr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_commander_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Chester W. Nimitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_W._Nimitz"},{"link_name":"New Haven, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"L-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_L-5"},{"link_name":"Morris Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Heights,_Bronx"},{"link_name":"Bath Beach, Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_Beach,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Louis de Steiguer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_R._de_Steiguer"},{"link_name":"Elmer A. Sperry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_A._Sperry"},{"link_name":"gyroscopic compass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrocompass"}],"sub_title":"Underwater detection system","text":"Underway for New London, Connecticut, on the morning of 4 December, Aramis reached port the following morning. She provisioned there and then, on the afternoon of the 20th, voyaged to the marine railway of the Riverside shipyard at Greenport, Long Island, New York. On the morning of the 22nd, the ship was hauled out for repairs and alterations—and, apparently, the installation of a primitive underwater detection system.Off the ways on 9 January 1918, Aramis returned to New London. There, off Fort Trumbull, a launch from the cruiser Chicago, the flagship for the Submarine Force, Atlantic Fleet, came alongside on the morning of 18 January bearing Lt. Comdr. Chester W. Nimitz—the future fleet admiral—and a board of officers and civilians to test the recently installed listening apparatus. The yacht carried out further experimentation with the listening gear into February, when she was ordered back to the New York Navy Yard.Casting off from the Public Dock, New London, at 10:43 on the 7th, the ship was caught briefly in an ice floe two hours later. She made stops at New Haven, Connecticut, and at the Marine Basin, Brooklyn, before reaching the navy yard early on the 27th. Ordered to convoy the submarine L-5 (Submarine No. 44) to New London, Aramis got underway with her charge at 10:00 that same morning and escorted the submersible on her voyage without incident, reaching their destination later the same day. Returning to New York the next morning, Aramis struck submerged wreckage near Middle Ground Light, knocking off a blade of her port screw. As she continued onward she passed through \"considerable wreckage\" on the \"steamer track\" 10 miles east of Middle Ground Light, flotsam that included hatches and parts of heavy decking.Aramis reached the Marine Basin late on the 28th and shifted to Seabury's Shipyard, Morris Heights, on 5 March. She remained there into April undergoing repairs and shifted to the New York Navy Yard on the 9th. On 16 May, while the ship was at Section Base No. 6, Bath Beach, Brooklyn, Rear Admiral Usher and Captain Louis de Steiguer inspected the ship. On 21 June, while the ship was undergoing a refit at Shewan's Shipyard, Brooklyn, Elmer A. Sperry, the inventor of the gyroscopic compass, came on board to work on one of his compasses that had been installed in the ship.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"depth charges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_charges"},{"link_name":"anti-submarine warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare"},{"link_name":"3rd Naval District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_Naval_District"},{"link_name":"Tarantula (SP-124)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Tarantula_(SP-124)"},{"link_name":"Sabalo (SP-225)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Sabalo_(SP-225)"},{"link_name":"submarine chasers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_chaser"},{"link_name":"Fire Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_Island"},{"link_name":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Halifax"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"U-117","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_U-117"},{"link_name":"Preble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Preble_(DD-12)"},{"link_name":"officer of the deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_deck"},{"link_name":"general quarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_quarters"},{"link_name":"Hauoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_California_(SP-249)"},{"link_name":"Shubrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Shubrick_(TB-31)"},{"link_name":"Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Gloucester_(1891)"}],"sub_title":"Anti-submarine vessel","text":"Underway from Shewan's yard on the afternoon of 27 June, Aramis arrived at Section Base No. 6 later that day. On the 28th, she shifted to the Ammunition Depot at Fort Lafayette, and there took on board four Mark I depth charges, the most primitive type, which required no fixed launcher — only a strong sailor to heave it over the side. Now equipped with listening gear and an anti-submarine warfare (ASW) capability, albeit primitive, Aramis returned to the business of patrolling the waters of the 3rd Naval District assigned her.Aramis spent much of July engaged in training \"listeners\", operating out of Section Base No. 6. She also performed local convoy escort duties on 16 July and lay at a \"listening post\" the following day, apparently near the course of a convoy. Her regimen remained the same into August, and she spent the first few days of that month engaged in \"listening\" on station near Ambrose Lightship, alternating with Tarantula (SP-124) and Sabalo (SP-225), and the submarine chasers SC-52, SC-53, and SC-56.Underway from Section Base No. 6 at 11:57 on 12 August, Aramis relieved SC-55 at the Fire Island lightship at 17:00 and commenced listening with her \"K\" tubes (the primitive listening gear) soon thereafter. At 18:45, Aramis came upon the captain and crew (30 men in all) of the Norwegian steamer Sommerstad, three days out of Halifax, Nova Scotia, which had been torpedoed and sunk by the German submarine U-117 that morning. Picking up the Norwegian sailors and taking their boats in tow, Aramis headed back to port at 23:00. After casting Somerstad's motor sailer—in a leaky condition—adrift, Aramis reached the Barge Office at the Battery, New York City, at 11:05 on the 13th, where the Norwegians were sent ashore to be aided by their consul. Underway again at 11:35, Aramis reached Section Base No. 6 at 12:45, her rescue mission completed. However, she did not stay long before she got underway again for a patrol station soon thereafter. Unfortunately, at 18:30 that afternoon, Aramis rammed Preble (Coast Torpedo Vessel No. 12), causing the latter to miss the sailing of a convoy, but suffered no damage herself.While returning to her section base at 15:55 the next day, Aramis' forward lookout spotted what looked like a floating spar about 300 yards off the starboard bow. Ensign George Dumars, USNRF, the officer of the deck, managed to obtain a quick glimpse of it before it vanished. Aramis was brought dead in the water and her listening gear was put into operation. The man listening reported that he heard submarine engines. Within five minutes, the commanding officer, Ensign Leroy W. Tilt, USNRF, called all hands to general quarters. Reporting the presence of a submarine to district headquarters, Aramis bent on speed and came about. At 17:15, the patrol craft spotted the Hauoli, standing up from the eastward, about seven miles south. After her attempts to reach that vessel by radio failed, Aramis fired a blank charge to attract Hauoli's attention, and the patrol boat came alongside at 18:00. Unfortunately, Hauoli's approach \"gummed the listening device to such an extent as to drown all other sounds,\" enabling the submarine—as everyone believed it was—to slip away. Aramis, with Hauoli standing by, then headed for the spot the submarine had last been seen and, during the next quarter-hour dropped her four Mark I depth charges, one by one. Unfortunately, none of them worked.Subsequently, shifting from Base No. 6 to the Marine Basin at Brooklyn—where she took on board a pair of depth charges from Shubrick (Coast Torpedo Boat No. 31)—Aramis relieved the converted yacht Gloucester on patrol duty on 18 August before returning to the Marine Basin for the installation of new wireless equipment. She proceeded to her section base on the 25th, only to move over to Shewan's shipyard on the 27th.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yorktown, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorktown,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Thomas Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Washington"},{"link_name":"Owera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Owera"}],"sub_title":"Flagship","text":"No logs exist for Aramis' activities over the next four months, but extant message traffic reveals that she was detached from the 3rd Naval District on 18 September for use as a division commander's flagship and was directed to proceed to Base Two (Yorktown, Virginia) and report to the Commander-in-Chief, Atlantic Fleet. However, Aramis' chronic engine trouble delayed her departure until 6 October 1918, when the yacht finally sailed unescorted. What followed for the next month and a half—during which the armistice brought World War I to an end—is not certain; but, on 22 November 1918, Rear Admiral Thomas Washington, Commander, Battleship Division 3, Atlantic Fleet, assumed command of his division and broke his flag in Aramis. Unfortunately, Aramis' history of engine trouble again proved her undoing. The message traffic indicates that she proved to be unsuitable for her new task; and, on 3 December, Owera was ordered to proceed to relieve Aramis as flagship for the Commander of Battleship Division 3.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Submarine Base, New London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Submarine_Base_New_London"},{"link_name":"Yacona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Yacona_(SP-617)"},{"link_name":"Lewes, Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewes,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"William S. Sims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sims"},{"link_name":"RMS Mauretania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Mauretania_(1906)"},{"link_name":"Potomac River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potomac_River"},{"link_name":"Sylph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Sylph_(PY-5)"},{"link_name":"Washington Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"Nokomis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Nokomis_(SP-609)"}],"sub_title":"Post-war service","text":"Detached on 12 December, Aramis was assigned temporary duty at the Submarine Base, New London. Upon the arrival of Yacona, Aramis was directed to proceed to Commander, Submarine Base, New London. Aramis' subsequent movements appear to have elicited considerable interest within the 3rd and 4th Naval Districts, since at one point nobody knew for sure where she was. Limping into Lewes, Delaware, on the afternoon of 20 December, Aramis finally reached New London by the end of the year, since when her log resumed on 1 January 1919, she was at that port, moored at Dock \"D\", Submarine Base.Although detached from duty at New London on 17 March, Aramis did not get underway until the morning of 1 April 1919 and reached New York the following morning, anchoring in the familiar waters off Section Base No. 6. Aramis shifted to Pier \"A\", the Battery, on the afternoon of 6 April 1919, and, the following morning at 10:05, embarked Rear Admiral Guy H. Burrage, and a party that included Mrs. William S. Sims and the Sims' children, Margaret, Adeline, and William, Jr., to await the return from Europe of Rear Admiral William S. Sims, the former commander of United States naval forces operating in European waters. Underway at 10:40, the yacht proceeded down the harbor. The passage toward the reunion of the admiral and his family, however, was almost a disaster. At 11:00, Aramis sighted a British freighter on a converging course and swung to the right side of the shipping channel in order to give the merchantman the advantage of deeper water. Aramis blew one whistle signal and maintained her course and speed, but the steamer did not show any intention of slowing down and bore down on the yacht. Lt. (jg.) Tilt, in making his protest over the handling of the British merchantman, reported what followed: \"The steamer ... in going under our stern came so close that had the Aramis not thrown the wheel hard over left a collision would have occurred.\" Aramis resumed her harbor cruise, and proceeded without further incident. She moored alongside the British Cunard liner RMS Mauretania at 16:00 and soon embarked her distinguished passenger, Admiral Sims. Docking at Pier \"A\" a little under an hour later, she disembarked the reunited family and the other dignitaries who had been on board and returned to her section base.Aramis remained in the New York area into the summer. She cruised to New London and back in late July before receiving orders, dated 9 August 1919, sending her to the Potomac River as the prospective relief for Sylph. Departing New York on 8 September, Aramis reached the Washington Navy Yard on 13 September and remained there, being assigned duty, along with Nokomis as a \"Navy Department tender.\" On 24 October, orders arrived directing the ships to sail for the New York Navy Yard to undergo conversion work. Returning to the New York Navy Yard on 10 November 1919, Aramis remained there for the rest of 1919 and for all of 1920, retained in commission but inactive. During this time in Brooklyn, she was re-classified as a \"patrol vessel, converted yacht,\" and was renumbered PY-7, on 17 July 1920.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chief of Naval Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations"},{"link_name":"Iuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Iuka_(AT-37)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Navy_Yard"}],"sub_title":"Decommissioning","text":"Early the following year, it had been thought that Aramis would ultimately relieve Sylph, but the cost of necessary work to the former apparently caused a rethinking of the idea, and it was accordingly dropped between March and June, 1921. The Chief of Naval Operations subsequently directed the Commandant of the 3rd Naval District on 3 September 1921 to place Aramis out of commission \"as soon as is practicable... with a view toward the eventual recommissioning of this vessel.\" Accordingly, on 6 October 1921, Aramis was decommissioned at the New York Navy Yard. Towed by the fleet tug Iuka, Aramis reached the reserve basin at the Philadelphia Navy Yard on 9 October 1923 and remained inactive until redesignated as a \"District Craft, Unclassified,\" in late 1924. She was then slated to serve as a tender and houseboat to Nokomis, which was being assigned to survey duty off the coast of Cuba.","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"7th Naval District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Naval_District"},{"link_name":"Key West, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_West,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Bay Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Bay_Spring_(AT-60)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cárdenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1rdenas,_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Guantanamo Bay Naval Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base"}],"sub_title":"Service as Tender, and disposal","text":"Assigned to the 7th Naval District, Aramis was towed to Key West, Florida, by the tug Bay Spring in December 1924. For the next nine years, the yacht remained in operation, kept in repair by the crew of Nokomis as that ship conducted important surveys based at Cárdenas on the northeastern coast of Cuba. Finally, after she had deteriorated to the point where she was unfit for further naval service, Aramis was placed on the list of naval vessels to be disposed of by sale or salvage. Stripped of all useful items at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba, by mid-July 1933, Aramis was struck from the Navy List on 20 July 1933. She was sold to R.E. O'Fallon of Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, on 13 November 1933. Her ultimate fate is unknown.","title":"Service history"}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/a/aramis.html","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-a/sp418.htm","external_links_name":"Naval Historical Center : USS Aramis (SP-418, later PY-7)"},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/12/1307.htm","external_links_name":"Photo gallery"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grateful_Dead_Download_Series_Volume_5
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Grateful Dead Download Series Volume 5
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["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"]
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2005 live album by Grateful DeadGrateful Dead Download Series Volume 5Live album by Grateful DeadReleasedSeptember 6, 2005RecordedMarch 27, 1988Length142:31LabelGrateful Dead ProductionsGrateful Dead chronology
Grateful Dead Download Series Volume 4(2005)
Grateful Dead Download Series Volume 5(2005)
Grateful Dead Download Series Volume 6(2005)
Download Series Volume 5 is a live album by the rock band the Grateful Dead. It includes the complete concert recorded on March 27, 1988, at the Hampton Coliseum in Hampton, Virginia. It was released as a digital download on September 6, 2005.
Except for the first two songs being from an "Ultra-Matrix" soundboard/audience tape hybrid, the concert is from the soundboard master. The album was mastered in HDCD by Jeffrey Norman.
The show included one of only eight times the Grateful Dead played Bob Dylan's "Ballad of a Thin Man". The show also features the only time the band performed Miles Davis' "So What".
Track listing
Disc one
First set:
"Iko Iko" (James "Sugar Boy" Crawford, Barbara Anne Hawkins, Rosa Lee Hawkins, Joan Marie Johnson) - 5:06
"Little Red Rooster" (Willie Dixon) - 8:32
"Stagger Lee" (Jerry Garcia, Robert Hunter) - 5:33
"Ballad of a Thin Man" > (Bob Dylan) - 7:04
"Cumberland Blues" > (Garcia, Phil Lesh, Hunter) - 5:02
"Me and My Uncle" > (John Phillips) - 3:10
"To Lay Me Down" > (Garcia, Hunter) - 8:03
"Let It Grow" (Bob Weir, John Perry Barlow) - 11:35
Disc two
Second set:
"Space" > (Garcia, Lesh, Weir) - 2:19
"So What" > (Miles Davis) - 0:57
"Sugar Magnolia" > (Weir, Hunter) - 5:13
"Scarlet Begonias" > (Garcia, Hunter) - 10:55
"Fire on the Mountain" (Mickey Hart, Hunter) - 10:40
"Estimated Prophet" > (Weir, Barlow) - 10:29
"Eyes Of The World" > (Garcia, Hunter) - 8:31
"Rhythm Devils" > (Hart, Bill Kreutzmann) - 7:28
Disc three
"Space" > (Garcia, Lesh, Weir) - 7:30
"Goin' Down the Road Feeling Bad" > (traditional, arranged by Grateful Dead) - 5:52
"I Need a Miracle" > (Weir, Barlow) - 3:20
"Dear Mr. Fantasy" > (Jim Capaldi, Steve Winwood, Chris Wood) - 4:53
"Sunshine Daydream" (Weir, Hunter) - 4:10
Encore:
"U.S. Blues" (Garcia, Hunter) - 5:43
Personnel
Grateful Dead
Jerry Garcia – lead guitar, vocals
Brent Mydland – keyboards, vocals
Mickey Hart – drums
Bill Kreutzmann – drums
Phil Lesh – electric bass
Bob Weir – rhythm guitar, vocals
Production
Dan Healy – recording
Jeffrey Norman – mastering
References
^ "Grateful Dead Download Series Volume 5 – 3/27/88". Grateful Dead Family Discography. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
^ "Download Series Vol. 5: Live at Hampton Coliseum, Hampton, VA". AllMusic. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
vteGrateful Dead
John Perry Barlow
Tom Constanten
Jerry Garcia
Donna Jean Godchaux
Keith Godchaux
Mickey Hart
Robert Hunter
Bill Kreutzmann
Phil Lesh
Ron "Pigpen" McKernan
Brent Mydland
Bob Weir
Vince Welnick
Studio albums
The Grateful Dead
Anthem of the Sun
Aoxomoxoa
Workingman's Dead
American Beauty
Wake of the Flood
From the Mars Hotel
Blues for Allah
Terrapin Station
Shakedown Street
Go to Heaven
In the Dark
Built to Last
Live albumsContemporary
Live/Dead
Vintage Dead
Historic Dead
Grateful Dead
Europe '72
History of the Grateful Dead, Volume One (Bear's Choice)
Steal Your Face
Reckoning
Dead Set
Dylan & the Dead
Without a Net
Retrospective1990s
One from the Vault
Infrared Roses
Two from the Vault
Grayfolded
Hundred Year Hall
Dozin' at the Knick
Fallout from the Phil Zone
Terrapin Station (Limited Edition)
Live at the Fillmore East 2-11-69
2000s
Ladies and Gentlemen... the Grateful Dead
Nightfall of Diamonds
Postcards of the Hanging
Steppin' Out with the Grateful Dead: England '72
Go to Nassau
Birth of the Dead
The Closing of Winterland
Rockin' the Rhein with the Grateful Dead
The Grateful Dead Movie Soundtrack
Rare Cuts and Oddities 1966
Truckin' Up to Buffalo
Fillmore West 1969: The Complete Recordings
Fillmore West 1969
Live at the Cow Palace
Three from the Vault
Winterland 1973: The Complete Recordings
Rocking the Cradle: Egypt 1978
To Terrapin: Hartford '77
Winterland June 1977: The Complete Recordings
2010s
Crimson White & Indigo
Formerly the Warlocks
Europe '72: The Complete Recordings
Europe '72 Volume 2
Dark Star
Spring 1990
Spring 1990: So Glad You Made It
Winterland: May 30th 1971
May 1977
Sunshine Daydream
Family Dog at the Great Highway, San Francisco, CA 4/18/70
Live at Hampton Coliseum
Spring 1990 (The Other One)
Wake Up to Find Out
Houston, Texas 11-18-1972
30 Trips Around the Sun: The Definitive Live Story 1965–1995
30 Trips Around the Sun
Shrine Exposition Hall, Los Angeles, CA 11/10/1967
Capitol Theatre, Passaic, NJ, 4/25/77
July 1978: The Complete Recordings
Red Rocks: 7/8/78
July 29 1966, P.N.E. Garden Aud., Vancouver Canada
May 1977: Get Shown the Light
Cornell 5/8/77
Robert F. Kennedy Stadium, Washington, D.C., July 12 & 13, 1989
Fillmore West 1969: February 27th
Pacific Northwest '73–'74: The Complete Recordings
Pacific Northwest '73–'74: Believe It If You Need It
Playing in the Band, Seattle, Washington, 5/21/74
The Warfield, San Francisco, California, October 9 & 10, 1980
Giants Stadium 1987, 1989, 1991
Saint of Circumstance
Ready or Not
2020s
June 1976
Fox Theatre, St. Louis, MO 12-10-71
Listen to the River: St. Louis '71 '72 '73
Lyceum '72: The Complete Recordings
Lyceum Theatre, London, England 5/26/72
In and Out of the Garden: Madison Square Garden '81, '82, '83
Madison Square Garden, New York, NY 3/9/81
Here Comes Sunshine 1973
RFK Stadium, Washington, D.C. 6/10/73
View fromthe Vault
1
2
3
4
Dick's Picks
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Road Trips
Vol 1 No 1
Vol 1 No 2
Vol 1 No 3
Vol 1 No 4
Vol 2 No 1
Vol 2 No 2
Vol 2 No 3
Vol 2 No 4
Vol 3 No 1
Vol 3 No 2
Vol 3 No 3
Vol 3 No 4
Vol 4 No 1
Vol 4 No 2
Vol 4 No 3
Vol 4 No 4
Vol 4 No 5
Dave's Picks
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Download Series
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Family Dog at the Great Highway
9
10
11
12
Spectrum 11/5/79
Spectrum 11/6/79
Compilations
Skeletons from the Closet: The Best of Grateful Dead
What a Long Strange Trip It's Been
The Arista Years
Selections from the Arista Years
The Very Best of Grateful Dead
Flashback with the Grateful Dead
The Best of the Grateful Dead
Long Strange Trip
The Best of the Grateful Dead Live
Sage & Spirit
Box sets
Dead Zone: The Grateful Dead CD Collection (1977–1987)
So Many Roads (1965–1995)
The Golden Road (1965–1973)
Beyond Description (1973–1989)
The Warner Bros. Studio Albums
All the Years Combine: The DVD Collection
Grateful Dead Records Collection
The Story of the Grateful Dead
Videos
The Grateful Dead Movie
Dead Ahead
So Far
Dead Ringers: The Making of Touch of Grey
Backstage Pass
Infrared Sightings
Ticket to New Year's
Downhill from Here
Anthem to Beauty
Sunshine Daydream
Long Strange Trip
Side projects andspin-off bands
The Other Ones
The Dead
Furthur
Dead & Company
2015 tour
Summer 2016 tour
Summer 2017 tour
Fall 2017 tour
Summer 2018 tour
Summer 2019 tour
Fall Fun Run 2019
Jerry Garcia Band
RatDog
Phil Lesh and Friends
Rhythm Devils
Donna Jean Godchaux Band
Heart of Gold Band
Missing Man Formation
New Riders of the Purple Sage
Old & In the Way
Legion of Mary
Reconstruction
Jerry Garcia Acoustic Band
JGB
Kingfish
Bobby and the Midnites
SerialPod
BK3
7 Walkers
Billy & the Kids
Related topics
Acid Tests
Bill Graham Archives v. Dorling Kindersley, Ltd.
Bob Dylan and the Grateful Dead 1987 Tour
Dark Star Orchestra
Day of the Dead
Deadhead
Deadheads for Obama
Deadicated: A Tribute to the Grateful Dead
Fare Thee Well (album)
Fare Thee Well (concert tour)
Grateful dead
Grateful Dead Archive
The Grateful Dead Channel
Grateful Dead Comix
Grateful Dead discography
The Grateful Dead Family Album
Grateful Dead Meet-Up at the Movies
Grateful Dead Origins
Grateful Dead Records
Jazz Is Dead
List of Grateful Dead members
Mother McCree's Uptown Jug Champions
The Music Never Stopped (album)
The Music Never Stopped (film)
Pickin' on the Grateful Dead: A Tribute
The Planet Earth Rock and Roll Orchestra
Relix
Reunions of the Grateful Dead
Rex Foundation
Shakedown Street (vending area)
Summer Jam at Watkins Glen
Unfinished Grateful Dead album
Wall of Sound
Wharf Rats
Related people
Eric Andersen
Bob Bralove
Jerilyn Lee Brandelius
Candace Brightman
Betty Cantor-Jackson
Bob Dylan
Carolyn Garcia
Bill Graham
Gerrit Graham
Rick Griffin
David Grisman
Lenny Hart
Dan Healy
Bruce Hornsby
Alton Kelley
Steve Kimock
Ned Lagin
Dick Latvala
David Lemieux
Branford Marsalis
Stanley Mouse
Ronald Leon Rakow
Merl Saunders
Rock Scully
Bob Seidemann
Laurence Shurtliff
Owsley Stanley
Howard Wales
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grateful Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grateful_Dead"},{"link_name":"Hampton Coliseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Coliseum"},{"link_name":"Hampton, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"digital download","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_download"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeadDisc-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-2"},{"link_name":"HDCD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDCD"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"Ballad of a Thin Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballad_of_a_Thin_Man"},{"link_name":"Miles Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Davis"},{"link_name":"So What","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_What_(Miles_Davis_composition)"}],"text":"Download Series Volume 5 is a live album by the rock band the Grateful Dead. It includes the complete concert recorded on March 27, 1988, at the Hampton Coliseum in Hampton, Virginia. It was released as a digital download on September 6, 2005.[1][2]Except for the first two songs being from an \"Ultra-Matrix\" soundboard/audience tape hybrid, the concert is from the soundboard master. The album was mastered in HDCD by Jeffrey Norman.The show included one of only eight times the Grateful Dead played Bob Dylan's \"Ballad of a Thin Man\". The show also features the only time the band performed Miles Davis' \"So What\".","title":"Grateful Dead Download Series Volume 5"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iko Iko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iko_Iko"},{"link_name":"James \"Sugar Boy\" Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_%22Sugar_Boy%22_Crawford"},{"link_name":"Little Red Rooster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Red_Rooster"},{"link_name":"Willie Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Jerry Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Garcia"},{"link_name":"Robert Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hunter_(lyricist)"},{"link_name":"Ballad of a Thin Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballad_of_a_Thin_Man"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"Phil Lesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Lesh"},{"link_name":"Me and My Uncle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me_and_My_Uncle"},{"link_name":"John Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Phillips_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Bob Weir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Weir"},{"link_name":"John Perry Barlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Perry_Barlow"},{"link_name":"So What","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_What_(Miles_Davis_composition)"},{"link_name":"Miles Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Davis"},{"link_name":"Sugar Magnolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Magnolia"},{"link_name":"Fire on the Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_on_the_Mountain_(Grateful_Dead_song)"},{"link_name":"Mickey Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Hart"},{"link_name":"Bill Kreutzmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Kreutzmann"},{"link_name":"Dear Mr. Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear_Mr._Fantasy"},{"link_name":"Jim Capaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Capaldi"},{"link_name":"Steve Winwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Winwood"},{"link_name":"Chris Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Wood_(rock_musician)"}],"text":"Disc oneFirst set:\"Iko Iko\" (James \"Sugar Boy\" Crawford, Barbara Anne Hawkins, Rosa Lee Hawkins, Joan Marie Johnson) - 5:06\n\"Little Red Rooster\" (Willie Dixon) - 8:32\n\"Stagger Lee\" (Jerry Garcia, Robert Hunter) - 5:33\n\"Ballad of a Thin Man\" > (Bob Dylan) - 7:04\n\"Cumberland Blues\" > (Garcia, Phil Lesh, Hunter) - 5:02\n\"Me and My Uncle\" > (John Phillips) - 3:10\n\"To Lay Me Down\" > (Garcia, Hunter) - 8:03\n\"Let It Grow\" (Bob Weir, John Perry Barlow) - 11:35Disc twoSecond set:\"Space\" > (Garcia, Lesh, Weir) - 2:19\n\"So What\" > (Miles Davis) - 0:57\n\"Sugar Magnolia\" > (Weir, Hunter) - 5:13\n\"Scarlet Begonias\" > (Garcia, Hunter) - 10:55\n\"Fire on the Mountain\" (Mickey Hart, Hunter) - 10:40\n\"Estimated Prophet\" > (Weir, Barlow) - 10:29\n\"Eyes Of The World\" > (Garcia, Hunter) - 8:31\n\"Rhythm Devils\" > (Hart, Bill Kreutzmann) - 7:28Disc three\"Space\" > (Garcia, Lesh, Weir) - 7:30\n\"Goin' Down the Road Feeling Bad\" > (traditional, arranged by Grateful Dead) - 5:52\n\"I Need a Miracle\" > (Weir, Barlow) - 3:20\n\"Dear Mr. Fantasy\" > (Jim Capaldi, Steve Winwood, Chris Wood) - 4:53\n\"Sunshine Daydream\" (Weir, Hunter) - 4:10Encore:\"U.S. Blues\" (Garcia, Hunter) - 5:43","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jerry Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Garcia"},{"link_name":"Brent Mydland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Mydland"},{"link_name":"Mickey Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Hart"},{"link_name":"Bill Kreutzmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Kreutzmann"},{"link_name":"Phil Lesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Lesh"},{"link_name":"Bob Weir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Weir"}],"text":"Grateful DeadJerry Garcia – lead guitar, vocals\nBrent Mydland – keyboards, vocals\nMickey Hart – drums\nBill Kreutzmann – drums\nPhil Lesh – electric bass\nBob Weir – rhythm guitar, vocalsProductionDan Healy – recording\nJeffrey Norman – mastering","title":"Personnel"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Grateful Dead Download Series Volume 5 – 3/27/88\". Grateful Dead Family Discography. Retrieved October 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://deaddisc.com/disc/Grateful_Dead_Download_5_032788.htm","url_text":"\"Grateful Dead Download Series Volume 5 – 3/27/88\""}]},{"reference":"\"Download Series Vol. 5: Live at Hampton Coliseum, Hampton, VA\". AllMusic. Retrieved October 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/download-series-vol-5-live-at-hampton-coliseum-hampton-va-mw0001954044","url_text":"\"Download Series Vol. 5: Live at Hampton Coliseum, Hampton, VA\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://deaddisc.com/disc/Grateful_Dead_Download_5_032788.htm","external_links_name":"\"Grateful Dead Download Series Volume 5 – 3/27/88\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/download-series-vol-5-live-at-hampton-coliseum-hampton-va-mw0001954044","external_links_name":"\"Download Series Vol. 5: Live at Hampton Coliseum, Hampton, VA\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/44389067-7d4a-3b0d-86d5-c23283e1993b","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bieszczady_County
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Bieszczady County
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[]
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Coordinates: 49°26′N 22°36′E / 49.433°N 22.600°E / 49.433; 22.600County in Subcarpathian Voivodeship, PolandBieszczady County
Powiat bieszczadzkiCounty
FlagCoat of armsLocation within the voivodeshipCoordinates (Ustrzyki Dolne): 49°26′N 22°36′E / 49.433°N 22.600°E / 49.433; 22.600Country PolandVoivodeship SubcarpathianSeatUstrzyki DolneGminas
Total 3
Gmina CzarnaGmina LutowiskaGmina Ustrzyki Dolne
Area • Total1,138.17 km2 (439.45 sq mi)Population (2019) • Total21,799 • Density19/km2 (50/sq mi) • Urban9,097 • Rural12,702Car platesRBIWebsitehttp://www.bieszczadzki.pl/
Bieszczady County (Polish: powiat bieszczadzki) is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in the extreme south-east of Poland, on the border with Ukraine. It takes its name from the Bieszczady mountain range. The county was created on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. In 2002 the western part of the county was split off to form Lesko County. The only town in Bieszczady County is now Ustrzyki Dolne, the county seat, which lies 80 kilometres (50 mi) south-east of the regional capital Rzeszów.
The county covers an area of 1,138.17 square kilometres (439.4 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 21,799, of which the population of Ustrzyki Dolne is 9,097, and the rural population is 12,702. Its average population density of 19.0 persons per square kilometre (49 persons/sq mi) makes it the least densely populated county in Poland.
The county includes the greater part of Bieszczady National Park (Bieszczadzki Park Narodowy), and of the Polish part of the UNESCO-designated East Carpathian Biosphere Reserve.
Neighbouring counties
Bieszczady County is bordered by Lesko County to the west and Przemyśl County to the north. It also borders Ukraine to the east and south.
Administrative division
The county is subdivided into three gminas (one urban-rural and two rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.
Gmina
Type
Area(km2)
Population(2019)
Seat
Gmina Ustrzyki Dolne
urban-rural
477.7
17,305
Ustrzyki Dolne
Gmina Czarna
rural
184.6
2,399
Czarna
Gmina Lutowiska
rural
475.9
2,095
Lutowiska
References
^ GUS. "Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2019. As of 30th June". stat.gov.pl. Retrieved 2020-09-14.
Rural landscape picture
vteBieszczady CountySeat
Ustrzyki Dolne
Urban-rural gmina
Gmina Ustrzyki Dolne
Rural gminas
Gmina Czarna
Gmina Lutowiska
vteCounties of Podkarpackie VoivodeshipCity counties
Rzeszów (capital)
Krosno
Przemyśl
Tarnobrzeg
Land counties
Bieszczady
Brzozów
Dębica
Jarosław
Jasło
Kolbuszowa
Krosno
Łańcut
Lesko
Leżajsk
Lubaczów
Mielec
Nisko
Przemyśl
Przeworsk
Ropczyce-Sędziszów
Rzeszów
Sanok
Stalowa Wola
Strzyżów
Tarnobrzeg
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States
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It takes its name from the Bieszczady mountain range. The county was created on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. In 2002 the western part of the county was split off to form Lesko County. The only town in Bieszczady County is now Ustrzyki Dolne, the county seat, which lies 80 kilometres (50 mi) south-east of the regional capital Rzeszów.The county covers an area of 1,138.17 square kilometres (439.4 sq mi). As of 2019 its total population is 21,799, of which the population of Ustrzyki Dolne is 9,097, and the rural population is 12,702. Its average population density of 19.0 persons per square kilometre (49 persons/sq mi) makes it the least densely populated county in Poland.[1]The county includes the greater part of Bieszczady National Park (Bieszczadzki Park Narodowy), and of the Polish part of the UNESCO-designated East Carpathian Biosphere Reserve.","title":"Bieszczady County"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lesko County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesko_County"},{"link_name":"Przemyśl County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl_County"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"}],"text":"Bieszczady County is bordered by Lesko County to the west and Przemyśl County to the north. It also borders Ukraine to the east and south.","title":"Neighbouring counties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gminas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina"}],"text":"The county is subdivided into three gminas (one urban-rural and two rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.","title":"Administrative division"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bieszczady_County"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Bieszczady_County"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bieszczady_County"},{"link_name":"Bieszczady County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Ustrzyki Dolne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustrzyki_Dolne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_powiat_bieszczadzki_COA.svg"},{"link_name":"Gmina Ustrzyki Dolne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Ustrzyki_Dolne"},{"link_name":"Gmina Czarna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Czarna,_Bieszczady_County"},{"link_name":"Gmina Lutowiska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Lutowiska"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Podkarpackie_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Podkarpackie_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Podkarpackie_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powiat"},{"link_name":"Podkarpackie Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podkarpackie_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Rzeszów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Krosno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krosno"},{"link_name":"Przemyśl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl"},{"link_name":"Tarnobrzeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnobrzeg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_podkarpackie_COA.svg"},{"link_name":"Bieszczady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Brzozów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brzoz%C3%B3w_County"},{"link_name":"Dębica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%99bica_County"},{"link_name":"Jarosław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_County"},{"link_name":"Jasło","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jas%C5%82o_County"},{"link_name":"Kolbuszowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolbuszowa_County"},{"link_name":"Krosno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krosno_County"},{"link_name":"Łańcut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81a%C5%84cut_County"},{"link_name":"Lesko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesko_County"},{"link_name":"Leżajsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C5%BCajsk_County"},{"link_name":"Lubaczów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubacz%C3%B3w_County"},{"link_name":"Mielec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mielec_County"},{"link_name":"Nisko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisko_County"},{"link_name":"Przemyśl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl_County"},{"link_name":"Przeworsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przeworsk_County"},{"link_name":"Ropczyce-Sędziszów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropczyce-S%C4%99dzisz%C3%B3w_County"},{"link_name":"Rzeszów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3w_County"},{"link_name":"Sanok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanok_County"},{"link_name":"Stalowa Wola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalowa_Wola_County"},{"link_name":"Strzyżów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strzy%C5%BC%C3%B3w_County"},{"link_name":"Tarnobrzeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnobrzeg_County"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163121#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/187484603"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n2011068563"}],"text":"vteBieszczady CountySeat\nUstrzyki Dolne\nUrban-rural gmina\nGmina Ustrzyki Dolne\nRural gminas\nGmina Czarna\nGmina LutowiskavteCounties of Podkarpackie VoivodeshipCity counties\nRzeszów (capital)\nKrosno\nPrzemyśl\nTarnobrzeg\nLand counties\nBieszczady\nBrzozów\nDębica\nJarosław\nJasło\nKolbuszowa\nKrosno\nŁańcut\nLesko\nLeżajsk\nLubaczów\nMielec\nNisko\nPrzemyśl\nPrzeworsk\nRopczyce-Sędziszów\nRzeszów\nSanok\nStalowa Wola\nStrzyżów\nTarnobrzegAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nUnited States","title":"Rural landscape picture"}]
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| null |
[{"reference":"GUS. \"Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2019. As of 30th June\". stat.gov.pl. Retrieved 2020-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/population/population/population-size-and-structure-and-vital-statistics-in-poland-by-territorial-division-in-2019-as-of-30th-june,3,26.html","url_text":"\"Population. Size and structure and vital statistics in Poland by territorial division in 2019. As of 30th June\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-circumflex
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Ĵ
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["1 Usage","1.1 In mathematics","2 Character mappings","3 See also","4 References"]
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Latin letter J with circumflex; used in Esperanto
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Ĵ" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2021)
J with circumflexĴ ĵ Jh jh Jx jxUsageWriting systemLatin scriptTypeAlphabetLanguage of originEsperanto languagePhonetic usageUnicode codepointU+0134 U+0135Alphabetical position14HistoryDevelopment Ιι𐌉I iJ j ȷĴ ĵ Jh jh Jx jxTime period1887 to presentOtherWriting directionLeft-to-rightThis article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
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vte
Ĵ or ĵ (J circumflex) is a letter in Esperanto orthography representing the sound .
While Esperanto orthography uses a diacritic for its four postalveolar consonants, as do the Latin-based Slavic alphabets, the base letters are Romano-Germanic. Ĵ is based on the French pronunciation of the letter j to better preserve the shape of borrowings from that language (such as ĵurnalo from journal) than Slavic ž would.
Ĵ is the fourteenth letter in Esperanto orthography. Although it is written as jx and jh respectively in the x-system and h-system workarounds, it is normally written as J with a circumflex: ĵ.
Ĵ is used in the Persian Latin (Rumi) alphabet, equivalent to ژ.
Usage
In mathematics
The letter ĵ is often used to denote a unit vector in mathematics and physics for representing y-vector.
Character mappings
Character information
Preview
Ĵ
ĵ
Unicode name
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J WITH CIRCUMFLEX
LATIN SMALL LETTER J WITH CIRCUMFLEX
Encodings
decimal
hex
dec
hex
Unicode
308
U+0134
309
U+0135
UTF-8
196 180
C4 B4
196 181
C4 B5
Numeric character reference
Ĵ
Ĵ
ĵ
ĵ
Named character reference
Ĵ
ĵ
See also
Ĉ
Ĝ
Ĥ
Ŝ
Ŭ
References
^ "Esperanto language, alphabet and pronunciation".
vteLatin script
History
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Letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet
Aa
Bb
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Gg
Hh
Ii
Jj
Kk
Ll
Mm
Nn
Oo
Pp
Qq
Rr
Ss
Tt
Uu
Vv
Ww
Xx
Yy
Zz
Letter J with diacritics
J́j́
Ĵĵ
Ɉɉ
J̌ǰ
Ʝʝ
J̃j̇̃
ɟ
ʄ
Letters using circumflex accent ( ◌̂, ◌̭ )
Ââ
Ĉĉ
Ḓḓ
Êê
Ḙḙ
Ĝĝ
Ĥĥ
Î î
Ĵĵ
Ḽḽ
Ṋṋ
Ôô
Ŝŝ
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Ûû
Ṷṷ
Ŵŵ
X̂x̂
Ŷŷ
Ẑẑ
MultigraphsDigraphs
Ch
Dz
Dž
Gh
IJ
Lj
Ll
Ly
Nh
Nj
Ny
Sh
Sz
Th
Trigraphs
dzs
eau
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ough
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This Esperanto-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Hetsko
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Ivan Hetsko
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["1 International goal","2 References","3 External links"]
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Ukrainian footballer (born 1968)
This biography of a living person includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Ivan Hetsko
Personal informationFull name
Ivan Mikhailovich HetskoDate of birth
(1968-04-06) 6 April 1968 (age 56)Place of birth
Dnipropetrovsk, Ukrainian SSR Soviet UnionHeight
1.86 m (6 ft 1 in)Position(s)
ForwardYouth career1981–1985
Irshava sports schoolSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1986–1988
Zakarpattia Uzhhorod
53
(10)1988
SKA Karpaty Lviv
5
(0)1989–1992
Chornomorets Odesa
74
(24)1992–1994
Maccabi Haifa
53
(23)1995–1996
Lokomotiv Nizhniy Novgorod
48
(18)1997
Alania Vladikavkaz
15
(4)1997
Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk
14
(7)1998–1999
Karpaty Lviv
51
(29)2000
Kryvbas Kryviy Rih
20
(18)2000
→ Kryvbas-2 Kryvyi Rih
2
(1)2001
Metalist Kharkiv
14
(8)2001
→ Metalist-2 Kharkiv
1
(1)International career1990
USSR
5
(0)1992–1997
Ukraine
4
(1)Managerial career2003–2006
Signal Odesa (manager)2007
Chornomorets Odesa (coach, instructor)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Ivan Hetsko (born 6 April 1968) is a Ukrainian former professional footballer who played as a forward. He made four appearances for the Ukraine national football team, scoring one goal. His goal was in Ukraine's first match and Ukraine's first goal after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, in a 3–1 friendly loss against Hungary. He also played five matches for the USSR. In 2002, he played for Ukrainian futsal club Signal Odesa.
International goal
Scores and results list Ukraine's goal tally first.
No
Date
Venue
Opponent
Score
Result
Competition
1.
29 April 1992
Avanhard Stadium, Uzhhorod, Ukraine
Hungary
1–3
1–3
Friendly match
References
^ "Match log for Ivan Hetsko". eu-football.info. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
External links
Ivan Hetsko at National-Football-Teams.com
Ivan Hetsko at UAF and archived FFU page (in Ukrainian)
This biographical article related to a Ukrainian association football forward born in the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitx1
|
PITX1
|
["1 Function","2 Clinical relevance","3 Genetic basis of pathologies","4 Interactions","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
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Protein-coding gene in humans
PITX1IdentifiersAliasesPITX1, BFT, CCF, LBNBG, POTX, PTX1, paired like homeodomain 1External IDsOMIM: 602149; MGI: 107374; HomoloGene: 20584; GeneCards: PITX1; OMA:PITX1 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.Chromosome 5 (human)Band5q31.1Start135,027,734 bpEnd135,034,813 bpGene location (Mouse)Chr.Chromosome 13 (mouse)Band13 B1|13 30.06 cMStart55,972,864 bpEnd55,984,005 bpRNA expression patternBgeeHumanMouse (ortholog)Top expressed inmucosa of pharynxpituitary glandoral mucosaminor salivary glandsanterior pituitarygumsgingival epitheliumgastric mucosamuscle of thigholfactory zone of nasal mucosaTop expressed inoral mucosawall of esophagusmucosa of esophagusepithelium of esophagusRathke's pouchmandibular prominenceyolk sacmandiblesubmandibular glandmuscle of anterior abdominal wallMore reference expression dataBioGPSMore reference expression dataGene ontologyMolecular function
DNA binding
sequence-specific DNA binding
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding
protein binding
DNA-binding transcription factor activity
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific
Cellular component
cytoplasm
transcription regulator complex
nucleolus
nucleus
Biological process
skeletal system development
pituitary gland development
regulation of transcription, DNA-templated
anatomical structure morphogenesis
transcription by RNA polymerase II
hindlimb morphogenesis
transcription, DNA-templated
multicellular organism development
cartilage development
myoblast fate commitment
negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated
branchiomeric skeletal muscle development
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
embryonic hindlimb morphogenesis
Sources:Amigo / QuickGOOrthologsSpeciesHumanMouseEntrez530718740EnsemblENSG00000069011ENSMUSG00000021506UniProtP78337P70314RefSeq (mRNA)NM_002653NM_011097RefSeq (protein)NP_002644NP_035227Location (UCSC)Chr 5: 135.03 – 135.03 MbChr 13: 55.97 – 55.98 MbPubMed searchWikidataView/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse
Paired-like homeodomain 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PITX1 gene.
Function
This gene encodes a member of the RIEG/PITX homeobox family, which is in the bicoid class of homeodomain proteins. Members of this family are involved in organ development and left-right asymmetry. This protein acts as a transcriptional regulator involved in basal and hormone-regulated activity of prolactin.
Clinical relevance
Mutations in this gene have been associated with autism, club foot and polydactyly in humans.
Genetic basis of pathologies
Genomic rearrangements at the PITX1 locus are associated with Liebenberg syndrome. In PITX1 Liebenberg is associated with a translocation or deletions, which cause insert promoter groups into the PITX1 locus. A missense mutation within the PITX1 locus is associated with the development of autosomal dominant clubfoot.
Interactions
PITX1 has been shown to interact with pituitary-specific positive transcription factor 1.
References
^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000069011 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000021506 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Crawford MJ, Lanctôt C, Tremblay JJ, Jenkins N, Gilbert D, Copeland N, Beatty B, Drouin J (1997). "Human and murine PTX1/Ptx1 gene maps to the region for Treacher Collins syndrome". Mammalian Genome. 8 (11): 841–5. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.326.9619. doi:10.1007/s003359900589. PMID 9337397. S2CID 8557603.
^ Shang J, Li X, Ring HZ, Clayton DA, Francke U (February 1997). "Backfoot, a novel homeobox gene, maps to human chromosome 5 (BFT) and mouse chromosome 13 (Bft)". Genomics. 40 (1): 108–13. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.4558. PMID 9070926.
^ a b "Entrez Gene: PITX1 paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 1".
^ Philippi A, Tores F, Carayol J, Rousseau F, Letexier M, Roschmann E, et al. (December 2007). "Association of autism with polymorphisms in the paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 1 (PITX1) on chromosome 5q31: a candidate gene analysis". BMC Medical Genetics. 8: 74. doi:10.1186/1471-2350-8-74. PMC 2222245. PMID 18053270.
^ a b Alvarado DM, McCall K, Aferol H, Silva MJ, Garbow JR, Spees WM, et al. (October 2011). "Pitx1 haploinsufficiency causes clubfoot in humans and a clubfoot-like phenotype in mice". Human Molecular Genetics. 20 (20): 3943–52. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddr313. PMC 3177645. PMID 21775501.
^ Klopocki E, Kähler C, Foulds N, Shah H, Joseph B, Vogel H, et al. (June 2012). "Deletions in PITX1 cause a spectrum of lower-limb malformations including mirror-image polydactyly". European Journal of Human Genetics. 20 (6): 705–8. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.264. PMC 3355260. PMID 22258522.
^ a b Spielmann M, Brancati F, Krawitz PM, Robinson PN, Ibrahim DM, Franke M, et al. (October 2012). "Homeotic arm-to-leg transformation associated with genomic rearrangements at the PITX1 locus". American Journal of Human Genetics. 91 (4): 629–35. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.08.014. PMC 3484647. PMID 23022097.
^ Szeto DP, Ryan AK, O'Connell SM, Rosenfeld MG (July 1996). "P-OTX: a PIT-1-interacting homeodomain factor expressed during anterior pituitary gland development". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 93 (15): 7706–10. Bibcode:1996PNAS...93.7706S. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.15.7706. PMC 38811. PMID 8755540.
Further reading
Shang J, Luo Y, Clayton DA (June 1997). "Backfoot is a novel homeobox gene expressed in the mesenchyme of developing hind limb". Developmental Dynamics. 209 (2): 242–53. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0177(199706)209:2<242::AID-AJA10>3.0.CO;2-0. PMID 9186059. S2CID 46565338.
Poulin G, Turgeon B, Drouin J (November 1997). "NeuroD1/beta2 contributes to cell-specific transcription of the proopiomelanocortin gene". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 17 (11): 6673–82. doi:10.1128/mcb.17.11.6673. PMC 232521. PMID 9343431.
Tremblay JJ, Drouin J (April 1999). "Egr-1 is a downstream effector of GnRH and synergizes by direct interaction with Ptx1 and SF-1 to enhance luteinizing hormone beta gene transcription". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 19 (4): 2567–76. doi:10.1128/mcb.19.4.2567. PMC 84049. PMID 10082522.
Tremblay JJ, Marcil A, Gauthier Y, Drouin J (June 1999). "Ptx1 regulates SF-1 activity by an interaction that mimics the role of the ligand-binding domain". The EMBO Journal. 18 (12): 3431–41. doi:10.1093/emboj/18.12.3431. PMC 1171422. PMID 10369682.
Pellegrini-Bouiller I, Manrique C, Gunz G, Grino M, Zamora AJ, Figarella-Branger D, Grisoli F, Jaquet P, Enjalbert A (June 1999). "Expression of the members of the Ptx family of transcription factors in human pituitary adenomas". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 84 (6): 2212–20. doi:10.1210/jcem.84.6.5760. PMID 10372733.
Tahara S, Kurotani R, Sanno N, Takumi I, Yoshimura S, Osamura RY, Teramoto A (October 2000). "Expression of pituitary homeo box 1 (Ptx1) in human non-neoplastic pituitaries and pituitary adenomas". Modern Pathology. 13 (10): 1097–108. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3880204. PMID 11048804.
Quentien MH, Manfroid I, Moncet D, Gunz G, Muller M, Grino M, Enjalbert A, Pellegrini I (November 2002). "Pitx factors are involved in basal and hormone-regulated activity of the human prolactin promoter". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (46): 44408–16. doi:10.1074/jbc.M207824200. PMID 12223489.
Ghosh AK, Majumder M, Steele R, Ray R, Ray RB (February 2003). "Modulation of interferon expression by hepatitis C virus NS5A protein and human homeodomain protein PTX1". Virology. 306 (1): 51–9. doi:10.1016/S0042-6822(02)00029-6. PMID 12620797.
Hiroi N, Kino T, Bassett M, Rainey WE, Phung M, Abu-Asab M, Fojo T, Briata P, Chrousos GP, Bornstein SR (May 2003). "Pituitary homeobox factor 1, a novel transcription factor in the adrenal regulating steroid 11beta-hydroxylase". Hormone and Metabolic Research. 35 (5): 273–8. doi:10.1055/s-2003-41301. PMID 12915995. S2CID 260168691.
Kolfschoten IG, van Leeuwen B, Berns K, Mullenders J, Beijersbergen RL, Bernards R, Voorhoeve PM, Agami R (June 2005). "A genetic screen identifies PITX1 as a suppressor of RAS activity and tumorigenicity". Cell. 121 (6): 849–58. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.04.017. hdl:1874/17813. PMID 15960973. S2CID 18065721.
Lord RV, Brabender J, Wickramasinghe K, DeMeester SR, Holscher A, Schneider PM, Danenberg PV, DeMeester TR (November 2005). "Increased CDX2 and decreased PITX1 homeobox gene expression in Barrett's esophagus and Barrett's-associated adenocarcinoma". Surgery. 138 (5): 924–31. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2005.05.007. PMID 16291394.
Olsen JV, Blagoev B, Gnad F, Macek B, Kumar C, Mortensen P, Mann M (November 2006). "Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks". Cell. 127 (3): 635–48. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026. PMID 17081983. S2CID 7827573.
Picard C, Azeddine B, Moldovan F, Martel-Pelletier J, Moreau A (September 2007). "New emerging role of pitx1 transcription factor in osteoarthritis pathogenesis". Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 462: 59–66. doi:10.1097/BLO.0b013e3180d09d9c. PMID 17549029. S2CID 8232057.
Qi DL, Ohhira T, Fujisaki C, Inoue T, Ohta T, Osaki M, Ohshiro E, Seko T, Aoki S, Oshimura M, Kugoh H (April 2011). "Identification of PITX1 as a TERT suppressor gene located on human chromosome 5". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 31 (8): 1624–36. doi:10.1128/MCB.00470-10. PMC 3126332. PMID 21300782.
External links
PITX1+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
http://omim.org/entry/602149 at OMIM, holds the most up to date information on PITX1.
https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/PITX1 at the NIH, has a summary on the effects of PITX1 mutations.
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.
vtePDB gallery
1yz8: Solution structure of the k50 class homeodomain pitx2 bound to dna and implications for mutations that cause rieger syndrome
vteTranscription factors and intracellular receptors(1) Basic domains(1.1) Basic leucine zipper (bZIP)
Activating transcription factor
AATF
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
AP-1
c-Fos
FOSB
FOSL1
FOSL2
JDP2
c-Jun
JUNB
JunD
BACH
1
2
BATF
BLZF1
C/EBP
α
β
γ
δ
ε
ζ
CREB
1
3
L1
CREM
DBP
DDIT3
GABPA
GCN4
HLF
MAF
B
F
G
K
NFE
2
L1
L2
L3
NFIL3
NRL
NRF
1
2
3
XBP1
(1.2) Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)Group A
AS-C
ASCL1
ASCL2
ATOH1
HAND
1
2
MESP2
Myogenic regulatory factors
MyoD
Myogenin
MYF5
MYF6
NeuroD
1
2
Neurogenins
1
2
3
OLIG
1
2
Paraxis
TCF15
Scleraxis
SLC
LYL1
TAL
1
2
Twist
Group B
FIGLA
Myc
c-Myc
l-Myc
n-Myc
MXD4
TCF4
Group CbHLH-PAS
AhR
AHRR
ARNT
ARNTL
ARNTL2
CLOCK
HIF
1A
EPAS1
3A
NPAS
1
2
3
PER
1
2
3
Period
SIM
1
2
Group D
BHLH
2
3
9
Pho4
ID
1
2
3
4
Group E
HES
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
HEY
1
2
L
Group FbHLH-COE
EBF1
(1.3) bHLH-ZIP
AP-4
MAX
MXD1
MXD3
MITF
MNT
MLX
MLXIPL
MXI1
Myc
SREBP
1
2
USF1
(1.4) NF-1
NFI
A
B
C
X
SMAD
R-SMAD
1
2
3
5
9
I-SMAD
6
7
4)
(1.5) RF-X
RFX
1
2
3
4
5
6
ANK
(1.6) Basic helix-span-helix (bHSH)
AP-2
α
β
γ
δ
ε
(2) Zinc finger DNA-binding domains(2.1) Nuclear receptor (Cys4)subfamily 1
Thyroid hormone
α
β
CAR
FXR
LXR
α
β
PPAR
α
β/δ
γ
PXR
RAR
α
β
γ
ROR
α
β
γ
Rev-ErbA
α
β
VDR
subfamily 2
COUP-TF
(I
II
Ear-2
HNF4
α
γ
PNR
RXR
α
β
γ
Testicular receptor
2
4
TLX
subfamily 3
Steroid hormone
Androgen
Estrogen
α
β
Glucocorticoid
Mineralocorticoid
Progesterone
Estrogen related
α
β
γ
subfamily 4
NUR
NGFIB
NOR1
NURR1
subfamily 5
LRH-1
SF1
subfamily 6
GCNF
subfamily 0
DAX1
SHP
(2.2) Other Cys4
GATA
1
2
3
4
5
6
MTA
1
2
3
TRPS1
(2.3) Cys2His2
General transcription factors
TFIIA
TFIIB
TFIID
TFIIE
1
2
TFIIF
1
2
TFIIH
1
2
4
2I
3A
3C1
3C2
ATBF1
BCL
6
11A
11B
CTCF
E4F1
EGR
1
2
3
4
ERV3
GFI1
GLI family
1
2
3
REST
S1
S2
YY1
HIC
1
2
HIVEP
1
2
3
IKZF
1
2
3
ILF
2
3
Sp/KLF family
KLF
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
17
SP
1
2
4
7
8
MTF1
MYT1
OSR1
PRDM9
SALL
1
2
3
4
TSHZ3
WT1
Zbtb7
7A
7B
ZBTB
11
16
17
20
21
32
33
40
zinc finger
3
7
9
10
19
22
24
33B
34
35
41
43
44
51
74
143
146
148
165
202
217
219
238
239
259
267
268
281
300
318
330
346
350
365
366
384
423
451
452
471
593
638
644
649
655
804A
(2.4) Cys6
HIVEP1
(2.5) Alternating composition
AIRE
DIDO1
GRLF1
ING
1
2
4
JARID
1A
1B
1C
1D
2
JMJD1B
(2.6) WRKY
WRKY
(3) Helix-turn-helix domains(3.1) HomeodomainAntennapediaANTP classprotoHOXHox-like
ParaHox
Gsx
1
2
Xlox
PDX1
Cdx
1
2
4
extended Hox: Evx1
Evx2
MEOX1
MEOX2
Homeobox
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A7
A9
A10
A11
A13
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
B9
B13
C4
C5
C6
C8
C9
C10
C11
C12
C13
D1
D3
D4
D8
D9
D10
D11
D12
D13
GBX1
GBX2
MNX1
metaHOXNK-like
BARHL1
BARHL2
BARX1
BARX2
BSX
DBX
1
2
DLX
1
2
3
4
5
6
EMX
1
2
EN
1
2
HHEX
HLX
LBX1
LBX2
MSX
1
2
NANOG
NKX
2-1
2-2
2-3
2-5
3-1
3-2
HMX1
HMX2
HMX3
6-1
6-2
NATO
TLX1
TLX2
TLX3
VAX1
VAX2
other
ARX
CRX
CUTL1
FHL
1
2
3
HESX1
HOPX
LMX
1A
1B
NOBOX
TALE
IRX
1
2
3
4
5
6
MKX
MEIS
1
2
PBX
1
2
3
PKNOX
1
2
SIX
1
2
3
4
5
PHF
1
3
6
8
10
16
17
20
21A
POU domain
PIT-1
BRN-3: A
B
C
Octamer transcription factor: 1
2
3/4
6
7
11
SATB2
ZEB
1
2
(3.2) Paired box
PAX
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
PRRX
1
2
PROP1
PHOX
2A
2B
RAX
SHOX
SHOX2
VSX1
VSX2
Bicoid
GSC
BICD2
OTX
1
2
PITX
1
2
3
(3.3) Fork head / winged helix
E2F
1
2
3
4
5
FOX proteins
A1
A2
A3
B1
B2
C1
C2
D1
D2
D3
D4
D4L1
D4L3
D4L4
D4L5
D4L6
E1
E3
F1
F2
G1
H1
I1
I2
I3
J1
J2
J3
K1
K2
L1
L2
M1
N1
N2
N3
N4
O1
O3
O4
O6
P1
P2
P3
P4
Q1
R1
R2
S1
(3.4) Heat shock factors
HSF
1
2
4
(3.5) Tryptophan clusters
ELF
2
4
5
EGF
ELK
1
3
4
ERF
ETS
1
2
ERG
SPIB
ETV
1
4
5
6
FLI1
Interferon regulatory factors
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
MYB
MYBL2
(3.6) TEA domain
transcriptional enhancer factor
1
2
3
4
(4) β-Scaffold factors with minor groove contacts(4.1) Rel homology region
NF-κB
NFKB1
NFKB2
REL
RELA
RELB
NFAT
C1
C2
C3
C4
5
(4.2) STAT
STAT
1
2
3
4
5
6
(4.3) p53-like
p53 p63 p73 family
p53
TP63
p73
TBX
1
2
3
5
19
21
22
TBR1
TBR2
TFT
MYRF
(4.4) MADS box
Mef2
A
B
C
D
SRF
(4.6) TATA-binding proteins
TBP
TBPL1
(4.7) High-mobility group
BBX
HMGB
1
2
3
4
HMGN
1
2
3
4
HNF
1A
1B
SOX
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
18
21
SRY
SSRP1
TCF/LEF
TCF
1
3
4
LEF1
TOX
1
2
3
4
(4.9) Grainyhead
TFCP2
(4.10) Cold-shock domain
CSDA
YBX1
(4.11) Runt
CBF
CBFA2T2
CBFA2T3
RUNX1
RUNX2
RUNX3
RUNX1T1
(0) Other transcription factors(0.2) HMGI(Y)
HMGA
1
2
HBP1
(0.3) Pocket domain
Rb
RBL1
RBL2
(0.5) AP-2/EREBP-related factors
Apetala 2
EREBP
B3
(0.6) Miscellaneous
ARID
1A
1B
2
3A
3B
4A
CAP
IFI
16
35
MLL
2
3
T1
MNDA
NFY
A
B
C
Rho/Sigma
see also transcription factor/coregulator deficiencies
This article on a gene on human chromosome 5 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9337397-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9070926-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-7"}],"text":"Paired-like homeodomain 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PITX1 gene.[5][6][7]","title":"PITX1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-entrez-7"}],"text":"This gene encodes a member of the RIEG/PITX homeobox family, which is in the bicoid class of homeodomain proteins. Members of this family are involved in organ development and left-right asymmetry. This protein acts as a transcriptional regulator involved in basal and hormone-regulated activity of prolactin.[7]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"autism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"club foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_foot"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alvarado_2011-9"},{"link_name":"polydactyly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydactyly"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid.222585222-10"}],"text":"Mutations in this gene have been associated with autism,[8] club foot[9] and polydactyly[10] in humans.","title":"Clinical relevance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liebenberg syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebenberg_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spielmann_2012-11"},{"link_name":"translocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosomal_translocation"},{"link_name":"deletions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deletion_(genetics)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spielmann_2012-11"},{"link_name":"missense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missense_mutation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alvarado_2011-9"}],"text":"Genomic rearrangements at the PITX1 locus are associated with Liebenberg syndrome.[11] In PITX1 Liebenberg is associated with a translocation or deletions, which cause insert promoter groups into the PITX1 locus.[11] A missense mutation within the PITX1 locus is associated with the development of autosomal dominant clubfoot.[9]","title":"Genetic basis of pathologies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein-protein_interaction"},{"link_name":"pituitary-specific positive transcription factor 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pituitary-specific_positive_transcription_factor_1"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8755540-12"}],"text":"PITX1 has been shown to interact with pituitary-specific positive transcription factor 1.[12]","title":"Interactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/(SICI)1097-0177(199706)209:2<242::AID-AJA10>3.0.CO;2-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-0177%28199706%29209%3A2%3C242%3A%3AAID-AJA10%3E3.0.CO%3B2-0"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9186059","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9186059"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"46565338","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46565338"},{"link_name":"\"NeuroD1/beta2 contributes to cell-specific transcription of the proopiomelanocortin gene\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC232521"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1128/mcb.17.11.6673","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1128%2Fmcb.17.11.6673"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"232521","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC232521"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9343431","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9343431"},{"link_name":"\"Egr-1 is a downstream effector of GnRH and synergizes by direct interaction with Ptx1 and SF-1 to enhance luteinizing hormone beta gene transcription\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC84049"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1128/mcb.19.4.2567","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1128%2Fmcb.19.4.2567"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"84049","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC84049"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10082522","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10082522"},{"link_name":"\"Ptx1 regulates SF-1 activity by an interaction that mimics the role of the ligand-binding domain\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1171422"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/emboj/18.12.3431","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Femboj%2F18.12.3431"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1171422","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1171422"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10369682","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10369682"},{"link_name":"\"Expression of the members of the Ptx family of transcription factors in human pituitary adenomas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1210%2Fjcem.84.6.5760"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1210/jcem.84.6.5760","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1210%2Fjcem.84.6.5760"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10372733","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10372733"},{"link_name":"\"Expression of pituitary homeo box 1 (Ptx1) in human non-neoplastic pituitaries and pituitary adenomas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fmodpathol.3880204"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/modpathol.3880204","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fmodpathol.3880204"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11048804","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11048804"},{"link_name":"\"Pitx factors are involved in basal and hormone-regulated activity of the human prolactin promoter\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M207824200"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1074/jbc.M207824200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M207824200"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12223489","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12223489"},{"link_name":"\"Modulation of interferon expression by hepatitis C virus NS5A protein and human homeodomain protein PTX1\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0042-6822%2802%2900029-6"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0042-6822(02)00029-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0042-6822%2802%2900029-6"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12620797","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12620797"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1055/s-2003-41301","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2003-41301"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12915995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12915995"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"260168691","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:260168691"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.cell.2005.04.017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2005.04.017"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1874/17813","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/1874%2F17813"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15960973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15960973"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"18065721","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18065721"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.surg.2005.05.007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.surg.2005.05.007"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16291394","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16291394"},{"link_name":"\"Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.09.026"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.09.026"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17081983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17081983"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7827573","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7827573"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1097/BLO.0b013e3180d09d9c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1097%2FBLO.0b013e3180d09d9c"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17549029","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17549029"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8232057","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8232057"},{"link_name":"\"Identification of PITX1 as a TERT suppressor gene located on human chromosome 5\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3126332"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1128/MCB.00470-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1128%2FMCB.00470-10"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3126332","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3126332"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"21300782","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21300782"}],"text":"Shang J, Luo Y, Clayton DA (June 1997). \"Backfoot is a novel homeobox gene expressed in the mesenchyme of developing hind limb\". Developmental Dynamics. 209 (2): 242–53. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0177(199706)209:2<242::AID-AJA10>3.0.CO;2-0. PMID 9186059. S2CID 46565338.\nPoulin G, Turgeon B, Drouin J (November 1997). \"NeuroD1/beta2 contributes to cell-specific transcription of the proopiomelanocortin gene\". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 17 (11): 6673–82. doi:10.1128/mcb.17.11.6673. PMC 232521. PMID 9343431.\nTremblay JJ, Drouin J (April 1999). \"Egr-1 is a downstream effector of GnRH and synergizes by direct interaction with Ptx1 and SF-1 to enhance luteinizing hormone beta gene transcription\". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 19 (4): 2567–76. doi:10.1128/mcb.19.4.2567. PMC 84049. PMID 10082522.\nTremblay JJ, Marcil A, Gauthier Y, Drouin J (June 1999). \"Ptx1 regulates SF-1 activity by an interaction that mimics the role of the ligand-binding domain\". The EMBO Journal. 18 (12): 3431–41. doi:10.1093/emboj/18.12.3431. PMC 1171422. PMID 10369682.\nPellegrini-Bouiller I, Manrique C, Gunz G, Grino M, Zamora AJ, Figarella-Branger D, Grisoli F, Jaquet P, Enjalbert A (June 1999). \"Expression of the members of the Ptx family of transcription factors in human pituitary adenomas\". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 84 (6): 2212–20. doi:10.1210/jcem.84.6.5760. PMID 10372733.\nTahara S, Kurotani R, Sanno N, Takumi I, Yoshimura S, Osamura RY, Teramoto A (October 2000). \"Expression of pituitary homeo box 1 (Ptx1) in human non-neoplastic pituitaries and pituitary adenomas\". Modern Pathology. 13 (10): 1097–108. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3880204. PMID 11048804.\nQuentien MH, Manfroid I, Moncet D, Gunz G, Muller M, Grino M, Enjalbert A, Pellegrini I (November 2002). \"Pitx factors are involved in basal and hormone-regulated activity of the human prolactin promoter\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (46): 44408–16. doi:10.1074/jbc.M207824200. PMID 12223489.\nGhosh AK, Majumder M, Steele R, Ray R, Ray RB (February 2003). \"Modulation of interferon expression by hepatitis C virus NS5A protein and human homeodomain protein PTX1\". Virology. 306 (1): 51–9. doi:10.1016/S0042-6822(02)00029-6. PMID 12620797.\nHiroi N, Kino T, Bassett M, Rainey WE, Phung M, Abu-Asab M, Fojo T, Briata P, Chrousos GP, Bornstein SR (May 2003). \"Pituitary homeobox factor 1, a novel transcription factor in the adrenal regulating steroid 11beta-hydroxylase\". Hormone and Metabolic Research. 35 (5): 273–8. doi:10.1055/s-2003-41301. PMID 12915995. S2CID 260168691.\nKolfschoten IG, van Leeuwen B, Berns K, Mullenders J, Beijersbergen RL, Bernards R, Voorhoeve PM, Agami R (June 2005). \"A genetic screen identifies PITX1 as a suppressor of RAS activity and tumorigenicity\". Cell. 121 (6): 849–58. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.04.017. hdl:1874/17813. PMID 15960973. S2CID 18065721.\nLord RV, Brabender J, Wickramasinghe K, DeMeester SR, Holscher A, Schneider PM, Danenberg PV, DeMeester TR (November 2005). \"Increased CDX2 and decreased PITX1 homeobox gene expression in Barrett's esophagus and Barrett's-associated adenocarcinoma\". Surgery. 138 (5): 924–31. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2005.05.007. PMID 16291394.\nOlsen JV, Blagoev B, Gnad F, Macek B, Kumar C, Mortensen P, Mann M (November 2006). \"Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks\". Cell. 127 (3): 635–48. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026. PMID 17081983. S2CID 7827573.\nPicard C, Azeddine B, Moldovan F, Martel-Pelletier J, Moreau A (September 2007). \"New emerging role of pitx1 transcription factor in osteoarthritis pathogenesis\". Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 462: 59–66. doi:10.1097/BLO.0b013e3180d09d9c. PMID 17549029. S2CID 8232057.\nQi DL, Ohhira T, Fujisaki C, Inoue T, Ohta T, Osaki M, Ohshiro E, Seko T, Aoki S, Oshimura M, Kugoh H (April 2011). \"Identification of PITX1 as a TERT suppressor gene located on human chromosome 5\". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 31 (8): 1624–36. doi:10.1128/MCB.00470-10. PMC 3126332. PMID 21300782.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=5307","url_text":"\"Human PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=18740","url_text":"\"Mouse PubMed Reference:\""}]},{"reference":"Crawford MJ, Lanctôt C, Tremblay JJ, Jenkins N, Gilbert D, Copeland N, Beatty B, Drouin J (1997). \"Human and murine PTX1/Ptx1 gene maps to the region for Treacher Collins syndrome\". Mammalian Genome. 8 (11): 841–5. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.326.9619. doi:10.1007/s003359900589. PMID 9337397. S2CID 8557603.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.326.9619","url_text":"10.1.1.326.9619"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs003359900589","url_text":"10.1007/s003359900589"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9337397","url_text":"9337397"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8557603","url_text":"8557603"}]},{"reference":"Shang J, Li X, Ring HZ, Clayton DA, Francke U (February 1997). \"Backfoot, a novel homeobox gene, maps to human chromosome 5 (BFT) and mouse chromosome 13 (Bft)\". Genomics. 40 (1): 108–13. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.4558. PMID 9070926.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.1996.4558","url_text":"\"Backfoot, a novel homeobox gene, maps to human chromosome 5 (BFT) and mouse chromosome 13 (Bft)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.1996.4558","url_text":"10.1006/geno.1996.4558"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9070926","url_text":"9070926"}]},{"reference":"\"Entrez Gene: PITX1 paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 1\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=5307","url_text":"\"Entrez Gene: PITX1 paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 1\""}]},{"reference":"Philippi A, Tores F, Carayol J, Rousseau F, Letexier M, Roschmann E, et al. (December 2007). \"Association of autism with polymorphisms in the paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 1 (PITX1) on chromosome 5q31: a candidate gene analysis\". BMC Medical Genetics. 8: 74. doi:10.1186/1471-2350-8-74. PMC 2222245. PMID 18053270.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2222245","url_text":"\"Association of autism with polymorphisms in the paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 1 (PITX1) on chromosome 5q31: a candidate gene analysis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2350-8-74","url_text":"10.1186/1471-2350-8-74"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2222245","url_text":"2222245"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18053270","url_text":"18053270"}]},{"reference":"Alvarado DM, McCall K, Aferol H, Silva MJ, Garbow JR, Spees WM, et al. (October 2011). \"Pitx1 haploinsufficiency causes clubfoot in humans and a clubfoot-like phenotype in mice\". Human Molecular Genetics. 20 (20): 3943–52. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddr313. PMC 3177645. PMID 21775501.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3177645","url_text":"\"Pitx1 haploinsufficiency causes clubfoot in humans and a clubfoot-like phenotype in mice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2Fddr313","url_text":"10.1093/hmg/ddr313"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3177645","url_text":"3177645"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21775501","url_text":"21775501"}]},{"reference":"Klopocki E, Kähler C, Foulds N, Shah H, Joseph B, Vogel H, et al. (June 2012). \"Deletions in PITX1 cause a spectrum of lower-limb malformations including mirror-image polydactyly\". European Journal of Human Genetics. 20 (6): 705–8. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.264. PMC 3355260. PMID 22258522.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3355260","url_text":"\"Deletions in PITX1 cause a spectrum of lower-limb malformations including mirror-image polydactyly\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2011.264","url_text":"10.1038/ejhg.2011.264"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3355260","url_text":"3355260"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22258522","url_text":"22258522"}]},{"reference":"Spielmann M, Brancati F, Krawitz PM, Robinson PN, Ibrahim DM, Franke M, et al. (October 2012). \"Homeotic arm-to-leg transformation associated with genomic rearrangements at the PITX1 locus\". American Journal of Human Genetics. 91 (4): 629–35. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.08.014. PMC 3484647. PMID 23022097.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3484647","url_text":"\"Homeotic arm-to-leg transformation associated with genomic rearrangements at the PITX1 locus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2012.08.014","url_text":"10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.08.014"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3484647","url_text":"3484647"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23022097","url_text":"23022097"}]},{"reference":"Szeto DP, Ryan AK, O'Connell SM, Rosenfeld MG (July 1996). \"P-OTX: a PIT-1-interacting homeodomain factor expressed during anterior pituitary gland development\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 93 (15): 7706–10. Bibcode:1996PNAS...93.7706S. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.15.7706. PMC 38811. PMID 8755540.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC38811","url_text":"\"P-OTX: a PIT-1-interacting homeodomain factor expressed during anterior pituitary gland development\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996PNAS...93.7706S","url_text":"1996PNAS...93.7706S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.93.15.7706","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.93.15.7706"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC38811","url_text":"38811"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8755540","url_text":"8755540"}]},{"reference":"Shang J, Luo Y, Clayton DA (June 1997). \"Backfoot is a novel homeobox gene expressed in the mesenchyme of developing hind limb\". Developmental Dynamics. 209 (2): 242–53. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0177(199706)209:2<242::AID-AJA10>3.0.CO;2-0. PMID 9186059. S2CID 46565338.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-0177%28199706%29209%3A2%3C242%3A%3AAID-AJA10%3E3.0.CO%3B2-0","url_text":"10.1002/(SICI)1097-0177(199706)209:2<242::AID-AJA10>3.0.CO;2-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9186059","url_text":"9186059"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46565338","url_text":"46565338"}]},{"reference":"Poulin G, Turgeon B, Drouin J (November 1997). \"NeuroD1/beta2 contributes to cell-specific transcription of the proopiomelanocortin gene\". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 17 (11): 6673–82. doi:10.1128/mcb.17.11.6673. PMC 232521. PMID 9343431.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC232521","url_text":"\"NeuroD1/beta2 contributes to cell-specific transcription of the proopiomelanocortin gene\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fmcb.17.11.6673","url_text":"10.1128/mcb.17.11.6673"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC232521","url_text":"232521"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9343431","url_text":"9343431"}]},{"reference":"Tremblay JJ, Drouin J (April 1999). \"Egr-1 is a downstream effector of GnRH and synergizes by direct interaction with Ptx1 and SF-1 to enhance luteinizing hormone beta gene transcription\". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 19 (4): 2567–76. doi:10.1128/mcb.19.4.2567. PMC 84049. PMID 10082522.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC84049","url_text":"\"Egr-1 is a downstream effector of GnRH and synergizes by direct interaction with Ptx1 and SF-1 to enhance luteinizing hormone beta gene transcription\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fmcb.19.4.2567","url_text":"10.1128/mcb.19.4.2567"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC84049","url_text":"84049"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10082522","url_text":"10082522"}]},{"reference":"Tremblay JJ, Marcil A, Gauthier Y, Drouin J (June 1999). \"Ptx1 regulates SF-1 activity by an interaction that mimics the role of the ligand-binding domain\". The EMBO Journal. 18 (12): 3431–41. doi:10.1093/emboj/18.12.3431. PMC 1171422. PMID 10369682.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1171422","url_text":"\"Ptx1 regulates SF-1 activity by an interaction that mimics the role of the ligand-binding domain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Femboj%2F18.12.3431","url_text":"10.1093/emboj/18.12.3431"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1171422","url_text":"1171422"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10369682","url_text":"10369682"}]},{"reference":"Pellegrini-Bouiller I, Manrique C, Gunz G, Grino M, Zamora AJ, Figarella-Branger D, Grisoli F, Jaquet P, Enjalbert A (June 1999). \"Expression of the members of the Ptx family of transcription factors in human pituitary adenomas\". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 84 (6): 2212–20. doi:10.1210/jcem.84.6.5760. PMID 10372733.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjcem.84.6.5760","url_text":"\"Expression of the members of the Ptx family of transcription factors in human pituitary adenomas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjcem.84.6.5760","url_text":"10.1210/jcem.84.6.5760"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10372733","url_text":"10372733"}]},{"reference":"Tahara S, Kurotani R, Sanno N, Takumi I, Yoshimura S, Osamura RY, Teramoto A (October 2000). \"Expression of pituitary homeo box 1 (Ptx1) in human non-neoplastic pituitaries and pituitary adenomas\". Modern Pathology. 13 (10): 1097–108. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3880204. PMID 11048804.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fmodpathol.3880204","url_text":"\"Expression of pituitary homeo box 1 (Ptx1) in human non-neoplastic pituitaries and pituitary adenomas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fmodpathol.3880204","url_text":"10.1038/modpathol.3880204"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11048804","url_text":"11048804"}]},{"reference":"Quentien MH, Manfroid I, Moncet D, Gunz G, Muller M, Grino M, Enjalbert A, Pellegrini I (November 2002). \"Pitx factors are involved in basal and hormone-regulated activity of the human prolactin promoter\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (46): 44408–16. doi:10.1074/jbc.M207824200. PMID 12223489.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M207824200","url_text":"\"Pitx factors are involved in basal and hormone-regulated activity of the human prolactin promoter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M207824200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M207824200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12223489","url_text":"12223489"}]},{"reference":"Ghosh AK, Majumder M, Steele R, Ray R, Ray RB (February 2003). \"Modulation of interferon expression by hepatitis C virus NS5A protein and human homeodomain protein PTX1\". Virology. 306 (1): 51–9. doi:10.1016/S0042-6822(02)00029-6. PMID 12620797.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0042-6822%2802%2900029-6","url_text":"\"Modulation of interferon expression by hepatitis C virus NS5A protein and human homeodomain protein PTX1\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0042-6822%2802%2900029-6","url_text":"10.1016/S0042-6822(02)00029-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12620797","url_text":"12620797"}]},{"reference":"Hiroi N, Kino T, Bassett M, Rainey WE, Phung M, Abu-Asab M, Fojo T, Briata P, Chrousos GP, Bornstein SR (May 2003). \"Pituitary homeobox factor 1, a novel transcription factor in the adrenal regulating steroid 11beta-hydroxylase\". Hormone and Metabolic Research. 35 (5): 273–8. doi:10.1055/s-2003-41301. PMID 12915995. S2CID 260168691.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2003-41301","url_text":"10.1055/s-2003-41301"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12915995","url_text":"12915995"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:260168691","url_text":"260168691"}]},{"reference":"Kolfschoten IG, van Leeuwen B, Berns K, Mullenders J, Beijersbergen RL, Bernards R, Voorhoeve PM, Agami R (June 2005). \"A genetic screen identifies PITX1 as a suppressor of RAS activity and tumorigenicity\". Cell. 121 (6): 849–58. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.04.017. hdl:1874/17813. PMID 15960973. S2CID 18065721.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2005.04.017","url_text":"10.1016/j.cell.2005.04.017"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1874%2F17813","url_text":"1874/17813"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15960973","url_text":"15960973"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18065721","url_text":"18065721"}]},{"reference":"Lord RV, Brabender J, Wickramasinghe K, DeMeester SR, Holscher A, Schneider PM, Danenberg PV, DeMeester TR (November 2005). \"Increased CDX2 and decreased PITX1 homeobox gene expression in Barrett's esophagus and Barrett's-associated adenocarcinoma\". Surgery. 138 (5): 924–31. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2005.05.007. PMID 16291394.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.surg.2005.05.007","url_text":"10.1016/j.surg.2005.05.007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16291394","url_text":"16291394"}]},{"reference":"Olsen JV, Blagoev B, Gnad F, Macek B, Kumar C, Mortensen P, Mann M (November 2006). \"Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks\". Cell. 127 (3): 635–48. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026. PMID 17081983. S2CID 7827573.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.09.026","url_text":"\"Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2006.09.026","url_text":"10.1016/j.cell.2006.09.026"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17081983","url_text":"17081983"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7827573","url_text":"7827573"}]},{"reference":"Picard C, Azeddine B, Moldovan F, Martel-Pelletier J, Moreau A (September 2007). \"New emerging role of pitx1 transcription factor in osteoarthritis pathogenesis\". Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 462: 59–66. doi:10.1097/BLO.0b013e3180d09d9c. PMID 17549029. S2CID 8232057.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1097%2FBLO.0b013e3180d09d9c","url_text":"10.1097/BLO.0b013e3180d09d9c"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17549029","url_text":"17549029"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8232057","url_text":"8232057"}]},{"reference":"Qi DL, Ohhira T, Fujisaki C, Inoue T, Ohta T, Osaki M, Ohshiro E, Seko T, Aoki S, Oshimura M, Kugoh H (April 2011). \"Identification of PITX1 as a TERT suppressor gene located on human chromosome 5\". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 31 (8): 1624–36. doi:10.1128/MCB.00470-10. PMC 3126332. PMID 21300782.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3126332","url_text":"\"Identification of PITX1 as a TERT suppressor gene located on human chromosome 5\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1128%2FMCB.00470-10","url_text":"10.1128/MCB.00470-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3126332","url_text":"3126332"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21300782","url_text":"21300782"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetorheological_fluid
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Magnetorheological fluid
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["1 How it works","2 Material behavior","2.1 Shear strength","2.2 Particle sedimentation","2.3 Common MR fluid surfactants","3 Modes of operation and applications","3.1 Flow mode (a.k.a. valve mode)","3.2 Shear mode","3.3 Squeeze-flow mode","4 Limitations","5 Advances in the 2000s","6 Applications","6.1 Mechanical engineering","6.2 Military and defense","6.3 Optics","6.4 Automotive","6.5 Aerospace","6.6 Human prosthesis","6.7 Haptic feedback input devices","7 See also","8 References","8.1 Notes","8.2 Sources","9 External links"]
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Type of smart fluid in a carrier fluid
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Schematic of a magnetorheological fluid solidifying and blocking a pipe in response to an external magnetic field. (Animated version available.)
Part of a series onContinuum mechanics
J
=
−
D
d
φ
d
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{\displaystyle J=-D{\frac {d\varphi }{dx}}}
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A magnetorheological fluid (MR fluid, or MRF) is a type of smart fluid in a carrier fluid, usually a type of oil. When subjected to a magnetic field, the fluid greatly increases its apparent viscosity, to the point of becoming a viscoelastic solid. Importantly, the yield stress of the fluid when in its active ("on") state can be controlled very accurately by varying the magnetic field intensity. The upshot is that the fluid's ability to transmit force can be controlled with an electromagnet, which gives rise to its many possible control-based applications.
MR fluid is different from a ferrofluid which has smaller particles. MR fluid particles are primarily on the micrometre-scale and are too dense for Brownian motion to keep them suspended (in the lower density carrier fluid). Ferrofluid particles are primarily nanoparticles that are suspended by Brownian motion and generally will not settle under normal conditions. As a result, these two fluids have very different applications.
How it works
The magnetic particles, which are typically micrometer or nanometer scale spheres or ellipsoids, are suspended within the carrier oil and distributed randomly in suspension under normal circumstances, as below.
When a magnetic field is applied, however, the microscopic particles (usually in the 0.1–10 μm range) align themselves along the lines of magnetic flux, see below.
Material behavior
To understand and predict the behavior of the MR fluid it is necessary to model the fluid mathematically, a task slightly complicated by the varying material properties (such as yield stress).
As mentioned above, smart fluids are such that they have a low viscosity in the absence of an applied magnetic field, but become quasi-solid with the application of such a field. In the case of MR fluids (and ER), the fluid actually assumes properties comparable to a solid when in the activated ("on") state, up until a point of yield (the shear stress above which shearing occurs). This yield stress (commonly referred to as apparent yield stress) is dependent on the magnetic field applied to the fluid, but will reach a maximum point after which increases in magnetic flux density have no further effect, as the fluid is then magnetically saturated. The behavior of a MR fluid can thus be considered similar to a Bingham plastic, a material model which has been well-investigated.
However, MR fluid does not exactly follow the characteristics of a Bingham plastic. For example, below the yield stress (in the activated or "on" state), the fluid behaves as a viscoelastic material, with a complex modulus that is also known to be dependent on the magnetic field intensity. MR fluids are also known to be subject to shear thinning, whereby the viscosity above yield decreases with increased shear rate. Furthermore, the behavior of MR fluids when in the "off" state is also non-Newtonian and temperature dependent, however it deviates little enough for the fluid to be ultimately considered as a Bingham plastic for a simple analysis.
Thus our model of MR fluid behavior in the shear mode becomes:
τ
=
τ
y
(
H
)
+
η
d
v
d
z
,
τ
>
τ
y
{\displaystyle \tau =\tau _{y}(H)+\eta {\frac {dv}{dz}},\tau >\tau _{y}}
Where
τ
{\displaystyle \tau }
= shear stress;
τ
y
{\displaystyle \tau _{y}}
= yield stress;
H
{\displaystyle H}
= Magnetic field intensity
η
{\displaystyle \eta }
= Newtonian viscosity;
d
v
d
z
{\displaystyle {\frac {dv}{dz}}}
is the velocity gradient in the z-direction.
Shear strength
Low shear strength has been the primary reason for limited range of applications. In the absence of external pressure the maximum shear strength is about 100 kPa. If the fluid is compressed in the magnetic field direction and the compressive stress is 2 MPa, the shear strength is raised to 1100 kPa. If the standard magnetic particles are replaced with elongated magnetic particles, the shear strength is also improved.
Particle sedimentation
Ferroparticles settle out of the suspension over time due to the inherent density difference between the particles and their carrier fluid. The rate and degree to which this occurs is one of the primary attributes considered in industry when implementing or designing an MR device. Surfactants are typically used to offset this effect, but at a cost of the fluid's magnetic saturation, and thus the maximum yield stress exhibited in its activated state.
Common MR fluid surfactants
MR fluids often contain surfactants including, but not limited to:
oleic acid
tetramethylammonium hydroxide
citric acid
soy lecithin
These surfactants serve to decrease the rate of ferroparticle settling, of which a high rate is an unfavorable characteristic of MR fluids. The ideal MR fluid would never settle, but developing this ideal fluid is as highly improbable as developing a perpetual motion machine according to our current understanding of the laws of physics. Surfactant-aided prolonged settling is typically achieved in one of two ways: by addition of surfactants, and by addition of spherical ferromagnetic nanoparticles. Addition of the nanoparticles results in the larger particles staying suspended longer since the non-settling nanoparticles interfere with the settling of the larger micrometre-scale particles due to Brownian motion. Addition of a surfactant allows micelles to form around the ferroparticles. A surfactant has a polar head and non-polar tail (or vice versa), one of which adsorbs to a ferroparticle, while the non-polar tail (or polar head) sticks out into the carrier medium, forming an inverse or regular micelle, respectively, around the particle. This increases the effective particle diameter. Steric repulsion then prevents heavy agglomeration of the particles in their settled state, which makes fluid remixing (particle redispersion) occur far faster and with less effort. For example, magnetorheological dampers will remix within one cycle with a surfactant additive, but are nearly impossible to remix without them.
While surfactants are useful in prolonging the settling rate in MR fluids, they also prove detrimental to the fluid's magnetic properties (specifically, the magnetic saturation), which is commonly a parameter which users wish to maximize in order to increase the maximum apparent yield stress. Whether the anti-settling additive is nanosphere-based or surfactant-based, their addition decreases the packing density of the ferroparticles while in its activated state, thus decreasing the fluids on-state/activated viscosity, resulting in a "softer" activated fluid with a lower maximum apparent yield stress. While the on-state viscosity (the "hardness" of the activated fluid) is also a primary concern for many MR fluid applications, it is a primary fluid property for the majority of their commercial and industrial applications and therefore a compromise must be met when considering on-state viscosity, maximum apparent yields stress, and settling rate of an MR fluid.
Modes of operation and applications
An MR fluid is used in one of three main modes of operation, these being flow mode, shear mode and squeeze-flow mode. These modes involve, respectively, fluid flowing as a result of pressure gradient between two stationary plates; fluid between two plates moving relative to one another; and fluid between two plates moving in the direction perpendicular to their planes. In all cases the magnetic field is perpendicular to the planes of the plates, so as to restrict fluid in the direction parallel to the plates.
Flow mode (a.k.a. valve mode)
Shear mode
Squeeze-flow mode
The applications of these various modes are numerous. Flow mode can be used in dampers and shock absorbers, by using the movement to be controlled to force the fluid through channels, across which a magnetic field is applied. Shear mode is particularly useful in clutches and brakes - in places where rotational motion must be controlled. Squeeze-flow mode, on the other hand, is most suitable for applications controlling small, millimeter-order movements but involving large forces. This particular flow mode has seen the least investigation so far.
Overall, between these three modes of operation, MR fluids can be applied successfully to a wide range of applications. However, some limitations exist which are necessary to mention here.
Limitations
Although smart fluids are rightly seen as having many potential applications, they are limited in commercial feasibility for the following reasons:
High density, due to presence of iron, makes them heavy. However, operating volumes are small, so while this is a problem, it is not insurmountable.
High-quality fluids are expensive.
Fluids are subject to thickening after prolonged use and need replacing.
Settling of Ferro-particles can be a problem for some applications.
Cannot operate at extremely High/Low temperatures
Commercial applications do exist, as mentioned, but will continue to be few until these problems (particularly cost) are overcome.
Advances in the 2000s
Studies published beginning in the late 2000s which explore the effect of varying the aspect ratio of the ferromagnetic particles have shown several improvements over conventional MR fluids. Nanowire-based fluids show no sedimentation after qualitative observation over a period of three months. This observation has been attributed to a lower close-packing density due to decreased symmetry of the wires compared to spheres, as well as the structurally supportive nature of a nanowire lattice held together by remnant magnetization. Further, they show a different range of loading of particles (typically measured in either volume or weight fraction) than conventional sphere- or ellipsoid-based fluids. Conventional commercial fluids exhibit a typical loading of 30 to 90 wt%, while nanowire-based fluids show a percolation threshold of ~0.5 wt% (depending on the aspect ratio). They also show a maximum loading of ~35 wt%, since high aspect ratio particles exhibit a larger per particle excluded volume as well as inter-particle tangling as they attempt to rotate end-over-end, resulting in a limit imposed by high off-state apparent viscosity of the fluids. This range of loadings suggest a new set of applications are possible which may have not been possible with conventional sphere-based fluids.
Newer studies have focused on dimorphic magnetorheological fluids, which are conventional sphere-based fluids in which a fraction of the spheres, typically 2 to 8 wt%, are replaced with nanowires. These fluids exhibit a much lower sedimentation rate than conventional fluids, yet exhibit a similar range of loading as conventional commercial fluids, making them also useful in existing high-force applications such as damping. Moreover, they also exhibit an improvement in apparent yield stress of 10% across those amounts of particle substitution.
Another way to increase the performance of magnetorheological fluids is to apply a pressure to them. In particular the properties in term of yield strength can be increased up to ten times in shear mode and up five times in flow mode. The motivation of this behaviour is the increase in the ferromagnetic particles friction, as described by the semiempirical magneto-tribological model by Zhang et al. Even though applying a pressure strongly improves the magnetorheological fluids behaviour, particular attention must be paid in terms of mechanical resistance and chemical compatibility of the sealing system used.
Applications
The application set for MR fluids is vast, and it expands with each advance in the dynamics of the fluid.
Mechanical engineering
Magnetorheological dampers of various applications have been and continue to be developed. These dampers are mainly used in heavy industry with applications such as heavy motor damping, operator seat/cab damping in construction vehicles, and more.
As of 2006, materials scientists and mechanical engineers are collaborating to develop stand-alone seismic dampers which, when positioned anywhere within a building, will operate within the building's resonance frequency, absorbing detrimental shock waves and oscillations within the structure, giving these dampers the ability to make any building earthquake-proof, or at least earthquake-resistant.
MR fluids' technology can applied among high-end auxiliary equipment that has flexible fixtures at CNC machining. It can hold irregular surfaces and difficult-to-grasp products.
Military and defense
The U.S. Army Research Office is currently funding research into using MR fluid to enhance body armor. In 2003, researchers stated they were five to ten years away from making the fluid bullet resistant. In addition, HMMWVs, and various other all-terrain vehicles employ dynamic MR shock absorbers and/or dampers.
Optics
Magnetorheological finishing, a magnetorheological fluid-based optical polishing method, has proven to be highly precise. It was used in the construction of the Hubble Space Telescope's corrective lens.
Automotive
If the shock absorbers of a vehicle's suspension are filled with magnetorheological fluid instead of a plain oil or gas, and the channels which allow the damping fluid to flow between the two chambers is surrounded with electromagnets, the viscosity of the fluid, and hence the critical frequency of the damper, can be varied depending on driver preference or the weight being carried by the vehicle - or it may be dynamically varied in order to provide stability control across vastly different road conditions. This is in effect a magnetorheological damper. For example, the MagneRide active suspension system permits the damping factor to be adjusted once every millisecond in response to conditions. General Motors (in a partnership with Delphi Corporation) has developed this technology for automotive applications. It made its debut in both Cadillac (Seville STS build date on or after 1/15/2002 with RPO F55) as "Magneride" (or "MR") and Chevrolet passenger vehicles (All Corvettes made since 2003 with the F55 option code) as part of the driver selectable "Magnetic Selective Ride Control (MSRC)" system in model year 2003. Other manufacturers have paid for the use of it in their own vehicles, for example Audi and Ferrari offer the MagneRide on various models.
General Motors and other automotive companies are seeking to develop a magnetorheological fluid based clutch system for push-button four wheel drive systems. This clutch system would use electromagnets to solidify the fluid which would lock the driveshaft into the drive train.
Porsche has introduced magnetorheological engine mounts in the 2010 Porsche GT3 and GT2. At high engine revolutions, the magnetorheological engine mounts get stiffer to provide a more precise gearbox shifter feel by reducing the relative motion between the power train and chassis/body.
As of September 2007, Acura (Honda) has begun an advertising campaign highlighting its use of MR technology in passenger vehicles manufactured for the 2007 MDX model year.
Aerospace
Magnetorheological dampers are under development for use in military and commercial helicopter cockpit seats, as safety devices in the event of a crash. They would be used to decrease the shock delivered to a passenger's spinal column, thereby decreasing the rate of permanent injury during a crash.
Human prosthesis
Magnetorheological dampers are utilized in semi-active human prosthetic legs. Much like those used in military and commercial helicopters, a damper in the prosthetic leg decreases the shock delivered to the patients leg when jumping, for example. This results in an increased mobility and agility for the patient.
Haptic feedback input devices
The company XeelTech and CK Materials Lab in Korea use magnetorheological fluid to generate the haptic feedback of their HAPTICORE rotary switches. The MR actuators are primarily used as input devices with adaptive haptic feedback to enable new possibilities in user interface design. The HAPTICORE technology functions like a miniature MR brake. By changing the magnetic field created by a small electromagnet inside the rotary knob, the friction between the outer shell and the stator is modified in such a way that the user perceives the braking effect as haptic feedback.
By modifying the rheological state of the fluid in near real time, a variety of mechanical rotary knob and cam switch haptic patterns such as ticks, grids, and barriers or limits can be simulated. In addition, it is also possible to generate new forms of haptic feedback, such as speed-adaptive and direction-dependent haptic feedback modes. This technology is used, for example, in HMIs of industrial equipment, household appliances or computer peripherals.
See also
Smart fluid
Ferrofluid
Electrorheological fluid
Rheology
Rheometry
References
Notes
^ Bahl, Shashi; Nagar, Himanshu; Singh, Inderpreet; Sehgal, Shankar (2020-01-01). "Smart materials types, properties and applications: A review". Materials Today: Proceedings. International Conference on Aspects of Materials Science and Engineering. 28: 1302–1306. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.505. ISSN 2214-7853. S2CID 219435304.
^ Unuh, Mohd Hishamuddin; Muhamad, Pauziah (2020). "A Brief Review of Preparation Method and Challenges of Magnetorheological Fluids". Journal of Advanced Research in Material Science. 74 (1). Akademia Baru Publishing: 1–18. doi:10.37934/arms.74.1.118. ISSN 2289-7992.
^ Wang, Hong-yun; Zheng, Hui-qiang; Li, Yong-xian; Lu, Shuang (17 December 2008). Fei, Yetai; Fan, Kuang-Chao; Lu, Rongsheng (eds.). "Mechanical properties of magnetorheological fluids under squeeze-shear mode". Fourth International Symposium on Precision Mechanical Measurements. 7130: 71302M. Bibcode:2008SPIE.7130E..2MW. doi:10.1117/12.819634. S2CID 137422177.
^ Vereda, Fernando; de Vicente, Juan; Hidalgo-Álvarez, Roque (2 June 2009). "Physical Properties of Elongated Magnetic Particles: Magnetization and Friction Coefficient Anisotropies". ChemPhysChem. 10 (8): 1165–1179. doi:10.1002/cphc.200900091. PMID 19434654.
^ Unuh, Mohd Hishamuddin; Muhamad, Pauziah; Waziralilah, Nur Fathiah; Amran, Mohamad Hafiz (2019). "Characterization of Vehicle Smart Fluid using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS)" (PDF). Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences. 55 (2). Penerbit Akademia Baru: 240–248. ISSN 2289-7879.
^ Bell, R C; Karli, J O; Vavreck, A N; Zimmerman, D T; Ngatu, G T; Wereley, N M (1 February 2008). "Magnetorheology of submicron diameter iron microwires dispersed in silicone oil". Smart Materials and Structures. 17 (1): 015028. Bibcode:2008SMaS...17a5028B. doi:10.1088/0964-1726/17/01/015028. S2CID 137287721.
^ Bell, R. C.; Miller, E. D.; Karli, J. O.; Vavreck, A. N.; Zimmerman, D. T. (10 November 2007). "Influence of particle shape on the properties of magnetorheological fluids". International Journal of Modern Physics B. 21 (28n29): 5018–5025. Bibcode:2007IJMPB..21.5018B. doi:10.1142/S0217979207045979.
^ Zimmerman, D. T.; Bell, R. C.; Filer, J. A.; Karli, J. O.; Wereley, N. M. (6 July 2009). "Elastic percolation transition in nanowire-based magnetorheological fluids". Applied Physics Letters. 95 (1): 014102. Bibcode:2009ApPhL..95a4102Z. doi:10.1063/1.3167815.
^ Ngatu, G T; Wereley, N M; Karli, J O; Bell, R C (1 August 2008). "Dimorphic magnetorheological fluids: exploiting partial substitution of microspheres by nanowires". Smart Materials and Structures. 17 (4): 045022. Bibcode:2008SMaS...17d5022N. doi:10.1088/0964-1726/17/4/045022. S2CID 108884548.
^ Zhang, X. Z.; Gong, X. L.; Zhang, P. Q.; Wang, Q. M. (15 August 2004). "Study on the mechanism of the squeeze-strengthen effect in magnetorheological fluids". Journal of Applied Physics. 96 (4): 2359–2364. Bibcode:2004JAP....96.2359Z. doi:10.1063/1.1773379.
^ Spaggiari, A.; Dragoni, E. (1 September 2012). "Effect of Pressure on the Flow Properties of Magnetorheological Fluids". Journal of Fluids Engineering. 134 (9). doi:10.1115/1.4007257.
^ Bonsor, Kevin (4 October 2023). "The Tuned Mass Damper: How Science Could Earthquake-Proof the Skyscrapers of Tomorrow". HowStuffWorks. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024.
^ He Lu, Dezheng Hua, Baiyi Wang, Chengli Yang, Anna Hnydiuk-Stefan, Grzegorz Królczyk, Xinhua Liu, Zhixiong Li (12 May 2021). "The Roles of Magnetorheological Fluid in Modern Precision Machining Field: A Review". Frontiers.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Lurie, Karen. "Instant Armour". sciencentral.com. Archived from the original on 13 February 2012.
^ Hiemenz, Gregory J.; Choi, Young-Tai; Wereley, Norman M. (May 2007). "Semi-Active Control of Vertical Stroking Helicopter Crew Seat for Enhanced Crashworthiness". Journal of Aircraft. 44 (3): 1031–1034. doi:10.2514/1.26492.
^ Wereley, Norman M.; Singh, Harinder J.; Choi, Young-Tai (2014). "CHAPTER 12: Adaptive Magnetorheological Energy Absorbing Mounts for Shock Mitigation". Magnetorheology: advances and applications. Cambridge, UK: RSC Publishing. pp. 278–287. Bibcode:2014maa..book.....W. doi:10.1039/9781849737548. ISBN 978-1-84973-754-8.
^ XeelTech GmbH (2023). "HAPTICORE Technology – Next generation haptic knob with programmable haptic force feedback"
Sources
R. Tao, Editor (2011). Electro-Rheological Fluids And Magneto-Rheological Suspensions: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference. World Scientific. ISBN 978-9814340229.
Chunlin Miao, et al., "Magnetorheological fluid template for basic studies of mechanical-chemical effects during polishing," Proceedings of SPIE, Vol. 6671 pp. 667110 (2007), abstract and full text (pdf)
Stanway, R – Smart Fluids: Current and Future Developments. Materials Science and Technology, 20, pp931–939, 2004
Jolly, M R; Bender, J W and Carlson D J – Properties and Applications of Commercial Magnetorheological Fluids. SPIE 5th Annual Int Symposium on Smart Structures and Materials, 1998.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Magnetorheological fluids.
Some freely-accessible MRF articles
Experimenting with magnetorheological fluids - Preparation instructions
Howstuffworks.com liquid body armor
Howstuffworks.com smart structures
Authority control databases: National
Israel
Czech Republic
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MRF-Effekt-static-crop.png"},{"link_name":"Animated version available.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/MRF-Effekt.gif"},{"link_name":"smart fluid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_fluid"},{"link_name":"magnetic field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_field"},{"link_name":"apparent viscosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_viscosity"},{"link_name":"viscoelastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoelastic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"electromagnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnet"},{"link_name":"ferrofluid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrofluid"},{"link_name":"micrometre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometre"},{"link_name":"dense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density"},{"link_name":"Brownian motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_motion"},{"link_name":"nanoparticles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoparticles"}],"text":"Schematic of a magnetorheological fluid solidifying and blocking a pipe in response to an external magnetic field. (Animated version available.)A magnetorheological fluid (MR fluid, or MRF) is a type of smart fluid in a carrier fluid, usually a type of oil. When subjected to a magnetic field, the fluid greatly increases its apparent viscosity, to the point of becoming a viscoelastic solid.[1] Importantly, the yield stress of the fluid when in its active (\"on\") state can be controlled very accurately by varying the magnetic field intensity. The upshot is that the fluid's ability to transmit force can be controlled with an electromagnet, which gives rise to its many possible control-based applications.MR fluid is different from a ferrofluid which has smaller particles. MR fluid particles are primarily on the micrometre-scale and are too dense for Brownian motion to keep them suspended (in the lower density carrier fluid). Ferrofluid particles are primarily nanoparticles that are suspended by Brownian motion and generally will not settle under normal conditions. As a result, these two fluids have very different applications.","title":"Magnetorheological fluid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"micrometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometer_(unit)"},{"link_name":"nanometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smart_fluid_off_state.jpg"},{"link_name":"magnetic flux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_flux"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smart_fluid_on_state.jpg"}],"text":"The magnetic particles, which are typically micrometer or nanometer scale spheres or ellipsoids, are suspended within the carrier oil and distributed randomly in suspension under normal circumstances, as below.When a magnetic field is applied, however, the microscopic particles (usually in the 0.1–10 μm range) align themselves along the lines of magnetic flux,[2] see below.","title":"How it works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"yield stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yield_stress"},{"link_name":"ER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrorheological_fluid"},{"link_name":"shear stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_stress"},{"link_name":"magnetic flux density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_flux_density"},{"link_name":"Bingham plastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingham_plastic"},{"link_name":"viscoelastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscoelastic"},{"link_name":"complex modulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_value"},{"link_name":"shear thinning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_thinning"},{"link_name":"non-Newtonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Newtonian_fluid"}],"text":"To understand and predict the behavior of the MR fluid it is necessary to model the fluid mathematically, a task slightly complicated by the varying material properties (such as yield stress). \nAs mentioned above, smart fluids are such that they have a low viscosity in the absence of an applied magnetic field, but become quasi-solid with the application of such a field. In the case of MR fluids (and ER), the fluid actually assumes properties comparable to a solid when in the activated (\"on\") state, up until a point of yield (the shear stress above which shearing occurs). This yield stress (commonly referred to as apparent yield stress) is dependent on the magnetic field applied to the fluid, but will reach a maximum point after which increases in magnetic flux density have no further effect, as the fluid is then magnetically saturated. The behavior of a MR fluid can thus be considered similar to a Bingham plastic, a material model which has been well-investigated.However, MR fluid does not exactly follow the characteristics of a Bingham plastic. For example, below the yield stress (in the activated or \"on\" state), the fluid behaves as a viscoelastic material, with a complex modulus that is also known to be dependent on the magnetic field intensity. MR fluids are also known to be subject to shear thinning, whereby the viscosity above yield decreases with increased shear rate. Furthermore, the behavior of MR fluids when in the \"off\" state is also non-Newtonian and temperature dependent, however it deviates little enough for the fluid to be ultimately considered as a Bingham plastic for a simple analysis.Thus our model of MR fluid behavior in the shear mode becomes:τ\n =\n \n τ\n \n y\n \n \n (\n H\n )\n +\n η\n \n \n \n d\n v\n \n \n d\n z\n \n \n \n ,\n τ\n >\n \n τ\n \n y\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\tau =\\tau _{y}(H)+\\eta {\\frac {dv}{dz}},\\tau >\\tau _{y}}Where \n \n \n \n τ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\tau }\n \n = shear stress; \n \n \n \n \n τ\n \n y\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\tau _{y}}\n \n = yield stress; \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H}\n \n = Magnetic field intensity \n \n \n \n η\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\eta }\n \n = Newtonian viscosity; \n \n \n \n \n \n \n d\n v\n \n \n d\n z\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {dv}{dz}}}\n \n is the velocity gradient in the z-direction.","title":"Material behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shear strength","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_strength"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Shear strength","text":"Low shear strength has been the primary reason for limited range of applications. In the absence of external pressure the maximum shear strength is about 100 kPa. If the fluid is compressed in the magnetic field direction and the compressive stress is 2 MPa, the shear strength is raised to 1100 kPa.[3] If the standard magnetic particles are replaced with elongated magnetic particles, the shear strength is also improved.[4]","title":"Material behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Surfactants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant"}],"sub_title":"Particle sedimentation","text":"Ferroparticles settle out of the suspension over time due to the inherent density difference between the particles and their carrier fluid. The rate and degree to which this occurs is one of the primary attributes considered in industry when implementing or designing an MR device. Surfactants are typically used to offset this effect, but at a cost of the fluid's magnetic saturation, and thus the maximum yield stress exhibited in its activated state.","title":"Material behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"surfactants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surfactant"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"oleic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleic_acid"},{"link_name":"tetramethylammonium hydroxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetramethylammonium_hydroxide"},{"link_name":"citric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid"},{"link_name":"soy lecithin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_lecithin"},{"link_name":"perpetual motion machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetual_motion_machine"},{"link_name":"Brownian motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownian_motion"},{"link_name":"micelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micelles"},{"link_name":"polar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_polarity"},{"link_name":"adsorbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorption"},{"link_name":"micelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micelle"},{"link_name":"Steric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steric_effects"},{"link_name":"magnetorheological dampers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetorheological_dampers"}],"sub_title":"Common MR fluid surfactants","text":"MR fluids often contain surfactants including, but not limited to:[5]oleic acid\ntetramethylammonium hydroxide\ncitric acid\nsoy lecithinThese surfactants serve to decrease the rate of ferroparticle settling, of which a high rate is an unfavorable characteristic of MR fluids. The ideal MR fluid would never settle, but developing this ideal fluid is as highly improbable as developing a perpetual motion machine according to our current understanding of the laws of physics. Surfactant-aided prolonged settling is typically achieved in one of two ways: by addition of surfactants, and by addition of spherical ferromagnetic nanoparticles. Addition of the nanoparticles results in the larger particles staying suspended longer since the non-settling nanoparticles interfere with the settling of the larger micrometre-scale particles due to Brownian motion. Addition of a surfactant allows micelles to form around the ferroparticles. A surfactant has a polar head and non-polar tail (or vice versa), one of which adsorbs to a ferroparticle, while the non-polar tail (or polar head) sticks out into the carrier medium, forming an inverse or regular micelle, respectively, around the particle. This increases the effective particle diameter. Steric repulsion then prevents heavy agglomeration of the particles in their settled state, which makes fluid remixing (particle redispersion) occur far faster and with less effort. For example, magnetorheological dampers will remix within one cycle with a surfactant additive, but are nearly impossible to remix without them.While surfactants are useful in prolonging the settling rate in MR fluids, they also prove detrimental to the fluid's magnetic properties (specifically, the magnetic saturation), which is commonly a parameter which users wish to maximize in order to increase the maximum apparent yield stress. Whether the anti-settling additive is nanosphere-based or surfactant-based, their addition decreases the packing density of the ferroparticles while in its activated state, thus decreasing the fluids on-state/activated viscosity, resulting in a \"softer\" activated fluid with a lower maximum apparent yield stress. While the on-state viscosity (the \"hardness\" of the activated fluid) is also a primary concern for many MR fluid applications, it is a primary fluid property for the majority of their commercial and industrial applications and therefore a compromise must be met when considering on-state viscosity, maximum apparent yields stress, and settling rate of an MR fluid.","title":"Material behavior"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"An MR fluid is used in one of three main modes of operation, these being flow mode, shear mode and squeeze-flow mode. These modes involve, respectively, fluid flowing as a result of pressure gradient between two stationary plates; fluid between two plates moving relative to one another; and fluid between two plates moving in the direction perpendicular to their planes. In all cases the magnetic field is perpendicular to the planes of the plates, so as to restrict fluid in the direction parallel to the plates.","title":"Modes of operation and applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mr_fluid_flowmode.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Flow mode (a.k.a. valve mode)","title":"Modes of operation and applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mr_fluid_shearmode.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Shear mode","title":"Modes of operation and applications"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Squeeze-flow mode","text":"The applications of these various modes are numerous. Flow mode can be used in dampers and shock absorbers, by using the movement to be controlled to force the fluid through channels, across which a magnetic field is applied. Shear mode is particularly useful in clutches and brakes - in places where rotational motion must be controlled. Squeeze-flow mode, on the other hand, is most suitable for applications controlling small, millimeter-order movements but involving large forces. This particular flow mode has seen the least investigation so far.\nOverall, between these three modes of operation, MR fluids can be applied successfully to a wide range of applications. However, some limitations exist which are necessary to mention here.","title":"Modes of operation and applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron"}],"text":"Although smart fluids are rightly seen as having many potential applications, they are limited in commercial feasibility for the following reasons:High density, due to presence of iron, makes them heavy. However, operating volumes are small, so while this is a problem, it is not insurmountable.\nHigh-quality fluids are expensive.\nFluids are subject to thickening after prolonged use and need replacing.\nSettling of Ferro-particles can be a problem for some applications.\nCannot operate at extremely High/Low temperaturesCommercial applications do exist, as mentioned, but will continue to be few until these problems (particularly cost) are overcome.","title":"Limitations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aspect ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect_ratio"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"percolation threshold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percolation_threshold"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Studies published beginning in the late 2000s which explore the effect of varying the aspect ratio of the ferromagnetic particles have shown several improvements over conventional MR fluids. Nanowire-based fluids show no sedimentation after qualitative observation over a period of three months. This observation has been attributed to a lower close-packing density due to decreased symmetry of the wires compared to spheres, as well as the structurally supportive nature of a nanowire lattice held together by remnant magnetization.[6][7] Further, they show a different range of loading of particles (typically measured in either volume or weight fraction) than conventional sphere- or ellipsoid-based fluids. Conventional commercial fluids exhibit a typical loading of 30 to 90 wt%, while nanowire-based fluids show a percolation threshold of ~0.5 wt% (depending on the aspect ratio).[8] They also show a maximum loading of ~35 wt%, since high aspect ratio particles exhibit a larger per particle excluded volume as well as inter-particle tangling as they attempt to rotate end-over-end, resulting in a limit imposed by high off-state apparent viscosity of the fluids. This range of loadings suggest a new set of applications are possible which may have not been possible with conventional sphere-based fluids.Newer studies have focused on dimorphic magnetorheological fluids, which are conventional sphere-based fluids in which a fraction of the spheres, typically 2 to 8 wt%, are replaced with nanowires. These fluids exhibit a much lower sedimentation rate than conventional fluids, yet exhibit a similar range of loading as conventional commercial fluids, making them also useful in existing high-force applications such as damping. Moreover, they also exhibit an improvement in apparent yield stress of 10% across those amounts of particle substitution.[9]Another way to increase the performance of magnetorheological fluids is to apply a pressure to them. In particular the properties in term of yield strength can be increased up to ten times in shear mode[10] and up five times in flow mode.[11] The motivation of this behaviour is the increase in the ferromagnetic particles friction, as described by the semiempirical magneto-tribological model by Zhang et al. Even though applying a pressure strongly improves the magnetorheological fluids behaviour, particular attention must be paid in terms of mechanical resistance and chemical compatibility of the sealing system used.","title":"Advances in the 2000s"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The application set for MR fluids is vast, and it expands with each advance in the dynamics of the fluid.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Magnetorheological dampers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetorheological_damper"},{"link_name":"seismic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic"},{"link_name":"resonance frequency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance"},{"link_name":"shock waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_waves"},{"link_name":"oscillations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillations"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Mechanical engineering","text":"Magnetorheological dampers of various applications have been and continue to be developed. These dampers are mainly used in heavy industry with applications such as heavy motor damping, operator seat/cab damping in construction vehicles, and more.As of 2006, materials scientists and mechanical engineers are collaborating to develop stand-alone seismic dampers which, when positioned anywhere within a building, will operate within the building's resonance frequency, absorbing detrimental shock waves and oscillations within the structure, giving these dampers the ability to make any building earthquake-proof, or at least earthquake-resistant.[12]MR fluids' technology can applied among high-end auxiliary equipment that has flexible fixtures at CNC machining. It can hold irregular surfaces and difficult-to-grasp products.[13]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Military and defense","text":"The U.S. Army Research Office is currently funding research into using MR fluid to enhance body armor. In 2003, researchers stated they were five to ten years away from making the fluid bullet resistant.[14] In addition, HMMWVs, and various other all-terrain vehicles employ dynamic MR shock absorbers and/or dampers.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Magnetorheological finishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetorheological_finishing"},{"link_name":"Hubble Space Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope"}],"sub_title":"Optics","text":"Magnetorheological finishing, a magnetorheological fluid-based optical polishing method, has proven to be highly precise. It was used in the construction of the Hubble Space Telescope's corrective lens.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shock absorbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_absorber"},{"link_name":"suspension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_(vehicle)"},{"link_name":"electromagnets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnet"},{"link_name":"damper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_absorber"},{"link_name":"magnetorheological damper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetorheological_damper"},{"link_name":"MagneRide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MagneRide"},{"link_name":"active suspension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_suspension"},{"link_name":"General Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"Delphi Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphi_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Corvettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Corvette"},{"link_name":"electromagnets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnets"},{"link_name":"driveshaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driveshaft"},{"link_name":"drive train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive_train"},{"link_name":"Porsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche"}],"sub_title":"Automotive","text":"If the shock absorbers of a vehicle's suspension are filled with magnetorheological fluid instead of a plain oil or gas, and the channels which allow the damping fluid to flow between the two chambers is surrounded with electromagnets, the viscosity of the fluid, and hence the critical frequency of the damper, can be varied depending on driver preference or the weight being carried by the vehicle - or it may be dynamically varied in order to provide stability control across vastly different road conditions. This is in effect a magnetorheological damper. For example, the MagneRide active suspension system permits the damping factor to be adjusted once every millisecond in response to conditions. General Motors (in a partnership with Delphi Corporation) has developed this technology for automotive applications. It made its debut in both Cadillac (Seville STS build date on or after 1/15/2002 with RPO F55) as \"Magneride\" (or \"MR\") and Chevrolet passenger vehicles (All Corvettes made since 2003 with the F55 option code) as part of the driver selectable \"Magnetic Selective Ride Control (MSRC)\" system in model year 2003. Other manufacturers have paid for the use of it in their own vehicles, for example Audi and Ferrari offer the MagneRide on various models.General Motors and other automotive companies are seeking to develop a magnetorheological fluid based clutch system for push-button four wheel drive systems. This clutch system would use electromagnets to solidify the fluid which would lock the driveshaft into the drive train.Porsche has introduced magnetorheological engine mounts in the 2010 Porsche GT3 and GT2. At high engine revolutions, the magnetorheological engine mounts get stiffer to provide a more precise gearbox shifter feel by reducing the relative motion between the power train and chassis/body.As of September 2007, Acura (Honda) has begun an advertising campaign highlighting its use of MR technology in passenger vehicles manufactured for the 2007 MDX model year.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Aerospace","text":"Magnetorheological dampers are under development for use in military and commercial helicopter cockpit seats, as safety devices in the event of a crash.[15][16] They would be used to decrease the shock delivered to a passenger's spinal column, thereby decreasing the rate of permanent injury during a crash.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Magnetorheological dampers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetorheological_dampers"}],"sub_title":"Human prosthesis","text":"Magnetorheological dampers are utilized in semi-active human prosthetic legs. Much like those used in military and commercial helicopters, a damper in the prosthetic leg decreases the shock delivered to the patients leg when jumping, for example. This results in an increased mobility and agility for the patient.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"haptic feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haptic_technology"},{"link_name":"rotary switches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_switch"},{"link_name":"input devices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input_device"},{"link_name":"user interface design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface_design"},{"link_name":"rotary knob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_knob"},{"link_name":"cam switch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_switch"},{"link_name":"HMIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface"},{"link_name":"household appliances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_appliance"},{"link_name":"computer peripherals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Haptic feedback input devices","text":"The company XeelTech and CK Materials Lab in Korea use magnetorheological fluid to generate the haptic feedback of their HAPTICORE rotary switches. The MR actuators are primarily used as input devices with adaptive haptic feedback to enable new possibilities in user interface design. The HAPTICORE technology functions like a miniature MR brake. By changing the magnetic field created by a small electromagnet inside the rotary knob, the friction between the outer shell and the stator is modified in such a way that the user perceives the braking effect as haptic feedback.By modifying the rheological state of the fluid in near real time, a variety of mechanical rotary knob and cam switch haptic patterns such as ticks, grids, and barriers or limits can be simulated. In addition, it is also possible to generate new forms of haptic feedback, such as speed-adaptive and direction-dependent haptic feedback modes. This technology is used, for example, in HMIs of industrial equipment, household appliances or computer peripherals.[17]","title":"Applications"}]
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[{"image_text":"Schematic of a magnetorheological fluid solidifying and blocking a pipe in response to an external magnetic field. (Animated version available.)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/MRF-Effekt-static-crop.png/220px-MRF-Effekt-static-crop.png"}]
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[{"title":"Smart fluid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_fluid"},{"title":"Ferrofluid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrofluid"},{"title":"Electrorheological fluid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrorheological_fluid"},{"title":"Rheology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheology"},{"title":"Rheometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheometry"}]
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S2CID 219435304.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785320331278","url_text":"\"Smart materials types, properties and applications: A review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.matpr.2020.04.505","url_text":"10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.505"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2214-7853","url_text":"2214-7853"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219435304","url_text":"219435304"}]},{"reference":"Unuh, Mohd Hishamuddin; Muhamad, Pauziah (2020). \"A Brief Review of Preparation Method and Challenges of Magnetorheological Fluids\". Journal of Advanced Research in Material Science. 74 (1). Akademia Baru Publishing: 1–18. doi:10.37934/arms.74.1.118. 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S2CID 137422177.","urls":[{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SPIE.7130E..2MW/abstract","url_text":"\"Mechanical properties of magnetorheological fluids under squeeze-shear mode\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SPIE.7130E..2MW","url_text":"2008SPIE.7130E..2MW"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1117%2F12.819634","url_text":"10.1117/12.819634"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:137422177","url_text":"137422177"}]},{"reference":"Vereda, Fernando; de Vicente, Juan; Hidalgo-Álvarez, Roque (2 June 2009). \"Physical Properties of Elongated Magnetic Particles: Magnetization and Friction Coefficient Anisotropies\". ChemPhysChem. 10 (8): 1165–1179. doi:10.1002/cphc.200900091. PMID 19434654.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130105064549/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122380920/abstract","url_text":"\"Physical Properties of Elongated Magnetic Particles: Magnetization and Friction Coefficient Anisotropies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcphc.200900091","url_text":"10.1002/cphc.200900091"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19434654","url_text":"19434654"}]},{"reference":"Unuh, Mohd Hishamuddin; Muhamad, Pauziah; Waziralilah, Nur Fathiah; Amran, Mohamad Hafiz (2019). \"Characterization of Vehicle Smart Fluid using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS)\" (PDF). Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences. 55 (2). Penerbit Akademia Baru: 240–248. 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Bibcode:2004JAP....96.2359Z. doi:10.1063/1.1773379.","urls":[{"url":"https://ro.uow.edu.au/eispapers/2640","url_text":"\"Study on the mechanism of the squeeze-strengthen effect in magnetorheological fluids\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JAP....96.2359Z","url_text":"2004JAP....96.2359Z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1773379","url_text":"10.1063/1.1773379"}]},{"reference":"Spaggiari, A.; Dragoni, E. (1 September 2012). \"Effect of Pressure on the Flow Properties of Magnetorheological Fluids\". 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Archived from the original on 24 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://science.howstuffworks.com/engineering/structural/smart-structure.htm#pt2","url_text":"\"The Tuned Mass Damper: How Science Could Earthquake-Proof the Skyscrapers of Tomorrow\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240124214719/https://science.howstuffworks.com/engineering/structural/smart-structure.htm#pt2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"He Lu, Dezheng Hua, Baiyi Wang, Chengli Yang, Anna Hnydiuk-Stefan, Grzegorz Królczyk, Xinhua Liu, Zhixiong Li (12 May 2021). \"The Roles of Magnetorheological Fluid in Modern Precision Machining Field: A Review\". Frontiers.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2021.678882/full","url_text":"\"The Roles of Magnetorheological Fluid in Modern Precision Machining Field: A Review\""}]},{"reference":"Lurie, Karen. \"Instant Armour\". sciencentral.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com_Nancy
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Telecom Nancy
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["1 Educational programmes","2 Teaching","3 Notable alumni","4 External links","5 See also"]
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Coordinates: 48°40′09″N 6°09′16″E / 48.6691605°N 6.1544757°E / 48.6691605; 6.1544757Third level education institution in France
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TELECOM NancyTypePublic Grandes écolesEstablished1990ChairpersonPascal QUÉRUDirectorOlivier FESTORAcademic staff33, and more than 60 outside speakers (October 2009)Students250 (January 2011)LocationNancy, France48°40′09″N 6°09′16″E / 48.6691605°N 6.1544757°E / 48.6691605; 6.1544757CampusCampus Aiguillettes (Villers-lès-Nancy)MascotPink RabbitWebsitewww.telecomnancy.eu
The TELECOM Nancy (formerly École supérieure d'informatique et applications de Lorraine or ÉSIAL) is a grande école of engineering created in 1990. It is associated with the University of Lorraine. TELECOM Nancy is a school associated with the Institut Mines-Télécom. It is the only school of generalised engineering studies in IT and digital sciences and technologies accredited by the Commission des Titres de l’Ingénieur (CTI - Engineer Qualification Committee) in the Greater East of France.
It was created in 1990 and is based in Nancy, France.
The standard curriculum is a three-year program (after two years of preparation) resulting in the French Diplôme d'Ingénieur, which is equivalent to a Master's degree of the European Higher Education Area.
Educational programmes
TELECOM Nancy is aimed at producing engineers well-versed in the principles of computing science and automation, and experts at integrating computing hardware and software into their products: information systems engineering, networking engineering, software engineering, telecommunications engineering, and systems engineering. Studies are organized into four possible themes and students (at the end of the first common year) have to choose a field they want to learn more about:
IL - Ingénierie Logicielle Software engineering
SIE - Systèmes d'Information d'Entreprise (Enterprise Information Systems)
TRS - Télécommunications, Réseaux et Systèmes / Services Telecommunication
LE - Logiciels Embarqués Embedded software
IAMD - Masse de Données Big Data
At the end of each year, TELECOM Nancy students have to do an internship in order to practise their knowledge and be part of the Working world:
First year: a one-month internship in a non-computer science field, in order to discover the everyday life in a firm.
Second year: a two-month internship in a computer development field.
Third year: a six-month engineer internship.
Also, the third year can happen in another school or university. You can use a few networks the school is connected to:
ERASMUS, giving access to many schools in Europe.
CREPUQ, giving access to Canada's schools.
Or simply stay in the network of schools that are partners of the Université de Lorraine, as is TELECOM Nancy.
Teaching
Most of TELECOM Nancy teachers are researchers, mainly in these three laboratories:
the LORIA (Laboratoire lorrain de recherche en informatique et ses applications), associated with the INRIA Lorraine (Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique) since 1986.
the CRAN (Centre de recherche en automatique de Nancy), associated with CNRS (Centre national de la recherche scientifique) for more than ten years.
the IECN (Institut Élie Cartan de Nancy) associated with CNRS and the INRIA Lorraine
Notable alumni
Guillaume Rozier, a French engineer, data aggregator, and consultant in data science
External links
TELECOM Nancy (Official Website)
LORIA
INRIA
CRAN
CNRS
IECN
See also
Education in France
Grandes écoles
Concours commun Mines-Ponts
This article about a French university, college, or other educational institution is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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It is associated with the University of Lorraine. TELECOM Nancy is a school associated with the Institut Mines-Télécom. It is the only school of generalised engineering studies in IT and digital sciences and technologies accredited by the Commission des Titres de l’Ingénieur (CTI - Engineer Qualification Committee) in the Greater East of France.It was created in 1990 and is based in Nancy, France.The standard curriculum is a three-year program (after two years of preparation) resulting in the French Diplôme d'Ingénieur, which is equivalent to a Master's degree of the European Higher Education Area.","title":"Telecom Nancy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Software engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering"},{"link_name":"Telecommunication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication"},{"link_name":"Embedded software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_software"},{"link_name":"Big Data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Data"},{"link_name":"Université de Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Lorraine"}],"text":"TELECOM Nancy is aimed at producing engineers well-versed in the principles of computing science and automation, and experts at integrating computing hardware and software into their products: information systems engineering, networking engineering, software engineering, telecommunications engineering, and systems engineering. Studies are organized into four possible themes and students (at the end of the first common year) have to choose a field they want to learn more about:IL - Ingénierie Logicielle Software engineering\nSIE - Systèmes d'Information d'Entreprise (Enterprise Information Systems)\nTRS - Télécommunications, Réseaux et Systèmes / Services Telecommunication\nLE - Logiciels Embarqués Embedded software\nIAMD - Masse de Données Big DataAt the end of each year, TELECOM Nancy students have to do an internship in order to practise their knowledge and be part of the Working world:First year: a one-month internship in a non-computer science field, in order to discover the everyday life in a firm.\nSecond year: a two-month internship in a computer development field.\nThird year: a six-month engineer internship.Also, the third year can happen in another school or university. You can use a few networks the school is connected to:ERASMUS, giving access to many schools in Europe.\nCREPUQ, giving access to Canada's schools.\nOr simply stay in the network of schools that are partners of the Université de Lorraine, as is TELECOM Nancy.","title":"Educational programmes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LORIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laboratoire_lorrain_de_recherche_en_informatique_et_ses_applications&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"INRIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_recherche_en_informatique_et_en_automatique"},{"link_name":"CRAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CRAN_(Recherche_scientifique)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"CNRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_national_de_la_recherche_scientifique"},{"link_name":"IECN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institut_%C3%89lie_Cartan_de_Nancy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"CNRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_national_de_la_recherche_scientifique"},{"link_name":"INRIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_recherche_en_informatique_et_en_automatique"}],"text":"Most of TELECOM Nancy teachers are researchers, mainly in these three laboratories:the LORIA (Laboratoire lorrain de recherche en informatique et ses applications), associated with the INRIA Lorraine (Institut national de recherche en informatique et en automatique) since 1986.\nthe CRAN (Centre de recherche en automatique de Nancy), associated with CNRS (Centre national de la recherche scientifique) for more than ten years.\nthe IECN (Institut Élie Cartan de Nancy) associated with CNRS and the INRIA Lorraine","title":"Teaching"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guillaume Rozier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Rozier"}],"text":"Guillaume Rozier, a French engineer, data aggregator, and consultant in data science","title":"Notable alumni"}]
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Ferry
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April Ferry
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["1 Death","2 Selected filmography","3 References","4 External links"]
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American costume designer (1932–2024)
April FerryBornApril Cecilia Gaskins(1932-10-31)October 31, 1932North Carolina, U.S.DiedJanuary 11, 2024(2024-01-11) (aged 91)OccupationCostume designerYears active1979–2016SpouseStephen Robertson Ferry (19?? - January 22, 1968; divorced)Children3
April Ferry (born April Cecilia Gaskins; October 31, 1932 – January 11, 2024) was an American costume designer. She was nominated at the 67th Academy Awards for the film Maverick in the category of Best Costume Design.
Ferry won an Emmy Award for the costumes in the TV show Rome. She was also nominated for an Emmy in 1989 for the Hallmark movie My Name Is Bill W.. In 2014, she received the Career Achievement Award at the Costume Designers Guild Awards.
In 2016, starting with season 6 of HBO's epic fantasy series Game of Thrones, she took over Michele Clapton's duties as the new costume designer for a majority of the season. Clapton eventually returned to the show as costume designer for the seventh season.
Death
Ferry died on January 11, 2024, at the age of 91.
Selected filmography
Mohenjo Daro (2016)
Game of Thrones (2016)
Jurassic World (2015)
Robocop (2014)
Elysium (2013)
The Box (2009)
Southland Tales (2006)
Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003)
Donnie Darko (2001)
U-571 (2000)
Don King: Only in America (1997)
Flubber (1997)
Shadow Conspiracy (1997)
Maverick (1994)
Little Giants (1994)
Beethoven's 2nd (1993)
Free Willy (1993)
The Babe (1992)
Radio Flyer (1992)
Almost an Angel (1990)
Leviathan (1989)
Three Fugitives (1989)
Made in Heaven (1988)
Planes, Trains & Automobiles (1987)
Big Trouble in Little China (1986)
Mask (1985)
The Jerk (1979)
References
^ "The 67th Academy Awards (1995) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
^ "2006 Emmys". emmys.org. Archived from the original on July 15, 2006. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
^ "2014 CDGA Honorees". costumedesignersguild.com/. Retrieved March 20, 2014.
^ Ginsberg, Merle (June 19, 2015). "'Game of Thrones' Season 6 Adds New Costume Designer". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
^ Miller, Julie (June 28, 2016). "Game of Thrones Finale: the Secret Symbolism in Cersei's Badass Gown". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on July 12, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2016.
^ Ramos Bechara, Diego (12 January 2024). "April Ferry, Costume Designer on 'Maverick,' 'Game of Thrones' and 'Rome,' Dies at 91". Variety. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
External links
April Ferry at IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Czech Republic
This biographical article related to cinema of the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"67th Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/67th_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Maverick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maverick_(film)"},{"link_name":"Best Costume Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Costume_Design"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oscars1995-1"},{"link_name":"Emmy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Award"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emmys2006-2"},{"link_name":"My Name Is Bill W.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Name_Is_Bill_W."},{"link_name":"Costume Designers Guild Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costume_Designers_Guild_Awards"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"season 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones_(season_6)"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"epic fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_fantasy"},{"link_name":"Game of Thrones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones"},{"link_name":"Michele Clapton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Clapton"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"April Ferry (born April Cecilia Gaskins; October 31, 1932 – January 11, 2024) was an American costume designer. She was nominated at the 67th Academy Awards for the film Maverick in the category of Best Costume Design.[1]Ferry won an Emmy Award for the costumes in the TV show Rome.[2] She was also nominated for an Emmy in 1989 for the Hallmark movie My Name Is Bill W.. In 2014, she received the Career Achievement Award at the Costume Designers Guild Awards.[3]In 2016, starting with season 6 of HBO's epic fantasy series Game of Thrones, she took over Michele Clapton's duties as the new costume designer for a majority of the season.[4] Clapton eventually returned to the show as costume designer for the seventh season.[5]","title":"April Ferry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Ferry died on January 11, 2024, at the age of 91.[6]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mohenjo Daro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo_Daro_(film)"},{"link_name":"Game of Thrones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_of_Thrones"},{"link_name":"Jurassic World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic_World"},{"link_name":"Robocop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robocop_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"Elysium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elysium_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Box_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"Southland Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southland_Tales"},{"link_name":"Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminator_3:_Rise_of_the_Machines"},{"link_name":"Donnie Darko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnie_Darko"},{"link_name":"U-571","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-571_(film)"},{"link_name":"Don King: Only in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_King:_Only_in_America"},{"link_name":"Flubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flubber_(film)"},{"link_name":"Shadow Conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Conspiracy"},{"link_name":"Maverick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maverick_(film)"},{"link_name":"Little Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Giants"},{"link_name":"Beethoven's 2nd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beethoven%27s_2nd"},{"link_name":"Free Willy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Willy"},{"link_name":"The Babe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Babe_(film)"},{"link_name":"Radio Flyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Flyer_(film)"},{"link_name":"Almost an Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost_an_Angel"},{"link_name":"Leviathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviathan_(1989_film)"},{"link_name":"Three Fugitives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Fugitives"},{"link_name":"Made in Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made_in_Heaven_(1987_film)"},{"link_name":"Planes, Trains & Automobiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planes,_Trains_%26_Automobiles"},{"link_name":"Big Trouble in Little China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Trouble_in_Little_China"},{"link_name":"Mask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mask_(1985_film)"},{"link_name":"The Jerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jerk_(film)"}],"text":"Mohenjo Daro (2016)\nGame of Thrones (2016)\nJurassic World (2015)\nRobocop (2014)\nElysium (2013)\nThe Box (2009)\nSouthland Tales (2006)\nTerminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003)\nDonnie Darko (2001)\nU-571 (2000)\nDon King: Only in America (1997)\nFlubber (1997)\nShadow Conspiracy (1997)\nMaverick (1994)\nLittle Giants (1994)\nBeethoven's 2nd (1993)\nFree Willy (1993)\nThe Babe (1992)\nRadio Flyer (1992)\nAlmost an Angel (1990)\nLeviathan (1989)\nThree Fugitives (1989)\nMade in Heaven (1988)\nPlanes, Trains & Automobiles (1987)\nBig Trouble in Little China (1986)\nMask (1985)\nThe Jerk (1979)","title":"Selected filmography"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A4wers
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Ak bugdaý District
|
["1 Etymology","2 Industry","3 Awards","4 Administrative Subdivisions","5 References"]
|
Coordinates: 38°30′N 59°0′E / 38.500°N 59.000°E / 38.500; 59.00038°30′N 59°0′E / 38.500°N 59.000°E / 38.500; 59.000
District in Ahal Province, TurkmenistanAk bugdaý District
Ak bugdaý etrabyDistrictCountry TurkmenistanProvinceAhal Provinceadministrative centerAnau, TurkmenistanGovernment • häkimRowşen Welmyradowyç JumaýewTime zoneUTC+5
Ak bugdaý District is a district of Ahal Province in Turkmenistan. It was founded in April 1977 as Gäwers District, with its center on the urban-type settlement of Anau. Abolished in August 1988, it was restored in 1992 as part of Ahal, where it was later renamed Ak bugday ("white wheat").
Etymology
Ak bugday in Turkic languages means "white wheat". Local lore holds that white wheat was first cultivated in this area, and the capital of this district, Anau, features a museum devoted to white wheat as well as local archeology.
Industry
The Ahal State Power Station (Turkmen: Ahal Döwlet Elektrik Stansiýasy), located about 9 kilometers NE of Anau, with design capacity of 650 megawatts, was constructed to power the city of Ashgabat. It began operating in 2010 with two gas turbines producing 254.2 MW. Three small gas turbines were added in 2013 and two more gas turbines in 2014, bringing capacity to 648.1 MW. The additional capacity was needed in particular to power Ashgabat's Olympic Village.
Awards
In February 2024 Ak bugdaý District was recognized as the best district in Turkmenistan for 2023, winning a cash prize of one million U.S. dollars.
Administrative Subdivisions
Cities (şäherler)
Änew
Towns (şäherçeler)
Berkarar (inc. Babadurmaz)
Bereketli zaman (inc. Gäwers, Gäwers bekedi)
Bokurdak (inc. Bussy, Çalyş, Çürçüri, Eşeksiýen, Garaberdi, Gargalaňdiňlisi, Garryja, Gowşakgyzyltakyr, Myllygyzyltakyr, Namart, Oraz, Ýerbent)
Ýaşlyk (inc. Aksuw, Akýayla, Balykçy, Ýaşlyk bekedi)
Village councils (geňeşlikler)
Bereket (Bereket)
Bereketli (Bükri, Borjakly, Diňli, Gamyşly, Gyzyltakyr, Kükürtli, Sakarçäge, Sözenli)
Bugdaýly (Bugdaýly, Körçay, Saryk, Tokaý hojalygy)
Burunojar (Mekan)
Garadamak (Dawaly)
Garryçyrla Gazykly (Guryhowdan, Gysy, Hajyguly, Kerpiçli, Mollagurban, Şeýtan)
Garagum (Garagum)
Gämi (Gämi, Agerkekli, Giňoý, Gyzylgöz, Gyzylsakal, Kasamly jülge, Kelleli, Kesikburun, Narly, Oňaldy, Täzeoba, Ýeketut)
Magtymguly (Magtymguly)
Parahat (Parahat)
Sähra (Sähra, Derýa)
Täzedurmuş (Täzedurmuş, Garanur, Söwütli, 87-nji duralga, 88-nji duralga)
Ýaşyldepe (Ýaşyldepe)
References
^ Указ Президента Туркменистана О Джумаеве Р.В., «Туркменистан: Золотой век», 4 September 2023
^ Ахалский Велаят Archived 2008-09-13 at the Wayback Machine
^ Turkmenistan Districts
^ "Turkmenistan has increased its electricity exports by 1.5 times". Orient. October 1, 2020. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
^ "Ambassador Allan Mustard visits the largest GE-supplied gas turbine power plant in Turkmenistan". U.S. Embassy Ashgabat. May 29, 2015.
^ Hasanov, Huseyn (September 17, 2019). "Turkmen power stations using GE technology". Trend.
^ ""Türkmenenergo" döwlet elektroenergetika korporasiýasy" (in Turkmen). Ministry of Energy (Turkmenistan). 14 February 2016. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
^ Вручена награда Президента Туркменистана лучшему этрапу страны (in Russian), Туркменистан сегодня, 12 February 2024
vte Districts of TurkmenistanAhal Region
Ak bugdaý
Babadaýhan
Baherden
Gökdepe
Kaka
Sarahs
Tejen
Balkan Region
Bereket
Esenguly
Etrek
Gyzylarbat
Magtymguly
Türkmenbaşy
Daşoguz Region
Akdepe
Boldumsaz
Görogly
Köneürgenç
Ruhubelent
Saparmyrat Türkmenbaşy
Şabat
Lebap Region
Çärjew
Dänew
Darganata
Halaç
Hojambaz
Kerki
Köýtendag
Saýat
Mary Region
Baýramaly
Garagum
Mary
Murgap
Sakarçäge
Tagtabazar
Türkmengala
Wekilbazar
Ýolöten
City of Ashgabat
Bagtyýarlyk
Berkararlyk
Büzmeýin
Kopetdag
City of Arkadag
Gorjaw
Kärizek
City of Türkmenbaşy
Awaza
This Turkmenistan location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"38°30′N 59°0′E / 38.500°N 59.000°E / 38.500; 59.000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ak_bugda%C3%BD_District¶ms=38_30_N_59_0_E_"},{"link_name":"Ahal Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahal_Province"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"urban-type settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban-type_settlement"},{"link_name":"Anau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anau,_Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"Ahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahal_Province"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"38°30′N 59°0′E / 38.500°N 59.000°E / 38.500; 59.000District in Ahal Province, TurkmenistanAk bugdaý District is a district of Ahal Province in Turkmenistan. It was founded in April 1977 as Gäwers District, with its center on the urban-type settlement of Anau. Abolished in August 1988, it was restored in 1992 as part of Ahal, where it was later renamed Ak bugday (\"white wheat\").[2][3]","title":"Ak bugdaý District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_languages"},{"link_name":"wheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat"}],"text":"Ak bugday in Turkic languages means \"white wheat\". Local lore holds that white wheat was first cultivated in this area, and the capital of this district, Anau, features a museum devoted to white wheat as well as local archeology.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen_language"},{"link_name":"NE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_(direction)"},{"link_name":"Anau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anau,_Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-orient1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahal1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trend1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minenergo-7"}],"text":"The Ahal State Power Station (Turkmen: Ahal Döwlet Elektrik Stansiýasy), located about 9 kilometers NE of Anau, with design capacity of 650 megawatts, was constructed to power the city of Ashgabat. It began operating in 2010 with two gas turbines producing 254.2 MW. Three small gas turbines were added in 2013 and two more gas turbines in 2014, bringing capacity to 648.1 MW. The additional capacity was needed in particular to power Ashgabat's Olympic Village.[4][5][6][7]","title":"Industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In February 2024 Ak bugdaý District was recognized as the best district in Turkmenistan for 2023, winning a cash prize of one million U.S. dollars.[8]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Änew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anau,_Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"Berkarar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkarar,_Ak_bugda%C3%BD&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bereketli zaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bereketli_zaman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bokurdak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bokurdak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ýaşlyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Da%C5%9Flyk&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Cities (şäherler)\nÄnew\nTowns (şäherçeler)\nBerkarar (inc. Babadurmaz)\nBereketli zaman (inc. Gäwers, Gäwers bekedi)\nBokurdak (inc. Bussy, Çalyş, Çürçüri, Eşeksiýen, Garaberdi, Gargalaňdiňlisi, Garryja, Gowşakgyzyltakyr, Myllygyzyltakyr, Namart, Oraz, Ýerbent)\nÝaşlyk (inc. Aksuw, Akýayla, Balykçy, Ýaşlyk bekedi)\nVillage councils (geňeşlikler)\nBereket (Bereket)\nBereketli (Bükri, Borjakly, Diňli, Gamyşly, Gyzyltakyr, Kükürtli, Sakarçäge, Sözenli)\nBugdaýly (Bugdaýly, Körçay, Saryk, Tokaý hojalygy)\nBurunojar (Mekan)\nGaradamak (Dawaly)\nGarryçyrla Gazykly (Guryhowdan, Gysy, Hajyguly, Kerpiçli, Mollagurban, Şeýtan)\nGaragum (Garagum)\nGämi (Gämi, Agerkekli, Giňoý, Gyzylgöz, Gyzylsakal, Kasamly jülge, Kelleli, Kesikburun, Narly, Oňaldy, Täzeoba, Ýeketut)\nMagtymguly (Magtymguly)\nParahat (Parahat)\nSähra (Sähra, Derýa)\nTäzedurmuş (Täzedurmuş, Garanur, Söwütli, 87-nji duralga, 88-nji duralga)\nÝaşyldepe (Ýaşyldepe)","title":"Administrative Subdivisions"}]
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[{"reference":"Указ Президента Туркменистана О Джумаеве Р.В., «Туркменистан: Золотой век», 4 September 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://turkmenistan.gov.tm/ru/post/75187/ukaz-prezidenta-turkmenistana-o-dzhumaeve-rv","url_text":"Указ Президента Туркменистана О Джумаеве Р.В."}]},{"reference":"\"Turkmenistan has increased its electricity exports by 1.5 times\". Orient. October 1, 2020. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210429055550/https://orient.tm/en/turkmenistan-has-increased-its-electricity-exports-by-1-5-times/","url_text":"\"Turkmenistan has increased its electricity exports by 1.5 times\""},{"url":"https://orient.tm/en/turkmenistan-has-increased-its-electricity-exports-by-1-5-times/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ambassador Allan Mustard visits the largest GE-supplied gas turbine power plant in Turkmenistan\". U.S. Embassy Ashgabat. May 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://tm.usembassy.gov/ambassador-allan-mustard-visits-largest-ge-supplied-gas-turbine-power-plant-turkmenistan/","url_text":"\"Ambassador Allan Mustard visits the largest GE-supplied gas turbine power plant in Turkmenistan\""}]},{"reference":"Hasanov, Huseyn (September 17, 2019). \"Turkmen power stations using GE technology\". Trend.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.trend.az/casia/turkmenistan/3119523.html","url_text":"\"Turkmen power stations using GE technology\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Türkmenenergo\" döwlet elektroenergetika korporasiýasy\" (in Turkmen). Ministry of Energy (Turkmenistan). 14 February 2016. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210411201132/http://www.minenergo.gov.tm/tm/node/14","url_text":"\"\"Türkmenenergo\" döwlet elektroenergetika korporasiýasy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_(Turkmenistan)","url_text":"Ministry of Energy (Turkmenistan)"},{"url":"http://www.minenergo.gov.tm/tm/node/14","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Вручена награда Президента Туркменистана лучшему этрапу страны (in Russian), Туркменистан сегодня, 12 February 2024","urls":[{"url":"https://tdh.gov.tm/ru/post/39655/vruchena-nagrada-prezidenta-turkmenistana-luchshemu-etrapu-strany-3","url_text":"Вручена награда Президента Туркменистана лучшему этрапу страны"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ak_bugda%C3%BD_District¶ms=38_30_N_59_0_E_","external_links_name":"38°30′N 59°0′E / 38.500°N 59.000°E / 38.500; 59.000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ak_bugda%C3%BD_District¶ms=38_30_N_59_0_E_","external_links_name":"38°30′N 59°0′E / 38.500°N 59.000°E / 38.500; 59.000"},{"Link":"https://turkmenistan.gov.tm/ru/post/75187/ukaz-prezidenta-turkmenistana-o-dzhumaeve-rv","external_links_name":"Указ Президента Туркменистана О Джумаеве Р.В."},{"Link":"http://whp057.narod.ru/ahals.htm","external_links_name":"Ахалский Велаят"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080913230155/http://whp057.narod.ru/ahals.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.statoids.com/ytm.html","external_links_name":"Turkmenistan Districts"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210429055550/https://orient.tm/en/turkmenistan-has-increased-its-electricity-exports-by-1-5-times/","external_links_name":"\"Turkmenistan has increased its electricity exports by 1.5 times\""},{"Link":"https://orient.tm/en/turkmenistan-has-increased-its-electricity-exports-by-1-5-times/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://tm.usembassy.gov/ambassador-allan-mustard-visits-largest-ge-supplied-gas-turbine-power-plant-turkmenistan/","external_links_name":"\"Ambassador Allan Mustard visits the largest GE-supplied gas turbine power plant in Turkmenistan\""},{"Link":"https://en.trend.az/casia/turkmenistan/3119523.html","external_links_name":"\"Turkmen power stations using GE technology\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210411201132/http://www.minenergo.gov.tm/tm/node/14","external_links_name":"\"\"Türkmenenergo\" döwlet elektroenergetika korporasiýasy\""},{"Link":"http://www.minenergo.gov.tm/tm/node/14","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://tdh.gov.tm/ru/post/39655/vruchena-nagrada-prezidenta-turkmenistana-luchshemu-etrapu-strany-3","external_links_name":"Вручена награда Президента Туркменистана лучшему этрапу страны"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ak_bugda%C3%BD_District&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_DFL-Supercup
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2011 DFL-Supercup
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["1 Teams","2 Match","2.1 Details","3 References"]
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Football match2011 DFL-SupercupMatch programme cover
Schalke 04
Borussia Dortmund
0
0
Schalke 04 won 4–3 on penaltiesDate23 July 2011VenueVeltins-Arena, GelsenkirchenRefereeKnut Kircher (Rottenburg)Attendance61,673← 2010 2012 →
The 2011 DFL-Supercup was the second DFL-Supercup, an annual football match contested by the winners of the previous season's Bundesliga and DFB-Pokal competitions. It was a Revierderby between 2010–11 Bundesliga winners Borussia Dortmund, and 2010–11 DFB-Pokal winners Schalke 04. The match was played at Gelsenkirchen on 23 July 2011.
Schalke 04 prevailed on penalties, following a scoreless match after 90 minutes. There was no extra time played.
Teams
In the following table, matches until 1996 were in the DFB-Supercup era, since 2010 were in the DFL-Supercup era.
Team
Qualification
Previous appearances (bold indicates winners)
Schalke 04
2010–11 DFB-Pokal winners
1 (2010)
Borussia Dortmund
2010–11 Bundesliga champions
3 (1989, 1995, 1996)
Match
Details
23 July 2011 (2011-07-23)20:30 CEST
Schalke 040–0Borussia Dortmund
Report
Penalties
Holtby
Edu
Höwedes
Jurado
4–3
Gündoğan
Hummels
Großkreutz
Leitner
Perišić
Veltins-Arena, GelsenkirchenAttendance: 61,673Referee: Knut Kircher (Rottenburg)
Schalke 04
Borussia Dortmund
GK
1
Ralf Fährmann
RB
12
Marco Höger
CB
4
Benedikt Höwedes (c)
CB
14
Kyriakos Papadopoulos
LB
23
Christian Fuchs
RW
11
Alexander Baumjohann
85'
89'
CM
32
Joël Matip
CM
10
Lewis Holtby
LW
31
Julian Draxler
46'
SS
7
Raúl
CF
25
Klaas-Jan Huntelaar
69'
Substitutions:
GK
36
Lars Unnerstall
DF
22
Atsuto Uchida
MF
16
Jan Morávek
69'
MF
18
José Manuel Jurado
46'
MF
24
Peer Kluge
MF
40
Anthony Annan
FW
9
Edu
89'
Manager:
Ralf Rangnick
GK
1
Roman Weidenfeller
RB
26
Łukasz Piszczek
CB
27
Felipe Santana
CB
15
Mats Hummels
LB
24
Chris Löwe
77'
DM
5
Sebastian Kehl (c)
75'
DM
21
İlkay Gündoğan
RW
11
Mario Götze
75'
AM
23
Shinji Kagawa
LW
19
Kevin Großkreutz
66'
CF
9
Robert Lewandowski
Substitutions:
GK
20
Mitchell Langerak
DF
28
Marc Hornschuh
MF
7
Moritz Leitner
77'
MF
14
Ivan Perišić
75'
MF
22
Sven Bender
75'
FW
10
Mohamed Zidan
FW
13
Damien Le Tallec
Manager:
Jürgen Klopp
References
^ "(West) Germany - List of Super/League Cup Finals". RSSSF.com. Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
vteDFL-SupercupDFB-Supercup
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
Final
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
DFL-Supercup
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
Unofficial
1941
1977
1983
2008
2009
Related
DFV-Supercup (1989)
Deutschland-Cup (1990)
vte2011–12 in German football « 2010–11 2012–13 » League competitionsMenLevels 1–3
Bundesliga
2. Bundesliga
3. Liga
Level 4
Regionalliga
Level 5
Baden-Württemberg
Bayern
Bremen
Hamburg
Hessen
Niedersachsen
NRW-Liga
Nordost
Schleswig-Holstein
Südwest
Women
Bundesliga
2. Bundesliga
Cup competitionsMen
DFB-Pokal (Final)
DFL Supercup
Women
DFB-Pokal
European competitionsMen
Champions League
Europa League
Women
Champions League
Related to national teamsMen
UEFA Euro 2012 (UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying Group A)
Joachim Löw
Women
2011 FIFA Women's World Cup
2012 Algarve Cup
Silvia Neid
Transfers
Summer 2011
Winter 2011–12
Team seasonsMen's Bundesliga
1899 Hoffenheim
FC Augsburg
Bayer Leverkusen
Bayern Munich
Borussia Dortmund
Borussia Mönchengladbach
SC Freiburg
Hamburger SV
Hannover 96
Hertha BSC
1. FC Kaiserslautern
1. FC Köln
Mainz 05
1. FC Nürnberg
Schalke 04
VfB Stuttgart
Werder Bremen
VfL Wolfsburg
Men's 2. Bundesliga
1860 Munich
Alemannia Aachen
VfL Bochum
MSV Duisburg
Dynamo Dresden
Eintracht Braunschweig
Eintracht Frankfurt
Energie Cottbus
Erzgebirge Aue
Fortuna Düsseldorf
FSV Frankfurt
Greuther Fürth
Hansa Rostock
FC Ingolstadt 04
Karlsruher SC
Paderborn 07
FC St. Pauli
Union Berlin
Men's 3. Liga
Preußen Münster
Wehen Wiesbaden
vte2011–12 in European men's football (UEFA)Domestic leagues
Albania
Andorra
Armenia '11 '12–'13
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus '11 '12
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
England
Estonia '11 '12
Faroe Islands '11 '12
Finland '11 '12
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland '11 '12
Israel
Italy
Kazakhstan '11 '12
Latvia '11 '12
Lithuania '11 '12
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Montenegro
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway '11 '12
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Ireland '11 '12
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Scotland
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden '11 '12
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
Wales
Domestic cups
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
England
Estonia
Faroe Islands '11 '12
Finland '11 '12
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland '11 '12
Israel
Italy
Kazakhstan '11 '12
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Montenegro
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway '11 '12
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Ireland '11 '12
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Scotland
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden '11
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
Wales
League cups
England
Finland '11 '12
France
Hungary
Iceland '11 '12
Israel
Northern Ireland
Portugal
Republic of Ireland '11 '12
Scotland
Turkey
Wales
Supercups
Albania
Belarus
Belgium
Bulgaria
England
France
Georgia
Germany
Italy
Kazakhstan
Moldova
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Turkey
Ukraine
UEFA competitions
Champions League
qualifying phase and play-off round
group stage
knockout phase
Final
Europa League
qualifying phase
play-off round
group stage
knockout phase
Final
Super Cup
vteFC Schalke 04 matchesGerman football championship Finals
1933
1934
1935
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1958
DFB-Pokal Finals
1935
1936
1937
1941
1942
1955
1969
1972
2001
2002
2005
2011
DFL-Supercup
1941 (unofficial)
2010
2011
DFL-Ligapokal Finals
2001
2002
2005
2007
UEFA Cup Final
1997
Other matches
1984 DFB-Pokal semi-finals
vteBorussia Dortmund matchesGerman football championship finals
1949
1956
1957
1961
1963
DFB-Pokal finals
1963
1965
1989
2008
2012
2014
2015
2016
2017
2021
DFL-Supercup
1989
1995
1996
2008 (unofficial)
2011
2012
2013
2014
2016
2017
2019
2020
2021
DFB-Ligapokal final
2003
UEFA Champions League finals
1997
2013
2024
European Cup Winners' Cup final
1966
UEFA Cup finals
1993
2002
UEFA Super Cup
1997
Intercontinental Cup
1997
Other matches
Borussia Mönchengladbach 12–0 Borussia Dortmund (1978)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DFL-Supercup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFL-Supercup"},{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"DFB-Pokal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"Revierderby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revierderby"},{"link_name":"2010–11 Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Borussia Dortmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund"},{"link_name":"2010–11 DFB-Pokal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"Schalke 04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Schalke_04"},{"link_name":"Gelsenkirchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelsenkirchen"},{"link_name":"penalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"extra time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The 2011 DFL-Supercup was the second DFL-Supercup, an annual football match contested by the winners of the previous season's Bundesliga and DFB-Pokal competitions. It was a Revierderby between 2010–11 Bundesliga winners Borussia Dortmund, and 2010–11 DFB-Pokal winners Schalke 04. The match was played at Gelsenkirchen on 23 July 2011.Schalke 04 prevailed on penalties, following a scoreless match after 90 minutes. There was no extra time played.[1]","title":"2011 DFL-Supercup"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In the following table, matches until 1996 were in the DFB-Supercup era, since 2010 were in the DFL-Supercup era.","title":"Teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Match"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CEST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time"},{"link_name":"Schalke 04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Schalke_04"},{"link_name":"Borussia Dortmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.dfb.de/supercup/spielplan/?spieledb_path=%2Fmatches%2F293126"},{"link_name":"Penalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Holtby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Holtby"},{"link_name":"Edu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Oliveira"},{"link_name":"Höwedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedikt_H%C3%B6wedes"},{"link_name":"Jurado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Jurado"},{"link_name":"Gündoğan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0lkay_G%C3%BCndo%C4%9Fan"},{"link_name":"Hummels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mats_Hummels"},{"link_name":"Großkreutz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Gro%C3%9Fkreutz"},{"link_name":"Leitner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moritz_Leitner"},{"link_name":"Perišić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Peri%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Veltins-Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_AufSchalke"},{"link_name":"Gelsenkirchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelsenkirchen"},{"link_name":"Knut Kircher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Kircher"},{"link_name":"Rottenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rottenburg_am_Neckar"}],"sub_title":"Details","text":"23 July 2011 (2011-07-23)20:30 CEST\nSchalke 040–0Borussia Dortmund\n\nReport\n\nPenalties\n\nHoltby \nEdu \nHöwedes \nJurado \n4–3\n\n Gündoğan\n Hummels\n Großkreutz\n Leitner\n Perišić\nVeltins-Arena, GelsenkirchenAttendance: 61,673Referee: Knut Kircher (Rottenburg)","title":"Match"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"(West) Germany - List of Super/League Cup Finals\". RSSSF.com. Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 16 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesd/duitsupcuphist.html","url_text":"\"(West) Germany - List of Super/League Cup Finals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rec.Sport.Soccer_Statistics_Foundation","url_text":"Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.dfb.de/supercup/spielplan/?spieledb_path=%2Fmatches%2F293126","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesd/duitsupcuphist.html","external_links_name":"\"(West) Germany - List of Super/League Cup Finals\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rani_Kuthir_Baki_Itihash
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Rani Kuthir Baki Itihash
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["1 Cast","2 Accolades","2.1 National Film Awards","3 Music","3.1 Soundtrack","3.2 Track listing","4 References","5 External links"]
|
2006 film by Samia Zaman
Rani Kuthir Baki ItihashVCD coverDirected bySamia ZamanWritten byDewan Shamsur RakibProduced byNTVStarring
Ferdous
Popy
Alamgir
Tarik Anam Khan
Ahsanul Haque Minu
Rahamat Ali
MM Morshed
Arunav Anjan
CinematographyMaksudul BariEdited byJunayed HalimMusic bySI TutulDistributed byNTVRelease date
6 June 2006 (2006-06-06)
Running time96 minsCountryBangladeshLanguageBengali
Rani Kuthir Baki Itihash (Bengali: রানী কুঠির বাকী ইতিহাস) is a 2006 Bangladeshi drama-mystery film. The film was the directorial debut of news anchor and prominent media personality Samia Zaman and was produced by Bangladeshi satellite TV channel NTV, their second film production. The film starred Ferdous and Popy as the lead pair with Alamgir, Tarik Anam Khan, Rahamat Ali, MM Morshed, Ahsanul Haque Minu and others in supporting roles.
Cast
Ferdous - Rudra
Popy - Momo
Alamgir
Tarik Anam Khan -
Rahamat Ali -
Arunav Anjan -
MM Morshed -
Ahsanul Haque Minu -
Accolades
National Film Awards
Won Best Singer - Asif Akbar 2006 for "Amar Majhe Nei Ekhon Ami"
Won Best Singer Samina Chowdhury 2006 for "Amar Majhe Nei Ekhon Ami"
Music
The soundtrack for the film 'Rani Kuthir Baki Itihash all Song lyrics by Kabir Bakul with music composed and directed by the singer SI Tutul.
Soundtrack
Track listing
No.TitleArtist(s)Length1."Amar Majhe Nei Ekhon Ami"Asif Akbar & Samina Chowdhury6:112."Shopno Tumi Shotti Tumi"Asif Akbar & Samina Choudhury5:35
References
^ এস আই টুটুল এর সাথে ঘরোয়া আড্ডায়
^ Deepita, Novera (18 June 2005). "Rani Kuthir Baki Itihash: Samia Zaman on her debut film". The Daily Star.
^ a b "Tutul, Tania in Eid telefilm". Daily Sun. 27 June 2016.
^ Moushumi, Khan Nahida (9 November 2013). "The Compelling Sound of Samina Chowdhury". The Daily Star.
^ "I thought my career was over: Kabir Bakul". New Age. 25 March 2015.
External links
Rani Kuthir Baki Itihash) at IMDb
This article about a 2000s romantic drama film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to a Bangladeshi film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonya_Edwards
|
Tonya Edwards
|
["1 Professional career","2 WNBA career statistics","2.1 Regular season","2.2 Playoffs","3 USA Basketball","4 Head coaching record","5 References","6 Sources"]
|
American basketball player and coach (born 1968)
Tonya EdwardsPersonal informationBorn (1968-03-13) March 13, 1968 (age 56)Flint, Michigan, U.S.Listed height5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)Listed weight160 lb (73 kg)Career informationHigh schoolFlint Northwestern (Flint, Michigan)CollegeTennessee (1986–1990)WNBA draft1999: 1st round, 7th overall pickSelected by the Minnesota LynxPlaying career1999–2002PositionGuardCoaching career1990–presentCareer historyAs player:1996–1998Columbus Quest1999Minnesota Lynx2000–2001Phoenix Mercury2001–2002Charlotte StingAs coach:1990–1995Northwestern Community HS2005Chicago Blaze2006–2008Detroit (assistant)2008–2015Alcorn State2016–2018Los Angeles Sparks (assistant)2021–2023Chicago Sky (assistant)
Career highlights and awardsAs player:
WNBA All-Star (1999)
2× NCAA champion (1987, 1989)
NCAA Tournament MOP (1987)
Second-team All-SEC (1988)
SEC All-Freshman Team (1987)
As assistant coach:
2x WNBA champion (2016, 2021)
Stats at Basketball-Reference.com
Medals
Representing the United States
Jones Cup
1987 Taipei
Team Competition
1988 Taipei
Team Competition
Tonya LaRay Edwards (born March 13, 1968) is an American retired professional basketball player born in Flint, Michigan, who was most recently an assistant coach of the Chicago Sky in the WNBA. She was previously head coach of the Alcorn State Lady Braves basketball team.
Professional career
This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Tonya Edwards" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
After graduating from college, there were no opportunities to play professional basketball in the U.S., so Edwards played professionally in Spain from 1991 to '92, Turkey in 1994, and Israel from 1995 to '96. In the Autumn of 1996, she played for the Columbus Quest in the American Basketball League (ABL), and won two championship titles with them. In 1998, Edwards became the interim head coach for the Quest after coach Brian Agler resigned. After the ABL folded due to financial difficulties, Edwards was selected by the Minnesota Lynx in the 1999 WNBA draft. She also played for the Phoenix Mercury and Charlotte Sting.
Edwards began her coaching career by returning to her alma mater, Northwestern Community High School in Flint, Michigan, for five seasons (1990–1995). She guided her team to the 1993 state championship with perfect 28–0 record, a 1992 state champion runner-up finish, and compiled a 78-23 overall record (.772). She was named 1993 "High School Coach of the Year" in the state of Michigan.
In 2004, she became a radio commentator for the Phoenix Mercury games, and later became an assistant coach in the National Women's Basketball League.
In 2006, she was inducted to the Greater Flint Afro-American Hall of Fame. That same year, she was named as an assistant coach to the women's basketball team at University of Detroit Mercy.
After two years at Detroit, Edwards was head coach at Alcorn State from 2008 to 2015. Edwards was SWAC Coach of the Year in 2011 and led Alcorn State to the SWAC Championship Game in 2012. In seven seasons, Edwards went 60–147 at Alcorn State. On March 23, 2015, Alcorn State announced it would not extend Edwards' contract, which would expire at the end of the month.
WNBA career statistics
Legend
GP
Games played
GS
Games started
MPG
Minutes per game
RPG
Rebounds per game
APG
Assists per game
SPG
Steals per game
BPG
Blocks per game
PPG
Points per game
TO
Turnovers per game
FG%
Field-goal percentage
3P%
3-point field-goal percentage
FT%
Free-throw percentage
Bold
Career best
°
League leader
Regular season
Year
Team
GP
GS
MPG
FG%
3P%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
TO
PPG
1999
Minnesota
32
32
32.2
.357
.344
.806
3.5
2.6
0.8
0.4
2.1
14.8
2000
Phoenix
32
32
28.9
.376
.307
.782
2.4
1.8
1.1
0.3
2.0
10.6
2001
Phoenix
10
9
20.8
.366
.357
.787
1.9
1.8
0.5
0.1
2.2
9.4
2001
Charlotte
22
0
16.9
.340
.227
.730
2.0
1.4
0.6
0.3
1.8
4.5
2002
Charlotte
29
0
10.4
.364
.280
.717
1.4
0.8
0.6
0.1
0.6
3.9
Career
4 years, 3 teams
125
73
22.7
.362
.322
.775
2.3
1.7
0.8
0.2
1.7
9.0
Playoffs
Year
Team
GP
GS
MPG
FG%
3P%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
TO
PPG
2000
Phoenix
2
2
30.5
.250
.231
.667
3.0
2.5
2.0
0.0
1.0
8.5
2001
Charlotte
8
0
14.9
.429
.500
1.000
2.0
1.5
0.6
0.0
1.4
2.8
2002
Charlotte
2
0
9.5
.200
.333
.000
0.5
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.5
Career
3 years, 2 teams
12
2
16.6
.326
.300
.600
1.9
1.5
0.8
0.0
1.2
3.5
USA Basketball
Edwards was named to the team representing the US at the 1987 William Jones Cup competition in Taipei, Taiwan. The team won all seven games to win the gold medal for the event. The USA was down at halftime in the opening game against Japan, but came back in the second half to win, helped by 15 points from Campbell. Edwards was the second leading scorer on the team, averaging 12.4 points per game over the seven games. She was one of three players from the USA team to be named to the Jones Cup All-Tournament Team.
In the following year, 1988, Edwards was also named to the Jones Cup team. The USA team was not as successful, with a 3–2 record, but that was enough to secure the silver medal. Edwards was the leading scorer on the team, averaging 15.4 points per game, and tied for the team lead in steals with 15.
Head coaching record
Edwards' score are as following:
Statistics overview
Season
Team
Overall
Conference
Standing
Postseason
Alcorn State Lady Braves (Southwestern Athletic Conference) (2008–2015)
2008–09
Alcorn State
5–26
4–14
10th
2009–10
Alcorn State
8–20
8–10
T–6th
2010–11
Alcorn State
13–15
12–6
3rd
2011–12
Alcorn State
14–20
9–9
7th
2012–13
Alcorn State
2–26
2–16
10th
2013–14
Alcorn State
8–22
7–11
T–7th
2014–15
Alcorn State
10–18
9–9
6th
Alcorn State:
60–147
51–75
Total:
60–147
References
^ "Women's Basketball Coaches Career". NCAA. Retrieved September 26, 2015.
^ "Former WNBA All-Star Tonya Edwards Joins Sky Coaching Staff". WNBA. March 22, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
^ "1999 WNBA Draft". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved May 20, 2024.
^ "Sparks Name Tonya Edwards As Assistant Coach". WNBA. March 16, 2016. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
^ "NCAA® Career Statistics".
^ "Alcorn basketball coaches' contracts not extended". Alcorn State University Athletics. March 23, 2015. Retrieved July 27, 2017.
^ "1987 Women's R. William Jones Cup". USA Basketball. June 10, 2010. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
^ "1988 Women's R. William Jones Cup". USA Basketball. June 10, 2010. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2015.
^ "Southwestern Athletic Conference Standings - Women's College Basketball - ESPN".
Sources
WNBA Player Profile
September 11, 2006 press release on Edwards joining the University of Detroit Mercy coaching staff
Profile from the Greater Flint Afro-American Hall of Fame
Links to related articles
vteNCAA Division I women's basketball tournament Most Outstanding Player
1982: Lawrence
1983: Miller
1984: Miller
1985: Claxton
1986: Davis
1987: Edwards
1988: Westbrooks
1989: Gordon
1990: Azzi
1991: Staley
1992: Goodenbour
1993: Swoopes
1994: Smith
1995: Lobo
1996: Marciniak
1997: Holdsclaw
1998: Holdsclaw
1999: Figgs
2000: Ralph
2001: Riley
2002: Cash
2003: Taurasi
2004: Taurasi
2005: Young
2006: Harper
2007: Parker
2008: Parker
2009: Charles
2010: Moore
2011: Adams
2012: Griner
2013: Stewart
2014: Stewart
2015: Stewart
2016: Stewart
2017: Wilson
2018: Ogunbowale
2019: Jackson
2020: None
2021: Jones
2022: Boston
2023: Reese
2024: Cardoso
vteTennessee Lady Volunteers basketball 1986–87 NCAA champions
24 Carla McGhee
30 Bridgette Gordon
33 Tonya Edwards (MOP)
Head coach Pat Summitt
Assistant coaches: Mickie DeMoss
Holly Warlick
vteTennessee Lady Volunteers basketball 1988–89 NCAA champions
11 Dena Head
24 Carla McGhee
30 Bridgette Gordon (MOP)
32 Daedra Charles
33 Tonya Edwards
Head coach Pat Summitt
Assistant coaches: Mickie DeMoss
Holly Warlick
vte1999 WNBA draftFirst round
Chamique Holdsclaw
Yolanda Griffith
Natalie Williams
DeLisha Milton-Jones
Jennifer Azzi
Crystal Robinson
Tonya Edwards
Tari Phillips
Dawn Staley
Edna Campbell
Chasity Melvin
Natalya Zasulskaya
Second round
Shalonda Enis
Kedra Holland-Corn
Debbie Black
Clarisse Machanguana
Val Whiting
Michele Van Gorp
Trisha Fallon
Sheri Sam
Stephanie White-McCarty
Clarissa Davis
Mery Andrade
Sonja Henning
vteLos Angeles Sparks 2016 WNBA champions
0 Alana Beard
3 Candace Parker (Finals MVP)
7 Sandrine Gruda
10 Evgeniya Belyakova
12 Chelsea Gray
17 Essence Carson
20 Kristi Toliver
21 Ann Wauters
23 Ana Dabović
28 Jelena Dubljević
30 Nneka Ogwumike
42 Jantel Lavender
Head coach: Brian Agler
Assistant coaches: Tonya Edwards
Amber Stocks
vteChicago Sky 2021 WNBA champions
1 DeShields
2 Copper (Finals MVP)
3 Parker
7 Brown
13 Evans
14 Quigley
22 Vandersloot
24 Hebard
30 Stevens
31 Dolson
43 Ndour-Fall
Head coach: Wade
Assistant coaches: Edwards
Lange
Vatansever
Trainers: Crosby
Lockerby
Video Coordinator: Cabioc'h
|
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In the Autumn of 1996, she played for the Columbus Quest in the American Basketball League (ABL), and won two championship titles with them. In 1998, Edwards became the interim head coach for the Quest after coach Brian Agler resigned. After the ABL folded due to financial difficulties, Edwards was selected by the Minnesota Lynx in the 1999 WNBA draft.[3] She also played for the Phoenix Mercury and Charlotte Sting.[citation needed]Edwards began her coaching career by returning to her alma mater, Northwestern Community High School in Flint, Michigan, for five seasons (1990–1995). She guided her team to the 1993 state championship with perfect 28–0 record, a 1992 state champion runner-up finish, and compiled a 78-23 overall record (.772). 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Edwards was SWAC Coach of the Year in 2011 and led Alcorn State to the SWAC Championship Game in 2012.[4] In seven seasons, Edwards went 60–147 at Alcorn State.[5] On March 23, 2015, Alcorn State announced it would not extend Edwards' contract, which would expire at the end of the month.[6]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"WNBA career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular season","title":"WNBA career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Playoffs","title":"WNBA career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Jones Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jones_Cup"},{"link_name":"Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1987_Jones_Cup-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1988_Jones_Cup-8"}],"text":"Edwards was named to the team representing the US at the 1987 William Jones Cup competition in Taipei, Taiwan. The team won all seven games to win the gold medal for the event. The USA was down at halftime in the opening game against Japan, but came back in the second half to win, helped by 15 points from Campbell. Edwards was the second leading scorer on the team, averaging 12.4 points per game over the seven games. She was one of three players from the USA team to be named to the Jones Cup All-Tournament Team.[7]In the following year, 1988, Edwards was also named to the Jones Cup team. The USA team was not as successful, with a 3–2 record, but that was enough to secure the silver medal. Edwards was the leading scorer on the team, averaging 15.4 points per game, and tied for the team lead in steals with 15.[8]","title":"USA Basketball"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Edwards' score are as following:[9]","title":"Head coaching record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WNBA Player Profile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wnba.com/playerfile/tonya_edwards/index.html"},{"link_name":"September 11, 2006 press release on Edwards joining the University of Detroit Mercy coaching staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070929012246/http://www.detroittitans.com/wbasketball.jsp?id=1157996758365"},{"link_name":"Profile from the Greater Flint Afro-American Hall of 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Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_basketball_tournament_Most_Outstanding_Player"},{"link_name":"Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janice_Lawrence_Braxton"},{"link_name":"Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheryl_Miller"},{"link_name":"Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheryl_Miller"},{"link_name":"Claxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Claxton"},{"link_name":"Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarissa_Davis"},{"link_name":"Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Westbrooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erica_Westbrooks&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgette_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Azzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Azzi"},{"link_name":"Staley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_Staley"},{"link_name":"Goodenbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_Goodenbour"},{"link_name":"Swoopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheryl_Swoopes"},{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Smith_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Lobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Lobo"},{"link_name":"Marciniak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_M._Marciniak"},{"link_name":"Holdsclaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamique_Holdsclaw"},{"link_name":"Holdsclaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamique_Holdsclaw"},{"link_name":"Figgs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukari_Figgs"},{"link_name":"Ralph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shea_Ralph"},{"link_name":"Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Riley"},{"link_name":"Cash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swin_Cash"},{"link_name":"Taurasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Taurasi"},{"link_name":"Taurasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Taurasi"},{"link_name":"Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Young"},{"link_name":"Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Harper_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candace_Parker"},{"link_name":"Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candace_Parker"},{"link_name":"Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Charles_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Moore"},{"link_name":"Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Adams"},{"link_name":"Griner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittney_Griner"},{"link_name":"Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breanna_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breanna_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breanna_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breanna_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%27ja_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Ogunbowale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arike_Ogunbowale"},{"link_name":"Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloe_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haley_Jones"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah_Boston"},{"link_name":"Reese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Reese"},{"link_name":"Cardoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamilla_Cardoso"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1987_Tennessee_Lady_Volunteers_basketball_navbox"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:1987_Tennessee_Lady_Volunteers_basketball_navbox"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1987_Tennessee_Lady_Volunteers_basketball_navbox"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Lady Volunteers basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387_Tennessee_Lady_Volunteers_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"1986–87 NCAA champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_NCAA_Division_I_women%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"Carla McGhee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_McGhee"},{"link_name":"Bridgette Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgette_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Tonya Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"MOP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_basketball_tournament_Most_Outstanding_Player"},{"link_name":"Pat Summitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Summitt"},{"link_name":"Mickie DeMoss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickie_DeMoss"},{"link_name":"Holly Warlick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Warlick"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1989_Tennessee_Lady_Volunteers_basketball_navbox"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:1989_Tennessee_Lady_Volunteers_basketball_navbox"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1989_Tennessee_Lady_Volunteers_basketball_navbox"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Lady Volunteers basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%E2%80%9389_Tennessee_Lady_Volunteers_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"1988–89 NCAA champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_NCAA_Division_I_women%27s_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"Dena Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dena_Head"},{"link_name":"Carla McGhee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_McGhee"},{"link_name":"Bridgette Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgette_Gordon"},{"link_name":"MOP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_basketball_tournament_Most_Outstanding_Player"},{"link_name":"Daedra Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daedra_Charles"},{"link_name":"Tonya Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Pat Summitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Summitt"},{"link_name":"Mickie DeMoss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickie_DeMoss"},{"link_name":"Holly Warlick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Warlick"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:1999_WNBA_draft"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:1999_WNBA_draft"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1999_WNBA_draft"},{"link_name":"1999 WNBA draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_WNBA_draft"},{"link_name":"Chamique Holdsclaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamique_Holdsclaw"},{"link_name":"Yolanda Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolanda_Griffith"},{"link_name":"Natalie Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Williams"},{"link_name":"DeLisha Milton-Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeLisha_Milton-Jones"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Azzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Azzi"},{"link_name":"Crystal Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Tonya Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Tari Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tari_Phillips"},{"link_name":"Dawn Staley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_Staley"},{"link_name":"Edna Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Chasity Melvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasity_Melvin"},{"link_name":"Natalya Zasulskaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalya_Zasulskaya"},{"link_name":"Shalonda Enis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalonda_Enis"},{"link_name":"Kedra Holland-Corn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedra_Holland-Corn"},{"link_name":"Debbie Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Black"},{"link_name":"Clarisse Machanguana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarisse_Machanguana"},{"link_name":"Val Whiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Whiting"},{"link_name":"Michele Van Gorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Van_Gorp"},{"link_name":"Trisha Fallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisha_Fallon"},{"link_name":"Sheri Sam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheri_Sam"},{"link_name":"Stephanie White-McCarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_White"},{"link_name":"Clarissa Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarissa_Davis"},{"link_name":"Mery Andrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mery_Andrade"},{"link_name":"Sonja Henning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonja_Henning"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Los_Angeles_Sparks_2016_WNBA_champions"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Los_Angeles_Sparks_2016_WNBA_champions"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Los_Angeles_Sparks_2016_WNBA_champions"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Sparks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Sparks"},{"link_name":"2016 WNBA champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_WNBA_Finals"},{"link_name":"Alana Beard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alana_Beard"},{"link_name":"Candace Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candace_Parker"},{"link_name":"Finals MVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNBA_Finals_Most_Valuable_Player_Award"},{"link_name":"Sandrine Gruda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandrine_Gruda"},{"link_name":"Evgeniya Belyakova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evgeniya_Belyakova"},{"link_name":"Chelsea Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Gray"},{"link_name":"Essence Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essence_Carson"},{"link_name":"Kristi Toliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristi_Toliver"},{"link_name":"Ann Wauters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Wauters"},{"link_name":"Ana Dabović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Dabovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Jelena Dubljević","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelena_Dubljevi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Nneka Ogwumike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nneka_Ogwumike"},{"link_name":"Jantel Lavender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jantel_Lavender"},{"link_name":"Brian Agler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Agler"},{"link_name":"Tonya Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Amber Stocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_Stocks"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Chicago_Sky_2021_WNBA_champions"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Chicago_Sky_2021_WNBA_champions"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chicago_Sky_2021_WNBA_champions"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sky"},{"link_name":"2021 WNBA champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_WNBA_Finals"},{"link_name":"DeShields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_DeShields"},{"link_name":"Copper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahleah_Copper"},{"link_name":"Finals MVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNBA_Finals_Most_Valuable_Player_Award"},{"link_name":"Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candace_Parker"},{"link_name":"Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexie_Brown"},{"link_name":"Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Evans_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Quigley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allie_Quigley"},{"link_name":"Vandersloot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtney_Vandersloot"},{"link_name":"Hebard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthy_Hebard"},{"link_name":"Stevens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azur%C3%A1_Stevens"},{"link_name":"Dolson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefanie_Dolson"},{"link_name":"Ndour-Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astou_Ndour-Fall"},{"link_name":"Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wade_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Lange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_Lange_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Vatansever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emre_Vatansever"},{"link_name":"Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ann_Crosby&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lockerby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meghan_Lockerby&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cabioc'h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yoann_Cabioc%27h&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"WNBA Player Profile\nSeptember 11, 2006 press release on Edwards joining the University of Detroit Mercy coaching staff\nProfile from the Greater Flint Afro-American Hall of FameLinks to related articles\nvteNCAA Division I women's basketball tournament Most Outstanding Player\n1982: Lawrence\n1983: Miller\n1984: Miller\n1985: Claxton\n1986: Davis\n1987: Edwards\n1988: Westbrooks\n1989: Gordon\n1990: Azzi\n1991: Staley\n1992: Goodenbour\n1993: Swoopes\n1994: Smith\n1995: Lobo\n1996: Marciniak\n1997: Holdsclaw\n1998: Holdsclaw\n1999: Figgs\n2000: Ralph\n2001: Riley\n2002: Cash\n2003: Taurasi\n2004: Taurasi\n2005: Young\n2006: Harper\n2007: Parker\n2008: Parker\n2009: Charles\n2010: Moore\n2011: Adams\n2012: Griner\n2013: Stewart\n2014: Stewart\n2015: Stewart\n2016: Stewart\n2017: Wilson\n2018: Ogunbowale\n2019: Jackson\n2020: None\n2021: Jones\n2022: Boston\n2023: Reese\n2024: Cardoso\n\nvteTennessee Lady Volunteers basketball 1986–87 NCAA champions\n24 Carla McGhee\n30 Bridgette Gordon\n33 Tonya Edwards (MOP)\nHead coach Pat Summitt\nAssistant coaches: Mickie DeMoss\nHolly Warlick\n\nvteTennessee Lady Volunteers basketball 1988–89 NCAA champions\n11 Dena Head\n24 Carla McGhee\n30 Bridgette Gordon (MOP)\n32 Daedra Charles\n33 Tonya Edwards\nHead coach Pat Summitt\nAssistant coaches: Mickie DeMoss\nHolly Warlick\n\nvte1999 WNBA draftFirst round\nChamique Holdsclaw\nYolanda Griffith\nNatalie Williams\nDeLisha Milton-Jones\nJennifer Azzi\nCrystal Robinson\nTonya Edwards\nTari Phillips\nDawn Staley\nEdna Campbell\nChasity Melvin\nNatalya Zasulskaya\nSecond round\nShalonda Enis\nKedra Holland-Corn\nDebbie Black\nClarisse Machanguana\nVal Whiting\nMichele Van Gorp\nTrisha Fallon\nSheri Sam\nStephanie White-McCarty\nClarissa Davis\nMery Andrade\nSonja Henning\n\nvteLos Angeles Sparks 2016 WNBA champions\n0 Alana Beard\n3 Candace Parker (Finals MVP)\n7 Sandrine Gruda\n10 Evgeniya Belyakova\n12 Chelsea Gray\n17 Essence Carson\n20 Kristi Toliver\n21 Ann Wauters\n23 Ana Dabović\n28 Jelena Dubljević\n30 Nneka Ogwumike\n42 Jantel Lavender\nHead coach: Brian Agler\nAssistant coaches: Tonya Edwards\nAmber Stocks\n\nvteChicago Sky 2021 WNBA champions\n1 DeShields\n2 Copper (Finals MVP)\n3 Parker\n7 Brown\n13 Evans\n14 Quigley\n22 Vandersloot\n24 Hebard\n30 Stevens\n31 Dolson\n43 Ndour-Fall\nHead coach: Wade\nAssistant coaches: Edwards\nLange\nVatansever\nTrainers: Crosby\nLockerby\nVideo Coordinator: Cabioc'h","title":"Sources"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Women's Basketball Coaches Career\". NCAA. Retrieved September 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://web1.ncaa.org/stats/StatsSrv/careercoach","url_text":"\"Women's Basketball Coaches Career\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former WNBA All-Star Tonya Edwards Joins Sky Coaching Staff\". WNBA. March 22, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://sky.wnba.com/news/former-wnba-all-star-tonya-edwards-joins-sky-coaching-staff/","url_text":"\"Former WNBA All-Star Tonya Edwards Joins Sky Coaching Staff\""}]},{"reference":"\"1999 WNBA Draft\". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved May 20, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/wnba/draft/1999.html","url_text":"\"1999 WNBA Draft\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sparks Name Tonya Edwards As Assistant Coach\". WNBA. March 16, 2016. Retrieved July 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wnba.com/news/18797/","url_text":"\"Sparks Name Tonya Edwards As Assistant Coach\""}]},{"reference":"\"NCAA® Career Statistics\".","urls":[{"url":"http://web1.ncaa.org/stats/StatsSrv/careersearch","url_text":"\"NCAA® Career Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alcorn basketball coaches' contracts not extended\". Alcorn State University Athletics. March 23, 2015. Retrieved July 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alcornsports.com/news/2015/3/23/MBB_0323150224.aspx?path=mbball","url_text":"\"Alcorn basketball coaches' contracts not extended\""}]},{"reference":"\"1987 Women's R. William Jones Cup\". USA Basketball. June 10, 2010. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150907092147/http://www.usab.com/history/additional-usa-basketball-history/r-williams-jones-cup-team/1987-womens-r-william-jones-cup.aspx","url_text":"\"1987 Women's R. William Jones Cup\""},{"url":"http://www.usab.com/history/additional-usa-basketball-history/r-williams-jones-cup-team/1987-womens-r-william-jones-cup.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1988 Women's R. William Jones Cup\". USA Basketball. June 10, 2010. Archived from the original on September 7, 2015. Retrieved October 17, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150907092252/http://www.usab.com/history/additional-usa-basketball-history/r-williams-jones-cup-team/1988-womens-r-william-jones-cup.aspx","url_text":"\"1988 Women's R. William Jones Cup\""},{"url":"http://www.usab.com/history/additional-usa-basketball-history/r-williams-jones-cup-team/1988-womens-r-william-jones-cup.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Southwestern Athletic Conference Standings - Women's College Basketball - ESPN\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espn.com/womens-college-basketball/conferences/standings/_/id/26/swac-conference","url_text":"\"Southwestern Athletic Conference Standings - Women's College Basketball - ESPN\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/wnba/players/e/edwarto01w.html","external_links_name":"Stats"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tonya+Edwards%22","external_links_name":"\"Tonya Edwards\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tonya+Edwards%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tonya+Edwards%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tonya+Edwards%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tonya+Edwards%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tonya+Edwards%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://web1.ncaa.org/stats/StatsSrv/careercoach","external_links_name":"\"Women's Basketball Coaches Career\""},{"Link":"https://sky.wnba.com/news/former-wnba-all-star-tonya-edwards-joins-sky-coaching-staff/","external_links_name":"\"Former WNBA All-Star Tonya Edwards Joins Sky Coaching Staff\""},{"Link":"https://www.basketball-reference.com/wnba/draft/1999.html","external_links_name":"\"1999 WNBA Draft\""},{"Link":"http://www.wnba.com/news/18797/","external_links_name":"\"Sparks Name Tonya Edwards As Assistant Coach\""},{"Link":"http://web1.ncaa.org/stats/StatsSrv/careersearch","external_links_name":"\"NCAA® Career Statistics\""},{"Link":"http://www.alcornsports.com/news/2015/3/23/MBB_0323150224.aspx?path=mbball","external_links_name":"\"Alcorn basketball coaches' contracts not extended\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150907092147/http://www.usab.com/history/additional-usa-basketball-history/r-williams-jones-cup-team/1987-womens-r-william-jones-cup.aspx","external_links_name":"\"1987 Women's R. William Jones Cup\""},{"Link":"http://www.usab.com/history/additional-usa-basketball-history/r-williams-jones-cup-team/1987-womens-r-william-jones-cup.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150907092252/http://www.usab.com/history/additional-usa-basketball-history/r-williams-jones-cup-team/1988-womens-r-william-jones-cup.aspx","external_links_name":"\"1988 Women's R. William Jones Cup\""},{"Link":"http://www.usab.com/history/additional-usa-basketball-history/r-williams-jones-cup-team/1988-womens-r-william-jones-cup.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.espn.com/womens-college-basketball/conferences/standings/_/id/26/swac-conference","external_links_name":"\"Southwestern Athletic Conference Standings - Women's College Basketball - ESPN\""},{"Link":"http://www.wnba.com/playerfile/tonya_edwards/index.html","external_links_name":"WNBA Player Profile"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929012246/http://www.detroittitans.com/wbasketball.jsp?id=1157996758365","external_links_name":"September 11, 2006 press release on Edwards joining the University of Detroit Mercy coaching staff"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090202093323/http://flint.lib.mi.us/hallfame/06/TonyaEdwards.htm","external_links_name":"Profile from the Greater Flint Afro-American Hall of Fame"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_alkoxide
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Silicon alkoxide
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["1 References"]
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Silicon alkoxides are a group of alkoxides, chemical compounds of silicon and an alcohol, with the formula Si(OR)4.
Silicon alkoxides are important precursors for the manufacture of silica-based aerogels.
References
^ "Production of Silica Gels: Alkoxide Method". aerogel.org.
This article about an organic compound is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"silica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silica"},{"link_name":"aerogels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerogel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Silicon alkoxides are important precursors for the manufacture of silica-based aerogels.[1]","title":"Silicon alkoxide"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Production of Silica Gels: Alkoxide Method\". aerogel.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aerogel.org/?p=90","url_text":"\"Production of Silica Gels: Alkoxide Method\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.aerogel.org/?p=90","external_links_name":"\"Production of Silica Gels: Alkoxide Method\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silicon_alkoxide&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greedy_Perimeter_Stateless_Routing_in_Wireless_Networks
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Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing in Wireless Networks
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["1 Coordinates instead of receiver names","2 Literature"]
|
The Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing in Wireless Networks (GPSR) is a routing protocol for mobile ad-hoc networks. It was developed by B. Karp. It uses a greedy algorithm to do the routing and orbits around a perimeter.
Coordinates instead of receiver names
GPSR is a geo routing method, which means that data packages are not sent to a special receiver but to coordinates. The packages should be relayed to the node that's geographically closest to the coordinates. This assumes that every node knows its own position.
Literature
B.Karp: Challenges in Geographic Routing: Sparse Networks, Obstacles, and Traffic Provisioning. In DIMACS Workshop on Pervasive Networking, Piscataway, NJ, May 2001
B.Karp: Geographic Routing for Wireless Networks. Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, October 2000
B.Karp, H.T.Kung: Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing for Wireless Networks. In Proceedings of the Sixth Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom 2000), Boston, MA, August 2000, pp. 243-254
This computer science article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greedy_Perimeter_Stateless_Routing_in_Wireless_Networks&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensing.biz
|
Licensing.biz
|
["1 History","2 Licensing.biz People Awards","3 References","4 External links"]
|
British trade magazine for the licensing industry
Licensing.bizEditorSamantha LovedayBilly LangsworthyStaff writersJade BurkeCategoriesTrade magazineOnline magazineFounded2007CompanyIntent Media (2007-2012)NewBay Media (2012-2018)Future plc (2018-2019)Datateam Media Group (present)CountryUnited KingdomBased inHertford, HertfordshireLanguageEnglishWebsitewww.licensing.biz
Licensing.biz is an online trade magazine published by Biz Media, a subsidiary of Datateam Media Group and based in Hertford, Hertfordshire. Originally aimed at European members of the licensing industry, it has since expanded to cover the trade worldwide.
History
Licensing.biz was founded in 2007 by Intent Media, which was acquired by NewBay Media in 2012. At the time of its creation, the managing director and publisher was Stuart Dinsey. Dinsey left the position in October 2013.
As of 2016, Licensing.biz receives about 52,000 monthly readers from over one hundred countries.
In 2018, NewBay was acquired by Future.
In January 2019, Future sold some B2B brands (including Licensing.biz) to Datateam Media Group, Biz Media was formed as the parent company.
Licensing.biz People Awards
On 30 April 2015, Licensing.biz introduced the People Awards ceremony, held in London. On 11 March 2016, the second annual awards show was held in the same city, hosted by BBC 6 Music presenter Shaun Keaveny. The event recognises successful companies involved in the licensing business.
References
^ "Intent launches Licensing.biz". New Bay Media.
^ "Contact Licensing.biz". Licensing.biz.
^ "More about Licensing.biz". Licensing.biz. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009.
^ "NewBay Media Acquires Intent Media". Broadcasting & Cable Magazine.
^ "Licensing.biz's Stuart Dinsey". Licensing.biz. Archived from the original on November 22, 2011.
^ "Stuart Dinsey to leave Intent Media".
^ "About Licensing.biz". Licensing.biz. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009.
^ Ridsdale, Jack. "Licensing.biz publisher NewBay Media acquired by Future Publishing". Licensing.biz. Retrieved 2018-12-19.
^ Barton, Seth (2019-01-11). "Six of the UK's top B2B brands are now under new ownership". MCV. ISSN 1469-4832. Retrieved 2019-01-21.
^ "Licensing.biz introduces the People Awards". MCV.
^ "A Winning Week for PAW Patrol: Named Licensee Team of the Year from UK's Licensing.biz". Yahoo Finance.
^ "BBC 6 Music's Shaun Keaveny to host Licensing.biz People Awards". Licensing.biz.
External links
Official website
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Intent launches Licensing.biz\". New Bay Media.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newbaymedia.com/intent-launches-licensing-biz/","url_text":"\"Intent launches Licensing.biz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Contact Licensing.biz\". Licensing.biz.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.licensing.biz/contact","url_text":"\"Contact Licensing.biz\""}]},{"reference":"\"More about Licensing.biz\". Licensing.biz. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090125122655/http://www.licensing.biz/about-us","url_text":"\"More about Licensing.biz\""},{"url":"http://www.licensing.biz/about-us","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NewBay Media Acquires Intent Media\". Broadcasting & Cable Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/news-articles/newbay-media-acquires-intent-media/113867","url_text":"\"NewBay Media Acquires Intent Media\""}]},{"reference":"\"Licensing.biz's Stuart Dinsey\". Licensing.biz. Archived from the original on November 22, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111122033124/http://www.licensing.biz/contact/stuart-dinsey","url_text":"\"Licensing.biz's Stuart Dinsey\""},{"url":"http://www.licensing.biz/contact/stuart-dinsey","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Stuart Dinsey to leave Intent Media\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mcvuk.com/news/read/stuart-dinsey-to-leave-intent-media/0120657","url_text":"\"Stuart Dinsey to leave Intent Media\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Licensing.biz\". Licensing.biz. Archived from the original on January 25, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090125122655/http://www.licensing.biz/about-us","url_text":"\"About Licensing.biz\""},{"url":"http://www.licensing.biz/about-us","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ridsdale, Jack. \"Licensing.biz publisher NewBay Media acquired by Future Publishing\". Licensing.biz. Retrieved 2018-12-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.licensing.biz/media-amp-pr/newbay-future","url_text":"\"Licensing.biz publisher NewBay Media acquired by Future Publishing\""}]},{"reference":"Barton, Seth (2019-01-11). \"Six of the UK's top B2B brands are now under new ownership\". MCV. ISSN 1469-4832. Retrieved 2019-01-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mcvuk.com/business/ami-bike-biz-licensing-biz-mcv-pcr-and-toy-news-to-form-biz-media-a-wholly-owned-subsidiary-of-the-datateam-media-group","url_text":"\"Six of the UK's top B2B brands are now under new ownership\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-4832","url_text":"1469-4832"}]},{"reference":"\"Licensing.biz introduces the People Awards\". MCV.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mcvuk.com/news/read/licensing-biz-introduces-the-people-awards/0145357","url_text":"\"Licensing.biz introduces the People Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Winning Week for PAW Patrol: Named Licensee Team of the Year from UK's Licensing.biz\". Yahoo Finance.","urls":[{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/winning-week-paw-patrol-program-143100900.html","url_text":"\"A Winning Week for PAW Patrol: Named Licensee Team of the Year from UK's Licensing.biz\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC 6 Music's Shaun Keaveny to host Licensing.biz People Awards\". Licensing.biz.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.licensing.biz/news/read/bbc-6-music-s-shaun-keaveny-to-host-licensing-biz-people-awards-2016/043488","url_text":"\"BBC 6 Music's Shaun Keaveny to host Licensing.biz People Awards\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.licensing.biz/","external_links_name":"www.licensing.biz"},{"Link":"http://www.newbaymedia.com/intent-launches-licensing-biz/","external_links_name":"\"Intent launches Licensing.biz\""},{"Link":"http://www.licensing.biz/contact","external_links_name":"\"Contact Licensing.biz\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090125122655/http://www.licensing.biz/about-us","external_links_name":"\"More about Licensing.biz\""},{"Link":"http://www.licensing.biz/about-us","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.broadcastingcable.com/news/news-articles/newbay-media-acquires-intent-media/113867","external_links_name":"\"NewBay Media Acquires Intent Media\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111122033124/http://www.licensing.biz/contact/stuart-dinsey","external_links_name":"\"Licensing.biz's Stuart Dinsey\""},{"Link":"http://www.licensing.biz/contact/stuart-dinsey","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mcvuk.com/news/read/stuart-dinsey-to-leave-intent-media/0120657","external_links_name":"\"Stuart Dinsey to leave Intent Media\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090125122655/http://www.licensing.biz/about-us","external_links_name":"\"About Licensing.biz\""},{"Link":"http://www.licensing.biz/about-us","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.licensing.biz/media-amp-pr/newbay-future","external_links_name":"\"Licensing.biz publisher NewBay Media acquired by Future Publishing\""},{"Link":"https://www.mcvuk.com/business/ami-bike-biz-licensing-biz-mcv-pcr-and-toy-news-to-form-biz-media-a-wholly-owned-subsidiary-of-the-datateam-media-group","external_links_name":"\"Six of the UK's top B2B brands are now under new ownership\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-4832","external_links_name":"1469-4832"},{"Link":"http://www.mcvuk.com/news/read/licensing-biz-introduces-the-people-awards/0145357","external_links_name":"\"Licensing.biz introduces the People Awards\""},{"Link":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/winning-week-paw-patrol-program-143100900.html","external_links_name":"\"A Winning Week for PAW Patrol: Named Licensee Team of the Year from UK's Licensing.biz\""},{"Link":"http://www.licensing.biz/news/read/bbc-6-music-s-shaun-keaveny-to-host-licensing-biz-people-awards-2016/043488","external_links_name":"\"BBC 6 Music's Shaun Keaveny to host Licensing.biz People Awards\""},{"Link":"http://licensing.biz/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_British_Muslims
|
Progressive British Muslims
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Group of Liberal British Muslims that formed following the London terrorist attacks of 7 July 2005
Progressive British Muslims (PBM) was a group of Liberal British Muslims that formed following the London terrorist attacks of 7 July 2005. The organization was founded by Farmida Bi, a candidate for a parliamentary seat representing Mole Valley, three days after the attacks on 10 July 2005.
The organisation was founded to provide a voice for progressive Muslims who believed were unrepresented by existing faith organisations. Its politics were seen to favour collaboration between Muslim and non-Muslim cultures in Britain.
As of March 2012, the organisation appeared to be defunct.
References
^ Nahid Afrose Kabir (14 March 2012). Young British Muslims. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 205–. ISBN 978-0-7486-8692-6.
^ Engin F. Isin (13 September 2013). Citizenship Between Past and Future. Routledge. pp. 119–. ISBN 978-1-317-99141-0.
^ "Farmida Bi: IBA profile". International Bar Association. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
^ Erik Bleich (13 September 2013). Muslims and the State in the Post-9/11 West. Routledge. pp. 146–. ISBN 978-1-317-98973-8.
^ "Companies House: PROGRESSIVE BRITISH MUSLIMS LIMITED". Companies House. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
External links
PBM's website (pbm.org.uk)
This article about an Islamic organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about an organisation in the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Islam"},{"link_name":"British Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Muslims"},{"link_name":"London terrorist attacks of 7 July 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings"},{"link_name":"Farmida Bi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmida_Bi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kabir2012-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Isin2013-2"},{"link_name":"progressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bleich2013-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Progressive British Muslims (PBM) was a group of Liberal British Muslims that formed following the London terrorist attacks of 7 July 2005. The organization was founded by Farmida Bi, a candidate for a parliamentary seat representing Mole Valley, three days after the attacks on 10 July 2005.[1][2]The organisation was founded to provide a voice for progressive Muslims who believed were unrepresented by existing faith organisations.[3] Its politics were seen to favour collaboration between Muslim and non-Muslim cultures in Britain.[4]As of March 2012, the organisation appeared to be defunct.[5]","title":"Progressive British Muslims"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Nahid Afrose Kabir (14 March 2012). Young British Muslims. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 205–. ISBN 978-0-7486-8692-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GRPsAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT205","url_text":"Young British Muslims"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-8692-6","url_text":"978-0-7486-8692-6"}]},{"reference":"Engin F. Isin (13 September 2013). Citizenship Between Past and Future. Routledge. pp. 119–. ISBN 978-1-317-99141-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PRTcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA119","url_text":"Citizenship Between Past and Future"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-99141-0","url_text":"978-1-317-99141-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Farmida Bi: IBA profile\". International Bar Association. Retrieved 18 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibanet.org/Article/Detail.aspx?ArticleUid=ca7ca6d7-2e3a-4b3c-b346-89c9113525cf","url_text":"\"Farmida Bi: IBA profile\""}]},{"reference":"Erik Bleich (13 September 2013). Muslims and the State in the Post-9/11 West. Routledge. pp. 146–. ISBN 978-1-317-98973-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CR_dAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA146","url_text":"Muslims and the State in the Post-9/11 West"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-98973-8","url_text":"978-1-317-98973-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Companies House: PROGRESSIVE BRITISH MUSLIMS LIMITED\". Companies House. Retrieved 18 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://wck2.companieshouse.gov.uk/5140f5ebaa20ec58d7d7a4c8e1fa8268/compdetails","url_text":"\"Companies House: PROGRESSIVE BRITISH MUSLIMS LIMITED\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GRPsAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT205","external_links_name":"Young British Muslims"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PRTcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA119","external_links_name":"Citizenship Between Past and Future"},{"Link":"http://www.ibanet.org/Article/Detail.aspx?ArticleUid=ca7ca6d7-2e3a-4b3c-b346-89c9113525cf","external_links_name":"\"Farmida Bi: IBA profile\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CR_dAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA146","external_links_name":"Muslims and the State in the Post-9/11 West"},{"Link":"http://wck2.companieshouse.gov.uk/5140f5ebaa20ec58d7d7a4c8e1fa8268/compdetails","external_links_name":"\"Companies House: PROGRESSIVE BRITISH MUSLIMS LIMITED\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080828181845/http://www.pbm.org.uk/","external_links_name":"PBM's website (pbm.org.uk)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Progressive_British_Muslims&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Progressive_British_Muslims&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogaloo_Joe_Jones
|
Boogaloo Joe Jones
|
["1 Discography","1.1 As leader","1.2 As sideman","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Boogaloo Joe JonesBirth nameIvan Joseph JonesBorn (1940-11-01) November 1, 1940 (age 83)United StatesGenresJazzOccupation(s)MusicianInstrument(s)GuitarLabelsPrestigeMusical artist
Ivan Joseph Jones (born November 1, 1940), known professionally as Joe Jones or Boogaloo Joe Jones, is an American jazz guitarist.
Discography
His song, Brown Bag, currently has 1 544 936 streams on Spotify as of 11 April 2024.
As leader
Introducing the Psychedelic Soul Jazz Guitar of Joe Jones (Prestige PR 7557, 1968; reissued on BGP/Ace in 1993)
My Fire! More of the Psychedelic Soul Jazz Guitar of Joe Jones (Prestige PR 7613, 1968; reissued on BGP/Ace in 1993)
Boogaloo Joe (Prestige PR 7697, 1969) -with Rusty Bryant, Sonny Phillips
Right On Brother (Prestige PR 7766, 1970) -with Rusty Bryant, Charles Earland
No Way! (Prestige PR 10004, 1971) -with Grover Washington Jr., Sonny Phillips, Butch Cornell
What It Is (Prestige PR 10035, 1971) -with Grover Washington Jr., Butch Cornell
Snake Rhythm Rock (Prestige PR 10056, 1973; reissued on BGP/Ace in 1992) -with Rusty Bryant, Butch Cornell
Black Whip (Prestige PR 10072, 1973; reissued on BGP/Ace in 1992)
Sweetback (Joka LPN 6007, 1976; reissued on Luv N' Haight/Ubiquity in 1995)
Legends Of Acid Jazz: Boogaloo Joe Jones (Prestige, 1996) (compilation of Boogaloo Joe + Right On Brother)
Legends Of Acid Jazz: Boogaloo Joe Jones, Vol. 2 (Prestige, 1998) (compilation of No Way! + What It Is)
As sideman
With Rusty Bryant
Night Train Now! (Prestige PR 7735)
With Billy Hawks
The New Genius of the Blues (Prestige PR 7501)
With Richard "Groove" Holmes
Spicy! (Prestige PR 7493)
With Willis Jackson
Gatorade (Prestige MPP 2516, 1971 )
The Gator Horn (Muse MR 5146, 1977)
Lockin' Horns (Muse MR 5200, 1978 )
With Harold Mabern
Greasy Kid Stuff! (Prestige PR 7764)
With Houston Person
Soul Dance! (Prestige PR 7621)
With Sonny Phillips
Sure 'Nuff (Prestige PR 7737)
References
^ Cook, Richard (2003-05-25). Blue Note Records: the biography. Justin, Charles & Co. pp. 213–. ISBN 978-1-932112-10-8. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
^ "The Punishment Fits the Clime". Schenectady Gazette. August 27, 1982. p. 32. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
External links
Ivan 'Boogaloo' Joe Jones discography at Discogs
vteBoogaloo Joe JonesStudio albums
Introducing the Psychedelic Soul Jazz Guitar of Joe Jones (1968)
My Fire! (1968)
Boogaloo Joe (1969)
Right On Brother (1970)
No Way! (1971)
What It Is (1971)
Snake Rhythm Rock (1973)
Black Whip (1973)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Italy
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"guitarist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitarist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cook2003-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Musical artistIvan Joseph Jones (born November 1, 1940), known professionally as Joe Jones or Boogaloo Joe Jones, is an American jazz guitarist.[1][2]","title":"Boogaloo Joe Jones"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"His song, Brown Bag, currently has 1 544 936 streams on Spotify as of 11 April 2024.","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Introducing the Psychedelic Soul Jazz Guitar of Joe Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introducing_the_Psychedelic_Soul_Jazz_Guitar_of_Joe_Jones"},{"link_name":"Prestige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestige_Records"},{"link_name":"Ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ace_Records_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"My Fire!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Fire!"},{"link_name":"Boogaloo Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogaloo_Joe"},{"link_name":"Rusty Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusty_Bryant"},{"link_name":"Sonny Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Phillips"},{"link_name":"Right On Brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_On_Brother"},{"link_name":"Charles Earland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Earland"},{"link_name":"No Way!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Way!"},{"link_name":"Grover Washington Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Washington_Jr."},{"link_name":"Butch Cornell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butch_Cornell"},{"link_name":"What It Is","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_It_Is_(Boogaloo_Joe_Jones_album)"},{"link_name":"Snake Rhythm Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_Rhythm_Rock"},{"link_name":"Black Whip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Whip"},{"link_name":"Ubiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquity_Records"}],"sub_title":"As leader","text":"Introducing the Psychedelic Soul Jazz Guitar of Joe Jones [AKA The Mindbender] (Prestige PR 7557, 1968; reissued on BGP/Ace in 1993)\nMy Fire! More of the Psychedelic Soul Jazz Guitar of Joe Jones (Prestige PR 7613, 1968; reissued on BGP/Ace in 1993)\nBoogaloo Joe (Prestige PR 7697, 1969) -with Rusty Bryant, Sonny Phillips\nRight On Brother (Prestige PR 7766, 1970) -with Rusty Bryant, Charles Earland\nNo Way! (Prestige PR 10004, 1971) -with Grover Washington Jr., Sonny Phillips, Butch Cornell\nWhat It Is (Prestige PR 10035, 1971) -with Grover Washington Jr., Butch Cornell\nSnake Rhythm Rock (Prestige PR 10056, 1973; reissued on BGP/Ace in 1992) -with Rusty Bryant, Butch Cornell\nBlack Whip (Prestige PR 10072, 1973; reissued on BGP/Ace in 1992)\nSweetback (Joka LPN 6007, 1976; reissued on Luv N' Haight/Ubiquity in 1995)\nLegends Of Acid Jazz: Boogaloo Joe Jones (Prestige, 1996) (compilation of Boogaloo Joe + Right On Brother)\nLegends Of Acid Jazz: Boogaloo Joe Jones, Vol. 2 (Prestige, 1998) (compilation of No Way! + What It Is)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rusty Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusty_Bryant"},{"link_name":"Night Train Now!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Train_Now!"},{"link_name":"Billy Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Hawks"},{"link_name":"The New Genius of the Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_New_Genius_of_the_Blues&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Richard \"Groove\" Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_%22Groove%22_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Spicy!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spicy!"},{"link_name":"Willis Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_Jackson_(saxophonist)"},{"link_name":"Gatorade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatorade_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Gator Horn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gator_Horn"},{"link_name":"Harold Mabern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Mabern"},{"link_name":"Greasy Kid Stuff!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greasy_Kid_Stuff!"},{"link_name":"Houston Person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Person"},{"link_name":"Soul Dance!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_Dance!"},{"link_name":"Sonny Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Phillips"},{"link_name":"Sure 'Nuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sure_%27Nuff"}],"sub_title":"As sideman","text":"With Rusty BryantNight Train Now! (Prestige PR 7735)With Billy HawksThe New Genius of the Blues (Prestige PR 7501)With Richard \"Groove\" HolmesSpicy! (Prestige PR 7493)With Willis JacksonGatorade (Prestige MPP 2516, 1971 [rel. 1982])\nThe Gator Horn (Muse MR 5146, 1977)\nLockin' Horns (Muse MR 5200, 1978 [rel. 1981])With Harold MabernGreasy Kid Stuff! (Prestige PR 7764)With Houston PersonSoul Dance! (Prestige PR 7621)With Sonny PhillipsSure 'Nuff (Prestige PR 7737)","title":"Discography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Cook, Richard (2003-05-25). Blue Note Records: the biography. Justin, Charles & Co. pp. 213–. ISBN 978-1-932112-10-8. Retrieved 15 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bluenoterecordsb00cook_0","url_text":"Blue Note Records: the biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Justin,_Charles_%26_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Justin, Charles & Co."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bluenoterecordsb00cook_0/page/213","url_text":"213"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932112-10-8","url_text":"978-1-932112-10-8"}]},{"reference":"\"The Punishment Fits the Clime\". Schenectady Gazette. August 27, 1982. p. 32. Retrieved 15 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vwwhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VXMFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3975,3726780&dq=boogaloo-joe+guitar&hl=en","url_text":"\"The Punishment Fits the Clime\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bluenoterecordsb00cook_0","external_links_name":"Blue Note Records: the biography"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bluenoterecordsb00cook_0/page/213","external_links_name":"213"},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vwwhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VXMFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3975,3726780&dq=boogaloo-joe+guitar&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"The Punishment Fits the Clime\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/16877","external_links_name":"Ivan 'Boogaloo' Joe Jones"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000119050284","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/163621122","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtGX4hJ6PCYVc8YTvfg8C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13995650d","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13995650d","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/135148774","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/nome/DDSV229929","external_links_name":"Italy"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n95034061","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/3db75bcd-2a2c-4adc-a985-0d09ef924266","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactylorhiza_hatagirea
|
Dactylorhiza hatagirea
|
["1 Uses","2 Habitat","3 Endangered","4 References"]
|
Species of plant
Dactylorhiza hatagirea
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Monocots
Order:
Asparagales
Family:
Orchidaceae
Subfamily:
Orchidoideae
Genus:
Dactylorhiza
Species:
D. hatagirea
Binomial name
Dactylorhiza hatagirea(D.Don) Soó
Dactylorhiza hatagirea is a species of orchid generally found growing in the Himalayas, from Pakistan to SE Tibet, at altitudes of 2,800–4,000 metres (9,200–13,100 ft). It is locally called 'salam panja' or 'hatta haddi'. It is called 'panchaule' (पाँचऔंले) in Nepali and Himalayan regions. The name 'panchaule' (meaning 5 fingered hand) arises from its root resembling fingers of hand with around 3-5 fingers. It is an erect perennial herb with long flowering stems. The plant is well known for its medicinal value. The root has sweet taste. It is strictly prohibited for collection and sale, but can be found easily around Nepal. It costs around NRs. 10,000-15,000 per kilo as of late 2015.
Uses
The juice extracted from tuber is used as a tonic and also used for the treatment of pyorrhea (inflammation of the gum and teeth). Root paste is externally applied as a poultice on cuts and wounds and extract is given in intestinal disorders. The term hatta haddi means a root (jadi) resembling a hand (hatta or hath).
Habitat
As it is highly traded in the name of 'panchaule' or 'salampanja' and found in wild, is being unscientifically collected for its commercial importance. Dactylorhiza hatagirea is native of the Himalaya. It is found throughout from west to east at temperate to subalpine biocliates within 2800 – 4000 m altitude. Flowers spotted rosy-purple in a terminal spike, borne on a robust leafy stem. It has palmately lobed root tubers, grows well in moist places, open areas, shrub land and open meadows.
Endangered
Dactylorhiza hatagirea is endemic to the Hindu- Kush Himalaya. It is categorized as endangered in CAMP Pokhara (2001) conservation list, and strictly banned for collection, utilization and sale (strictly protected species list I GoN, 2001, 2005), and listed in appendix II for control trading (CITES – 1974). Flowers in June–July. Roots are tuberous, divided into 2 or 3 lobes.
References
^ Vij SP, Srivastav RC, Mainra AK. On the occurrence of Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) Soo in Sikkim, Orhid News, 1992; 8-9, 14-15.
^ Rawat GS.Alpine meadows of Uttaranchal: Ecology, Landuse and Status of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Publication, Dehradun, India: 2005
^ Bhatt A, Joshi SK, Garola S. Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) soo- a west Himalayan Orchid in peril, curr.sci. 2005; 89,610-612.
^ "Dactylorhiza hatagirea. Himalayan Marsh Orchid". Flowers of India.
Taxon identifiersDactylorhiza hatagirea
Wikidata: Q5207808
ARKive: dactylorhiza-hatagirea
CoL: 33WLG
EoL: 1093162
FNA: 242421813
FoC: 242421813
GBIF: 2810884
iNaturalist: 898061
IPNI: 626614-1
IUCN: 184558707
NCBI: 1219355
Open Tree of Life: 3971505
Plant List: kew-55324
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:626614-1
Species+: 78291
Tropicos: 50013110
WFO: wfo-0000936626
Orchis hatagirea
Wikidata: Q39339675
CoL: 7XR9D
GBIF: 2810886
IPNI: 648695-1
NCBI: 2942076
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:648695-1
Tropicos: 50016229
WFO: wfo-0000259338
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paanch_aaule.jpg"}],"text":"Dactylorhiza hatagirea is a species of orchid generally found growing in the Himalayas, from Pakistan to SE Tibet, at altitudes of 2,800–4,000 metres (9,200–13,100 ft). It is locally called 'salam panja' or 'hatta haddi'. It is called 'panchaule' (पाँचऔंले) in Nepali and Himalayan regions. The name 'panchaule' (meaning 5 fingered hand) arises from its root resembling fingers of hand with around 3-5 fingers. It is an erect perennial herb with long flowering stems. The plant is well known for its medicinal value. The root has sweet taste. It is strictly prohibited for collection and sale, but can be found easily around Nepal. It costs around NRs. 10,000-15,000 per kilo as of late 2015.","title":"Dactylorhiza hatagirea"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The juice extracted from tuber is used as a tonic and also used for the treatment of pyorrhea (inflammation of the gum and teeth). Root paste is externally applied as a poultice on cuts and wounds and extract is given in intestinal disorders. The term hatta haddi means a root (jadi) resembling a hand (hatta or hath).","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As it is highly traded in the name of 'panchaule' or 'salampanja' and found in wild, is being unscientifically collected for its commercial importance. Dactylorhiza hatagirea is native of the Himalaya. It is found throughout from west to east at temperate to subalpine biocliates within 2800 – 4000 m altitude. Flowers spotted rosy-purple in a terminal spike, borne on a robust leafy stem. It has palmately lobed root tubers, grows well in moist places, open areas, shrub land and open meadows.","title":"Habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Dactylorhiza hatagirea is endemic to the Hindu- Kush Himalaya. It is categorized as endangered in CAMP Pokhara (2001) conservation list, and strictly banned for collection, utilization and sale (strictly protected species list I GoN, 2001, 2005), and listed in appendix II for control trading (CITES – 1974).[1][2][3] Flowers in June–July. Roots are tuberous, divided into 2 or 3 lobes.[4]","title":"Endangered"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Paanch_aaule.jpg/220px-Paanch_aaule.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Dactylorhiza hatagirea. Himalayan Marsh Orchid\". Flowers of India.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Himalayan%20Marsh%20Orchid.html","url_text":"\"Dactylorhiza hatagirea. Himalayan Marsh Orchid\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Himalayan%20Marsh%20Orchid.html","external_links_name":"\"Dactylorhiza hatagirea. Himalayan Marsh Orchid\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/dactylorhiza-hatagirea/","external_links_name":"dactylorhiza-hatagirea"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/33WLG","external_links_name":"33WLG"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/1093162","external_links_name":"1093162"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242421813","external_links_name":"242421813"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242421813","external_links_name":"242421813"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2810884","external_links_name":"2810884"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/898061","external_links_name":"898061"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/626614-1","external_links_name":"626614-1"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/184558707","external_links_name":"184558707"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1219355","external_links_name":"1219355"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3971505","external_links_name":"3971505"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-55324","external_links_name":"kew-55324"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A626614-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:626614-1"},{"Link":"https://speciesplus.net/#/taxon_concepts/78291","external_links_name":"78291"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/50013110","external_links_name":"50013110"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000936626","external_links_name":"wfo-0000936626"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7XR9D","external_links_name":"7XR9D"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2810886","external_links_name":"2810886"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/648695-1","external_links_name":"648695-1"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=2942076","external_links_name":"2942076"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A648695-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:648695-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/50016229","external_links_name":"50016229"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000259338","external_links_name":"wfo-0000259338"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megavoltage
|
Megavoltage X-rays
|
["1 History","2 See also","3 References"]
|
High energy (>1MeV) X-rays
Megavoltage X-raysEarly megavolt x-ray machine installed at Los Angeles Institute of Radiotherapy, 1938. Before linacs, high voltage x-ray tubes (left column) powered by million volt transformers (right column) were used to produce penetrating x-raysICD-992.24
Megavoltage X-rays are produced by linear accelerators ("linacs") operating at voltages in excess of 1000 kV (1 MV) range, and therefore have an energy in the MeV range. The voltage in this case refers to the voltage used to accelerate electrons in the linear accelerator and indicates the maximum possible energy of the photons which are subsequently produced. They are used in medicine in external beam radiotherapy to treat neoplasms, cancer and tumors. Beams with a voltage range of 4-25 MV are used to treat deeply buried cancers because radiation oncologists find that they penetrate well to deep sites within the body. Lower energy x-rays, called orthovoltage X-rays, are used to treat cancers closer to the surface.
Megavoltage x-rays are preferred for the treatment of deep lying tumours as they are attenuated less than lower energy photons, and will penetrate further, with a lower skin dose. Megavoltage X-rays also have lower relative biological effectiveness than orthovoltage x-rays. These properties help to make megavoltage x-rays the most common beam energies typically used for radiotherapy in modern techniques such as IMRT.
History
The Use of megavoltage x-rays for treatment first became widespread with the use of Cobalt-60 machines in the 1950s. However prior to this other devices had been capable of producing megavoltage radiation, including the 1930s Van de Graaff generator and betatron.
See also
Orthovoltage X-rays
External beam radiotherapy
References
^ Podgorsak, E B (2005). "Treatment Machines for External Beam Radiotherapy". Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency. p. 125. ISBN 92-0-107304-6.
^ Camphausen KA, Lawrence RC. "Principles of Radiation Therapy" in Pazdur R, Wagman LD, Camphausen KA, Hoskins WJ (Eds) Cancer Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach. 11 ed. 2008.
^ Herrmann, Joerg (2016). Clinical Cardio-oncology. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 81. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-44227-5.00003-X. ISBN 9780323462396.
^ Buzdar, SA; Rao, MA; Nazir, A (2009). "An analysis of depth dose characteristics of photon in water". Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad. 21 (4): 41–5. PMID 21067022.
^ Sixel, Katharina E. (1999). "Buildup region and depth of dose maximum of megavoltage x-ray beams". Medical Physics. 21 (3): 411. Bibcode:1994MedPh..21..411S. doi:10.1118/1.597305.
^ Pazdur, Richard (2005). "Principles of radiation therapy". Cancer management : a multidisciplinary approach : medical, surgical, & radiation oncology (9th ed., 2005-2006. ed.). New York: Oncology Group. ISBN 9781891483356.
^ Amols, H. I.; Lagueux, B.; Cagna, D. (January 1986). "Radiobiological Effectiveness (RBE) of Megavoltage X-Ray and Electron Beams in Radiotherapy". Radiation Research. 105 (1): 58. Bibcode:1986RadR..105...58A. doi:10.2307/3576725.
^ Levitt, Seymour H. Levitt; Purdy, James A; Perez, Carlos A; Poortmans, Philip (2012). "Physics of Radiotherapy Planning and Delivery". Technical basis of radiation therapy practical clinical applications (5th ed.). Heidelberg: Springer. p. 96. ISBN 9783642115721.
^ Robison, Roger F. (8 July 2009). "The Race For Megavoltage X-Rays Versus Telegamma". Acta Oncologica. 34 (8): 1055–1074. doi:10.3109/02841869509127233.
^ Halperin, Edward C; Perez, Carlos A; Brady, Luther W (2008). Perez and Brady's principles and practice of radiation oncology (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 150. ISBN 9780781763691.
^ Trump, John G.; van de Graaff, R. J. (15 June 1939). "A Compact Pressure-Insulated Electrostatic X-Ray Generator". Physical Review. 55 (12): 1160–1165. Bibcode:1939PhRv...55.1160T. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.55.1160.
^ Kerst, D. W. (February 1943). "The Betatron". Radiology. 40 (2): 115–119. doi:10.1148/40.2.115.
vteRadiation oncologySpecifictherapiesTeletherapy1by photon
Superficial X-rays
Orthovoltage X-rays
Megavoltage X-rays
Radiosurgery / Stereotactic radiation therapy
Cyberknife
Gamma Knife
Cobalt therapy
by electron
Electron therapy
by hadron
Particle therapy
fast neutron
neutron-capture
proton
Brachytherapy2
Prostate
125I
103Pd
Plaque radiotherapy (125I)
Selective internal radiation therapy / SIR-Spheres / TheraSphere (90Y)
Unsealed sourceradiotherapy3
Iobenguane (131I)
90Y
Lexidronam (153Sm)
89Sr
Radioimmunotherapy
ibritumomab tiuxetan
Other
Intraoperative radiation therapy
electron
TARGIT
Tomotherapy
Conditions
Radiation burn
Radiation proctitis
Radiation-induced lung injury
Bystander effect
Abscopal effect
Features andequipment
BEAMnrc
Bolus
Bragg peak
D50
Dose profile
Dose verification system
Dose-volume histogram
Dosimetry
Isocenter
Mobetron
Monitor unit
Multileaf collimator
Nanoimpellers
Neutron generator
Oxygen enhancement ratio
Pencil
Pencil-beam scanning
Percentage depth dose curve
Radiation oncologist
Radiation Therapist
Radiation treatment planning
Radiopharmacology
Tissue to Air Ratio (TAR)
1 Also known as external-beam radiotherapy.
2 Also known as sealed-source radiation therapy.
3 Also known as systemic radioisotope therapy.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"linear accelerators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_accelerator"},{"link_name":"voltages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage"},{"link_name":"kV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt"},{"link_name":"energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy"},{"link_name":"MeV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeV"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"external beam radiotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_beam_radiotherapy"},{"link_name":"neoplasms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasm"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"tumors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor"},{"link_name":"radiation oncologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_oncologist"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"orthovoltage X-rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthovoltage_X-rays"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"relative biological effectiveness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_biological_effectiveness"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"IMRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMRT"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"High energy (>1MeV) X-raysMegavoltage X-rays are produced by linear accelerators (\"linacs\") operating at voltages in excess of 1000 kV (1 MV) range, and therefore have an energy in the MeV range. The voltage in this case refers to the voltage used to accelerate electrons in the linear accelerator and indicates the maximum possible energy of the photons which are subsequently produced.[1] They are used in medicine in external beam radiotherapy to treat neoplasms, cancer and tumors. Beams with a voltage range of 4-25 MV are used to treat deeply buried cancers because radiation oncologists find that they penetrate well to deep sites within the body.[2] Lower energy x-rays, called orthovoltage X-rays, are used to treat cancers closer to the surface.[3]Megavoltage x-rays are preferred for the treatment of deep lying tumours as they are attenuated less than lower energy photons, and will penetrate further, with a lower skin dose.[4][5][6] Megavoltage X-rays also have lower relative biological effectiveness than orthovoltage x-rays.[7] These properties help to make megavoltage x-rays the most common beam energies typically used for radiotherapy in modern techniques such as IMRT.[8]","title":"Megavoltage X-rays"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cobalt-60 machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt_therapy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Van de Graaff generator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_de_Graaff_generator"},{"link_name":"betatron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betatron"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The Use of megavoltage x-rays for treatment first became widespread with the use of Cobalt-60 machines in the 1950s.[9] However prior to this other devices had been capable of producing megavoltage radiation, including the 1930s Van de Graaff generator and betatron.[10][11][12]","title":"History"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Orthovoltage X-rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthovoltage_X-rays"},{"title":"External beam radiotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_beam_radiotherapy"}]
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[{"reference":"Podgorsak, E B (2005). \"Treatment Machines for External Beam Radiotherapy\". Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency. p. 125. ISBN 92-0-107304-6.","urls":[{"url":"http://www-pub.iaea.org/books/iaeabooks/7086/Radiation-Oncology-Physics-A-Handbook-for-Teachers-and-Students","url_text":"Radiation Oncology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-0-107304-6","url_text":"92-0-107304-6"}]},{"reference":"Herrmann, Joerg (2016). Clinical Cardio-oncology. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 81. doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-44227-5.00003-X. ISBN 9780323462396.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KWtjDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT81","url_text":"Clinical Cardio-oncology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-323-44227-5.00003-X","url_text":"10.1016/B978-0-323-44227-5.00003-X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780323462396","url_text":"9780323462396"}]},{"reference":"Buzdar, SA; Rao, MA; Nazir, A (2009). \"An analysis of depth dose characteristics of photon in water\". Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad. 21 (4): 41–5. PMID 21067022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21067022","url_text":"21067022"}]},{"reference":"Sixel, Katharina E. (1999). \"Buildup region and depth of dose maximum of megavoltage x-ray beams\". Medical Physics. 21 (3): 411. Bibcode:1994MedPh..21..411S. doi:10.1118/1.597305.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994MedPh..21..411S","url_text":"1994MedPh..21..411S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1118%2F1.597305","url_text":"10.1118/1.597305"}]},{"reference":"Pazdur, Richard (2005). \"Principles of radiation therapy\". Cancer management : a multidisciplinary approach : medical, surgical, & radiation oncology (9th ed., 2005-2006. ed.). New York: Oncology Group. ISBN 9781891483356.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781891483356","url_text":"9781891483356"}]},{"reference":"Amols, H. I.; Lagueux, B.; Cagna, D. (January 1986). \"Radiobiological Effectiveness (RBE) of Megavoltage X-Ray and Electron Beams in Radiotherapy\". Radiation Research. 105 (1): 58. Bibcode:1986RadR..105...58A. doi:10.2307/3576725.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986RadR..105...58A","url_text":"1986RadR..105...58A"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3576725","url_text":"10.2307/3576725"}]},{"reference":"Levitt, Seymour H. Levitt; Purdy, James A; Perez, Carlos A; Poortmans, Philip (2012). \"Physics of Radiotherapy Planning and Delivery\". Technical basis of radiation therapy practical clinical applications (5th ed.). Heidelberg: Springer. p. 96. ISBN 9783642115721.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642115721","url_text":"9783642115721"}]},{"reference":"Robison, Roger F. (8 July 2009). \"The Race For Megavoltage X-Rays Versus Telegamma\". Acta Oncologica. 34 (8): 1055–1074. doi:10.3109/02841869509127233.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3109%2F02841869509127233","url_text":"\"The Race For Megavoltage X-Rays Versus Telegamma\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3109%2F02841869509127233","url_text":"10.3109/02841869509127233"}]},{"reference":"Halperin, Edward C; Perez, Carlos A; Brady, Luther W (2008). Perez and Brady's principles and practice of radiation oncology (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 150. ISBN 9780781763691.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780781763691","url_text":"9780781763691"}]},{"reference":"Trump, John G.; van de Graaff, R. J. (15 June 1939). \"A Compact Pressure-Insulated Electrostatic X-Ray Generator\". Physical Review. 55 (12): 1160–1165. Bibcode:1939PhRv...55.1160T. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.55.1160.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1939PhRv...55.1160T","url_text":"1939PhRv...55.1160T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.55.1160","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRev.55.1160"}]},{"reference":"Kerst, D. W. (February 1943). \"The Betatron\". Radiology. 40 (2): 115–119. doi:10.1148/40.2.115.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1148%2F40.2.115","url_text":"10.1148/40.2.115"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Nationalists
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Francoist Spain
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["1 Establishment","2 Government","3 Armed forces","4 Colonial empire and decolonisation","5 Francoism","5.1 Development","5.2 Fascism and authoritarianism","5.3 Spanish nationalism","5.4 Roman Catholicism","5.5 Women in Francoist Spain","5.6 Francoist influence in Chile","6 Narrative of the Civil War","7 Media","8 Economic policy","9 Legacy","10 Flags and heraldry","10.1 Flags","10.2 Standards","10.3 Coat of arms","11 See also","12 Notes","13 References","13.1 Sources","14 Further reading","15 External links"]
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Coordinates: 40°31′17″N 03°46′30″W / 40.52139°N 3.77500°W / 40.52139; -3.775001936–1975 period of Spain under the rule of Francisco Franco
"Spanish State" redirects here. For the current Spanish state, see Spain.
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Spanish StateEstado Español (Spanish)1936–1975
Flag(1945–1977)
Coat of arms(1945–1977)
Motto: Una, Grande y Libre("One, Great and Free")Plus Ultra("Further Beyond")Anthem: Marcha Granadera("Grenadier March") Territories and colonies of the Spanish State:
Spain, Ifni, Western Sahara and Guinea
Protectorate in Morocco
Tangier International Zone
Capitaland largest cityMadridOfficial languagesSpanishReligion Catholicism (official); under the doctrine ofNational CatholicismDemonym(s)Spanish, SpaniardGovernmentUnitary Francoist one-party personalist dictatorshipCaudillo • 1936–1975 Francisco Franco
Prime Minister • 1938–1973 Francisco Franco• 1973 Luis Carrero Blanco• 1973–1975 Carlos Arias Navarro
Prince • 1969–1975 Juan Carlos I
LegislatureCortes EspañolasHistorical eraInterwar period • World War II • Cold War• Civil War 17 July 1936• Nationalist victory 1 April 1939• Succession law 6 July 1947• UN membership 14 December 1955• Organic Law 1 January 1967• Franco's death 20 November 1975
Area1940856,045 km2 (330,521 sq mi)Population• 1940 25,877,971
CurrencySpanish pesetaCalling code+34
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Nationalist faction
Second Spanish Republic
Spanish transition to democracy
Today part ofEquatorial GuineaMoroccoSpainWestern Sahara
^ In wartime, Salamanca served as the de facto Nationalist capital and centre of power, while administrative functions were moved to Burgos.
Francoist Spain (Spanish: España franquista), also known as the Francoist dictatorship (dictadura franquista), was the period of Spanish history between 1936 and 1975, when Francisco Franco ruled Spain after the Spanish Civil War with the title Caudillo. After his death in 1975 due to a heart attack, Spain transitioned into a democracy. During this time period, Spain was officially known as the Spanish State (Estado Español).
The nature of the regime evolved and changed during its existence. Months after the start of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936, Franco emerged as the dominant rebel military leader and was proclaimed head of state on 1 October 1936, ruling a dictatorship over the territory controlled by the Nationalist faction. The 1937 Unification Decree, which merged all parties supporting the rebel side, led to Nationalist Spain becoming a single-party regime under the FET y de las JONS. The end of the war in 1939 brought the extension of the Franco rule to the whole country and the exile of Republican institutions. The Francoist dictatorship originally took a form described as "fascistized dictatorship", or "semi-fascist regime", showing clear influence of fascism in fields such as labor relations, the autarkic economic policy, aesthetics, and the single-party system. As time went on, the regime opened up and became closer to developmental dictatorships, although it always preserved residual fascist trappings.
During the Second World War, Spain did not join the Axis powers (its supporters from the civil war, Italy and Germany). Nevertheless, Spain supported them in various ways throughout most of the war while maintaining its neutrality as an official policy of "non-belligerence". Because of this, Spain was isolated by many other countries for nearly a decade after World War II, while its autarkic economy, still trying to recover from the civil war, suffered from chronic depression. The 1947 Law of Succession made Spain a de jure kingdom again, but defined Franco as the head of state for life with the power to choose the person to become King of Spain and his successor.
Reforms were implemented in the 1950s and Spain abandoned autarky, reassigned authority from the Falangist movement, which had been prone to isolationism, to a new breed of economists, the technocrats of Opus Dei. This led to massive economic growth, second only to Japan, that lasted until the mid-1970s, known as the "Spanish miracle". During the 1950s the regime also changed from being openly totalitarian and using severe repression to an authoritarian system with limited pluralism and economic freedom. As a result of these reforms, Spain was allowed to join the United Nations in 1955 and during the Cold War Franco was one of Europe's foremost anti-communist figures: his regime was assisted by the Western powers, particularly the United States. Franco died in 1975 at the age of 82. He restored the monarchy before his death and made his successor King Juan Carlos I, who would lead the Spanish transition to democracy.
Establishment
See also: Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)
On 1 October 1936, Franco was formally recognised as Caudillo of Spain—the Spanish equivalent of the Italian Duce and the German Führer—by the Junta de Defensa Nacional (National Defense Junta), which governed the territories occupied by the Nationalists. In April 1937, Franco assumed control of the Falange Española de las JONS, then led by Manuel Hedilla, who had succeeded José Antonio Primo de Rivera, who was executed in November 1936 by the Republican government. He merged it with the Carlist Comunión Tradicionalista to form the Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS. The sole legal party of Francoist Spain, it was the main component of the Movimiento Nacional (National Movement). The Falangists were concentrated at local government and grassroot level, entrusted with harnessing the Civil War's momentum of mass mobilisation through their auxiliaries and trade unions by collecting denunciations of enemy residents and recruiting workers into the trade unions. While there were prominent Falangists at a senior government level, especially before the late 1940s, there were higher concentrations of monarchists, military officials and other traditional conservative factions at those levels. However, the Falange remained the sole party.
The Francoists took control of Spain through a comprehensive and methodical war of attrition (guerra de desgaste) which involved the imprisonment and executions of Spaniards found guilty of supporting the values promoted by the Republic: regional autonomy, liberal or social democracy, free elections, socialist leanings, and women's rights, including the vote. The right-wing considered these "enemy elements" to comprise an "anti-Spain" that was the product of Bolsheviks and a "Judeo-Masonic conspiracy". The latter allegation pre-dated Falangism, having evolved after the Reconquista of the Iberian Peninsula from the Islamic Moors. Falangist founder, Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera, had a more tolerant position than the national socialists in Germany. This was influenced by the small size of the Jewish community in Spain at the time that did not favor the development of strong antisemitism. Primo de Rivera saw the solution to the "Jewish problem" in Spain as simple: the conversion of Jews to Catholicism.
At the end of the Spanish Civil War, according to the regime's own figures there were more than 270,000 men and women held in prisons and some 500,000 had fled into exile. Large numbers of those captured were returned to Spain or interned in Nazi concentration camps as stateless enemies. Between six and seven thousand exiles from Spain died in Mauthausen. It has been estimated that more than 200,000 Spaniards died in the first years of the dictatorship from 1940 to 1942 as a result of political persecution, hunger and disease related to the conflict.
Spain's strong ties with the Axis resulted in its international ostracism in the early years following World War II as Spain was not a founding member of the United Nations and did not become a member until 1955. This changed with the Cold War that soon followed the end of hostilities in 1945, in the face of which Franco's strong anti-communism naturally tilted its regime to ally with the United States. Independent political parties and trade unions were banned throughout the duration of the dictatorship. Nevertheless, once decrees for economic stabilisation were put forth by the late 1950s, the way was opened for massive foreign investment—"a watershed in post-war economic, social and ideological normalisation leading to extraordinarily rapid economic growth"—that marked Spain's "participation in the Europe-wide post-war economic normality centred on mass consumption and consensus, in contrast to the concurrent reality of the Soviet bloc".
On 26 July 1947, Spain was declared a kingdom, but no monarch was designated until in 1969 Franco established Juan Carlos of Bourbon as his official heir-apparent. Franco was to be succeeded by Luis Carrero Blanco as Prime Minister with the intention of continuing the Francoist regime, but those hopes ended with his 1973 assassination by the Basque separatist group ETA. With the death of Franco on 20 November 1975, Juan Carlos became the King of Spain. He initiated the country's subsequent transition to democracy, ending with Spain becoming a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament and autonomous devolved governments.
Government
Further information: Movimiento Nacional
Francisco Franco and Adolf Hitler in Meeting at Hendaye, 1940
After Franco's victory in 1939, the Falange was declared the sole legally sanctioned political party in Spain and it asserted itself as the main component of the National Movement. In a state of emergency-like status, Franco ruled with, on paper, more power than any Spanish leader before or since. He was not even required to consult his cabinet for most legislation. According to historian Stanley G. Payne, Franco had more day-to-day power than Adolf Hitler or Joseph Stalin possessed at the respective heights of their power. Payne noted that Hitler and Stalin at least maintained rubber-stamp parliaments, while Franco dispensed with even that formality in the early years of his rule. According to Payne, the lack of even a rubber-stamp parliament made Franco's government "the most purely arbitrary in the world." The 100-member National Council of the Movement served as a makeshift legislature until the passing of the organic law of 1942 and the Ley Constitutiva de las Cortes (Constituent Law of the Cortes) the same year, which saw the grand opening of the Cortes Españolas on 18 July 1942.
The Organic Law made the executive government ultimately responsible for passing all laws, while defining the Cortes as a purely advisory body elected by neither direct nor universal suffrage. The Cortes had no power over government spending, and the government was not responsible for it; ministers were appointed and dismissed by Franco alone as the "Chief" of state and government. The Ley del Referendum Nacional (Law of the National Referendum), passed in 1945 approved for all "fundamental laws" to be approved by a popular referendum, in which only the heads of families could vote. Local municipal councils were appointed similarly by heads of families and local corporations through local municipal elections while mayors were appointed by the government. It was thus one of the most centralised countries in Europe and certainly the most centralised in Western Europe following the fall of the Portuguese Estado Novo in the Carnation Revolution.
Franco and U.S. President Gerald Ford riding in a ceremonial parade in Madrid, 1975
The referendum law was used twice during Franco's rule—in 1947, when a referendum revived the Spanish monarchy with Franco as de facto regent for life with sole right to appoint his successor; and in 1966, another referendum was held to approve a new "organic law", or constitution, supposedly limiting and clearly defining Franco's powers as well as formally creating the modern office of Prime Minister of Spain. By delaying the issue of republic versus monarchy for his 36-year dictatorship and by refusing to take up the throne himself in 1947, Franco sought to antagonise neither the monarchical Carlists (who preferred the restoration of a Bourbon) nor the republican "old shirts" (original Falangists). Franco ignored the claim to the throne of Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona, son of the last king, Alfonso XIII, who designated himself as his heir; Franco found him too liberal. In 1961, Franco offered Otto von Habsburg the throne, but was refused and ultimately followed Otto's recommendation by selecting in 1969 the young Juan Carlos of Bourbon, son of Infante Juan, as his officially designated heir to the throne, shortly after his 30th birthday (the minimum age required under the Law of Succession).
In 1973, due to old age and to lessen his burdens in governing Spain he resigned as Prime Minister and named Navy Admiral Luis Carrero Blanco to the said post, but Franco remained as the Chief of State, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and Jefe del Movimiento (Chief of the Movement). However, Carrero Blanco was assassinated in the same year and Carlos Arias Navarro became the country's new Prime Minister.
Armed forces
Armed forces in San Sebastián, 1942
During the first year of peace, Franco dramatically reduced the size of the Spanish Army—from almost one million at the end of the Civil War to 250,000 in early 1940, with most soldiers two-year conscripts. Concerns about the international situation, Spain's possible entry into World War II, and threats of invasion led him to undo some of these reductions. In November 1942, with the Allied landings in North Africa and the German occupation of France bringing hostilities closer than ever to Spain's border, Franco ordered a partial mobilization, bringing the army to over 750,000 men. The Air Force and Navy also grew in numbers and in budgets to 35,000 airmen and 25,000 sailors by 1945, although for fiscal reasons Franco had to restrain attempts by both services to undertake dramatic expansions. The army maintained a strength of about 400,000 men until the end of the Second World War.
Colonial empire and decolonisation
Main article: Spanish Empire
Further information: Spanish Guinea, Spanish West Africa, Spanish Sahara, and Spanish protectorate in Morocco
Spain attempted to retain control of the last remnants of its colonial empire throughout Franco's rule. During the Algerian War (1954–1962), Madrid became the base of the Organisation armée secrète right-wing French Army group which sought to preserve French Algeria. Despite this, Franco was forced to make some concessions. When the French protectorate in Morocco became independent in 1956, Spain surrendered its Spanish protectorate in Morocco to Mohammed V, retaining only a few exclaves, the Plazas de soberanía. The year after, Mohammed V invaded Spanish Sahara during the Ifni War (known as the "Forgotten War" in Spain). Only in 1975, with the Green March and the military occupation, did Morocco take control of all of the former Spanish territories in the Sahara.
In 1968, under United Nations pressure, Franco granted Spain's colony of Equatorial Guinea its independence and the next year ceded the exclave of Ifni to Morocco. Under Franco, Spain also pursued a campaign to gain sovereignty of the British overseas territory of Gibraltar and closed its border in 1969. The border would not be fully reopened until 1985.
Francoism
Not to be confused with Frankism.
Part of a series onFrancoismEagle of Saint John
Organizations
Movimiento Nacional
FET y de las JONS
Consejo del Reino
Organización Sindical Española
Frente de Juventudes
Sección Femenina
Tribunal de Orden Público
Instituto Nacional de Colonización
Instituto Nacional de Industria
Fuerzas Armadas de España
Cortes Españolas
Sindicato Español Universitario
Servicio Exterior de Falange
History
Spanish coup of July 1936
Spanish Civil War
White Terror
Francoist concentration camps
Spain during World War II
Spain and the Holocaust
First Francoism
Stabilization Plan
Spanish miracle
Assassination of Luis Carrero Blanco
Spanish transition to democracy
Ideology
Anti-communism
Anti-liberalism
Anti-Masonry
Anti-semitism
Authoritarianism
Falangism
Militarism
Monarchism
National Catholicism
Pan-Hispanism
Spanish irredentism
Spanish nationalism
Spanish unionism
Traditionalism
People
Francisco Franco
Luis Carrero Blanco
Carlos Arias Navarro
Juan Yagüe
Manuel Fraga
Blas Piñar
Torcuato Fernández-Miranda
Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta
Economy
Economy of Spain (1939-1959)
First Development Plan
Second Development Plan
Third Development Plan
Culture
Art and culture in Francoist Spain
Cantos nacionales • Cara al Sol • Censorship in Francoist Spain • DGCT • Eagle of Saint John • El Caudillo • El Generalísimo • Francoist mottos • Gender roles in Francoist Spain • No-Do • Revisionist historiography • Sociological Francoism • Symbols of Francoism • Yoke and arrows
Laws and referendums
Francoist electoral regime
Law of Political Responsibilities
Army Conscription and Replacement Law
Fundamental Laws of the Realm
Ley de Sucesión en la Jefatura del Estado
Organic Law of the State
Political Reform Act
1947 Spanish law of succession referendum
1966 Spanish organic law referendum
Neo-Francoism
Búnker
Francisco Franco National Foundation
New Force
National Alliance July 18
National Union (Spain)
23-F
Spanish Solidarity
Related topics
Blue Division
Carlo-francoism
Diplomatic relations
Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA)
Francoist language policies
Latin Bloc (proposed alliance)
Pact of Forgetting
Project Islero
Second Spanish Republic
Spanish Maquis
Valley of the Fallen
Category
Conservatism portal
Spain portalvte
Part of a series onFalangismYoke and arrows
Organizations
Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista
Falange Española
Falange Española de las JONS
Falanga National Radical Camp
Falange Filipina
Lebanese Phalanges
Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS
Bolivian Socialist Falange
Phalange Française
Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party
Falange Española de las JONS (Auténtica)
Falange Española de las JONS (1976)
Fuerza Nueva
Falange Española Independiente
National Alliance July 18
Falange Española Auténtica
Movimiento Falangista de España
National Union
Unidad Falangista Montañesa
National Front
National Falange
La Falange (1999)
Republican Social Movement
Falange Auténtica
History
Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista (1931–1934)
Falange Española (1933–1934)
Falange Española de las JONS (1934–1937)
Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)
Francoist Spain (1939–1975)
Ideology
National syndicalism
Fascism
Third Position
Spanish nationalism
Greater Spain
Hispanidad
Notable adherents
Ángel Alcázar de Velasco
Martín Almagro Basch
Nicasio Álvarez de Sotomayor
Juan Antonio Ansaldo
Agustín Aznar
Tomás Borrás
Sancho Dávila y Fernández de Celis
José Luis de Arrese
Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta
Rafael García Serrano
Alfonso García Valdecasas
Pierre Gemayel
José Antonio Girón
Manuel Hedilla
Ramiro Ledesma
Charles Luca
Gustavo Morales
Narciso Perales
José Antonio Primo de Rivera
Pilar Primo de Rivera
Onésimo Redondo
Dionisio Ridruejo
Luis Rosales
Julio Ruiz de Alda
Rafael Sánchez Mazas
Andrés Soriano
Óscar Únzaga
Enrique Zóbel de Ayala
Literature
La Conquista del Estado
Twenty-Seven Points
Lists
List of Falangist movements
Related topics
Falangism in Latin America
Francoism
Fascist symbolism
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Initially the regime embraced the definition of "totalitarian state" or the nacional-sindicalista label. Following the defeat of Fascism in much of Europe in World War II, "organic democracy" was the new moniker the regime adopted for itself, yet it only sounded credible to staunch believers. Other later soft definitions include "authoritarian regime" or "constituent or developmental dictatorship", the latter having inner backing from within the regime. During Cold War, Juan José Linz, either accused of whitewashing the regime or being praised as the elaborator of "the first scientific conceptualization" of the regime, famously early characterized it as an "authoritarian regime with limited pluralism". The Francoist regime has been described by other scholars as a "Fascismo a la española" ("Spanish-style Fascism") or as a specific variant of Fascism marked by the preponderance of the Catholic Church, the Armed Forces and Traditionalism.
While the regime evolved along with its protracted history, the primitive essence of it remained, underpinned by the legal concentration of all powers into a single person, Francisco Franco, "Caudillo of Spain by the Grace of God", embodying national sovereignty and "only responsible before God and History.
The consistent points in Francoism included above all authoritarianism, anti-Communism, Spanish nationalism, national Catholicism, monarchism, militarism, national conservatism, anti-Masonry, anti-Catalanism, pan-Hispanism, and anti-liberalism—some authors also include integralism. Stanley Payne, a scholar of Spain notes that "scarcely any of the serious historians and analysts of Franco consider the generalissimo to be a core fascist". According to historian Walter Laqueur "during the Civil War, Spanish fascists were forced to subordinate their activities to the nationalist cause. At the helm were military leaders such as General Francisco Franco, who were conservatives in all essential respects. When the civil war ended, Franco was so deeply entrenched that the Falange stood no chance; in this strongly authoritarian regime, there was no room for political opposition. The Falange became junior partners in the government and, as such, they had to accept responsibility for the regime's policy without being able to shape it substantially". The United Nations Security Council voted in 1946 to deny the Franco regime recognition until it developed a more representative government.
Development
The Falange Española de las JONS, a fascist party formed during the Republic, soon transformed itself into the framework of reference in the National Movement. In April 1937, the Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista (Traditionalist Spanish Phalanx and of the Councils of National Syndicalist Offensive) was created from the absorption of the Comunión Tradicionalista (Traditionalist Communion) by the Falange Española de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista, which itself was the result of an earlier absorption of the Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista by José Antonio Primo de Rivera's Falange Española. This party, often referred to as Falange, became the sole legal party during Franco's regime, but the term "party" was generally avoided, especially after World War II, when it was commonly referred to as the "National Movement" or just as "the Movement".
Fascism and authoritarianism
The main point of those scholars that tend to consider the Spanish State to be authoritarian rather than fascist is that the FET-JONS were relatively heterogeneous rather than being an ideological monolith. After World War II, the Falange opposed free capital markets, but the ultimately prevailing technocrats, some of whom were linked with Opus Dei, eschewed syndicalist economics and favoured increased competition as a means of achieving rapid economic growth and integration with wider Europe.
The Spanish State was authoritarian: Non-government trade unions and all political opponents across the political spectrum were either suppressed or controlled by all means, including police repression. Most country towns and rural areas were patrolled by pairs of Guardia Civil, a military police for civilians, which functioned as a chief means of social control. Larger cities, and capitals, were mostly under the heavily armed Policía Armada, commonly called grises due to their grey uniforms. Franco was also the focus of a personality cult, which taught that he had been sent by Divine Providence to save the country from chaos and poverty.
Members of the oppressed ranged from Catholic trade unions to communist and anarchist organisations to liberal democrats and Catalan or Basque separatists. The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) and the Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT) trade unions were outlawed and replaced in 1940 by the corporatist Sindicato Vertical. The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and the Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (ERC) party were banned in 1939 while the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) went underground. University students seeking democracy revolted in the late 1960s and early 1970s, which was repressed by the grises. The Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) went into exile and in 1959 the armed separatist group ETA was created to wage a low-intensity war against Franco. Like others at the time, Franco evinced a concern about a possible Masonic and Judaic conspiracy against his regime.
Franco continued to personally sign all death warrants until just months before he died despite international campaigns requesting him to desist.
Spanish nationalism
Francoist demonstration in Salamanca in 1937
Franco's Spanish nationalism promoted a Castilian-centric unitary national identity by repressing Spain's cultural diversity. Bullfighting and flamenco were promoted as national traditions, while those traditions not considered Spanish were suppressed. Franco's view of Spanish tradition was somewhat artificial and arbitrary: while some regional traditions were suppressed, Flamenco, an Andalusian tradition, was considered part of a larger, national identity. All cultural activities were subject to censorship and many were forbidden entirely, often in an erratic manner. This cultural policy relaxed over time, most notably in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
Franco was reluctant to enact any form of administrative and legislative decentralisation and kept a fully centralised form of government with a similar administrative structure to that established by the House of Bourbon and General Miguel Primo de Rivera. These structures were modelled after the centralised French state. As a result of this type of governance, government attention and initiatives were irregular and often depended more on the goodwill of government representatives than on regional needs. Thus inequalities in schooling, health care or transport facilities among regions were patent: historically affluent regions like Madrid, Catalonia or the Basque Country fared much better than others such as Extremadura, Galicia or Andalusia.
Falangist celebration in 1941
Franco eliminated the autonomy granted by the Second Spanish Republic to the regions and abolished the centuries-old fiscal privileges and autonomy (the fueros) in two of the three Basque provinces: Guipuzcoa and Biscay, which were officially classified as "traitor regions". The fueros were kept in the third Basque province, Alava, and also in Navarre, a former kingdom during the Middle Ages and the cradle of the Carlists, possibly due to the region's support during the Civil War.
Franco also used language politics in an attempt to establish national homogeneity. Despite Franco himself being Galician, the government revoked the official statute and recognition for the Basque, Galician and Catalan languages that the Republic had granted them for the first time in the history of Spain. The former policy of promoting Spanish as the only official language of the state and education was resumed, even though millions of the country's citizens spoke other languages. The legal usage of languages other than Spanish was forbidden: all government, notarial, legal and commercial documents were to be drawn up exclusively in Spanish and any written in other languages were deemed null and void. The use of any other language was forbidden in schools, advertising, religious ceremonies and on-road and shop signs. Publications in other languages were generally forbidden, though citizens continued to use them privately. During the late 1960s, these policies became more lenient yet non-Castilian languages continued to be discouraged and did not receive official status or legal recognition. Additionally, the popularisation of the compulsory national educational system and the development of modern mass media, both controlled by the state and exclusively in Spanish, reduced the competency of speakers of Basque, Catalan and Galician.
Roman Catholicism
Main article: National Catholicism
Further information: History of the Catholic Church in Spain
Franco's regime often used religion as a means to increase its popularity throughout the Catholic world, especially after the Second World War. Franco himself was increasingly portrayed as a fervent Catholic and a staunch defender of Roman Catholicism, the declared state religion. The regime favoured very conservative Roman Catholicism and it reversed the secularisation process that had taken place under the Republic. According to historian Julian Casanova, "the symbiosis of religion, fatherland and Caudillo" saw the Church assume great political responsibilities, "a hegemony and monopoly beyond its wildest dreams" and it played "a central role in policing the country's citizens".
Franco with Catholic Church dignitaries in 1946
The Law of Political Responsibility of February 1939 turned the Church into an extralegal body of investigation as parishes were granted policing powers equal to those of local government officials and leaders of the Falange. Some official jobs required a "good behaviour" statement by a priest. According to historian Julian Casanova, "the reports that have survived reveal a clergy that was bitter because of the violent anti-clericalism and the unacceptable level of secularisation that Spanish society had reached during the republican years" and the law of 1939 made the priests investigators of peoples' ideological and political pasts.
The authorities encouraged denunciations in the workplace. For example, Barcelona's city hall obliged all government functionaries to "tell the proper authorities who the leftists are in your department and everything you know about their activities". A law passed in 1939 institutionalised the purging of public offices. The poet Carlos Barral recorded that in his family "any allusion to republican relatives was scrupulously avoided; everyone took part in the enthusiasm for the new era and wrapped themselves in the folds of religiosity". Only through silence could people associated with the Republic be relatively safe from imprisonment or unemployment. After the death of Franco, the price of the peaceful transition to democracy would be silence and "the tacit agreement to forget the past", which was given legal status by the 1977 Pact of forgetting.
Civil marriages that had taken place in the Republic were declared null and void unless they had been validated by the Church, along with divorces. Divorce, contraception and abortions were forbidden. Children had to be given Christian names. Franco was made a member of the Supreme Order of Christ by Pope Pius XII whilst Spain itself was consecrated to the Sacred Heart.
The Catholic Church's ties with the Franco dictatorship gave it control over the country's schools and crucifixes were once again placed in schoolrooms. After the war, Franco chose José Ibáñez Martín, a member of the National Catholic Association of Propagandists, to lead the Ministry of Education. He held the post for 12 years, during which he finished the task of purging the ministry begun by the Commission of Culture and Teaching headed by José María Pemán. Pemán led the work of Catholicizing state-sponsored schools and allocating generous funding to the Church's schools. Romualdo de Toledo, head of the National Service of Primary Education, was a traditionalist who described the model school as "the monastery founded by Saint Benedict". The clergy in charge of the education system sanctioned and sacked thousands of teachers of the progressive left and divided Spain's schools up among the families of falangists, loyalist soldiers and Catholic families. In some provinces, like Lugo, practically all the teachers were dismissed. This process also affected tertiary education, as Ibáñez Martín, Catholic propagandists and the Opus Dei ensured professorships were offered only to the most faithful.
Franco visiting the Basilica of Saint Mary of the Chorus in San Sebastián
The orphaned children of "Reds" were taught in orphanages run by priests and nuns that "their parents had committed great sins that they could help expiate, for which many were incited to serve the Church".
Francoism professed a strong devotion to militarism, hypermasculinity and the traditional role of women in society. A woman was to be loving to her parents and brothers, faithful to her husband and to reside with her family. Official propaganda confined women's roles to family care and motherhood. Most progressive laws passed by the Second Republic were declared void. Women could not become judges, or testify in the trial. They could not become university professors. In the 1960s and 1970s, there was increasing liberalization, yet such measures would continue until Franco's death.
In 1947, Franco proclaimed Spain a monarchy through the Ley de Sucesión en la Jefatura del Estado act, but did not designate a monarch. He had no particular desire for a king because of his strained relations with the legitimist heir to the Crown, Juan of Bourbon. Therefore, he left the throne vacant with himself as regent and set the basis for his succession. This gesture was largely done to appease monarchist factions within the Movement. At the same time, Franco wore the uniform of a captain-general (a rank traditionally reserved for the King), resided in the Royal Palace of El Pardo, appropriated the kingly privilege of walking beneath a canopy and his portrait appeared on most Spanish coins. Indeed, although his formal titles were Jefe del Estado (Head of State) and Generalísimo de los Ejércitos Españoles (Generalissimo of the Spanish Armies), he was referred to as Caudillo of Spain, by the Grace of God. Por la Gracia de Dios is a technical, legal formulation which states sovereign dignity in absolute monarchies and had been used only by monarchs before.
The long-delayed selection of Juan Carlos of Bourbon as Franco's official successor in 1969 was an unpleasant surprise for many interested parties as Juan Carlos was the rightful heir for neither the Carlists nor the Legitimists.
Women in Francoist Spain
Main articles: Women in Francoist Spain and Gender violence and rape in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition
Franco and his wife, Carmen Polo, in 1968
Women had first been granted the right to vote in Spain during the Second Republic. Under the new constitution they had gained full legal status and equal access to the labor market, abortion had been legalized and the crime of adultery abolished.
The Franco regime's embrace of National Catholicism (nacionalcatolicismo) as part of its ideological identity meant that the Catholic Church, which traditionally supported the social subordination of women, had preeminence in all aspects of public and private life in Spain. The Catholic Church had a central role in upholding the traditional role of the family and women's place in it. Civil marriage had also been introduced in the country during the Republic, so the Church immediately asked the new Franco regime to restore its control of family and marriage laws. All Spanish women were required by the state to serve for six months in the Women's Section (Sección Femenina), the female branch of the Falange state party, to undergo training for motherhood along with political indoctrination.
Francoism professed a devotion to the traditional role of a woman in society; that is, being a loving daughter and sister to her parents and brothers, being a faithful wife to her husband, and residing with her family. Official propaganda confined the role of women to family care and motherhood. Immediately after the civil war most progressive laws passed by the Republic aimed at equality between the sexes were nullified. Women could not become judges or testify in a trial. Their affairs and economic lives had to be managed by their fathers and husbands. Until the 1970s, a woman could not open a bank account without having it co-signed by her father or husband. In the 1960s and 1970s these restrictions were somewhat relaxed.
However, from 1941 until well into the Spanish transition to democracy, the Women's Protection Board confined ten of thousands of girls and young women deemed 'fallen or at risk of falling', even without having committed any crime, in centers run by Catholic religious orders where they were routinely brutalized. They could be admitted to these centers starting at age 16 through police raids, for "immoral behavior," arbitrary reports from family members and individuals ("guardians of morals"), requests from civil and religious authorities, or at the request of the women themselves or their parents. In practice, girls as young as 11 were forcibly interned. Young women and girls were routinely trafficked to men and forced to bear children, only to have their babies stolen immediately afterwards.
Francoist influence in Chile
Francoism had an influence abroad in Chile, where it found clear expressions in the military dictatorship era (1973–1990), in particular in the period prior to 1980. Traditionalist historian Jaime Eyzaguirre was an admirer of Francoist Spain. The lawyer Jaime Guzmán, once a student of Eyzaguirre, helped establishing the Francoist-influenced Guildist Movement at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile in the 1960s. This has been interpreted as a reaction inspired in Francoist corporatism against elements of the Chilean university reform. The movement rapidly gained a long-lasting influence in the catholic universities of Chile. The Guildists, presenting themselves as apolitical, were highly critical of perceived detrimental ideological influences in the Church, corporations (e.g. trade unions) and the Christian Democratic Party.
Already in from the first days of after the 1973 Chilean coup d'état Guzmán became advisor and speechwriter of dictator Augusto Pinochet. While writing the Constitution of Chile of 1980 Jaime Guzmán studied the institutionalization of Francoism in Spain with the aim of preventing undesired reforms in future as it happened in Spain with the post-Franco constitution of 1977. Josemaría Escrivá, the founder of Opus Dei, visited Chile 1974 after which Opus Dei begun to spread in the country. Opus Dei helped establish the University of the Andes in 1989. Both the University of the Andes and the political party Independent Democratic Union, founded in 1983 by Guzmán, have a Francoist heritage. In the 1970s Pinochet's dictatorship organized ritualized acts reminiscent of Francoist Spain, notably Acto de Chacarillas. After 1980 Francoist influence gave way to economic liberalism. Even Guzmán, once clearly influenced by Francoist corporatism, adopted economic liberalism from the Chicago Boys and writings such as The Spirit of Democratic Capitalism.
In 1975 Pinochet and his wife Lucía Hiriart attended the funeral of Francisco Franco. When Pinochet died in 2006 supporters of late Francisco Franco paid homage in Spain. Antonio Tejero, who led the failed coup of 1981, attended a memorial service in Madrid.
Narrative of the Civil War
See also: Spanish Civil War
Spanish anti-communist volunteer forces of the Blue Division entrain at San Sebastián, 1942
For nearly twenty years after the war, Francoist Spain presented the conflict as a crusade against Bolshevism in defence of Christian civilization. In Francoist narrative, authoritarianism had defeated anarchy and overseen the elimination of "agitators", those "without God" and the "Judeo-Masonic conspiracy". Since Franco had relied on thousands of North African soldiers, anti-Islamic sentiment "was played down but the centuries-old myth of the Moorish threat lay at the base of the construction of the "communist menace" as a modern-day Eastern plague". The official position was therefore that the wartime Republic was simply a proto-Stalinist monolith, its leaders intent on creating a Spanish Soviet satellite. Many Spanish children grew up believing the war was fought against foreigners and the painter Julian Grau Santos has said "it was instilled in me and I always believed that Spain had won the war against foreign enemies of our historic greatness". About 6,832 Catholic clergy were murdered by the Republicans. Collectively, they are known as the martyrs of the Spanish Civil War.
Media
Under the 1938 Press Law, all newspapers were put under prior censorship and were forced to include any articles the government desired. Chief editors were nominated by the government and all journalists were required to be registered. All liberal, republican and left-wing media were prohibited.
The Delegación Nacional de Prensa y Propaganda was established as a network of government media, including daily newspapers Diario Arriba and Pueblo. The EFE and Pyresa government news agencies were created in 1939 and 1945. The Radio Nacional de España state radio had the exclusive right to transmit news bulletins, which all broadcasters were required to air. The No-Do were 10-minute newsreels shown at all cinemas. The Televisión Española, the government television network, debuted in 1956.
The Roman Catholic Church had its own media outlets, including the Ya newspaper and the Cadena COPE radio network. Other pro-government media included Cadena SER, ABC, La Vanguardia Española, El Correo and El Diario Vasco.
Notable independent media outlets included humour magazine La Codorniz.
The 1966 Press Law dropped the prior censorship regime and allowed media outlets to select their own directors, although criticism was still a crime.
Economic policy
See also: Economic history of Spain § The Franco Era, 1939–75
The Civil War had ravaged the Spanish economy. Infrastructure had been damaged, workers killed and daily business severely hampered. For more than a decade after Franco's victory, the economy improved little. Franco initially pursued a policy of autarky, cutting off almost all international trade. The policy had devastating effects and the economy stagnated. Only black marketeers could enjoy an evident affluence.
In 1940, the Sindicato Vertical was created. It was inspired by the ideas of José Antonio Primo de Rivera, who thought that class struggle would be ended by grouping together workers and owners according to corporative principles. It was the only legal trade union and was under government control. Other trade unions were forbidden and strongly repressed along with political parties outside the Falange.
INC emblem.
The Francoist agrarian colonisation was one of the most ambitious programs related to the regime's agrarian policies, which were an answer to the Republic's Law of Agrarian Reform and the war-time collectivizations. Somewhat inspired by the brief points related to agrarian policy of FE de las JONS, the Francoist colonisation underpinned a materialisation of the agrarian policies vowed by Fascism (connected to the Italian Bonifica integrale or the agrarian policy elements of the Nazi Generalplan Ost). The policy was carried out by the Instituto Nacional de Colonización (INC), created in 1939 with the goal of agricultural modernisation by means of the creation of irrigated lands, improvements in agrarian technology and training and the installment of settlers. It consolidated the privileges of the landowning classes, protecting to a large extent the large landowners from potential expropriations (tierras reservadas where large landowners owners retained land property and were transformed into irrigated lands with help from the INC vs the comparatively smaller tierras en exceso, purchased or expropriated and where settlers installed). While its inception dates to the period of hegemony of Fascist powers in Europe, the plan did not fully take off until the 1950s. From 1940 to 1970 around 300 colonisation settlements were created.
On the brink of bankruptcy, a combination of pressure from the United States (including about $1.5 billion in aid 1954–1964), the IMF and technocrats from Opus Dei managed to "convince" the regime to liberalize the economy in 1959 in what amounted to a mini coup d'état which removed the old guard in charge of the economy, despite the opposition of Franco. However, this economic liberalisation was not accompanied by political reforms and oppression continued unabated.
Economic growth picked up after 1959 after Franco took authority away from these ideologues and gave more power to the liberal technocrats. The country implemented several development policies and growth took off, creating the "Spanish Miracle". Concurrent with the absence of social reforms and the economic power shift, a tide of mass emigration commenced to European countries and to lesser extent to South America. Emigration helped the regime in two ways: the country got rid of surplus population and the emigrants supplied the country with much needed monetary remittances.
During the 1960s, Spain experienced further increases in wealth. International firms established their factories in Spain. Spain became the second-fastest-growing economy in the world, alongside Brazil and just behind Japan. The rapid development of this period became known as the "Spanish Miracle". At the time of Franco's death, Spain still lagged behind most of Western Europe, but the gap between its GDP per capita and that of the major Western European economies had greatly narrowed. In world terms, Spain was already enjoying a fairly high material standard of living with basic but comprehensive services. However, the period between the mid-1970s and mid-1980s was to prove difficult as in addition to the oil shocks to which Spain was highly exposed, the settling of the new political order took priority over the modernising of the economy.
Legacy
Further information: Pact of forgetting
By the decision of King Juan Carlos I, Franco was entombed in the monument of Valle de los Caídos, until his body was moved in October 2019.
Equestrian statue of Franco in the Plaza del Ayuntamiento of Santander, taken down in late 2008
In Spain and abroad, the legacy of Franco remains controversial. In Germany, a squadron named after Werner Mölders has been renamed because as a pilot he led the escorting units in the bombing of Guernica. As recently as 2006, the BBC reported that Maciej Giertych, an MEP of the right-wing League of Polish Families, had expressed admiration for Franco's stature who he believed had "guaranteed the maintenance of traditional values in Europe".
Spanish opinion has changed. Most statues of Franco and other public Francoist symbols have been removed, and the last Franco statue in Madrid came down in 2005. Additionally, the Permanent Commission of the European Parliament "firmly" condemned in a resolution unanimously adopted in March 2006 the "multiple and serious violations" of human rights committed in Spain under the Francoist regime from 1939 to 1975. The resolution was at the initiative of the MEP Leo Brincat and of the historian Luis María de Puig and is the first international official condemnation of the repression enacted by Franco's regime. The resolution also urged to provide public access to historians (professional and amateurs) to the various archives of the Francoist regime, including those of the Fundación Francisco Franco, which as well as other Francoist archives remain as of 2006 inaccessible to the public. Furthermore, it urged the Spanish authorities to set up an underground exhibition in the Valley of the Fallen in order to explain the terrible conditions in which it was built. Finally, it proposed the construction of monuments to commemorate Franco's victims in Madrid and other important cities.
In Spain, a commission to restore the dignity of the victims of Franco's regime and pay tribute to their memory (comisión para reparar la dignidad y restituir la memoria de las víctimas del franquismo) was approved in the summer of 2004 and was directed by the then-Vice President María Teresa Fernández de la Vega. Because of his repressive regional linguistic policies, Franco's memory is still particularly resented in Catalonia and the Basque Country. The Basque Provinces and Catalonia were among the regions that offered the strongest resistance to Franco in the Civil War, as well as during his regime.
In 2008, the Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory initiated a systematic search for mass graves of people executed during Franco's regime, a move supported since the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party's victory during the 2004 elections by José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero's government. The Historical Memory Law (Ley de Memoria Histórica) was passed in 2007 as an attempt to enforce official recognition of the crimes committed against civilians during Franco's rule and to organise under state supervision the search for mass graves.
Investigations have begun into wide-scale child abduction during the Franco years. The lost children of Francoism may reach 300,000.
Flags and heraldry
Flags
See also: Flag of Spain and Symbols of Francoism
At the conclusion of the Spanish Civil War and in spite of the army's reorganisation, several sections of the army continued with their bi-colour flags improvised in 1936, but since 1940 new ensigns began to be distributed, whose main innovation was the addition of the eagle of Saint John to the shield. The new arms were allegedly inspired in the coat of arms the Catholic Monarchs adopted after the taking of Emirate of Granada from the Moors, but replacing the arms of Sicily with those of Navarre and adding the Pillars of Hercules on either side of the coat of arms. In 1938, the columns were placed outside the wings. On 26 July 1945, the commander's ensigns were suppressed by decree and on 11 October a detailed regulation of flags was published that fixed the model of the bi-colour flag in use, but better defined its details, emphasising a greater style of the Saint John's eagle. The models established by this decree remained in force until 1977.
During this period, two more flags were usually displayed along with the national flag: the flag of Falange (red, black and red vertical stripes, with the yokes and arrows in the centre of the black stripe) and the traditionalist flag (white background with the Cross of Burgundy in the middle), representing the National Movement which had unified Falange and the Requetés under the name Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS.
From the death of Franco in 1975 until 1977, the national flag followed the 1945 regulations. On 21 January 1977, a new regulation was approved that stipulated an eagle with more open wings, with the restored Pillars of Hercules placed within the wings and the tape with the motto "Una, Grande y Libre" ("One, Great and Free") moved over the eagle's head from its previous position around the neck.
State flags
State flag (July 17, 1936 – August 29, 1936)
State flag (August 30, 1936 – 1938)
State flag (1938–1945)
State flag (1945–1977)
Civil flag (1936–1975)
Party flags
Flag of the Falange Movement
Flag of the Traditionalist Movement (Carlism)
Standards
See also: Royal Bend of Castile and Royal Standard of Spain
From 1940 to 1975, Franco used the Royal Bend of Castile as Head of State's standard and guidon: the Bend between the Pillars of Hercules, crowned with an imperial crown and open royal crown.
As Prince of Spain from 1969 to 1975, Juan Carlos used a royal standard which was virtually identical to the one later adopted when he became King in 1975. The earlier standard differed only that it featured the royal crown of a Crown Prince, the King's royal crown has 8 arches of which 5 are visible, while the Prince's one has only 4 arches of which 3 are visible. The Royal Standard of Spain consists of a dark blue square with the coat of arms in the centre. The King's guidon is identical to the standard.
Standard of Francisco Franco (1940–1975)
Royal standard of the Prince of Spain (1969–1975)
Coat of arms
See also: Coat of arms of Spain
In 1938, Franco adopted a variant of the coat of arms reinstating some elements originally used by the House of Trastámara such as Saint John's eagle and the yoke and arrows as follows: "Quarterly, 1 and 4. quarterly Castile and León, 2 and 3. per pale Aragon and Navarra, enté en point of Granada. The arms are crowned with an open royal crown, placed on eagle displayed sable, surrounded with the pillars of Hercules, the yoke and the bundle of arrows of the Catholic Monarchs".
State Coat of arms
Coat of arms (1936–1938)
Coat of arms (1938–1945)
Simplified version of the coat of arms to promote bureaucratic aims. It was used on stamps, lottery tickets, identity documents, and buildings. A popular name for it was "coat of arms of the Eagle" (1938–1945).
Coat of arms (1945–1977)
Personal Coat of arms
Coat of arms of Francisco Franco (1940–1975)
Coat of arms of the Prince of Spain (1969–1975)
See also
Spain portalPolitics portal
Art and culture in Francoist Spain
European interwar dictatorships
Francoist Catalonia
Francoist concentration camps
Instituto Nacional de Colonización
Language policies of Francoist Spain
List of people executed by Francoist Spain
Nationalist foreign volunteers
Pact of forgetting
Sociological Francoism
White Terror (Spain)
Notes
^ See Member states of the United Nations.
References
^ (in Spanish) "Resumen general de la población de España en 31 de Diciembre de 1940". INE. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
^ Saz Campos 2004, p. 90.
^ a b «La tesis defendida por Payne en dicho dossier puede sintetizarse con estas palabras:
Entre 1937 y 1943, el franquismo constituyó un régimen "semi-fascista", pero nunca un régimen fascista cien por cien. Después pasó treinta y dos años evolucionando como un sistema autoritario "posfascista", aunque no consiguió eliminar completamente todos los vestigios residuales del fascismo.» Glicerio Sanchez Recio. En torno a la Dictadura franquista Hispania Nova
^ Moradiellos 2000, p. 20.
^ Cabrera & Rey 2017; Capítulo V
^ «La ausencia de un ideario definido le permitió transitar de unas fórmulas dictatoriales a otras, rozando el fascismo en los cuarenta y a las dictaduras desarrollistas en los sesenta».Tusell 1999, cap. «El franquismo como dictadura».
^ Reuter, Tim (19 May 2014). "Before China's Transformation, There Was The 'Spanish Miracle'". Forbes Magazine. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
^ Payne (2000), p. 645
^ Paul Preston, Chapter 6 "The Making of a Caudillo" in Franco: A Biography (1993), pp. 171–198.
^ Preston (1993), Chapter 10. "The Making of a Dictator: Franco and the Unification April 1937", pp. 248–274.
^ Ángela Cenarro Lagunas, "Historia y memoria del Auxilio Social de Falange" in Pliegos de Juste 11–12 (2010), pp. 71–74.
^ Graham, Helen (2009). "The Memory of Murder: Mass Killing, Incarceration and the Making of Francoism". In Ribeiro de Menezes, Alison; Quance, Roberta; Walsh, Anne L. (eds.). Guerra y memoria en la España contemporánea: War and Memory in Contemporary Spain. Editorial Verbum. pp. 34–36. ISBN 978-8479625177.
^ Franco's description: "The work of pacification and moral redemption must necessarily be undertaken slowly and methodically, otherwise military occupation will serve no purpose". Roberto Cantalupo, Fu la Spagna: Ambasciata presso Franco: de la guerra civil, Madrid, 1999: pp. 206–208.
^ The Splintering of Spain, pp. 2–3. Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521821780.
^ The Splintering of Spain, p. 4. Cambridge University Press.
^ The Splintering of Spain, p. 7.
^ Payne, pp. 231–234
^ Payne, p. 323.
^ "Spain – The Franco Years". countrystudies.us.
^ a b c Bowen, Wayne H.; José E. Álvarez (2007). A Military History of Modern Spain. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 114. ISBN 978-0275993573.
^ Payne, Stanley G. (2011). The Franco Regime, 1936–1975. University of Wisconsin Pres. p. 244. ISBN 978-0299110741.
^ a b c d Pérez Ledesma, Manuel (1994). "Una Dictadura 'por la gracia de Dios'". Historia Social (20): 175. JSTOR 40340643.
^ a b c Viñao Frago, Antonio (2014). "La educación en el franquismo (1936–1975)" (PDF). Educar em Revista (51). Curitiba: 20–21.
^ Unearthing Franco's Legacy, p 31, and Paul Preston, "The Theorists of extermination" essay in Unearthing Franco's Legacy, pp 42–67. University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 0268032688
^ Kaplan, Lawrence (1992). Fundamentalism in Comparative Perspective. Univ of Massachusetts Press. p. 87. ISBN 0870237985. franco integralism.
^ a b Payne, Stanley Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977, p. 476. 1999. Univ. of Wisconsin Press
^ Laqueur, Walter Fascism: Past, Present, Future, p. 13, 1997 Oxford University Press US
^ Fascism: Past, Present, Future. Google Books.
^ Michael Burleigh, Sacred Causes, p. 316, 2006, HarperPress, ISBN 0007195745; see also United Nations Security Council Resolution 7
^ De Menses, Filipe Ribeiro Franco and the Spanish Civil War, p. 87, Routledge
^ Gilmour, David, The Transformation of Spain: From Franco to the Constitutional Monarchy, p. 7. 1985. Quartet Books
^ Payne, Stanley Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977, pp. 347, 476. 1999. Univ. of Wisconsin Press
^ Laqueur, Walter Fascism: Past, Present, Future p. 13. 1996. Oxford University Press
^ "The Franco Years: Policies, Programs, and Growing Popular Unrest" A Country Study: Spain
^ Roman, Mar. "Spain frets over future of flamenco." 27 October 2007. Associated Press
^ Viñas, Ángel (2012). En el combate por la historia: la República, la guerra civil, el franquismo (in Spanish). Pasado y Presente. ISBN 978-8493914394.
^ Casanova, Julian (2010). "The Faces of Terror". Unearthing Franco's Legacy. University of Notre Dame Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0268083526.
^ Unearthing Franco's Legacy, pp. 108–115
^ Unearthing Franco's Legacy, p. 103
^ Richards, Michael (2010). "Grand Narratives, Collective Memory, and Social History". Unearthing Franco's Legacy. University of Notre Dame Press. pp. 128–129. ISBN 978-0268083526.
^ "Franco edicts". Archived from the original on 2008-06-26. Retrieved 2005-12-16.
^ "The regulation of identity through names and naming in Twentieth Century Spain". 6 July 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
^ Burleigh, Michael (2006). Sacred Causes. HarperPress. pp. 317–318. ISBN 0007195745.
^ Unearthing Franco's Legacy p. 112
^ Unearthing Franco's Legacy, p. 113
^ Fernandez de Mata, Ignacio (2010). Unearthing Franco's Legacy. University of Notre Dame Press. p. 295. ISBN 978-0268083526.
^ Valiente, Celia (May–June 2017). "Male allies of women's movements: Women's organizing within the Catholic Church in Franco's Spain". Women's Studies International Forum. 62: 43–51. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2017.03.004.
^ Swier, Patricia; Riordan-Goncalves, Julia (2013). Dictatorships in the Hispanic World: Transatlantic and Transnational Perspectives. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1611475906.
^ Threlfall, Mónica; Cousins, Christine; Fernandez, Celia Valiente (2005). Gendering Spanish Democracy. Routledge. p. 64. ISBN 978-0415347945.
^ Finnerty, Deidre (2013). "The Republican Mother in Post-Transition Novels of Historical Memory. A Re-Inscription into Spanish Cultural Memory?". In DeVries, Kelly; France, John; Neilberg, Micheal S; Schneid, Frederick (eds.). Memory and Cultural History of the Spanish Civil War: Realms of. Brill. p. 216. ISBN 978-9004259966.
^ Tremlett, Giles (2006). Ghosts of Spain. Faber and Faber Ltd. London. ISBN 0802716741. p. 211.
^ García Dueñas, Lydia (2022). "Que mi nombre no se borre de la historia": The stakes of including women's historical memory in Spanish politics of memory (MSc thesis). Université libre de Bruxelles. pp. 33–35.
^ Morcillo Gómez, Aurora (2015). En cuerpo y alma: Ser mujer en tiempos de Franco (in Spanish). Siglo XXI. ISBN 9788432317835.
^ Álvarez Fernández, Carlos. "El Patronato de Protección a la Mujer: la construcción de la moralidad pública en España" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 18, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2018.
^ "Peña Grande, la maternidad de los horrores que sobrevivió a Franco: "Las monjas nos exponían como ganado"" (in Spanish). El Confidencial. June 3, 2018. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
^ Guillén Lorente, Carmen (2018). El Patronato de Protección a la Mujer: Prostitución, Moralidad e Intervención Estatal durante el Franquismo (PhD thesis) (in Spanish). University of Murcia. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 28, 2023. Retrieved December 28, 2023.
^ "El Patronato, la cárcel de la moral franquista para adolescentes: "Era como la Gestapo"". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 2018-07-12. Retrieved 2019-04-07.
^ Iglesias Aparicio, Pilar (2021). "Violation of Women's Human Rights in the Magdalene Laundries of Ireland and the Centers of the Board for the Protection of Women in Spain". Transatlantic Studies Network, University of Malaga (in Spanish). 6 (11): 231–244. ISSN 2444-9792. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
^ Palau Galdón, María; García Carbonell, Marta (November 5, 2023). "Pilar Dasí, encerrada en el Patronato de Protección a la Mujer: "Había sadismo; fue una salvajada del franquismo"" (in Spanish). El País.
^ a b c d e "'De Franco a Pinochet': La historia de un fracaso exitoso". Noticias (in Spanish). Universidad de Chile. 2007-05-29. Retrieved 2022-05-10.
^ Góngora, Álvaro; de la Taille, Alexandrine; Vial, Gonzalo. Jaime Eyzaguirre en su tiempo (in Spanish). Zig-Zag. pp. 225–226.
^ a b Moncada Durruti, Belén (2006). Jaime Guzmán: una democracia contrarevolucionaria : el político de 1964 a 1980 (in Spanish). Santiago: RIL editores. pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-9562845205.
^ a b Rojas Sánchez, Gonzalo. Gazmuri y Su "Gremialismo".
^ a b c d Alenda, Stéphanie (2014). "Cambio e institucionalización de la "nueva derecha" chilena (1967–2010)". Revista de Sociologia e Política (in Spanish). 22 (52): 159–180. doi:10.1590/1678-987314225209.
^ Díaz Nieva, José (2008). "Influencias de Juan Vázquez de Mella sobre Jaime Guzmán" (PDF). Verbo (in Spanish). 467–468: 661–670. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
^ Basso Prieto, Carlos (2013-11-05). "Los informes secretos de la CIA sobre Jaime Guzmán". El Mostrador. Retrieved 2021-09-29.
^ a b "Libros: El Imperio del Opus Dei en Chile". Universidad de Chile (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-05-19.
^ González, Yanko (2015). "El "Golpe Generacional" y la Secretaría Nacional de la Juventud: purga, disciplinamiento y resocialización de las identidades juveniles bajo Pinochet (1973–1980)" . Atenea (in Spanish). 512 (512): 87–111. doi:10.4067/S0718-04622015000200006.
^ "Lucía Hiriart, la mujer de poder de la dictadura de Augusto Pinochet". SWI swissinfo.ch. 16 December 2021.
^ ""Viudos de Franco" homenajearon a Pinochet en España". Archived from the original on February 5, 2015.
^ Michael Richards, ''Unearthing Franco's Legacy'', p. 129.
^ Julio de la Cueva, "Religious Persecution, Anticlerical Tradition and Revolution: On Atrocities against the Clergy during the Spanish Civil War" Journal of Contemporary History 33.3 (July 1998): 355.
^ Butler, Alban and Peter Doyle Butler's Lives of the Saints p. 169 Liturgical Press (February 2000).
^ Sánchez, Antonio Cazorla (2010). Fear and Progress: Ordinary Lives in Franco's Spain, 1939–1975. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 58–60. ISBN 978-1444306507. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
^ Alares López, Gustavo (2020). "La colonización agraria franquista: Mitos, límites y realidades de una política agraria" (PDF). Revista de Andorra (19). Andorra: Centro de Estudios Locales de Andorra: 96.
^ Perfecto 2015, p. 147.
^ Alares López 2020, pp. 96–97.
^ Perfecto, Miguel Ángel (2015). "El nacional-sindicalismo español como proyecto económico-social". Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, Serie V, Historia Contemporánea. 27. Madrid: UNED: 147. doi:10.5944/etfv.27.2015.15752. ISSN 1130-0124. Archived from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-05-29.
^ Alares López 2020, p. 97.
^ Alares López 2020, pp. 103–104.
^ Alares López 2020, p. 99.
^ Hernando, Silvia (30 May 2018). "Los pueblos que se inventó Franco". El País.
^ "Spain relocates dictator Franco's remains". BBC News. 24 October 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
^ Europe diary: Franco and Finland, BBC News, 6 July 2006 (in English)
^ Madrid removes last Franco statue, BBC News, 17 March 2005 (in English)
^ a b c d e f Primera condena al régimen de Franco en un recinto internacional, EFE, El Mundo, 17 March 2006 (in Spanish)
^ Von Martyna Czarnowska, Almunia, Joaquin: EU-Kommission (4): Ein halbes Jahr Vorsprung Archived 2006-02-13 at the Wayback Machine, Weiner Zeitung, 17 February 2005 (article in German language). Accessed 26 August 2006.
^ "Bones of Contention". The Economist. 27 September 2008. Archived from the original on 4 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
^ Adler, Katya (18 October 2011). "Spain's stolen babies and the families who lived a lie". BBC News.
^ Tremlett, Giles (27 January 2011). "Victims of Spanish 'stolen babies network' call for investigation". The Guardian.
Sources
Cabrera, Mercedes; Rey, Fernando del (2017) . "Spanish Entepreneurs in the Era of Fascism: From the Primo de Rivera Dictatorship to the Franco Dictatorship, 1923–1945". In James, Harold; Tanner, Jakob (eds.). Enterprise in the Period of Fascism in Europe. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7546-0077-0.
Moradiellos, Enrique (2000). La España de Franco (1939–1975). Política y Sociedad (in Spanish). Síntesis. ISBN 8477387400.
Saz Campos, Ismael (2004). Fascismo y Franquismo (in Spanish). University of Valencia. ISBN 8437059100.
Tusell, Javier (1999). Historia de España en el siglo XX. III, La dictadura de Franco (1st ed.). Madrid: Taurus. ISBN 8430603328.
Further reading
Gerald Brenan, The Face of Spain, (London: Serif, 2010). First-hand account of travels around Spain in 1949. ISBN 189795963X
Payne, S. (1987). The Franco Regime (1st ed.). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0299110702
Luis Fernandez. Franco. Editorial.
External links
Media related to Francoist dictatorship at Wikimedia Commons
Text of Franco's Fundamental Laws at the Wayback Machine (archived July 2, 2007), the Spanish Constitution under Franco. (in Spanish)
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For the current Spanish state, see Spain.Francoist Spain (Spanish: España franquista), also known as the Francoist dictatorship (dictadura franquista), was the period of Spanish history between 1936 and 1975, when Francisco Franco ruled Spain after the Spanish Civil War with the title Caudillo. After his death in 1975 due to a heart attack, Spain transitioned into a democracy. During this time period, Spain was officially known as the Spanish State (Estado Español).The nature of the regime evolved and changed during its existence. Months after the start of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936, Franco emerged as the dominant rebel military leader and was proclaimed head of state on 1 October 1936, ruling a dictatorship over the territory controlled by the Nationalist faction. The 1937 Unification Decree, which merged all parties supporting the rebel side, led to Nationalist Spain becoming a single-party regime under the FET y de las JONS. The end of the war in 1939 brought the extension of the Franco rule to the whole country and the exile of Republican institutions. The Francoist dictatorship originally took a form described as \"fascistized dictatorship\",[2] or \"semi-fascist regime\",[3] showing clear influence of fascism in fields such as labor relations, the autarkic economic policy, aesthetics, and the single-party system.[4][5] As time went on, the regime opened up and became closer to developmental dictatorships, although it always preserved residual fascist trappings.[6][3]During the Second World War, Spain did not join the Axis powers (its supporters from the civil war, Italy and Germany). Nevertheless, Spain supported them in various ways throughout most of the war while maintaining its neutrality as an official policy of \"non-belligerence\". Because of this, Spain was isolated by many other countries for nearly a decade after World War II, while its autarkic economy, still trying to recover from the civil war, suffered from chronic depression. The 1947 Law of Succession made Spain a de jure kingdom again, but defined Franco as the head of state for life with the power to choose the person to become King of Spain and his successor.Reforms were implemented in the 1950s and Spain abandoned autarky, reassigned authority from the Falangist movement, which had been prone to isolationism, to a new breed of economists, the technocrats of Opus Dei.[7] This led to massive economic growth, second only to Japan, that lasted until the mid-1970s, known as the \"Spanish miracle\". During the 1950s the regime also changed from being openly totalitarian and using severe repression to an authoritarian system with limited pluralism and economic freedom.[8] As a result of these reforms, Spain was allowed to join the United Nations in 1955 and during the Cold War Franco was one of Europe's foremost anti-communist figures: his regime was assisted by the Western powers, particularly the United States. Franco died in 1975 at the age of 82. He restored the monarchy before his death and made his successor King Juan Carlos I, who would lead the Spanish transition to democracy.","title":"Francoist Spain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"Caudillo of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudillo"},{"link_name":"Duce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duce"},{"link_name":"Führer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrer"},{"link_name":"National Defense Junta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Junta"},{"link_name":"Nationalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Falange Española de las JONS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS"},{"link_name":"Manuel Hedilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Hedilla"},{"link_name":"José Antonio Primo de Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera"},{"link_name":"Republican government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Second_Spanish_Republic"},{"link_name":"Carlist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlism"},{"link_name":"Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS"},{"link_name":"Movimiento Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_Nacional"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graham2009-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Bolsheviks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsheviks"},{"link_name":"Judeo-Masonic conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"Reconquista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista"},{"link_name":"Moors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moors"},{"link_name":"Nazi concentration camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mauthausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"anti-communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communism"},{"link_name":"trade unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"rapid economic growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_miracle"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Juan Carlos of Bourbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Luis Carrero Blanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Carrero_Blanco"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister"},{"link_name":"1973 assassination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Luis_Carrero_Blanco"},{"link_name":"Basque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)"},{"link_name":"ETA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETA_(separatist_group)"},{"link_name":"King of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"transition to democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy"},{"link_name":"constitutional monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy"},{"link_name":"elected parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy"}],"text":"See also: Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)On 1 October 1936, Franco was formally recognised as Caudillo of Spain—the Spanish equivalent of the Italian Duce and the German Führer—by the Junta de Defensa Nacional (National Defense Junta), which governed the territories occupied by the Nationalists.[9] In April 1937, Franco assumed control of the Falange Española de las JONS, then led by Manuel Hedilla, who had succeeded José Antonio Primo de Rivera, who was executed in November 1936 by the Republican government. He merged it with the Carlist Comunión Tradicionalista to form the Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS. The sole legal party of Francoist Spain, it was the main component of the Movimiento Nacional (National Movement).[10] The Falangists were concentrated at local government and grassroot level, entrusted with harnessing the Civil War's momentum of mass mobilisation through their auxiliaries and trade unions by collecting denunciations of enemy residents and recruiting workers into the trade unions.[11] While there were prominent Falangists at a senior government level, especially before the late 1940s, there were higher concentrations of monarchists, military officials and other traditional conservative factions at those levels.[citation needed] However, the Falange remained the sole party.The Francoists took control of Spain through a comprehensive and methodical war of attrition (guerra de desgaste) which involved the imprisonment and executions of Spaniards found guilty of supporting the values promoted by the Republic: regional autonomy, liberal or social democracy, free elections, socialist leanings, and women's rights, including the vote.[12][13] The right-wing considered these \"enemy elements\" to comprise an \"anti-Spain\" that was the product of Bolsheviks and a \"Judeo-Masonic conspiracy\". The latter allegation pre-dated Falangism, having evolved after the Reconquista of the Iberian Peninsula from the Islamic Moors. Falangist founder, Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera, had a more tolerant position than the national socialists in Germany. This was influenced by the small size of the Jewish community in Spain at the time that did not favor the development of strong antisemitism. Primo de Rivera saw the solution to the \"Jewish problem\" in Spain as simple: the conversion of Jews to Catholicism.At the end of the Spanish Civil War, according to the regime's own figures there were more than 270,000 men and women held in prisons and some 500,000 had fled into exile. Large numbers of those captured were returned to Spain or interned in Nazi concentration camps as stateless enemies[citation needed]. Between six and seven thousand exiles from Spain died in Mauthausen. It has been estimated that more than 200,000 Spaniards died in the first years of the dictatorship from 1940 to 1942 as a result of political persecution, hunger and disease related to the conflict.[14]Spain's strong ties with the Axis resulted in its international ostracism in the early years following World War II as Spain was not a founding member of the United Nations and did not become a member until 1955.[note 1] This changed with the Cold War that soon followed the end of hostilities in 1945, in the face of which Franco's strong anti-communism naturally tilted its regime to ally with the United States. Independent political parties and trade unions were banned throughout the duration of the dictatorship.[15] Nevertheless, once decrees for economic stabilisation were put forth by the late 1950s, the way was opened for massive foreign investment—\"a watershed in post-war economic, social and ideological normalisation leading to extraordinarily rapid economic growth\"—that marked Spain's \"participation in the Europe-wide post-war economic normality centred on mass consumption and consensus, in contrast to the concurrent reality of the Soviet bloc\".[16]On 26 July 1947, Spain was declared a kingdom, but no monarch was designated until in 1969 Franco established Juan Carlos of Bourbon as his official heir-apparent. Franco was to be succeeded by Luis Carrero Blanco as Prime Minister with the intention of continuing the Francoist regime, but those hopes ended with his 1973 assassination by the Basque separatist group ETA. With the death of Franco on 20 November 1975, Juan Carlos became the King of Spain. He initiated the country's subsequent transition to democracy, ending with Spain becoming a constitutional monarchy with an elected parliament and autonomous devolved governments.","title":"Establishment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Movimiento Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_Nacional"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meeting_at_Hendaye_(en.wiki).jpg"},{"link_name":"Francisco Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Meeting at Hendaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeting_at_Hendaye"},{"link_name":"state of emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_emergency"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Stanley G. Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"National Council of the Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_of_the_Movement"},{"link_name":"organic law of 1942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_law"},{"link_name":"Cortes Españolas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortes_Espa%C3%B1olas"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-countrystudies.us-21"},{"link_name":"local municipal elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_electoral_regime_during_Francoism"},{"link_name":"Estado Novo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"Carnation Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnation_Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Gerald_R._Ford_and_Generalissimo_Francisco_Franco_Riding_in_a_Ceremonial_Parade_in_Madrid,_Spain_-_NARA_-_23869171.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gerald Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford"},{"link_name":"referendum revived the Spanish monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_law_of_succession_referendum,_1947"},{"link_name":"referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_organic_law_referendum,_1966"},{"link_name":"organic law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_Law_of_the_State"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infante_Juan,_Count_of_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Alfonso XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XIII"},{"link_name":"Otto von Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Juan Carlos of Bourbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Luis Carrero Blanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Carrero_Blanco"},{"link_name":"Carlos Arias Navarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Arias_Navarro"}],"text":"Further information: Movimiento NacionalFrancisco Franco and Adolf Hitler in Meeting at Hendaye, 1940After Franco's victory in 1939, the Falange was declared the sole legally sanctioned political party in Spain and it asserted itself as the main component of the National Movement. In a state of emergency-like status, Franco ruled with, on paper, more power than any Spanish leader before or since. He was not even required to consult his cabinet for most legislation.[17] According to historian Stanley G. Payne, Franco had more day-to-day power than Adolf Hitler or Joseph Stalin possessed at the respective heights of their power. Payne noted that Hitler and Stalin at least maintained rubber-stamp parliaments, while Franco dispensed with even that formality in the early years of his rule. According to Payne, the lack of even a rubber-stamp parliament made Franco's government \"the most purely arbitrary in the world.\"[18] The 100-member National Council of the Movement served as a makeshift legislature until the passing of the organic law of 1942 and the Ley Constitutiva de las Cortes (Constituent Law of the Cortes) the same year, which saw the grand opening of the Cortes Españolas on 18 July 1942.[citation needed]The Organic Law made the executive government ultimately responsible for passing all laws,[19] while defining the Cortes as a purely advisory body elected by neither direct nor universal suffrage. The Cortes had no power over government spending, and the government was not responsible for it; ministers were appointed and dismissed by Franco alone as the \"Chief\" of state and government. The Ley del Referendum Nacional (Law of the National Referendum), passed in 1945 approved for all \"fundamental laws\" to be approved by a popular referendum, in which only the heads of families could vote. Local municipal councils were appointed similarly by heads of families and local corporations through local municipal elections while mayors were appointed by the government. It was thus one of the most centralised countries in Europe and certainly the most centralised in Western Europe following the fall of the Portuguese Estado Novo in the Carnation Revolution.Franco and U.S. President Gerald Ford riding in a ceremonial parade in Madrid, 1975The referendum law was used twice during Franco's rule—in 1947, when a referendum revived the Spanish monarchy with Franco as de facto regent for life with sole right to appoint his successor; and in 1966, another referendum was held to approve a new \"organic law\", or constitution, supposedly limiting and clearly defining Franco's powers as well as formally creating the modern office of Prime Minister of Spain. By delaying the issue of republic versus monarchy for his 36-year dictatorship and by refusing to take up the throne himself in 1947, Franco sought to antagonise neither the monarchical Carlists (who preferred the restoration of a Bourbon) nor the republican \"old shirts\" (original Falangists). Franco ignored the claim to the throne of Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona, son of the last king, Alfonso XIII, who designated himself as his heir; Franco found him too liberal. In 1961, Franco offered Otto von Habsburg the throne, but was refused and ultimately followed Otto's recommendation by selecting in 1969 the young Juan Carlos of Bourbon, son of Infante Juan, as his officially designated heir to the throne, shortly after his 30th birthday (the minimum age required under the Law of Succession).In 1973, due to old age and to lessen his burdens in governing Spain he resigned as Prime Minister and named Navy Admiral Luis Carrero Blanco to the said post, but Franco remained as the Chief of State, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and Jefe del Movimiento (Chief of the Movement). However, Carrero Blanco was assassinated in the same year and Carlos Arias Navarro became the country's new Prime Minister.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Desfile_de_tropas_por_las_calles_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_(14_de_20)_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg"},{"link_name":"San Sebastián","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Spanish Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Army"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowen_and_%C3%81lvarez-22"},{"link_name":"possible entry into World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Allied landings in North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Torch"},{"link_name":"German occupation of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Anton"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowen_and_%C3%81lvarez-22"},{"link_name":"Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Navy"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bowen_and_%C3%81lvarez-22"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Payne2-23"}],"text":"Armed forces in San Sebastián, 1942During the first year of peace, Franco dramatically reduced the size of the Spanish Army—from almost one million at the end of the Civil War to 250,000 in early 1940, with most soldiers two-year conscripts.[20] Concerns about the international situation, Spain's possible entry into World War II, and threats of invasion led him to undo some of these reductions. In November 1942, with the Allied landings in North Africa and the German occupation of France bringing hostilities closer than ever to Spain's border, Franco ordered a partial mobilization, bringing the army to over 750,000 men.[20] The Air Force and Navy also grew in numbers and in budgets to 35,000 airmen and 25,000 sailors by 1945, although for fiscal reasons Franco had to restrain attempts by both services to undertake dramatic expansions.[20] The army maintained a strength of about 400,000 men until the end of the Second World War.[21]","title":"Armed forces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Spanish West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_West_Africa"},{"link_name":"Spanish Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Sahara"},{"link_name":"Spanish protectorate in Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco"},{"link_name":"its colonial empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Algerian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_War"},{"link_name":"Organisation armée secrète","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_arm%C3%A9e_secr%C3%A8te"},{"link_name":"French Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_rule_in_Algeria"},{"link_name":"French protectorate in Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Spanish protectorate in Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Mohammed V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_V_of_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Plazas de soberanía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Spanish Sahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Sahara"},{"link_name":"Ifni War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifni_War"},{"link_name":"Green March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_March"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Equatorial Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Ifni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifni"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibraltar%E2%80%93Spain_border"}],"text":"Further information: Spanish Guinea, Spanish West Africa, Spanish Sahara, and Spanish protectorate in MoroccoSpain attempted to retain control of the last remnants of its colonial empire throughout Franco's rule. During the Algerian War (1954–1962), Madrid became the base of the Organisation armée secrète right-wing French Army group which sought to preserve French Algeria. Despite this, Franco was forced to make some concessions. When the French protectorate in Morocco became independent in 1956, Spain surrendered its Spanish protectorate in Morocco to Mohammed V, retaining only a few exclaves, the Plazas de soberanía. The year after, Mohammed V invaded Spanish Sahara during the Ifni War (known as the \"Forgotten War\" in Spain). Only in 1975, with the Green March and the military occupation, did Morocco take control of all of the former Spanish territories in the Sahara.In 1968, under United Nations pressure, Franco granted Spain's colony of Equatorial Guinea its independence and the next year ceded the exclave of Ifni to Morocco. Under Franco, Spain also pursued a campaign to gain sovereignty of the British overseas territory of Gibraltar and closed its border in 1969. The border would not be fully reopened until 1985.","title":"Colonial empire and decolonisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frankism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankism"},{"link_name":"totalitarian state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarian_state"},{"link_name":"nacional-sindicalista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_syndicalism"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ledesma-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vinaofrago-25"},{"link_name":"\"organic democracy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_democracy"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_org%C3%A1nica"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ledesma-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ledesma-24"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Juan José Linz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Linz"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ledesma-24"},{"link_name":"Fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vinaofrago-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vinaofrago-25"},{"link_name":"authoritarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarianism"},{"link_name":"anti-Communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Communism"},{"link_name":"Spanish nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_nationalism"},{"link_name":"national Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Catholicism"},{"link_name":"monarchism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchism"},{"link_name":"militarism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militarism"},{"link_name":"national conservatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_conservatism"},{"link_name":"anti-Masonry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Masonry"},{"link_name":"anti-Catalanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Catalanism"},{"link_name":"pan-Hispanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panhispanism"},{"link_name":"anti-liberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-liberalism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"integralism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integralism"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Stanley Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Payne"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Walter Laqueur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Laqueur"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"United Nations Security Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Frankism.Initially the regime embraced the definition of \"totalitarian state\" or the nacional-sindicalista label.[22][23] Following the defeat of Fascism in much of Europe in World War II, \"organic democracy\" [es] was the new moniker the regime adopted for itself, yet it only sounded credible to staunch believers.[22] Other later soft definitions include \"authoritarian regime\" or \"constituent or developmental dictatorship\", the latter having inner backing from within the regime.[22] During Cold War, Juan José Linz, either accused of whitewashing the regime or being praised as the elaborator of \"the first scientific conceptualization\" of the regime, famously early characterized it as an \"authoritarian regime with limited pluralism\".[22] The Francoist regime has been described by other scholars as a \"Fascismo a la española\" (\"Spanish-style Fascism\") or as a specific variant of Fascism marked by the preponderance of the Catholic Church, the Armed Forces and Traditionalism.[23]While the regime evolved along with its protracted history, the primitive essence of it remained, underpinned by the legal concentration of all powers into a single person, Francisco Franco, \"Caudillo of Spain by the Grace of God\", embodying national sovereignty and \"only responsible before God and History.[23]The consistent points in Francoism included above all authoritarianism, anti-Communism, Spanish nationalism, national Catholicism, monarchism, militarism, national conservatism, anti-Masonry, anti-Catalanism, pan-Hispanism, and anti-liberalism[citation needed]—some authors also include integralism.[24][25] Stanley Payne, a scholar of Spain notes that \"scarcely any of the serious historians and analysts of Franco consider the generalissimo to be a core fascist\".[26][27] According to historian Walter Laqueur \"during the Civil War, Spanish fascists were forced to subordinate their activities to the nationalist cause. At the helm were military leaders such as General Francisco Franco, who were conservatives in all essential respects. When the civil war ended, Franco was so deeply entrenched that the Falange stood no chance; in this strongly authoritarian regime, there was no room for political opposition. The Falange became junior partners in the government and, as such, they had to accept responsibility for the regime's policy without being able to shape it substantially\".[28] The United Nations Security Council voted in 1946 to deny the Franco regime recognition until it developed a more representative government.[29]","title":"Francoism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Falange Española de las JONS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS"},{"link_name":"Comunión Tradicionalista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionalist_Communion"},{"link_name":"Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juntas_de_Ofensiva_Nacional-Sindicalista"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"The Falange Española de las JONS, a fascist party formed during the Republic, soon transformed itself into the framework of reference in the National Movement. In April 1937, the Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista (Traditionalist Spanish Phalanx and of the Councils of National Syndicalist Offensive) was created from the absorption of the Comunión Tradicionalista (Traditionalist Communion) by the Falange Española de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista, which itself was the result of an earlier absorption of the Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista by José Antonio Primo de Rivera's Falange Española. This party, often referred to as Falange, became the sole legal party during Franco's regime, but the term \"party\" was generally avoided, especially after World War II, when it was commonly referred to as the \"National Movement\" or just as \"the Movement\".","title":"Francoism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-28"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Franco_and_the_Spanish_Civil_War-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.com-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fascism_in_Spain,_1923%E2%80%931977-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fascism:_Past,_Present,_Future-35"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"technocrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocracy_(bureaucratic)"},{"link_name":"Opus Dei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_Dei"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"trade unions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"political spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_spectrum"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Guardia Civil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Guard_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Policía Armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Police_Corps"},{"link_name":"personality cult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_cult"},{"link_name":"Divine Providence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Providence"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"communist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism"},{"link_name":"anarchist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism"},{"link_name":"liberal democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_democracy"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Basque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Confederación Nacional del Trabajo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo"},{"link_name":"Unión General de Trabajadores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_General_de_Trabajadores"},{"link_name":"Sindicato Vertical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Labour_Organization"},{"link_name":"Spanish Socialist Workers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquerra_Republicana_de_Catalunya"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain_(main)"},{"link_name":"Basque Nationalist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Nationalist_Party"},{"link_name":"ETA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETA_(separatist_group)"},{"link_name":"low-intensity war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-intensity_warfare"},{"link_name":"Masonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry"},{"link_name":"Judaic conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories"},{"link_name":"just months before he died","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_use_of_capital_punishment_in_Spain"}],"sub_title":"Fascism and authoritarianism","text":"The main point of those scholars that tend to consider the Spanish State to be authoritarian rather than fascist is that the FET-JONS were relatively heterogeneous rather than being an ideological monolith.[26][30][31][32][33] After World War II, the Falange opposed free capital markets, but the ultimately prevailing technocrats, some of whom were linked with Opus Dei, eschewed syndicalist economics and favoured increased competition as a means of achieving rapid economic growth and integration with wider Europe.[34]The Spanish State was authoritarian: Non-government trade unions and all political opponents across the political spectrum were either suppressed or controlled by all means, including police repression.[citation needed] Most country towns and rural areas were patrolled by pairs of Guardia Civil, a military police for civilians, which functioned as a chief means of social control. Larger cities, and capitals, were mostly under the heavily armed Policía Armada, commonly called grises due to their grey uniforms. Franco was also the focus of a personality cult, which taught that he had been sent by Divine Providence to save the country from chaos and poverty.[citation needed]Members of the oppressed ranged from Catholic trade unions to communist and anarchist organisations to liberal democrats and Catalan or Basque separatists. The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) and the Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT) trade unions were outlawed and replaced in 1940 by the corporatist Sindicato Vertical. The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and the Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (ERC) party were banned in 1939 while the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) went underground. University students seeking democracy revolted in the late 1960s and early 1970s, which was repressed by the grises. The Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) went into exile and in 1959 the armed separatist group ETA was created to wage a low-intensity war against Franco. Like others at the time, Franco evinced a concern about a possible Masonic and Judaic conspiracy against his regime.Franco continued to personally sign all death warrants until just months before he died despite international campaigns requesting him to desist.","title":"Francoism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Francoist_demonstration_in_Salamanca.jpg"},{"link_name":"Salamanca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salamanca"},{"link_name":"Castilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castile_(historical_region)"},{"link_name":"Bullfighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullfighting"},{"link_name":"flamenco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamenco"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Andalusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia"},{"link_name":"censorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship"},{"link_name":"House of Bourbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon"},{"link_name":"Miguel Primo de Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Basque Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)"},{"link_name":"Extremadura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremadura"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Andalusia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acto_de_la_Falange_celebrado_en_un_sal%C3%B3n_de_La_Perla_del_Oc%C3%A9ano_(1_de_3)_-_Fondo_Mar%C3%ADn-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg"},{"link_name":"Falangist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falangism"},{"link_name":"Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco"},{"link_name":"Second Spanish Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic"},{"link_name":"fueros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fueros"},{"link_name":"Guipuzcoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipuzkoa"},{"link_name":"Biscay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biscay"},{"link_name":"Alava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alava"},{"link_name":"Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarre"},{"link_name":"Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco"},{"link_name":"language politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_politics_in_Spain_under_Franco"},{"link_name":"Basque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_language"},{"link_name":"Galician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician_language"},{"link_name":"Catalan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_language"},{"link_name":"compulsory national educational system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_education_in_Spain"}],"sub_title":"Spanish nationalism","text":"Francoist demonstration in Salamanca in 1937Franco's Spanish nationalism promoted a Castilian-centric unitary national identity by repressing Spain's cultural diversity. Bullfighting and flamenco[35] were promoted as national traditions, while those traditions not considered Spanish were suppressed. Franco's view of Spanish tradition was somewhat artificial and arbitrary: while some regional traditions were suppressed, Flamenco, an Andalusian tradition, was considered part of a larger, national identity. All cultural activities were subject to censorship and many were forbidden entirely, often in an erratic manner. This cultural policy relaxed over time, most notably in the late 1960s and early 1970s.Franco was reluctant to enact any form of administrative and legislative decentralisation and kept a fully centralised form of government with a similar administrative structure to that established by the House of Bourbon and General Miguel Primo de Rivera. These structures were modelled after the centralised French state. As a result of this type of governance, government attention and initiatives were irregular and often depended more on the goodwill of government representatives than on regional needs. Thus inequalities in schooling, health care or transport facilities among regions were patent: historically affluent regions like Madrid, Catalonia or the Basque Country fared much better than others such as Extremadura, Galicia or Andalusia.Falangist celebration in 1941Franco eliminated the autonomy granted by the Second Spanish Republic to the regions and abolished the centuries-old fiscal privileges and autonomy (the fueros) in two of the three Basque provinces: Guipuzcoa and Biscay, which were officially classified as \"traitor regions\". The fueros were kept in the third Basque province, Alava, and also in Navarre, a former kingdom during the Middle Ages and the cradle of the Carlists, possibly due to the region's support during the Civil War.Franco also used language politics in an attempt to establish national homogeneity. Despite Franco himself being Galician, the government revoked the official statute and recognition for the Basque, Galician and Catalan languages that the Republic had granted them for the first time in the history of Spain. The former policy of promoting Spanish as the only official language of the state and education was resumed, even though millions of the country's citizens spoke other languages. The legal usage of languages other than Spanish was forbidden: all government, notarial, legal and commercial documents were to be drawn up exclusively in Spanish and any written in other languages were deemed null and void. The use of any other language was forbidden in schools, advertising, religious ceremonies and on-road and shop signs. Publications in other languages were generally forbidden, though citizens continued to use them privately. During the late 1960s, these policies became more lenient yet non-Castilian languages continued to be discouraged and did not receive official status or legal recognition. Additionally, the popularisation of the compulsory national educational system and the development of modern mass media, both controlled by the state and exclusively in Spanish, reduced the competency of speakers of Basque, Catalan and Galician.","title":"Francoism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of the Catholic Church in Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"state religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_religion"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Julian Casanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Casanova_Ruiz"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Francisco_Franco_en_la_iglesia_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_durante_la_celebraci%C3%B3n_de_la_Salve_(5_de_9)_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg"},{"link_name":"Law of Political Responsibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_Political_Responsibility"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Carlos Barral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Barral"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Pact of forgetting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pact_of_forgetting"},{"link_name":"Civil marriages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_marriage"},{"link_name":"Divorce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce"},{"link_name":"contraception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control"},{"link_name":"abortions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Supreme Order of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_Christ"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII"},{"link_name":"Sacred Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Heart"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"crucifixes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifix"},{"link_name":"José Ibáñez Martín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_Mart%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"José María Pemán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Pem%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Saint Benedict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia"},{"link_name":"education system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_education_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Lugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugo"},{"link_name":"Opus Dei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_Dei"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Visita_de_Francisco_Franco_y_su_esposa,_Carmen_Polo,_en_un_acto_religioso_en_la_iglesia_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_(5_de_6)_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg"},{"link_name":"Basilica of Saint Mary of the Chorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Mary_of_the_Chorus"},{"link_name":"orphanages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphanage"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Royal Palace of El Pardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_El_Pardo"},{"link_name":"canopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldachin"},{"link_name":"Generalísimo de los Ejércitos Españoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalissimo"},{"link_name":"Caudillo of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudillo"},{"link_name":"by the Grace of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By_the_Grace_of_God"},{"link_name":"absolute monarchies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Roman Catholicism","text":"Further information: History of the Catholic Church in SpainFranco's regime often used religion as a means to increase its popularity throughout the Catholic world, especially after the Second World War. Franco himself was increasingly portrayed as a fervent Catholic and a staunch defender of Roman Catholicism, the declared state religion.[36] The regime favoured very conservative Roman Catholicism and it reversed the secularisation process that had taken place under the Republic. According to historian Julian Casanova, \"the symbiosis of religion, fatherland and Caudillo\" saw the Church assume great political responsibilities, \"a hegemony and monopoly beyond its wildest dreams\" and it played \"a central role in policing the country's citizens\".[37]Franco with Catholic Church dignitaries in 1946The Law of Political Responsibility of February 1939 turned the Church into an extralegal body of investigation as parishes were granted policing powers equal to those of local government officials and leaders of the Falange. Some official jobs required a \"good behaviour\" statement by a priest. According to historian Julian Casanova, \"the reports that have survived reveal a clergy that was bitter because of the violent anti-clericalism and the unacceptable level of secularisation that Spanish society had reached during the republican years\" and the law of 1939 made the priests investigators of peoples' ideological and political pasts.[38]The authorities encouraged denunciations in the workplace. For example, Barcelona's city hall obliged all government functionaries to \"tell the proper authorities who the leftists are in your department and everything you know about their activities\". A law passed in 1939 institutionalised the purging of public offices.[39] The poet Carlos Barral recorded that in his family \"any allusion to republican relatives was scrupulously avoided; everyone took part in the enthusiasm for the new era and wrapped themselves in the folds of religiosity\". Only through silence could people associated with the Republic be relatively safe from imprisonment or unemployment. After the death of Franco, the price of the peaceful transition to democracy would be silence and \"the tacit agreement to forget the past\",[40] which was given legal status by the 1977 Pact of forgetting.Civil marriages that had taken place in the Republic were declared null and void unless they had been validated by the Church, along with divorces. Divorce, contraception and abortions were forbidden.[41] Children had to be given Christian names.[42] Franco was made a member of the Supreme Order of Christ by Pope Pius XII whilst Spain itself was consecrated to the Sacred Heart.[43]The Catholic Church's ties with the Franco dictatorship gave it control over the country's schools and crucifixes were once again placed in schoolrooms. After the war, Franco chose José Ibáñez Martín, a member of the National Catholic Association of Propagandists, to lead the Ministry of Education. He held the post for 12 years, during which he finished the task of purging the ministry begun by the Commission of Culture and Teaching headed by José María Pemán. Pemán led the work of Catholicizing state-sponsored schools and allocating generous funding to the Church's schools.[44] Romualdo de Toledo, head of the National Service of Primary Education, was a traditionalist who described the model school as \"the monastery founded by Saint Benedict\". The clergy in charge of the education system sanctioned and sacked thousands of teachers of the progressive left and divided Spain's schools up among the families of falangists, loyalist soldiers and Catholic families.[clarification needed] In some provinces, like Lugo, practically all the teachers were dismissed. This process also affected tertiary education, as Ibáñez Martín, Catholic propagandists and the Opus Dei ensured professorships were offered only to the most faithful.[45]Franco visiting the Basilica of Saint Mary of the Chorus in San SebastiánThe orphaned children of \"Reds\" were taught in orphanages run by priests and nuns that \"their parents had committed great sins that they could help expiate, for which many were incited to serve the Church\".[46]Francoism professed a strong devotion to militarism, hypermasculinity and the traditional role of women in society.[47] A woman was to be loving to her parents and brothers, faithful to her husband and to reside with her family. Official propaganda confined women's roles to family care and motherhood. Most progressive laws passed by the Second Republic were declared void. Women could not become judges, or testify in the trial.[citation needed] They could not become university professors.[citation needed] In the 1960s and 1970s, there was increasing liberalization, yet such measures would continue until Franco's death.In 1947, Franco proclaimed Spain a monarchy through the Ley de Sucesión en la Jefatura del Estado act, but did not designate a monarch. He had no particular desire for a king because of his strained relations with the legitimist heir to the Crown, Juan of Bourbon. Therefore, he left the throne vacant with himself as regent and set the basis for his succession. This gesture was largely done to appease monarchist factions within the Movement. At the same time, Franco wore the uniform of a captain-general (a rank traditionally reserved for the King), resided in the Royal Palace of El Pardo, appropriated the kingly privilege of walking beneath a canopy and his portrait appeared on most Spanish coins. Indeed, although his formal titles were Jefe del Estado (Head of State) and Generalísimo de los Ejércitos Españoles (Generalissimo of the Spanish Armies), he was referred to as Caudillo of Spain, by the Grace of God. Por la Gracia de Dios is a technical, legal formulation which states sovereign dignity in absolute monarchies and had been used only by monarchs before.The long-delayed selection of Juan Carlos of Bourbon as Franco's official successor in 1969 was an unpleasant surprise for many interested parties as Juan Carlos was the rightful heir for neither the Carlists nor the Legitimists.[citation needed]","title":"Francoism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Francisco_Franco_and_Carmen_Polo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carmen Polo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Polo,_1st_Lady_of_Meir%C3%A1s"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SwierRiordan2013-50"},{"link_name":"National Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Civil marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_marriage"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThrelfallCousins2005-51"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finnerty2013-52"},{"link_name":"co-signed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_guarantee"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Spanish transition to democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy"},{"link_name":"Women's Protection Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Board"},{"link_name":"Catholic religious orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bruxelles-54"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-penagrande-57"},{"link_name":"babies stolen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_children_of_Francoism"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PhD_Guillen-58"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elconfidencial-59"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TSN-60"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dasi-61"}],"sub_title":"Women in Francoist Spain","text":"Franco and his wife, Carmen Polo, in 1968Women had first been granted the right to vote in Spain during the Second Republic. Under the new constitution they had gained full legal status and equal access to the labor market, abortion had been legalized and the crime of adultery abolished.[48]The Franco regime's embrace of National Catholicism (nacionalcatolicismo) as part of its ideological identity meant that the Catholic Church, which traditionally supported the social subordination of women, had preeminence in all aspects of public and private life in Spain. The Catholic Church had a central role in upholding the traditional role of the family and women's place in it. Civil marriage had also been introduced in the country during the Republic, so the Church immediately asked the new Franco regime to restore its control of family and marriage laws. All Spanish women were required by the state to serve for six months in the Women's Section (Sección Femenina), the female branch of the Falange state party, to undergo training for motherhood along with political indoctrination.[49]Francoism professed a devotion to the traditional role of a woman in society; that is, being a loving daughter and sister to her parents and brothers, being a faithful wife to her husband, and residing with her family. Official propaganda confined the role of women to family care and motherhood.[50] Immediately after the civil war most progressive laws passed by the Republic aimed at equality between the sexes were nullified. Women could not become judges or testify in a trial. Their affairs and economic lives had to be managed by their fathers and husbands. Until the 1970s, a woman could not open a bank account without having it co-signed by her father or husband.[51] In the 1960s and 1970s these restrictions were somewhat relaxed.However, from 1941 until well into the Spanish transition to democracy, the Women's Protection Board confined ten of thousands of girls and young women deemed 'fallen or at risk of falling', even without having committed any crime, in centers run by Catholic religious orders where they were routinely brutalized.[52][53] They could be admitted to these centers starting at age 16 through police raids, for \"immoral behavior,\" arbitrary reports from family members and individuals (\"guardians of morals\"), requests from civil and religious authorities, or at the request of the women themselves or their parents.[54] In practice, girls as young as 11 were forcibly interned. Young women and girls were routinely trafficked to men[55] and forced to bear children, only to have their babies stolen immediately afterwards.[56][57][58][59]","title":"Francoism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"military dictatorship era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_dictatorship_of_Chile_(1973%E2%80%931990)"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uchil2007-62"},{"link_name":"Traditionalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Jaime Eyzaguirre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Eyzaguirre"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moncada28-29-64"},{"link_name":"Guildist Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gremialismo"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Catholic University of Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rojas-65"},{"link_name":"corporatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporatism"},{"link_name":"Chilean university reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_university_reform"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alenda2014-66"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alenda2014-66"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"the Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Chile"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Chile)"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alenda2014-66"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rojas-65"},{"link_name":"1973 Chilean coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Augusto Pinochet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Chile"},{"link_name":"institutionalization of Francoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_Laws_of_the_Realm"},{"link_name":"post-Franco constitution of 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uchil2007-62"},{"link_name":"Josemaría Escrivá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Opus Dei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_Dei"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-libroimperio-69"},{"link_name":"University of the Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Andes,_Chile"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-libroimperio-69"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uchil2007-62"},{"link_name":"Independent Democratic Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Democratic_Union"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uchil2007-62"},{"link_name":"Acto de Chacarillas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acto_de_Chacarillas"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yanko2015-70"},{"link_name":"economic liberalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_liberalism"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uchil2007-62"},{"link_name":"corporatism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporatism"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Alenda2014-66"},{"link_name":"Chicago Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Boys"},{"link_name":"The Spirit of Democratic Capitalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Democratic_Capitalism"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moncada28-29-64"},{"link_name":"Lucía Hiriart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc%C3%ADa_Hiriart"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Antonio Tejero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Tejero"},{"link_name":"failed coup of 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23-F"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"sub_title":"Francoist influence in Chile","text":"Francoism had an influence abroad in Chile, where it found clear expressions in the military dictatorship era (1973–1990), in particular in the period prior to 1980.[60] Traditionalist historian Jaime Eyzaguirre was an admirer of Francoist Spain.[61] The lawyer Jaime Guzmán, once a student of Eyzaguirre,[62] helped establishing the Francoist-influenced Guildist Movement at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile in the 1960s.[63] This has been interpreted as a reaction inspired in Francoist corporatism against elements of the Chilean university reform.[64] The movement rapidly gained a long-lasting influence in the catholic universities of Chile.[64][65] The Guildists, presenting themselves as apolitical, were highly critical of perceived detrimental ideological influences in the Church, corporations (e.g. trade unions) and the Christian Democratic Party.[64][63]Already in from the first days of after the 1973 Chilean coup d'état Guzmán became advisor and speechwriter of dictator Augusto Pinochet.[66] While writing the Constitution of Chile of 1980 Jaime Guzmán studied the institutionalization of Francoism in Spain with the aim of preventing undesired reforms in future as it happened in Spain with the post-Franco constitution of 1977.[60] Josemaría Escrivá, the founder of Opus Dei, visited Chile 1974 after which Opus Dei begun to spread in the country.[67] Opus Dei helped establish the University of the Andes in 1989.[67][60] Both the University of the Andes and the political party Independent Democratic Union, founded in 1983 by Guzmán, have a Francoist heritage.[60] In the 1970s Pinochet's dictatorship organized ritualized acts reminiscent of Francoist Spain, notably Acto de Chacarillas.[68] After 1980 Francoist influence gave way to economic liberalism.[60] Even Guzmán, once clearly influenced by Francoist corporatism,[64] adopted economic liberalism from the Chicago Boys and writings such as The Spirit of Democratic Capitalism.[62]In 1975 Pinochet and his wife Lucía Hiriart attended the funeral of Francisco Franco.[69] When Pinochet died in 2006 supporters of late Francisco Franco paid homage in Spain. Antonio Tejero, who led the failed coup of 1981, attended a memorial service in Madrid.[70]","title":"Francoism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Llegada_de_integrantes_de_la_Divisi%C3%B3n_Azul_a_la_estaci%C3%B3n_del_Norte_(33_de_40)_-_Fondo_Mar%C3%ADn-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg"},{"link_name":"Blue Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Division"},{"link_name":"Judeo-Masonic conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Julian Grau Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julian_Grau_Santos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"martyrs of the Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butler's_Lives_of_the_Saints-75"}],"text":"See also: Spanish Civil WarSpanish anti-communist volunteer forces of the Blue Division entrain at San Sebastián, 1942For nearly twenty years after the war, Francoist Spain presented the conflict as a crusade against Bolshevism in defence of Christian civilization. In Francoist narrative, authoritarianism had defeated anarchy and overseen the elimination of \"agitators\", those \"without God\" and the \"Judeo-Masonic conspiracy\". Since Franco had relied on thousands of North African soldiers, anti-Islamic sentiment \"was played down but the centuries-old myth of the Moorish threat lay at the base of the construction of the \"communist menace\" as a modern-day Eastern plague\".[71] The official position was therefore that the wartime Republic was simply a proto-Stalinist monolith, its leaders intent on creating a Spanish Soviet satellite. Many Spanish children grew up believing the war was fought against foreigners and the painter Julian Grau Santos has said \"it was instilled in me and I always believed that Spain had won the war against foreign enemies of our historic greatness\".[citation needed] About 6,832 Catholic clergy were murdered by the Republicans.[72] Collectively, they are known as the martyrs of the Spanish Civil War.[73]","title":"Narrative of the Civil War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prior censorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship"},{"link_name":"Diario Arriba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriba_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"EFE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFE"},{"link_name":"Radio Nacional de España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"No-Do","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-Do"},{"link_name":"Televisión Española","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola"},{"link_name":"Cadena COPE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadena_COPE"},{"link_name":"Cadena SER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadena_SER"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"La Vanguardia Española","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Vanguardia"},{"link_name":"El Correo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Correo"},{"link_name":"El Diario Vasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Diario_Vasco"},{"link_name":"La Codorniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Codorniz"}],"text":"Under the 1938 Press Law, all newspapers were put under prior censorship and were forced to include any articles the government desired. Chief editors were nominated by the government and all journalists were required to be registered. All liberal, republican and left-wing media were prohibited.The Delegación Nacional de Prensa y Propaganda was established as a network of government media, including daily newspapers Diario Arriba and Pueblo. The EFE and Pyresa government news agencies were created in 1939 and 1945. The Radio Nacional de España state radio had the exclusive right to transmit news bulletins, which all broadcasters were required to air. The No-Do were 10-minute newsreels shown at all cinemas. The Televisión Española, the government television network, debuted in 1956.The Roman Catholic Church had its own media outlets, including the Ya newspaper and the Cadena COPE radio network. Other pro-government media included Cadena SER, ABC, La Vanguardia Española, El Correo and El Diario Vasco.Notable independent media outlets included humour magazine La Codorniz.The 1966 Press Law dropped the prior censorship regime and allowed media outlets to select their own directors, although criticism was still a crime.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Economic history of Spain § The Franco Era, 1939–75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain#The_Franco_Era,_1939%E2%80%9375"},{"link_name":"autarky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autarky"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Sindicato Vertical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Labour_Organization"},{"link_name":"class struggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_struggle"},{"link_name":"corporative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_statism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:INC_logo.svg"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"FE de las JONS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FE_de_las_JONS"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerfecto2015147-78"},{"link_name":"Generalplan Ost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalplan_Ost"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlares_L%C3%B3pez202096%E2%80%9397-79"},{"link_name":"Instituto Nacional de Colonización","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Colonizaci%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlares_L%C3%B3pez202097-81"},{"link_name":"expropriations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminent_domain"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlares_L%C3%B3pez2020103%E2%80%93104-82"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlares_L%C3%B3pez202099-83"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_liberalism"},{"link_name":"Spanish Miracle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Miracle"},{"link_name":"oil shocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"See also: Economic history of Spain § The Franco Era, 1939–75The Civil War had ravaged the Spanish economy. Infrastructure had been damaged, workers killed and daily business severely hampered. For more than a decade after Franco's victory, the economy improved little. Franco initially pursued a policy of autarky, cutting off almost all international trade. The policy had devastating effects and the economy stagnated. Only black marketeers could enjoy an evident affluence.[74]In 1940, the Sindicato Vertical was created. It was inspired by the ideas of José Antonio Primo de Rivera, who thought that class struggle would be ended by grouping together workers and owners according to corporative principles. It was the only legal trade union and was under government control. Other trade unions were forbidden and strongly repressed along with political parties outside the Falange.INC emblem.The Francoist agrarian colonisation was one of the most ambitious programs related to the regime's agrarian policies, which were an answer to the Republic's Law of Agrarian Reform and the war-time collectivizations.[75] Somewhat inspired by the brief points related to agrarian policy of FE de las JONS, the Francoist colonisation underpinned a materialisation of the agrarian policies vowed by Fascism (connected to the Italian Bonifica integrale[76] or the agrarian policy elements of the Nazi Generalplan Ost).[77] The policy was carried out by the Instituto Nacional de Colonización (INC), created in 1939 with the goal of agricultural modernisation by means of the creation of irrigated lands, improvements in agrarian technology and training and the installment of settlers.[78] It consolidated the privileges of the landowning classes,[79] protecting to a large extent the large landowners from potential expropriations (tierras reservadas where large landowners owners retained land property and were transformed into irrigated lands with help from the INC vs the comparatively smaller tierras en exceso, purchased or expropriated and where settlers installed).[80] While its inception dates to the period of hegemony of Fascist powers in Europe, the plan did not fully take off until the 1950s.[81] From 1940 to 1970 around 300 colonisation settlements were created.[82]On the brink of bankruptcy, a combination of pressure from the United States (including about $1.5 billion in aid 1954–1964), the IMF and technocrats from Opus Dei managed to \"convince\" the regime to liberalize the economy in 1959 in what amounted to a mini coup d'état which removed the old guard in charge of the economy, despite the opposition of Franco. However, this economic liberalisation was not accompanied by political reforms and oppression continued unabated.Economic growth picked up after 1959 after Franco took authority away from these ideologues and gave more power to the liberal technocrats. The country implemented several development policies and growth took off, creating the \"Spanish Miracle\". Concurrent with the absence of social reforms and the economic power shift, a tide of mass emigration commenced to European countries and to lesser extent to South America. Emigration helped the regime in two ways: the country got rid of surplus population and the emigrants supplied the country with much needed monetary remittances.During the 1960s, Spain experienced further increases in wealth. International firms established their factories in Spain. Spain became the second-fastest-growing economy in the world, alongside Brazil and just behind Japan. The rapid development of this period became known as the \"Spanish Miracle\". At the time of Franco's death, Spain still lagged behind most of Western Europe, but the gap between its GDP per capita and that of the major Western European economies had greatly narrowed. In world terms, Spain was already enjoying a fairly high material standard of living with basic but comprehensive services. However, the period between the mid-1970s and mid-1980s was to prove difficult as in addition to the oil shocks to which Spain was highly exposed, the settling of the new political order took priority over the modernising of the economy.[citation needed]","title":"Economic policy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pact of forgetting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pact_of_forgetting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SPA-2014-San_Lorenzo_de_El_Escorial-Valley_of_the_Fallen_(Valle_de_los_Ca%C3%ADdos).jpg"},{"link_name":"King Juan Carlos I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Valle de los Caídos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle_de_los_Ca%C3%ADdos"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc._Spai-85"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Francoayto.jpg"},{"link_name":"Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco"},{"link_name":"Plaza del Ayuntamiento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_equestrian_statues_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"Santander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santander,_Spain"},{"link_name":"Werner Mölders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_M%C3%B6lders"},{"link_name":"bombing of Guernica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Guernica"},{"link_name":"Maciej Giertych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maciej_Giertych"},{"link_name":"MEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"League of Polish Families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Polish_Families"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EP-88"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EP-88"},{"link_name":"archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EP-88"},{"link_name":"Valley of the Fallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle_de_los_Ca%C3%ADdos"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EP-88"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EP-88"},{"link_name":"María Teresa Fernández de la Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Teresa_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_la_Vega"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EP-88"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_the_Recovery_of_Historical_Memory"},{"link_name":"Spanish Socialist Workers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"2004 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_general_election,_2004"},{"link_name":"José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Zapatero"},{"link_name":"Historical Memory Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_Memory_Law"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"lost children of Francoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_children_of_Francoism"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc111018-91"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guard110127-92"}],"text":"Further information: Pact of forgettingBy the decision of King Juan Carlos I, Franco was entombed in the monument of Valle de los Caídos, until his body was moved in October 2019.[83]Equestrian statue of Franco in the Plaza del Ayuntamiento of Santander, taken down in late 2008In Spain and abroad, the legacy of Franco remains controversial. In Germany, a squadron named after Werner Mölders has been renamed because as a pilot he led the escorting units in the bombing of Guernica. As recently as 2006, the BBC reported that Maciej Giertych, an MEP of the right-wing League of Polish Families, had expressed admiration for Franco's stature who he believed had \"guaranteed the maintenance of traditional values in Europe\".[84]Spanish opinion has changed. Most statues of Franco and other public Francoist symbols have been removed, and the last Franco statue in Madrid came down in 2005.[85] Additionally, the Permanent Commission of the European Parliament \"firmly\" condemned in a resolution unanimously adopted in March 2006 the \"multiple and serious violations\" of human rights committed in Spain under the Francoist regime from 1939 to 1975.[86][87] The resolution was at the initiative of the MEP Leo Brincat and of the historian Luis María de Puig and is the first international official condemnation of the repression enacted by Franco's regime.[86] The resolution also urged to provide public access to historians (professional and amateurs) to the various archives of the Francoist regime, including those of the Fundación Francisco Franco, which as well as other Francoist archives remain as of 2006 inaccessible to the public.[86] Furthermore, it urged the Spanish authorities to set up an underground exhibition in the Valley of the Fallen in order to explain the terrible conditions in which it was built.[86] Finally, it proposed the construction of monuments to commemorate Franco's victims in Madrid and other important cities.[86]In Spain, a commission to restore the dignity of the victims of Franco's regime and pay tribute to their memory (comisión para reparar la dignidad y restituir la memoria de las víctimas del franquismo) was approved in the summer of 2004 and was directed by the then-Vice President María Teresa Fernández de la Vega.[86] Because of his repressive regional linguistic policies, Franco's memory is still particularly resented in Catalonia and the Basque Country.[citation needed] The Basque Provinces and Catalonia were among the regions that offered the strongest resistance to Franco in the Civil War, as well as during his regime.In 2008, the Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory initiated a systematic search for mass graves of people executed during Franco's regime, a move supported since the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party's victory during the 2004 elections by José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero's government. The Historical Memory Law (Ley de Memoria Histórica) was passed in 2007[88] as an attempt to enforce official recognition of the crimes committed against civilians during Franco's rule and to organise under state supervision the search for mass graves.Investigations have begun into wide-scale child abduction during the Franco years. The lost children of Francoism may reach 300,000.[89][90]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Flags and heraldry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flag of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Symbols of Francoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbols_of_Francoism"},{"link_name":"eagle of Saint John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_of_Saint_John"},{"link_name":"Catholic Monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs"},{"link_name":"Emirate of Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"Pillars of Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillars_of_Hercules"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"yokes and arrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoke_and_arrows"},{"link_name":"Cross of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_of_Burgundy_Flag"},{"link_name":"Requetés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requet%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Una, Grande y Libre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Una,_Grande_y_Libre"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Spain_(1931%E2%80%931939).svg"},{"link_name":"State flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Spain#Spanish_State"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bandera_del_bando_nacional_1936-1938.svg"},{"link_name":"State flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Spain#Spanish_State"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Spain_(1938%E2%80%931945).svg"},{"link_name":"State flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Spain#Spanish_State"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Spain_(1945%E2%80%931977).svg"},{"link_name":"State flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Spain#Spanish_State"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Spain_(Civil)_alternate_colours.svg"},{"link_name":"Civil flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bandera_FE_JONS.svg"},{"link_name":"Falange Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Traditionalist_Requetes.svg"},{"link_name":"Traditionalist Movement (Carlism)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlism"}],"sub_title":"Flags","text":"See also: Flag of Spain and Symbols of FrancoismAt the conclusion of the Spanish Civil War and in spite of the army's reorganisation, several sections of the army continued with their bi-colour flags improvised in 1936, but since 1940 new ensigns began to be distributed, whose main innovation was the addition of the eagle of Saint John to the shield. The new arms were allegedly inspired in the coat of arms the Catholic Monarchs adopted after the taking of Emirate of Granada from the Moors, but replacing the arms of Sicily with those of Navarre and adding the Pillars of Hercules on either side of the coat of arms. In 1938, the columns were placed outside the wings. On 26 July 1945, the commander's ensigns were suppressed by decree and on 11 October a detailed regulation of flags was published that fixed the model of the bi-colour flag in use, but better defined its details, emphasising a greater[clarification needed] style of the Saint John's eagle. The models established by this decree remained in force until 1977.During this period, two more flags were usually displayed along with the national flag: the flag of Falange (red, black and red vertical stripes, with the yokes and arrows in the centre of the black stripe) and the traditionalist flag (white background with the Cross of Burgundy in the middle), representing the National Movement which had unified Falange and the Requetés under the name Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS.From the death of Franco in 1975 until 1977, the national flag followed the 1945 regulations. On 21 January 1977, a new regulation was approved that stipulated an eagle with more open wings, with the restored Pillars of Hercules placed within the wings and the tape with the motto \"Una, Grande y Libre\" (\"One, Great and Free\") moved over the eagle's head from its previous position around the neck.State flags\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tState flag (July 17, 1936 – August 29, 1936)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tState flag (August 30, 1936 – 1938)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tState flag (1938–1945)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tState flag (1945–1977)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCivil flag (1936–1975)Party flags\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlag of the Falange Movement\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlag of the Traditionalist Movement (Carlism)","title":"Flags and heraldry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Bend of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bend_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Royal Standard of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Standard_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Royal Bend of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bend_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"standard and guidon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_colours,_standards_and_guidons"},{"link_name":"Pillars of Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillars_of_Hercules"},{"link_name":"Prince of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Estandarte_de_Francisco_Franco_(variante_gules).svg"},{"link_name":"Standard of Francisco Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bend_of_Castile"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Estandarte_del_infante_Juan_Carlos_de_Borb%C3%B3n_como_Pr%C3%ADncipe_de_Espa%C3%B1a.svg"},{"link_name":"Royal standard of the Prince of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Standard_of_Spain"}],"sub_title":"Standards","text":"See also: Royal Bend of Castile and Royal Standard of SpainFrom 1940 to 1975, Franco used the Royal Bend of Castile as Head of State's standard and guidon: the Bend between the Pillars of Hercules, crowned with an imperial crown and open royal crown.As Prince of Spain from 1969 to 1975, Juan Carlos used a royal standard which was virtually identical to the one later adopted when he became King in 1975. The earlier standard differed only that it featured the royal crown of a Crown Prince, the King's royal crown has 8 arches of which 5 are visible, while the Prince's one has only 4 arches of which 3 are visible. The Royal Standard of Spain consists of a dark blue square with the coat of arms in the centre. The King's guidon is identical to the standard.Standard of Francisco Franco (1940–1975)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRoyal standard of the Prince of Spain (1969–1975)","title":"Flags and heraldry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coat of arms of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"House of Trastámara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Trast%C3%A1mara"},{"link_name":"Saint John's eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_of_Saint_John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Spain_(1931-1939)-Flag_Variant.svg"},{"link_name":"Coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Spain#Francoist_Spain_(1936-1977)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COA_Spain_under_Franco_1938_1945.svg"},{"link_name":"Coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Spain#Francoist_Spain_(1936-1977)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COA_Spain_under_Franco_1938_1945_bureaucratic_version.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COA_Spain_1945_1977.svg"},{"link_name":"Coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Spain#Francoist_Spain_(1936-1977)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Francisco_Franco_as_Head_of_the_Spanish_State.svg"},{"link_name":"Coat of arms of Francisco Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Bend_of_Castile"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Juan_Carlos_of_Spain_as_Prince.svg"},{"link_name":"Coat of arms of the Prince of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Prince_of_Spain"}],"sub_title":"Coat of arms","text":"See also: Coat of arms of SpainIn 1938, Franco adopted a variant of the coat of arms reinstating some elements originally used by the House of Trastámara such as Saint John's eagle and the yoke and arrows as follows: \"Quarterly, 1 and 4. quarterly Castile and León, 2 and 3. per pale Aragon and Navarra, enté en point of Granada. The arms are crowned with an open royal crown, placed on eagle displayed sable, surrounded with the pillars of Hercules, the yoke and the bundle of arrows of the Catholic Monarchs\".State Coat of arms\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCoat of arms (1936–1938)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCoat of arms (1938–1945)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSimplified version of the coat of arms to promote bureaucratic aims. It was used on stamps, lottery tickets, identity documents, and buildings. A popular name for it was \"coat of arms of the Eagle\" (1938–1945).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCoat of arms (1945–1977)Personal Coat of arms\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCoat of arms of Francisco Franco (1940–1975)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCoat of arms of the Prince of Spain (1969–1975)","title":"Flags and heraldry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Member states of the United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations"}],"text":"^ See Member states of the United Nations.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gerald Brenan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Brenan"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"189795963X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/189795963X"},{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0299110702","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0299110702"}],"text":"Gerald Brenan, The Face of Spain, (London: Serif, 2010). First-hand account of travels around Spain in 1949. ISBN 189795963X\nPayne, S. (1987). The Franco Regime (1st ed.). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0299110702\nLuis Fernandez. Franco. Editorial.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Francisco Franco and Adolf Hitler in Meeting at Hendaye, 1940","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Meeting_at_Hendaye_%28en.wiki%29.jpg/220px-Meeting_at_Hendaye_%28en.wiki%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Franco and U.S. President Gerald Ford riding in a ceremonial parade in Madrid, 1975","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/President_Gerald_R._Ford_and_Generalissimo_Francisco_Franco_Riding_in_a_Ceremonial_Parade_in_Madrid%2C_Spain_-_NARA_-_23869171.jpg/220px-President_Gerald_R._Ford_and_Generalissimo_Francisco_Franco_Riding_in_a_Ceremonial_Parade_in_Madrid%2C_Spain_-_NARA_-_23869171.jpg"},{"image_text":"Armed forces in San Sebastián, 1942","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Desfile_de_tropas_por_las_calles_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_%2814_de_20%29_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg/220px-Desfile_de_tropas_por_las_calles_de_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_%2814_de_20%29_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg"},{"image_text":"Francoist demonstration in Salamanca in 1937","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Francoist_demonstration_in_Salamanca.jpg/220px-Francoist_demonstration_in_Salamanca.jpg"},{"image_text":"Falangist celebration in 1941","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Acto_de_la_Falange_celebrado_en_un_sal%C3%B3n_de_La_Perla_del_Oc%C3%A9ano_%281_de_3%29_-_Fondo_Mar%C3%ADn-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg/220px-Acto_de_la_Falange_celebrado_en_un_sal%C3%B3n_de_La_Perla_del_Oc%C3%A9ano_%281_de_3%29_-_Fondo_Mar%C3%ADn-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg"},{"image_text":"Franco with Catholic Church dignitaries in 1946","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Francisco_Franco_en_la_iglesia_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_durante_la_celebraci%C3%B3n_de_la_Salve_%285_de_9%29_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg/220px-Francisco_Franco_en_la_iglesia_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_durante_la_celebraci%C3%B3n_de_la_Salve_%285_de_9%29_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg"},{"image_text":"Franco visiting the Basilica of Saint Mary of the Chorus in San Sebastián","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Visita_de_Francisco_Franco_y_su_esposa%2C_Carmen_Polo%2C_en_un_acto_religioso_en_la_iglesia_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_%285_de_6%29_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg/220px-Visita_de_Francisco_Franco_y_su_esposa%2C_Carmen_Polo%2C_en_un_acto_religioso_en_la_iglesia_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_%285_de_6%29_-_Fondo_Car-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg"},{"image_text":"Franco and his wife, Carmen Polo, in 1968","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Francisco_Franco_and_Carmen_Polo.jpg/220px-Francisco_Franco_and_Carmen_Polo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Spanish anti-communist volunteer forces of the Blue Division entrain at San Sebastián, 1942","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Llegada_de_integrantes_de_la_Divisi%C3%B3n_Azul_a_la_estaci%C3%B3n_del_Norte_%2833_de_40%29_-_Fondo_Mar%C3%ADn-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg/220px-Llegada_de_integrantes_de_la_Divisi%C3%B3n_Azul_a_la_estaci%C3%B3n_del_Norte_%2833_de_40%29_-_Fondo_Mar%C3%ADn-Kutxa_Fototeka.jpg"},{"image_text":"INC emblem.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/INC_logo.svg/120px-INC_logo.svg.png"},{"image_text":"By the decision of King Juan Carlos I, Franco was entombed in the monument of Valle de los Caídos, until his body was moved in October 2019.[83]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/SPA-2014-San_Lorenzo_de_El_Escorial-Valley_of_the_Fallen_%28Valle_de_los_Ca%C3%ADdos%29.jpg/220px-SPA-2014-San_Lorenzo_de_El_Escorial-Valley_of_the_Fallen_%28Valle_de_los_Ca%C3%ADdos%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Equestrian statue of Franco in the Plaza del Ayuntamiento of Santander, taken down in late 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Francoayto.jpg/220px-Francoayto.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Spain portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg"},{"title":"Politics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"},{"title":"Art and culture in Francoist Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_and_culture_in_Francoist_Spain"},{"title":"European interwar dictatorships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_interwar_dictatorships"},{"title":"Francoist Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francoist_Catalonia"},{"title":"Francoist concentration camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francoist_concentration_camps"},{"title":"Instituto Nacional de Colonización","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Colonizaci%C3%B3n"},{"title":"Language policies of Francoist Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_policies_of_Francoist_Spain"},{"title":"List of people executed by Francoist Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_executed_by_Francoist_Spain"},{"title":"Nationalist foreign volunteers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War"},{"title":"Pact of forgetting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pact_of_forgetting"},{"title":"Sociological Francoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franquismo_sociol%C3%B3gico"},{"title":"White Terror (Spain)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)"}]
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[{"reference":"Reuter, Tim (19 May 2014). \"Before China's Transformation, There Was The 'Spanish Miracle'\". Forbes Magazine. Retrieved 22 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/timreuter/2014/05/19/before-chinas-transformation-there-was-the-spanish-miracle/#f5da6133b3e1","url_text":"\"Before China's Transformation, There Was The 'Spanish Miracle'\""}]},{"reference":"Graham, Helen (2009). \"The Memory of Murder: Mass Killing, Incarceration and the Making of Francoism\". In Ribeiro de Menezes, Alison; Quance, Roberta; Walsh, Anne L. (eds.). Guerra y memoria en la España contemporánea: War and Memory in Contemporary Spain. Editorial Verbum. pp. 34–36. ISBN 978-8479625177.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eVAGDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA34","url_text":"\"The Memory of Murder: Mass Killing, Incarceration and the Making of Francoism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8479625177","url_text":"978-8479625177"}]},{"reference":"\"Spain – The Franco Years\". countrystudies.us.","urls":[{"url":"http://countrystudies.us/spain/22.htm","url_text":"\"Spain – The Franco Years\""}]},{"reference":"Bowen, Wayne H.; José E. Álvarez (2007). A Military History of Modern Spain. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 114. ISBN 978-0275993573.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qY94qFszWq8C&pg=PA13","url_text":"A Military History of Modern Spain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275993573","url_text":"978-0275993573"}]},{"reference":"Payne, Stanley G. (2011). The Franco Regime, 1936–1975. University of Wisconsin Pres. p. 244. ISBN 978-0299110741.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=S6Ie_HYgjUwC&pg=PA244","url_text":"The Franco Regime, 1936–1975"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299110741","url_text":"978-0299110741"}]},{"reference":"Pérez Ledesma, Manuel (1994). \"Una Dictadura 'por la gracia de Dios'\". Historia Social (20): 175. JSTOR 40340643.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/40340643","url_text":"40340643"}]},{"reference":"Viñao Frago, Antonio (2014). \"La educación en el franquismo (1936–1975)\" (PDF). Educar em Revista (51). Curitiba: 20–21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scielo.br/pdf/er/n51/n51a03.pdf","url_text":"\"La educación en el franquismo (1936–1975)\""}]},{"reference":"Kaplan, Lawrence (1992). Fundamentalism in Comparative Perspective. Univ of Massachusetts Press. p. 87. ISBN 0870237985. franco integralism.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fundamentalismin00lawr_0","url_text":"Fundamentalism in Comparative Perspective"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fundamentalismin00lawr_0/page/87","url_text":"87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870237985","url_text":"0870237985"}]},{"reference":"Viñas, Ángel (2012). En el combate por la historia: la República, la guerra civil, el franquismo (in Spanish). Pasado y Presente. ISBN 978-8493914394.","urls":[{"url":"https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/libro?codigo=511206","url_text":"En el combate por la historia: la República, la guerra civil, el franquismo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8493914394","url_text":"978-8493914394"}]},{"reference":"Casanova, Julian (2010). \"The Faces of Terror\". Unearthing Franco's Legacy. University of Notre Dame Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0268083526.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/book/1677","url_text":"Unearthing Franco's Legacy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0268083526","url_text":"978-0268083526"}]},{"reference":"Richards, Michael (2010). \"Grand Narratives, Collective Memory, and Social History\". Unearthing Franco's Legacy. University of Notre Dame Press. pp. 128–129. ISBN 978-0268083526.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/book/1677","url_text":"Unearthing Franco's Legacy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0268083526","url_text":"978-0268083526"}]},{"reference":"\"Franco edicts\". Archived from the original on 2008-06-26. Retrieved 2005-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080626065607/http://search.boe.es/datos/imagenes/BOE/1954/198/A04862.tif","url_text":"\"Franco edicts\""},{"url":"http://search.boe.es/datos/imagenes/BOE/1954/198/A04862.tif","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The regulation of identity through names and naming in Twentieth Century Spain\". 6 July 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://thelanguageofauthoritarianregimes.wordpress.com/2016/07/06/the-regulation-of-identity-through-names-and-naming-in-twentieth-century-spain/","url_text":"\"The regulation of identity through names and naming in Twentieth Century Spain\""}]},{"reference":"Burleigh, Michael (2006). Sacred Causes. HarperPress. pp. 317–318. ISBN 0007195745.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Burleigh","url_text":"Burleigh, Michael"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0007195745","url_text":"0007195745"}]},{"reference":"Fernandez de Mata, Ignacio (2010). Unearthing Franco's Legacy. University of Notre Dame Press. p. 295. ISBN 978-0268083526.","urls":[{"url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/book/1677","url_text":"Unearthing Franco's Legacy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0268083526","url_text":"978-0268083526"}]},{"reference":"Valiente, Celia (May–June 2017). \"Male allies of women's movements: Women's organizing within the Catholic Church in Franco's Spain\". Women's Studies International Forum. 62: 43–51. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2017.03.004.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Studies_International_Forum","url_text":"Women's Studies International Forum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.wsif.2017.03.004","url_text":"10.1016/j.wsif.2017.03.004"}]},{"reference":"Swier, Patricia; Riordan-Goncalves, Julia (2013). Dictatorships in the Hispanic World: Transatlantic and Transnational Perspectives. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1611475906.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_b4DAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA163","url_text":"Dictatorships in the Hispanic World: Transatlantic and Transnational Perspectives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1611475906","url_text":"978-1611475906"}]},{"reference":"Threlfall, Mónica; Cousins, Christine; Fernandez, Celia Valiente (2005). Gendering Spanish Democracy. Routledge. p. 64. ISBN 978-0415347945.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U2BY7Z-4gPAC&pg=PA64","url_text":"Gendering Spanish Democracy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415347945","url_text":"978-0415347945"}]},{"reference":"Finnerty, Deidre (2013). \"The Republican Mother in Post-Transition Novels of Historical Memory. A Re-Inscription into Spanish Cultural Memory?\". In DeVries, Kelly; France, John; Neilberg, Micheal S; Schneid, Frederick (eds.). Memory and Cultural History of the Spanish Civil War: Realms of. Brill. p. 216. ISBN 978-9004259966.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uRnhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA216","url_text":"\"The Republican Mother in Post-Transition Novels of Historical Memory. A Re-Inscription into Spanish Cultural Memory?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004259966","url_text":"978-9004259966"}]},{"reference":"García Dueñas, Lydia (2022). \"Que mi nombre no se borre de la historia\": The stakes of including women's historical memory in Spanish politics of memory (MSc thesis). Université libre de Bruxelles. pp. 33–35.","urls":[{"url":"https://repository.gchumanrights.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/0c127bb2-50ad-47f0-8698-59bce5b56643/content","url_text":"\"Que mi nombre no se borre de la historia\": The stakes of including women's historical memory in Spanish politics of memory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_libre_de_Bruxelles","url_text":"Université libre de Bruxelles"}]},{"reference":"Morcillo Gómez, Aurora (2015). En cuerpo y alma: Ser mujer en tiempos de Franco (in Spanish). Siglo XXI. ISBN 9788432317835.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QvofCwAAQBAJ","url_text":"En cuerpo y alma: Ser mujer en tiempos de Franco"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788432317835","url_text":"9788432317835"}]},{"reference":"Álvarez Fernández, Carlos. \"El Patronato de Protección a la Mujer: la construcción de la moralidad pública en España\" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 18, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180918231305/https://historiazgz2017.files.wordpress.com/2017/05/m-4-alvarez-carlos.pdf","url_text":"\"El Patronato de Protección a la Mujer: la construcción de la moralidad pública en España\""},{"url":"https://historiazgz2017.files.wordpress.com/2017/05/m-4-alvarez-carlos.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Peña Grande, la maternidad de los horrores que sobrevivió a Franco: \"Las monjas nos exponían como ganado\"\" (in Spanish). El Confidencial. June 3, 2018. Retrieved December 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elconfidencial.com/espana/2018-06-03/penagrande-maternidad-franco-democracia_1568352/","url_text":"\"Peña Grande, la maternidad de los horrores que sobrevivió a Franco: \"Las monjas nos exponían como ganado\"\""}]},{"reference":"Guillén Lorente, Carmen (2018). El Patronato de Protección a la Mujer: Prostitución, Moralidad e Intervención Estatal durante el Franquismo [The Women's Protection Board: Prostitution, Morality and State Intervention during Francoism] (PhD thesis) (in Spanish). University of Murcia. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 28, 2023. Retrieved December 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/tesis?codigo=290120","url_text":"El Patronato de Protección a la Mujer: Prostitución, Moralidad e Intervención Estatal durante el Franquismo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Murcia","url_text":"University of Murcia"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231228095024/https://digitum.um.es/digitum/bitstream/10201/64539/6/TesisCarmenGuillen.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"El Patronato, la cárcel de la moral franquista para adolescentes: \"Era como la Gestapo\"\". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 2018-07-12. 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Jaime Guzmán: una democracia contrarevolucionaria : el político de 1964 a 1980 (in Spanish). Santiago: RIL editores. pp. 28–29. ISBN 978-9562845205.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=M9xowjT-VGMC&q=%22jaime+eyzaguirre%22+%22jaime+guzman%22&pg=PA28","url_text":"Jaime Guzmán: una democracia contrarevolucionaria : el político de 1964 a 1980"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9562845205","url_text":"978-9562845205"}]},{"reference":"Alenda, Stéphanie (2014). \"Cambio e institucionalización de la \"nueva derecha\" chilena (1967–2010)\". Revista de Sociologia e Política (in Spanish). 22 (52): 159–180. doi:10.1590/1678-987314225209.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scielo.br/j/rsocp/a/B6k8bX8snW5FbX96qhptMDR/?lang=es&format=pdf","url_text":"\"Cambio e institucionalización de la \"nueva derecha\" chilena (1967–2010)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1590%2F1678-987314225209","url_text":"10.1590/1678-987314225209"}]},{"reference":"Díaz Nieva, José (2008). \"Influencias de Juan Vázquez de Mella sobre Jaime Guzmán\" (PDF). Verbo (in Spanish). 467–468: 661–670. Retrieved 11 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fundacionspeiro.org/verbo/2008/V-467-468-P-661-670.pdf","url_text":"\"Influencias de Juan Vázquez de Mella sobre Jaime Guzmán\""}]},{"reference":"Basso Prieto, Carlos (2013-11-05). \"Los informes secretos de la CIA sobre Jaime Guzmán\". El Mostrador. 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Atenea (in Spanish). 512 (512): 87–111. doi:10.4067/S0718-04622015000200006.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0718-04622015000200006","url_text":"\"El \"Golpe Generacional\" y la Secretaría Nacional de la Juventud: purga, disciplinamiento y resocialización de las identidades juveniles bajo Pinochet (1973–1980)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atenea","url_text":"Atenea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0718-04622015000200006","url_text":"10.4067/S0718-04622015000200006"}]},{"reference":"\"Lucía Hiriart, la mujer de poder de la dictadura de Augusto Pinochet\". SWI swissinfo.ch. 16 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/chile-pinochet_luc%C3%ADa-hiriart--la-mujer-de-poder-de-la-dictadura-de-augusto-pinochet/47200012","url_text":"\"Lucía Hiriart, la mujer de poder de la dictadura de Augusto Pinochet\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Viudos de Franco\" homenajearon a Pinochet en España\". Archived from the original on February 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150205083046/http://www.lacuarta.com/diario/2007/01/12/12.14.4a.VUE.VIUDOS.html","url_text":"\"\"Viudos de Franco\" homenajearon a Pinochet en España\""},{"url":"http://www.lacuarta.com/diario/2007/01/12/12.14.4a.VUE.VIUDOS.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sánchez, Antonio Cazorla (2010). Fear and Progress: Ordinary Lives in Franco's Spain, 1939–1975. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 58–60. ISBN 978-1444306507. 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El País.","urls":[{"url":"https://elpais.com/elpais/2018/08/20/eps/1534776854_378553.html","url_text":"\"Los pueblos que se inventó Franco\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs","url_text":"El País"}]},{"reference":"\"Spain relocates dictator Franco's remains\". BBC News. 24 October 2019. Retrieved 4 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-50164806","url_text":"\"Spain relocates dictator Franco's remains\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bones of Contention\". The Economist. 27 September 2008. Archived from the original on 4 October 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081004011126/http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displayStory.cfm?story_id=12304721","url_text":"\"Bones of Contention\""},{"url":"http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12304721","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Adler, Katya (18 October 2011). \"Spain's stolen babies and the families who lived a lie\". BBC News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-15335899","url_text":"\"Spain's stolen babies and the families who lived a lie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Tremlett, Giles (27 January 2011). \"Victims of Spanish 'stolen babies network' call for investigation\". The Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/27/spain-alleged-stolen-babies-network","url_text":"\"Victims of Spanish 'stolen babies network' call for investigation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Cabrera, Mercedes; Rey, Fernando del (2017) [2002]. \"Spanish Entepreneurs in the Era of Fascism: From the Primo de Rivera Dictatorship to the Franco Dictatorship, 1923–1945\". In James, Harold; Tanner, Jakob (eds.). Enterprise in the Period of Fascism in Europe. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7546-0077-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_Cabrera","url_text":"Cabrera, Mercedes"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fTErDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT57","url_text":"\"Spanish Entepreneurs in the Era of Fascism: From the Primo de Rivera Dictatorship to the Franco Dictatorship, 1923–1945\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-0077-0","url_text":"978-0-7546-0077-0"}]},{"reference":"Moradiellos, Enrique (2000). La España de Franco (1939–1975). Política y Sociedad (in Spanish). Síntesis. ISBN 8477387400.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Moradiellos","url_text":"Moradiellos, Enrique"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8477387400","url_text":"8477387400"}]},{"reference":"Saz Campos, Ismael (2004). Fascismo y Franquismo (in Spanish). University of Valencia. ISBN 8437059100.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismael_Saz","url_text":"Saz Campos, Ismael"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8437059100","url_text":"8437059100"}]},{"reference":"Tusell, Javier (1999). Historia de España en el siglo XX. III, La dictadura de Franco (1st ed.). Madrid: Taurus. ISBN 8430603328.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8430603328","url_text":"8430603328"}]}]
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resocialización de las identidades juveniles bajo Pinochet (1973–1980)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0718-04622015000200006","external_links_name":"10.4067/S0718-04622015000200006"},{"Link":"https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/chile-pinochet_luc%C3%ADa-hiriart--la-mujer-de-poder-de-la-dictadura-de-augusto-pinochet/47200012","external_links_name":"\"Lucía Hiriart, la mujer de poder de la dictadura de Augusto Pinochet\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150205083046/http://www.lacuarta.com/diario/2007/01/12/12.14.4a.VUE.VIUDOS.html","external_links_name":"\"\"Viudos de Franco\" homenajearon a Pinochet en España\""},{"Link":"http://www.lacuarta.com/diario/2007/01/12/12.14.4a.VUE.VIUDOS.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/261121","external_links_name":"\"Religious Persecution, Anticlerical Tradition and Revolution: On Atrocities against the Clergy during the Spanish Civil War\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PBGzh1JK2gUC&pg=PA169","external_links_name":"Butler's Lives of the Saints"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nGeHYYnODJ4C&pg=PA58","external_links_name":"Fear and Progress: Ordinary Lives in Franco's Spain, 1939–1975"},{"Link":"http://www.celandigital.com/images/pdfs/19_rev_andorra/colonizacion_agraria_franquista.pdf","external_links_name":"\"La colonización agraria franquista: Mitos, límites y realidades de una política agraria\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214331/http://revistas.uned.es/index.php/ETFV/article/view/15752/13697","external_links_name":"\"El nacional-sindicalismo español como proyecto 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for investigation\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fTErDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT57","external_links_name":"\"Spanish Entepreneurs in the Era of Fascism: From the Primo de Rivera Dictatorship to the Franco Dictatorship, 1923–1945\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070702033425/http://club.telepolis.com/erbez/franco.htm","external_links_name":"Text of Franco's Fundamental Laws"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5678483","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11943532d","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11943532d","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007563369905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85126139","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85051558","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Francoist_Spain¶ms=40_31_17_N_03_46_30_W_","external_links_name":"40°31′17″N 03°46′30″W / 40.52139°N 3.77500°W / 40.52139; -3.77500"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelorizo
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Kastellorizo
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["1 Name and etymology","2 Physical geography","2.1 Nearby islands between Turkey and Kastellorizo","3 Geography","3.1 Climate","3.2 Geology","4 History","4.1 Ancient period","4.2 Byzantine era","4.3 Knights Hospitaller period","4.4 Ottoman era","4.5 World War I and French presence","4.6 Italian period","4.7 Modern Greek era","5 Demographics and economy","6 Transport","7 Culture","7.1 Religion, customs and superstitions","8 Notable people","9 Twin towns – sister cities","10 Cinema and popular culture","11 See also","12 References","13 Sources"]
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Coordinates: 36°08′42″N 29°35′06″E / 36.14500°N 29.58500°E / 36.14500; 29.58500Island in Dodecanese, Greece
For David Gilmour's song, see Castellorizon.
Municipality in GreeceKastellorizoCastellorizo
ΚαστελλόριζοΜεγíστηMunicipalityClockwise from the top: Port of Kastellorizo, Lady of Ro Tomb in Ro Islet, Castello Rosso along with Kastellorizo Archaeological Museum, Lady of Ro Statue, view of the town of Kastellorizo, Lycian Tomb, Fokiale Cave
FlagSealKastellorizoCastellorizoLocation within the region Coordinates: 36°08′42″N 29°35′06″E / 36.14500°N 29.58500°E / 36.14500; 29.58500CountryGreeceAdministrative regionSouth AegeanRegional unitRhodesGovernment • MayorNikolaos Asvestis (since 2023)Area • Municipality11.98 km2 (4.63 sq mi)Highest elevation273 m (896 ft)Lowest elevation0 m (0 ft)Population (2021) • Municipality584 • Density49/km2 (130/sq mi)DemonymKastelloriziansTime zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Postal code851 11Area code(s)22460Vehicle registrationΚΧ, ΡΟ, ΡΚ
Kastellorizo or Castellorizo (US: /ˌkɑːstəˈlɔːrɪzoʊ/; Greek: Καστελλόριζο, romanized: Kastellórizo), officially Megisti (Μεγίστη Megísti), is a Greek island and municipality of the Dodecanese in the Eastern Mediterranean. It lies roughly 2 kilometres (1 mile) off the south coast of Turkey, about 570 km (354 mi) southeast of Athens and 125 km (78 mi) east of Rhodes, almost halfway between Rhodes and Antalya, and 280 km (170 mi) northwest of Cyprus. Kastellorizo is part of the Rhodes regional unit.
The island has become very popular in recent years among tourists looking for an isolated place in the Dodecanese, thanks also to the 1991 Oscar-winning movie Mediterraneo, by Gabriele Salvatores, which is set on the island during the Second World War.
Name and etymology
The island's official name, Megisti (Μεγίστη) means "biggest" or "greatest", but at only 11.98 km2 (4.626 sq mi) in area, it is the smallest of the Dodecanese. The name refers to the fact that it is the largest of the small archipelago. This name was used in antiquity, but is now rarely used in Greek, the name Kastellórizo (Καστελλόριζο) being common since the 12th century. There are several hypotheses about the origin of this name. "Kastello" derives from the Italian word "castello", meaning "castle". There is some argument on the second part of the name. The arguments are centered on the following possible origins of the element rizo:
rizo being derived from the Italian word "rosso" meaning "red", either from the reddish color of the rocks of the island, the reddish color of the castle at sunset, or the color of the coat of arms of the Great Master of the Knights of Rhodes, Juan Fernández de Heredia, which stood above the gate of the castle; these arguments are widely discredited as the rocks on the island have no red pigment and the name Kastellorizo predates the Knights' arrival.
rizo being a corruption of the word "Rhoge", one of the ancient appellations of the nearby island of Ro. If this is correct, the island's modern name is actually an amalgam of the separate island names "Castello" and "Rhoge".
rizo being the actual Greek word "rizon" meaning "root", as researched by Greek Historian I.M. Hatzifotis (1996), to signify the foothill or 'rizovouno' on which the island's original castle was built.
It has gone by several different names in its history, including Kastellorizo (Greek), Castellorizo (Greek name with Italian spelling), Castelrosso (Italian, meaning "Red Castle"), Château Rouge (French translation of Italian name: but possibly the Italian name is a calque of Chastel Rouge, an ancient possession of the Knights Hospitaller in Syria) and Meis or Kızılhisar, both Turkish, the former deriving from the island's official name in Greek, the latter meaning "Red Castle", a translation of the Italian name.
Physical geography
Map of Kastellorizo and the surrounding islets.
Kastellorizo is (with the exception of the nearby islet of Strongyli) the easternmost Greek island and is situated in the Levantine Sea. It is the largest island of the homonym archipelago comprising the islands and islets of Agios Georgios, Agrielaia, Voutsakia, Megalo Mavro Poini, Mikro Mavro Poini, Polifados Ena, Polifados Dio, Ro, Savoura, Stroggili, Tragonera, Psomi and Psoradia. It lies about 2 km (1 mi) from the Anatolian coastal town of Kaş, more or less halfway between Rhodes and Antalya. Cyprus is about 280 km (170 mi) to the south-east. It is six kilometres (3.7 miles) long and three kilometres (1.9 miles) wide, with a surface of 9.2 square kilometres (3.6 sq mi). It has a triangular shape, and is oriented from north-east to south-west. The island features three capes: Agios Stefanos (north), Nifti (east) and Pounenti (south west); between the first two there is a wide and accommodating bay, the island's main harbor, where one finds the only town on the island. Cape Agios Stefanos, the nearest to Anatolia, is 2.25 km (1.40 mi) south of the modern Turkish town of Kaş (Greek: Andífli, the Ancient Greek City of Antiphéllos). Cape Nifti lies some greater distance from the Anatolian coast. The island is mountainous, with high and steep coastlines, which become more difficult to access moving west. The soil is composed of limestone and produces only small amounts of olives, grapes and beans. On the island there is no source of drinking water. The Municipality of Megísti includes the offshore islands of Ro and Strongyli as well as several smaller islets. It has a total land area of 11.978 square kilometres (4.625 sq mi).
Nearby islands between Turkey and Kastellorizo
There are many islets in this area; Volos, near Kalkan (in Greek Kalamaki), Ochendra, Furnachia, Prassonisi, Ro, Tragonera, Marathi, Strongyli, Dhassia, Alimentaria, Kekova and Psomi besides many rocks and cliffs. The most important among these islets is Kekova (also named Caravola), not inhabited, which has an area of 4.5 square kilometres (1.7 sq mi) and faces the Turkish village of Kaleköy (Simena in antiquity).
All these islets were subject to dispute between Italy and Turkey until 1932. According to the 1932 Convention between Italy and Turkey all these islets except Ro, Strongyli and Psomi were assigned to Turkey.
The group of islands that includes Kastellorizo, Ro and Strongyli is very important to the Exclusive economic zone of Greece, since it is the easternmost territory of Greece and according to UNCLOS as well as customary international law, Greece can claim a large part of the Eastern Mediterranean basin.
Satellite picture of the island
The Blue Cave
Kastellorizo within the EEZ of Greece
Geography
Kastellorizo town
Panorama of the port.
View of Mandraki, the small port.
The houses of the town are slender and characterised by wooden balconies and windows of the Anatolian type. Behind the waterfront, many houses are still in a ruinous state. At the entrance to the harbour, on the east side, stand the single-story remnants of the former Italian government house (palazzina della delegazione), erected in 1926 by the Italian architect Florestano Di Fausto, who also designed some of the most important buildings of the Italian period in Rhodes. Nearby is the island's former Ottoman mosque which dates from the second half of the 18th century and which has been restored and re-opened as a museum since 2007. From here starts the town's quay, which runs along all three sides of the harbour. The central square — Plateia Ethelondon Kastellórizou ("Kastellorizo Volunteers' Square") — lies at the midpoint of the eastern side, near the vessel dock. On the opposite side of the harbour one has a good view from this vantage of Pera Meria, the western quay, and the monasteries of Profitis Ilías and Aghia Triadha, the former now an army base.
Above the quay on the eastern side is a pathway which leads to the Castle of the Knights (14th century). Of it remain the curtain wall, part of a square tower, the remains of a cylindrical tower at the east corner, and toward the sea another cylindrical tower. A Doric inscription, carved in the rock, attests to the existence of an earlier fortress here during Antiquity. Inside the tower there is a large covered cistern.
Ascending the steps on the eastern side of the town, one reaches the suburb of Horafia, where there is a square surrounded by the Church of St. George (1906), with a high dome of Byzantine type, and the Cathedral of Saints Constantine and Helena (1835). It has three naves divided by monolithic granite columns from the temple of Apollo Lykios in Patara (Anatolia). The columns carry ogival arches. Further east is the small bay known as Mandraki, the secondary harbour of the island.
West of the town, beyond the summit of the island known as Vigla (270 m), stands Palaiokastro (old castle), the island's ancient acropolis. This fortified elevation has classical origins (see below, history section): its plan is rectangular and measures 60 by 80 metres (200 ft × 260 ft). In its interior stand an ancient tower, built with square limestone blocks, and large water cisterns. Carved on the base of the castle there is also a Doric inscription, dating back to the 4th or 3rd centuries BC, with references to Megiste (the ancient name of Kastellorizo) and its dependence on Rhodes. On the east side there are remnants of a gateway, or propylaea.
Since August 2020 the island also features an interactive Puzzle Museum, the first of its kind in Greece and one of the very few in the world.
Climate
Kastellorizo has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification). It has hot dry summers and exceptionally mild winters by European standards. Like in the Azores, average lows do not drop below 12.0 °C during the coldest months. According to the National Observatory of Athens station the lowest temperature ever recorded in coastal Kastellorizo is 4.5 °C and was recorded on 25 January 2022. Kastellorizo records on average 156 tropical nights per year and falls in 11a hardiness zone. After Lindos, the island records the highest average annual temperature in Greece with 21.8 °C.
Climate data for Kastellorizo 5 m a.s.l.
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
20.6(69.1)
22.3(72.1)
26.1(79.0)
29.6(85.3)
34.8(94.6)
37.4(99.3)
40.8(105.4)
40.1(104.2)
36.6(97.9)
37.4(99.3)
27.7(81.9)
23.2(73.8)
40.8(105.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
16.6(61.9)
17.1(62.8)
18.4(65.1)
21.9(71.4)
26.2(79.2)
29.2(84.6)
34.1(93.4)
33.7(92.7)
31.2(88.2)
27.3(81.1)
23.0(73.4)
18.8(65.8)
24.8(76.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)
14.4(57.9)
14.7(58.5)
15.6(60.1)
18.7(65.7)
22.6(72.7)
25.6(78.1)
29.9(85.8)
30.2(86.4)
28.2(82.8)
24.5(76.1)
20.5(68.9)
16.6(61.9)
21.8(71.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
12.1(53.8)
12.3(54.1)
12.8(55.0)
15.6(60.1)
18.9(66.0)
22.0(71.6)
25.8(78.4)
26.7(80.1)
25.2(77.4)
21.6(70.9)
18.0(64.4)
14.4(57.9)
18.8(65.8)
Record low °C (°F)
4.5(40.1)
5.5(41.9)
5.2(41.4)
10.7(51.3)
15.2(59.4)
17.8(64.0)
22.9(73.2)
24.7(76.5)
21.6(70.9)
15.8(60.4)
12.9(55.2)
9.1(48.4)
4.5(40.1)
Average rainfall mm (inches)
140.6(5.54)
50.2(1.98)
45.2(1.78)
15.7(0.62)
4.5(0.18)
8.9(0.35)
0.1(0.00)
0.0(0.0)
1.2(0.05)
26.3(1.04)
92.9(3.66)
150.9(5.94)
536.5(21.14)
Source 1: National Observatory of Athens Monthly Bulletins (Sep 2018 – Apr 2024)
Source 2: Kastellorizo N.O.A station and World Meteorological Organization
Geology
The island's geology is almost exclusively limestone laid down at the Mesozoic/Cenozoic boundary. As a result of the lack of significant flora covering the island, the landscape shows many features of karstification. There are a number of notable sea caves including the so-called Blue Grotto which is much larger than its namesake in Capri. Exploration undertaken in 2006 by members of the SELAS Caving club of Greece has revealed vertical caves in many parts of the island. The deepest found so far was surveyed to a depth of 60 metres (200 ft) in March 2006 and will be the subject of further exploration in the future by the same team.
Panorama of Kastellorizo.
History
Ancient period
The island was colonised by Dorian Greeks, who named it "Megiste". In antiquity it was known both as Megiste and Cisthene (Κισθήνη), but in later times only as Megiste. The Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax says that the island belonged to the Rhodians. In addition, inscriptions found at the foot of the Knight's castle confirm that during the Hellenistic period the island was ruled by Rhodes, and formed part of its Peraia. The Rhodians sent an overseer, or epistates, to monitor events on the island.
The three towers of Kastellorizo, Ro and Strongyli comprise the main links in a dense network of watchtowers constructed by the Rhodians during the Hellenistic period, to control the sea routes and the coast. Palaiokastro was (and still is) the main and largest fortified site on the island.
Map of Kastellorizo by Piri Reis (1521)
Byzantine era
During the period of the Byzantine Empire, Kastellorizo was part of the "Province of the Islands", the capital of which was Rhodes.
Knights Hospitaller period
In 1306 the island was taken over by the Knights Hospitaller, headed by Foulques de Villaret, as part of their expedition to conquer the island of Rhodes, which became the centre of their Crusader State. They restored the castle, which was thereafter used as a prison for disobedient knights. Around 1440 the island was occupied by sultan Sayf ad-Din Jaqmaq of Egypt, who destroyed the castle. Ten years later it was conquered by Alfonso V of Aragon, king of Naples, who in 1461 rebuilt the castle and dispatched a Catalan governor.
Ottoman era
The Crown of Aragon retained possession of it until 1512, when it was conquered by Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I.
On 22 September 1659, during the Siege of Candia, the island was conquered by Venice and the castle was destroyed again, but the Ottomans were able to regain it again soon after. Between 1828 and 1833 Kastellórizo joined the Greek insurgents, but after the end of the Greek War of Independence it came back into the possession of the Ottoman Empire.
According to the Ottoman General Census of 1881/82-1893, the kaza of Kastellorizo (Meyis) had a total population of 4,871, consisting of 4,635 Greeks, 225 Muslims, 6 Jews and 5 foreign citizens.
In 1912, during the Libyan war between Italy and the Ottoman Empire, the inhabitants asked Giovanni Battista Ameglio, chief of the Italian occupation forces in Rhodes, for their island to be annexed to Italy. This was refused, and on 14 March 1913 the local population imprisoned the governor and his Ottoman garrison and proclaimed a provisional government. In August 1913, the Greek government sent from Samos a provisional governor supported by gendarmes, but in early 1914 in Florence it was decided that the island would be returned to the Ottoman Empire.
World War I and French presence
On 28 December 1915, during World War I, while the Kingdom of Greece was still neutral, the French Navy led by the cruiser Jeanne d'Arc occupied the island at the behest of the inhabitants who feared Turkish reprisals. The French quickly blocked another landing attempted on the same day by a royalist Greek contingent of Evzones. Turkish shore batteries responded to the French occupation by shelling the island in 1917, succeeding in sinking the British seaplane carrier HMS Ben-my-Chree.
Italian period
In the Treaty of Sèvres the island was assigned to Italy and the Italian navy assumed it from the French on 1 March 1921, but the treaty was never ratified. The Treaty of Lausanne confirmed the Italian claim on Kastellorizo, and the island – under the Italian name "Castelrosso" – was then integrated in the possession of the Isole Italiane dell'Egeo.
Because of the Italian occupation, the island was not affected directly by the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey of 1923, but the forced emigration of the large Greek population living on the nearby Anatolian coast hit heavily the economy of the island.
Panoramic view of Kastellorizo harbour in 1921.
The 1932 Convention between Italy and Turkey, which defined the sea border between the two powers, assigned all the islets of the small archipelago around Kastellorizo except Ro and Strongyli to Turkey. During the 1930s it was a stopover for French and British seaplanes. During the Second World War, on 25 February 1941, in the course of Operation Abstention, British Commandos occupied the island, but Italian forces from Rhodes recaptured it some days later. After the British occupation, fearing a German invasion, some of the inhabitants fled to Gaza in Palestine. When Italy capitulated to the Allies (8 September 1943), the island was occupied again by Allied forces, and it remained under their occupation for the rest of the war. In July 1944, a fuel dump caught fire, which spread to an adjacent ammunition dump, thereby destroying half of the homes on the island.
Modern Greek era
Kastellorizo was assigned to Greece with the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947. In May 1945 it was still under British administration, but on September 15, 1947 effectively came under Greek administration. The island formally joined the Greek State on 7 March 1948 together with the other Dodecanese islands.
The island has become more popular in recent years, among tourists looking for an isolated place in the Dodecanese, thanks also to the 1991 Oscar-winning movie Mediterraneo, by Gabriele Salvatores, which is set on the island. Kastellórizo was the only territory of the European Union where the solar eclipse of March 29, 2006 was visible in its totality.
In 2011, the French ship Dignité-Al Karama, the only member the Freedom Flotilla II that managed to approach Gaza, refueled at Kastellorizo. The ship was warmly received by the inhabitants, some of whom remembered the shelter the island's inhabitants had found in Gaza, then under British control, during World War II.
Demographics and economy
CS Salamis Glory in Kastellorizo harbour.
The population rose from 4,870 in the 1880s and reached its peak in 1908 with an estimated 9,000 people residing there. At that time, Kastellorizo was still the only safe harbor along the route between Makri (today's Fethiye) and Beirut. Its sailing ships traded products from Anatolia (coal, timber, valonia, pine bark) for Egyptian goods (rice, sugar, coffee, tissues and yarns), and carried Anatolian cereals to Rhodes and Cyprus. On the island there was also a flourishing production of charcoal (much sought after in Alexandria, where it was used for narghile). The fishing industry — mainly sea sponges — was important too.
After 1908, the decay of the island's economy set in, accelerated by the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923. In the late 1920s the island's population dropped to 3,000, while about 8,000 inhabitants lived abroad, predominantly in Australia, Egypt, Greece and the U.S. At that time the town had 730 inhabited houses, while 675 were already empty, and many ruined.
The population continued to drop to 584 at the 1951 census, reaching a low point of 222 at the 1981 census, before slowly rising again to 584 at the 2021 census, all living in the town of Megísti. The municipality also includes the islands of Ro and Strongyli, both without permanent inhabitants. Many of its emigrants live in Australia (especially Perth and Sydney), where they are known as "Kazzies".
The existence of a Muslim community on the island during the Ottoman period can be deduced from the presence of a mosque with a minaret that still exists but by 1929 was no longer functioning.
Transport
The island is connected with Rhodes, Piraeus and Kaş by ferry. Passenger ferries' frequency is as follows:
Kastellorizo - Rhodes - Symi - Tilos - Nisyros - Kalymnos - Piraeus: 2 trips / week (winter period)
Kastellorizo - Kaş: 1 trip / week (winter period)
Air connection is provided by Olympic Air, which operates from Kastellorizo Airport 4 times/week (winter period). There is one small bus in service on Kastellorizo and it is used to collect tourists from the airport.
Culture
See also: Postage stamps and postal history of Kastellorizo
Kastellorizo's inhabitants had characteristic traditions, partly influenced by the Muslim tradition. There were at least three types of women's dress, which used brilliantly colored fabric, and women wore necklaces, brooches, pendants and earrings made from ancient Venetian or Byzantine gold coins.
The women's festive dress consisted of:
One or more long silk blouses (ipokámiso). The most external one was closed on the front by six large filigreed gold or silver buttons. These buttons were shaped as a half-sphere depressed in the middle. From the lowest one was hung a small chain with a cross;
A pair of short pants (katofóri) whose lower part was made with good quality material quilted with gold thread;
A sleeved jacket (zepuni) made with brilliant colored silk or velvet, opened at the front;
Another long underskirt (kavadi), laced with gold thread, also opened at the front;
A large scarf (zosma) made with three or four silk strips, quilted with gold or silver thread. It was tied very low on the sides, like a loose belt;
A large velvet coat (gunna) decorated with gold and silver lace on the hems and on the back, with *fur lapels: It was always kept open;
A woolen cap;
A quadrangular wrinkled silken shawl (mandili), decorated with relief flowers and fringed hems, coloured in white, red and deep blue. Folded diagonally, it was fixed above the cap, with its longest angle falling on the back almost to the ground, while the side edges were folded on the front or put over the shoulders;
The socks were woven with multicolored wool or silk;
The shoes were shaped like tipped slippers, and were made of velvet or silk. They were laced with gold or silver thread and shorter than the foot;
The other types of dress were similar, but not so lavish and without fur decorations. The girls' dress was simpler. Single and engaged girls, and married women and widows were also distinguished by dress.
Religion, customs and superstitions
The engagement, which was decided by the parents, and the wedding, which lasted 15 days, occurred through prescribed and curious ceremonies, having symbolic and poetic meaning. Weddings were celebrated on Sunday, in the church of Agios Konstantinos, and an announcement on the main square invited the whole city to participate. Also baptisms and funerals (with mourning women, or praeficae, and a dish with oil and wine crushed on the coffin) had well-established rituals.
On December 31 and on New Year's Day, groups of children carrying small cardboard boats adorned with ribbons and small flags go around visiting houses, stores and coffee shops, singing songs with good wishes and receiving coins and wheat cakes, while the elderly exchange visits. On the morning of Agios Basilios day, coming back from Liturgy, the men customarily throw a pomegranate hard against the walls of their homes, wishing for abundance and happiness for their family. The more seeds that are spread around the rooms, the more luck the family will have in the coming year.
The day before the feast of Agios Elias on July 19 (the feast itself is on July 20) first the children and then the men jump into the sea, and wear their wet clothes the whole day. Those who do not want to participate are sometimes forced to do so.
On Easter, the Liturgy of the Resurrection takes place in the open at midnight, the faithful bearing candles. As soon as the bells start ringing, the young people let off fireworks, and the people tell each other the ritual words "Christ is resurrected". Then everyone enters the church and lights his candle from the holy fire held by the priest, and then goes home to light the fire in the fireplace. On Easter Monday the whole population gathers in the main square, and they remain there the whole day eating, drinking and singing. In the past single girls had to stay at home, but they were allowed to stay in the entrance, where they sang and played with swings.
On May 1, at dawn, all the girls of the island, in groups, each one carrying a jar, went to get water outside of town, but they were not allowed to speak a single word during the route. This water (Amilito Neró, "water of silence") was supposed to bring good luck to the family. Everyone washed him/herself with it that day, and every utensil and wall of the house was splashed with it. When a girl became engaged, she filled a crystal carafe with it and brought it to her future mother-in-law, who gave her in return a special cake and an odd number of gold coins.
When a child became seriously ill, a woman with knowledge of prayers against the evil eye was invited to her/his home. She drew signs of the cross on the body of the child with a thurible filled with embers and branches of the olive tree which had been gathered in the church on Palm Sunday, pronouncing the following words: "Christ came: then he laid down his stick and chased away the snake and the bad neighbor from our home". After this exorcism, the woman would throw the content of the thurible into a bucket filled with water, and then count the pieces of wood which did not burn. This number was said to be equal to the number of persons who were supposed to have enchanted the sick child. The enchantment of the child was sure, if the olive leaves burned with a loud crackling sound.
When a man was going to emigrate, gentle, sorrowful songs were sung to him by his friends.
Notable people
Georgios Mavros, politician
Andrew Liveris, businessman
Nicholas Paspalis, pearl diver and creator of Paspaley pearling company
Ken Michael, former Governor of Western Australia
Basil Zempilas, television presenter and Mayor of Perth
Steve Malaxos, Australian rules footballer
Lady of Ro, patriot
Twin towns – sister cities
Kastellorizo is twinned with:
Perth, Western Australia, Australia
Antalya, Turkey
Cinema and popular culture
In the 1961 film The Guns of Navarone, a saboteur team led by Anthony Quayle is briefed on its mission at Castelrosso. The Italian 1991 movie Mediterraneo was filmed on the island.
Kastellorizo also lends its name to David Gilmour's instrumental track "Castellorizon" from his album On an Island (2006). He stayed on the island in the early 1990s with his wife, Polly Samson, and many close friends. The music reflects the memories of the time spent there, and is a tribute to the friends who have since died.
See also
Meis–Kaş Swim
References
^ "Municipal elections – October 2023: Municipality of Megisti". Ministry of the Interior.
^ "Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.
^ "Kastellórizon". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Bertarelli, 131
^ "Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition" (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. p. 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2020.
^ "ΦΕΚ A 87/2010, Kallikratis reform law text" (in Greek). Government Gazette.
^ Strabo, Geographica 14.3.7
^ a b c d Stampolidis, Nicholas & others (2011). Islands off the beaten track. An archeological journey to the Greek islands of Kastellorizo, Simi, Halki, Tylos and Nisyros. Athens: Museum of Cycladic Art. p. 28.
^ a b c d "Nísos Megísti". gr.geoview.info. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
^ Marinescu, Constantin (1994). La politique orientale d'Alfonse V d'Aragon, roi de Naples (1416-1458) (in French). Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans. p. 203., (online)
^ "Kızılhisar Adası Nerede Ve Nasıl Gidilir?". www.hurriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). 22 February 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
^ Pilarinos, George (2020-07-08). "Kastelorizo island – Things to Do and Best Places to Visit". GREtour.
^ "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-21.
^ a b c d e f g h Bertarelli, 134
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Bertarelli, 133
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Bertarelli, 132
^ Μηνιαίο Δελτίο Μετεωρολογικών Παραμέτρων Ελλάδα (in Greek) Retrieved 11 March 2023
^ "Meteo.gr – Προγνώσεις καιρού για όλη την Ελλάδα".
^ "Meteo.gr - Προγνώσεις καιρού για όλη την Ελλάδα".
^ "Latest Conditions in Kastellorizo".
^ "World Meteorological Organization". Retrieved 14 July 2023.
^ Smith, William (1865), Dictionary of Greek and Roman geography, s.v. "Megiste".
^ "Strabo, Geography, BOOK XIV., CHAPTER III". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
^ "Pseudo Scylax, Periplous, §100" (PDF). Retrieved 11 March 2023.
^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Ancient Towers of the Aegean Sea". UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
^ Luttrell, Anthony (1975). "The Hospitallers at Rhodes, 1306–1421". In Hazard, Harry W. (ed.). A History of the Crusades, Volume III: The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 278–313. ISBN 0-299-06670-3.
^ Kemal Karpat (1985), Ottoman Population, 1830-1914, Demographic and Social Characteristics, The University of Wisconsin Press, p. 130-131
^ a b "Gaza-bound ship carrying pro-Palestinian activists sets sail from Greece". Haaretz. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
^ "Blue Star Ferries - Piraeus - Kalymnos - Kos - Rhodes & Astypalaia - Patmos - Lipsi - Leros - Nisyros - Tilos - Symi - Kastellorizo". Archived from the original on 2016-04-11. Retrieved 2016-01-06.
^ "Ferry Kas to Meis - Meis Express Ferry Service with Aegean Tour Travel". ferries-turkey.com. Archived from the original on 2011-06-02.
^ https://e-ticket.olympicair.com/pl/A3Online/wds/FlexPricerAvailability.action;jsessionid=QkUW9l5IS4t7GVZx1q7j4KDd5w-5AfHTKGO55jOHLSJTUeYa8Cwg!384344890!-982618842
^ Gerola, Giuseppe. "Castelrosso". Enciclopedia Italiana (1931 edition). Treccani. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
^ M. Hamilton, "The Pagan Element in the Names of Saints", The Annual of the British School at Athens 13 (1906–07) 348–55, pp. 353–54.
Sources
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kastelorizo.
Bertarelli, L.V. (1929). Guida d'Italia, Vol. XVII (in Italian). Milano: Consociazione Turistica Italiana.
Hatzifotis, I.M. (1996). Kastellorizon. Athens: Topio Publications.
Köchler, Hans (2020). Kastellorizo: The Geopolitics of Maritime Boundaries and the Dysfunctionality of the Law of the Sea. Vienna: International Progress Organization.
Pappas, Nicholas (1994). Castellorizo: An Illustrated History of the Island and its Conquerors. Sydney: Halstead Press.
Pappas, Nicholas (2002). Near Eastern Dreams: The French Occupation of Castellorizo 1915–1921. Sydney: Halstead Press.
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, Megiste.
vteDodecanese IslandsThe 12 major islands
Astypalaia
Kalymnos
Karpathos
Kasos
Kastellorizo (Megisti)
Kos
Leros
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Marathos
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Pergoussa
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Ro
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Vilayet of the Archipelago
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Greek islands:
Aegean Islands, Saronic Islands, Crete, Cyclades, Dodecanese, Euboea, North Aegean Islands, Sporades, Ionian Islands, Echinades
vteAdministrative division of the South Aegean Region
Area: 5,286 km2 (2,041 sq mi)
Population: 309,015 (as of 2011)
Municipalities: 34 (since 2011)
Capital: Ermoupoli (Syros)
Regional unit of Andros
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Castellorizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellorizon"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English"},{"link_name":"/ˌkɑːstəˈlɔːrɪzoʊ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communities_and_Municipalities_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Dodecanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodecanese"},{"link_name":"Eastern Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be131-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iho-5"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Antalya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be131-4"},{"link_name":"Rhodes regional unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_(regional_unit)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kallikratis-6"},{"link_name":"Dodecanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodecanese"},{"link_name":"Oscar-winning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Mediterraneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterraneo"},{"link_name":"Gabriele Salvatores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_Salvatores"}],"text":"Island in Dodecanese, GreeceFor David Gilmour's song, see Castellorizon.Municipality in GreeceKastellorizo or Castellorizo (US: /ˌkɑːstəˈlɔːrɪzoʊ/;[3] Greek: Καστελλόριζο, romanized: Kastellórizo), officially Megisti (Μεγίστη Megísti), is a Greek island and municipality of the Dodecanese in the Eastern Mediterranean.[4][5] It lies roughly 2 kilometres (1 mile) off the south coast of Turkey, about 570 km (354 mi) southeast of Athens and 125 km (78 mi) east of Rhodes, almost halfway between Rhodes and Antalya, and 280 km (170 mi) northwest of Cyprus.[4] Kastellorizo is part of the Rhodes regional unit.[6]The island has become very popular in recent years among tourists looking for an isolated place in the Dodecanese, thanks also to the 1991 Oscar-winning movie Mediterraneo, by Gabriele Salvatores, which is set on the island during the Second World War.","title":"Kastellorizo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dodecanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodecanese"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be131-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isl27-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isl27-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isl27-8"},{"link_name":"coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"Knights of Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be131-4"},{"link_name":"Ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro,_Greece"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isl27-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gr.geoview-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be131-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gr.geoview-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be131-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gr.geoview-9"},{"link_name":"calque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calque"},{"link_name":"Chastel Rouge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chastel_Rouge"},{"link_name":"Knights Hospitaller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_hospitaller"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gr.geoview-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be131-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hurriyiet-11"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"}],"text":"The island's official name, Megisti (Μεγίστη) means \"biggest\" or \"greatest\", but at only 11.98 km2 (4.626 sq mi) in area, it is the smallest of the Dodecanese. The name refers to the fact that it is the largest of the small archipelago.[4] This name was used in antiquity,[7] but is now rarely used in Greek, the name Kastellórizo (Καστελλόριζο) being common since the 12th century. There are several hypotheses about the origin of this name.[8] \"Kastello\" derives from the Italian word \"castello\", meaning \"castle\".[8] There is some argument on the second part of the name. The arguments are centered on the following possible origins of the element rizo:rizo being derived from the Italian word \"rosso\" meaning \"red\", either from the reddish color of the rocks of the island, the reddish color of the castle at sunset,[8] or the color of the coat of arms of the Great Master of the Knights of Rhodes, Juan Fernández de Heredia, which stood above the gate of the castle; these arguments are widely discredited as the rocks on the island have no red pigment and the name Kastellorizo predates the Knights' arrival.[4]\nrizo being a corruption of the word \"Rhoge\", one of the ancient appellations of the nearby island of Ro. If this is correct, the island's modern name is actually an amalgam of the separate island names \"Castello\" and \"Rhoge\".\nrizo being the actual Greek word \"rizon\" meaning \"root\", as researched by Greek Historian I.M. Hatzifotis (1996), to signify the foothill or 'rizovouno' on which the island's original castle was built.[8]It has gone by several different names in its history, including Kastellorizo (Greek),[9][4] Castellorizo (Greek name with Italian spelling),[9] Castelrosso (Italian, meaning \"Red Castle\"),[4][9] Château Rouge (French translation of Italian name: but possibly the Italian name is a calque of Chastel Rouge, an ancient possession of the Knights Hospitaller in Syria) [10] and Meis [9][4] or Kızılhisar,[11] both Turkish, the former deriving from the island's official name in Greek, the latter meaning \"Red Castle\", a translation of the Italian name.","title":"Name and etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kastelorizo.svg"},{"link_name":"Strongyli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongyli_Megistis"},{"link_name":"Greek island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_island"},{"link_name":"Levantine Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantine_Sea"},{"link_name":"Agios Georgios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agios_Georgios,_Pyrgos"},{"link_name":"Ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro,_Greece"},{"link_name":"Stroggili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongyli_Megistis"},{"link_name":"Psomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psomi"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Anatolian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"Kaş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%9F"},{"link_name":"Antalya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Agios Stefanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Stephen"},{"link_name":"Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"Kaş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%9F"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"olives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive"},{"link_name":"grapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape"},{"link_name":"beans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean"},{"link_name":"drinking water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_water"},{"link_name":"Ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro,_Greece"},{"link_name":"Strongyli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongyli_Megistis"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stat01-13"}],"text":"Map of Kastellorizo and the surrounding islets.Kastellorizo is (with the exception of the nearby islet of Strongyli) the easternmost Greek island and is situated in the Levantine Sea. It is the largest island of the homonym archipelago comprising the islands and islets of Agios Georgios, Agrielaia, Voutsakia, Megalo Mavro Poini, Mikro Mavro Poini, Polifados Ena, Polifados Dio, Ro, Savoura, Stroggili, Tragonera, Psomi and Psoradia.[12] It lies about 2 km (1 mi) from the Anatolian coastal town of Kaş, more or less halfway between Rhodes and Antalya. Cyprus is about 280 km (170 mi) to the south-east. It is six kilometres (3.7 miles) long and three kilometres (1.9 miles) wide, with a surface of 9.2 square kilometres (3.6 sq mi). It has a triangular shape, and is oriented from north-east to south-west. The island features three capes: Agios Stefanos (north), Nifti (east) and Pounenti (south west); between the first two there is a wide and accommodating bay, the island's main harbor, where one finds the only town on the island. Cape Agios Stefanos, the nearest to Anatolia, is 2.25 km (1.40 mi) south of the modern Turkish town of Kaş (Greek: Andífli, the Ancient Greek City of Antiphéllos). Cape Nifti lies some greater distance from the Anatolian coast. The island is mountainous, with high and steep coastlines, which become more difficult to access moving west. The soil is composed of limestone and produces only small amounts of olives, grapes and beans. On the island there is no source of drinking water. The Municipality of Megísti includes the offshore islands of Ro and Strongyli as well as several smaller islets. It has a total land area of 11.978 square kilometres (4.625 sq mi).[13]","title":"Physical geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kalkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkan"},{"link_name":"Ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro,_Greece"},{"link_name":"Strongyli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongyli_Megistis"},{"link_name":"Alimentaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%A7_Ada_(Antalya)"},{"link_name":"Kekova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekova"},{"link_name":"Psomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psomi"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be134-14"},{"link_name":"Kekova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekova"},{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Kaleköy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalek%C3%B6y,_Ka%C5%9F"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"1932 Convention between Italy and Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_between_Italy_and_Turkey,_1932"},{"link_name":"Ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro,_Greece"},{"link_name":"Strongyli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongyli_Megistis"},{"link_name":"Exclusive economic zone of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"UNCLOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MegistiWW.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dodekanese,Kastelorizo,The_blue_cave1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Blue Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Cave_(Kastellorizo)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greek_and_Cypriot_EEZ.svg"},{"link_name":"EEZ of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Greece"}],"sub_title":"Nearby islands between Turkey and Kastellorizo","text":"There are many islets in this area; Volos, near Kalkan (in Greek Kalamaki), Ochendra, Furnachia, Prassonisi, Ro, Tragonera, Marathi, Strongyli, Dhassia, Alimentaria, Kekova and Psomi besides many rocks and cliffs.[14] The most important among these islets is Kekova (also named Caravola), not inhabited, which has an area of 4.5 square kilometres (1.7 sq mi) and faces the Turkish village of Kaleköy (Simena in antiquity).All these islets were subject to dispute between Italy and Turkey until 1932. According to the 1932 Convention between Italy and Turkey all these islets except Ro, Strongyli and Psomi were assigned to Turkey.The group of islands that includes Kastellorizo, Ro and Strongyli is very important to the Exclusive economic zone of Greece, since it is the easternmost territory of Greece and according to UNCLOS as well as customary international law, Greece can claim a large part of the Eastern Mediterranean basin.Satellite picture of the island\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Blue Cave\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKastellorizo within the EEZ of Greece","title":"Physical geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castelorizon.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kastelorizo_port.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mandraki,_Kastelorizo.JPG"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be133-15"},{"link_name":"Florestano Di Fausto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florestano_Di_Fausto"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be132-16"},{"link_name":"mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastellorizo_Folk_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be134-14"},{"link_name":"Doric inscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doric_Greek"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be134-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be134-14"},{"link_name":"temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple"},{"link_name":"Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo"},{"link_name":"Patara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patara_(Lycia)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be133-15"},{"link_name":"ogival arches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointed_arch"},{"link_name":"acropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acropolis"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be134-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be134-14"},{"link_name":"dependence on Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodian_Peraia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be134-14"},{"link_name":"propylaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propylaea"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be134-14"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Kastellorizo townPanorama of the port.View of Mandraki, the small port.The houses of the town are slender and characterised by wooden balconies and windows of the Anatolian type.[15] Behind the waterfront, many houses are still in a ruinous state. At the entrance to the harbour, on the east side, stand the single-story remnants of the former Italian government house (palazzina della delegazione), erected in 1926 by the Italian architect Florestano Di Fausto, who also designed some of the most important buildings of the Italian period in Rhodes.[16] Nearby is the island's former Ottoman mosque which dates from the second half of the 18th century and which has been restored and re-opened as a museum since 2007. From here starts the town's quay, which runs along all three sides of the harbour. The central square — Plateia Ethelondon Kastellórizou (\"Kastellorizo Volunteers' Square\") — lies at the midpoint of the eastern side, near the vessel dock. On the opposite side of the harbour one has a good view from this vantage of Pera Meria, the western quay, and the monasteries of Profitis Ilías and Aghia Triadha, the former now an army base.Above the quay on the eastern side is a pathway which leads to the Castle of the Knights (14th century). Of it remain the curtain wall, part of a square tower, the remains of a cylindrical tower at the east corner, and toward the sea another cylindrical tower.[14] A Doric inscription, carved in the rock, attests to the existence of an earlier fortress here during Antiquity.[14] Inside the tower there is a large covered cistern.[14]Ascending the steps on the eastern side of the town, one reaches the suburb of Horafia, where there is a square surrounded by the Church of St. George (1906), with a high dome of Byzantine type, and the Cathedral of Saints Constantine and Helena (1835). It has three naves divided by monolithic granite columns from the temple of Apollo Lykios in Patara (Anatolia).[15] The columns carry ogival arches. Further east is the small bay known as Mandraki, the secondary harbour of the island.West of the town, beyond the summit of the island known as Vigla (270 m), stands Palaiokastro (old castle), the island's ancient acropolis. This fortified elevation has classical origins (see below, history section): its plan is rectangular and measures 60 by 80 metres (200 ft × 260 ft).[14] In its interior stand an ancient tower, built with square limestone blocks, and large water cisterns.[14] Carved on the base of the castle there is also a Doric inscription, dating back to the 4th or 3rd centuries BC, with references to Megiste (the ancient name of Kastellorizo) and its dependence on Rhodes.[14] On the east side there are remnants of a gateway, or propylaea.[14]Since August 2020 the island also features an interactive Puzzle Museum, the first of its kind in Greece and one of the very few in the world.[citation needed]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hot-summer Mediterranean climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"Azores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores"},{"link_name":"National Observatory of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Observatory_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"tropical nights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_night"},{"link_name":"hardiness zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardiness_zone"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Lindos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindos"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"National Observatory of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Observatory_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"World Meteorological Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WMO-21"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Kastellorizo has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification). It has hot dry summers and exceptionally mild winters by European standards. Like in the Azores, average lows do not drop below 12.0 °C during the coldest months. According to the National Observatory of Athens station the lowest temperature ever recorded in coastal Kastellorizo is 4.5 °C and was recorded on 25 January 2022.[17] Kastellorizo records on average 156 tropical nights per year and falls in 11a hardiness zone.[18] After Lindos, the island records the highest average annual temperature in Greece with 21.8 °C.Climate data for Kastellorizo 5 m a.s.l.\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n20.6(69.1)\n\n22.3(72.1)\n\n26.1(79.0)\n\n29.6(85.3)\n\n34.8(94.6)\n\n37.4(99.3)\n\n40.8(105.4)\n\n40.1(104.2)\n\n36.6(97.9)\n\n37.4(99.3)\n\n27.7(81.9)\n\n23.2(73.8)\n\n40.8(105.4)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n16.6(61.9)\n\n17.1(62.8)\n\n18.4(65.1)\n\n21.9(71.4)\n\n26.2(79.2)\n\n29.2(84.6)\n\n34.1(93.4)\n\n33.7(92.7)\n\n31.2(88.2)\n\n27.3(81.1)\n\n23.0(73.4)\n\n18.8(65.8)\n\n24.8(76.6)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n14.4(57.9)\n\n14.7(58.5)\n\n15.6(60.1)\n\n18.7(65.7)\n\n22.6(72.7)\n\n25.6(78.1)\n\n29.9(85.8)\n\n30.2(86.4)\n\n28.2(82.8)\n\n24.5(76.1)\n\n20.5(68.9)\n\n16.6(61.9)\n\n21.8(71.2)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n12.1(53.8)\n\n12.3(54.1)\n\n12.8(55.0)\n\n15.6(60.1)\n\n18.9(66.0)\n\n22.0(71.6)\n\n25.8(78.4)\n\n26.7(80.1)\n\n25.2(77.4)\n\n21.6(70.9)\n\n18.0(64.4)\n\n14.4(57.9)\n\n18.8(65.8)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n4.5(40.1)\n\n5.5(41.9)\n\n5.2(41.4)\n\n10.7(51.3)\n\n15.2(59.4)\n\n17.8(64.0)\n\n22.9(73.2)\n\n24.7(76.5)\n\n21.6(70.9)\n\n15.8(60.4)\n\n12.9(55.2)\n\n9.1(48.4)\n\n4.5(40.1)\n\n\nAverage rainfall mm (inches)\n\n140.6(5.54)\n\n50.2(1.98)\n\n45.2(1.78)\n\n15.7(0.62)\n\n4.5(0.18)\n\n8.9(0.35)\n\n0.1(0.00)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n1.2(0.05)\n\n26.3(1.04)\n\n92.9(3.66)\n\n150.9(5.94)\n\n536.5(21.14)\n\n\nSource 1: National Observatory of Athens Monthly Bulletins (Sep 2018 – Apr 2024)[19]\n\n\nSource 2: Kastellorizo N.O.A station[20] and World Meteorological Organization[21]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"Mesozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoic"},{"link_name":"Cenozoic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenozoic"},{"link_name":"flora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora"},{"link_name":"karstification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst_topography"},{"link_name":"Blue Grotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Cave_(Kastellorizo)"},{"link_name":"Capri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capri"},{"link_name":"Exploration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caving"},{"link_name":"caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kastellorizo_panorama_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kastellorizo_panorama_1.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Geology","text":"The island's geology is almost exclusively limestone laid down at the Mesozoic/Cenozoic boundary. As a result of the lack of significant flora covering the island, the landscape shows many features of karstification. There are a number of notable sea caves including the so-called Blue Grotto which is much larger than its namesake in Capri. Exploration undertaken in 2006 by members of the SELAS Caving club of Greece has revealed vertical caves in many parts of the island. The deepest found so far was surveyed to a depth of 60 metres (200 ft) in March 2006 and will be the subject of further exploration in the future by the same team.Panorama of Kastellorizo.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dorian Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorian_Greeks"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periplus_of_Pseudo-Scylax"},{"link_name":"Rhodians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodians"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Hellenistic period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period"},{"link_name":"Peraia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodian_Peraia"},{"link_name":"epistates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistates"},{"link_name":"Ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro,_Greece"},{"link_name":"Strongyli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongyli_Megistis"},{"link_name":"Hellenistic period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kas_and_Kastelorizo_by_Piri_Reis.jpg"},{"link_name":"Piri Reis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reis"}],"sub_title":"Ancient period","text":"The island was colonised by Dorian Greeks, who named it \"Megiste\".[22] In antiquity it was known both as Megiste and Cisthene (Κισθήνη), but in later times only as Megiste.[23] The Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax says that the island belonged to the Rhodians.[24] In addition, inscriptions found at the foot of the Knight's castle confirm that during the Hellenistic period the island was ruled by Rhodes, and formed part of its Peraia. The Rhodians sent an overseer, or epistates, to monitor events on the island.The three towers of Kastellorizo, Ro and Strongyli comprise the main links in a dense network of watchtowers constructed by the Rhodians during the Hellenistic period, to control the sea routes and the coast. Palaiokastro was (and still is) the main and largest fortified site on the island.[25]Map of Kastellorizo by Piri Reis (1521)","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Province of the Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulae_(Roman_province)"}],"sub_title":"Byzantine era","text":"During the period of the Byzantine Empire, Kastellorizo was part of the \"Province of the Islands\", the capital of which was Rhodes.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knights Hospitaller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller"},{"link_name":"Foulques de Villaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foulques_de_Villaret"},{"link_name":"expedition to conquer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitaller_conquest_of_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Crusader State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusader_State"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be131-4"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Sayf ad-Din Jaqmaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayf_ad-Din_Jaqmaq"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be131-4"},{"link_name":"Alfonso V of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"}],"sub_title":"Knights Hospitaller period","text":"In 1306 the island was taken over by the Knights Hospitaller, headed by Foulques de Villaret, as part of their expedition to conquer the island of Rhodes, which became the centre of their Crusader State.[4][26] They restored the castle, which was thereafter used as a prison for disobedient knights. Around 1440 the island was occupied by sultan Sayf ad-Din Jaqmaq of Egypt, who destroyed the castle.[4] Ten years later it was conquered by Alfonso V of Aragon, king of Naples, who in 1461 rebuilt the castle and dispatched a Catalan governor.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suleiman I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be131-4"},{"link_name":"Siege of Candia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Candia"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be131-4"},{"link_name":"Greek War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be131-4"},{"link_name":"kaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaza"},{"link_name":"Greeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Libyan war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Battista Ameglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Ameglio"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be132-16"},{"link_name":"Samos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samos_Island"}],"sub_title":"Ottoman era","text":"The Crown of Aragon retained possession of it until 1512, when it was conquered by Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I.[4]On 22 September 1659, during the Siege of Candia, the island was conquered by Venice and the castle was destroyed again, but the Ottomans were able to regain it again soon after.[4] Between 1828 and 1833 Kastellórizo joined the Greek insurgents, but after the end of the Greek War of Independence it came back into the possession of the Ottoman Empire.[4]According to the Ottoman General Census of 1881/82-1893, the kaza of Kastellorizo (Meyis) had a total population of 4,871, consisting of 4,635 Greeks, 225 Muslims, 6 Jews and 5 foreign citizens.[27]In 1912, during the Libyan war between Italy and the Ottoman Empire, the inhabitants asked Giovanni Battista Ameglio, chief of the Italian occupation forces in Rhodes, for their island to be annexed to Italy. This was refused, and on 14 March 1913 the local population imprisoned the governor and his Ottoman garrison and proclaimed a provisional government.[16] In August 1913, the Greek government sent from Samos a provisional governor supported by gendarmes, but in early 1914 in Florence it was decided that the island would be returned to the Ottoman Empire.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"French Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Navy"},{"link_name":"cruiser Jeanne d'Arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_Jeanne_d%27Arc_(1901)"},{"link_name":"Evzones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evzones"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be132-16"},{"link_name":"HMS Ben-my-Chree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Ben-my-Chree"}],"sub_title":"World War I and French presence","text":"On 28 December 1915, during World War I, while the Kingdom of Greece was still neutral, the French Navy led by the cruiser Jeanne d'Arc occupied the island at the behest of the inhabitants who feared Turkish reprisals. The French quickly blocked another landing attempted on the same day by a royalist Greek contingent of Evzones.[16] Turkish shore batteries responded to the French occupation by shelling the island in 1917, succeeding in sinking the British seaplane carrier HMS Ben-my-Chree.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Treaty of Sèvres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be132-16"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Lausanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne"},{"link_name":"Isole Italiane dell'Egeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isole_Italiane_dell%27Egeo"},{"link_name":"Population exchange between Greece and Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castellorizo_fr%C3%BCher.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Castellorizo_fr%C3%BCher.JPG"},{"link_name":"1932 Convention between Italy and Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Convention_between_Italy_and_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro,_Greece"},{"link_name":"Strongyli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongyli_Megistis"},{"link_name":"Operation Abstention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Abstention"},{"link_name":"British Commandos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Commando"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-haaretz.com-28"},{"link_name":"capitulated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_with_Italy"}],"sub_title":"Italian period","text":"In the Treaty of Sèvres the island was assigned to Italy and the Italian navy assumed it from the French on 1 March 1921,[16] but the treaty was never ratified. The Treaty of Lausanne confirmed the Italian claim on Kastellorizo, and the island – under the Italian name \"Castelrosso\" – was then integrated in the possession of the Isole Italiane dell'Egeo.Because of the Italian occupation, the island was not affected directly by the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey of 1923, but the forced emigration of the large Greek population living on the nearby Anatolian coast hit heavily the economy of the island.Panoramic view of Kastellorizo harbour in 1921.The 1932 Convention between Italy and Turkey, which defined the sea border between the two powers, assigned all the islets of the small archipelago around Kastellorizo except Ro and Strongyli to Turkey. During the 1930s it was a stopover for French and British seaplanes. During the Second World War, on 25 February 1941, in the course of Operation Abstention, British Commandos occupied the island, but Italian forces from Rhodes recaptured it some days later. After the British occupation, fearing a German invasion, some of the inhabitants fled to Gaza in Palestine.[28] When Italy capitulated to the Allies (8 September 1943), the island was occupied again by Allied forces, and it remained under their occupation for the rest of the war. In July 1944, a fuel dump caught fire, which spread to an adjacent ammunition dump, thereby destroying half of the homes on the island.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris Peace Treaties, 1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties,_1947"},{"link_name":"Mediterraneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterraneo_(film)"},{"link_name":"Gabriele Salvatores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_Salvatores"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"solar eclipse of March 29, 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_March_29,_2006"},{"link_name":"Freedom Flotilla II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Flotilla_II"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-haaretz.com-28"}],"sub_title":"Modern Greek era","text":"Kastellorizo was assigned to Greece with the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947. In May 1945 it was still under British administration, but on September 15, 1947 effectively came under Greek administration. The island formally joined the Greek State on 7 March 1948 together with the other Dodecanese islands.The island has become more popular in recent years, among tourists looking for an isolated place in the Dodecanese, thanks also to the 1991 Oscar-winning movie Mediterraneo, by Gabriele Salvatores, which is set on the island. Kastellórizo was the only territory of the European Union where the solar eclipse of March 29, 2006 was visible in its totality.In 2011, the French ship Dignité-Al Karama, the only member the Freedom Flotilla II that managed to approach Gaza, refueled at Kastellorizo. The ship was warmly received by the inhabitants, some of whom remembered the shelter the island's inhabitants had found in Gaza, then under British control, during World War II.[28]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Matanski-Kastelorizo_Harbour_Greece.jpg"},{"link_name":"CS Salamis Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS_Salamis_Glory"},{"link_name":"Fethiye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fethiye"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be132-16"},{"link_name":"valonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valonia_oak"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be132-16"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"narghile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narghile"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be132-16"},{"link_name":"sea sponges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_sponge"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be132-16"},{"link_name":"the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be132-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be132-16"},{"link_name":"Ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro,_Greece"},{"link_name":"Strongyli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongyli_Kastellorizou"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be133-15"}],"text":"CS Salamis Glory in Kastellorizo harbour.The population rose from 4,870 in the 1880s and reached its peak in 1908 with an estimated 9,000 people residing there. At that time, Kastellorizo was still the only safe harbor along the route between Makri (today's Fethiye) and Beirut.[16] Its sailing ships traded products from Anatolia (coal, timber, valonia, pine bark) for Egyptian goods (rice, sugar, coffee, tissues and yarns), and carried Anatolian cereals to Rhodes and Cyprus.[16] On the island there was also a flourishing production of charcoal (much sought after in Alexandria, where it was used for narghile).[16] The fishing industry — mainly sea sponges — was important too.[16]After 1908, the decay of the island's economy set in, accelerated by the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1923. In the late 1920s the island's population dropped to 3,000, while about 8,000 inhabitants lived abroad, predominantly in Australia, Egypt, Greece and the U.S.[16] At that time the town had 730 inhabited houses, while 675 were already empty, and many ruined.[16]The population continued to drop to 584 at the 1951 census, reaching a low point of 222 at the 1981 census, before slowly rising again to 584 at the 2021 census, all living in the town of Megísti. The municipality also includes the islands of Ro and Strongyli, both without permanent inhabitants. Many of its emigrants live in Australia (especially Perth and Sydney), where they are known as \"Kazzies\".The existence of a Muslim community on the island during the Ottoman period can be deduced from the presence of a mosque with a minaret that still exists but by 1929 was no longer functioning.[15]","title":"Demographics and economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Piraeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraeus"},{"link_name":"Kaş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C5%9F"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Olympic Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Air"},{"link_name":"Kastellorizo Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kastellorizo_Island_Public_Airport"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"The island is connected with Rhodes, Piraeus and Kaş by ferry. Passenger ferries' frequency is as follows:Kastellorizo - Rhodes - Symi - Tilos - Nisyros - Kalymnos - Piraeus: 2 trips / week (winter period)[29]\nKastellorizo - Kaş: 1 trip / week (winter period)[30]Air connection is provided by Olympic Air, which operates from Kastellorizo Airport 4 times/week (winter period).[31] There is one small bus in service on Kastellorizo and it is used to collect tourists from the airport.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Postage stamps and postal history of Kastellorizo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Kastellorizo"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be132-16"},{"link_name":"silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk"},{"link_name":"filigreed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filigree"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"},{"link_name":"silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver"},{"link_name":"buttons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Button_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be132-16"},{"link_name":"pants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trousers"},{"link_name":"quilted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quilt"},{"link_name":"thread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarn"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be132-16"},{"link_name":"jacket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacket"},{"link_name":"velvet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velvet"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be132-16"},{"link_name":"underskirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petticoat"},{"link_name":"laced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lace"},{"link_name":"scarf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarf"},{"link_name":"silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver"},{"link_name":"belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be132-16"},{"link_name":"coat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"fur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be132-16"},{"link_name":"cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be132-16"},{"link_name":"shawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawl"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be132-16"},{"link_name":"socks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socks"},{"link_name":"wool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be132-16"},{"link_name":"shoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoes"},{"link_name":"slippers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipper"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be132-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be132-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be132-16"}],"text":"See also: Postage stamps and postal history of KastellorizoKastellorizo's inhabitants had characteristic traditions, partly influenced by the Muslim tradition.[32] There were at least three types of women's dress, which used brilliantly colored fabric, and women wore necklaces, brooches, pendants and earrings made from ancient Venetian or Byzantine gold coins.[16]The women's festive dress consisted of:One or more long silk blouses (ipokámiso). The most external one was closed on the front by six large filigreed gold or silver buttons. These buttons were shaped as a half-sphere depressed in the middle. From the lowest one was hung a small chain with a cross;[16]\nA pair of short pants (katofóri) whose lower part was made with good quality material quilted with gold thread;[16]\nA sleeved jacket (zepuni) made with brilliant colored silk or velvet, opened at the front;[16]\nAnother long underskirt (kavadi), laced with gold thread, also opened at the front;\nA large scarf (zosma) made with three or four silk strips, quilted with gold or silver thread. It was tied very low on the sides, like a loose belt;[16]\nA large velvet coat (gunna) decorated with gold and silver lace on the hems and on the back, with *fur lapels: It was always kept open;[16]\nA woolen cap;[16]\nA quadrangular wrinkled silken shawl (mandili), decorated with relief flowers and fringed hems, coloured in white, red and deep blue. Folded diagonally, it was fixed above the cap, with its longest angle falling on the back almost to the ground, while the side edges were folded on the front or put over the shoulders;[16]\nThe socks were woven with multicolored wool or silk;[16]\nThe shoes were shaped like tipped slippers, and were made of velvet or silk. They were laced with gold or silver thread and shorter than the foot;[16]The other types of dress were similar, but not so lavish and without fur decorations.[16] The girls' dress was simpler. Single and engaged girls, and married women and widows were also distinguished by dress.[16]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"engagement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engagement"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be133-15"},{"link_name":"Agios Konstantinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be133-15"},{"link_name":"New Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be133-15"},{"link_name":"Agios Basilios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea"},{"link_name":"Liturgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_Liturgy"},{"link_name":"pomegranate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranate"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be133-15"},{"link_name":"Agios Elias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elijah"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be133-15"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Easter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter#Eastern_Christianity_2"},{"link_name":"Resurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection"},{"link_name":"candles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candle"},{"link_name":"bells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"fireworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firework"},{"link_name":"Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be133-15"},{"link_name":"Easter Monday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Monday"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be133-15"},{"link_name":"jar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jar"},{"link_name":"carafe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carafe"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be133-15"},{"link_name":"thurible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurible"},{"link_name":"olive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive"},{"link_name":"Palm Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Sunday"},{"link_name":"exorcism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exorcism"},{"link_name":"wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood"},{"link_name":"enchanted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incantation"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be133-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be133-15"}],"sub_title":"Religion, customs and superstitions","text":"The engagement, which was decided by the parents, and the wedding, which lasted 15 days, occurred through prescribed and curious ceremonies, having symbolic and poetic meaning.[15] Weddings were celebrated on Sunday, in the church of Agios Konstantinos, and an announcement on the main square invited the whole city to participate. Also baptisms and funerals (with mourning women, or praeficae, and a dish with oil and wine crushed on the coffin) had well-established rituals.[15]On December 31 and on New Year's Day, groups of children carrying small cardboard boats adorned with ribbons and small flags go around visiting houses, stores and coffee shops, singing songs with good wishes and receiving coins and wheat cakes, while the elderly exchange visits.[15] On the morning of Agios Basilios day, coming back from Liturgy, the men customarily throw a pomegranate hard against the walls of their homes, wishing for abundance and happiness for their family. The more seeds that are spread around the rooms, the more luck the family will have in the coming year.[15]The day before the feast of Agios Elias on July 19 (the feast itself is on July 20) first the children and then the men jump into the sea, and wear their wet clothes the whole day. Those who do not want to participate are sometimes forced to do so.[15][33]On Easter, the Liturgy of the Resurrection takes place in the open at midnight, the faithful bearing candles. As soon as the bells start ringing, the young people let off fireworks, and the people tell each other the ritual words \"Christ is resurrected\". Then everyone enters the church and lights his candle from the holy fire held by the priest, and then goes home to light the fire in the fireplace.[15] On Easter Monday the whole population gathers in the main square, and they remain there the whole day eating, drinking and singing. In the past single girls had to stay at home, but they were allowed to stay in the entrance, where they sang and played with swings.[15]On May 1, at dawn, all the girls of the island, in groups, each one carrying a jar, went to get water outside of town, but they were not allowed to speak a single word during the route. This water (Amilito Neró, \"water of silence\") was supposed to bring good luck to the family. Everyone washed him/herself with it that day, and every utensil and wall of the house was splashed with it. When a girl became engaged, she filled a crystal carafe with it and brought it to her future mother-in-law, who gave her in return a special cake and an odd number of gold coins.[15]When a child became seriously ill, a woman with knowledge of prayers against the evil eye was invited to her/his home. She drew signs of the cross on the body of the child with a thurible filled with embers and branches of the olive tree which had been gathered in the church on Palm Sunday, pronouncing the following words: \"Christ came: then he laid down his stick and chased away the snake and the bad neighbor from our home\". After this exorcism, the woman would throw the content of the thurible into a bucket filled with water, and then count the pieces of wood which did not burn. This number was said to be equal to the number of persons who were supposed to have enchanted the sick child. The enchantment of the child was sure, if the olive leaves burned with a loud crackling sound.[15]When a man was going to emigrate, gentle, sorrowful songs were sung to him by his friends.[15]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgios Mavros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Mavros"},{"link_name":"Andrew Liveris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Liveris"},{"link_name":"Paspaley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paspaley"},{"link_name":"Ken Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Michael"},{"link_name":"Governor of Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Basil Zempilas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Zempilas"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Perth"},{"link_name":"Steve Malaxos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Malaxos"},{"link_name":"Lady of Ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_of_Ro"}],"text":"Georgios Mavros, politician\nAndrew Liveris, businessman\nNicholas Paspalis, pearl diver and creator of Paspaley pearling company\nKen Michael, former Governor of Western Australia\nBasil Zempilas, television presenter and Mayor of Perth\nSteve Malaxos, Australian rules footballer\nLady of Ro, patriot","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Antalya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antalya"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"}],"text":"Kastellorizo is twinned with:Perth, Western Australia, Australia\n Antalya, Turkey","title":"Twin towns – sister cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Guns of Navarone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guns_of_Navarone_(film)"},{"link_name":"Anthony Quayle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Quayle"},{"link_name":"Mediterraneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterraneo"},{"link_name":"David Gilmour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gilmour"},{"link_name":"Castellorizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castellorizon"},{"link_name":"On an Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_an_Island"},{"link_name":"Polly Samson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polly_Samson"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In the 1961 film The Guns of Navarone, a saboteur team led by Anthony Quayle is briefed on its mission at Castelrosso. The Italian 1991 movie Mediterraneo was filmed on the island.Kastellorizo also lends its name to David Gilmour's instrumental track \"Castellorizon\" from his album On an Island (2006). He stayed on the island in the early 1990s with his wife, Polly Samson, and many close friends. The music reflects the memories of the time spent there, and is a tribute to the friends who have since died.[citation needed]","title":"Cinema and popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kastelorizo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kastelorizo"},{"link_name":"Köchler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6chler"},{"link_name":"The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, Megiste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0006:id=megiste"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Dodecanese_Islands"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Dodecanese_Islands"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dodecanese_Islands"},{"link_name":"Dodecanese Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodecanese"},{"link_name":"Astypalaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astypalaia"},{"link_name":"Kalymnos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalymnos"},{"link_name":"Karpathos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karpathos"},{"link_name":"Kasos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasos"},{"link_name":"Kastellorizo (Megisti)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Kos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kos"},{"link_name":"Leros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leros"},{"link_name":"Nisyros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisyros"},{"link_name":"Patmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patmos"},{"link_name":"Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Symi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symi"},{"link_name":"Tilos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilos"},{"link_name":"Agathonisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agathonisi"},{"link_name":"Alimia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimia"},{"link_name":"Arkoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkoi"},{"link_name":"Armathia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armathia"},{"link_name":"Chalki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalki"},{"link_name":"Farmakonisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmakonisi"},{"link_name":"Gyali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyali"},{"link_name":"Imia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imia"},{"link_name":"Kalolimnos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalolimnos"},{"link_name":"Kinaros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinaros"},{"link_name":"Leipsoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipsoi"},{"link_name":"Levitha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levitha"},{"link_name":"Marathos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathos_Island"},{"link_name":"Nimos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimos"},{"link_name":"Prasonisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasonisi"},{"link_name":"Pserimos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pserimos"},{"link_name":"Ro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro,_Greece"},{"link_name":"Seskli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seskli"},{"link_name":"Saria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saria_Island"},{"link_name":"Strongyli 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Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionian_Islands"},{"link_name":"Echinades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinades"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:South_Aegean"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:South_Aegean"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_Aegean"},{"link_name":"Administrative division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"South Aegean Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Aegean"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kallikratis_Programme"},{"link_name":"Ermoupoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermoupoli"},{"link_name":"Syros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syros"},{"link_name":"Andros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andros"},{"link_name":"Andros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andros"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Periferia_Notiou_Egeou.png"},{"link_name":"Kalymnos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalymnos_(regional_unit)"},{"link_name":"Agathonisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agathonisi"},{"link_name":"Astypalaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astypalaia"},{"link_name":"Kalymnos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalymnos"},{"link_name":"Leipsoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipsoi"},{"link_name":"Leros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leros"},{"link_name":"Patmos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patmos"},{"link_name":"Karpathos-Kasos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karpathos-Kasos"},{"link_name":"Karpathos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karpathos"},{"link_name":"Kasos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasos"},{"link_name":"Kea-Kythnos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kea-Kythnos"},{"link_name":"Kea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kea_(island)"},{"link_name":"Kythnos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kythnos"},{"link_name":"Kos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kos_(regional_unit)"},{"link_name":"Kos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kos"},{"link_name":"Nisyros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisyros"},{"link_name":"Milos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milos_(regional_unit)"},{"link_name":"Kimolos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimolos"},{"link_name":"Milos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milos"},{"link_name":"Serifos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serifos"},{"link_name":"Sifnos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifnos"},{"link_name":"Mykonos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykonos"},{"link_name":"Mykonos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykonos"},{"link_name":"Naxos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxos_(regional_unit)"},{"link_name":"Amorgos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorgos"},{"link_name":"Naxos and Lesser Cyclades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxos_and_Lesser_Cyclades"},{"link_name":"Paros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paros_(regional_unit)"},{"link_name":"Antiparos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiparos"},{"link_name":"Paros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paros"},{"link_name":"Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes_(regional_unit)"},{"link_name":"Chalki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halki_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"Kastellorizo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Symi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symi"},{"link_name":"Tilos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilos"},{"link_name":"Syros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syros"},{"link_name":"Syros-Ermoupoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syros"},{"link_name":"Thira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thira_(regional_unit)"},{"link_name":"Anafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anafi"},{"link_name":"Folegandros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folegandros"},{"link_name":"Ios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ios"},{"link_name":"Sikinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikinos"},{"link_name":"Thira (Santorini)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santorini"},{"link_name":"Tinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinos"},{"link_name":"Tinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinos"},{"link_name":"Giorgos Hatzimarkos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giorgos_Hatzimarkos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Greek_local_elections"},{"link_name":"Aegean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralized_Administration_of_the_Aegean"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212096#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/55144647639717878134"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14622468c"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14622468c"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543983105171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh86001699"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record6701"},{"link_name":"Pleiades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pleiades.stoa.org/places/638989"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/123352215"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kastelorizo.Bertarelli, L.V. (1929). Guida d'Italia, Vol. XVII (in Italian). Milano: Consociazione Turistica Italiana.\nHatzifotis, I.M. (1996). Kastellorizon. Athens: Topio Publications.\nKöchler, Hans (2020). Kastellorizo: The Geopolitics of Maritime Boundaries and the Dysfunctionality of the Law of the Sea. Vienna: International Progress Organization.\nPappas, Nicholas (1994). Castellorizo: An Illustrated History of the Island and its Conquerors. Sydney: Halstead Press.\nPappas, Nicholas (2002). Near Eastern Dreams: The French Occupation of Castellorizo 1915–1921. Sydney: Halstead Press.\nThe Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, Megiste.vteDodecanese IslandsThe 12 major islands\nAstypalaia\nKalymnos\nKarpathos\nKasos\nKastellorizo (Megisti)\nKos\nLeros\nNisyros\nPatmos\nRhodes\nSymi\nTilos\nMinor islands\nAdelfoi Syrnas Islets\nAgathonisi\nAgioi Theodoroi Halkis\nAgreloussa\nAlimia\nAntitilos\nAnydros Patmou\nArchangelos\nArefoussa\nArkoi\nArmathia\nAstakida\nChalavra\nChalki\nChamili\nChiliomodi Patmou\nChondros\nChteni\nFaradonesia\nFarmakonisi\nFokionisia\nFragos\nGaidaros\nGlaros Kinarou\nGyali\nImia\nKalolimnos\nKalovolos\nKamilonisi\nKandeloussa\nKaravolas Rodou\nKinaros\nKoubelonisi\nKouloundros\nKouloura Leipson\nKounoupoi\nKoutsomytis\nLeipsoi\nLevitha\nMakronisi Kasou\nMakronisi Leipson\nMakry Aspronisi Leipson\nMakry Halkis\nMarathos\nMarmaras\nMavra Levithas\nMegalo Aspronisi Leipson\nMegalo Glaronisi\nMegalo Sofrano\nMesonisi Seirinas\nMikro Glaronisi\nMikro Sofrano\nNimos\nPacheia Nisyrou\nPergoussa\nPiganoussa\nPitta\nPlati Pserimou\nPlati Symis\nPontikousa\nPrasonisi\nPrasouda\nPserimos\nRo\nSafonidi\nSeskli\nSaria\nSeirina\nSesklio\nStrongyli Kritinias\nStrongyli Megistis\nSyrna\nTelendos\nTragonisi\nZaforas\nRelated articles\nSanjak of Rhodes\nEyalet of the Archipelago\nVilayet of the Archipelago\nItalian Islands of the Aegean\nGovernors\nGreek islands:\nAegean Islands, Saronic Islands, Crete, Cyclades, Dodecanese, Euboea, North Aegean Islands, Sporades, Ionian Islands, EchinadesvteAdministrative division of the South Aegean Region\nArea: 5,286 km2 (2,041 sq mi)\nPopulation: 309,015 (as of 2011)\nMunicipalities: 34 (since 2011)\nCapital: Ermoupoli (Syros)\nRegional unit of Andros\nAndros\nRegional unit of Kalymnos\nAgathonisi\nAstypalaia\nKalymnos\nLeipsoi\nLeros\nPatmos\nRegional unit of Karpathos-Kasos\nKarpathos\nKasos\nRegional unit of Kea-Kythnos\nKea\nKythnos\nRegional unit of Kos\nKos\nNisyros\nRegional unit of Milos\nKimolos\nMilos\nSerifos\nSifnos\nRegional unit of Mykonos\nMykonos\nRegional unit of Naxos\nAmorgos\nNaxos and Lesser Cyclades\nRegional unit of Paros\nAntiparos\nParos\nRegional unit of Rhodes\nChalki\nKastellorizo\nRhodes\nSymi\nTilos\nRegional unit of Syros\nSyros-Ermoupoli\nRegional unit of Thira\nAnafi\nFolegandros\nIos\nSikinos\nThira (Santorini)\nRegional unit of Tinos\nTinos\n\nRegional governor: Giorgos Hatzimarkos (since 2014)\nDecentralized Administration: AegeanAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nIsrael\nUnited States\nGreece\nGeographic\nPleiades\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Sources"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/2011_Dimos_Megistis.png/250px-2011_Dimos_Megistis.png"},{"image_text":"Map of Kastellorizo and the surrounding islets.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kastelorizo.svg/260px-Kastelorizo.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Kastellorizo town","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Castelorizon.jpg/220px-Castelorizon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Panorama of the port.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kastelorizo_port.jpg/220px-Kastelorizo_port.jpg"},{"image_text":"View of Mandraki, the small port.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mandraki%2C_Kastelorizo.JPG/220px-Mandraki%2C_Kastelorizo.JPG"},{"image_text":"Map of Kastellorizo by Piri Reis (1521)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kas_and_Kastelorizo_by_Piri_Reis.jpg/220px-Kas_and_Kastelorizo_by_Piri_Reis.jpg"},{"image_text":"CS Salamis Glory in Kastellorizo harbour.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Matanski-Kastelorizo_Harbour_Greece.jpg/220px-Matanski-Kastelorizo_Harbour_Greece.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Meis–Kaş Swim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meis%E2%80%93Ka%C5%9F_Swim"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Municipal elections – October 2023: Municipality of Megisti\". Ministry of the Interior.","urls":[{"url":"https://ekloges.ypes.gr/current/d/home/en/municipalities/9295/","url_text":"\"Municipal elections – October 2023: Municipality of Megisti\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Greece)","url_text":"Ministry of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό\" [Results of the 2021 Population - Housing Census, Permanent population by settlement] (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/17286366/MON_PLI_DHM_OIKISN_2021.xlsx","url_text":"\"Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kastellórizon\". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 4 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Kastell%C3%B3rizon","url_text":"\"Kastellórizon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster","url_text":"Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary"}]},{"reference":"\"Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition\" (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. p. 18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf","url_text":"\"Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition\""},{"url":"https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ΦΕΚ A 87/2010, Kallikratis reform law text\" (in Greek). Government Gazette.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wGYK2xFpSwMnXdtvSoClrL8-SrPzKAEPjjtIl9LGdkF53UIxsx942CdyqxSQYNuqAGCF0IfB9HI6hq6ZkZV96FIukI0UzcPsWCK0LpLhpa7rhiWB4R5ntTnoWw7U8E1Amg.","url_text":"\"ΦΕΚ A 87/2010, Kallikratis reform law text\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Gazette_(Greece)","url_text":"Government Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Stampolidis, Nicholas & others (2011). Islands off the beaten track. An archeological journey to the Greek islands of Kastellorizo, Simi, Halki, Tylos and Nisyros. Athens: Museum of Cycladic Art. p. 28.","urls":[{"url":"http://issuu.com/museumofcycladicart/docs/agonigrammi_catalogue/1","url_text":"Islands off the beaten track. An archeological journey to the Greek islands of Kastellorizo, Simi, Halki, Tylos and Nisyros"}]},{"reference":"\"Nísos Megísti\". gr.geoview.info. 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GREtour.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gretour.com/things-to-do-and-places-to-visit-in-kastelorizo-island/","url_text":"\"Kastelorizo island – Things to Do and Best Places to Visit\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)\" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150921212047/http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf","url_text":"\"Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)\""},{"url":"http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Meteo.gr – Προγνώσεις καιρού για όλη την Ελλάδα\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.meteo.gr/Monthly_Bulletins.cfm","url_text":"\"Meteo.gr – Προγνώσεις καιρού για όλη την Ελλάδα\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meteo.gr - Προγνώσεις καιρού για όλη την Ελλάδα\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.meteo.gr/Monthly_Bulletins.cfm","url_text":"\"Meteo.gr - Προγνώσεις καιρού για όλη την Ελλάδα\""}]},{"reference":"\"Latest Conditions in Kastellorizo\".","urls":[{"url":"https://penteli.meteo.gr/stations/kastellorizo/","url_text":"\"Latest Conditions in Kastellorizo\""}]},{"reference":"\"World Meteorological Organization\". Retrieved 14 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://oscar.wmo.int/surface/#/search/station/stationReportDetails/0-300-1-kastellorizo","url_text":"\"World Meteorological Organization\""}]},{"reference":"\"Strabo, Geography, BOOK XIV., CHAPTER III\". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 11 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0239:book=14:chapter=3#note14","url_text":"\"Strabo, Geography, BOOK XIV., CHAPTER III\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pseudo Scylax, Periplous, §100\" (PDF). Retrieved 11 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ancientportsantiques.com/wp-content/uploads/Documents/AUTHORS/Scylax-GB2002.pdf","url_text":"\"Pseudo Scylax, Periplous, §100\""}]},{"reference":"Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. \"Ancient Towers of the Aegean Sea\". UNESCO World Heritage Centre.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5867/","url_text":"\"Ancient Towers of the Aegean Sea\""}]},{"reference":"Luttrell, Anthony (1975). \"The Hospitallers at Rhodes, 1306–1421\". In Hazard, Harry W. (ed.). A History of the Crusades, Volume III: The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 278–313. ISBN 0-299-06670-3.","urls":[{"url":"http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?type=article&did=History.CrusThree.i0020&id=History.CrusThree","url_text":"\"The Hospitallers at Rhodes, 1306–1421\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-06670-3","url_text":"0-299-06670-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Gaza-bound ship carrying pro-Palestinian activists sets sail from Greece\". Haaretz. Retrieved 17 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/gaza-bound-ship-carrying-pro-palestinian-activists-sets-sail-from-greece-1.373601","url_text":"\"Gaza-bound ship carrying pro-Palestinian activists sets sail from Greece\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blue Star Ferries - Piraeus - Kalymnos - Kos - Rhodes & Astypalaia - Patmos - Lipsi - Leros - Nisyros - Tilos - Symi - Kastellorizo\". Archived from the original on 2016-04-11. Retrieved 2016-01-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160411132251/http://www.bluestarferries.com/en/travel-with-us/domestic-lines/timetables/piraeus-kalymnos-kos-rhodes-astypalaia-patmos-lipsi-leros-nisyros-tilos-symi-kastellorizo.html","url_text":"\"Blue Star Ferries - Piraeus - Kalymnos - Kos - Rhodes & Astypalaia - Patmos - Lipsi - Leros - Nisyros - Tilos - Symi - Kastellorizo\""},{"url":"http://www.bluestarferries.com/en/travel-with-us/domestic-lines/timetables/piraeus-kalymnos-kos-rhodes-astypalaia-patmos-lipsi-leros-nisyros-tilos-symi-kastellorizo.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ferry Kas to Meis - Meis Express Ferry Service with Aegean Tour Travel\". ferries-turkey.com. 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Vienna: International Progress Organization.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6chler","url_text":"Köchler"}]},{"reference":"Pappas, Nicholas (1994). Castellorizo: An Illustrated History of the Island and its Conquerors. Sydney: Halstead Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pappas, Nicholas (2002). Near Eastern Dreams: The French Occupation of Castellorizo 1915–1921. Sydney: Halstead Press.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Levi
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Giuseppe Levi
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["1 References","2 Bibliography","3 External sources"]
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Italian anatomist and histologist (1872–1965)
Giuseppe LeviBorn(1872-10-14)14 October 1872Imperial Free City of Trieste, Austrian Littoral, Austria-HungaryDied3 February 1965(1965-02-03) (aged 92)Turin, ItalyNationalityItalianOccupationProfessor of human anatomyOrganizationUniversity of TurinKnown forPioneer of in vitro studies on cultured cells
Giuseppe Levi (14 October 1872 – 3 February 1965) was an Italian anatomist and histologist, professor of human anatomy (since 1916) at the universities of Sassari, Palermo and Turin. He was born on 14 October 1872 in Trieste to Jewish parents, Michele Levi and Emma Perugia. He was married to Lidia Tanzi and had five children: Gino, Mario, Alberto, Paola (who became the wife of Adriano Olivetti), and writer Natalia Ginzburg (wife of Leone Ginzburg and mother of Carlo Ginzburg), who described her father's personality in the successful Italian book Lessico famigliare (1963).
Levi was a pioneer of in vitro studies of cultured cells. He contributed to the study of the nervous system, especially on the plasticity of sensory ganglion cells.
While in Turin, he tutored three students who later won the Nobel prize: Salvador Luria, Renato Dulbecco and Rita Levi-Montalcini.
He was admitted as a national member of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei in 1926. In 1931 he subscribed to the oath of allegiance to the Fascist regime imposed to University professors.
References
^ Pannese, Ennio (2005). "LEVI, Giuseppe". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. Retrieved 2012-12-30.
^ Patrizia Acobas. "Natalia Ginzburg 1916 – 1991". Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
^ a b "Giuseppe Levi" (in Italian). Enciclopedia Treccani online. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
^ a b M. Bentivoglio; A. Vercelli; G. Filogamo (December 2006). "Giuseppe Levi: mentor of three Nobel laureates". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 15 (4): 358–68. doi:10.1080/09647040600888974. PMID 16997763. S2CID 43524445.
Bibliography
Andrea Grignolio (ed.), Giuseppe Levi, «Medicina nei secoli» (Special issue: articles in Italian or in English), 2018, Vol. 30, n. 1, pp. 9-445
External sources
English translation via Google Translate
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
Catalonia
Germany
Italy
Israel
United States
Netherlands
Academics
Leopoldina
Scopus
People
Italian People
Other
IdRef
|
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He contributed to the study of the nervous system, especially on the plasticity of sensory ganglion cells.[4]While in Turin, he tutored three students who later won the Nobel prize: Salvador Luria, Renato Dulbecco and Rita Levi-Montalcini.[4]He was admitted as a national member of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei in 1926.[3] In 1931 he subscribed to the oath of allegiance to the Fascist regime imposed to University professors.","title":"Giuseppe Levi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giuseppe Levi, «Medicina nei secoli» (Special issue: articles in Italian or in English), 2018, Vol. 30, n. 1, pp. 9-445","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.medicinaneisecoli.it/index.php/MedSecoli/issue/view/138"}],"text":"Andrea Grignolio (ed.), Giuseppe Levi, «Medicina nei secoli» (Special issue: articles in Italian or in English), 2018, Vol. 30, n. 1, pp. 9-445","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English translation via Google Translate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//translate.google.com/translate?sl=it&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGiuseppe_Levi"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3770812#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1830653/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000374592742"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/90211848"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbxH7Qxm4tVrd4KJKM773"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1342579"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058508494306706"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1172814309"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.sbn.it/nome/CUBV168297"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987010254523305171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n87150918"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p067712800"},{"link_name":"Leopoldina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/giuseppe-levi/"},{"link_name":"Scopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57018682800"},{"link_name":"Italian People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/giuseppe-levi_(Dizionario-Biografico)"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/142415863"}],"text":"English translation via Google TranslateAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nSpain\nCatalonia\nGermany\nItaly\nIsrael\nUnited States\nNetherlands\nAcademics\nLeopoldina\nScopus\nPeople\nItalian People\nOther\nIdRef","title":"External sources"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_State_Route_416
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Tennessee State Route 416
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["1 Route description","2 Junction list","3 See also","4 External links"]
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Route map: State Highway in Tennessee
State Route 416Pittman Center RoadTN 416 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by TDOTLength14.5 mi (23.3 km)Major junctionsSouth end US 321 at Pittman CenterNorth end US 411 at Sevierville
LocationCountryUnited StatesStateTennesseeCountiesSevier
Highway system
Tennessee State Routes
Interstate
US
State
← US 412→ SR 417
State Route 416 (SR 416, also known locally as Pittman Center Road) is a secondary highway that runs south to north, entirely in Sevier County, Tennessee.
Route description
SR 416 begins in Pittman Center at US 321 and it ends at US 411 in eastern Sevierville. It is a two-laned road that curves through hilly terrain and farmland, and it is commonly used as an alternate route to bypass peak time traffic in Sevierville and Pigeon Forge on US 441. Junctioning with SR 454, near the convergence of Upper Middle Creek Road and Birds Creek Road, it may be used to reach the Gatlinburg Arts and Crafts Community.
Junction list
The entire route is in Sevier County.
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Pittman Center0.000.00 US 321 (East Parkway/SR 73) – Gatlinburg, CosbySouthern terminus
SR 454 south (Birds Creek Road) – Gatlinburg Arts and Crafts CommunityNorthern terminus of SR 454
SeviervilleOld Newport Highway TO SR 339 – Newport, Cosby
US 411 (Newport Highway/SR 35) – Sevierville, NewportNorthern terminus
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
See also
List of Tennessee state highways
Tennessee Department of Transportation
This Tennessee road or road transport-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
External links
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Tennessee State Route 416KML is not from Wikidata
^ "Sevier County road map" (PDF). TDOT. Retrieved September 30, 2019.
^ Google (July 16, 2021). "Map of Tennessee State Route 416" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
Mapquest
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-technology
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Low technology
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["1 History","1.1 Historical origin","1.2 In the 1970s","1.3 2000s and later","1.4 Recently: retro-tech, wild tech, rebel-tech, small-tech, (s)low-tech, easy-tech, no-tech, lo-tek","2 Many definitions","2.1 Binary definition","2.2 Technocriticists","2.3 Recently: a wider and more balanced approach","3 Examples","3.1 From traditional practices (primary and secondary sectors)","3.2 Domestic or consumer","4 Philosophy","5 Differences between green-tech and low-tech","6 Debate on the 'real' low-techs, and difference(s) with high tech","7 Legal status of low-technology","8 Groups associated with low-technology","9 See also","10 Sources","11 References","12 External links"]
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Simple technology
Not to be confused with Low-cost, Frugal Innovation, Do it yourself, Jugaad, Green tech, or Deep tech.
Infographic « Low-techs: Sustainably securing the essentials for all » gathering the criteria for any low-tech innovation approach
Low technology (low tech; adjective forms: low-technology, low-tech, lo-tech) is simple technology, as opposed to high technology. In addition, low tech is related to the concept of mid-tech, that is a balance between low-tech and high-tech, which combines the efficiency and versatility of high tech with low tech's potential for autonomy and resilience.
History
Historical origin
A controlled open fire using wood, invented 1.7-2 million years ago, being used for cooking in 2015
Primitive technologies such as bushcraft, tools that use wood, stone, wool, etc. can be seen as low-tech, as the pre-Industrial Revolution machines such as windmills or sailboats.
In the 1970s
The economic boom after the Vietnam War resulted in a doubt on progress, technology and growth at the beginning of the 70s, notably with through the report The Limits to Growth (1972). Many have sought to define what soft technologies are, leading to a "low-tech movement". Such technologies have been described as "intermediaries" (E.F. Schumacher), "liberating" (M. Bookchin), or even democratic. Thus, a philosophy of advocating a widespread use of soft technologies was developed in the United States, and many studies were carried out in those years, in particular by researchers like Langdon Winner.
2000s and later
Skateboarding as a way of Low-tech mobility, in Mexico City
"Low-tech" has been more and more employed in the scientific writings, in particular in the analyzes of the work from some authors of the 1970s: see for example Hirsch ‐ Kreinsen, the book "High tech, low tech, no tech" or Gordon.
More recently, the perspective of resource scarcity - especially minerals - lead to an increasingly severe criticism on high-techs and technology.
Since 2007, the Belgian Kris de Decker has published (with his collaborators) some reflections on low-tech solutions, the problem of high-techs, and the updating of technologies supposedly "obsolete" via the "Low <-tech Magazine". The header is: "Doubts on progress and technology", and specifies that the lowtechs "refuse to assume that each problem has a high-tech solution", with a progressive translation of the articles in other languages since recently.
In 2014, the french engineer Philippe Bihouix published "L'âge des low tech" (The age of low-techs) where he presents how a european nation like France, with little mineral and energy resources, could become a "low-tech" nation (instead of a "start-up" nation) to better correspond to the sustainable development goals of such nation. He cites various examples of low-techs initiative and describe the low-tech philosophy and principles. In 2015, the Low-tech Lab project opened, consisting in a low-tech web platform for documentation and free sharing ('wiki' type) of inventions, and to put forward reflections on the low-tech philosophy.
Recently: retro-tech, wild tech, rebel-tech, small-tech, (s)low-tech, easy-tech, no-tech, lo-tek
Numerous new definitions have come to supplement or qualify the term "low-tech", intended to be more precise because they are restricted to a particular characteristic:
retro-tech: more oriented toward old but smart inventions (not necessarily useful, durable and accessible), parallels can nevertheless be found with low-tech, because these innovations often are decentralized and simpler technologies (because manufactured by individuals) ".
Wild-tech: beyond the high-tech / low-tech opposition, it intends to give "tools to better think these ways of manufacturing which escape any classification". The unclassifiable techs. Can also be linked to "tech rebel", a movement whose goal is to hack and to re-appropriate any type of technology.
small-tech: opposed to "Big Tech", which includes the GAFAM. It thus referred to digital questions, "in the perspective of maintaining a high level of technological complexity but on the basis of the notions of commons, collaborative work and the principles of democracy and social justice"
(s)lowtech, or slow-tech: uses the play-on-words (s)low / slow. Aims at: "exploring the drawbacks of technology and its effects on human health and development". Also indicates a movement aimed at reducing addiction to technology, especially among the youngsters. However, its highest similarity with the definition of low-techs is that it is restricted to technologies (of all kinds) that promote a slow lifestyle.
easy-tech: technology easy to implement, to use, and accessible to all. At the heart of the commonly accepted definition of low-tech.
no-tech: promotes a lifestyle avoiding the use of technology, when possible. It joins some technocritical writings on the negative and time-consuming aspect of most "modern" technologies. See for example no-tech magazine.
Lo-Tek (or LoTek): name introduced by Julia Watson for her book "The Power of Lo — TEK - A global exploration of nature-based technology". The author brings together multigenerational knowledge and practices to "counter the idea that aboriginal innovation is primitive and exists isolated from technology. " TEK is the acronym for "Traditional Ecological Knowledge".
Many definitions
Binary definition
According to the Cambridge International Dictionary of English, the concept of low-tech is simply defined as a technique that is not recent, or using old materials. Companies that are considered low-tech have a simple operation. The less sophisticated an object, the more low-tech. This definition does not take into account the ecological or social aspect, as it is only based on a simplistic definition of low-tech philosophy. The low-techs would then be seen as a "step backwards", and not as possible innovation.
Also, with this definition, the "high-tech" (ex: the telegraph) of a certain era becomes the "low-tech" of the one after (ex: compared to the telephone).
Technocriticists
Main article: Technocriticism
Low-tech is sometimes described as an "anti high-tech" movement, as a deliberate renunciation of a complicated and expensive technology. This kind of protest movement criticizes any disproportionate technology: a comparison with the neo-luddic or technocritical movements, which appeared since the Industrial Revolution, is then possible. This critical part of the low-tech movement can be called "no-tech", see for instance "No-tech magazine".
Recently: a wider and more balanced approach
A second, more nuanced definition of low-tech may appear. This definition takes into account the philosophical, environmental and social aspects. Low-tech are no longer restricted to old techniques, but also extended to new, future-oriented techniques, more ecological and intended to recreate social bounds. A low-tech innovation is then possible.
Contrary to the first definition, this one is much more optimistic and has a positive connotation. It would then oppose the planned obsolescence of objects (often “high-tech”) and question the consumer society, as well as the materialist principles underneath. With this definition, the concept of low-tech thus implies that anyone could make objects using their intelligence, and share their know-how to popularize their creations. A low-tech must therefore be accessible to all, and could therefore help in reduction of inequalities.
Furthermore, some reduce the definition of low-tech to meet basic needs (eating, drinking, housing, heating ...), which disqualifies many technologies from the definition of low-techs, but this definition does not is not always accepted. Finally, considering that the definition of low-tech is relative, some prefer to use lower tech, to emphasize a higher sobriety compared to high-tech, without claiming to be perfectly "low".
Examples
Traditional ploughing: a farmer works the land with horses and plough.
From traditional practices (primary and secondary sectors)
Note: almost all of the entries in this section should be prefixed by the word traditional.
Cargo bike as a way of low-tech transportation
weaving produced on non-automated looms, and basketry.
hand wood-working, joinery, coopering, and carpentry.
the trade of the ship-wright.
the trade of the wheel-wright.
the trade of the wainwright: making wagons. (the Latin word for a two-wheeled wagon is carpentum, the maker of which was a carpenter.)
(Wright is the agent form of the word wrought, which itself is the original past passive participle of the word work, now superseded by the weak verb forms worker and worked respectively.)
blacksmithing and the various related smithing and metal-crafts.
folk music played on acoustic instruments.
mathematics (particularly, pure mathematics)
organic farming and animal husbandry (i.e.; agriculture as practiced by all American farmers prior to World War II).
milling in the sense of operating hand-constructed equipment with the intent to either grind grain, or the reduction of timber to lumber as practiced in a saw-mill.
fulling, felting, drop spindle spinning, hand knitting, crochet, & similar textile preparation.
the production of charcoal by the collier, for use in home heating, foundry operations, smelting, the various smithing trades, and for brushing ones teeth as in Colonial America.
glass-blowing.
various subskills of food preservation:
smoking
salting
pickling
drying
Note: home canning is a counter example of a low technology since some of the supplies needed to pursue this skill rely on a global trade network and an existing manufacturing infrastructure.
the production of various alcoholic beverages:
wine: poorly preserved fruit juice.
beer: a way to preserve the calories of grain products from decay.
whiskey: an improved (distilled) form of beer.
flint-knapping
masonry as used in castles, cathedrals, and root cellars.
Domestic or consumer
Candlelight used in electricity rationing in Oslo in 1948
Zero waste as a way of low-tech living
(Non exhaustive) list of low-tech in a westerner's everyday life:
Getting around by bike, and repairing it with second-hand materials
Using a cargo bike to carry loads (rather than a gasoline vehicle)
Drying clothes on a clothesline or on a drying rack
Washing clothes by hand, or in a human-powered washing machine
Cooling one's home with a fan or an air expander (rather than electrical appliances such as air conditioners)
Using a bell as door bell
A cellar, "desert fridge", or icebox (rather than a fridge or freezer)
Long-distance travel by sailing boat (rather than by plane)
A wicker bag or a Tote bag (rather than a plastic bag) to carry things
Swedish lighter (rather than disposable lighter or matches)
A hand drill, instead of an electric one
Lighting with sunlight or candles
Hemp textiles
To water plants with drip irrigation
Paper sheets for note-taking
To clean with a broom (rather than a vacuum cleaner)
To find one's way with map & compass (rather than by GPS)
Rotary clothesline
Handmade broom
Philosophy
Among the thinkers opposed to modern technologies, Jacques Ellul (The Technological Society, 1954; The technological bluff, 1988), Lewis Mumford and E. F. Schumacher. In the second volume of his book The Myth of the Machine (1970), Lewis Mumford develops the notion of "biotechnology", to designate "bioviable" techniques that would be considered as ecologically responsible, i.e. which establish a homeostatic relationship between resources and needs. In his famous Small is beautiful (1973), Schumacher uses the concept of "intermediate technology", which corresponds fairly precisely to what "low tech" means. He has also created the "Intermediate Technology Development Group”.
Differences between green-tech and low-tech
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (April 2020)
Debate on the 'real' low-techs, and difference(s) with high tech
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (April 2020)
Legal status of low-technology
See also: Handicraft, Organic food, and Natural foods
By federal law in the United States, only those articles produced with little or no use of machinery or tools with complex mechanisms may be stamped with the designation "hand-wrought" or "hand-made". Lengthy court-battles are currently underway over the precise definition of the terms "organic" and "natural" as applied to foodstuffs.
Groups associated with low-technology
Horse and cart in 2004
Arts and Crafts Movement, popularized by Gustav Stickley in America around 1900.
Bauhaus movement of Germany around the same time.
Do-It-Yourself phenomenon arising in America following World War II.
Back-to-the-land movement beginning in America during the 1960s.
Luddites, whose activities date to the very beginning of the Industrial Revolution.
Living history and open-air museums around the world, which strives to recreate bygone societies.
Simple living adherents, such as the Amish and to a lesser extent some sects of the Mennonites, who specifically refuse some newer technologies to avoid undesirable effects on themselves or their societies.
Survivalists are often proponents, since low-technology is inherently more robust than its high-technology counterpart.
See also
Obsolescence
Do it yourself
Anti-consumerism
Degrowth
Simple living
Embodied energy
Intermediate technology – sometimes used to mean technology between low and high technology
Pre-industrial society
Sources
Falk, William W.; Lyson, Thomas A. (1988). High tech, low tech, no tech: recent industrial and occupational change in the South. SUNY Press. ISBN 9780887067297.
De Decker, Kris (2012). Low-tech magazine (tome 1 and 2). Low-tech Magazine. ISBN 9781794711525.
Watson, Julia (2020). Lo—TEK. Design by Radical Indigenism. Taschen. ISBN 978-3836578189.
Peter Ginn (2019). Slow Tech: The Perfect Antidote to Today's Digital World. Haynes UK. ISBN 9781785216169.
References
^ Alexis Bernigaud. "Low-Tech is the new High-Tech". climateforesight.eu. Retrieved 2020-04-16.
^ Kostakis, Vasilis; Pazaitis, Alex; Liarokapis, Minas (2023-06-20). "Beyond high-tech versus low-tech: A tentative framework for sustainable urban data governance". BigData&Society. 10. doi:10.1177/20539517231180583. ISSN 2053-9517.
^ a b Falk, William W.; Lyson, Thomas A. (1988). High tech, low tech, no tech: recent industrial and occupational change in the South. SUNY Press. ISBN 9780887067297.
^ a b Ernst Friedrich Schumacher (2010). Small is beautiful : economics as if people mattered. HarperPerennia. p. 324. ISBN 978-0-06-199776-1..
^ Murray Bookchin (1971). Post-Scarcity Anarchism (PDF). Ramparts Press. p. 288.
^ Winner, Langdon (2016). "Mythinformation in the high-tech era". Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society. 4 (6): 582–596. doi:10.1177/027046768400400609. ISSN 0270-4676. S2CID 151175845.
^ Hirsch-Kreinsen, Hartmut (2008). ""Low-Tech" Innovations". Industry and Innovation. 15 (1): 19–43. doi:10.1080/13662710701850691. ISSN 1366-2716. S2CID 154429255.
^ Gordon, Uri (2009). "Anarchism and the Politics of Technology". WorkingUSA. 12 (3): 489–503. doi:10.1111/j.1743-4580.2009.00250.x. ISSN 1089-7011. S2CID 145449806.
^ Richard Heinberg (2007). Peak Everything - Waking Up in the Century of Decline. Ramparts Press. ISBN 978-0-86571-598-1.
^ Kris de Decker. "Low-Tech Magazine". lowtechmagazine.com. Retrieved 2020-04-06.
^ a b c d Philippe Bihouix (2014). L'âge des low tech (in French). Editions du Seuil. p. 330. ISBN 978-2-02-116072-7.
^ "Retrotech and Lowtech - How forgotten patents can shake the future". paleo-energetique.org. Retrieved 2020-11-16.
^ a b Grimaud, Emmanuel; Tastevin, Yann Philippe; Vidal, Denis (2017). "Low-tech ? Wild-Tech !". Techniques & Culture (in French) (67). doi:10.4000/tc.8260. ISSN 0248-6016.
^ "Passerelle #21 - Low tech : face au tout-numérique, se réapproprier les technologies" (PDF) (in French). 2020. Retrieved 2020-04-06.
^ "SlowTech - It is about finding the OFF switch". Retrieved 2020-04-06.
^ "The Slow Tech Movement". 6 May 2014. Retrieved 2020-04-06.
^ Peter Ginn (2019). Slow Tech: The Perfect Antidote to Today's Digital World. Haynes UK. ISBN 9781785216169.
^ Corentin de Chatelperron (2018). Nomade des mers : le tour du monde des innovations (in French). E/P/A. p. 240. ISBN 978-2-37671-022-6.
^ "No tech reader #7". Retrieved 2020-04-06.
^ Watson, Julia (2020). Lo—TEK. Design by Radical Indigenism. Taschen. ISBN 978-3836578189.
^ "Low tech definition". Cambridge International Dictionnary. Retrieved 2018-04-01.
General
Merriam webster dictionary
External links
Low-Tech Magazine – Doubts on progress and technology
Low-tech lab (english version)
vteHistory of technology
History of technology cultures
Prehistoric technology
Neolithic
Ancient Egypt
Mayan
Inca
Ancient Greek
Roman
Chinese
Indian
Byzantine
Medieval Islam
Medieval Europe
Renaissance
Ottoman
Great Divergence
Industrial Revolution
Modern
History of technology domains
History of biotechnology
History of communication
History of computing
History of computing hardware
History of electrical engineering
History of materials science
History of measurement
History of medicine
History of nuclear technology
History of transport
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Low-cost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-cost"},{"link_name":"Frugal Innovation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frugal_Innovation"},{"link_name":"Do it yourself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_it_yourself"},{"link_name":"Jugaad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugaad"},{"link_name":"Green tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_tech"},{"link_name":"Deep tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_tech"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Low-tech_innovation.jpg"},{"link_name":"technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology"},{"link_name":"high technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_technology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-climateforesight-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Low-cost, Frugal Innovation, Do it yourself, Jugaad, Green tech, or Deep tech.Infographic « Low-techs: Sustainably securing the essentials for all » gathering the criteria for any low-tech innovation approachLow technology (low tech; adjective forms: low-technology, low-tech, lo-tech) is simple technology, as opposed to high technology.[1] In addition, low tech is related to the concept of mid-tech, that is a balance between low-tech and high-tech, which combines the efficiency and versatility of high tech with low tech's potential for autonomy and resilience.[2]","title":"Low technology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Viking_festival_in_Trelleborg_1.JPG"},{"link_name":"invented 1.7-2 million years ago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans"},{"link_name":"Primitive technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Primitive_technology"},{"link_name":"bushcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushcraft"},{"link_name":"wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood"},{"link_name":"stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone"},{"link_name":"wool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"windmills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windmill"},{"link_name":"sailboats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailboat"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nolowhigh-3"}],"sub_title":"Historical origin","text":"A controlled open fire using wood, invented 1.7-2 million years ago, being used for cooking in 2015Primitive technologies such as bushcraft, tools that use wood, stone, wool, etc. can be seen as low-tech, as the pre-Industrial Revolution machines such as windmills or sailboats. [3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"economic boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"The Limits to Growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth"},{"link_name":"E.F. Schumacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.F._Schumacher"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schumacher-4"},{"link_name":"M. Bookchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Bookchin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bookchin-5"},{"link_name":"democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy"},{"link_name":"Langdon Winner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langdon_Winner"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winner2016-6"}],"sub_title":"In the 1970s","text":"The economic boom after the Vietnam War resulted in a doubt on progress, technology and growth at the beginning of the 70s, notably with through the report The Limits to Growth (1972). Many have sought to define what soft technologies are, leading to a \"low-tech movement\". Such technologies have been described as \"intermediaries\" (E.F. Schumacher),[4] \"liberating\" (M. Bookchin),[5] or even democratic. Thus, a philosophy of advocating a widespread use of soft technologies was developed in the United States, and many studies were carried out in those years, in particular by researchers like Langdon Winner.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skateboarding_at_Mexico_City_-_Grind_-_029.JPG"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hirsch%E2%80%90Kreinsen2008-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nolowhigh-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gordon2009-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heinberg-9"},{"link_name":"high-techs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-tech"},{"link_name":"Low <-tech Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//solar.lowtechmagazine.com/"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ltmag-10"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"sustainable development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bihouix2014-11"},{"link_name":"Low-tech Lab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lowtechlab.org/en"}],"sub_title":"2000s and later","text":"Skateboarding as a way of Low-tech mobility, in Mexico City\"Low-tech\" has been more and more employed in the scientific writings, in particular in the analyzes of the work from some authors of the 1970s: see for example Hirsch ‐ Kreinsen,[7] the book \"High tech, low tech, no tech\" [3] or Gordon.[8]More recently, the perspective of resource scarcity [9] - especially minerals - lead to an increasingly severe criticism on high-techs and technology.Since 2007, the Belgian Kris de Decker has published (with his collaborators) some reflections on low-tech solutions, the problem of high-techs, and the updating of technologies supposedly \"obsolete\" via the \"Low <-tech Magazine\". The header is: \"Doubts on progress and technology\", and specifies that the lowtechs \"refuse to assume that each problem has a high-tech solution\",[10] with a progressive translation of the articles in other languages since recently.In 2014, the french engineer Philippe Bihouix published \"L'âge des low tech\" (The age of low-techs) where he presents how a european nation like France, with little mineral and energy resources, could become a \"low-tech\" nation (instead of a \"start-up\" nation) to better correspond to the sustainable development goals of such nation.[11] He cites various examples of low-techs initiative and describe the low-tech philosophy and principles. In 2015, the Low-tech Lab project opened, consisting in a low-tech web platform for documentation and free sharing ('wiki' type) of inventions, and to put forward reflections on the low-tech philosophy.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-retro-12"},{"link_name":"high-tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-tech"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrimaudTastevin2017-13"},{"link_name":"Big Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Tech"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fabecol-14"},{"link_name":"play-on-words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_play"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"lifestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifestyle_(sociology)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slowtech-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chatelperron2018-18"},{"link_name":"technocritical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocriticism"},{"link_name":"no-tech magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.notechmagazine.com/about"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Julia Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Watson_(landscape_designer)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-watsonbook-20"},{"link_name":"aboriginal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples"},{"link_name":"innovation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation"},{"link_name":"technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology"}],"sub_title":"Recently: retro-tech, wild tech, rebel-tech, small-tech, (s)low-tech, easy-tech, no-tech, lo-tek","text":"Numerous new definitions have come to supplement or qualify the term \"low-tech\", intended to be more precise because they are restricted to a particular characteristic:retro-tech: more oriented toward old but smart inventions (not necessarily useful, durable and accessible), parallels can nevertheless be found with low-tech, because these innovations often are decentralized and simpler technologies (because manufactured by individuals) \".[12]Wild-tech: beyond the high-tech / low-tech opposition, it intends to give \"tools to better think these ways of manufacturing which escape any classification\".[13] The unclassifiable techs. Can also be linked to \"tech rebel\", a movement whose goal is to hack and to re-appropriate any type of technology.small-tech: opposed to \"Big Tech\", which includes the GAFAM. It thus referred to digital questions, \"in the perspective of maintaining a high level of technological complexity but on the basis of the notions of commons, collaborative work and the principles of democracy and social justice\"[14](s)lowtech, or slow-tech: uses the play-on-words (s)low / slow. Aims at: \"exploring the drawbacks of technology and its effects on human health and development\".[15] Also indicates a movement aimed at reducing addiction to technology, especially among the youngsters.[16] However, its highest similarity with the definition of low-techs is that it is restricted to technologies (of all kinds) that promote a slow lifestyle.[17]easy-tech: technology easy to implement, to use, and accessible to all.[18] At the heart of the commonly accepted definition of low-tech.no-tech: promotes a lifestyle avoiding the use of technology, when possible. It joins some technocritical writings on the negative and time-consuming aspect of most \"modern\" technologies. See for example no-tech magazine.[19]Lo-Tek (or LoTek): name introduced by Julia Watson for her book \"The Power of Lo — TEK - A global exploration of nature-based technology\".[20] The author brings together multigenerational knowledge and practices to \"counter the idea that aboriginal innovation is primitive and exists isolated from technology. \" TEK is the acronym for \"Traditional Ecological Knowledge\".","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Many definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"materials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dico-21"},{"link_name":"ecological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological"},{"link_name":"social","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social"},{"link_name":"innovation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation"},{"link_name":"high-tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-tech"},{"link_name":"telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph"},{"link_name":"telephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone"}],"sub_title":"Binary definition","text":"According to the Cambridge International Dictionary of English, the concept of low-tech is simply defined as a technique that is not recent, or using old materials.[21] Companies that are considered low-tech have a simple operation. The less sophisticated an object, the more low-tech. This definition does not take into account the ecological or social aspect, as it is only based on a simplistic definition of low-tech philosophy. The low-techs would then be seen as a \"step backwards\", and not as possible innovation.Also, with this definition, the \"high-tech\" (ex: the telegraph) of a certain era becomes the \"low-tech\" of the one after (ex: compared to the telephone).","title":"Many definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"high-tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-tech"},{"link_name":"technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology"},{"link_name":"movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_movement"},{"link_name":"technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology"},{"link_name":"neo-luddic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Luddism"},{"link_name":"technocritical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocriticism"},{"link_name":"movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_movement"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"No-tech magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.notechmagazine.com/2016/07/no-tech-reader-7.html"}],"sub_title":"Technocriticists","text":"Low-tech is sometimes described as an \"anti high-tech\" movement, as a deliberate renunciation of a complicated and expensive technology. This kind of protest movement criticizes any disproportionate technology: a comparison with the neo-luddic or technocritical movements, which appeared since the Industrial Revolution, is then possible. This critical part of the low-tech movement can be called \"no-tech\", see for instance \"No-tech magazine\".","title":"Many definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"philosophical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy"},{"link_name":"environmental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-friendly"},{"link_name":"social","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social"},{"link_name":"ecological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-friendly"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bihouix2014-11"},{"link_name":"optimistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimistic"},{"link_name":"positive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/positive#Adjective"},{"link_name":"planned obsolescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_obsolescence"},{"link_name":"high-tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-tech"},{"link_name":"consumer society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_society"},{"link_name":"materialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialist"},{"link_name":"know-how","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know-how"},{"link_name":"accessible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/accessible#Adjective"},{"link_name":"inequalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_inequality"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bihouix2014-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GrimaudTastevin2017-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bihouix2014-11"},{"link_name":"high-tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-tech"}],"sub_title":"Recently: a wider and more balanced approach","text":"A second, more nuanced definition of low-tech may appear. This definition takes into account the philosophical, environmental and social aspects. Low-tech are no longer restricted to old techniques, but also extended to new, future-oriented techniques, more ecological and intended to recreate social bounds. A low-tech innovation is then possible.[11]Contrary to the first definition, this one is much more optimistic and has a positive connotation. It would then oppose the planned obsolescence of objects (often “high-tech”) and question the consumer society, as well as the materialist principles underneath. With this definition, the concept of low-tech thus implies that anyone could make objects using their intelligence, and share their know-how to popularize their creations. A low-tech must therefore be accessible to all, and could therefore help in reduction of inequalities.[11]Furthermore, some reduce the definition of low-tech to meet basic needs (eating, drinking, housing, heating ...), which disqualifies many technologies from the definition of low-techs, but this definition does not is not always accepted.[13] Finally, considering that the definition of low-tech is relative, some prefer to use lower tech,[11] to emphasize a higher sobriety compared to high-tech, without claiming to be perfectly \"low\".","title":"Many definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:04-09-12-Schaupfl%C3%BCgen-Fahrenwalde-RalfR-IMG_1232.jpg"}],"text":"Traditional ploughing: a farmer works the land with horses and plough.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White_cargo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cargo bike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_bike"},{"link_name":"weaving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaving"},{"link_name":"basketry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketry"},{"link_name":"wood-working","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood-working"},{"link_name":"joinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joiner"},{"link_name":"coopering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coopering"},{"link_name":"carpentry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpentry"},{"link_name":"ship-wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipwright"},{"link_name":"wheel-wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelwright"},{"link_name":"wainwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wainwright_(occupation)"},{"link_name":"agent form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agent_form&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"past passive participle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_passive_participle"},{"link_name":"weak verb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_verb"},{"link_name":"blacksmithing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksmithing"},{"link_name":"smithing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithing"},{"link_name":"folk music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_music"},{"link_name":"acoustic instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_instruments"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"pure mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_mathematics"},{"link_name":"organic farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_farming"},{"link_name":"animal husbandry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_husbandry"},{"link_name":"milling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_(grinding)"},{"link_name":"saw-mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saw-mill"},{"link_name":"fulling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulling"},{"link_name":"felting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felt"},{"link_name":"drop spindle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spindle_(textiles)"},{"link_name":"hand knitting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_knitting"},{"link_name":"crochet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crochet"},{"link_name":"charcoal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal"},{"link_name":"collier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal_maker"},{"link_name":"home heating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_heating"},{"link_name":"foundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundry"},{"link_name":"smelting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelting"},{"link_name":"smithing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithing"},{"link_name":"Colonial America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_America"},{"link_name":"glass-blowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass-blowing"},{"link_name":"food preservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_preservation"},{"link_name":"smoking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_(food)"},{"link_name":"salting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salting_(food)"},{"link_name":"pickling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickling"},{"link_name":"drying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drying_(food)"},{"link_name":"home canning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_canning"},{"link_name":"global trade network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_trade_network&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"infrastructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"alcoholic beverages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage"},{"link_name":"wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine"},{"link_name":"beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer"},{"link_name":"whiskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiskey"},{"link_name":"distilled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilled"},{"link_name":"flint-knapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint-knapping"},{"link_name":"masonry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonry"},{"link_name":"castles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castles"},{"link_name":"cathedrals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedrals"},{"link_name":"root cellars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_cellar"}],"sub_title":"From traditional practices (primary and secondary sectors)","text":"Note: almost all of the entries in this section should be prefixed by the word traditional.Cargo bike as a way of low-tech transportationweaving produced on non-automated looms, and basketry.\nhand wood-working, joinery, coopering, and carpentry.\nthe trade of the ship-wright.\nthe trade of the wheel-wright.\nthe trade of the wainwright: making wagons. (the Latin word for a two-wheeled wagon is carpentum, the maker of which was a carpenter.)(Wright is the agent form of the word wrought, which itself is the original past passive participle of the word work, now superseded by the weak verb forms worker and worked respectively.)blacksmithing and the various related smithing and metal-crafts.\nfolk music played on acoustic instruments.\nmathematics (particularly, pure mathematics)\norganic farming and animal husbandry (i.e.; agriculture as practiced by all American farmers prior to World War II).\nmilling in the sense of operating hand-constructed equipment with the intent to either grind grain, or the reduction of timber to lumber as practiced in a saw-mill.\nfulling, felting, drop spindle spinning, hand knitting, crochet, & similar textile preparation.\nthe production of charcoal by the collier, for use in home heating, foundry operations, smelting, the various smithing trades, and for brushing ones teeth as in Colonial America.\nglass-blowing.\nvarious subskills of food preservation:\nsmoking\nsalting\npickling\ndryingNote: home canning is a counter example of a low technology since some of the supplies needed to pursue this skill rely on a global trade network and an existing manufacturing infrastructure.[citation needed]the production of various alcoholic beverages:\nwine: poorly preserved fruit juice.\nbeer: a way to preserve the calories of grain products from decay.\nwhiskey: an improved (distilled) form of beer.\nflint-knapping\nmasonry as used in castles, cathedrals, and root cellars.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Electricity_rationing_in_Oslo_in_1948.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zero_waste.jpg"},{"link_name":"westerner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world"},{"link_name":"everyday life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyday_life"},{"link_name":"bike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bike"},{"link_name":"cargo bike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_bike"},{"link_name":"gasoline vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car"},{"link_name":"clothes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothes"},{"link_name":"clothesline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothesline"},{"link_name":"drying rack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothes_horse"},{"link_name":"washing machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laundry#Washing_machines_and_other_devices"},{"link_name":"fan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_(machine)"},{"link_name":"appliances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_appliance"},{"link_name":"air conditioners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioner"},{"link_name":"door bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doorbell#Mechanical_bell_systems"},{"link_name":"cellar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_cellar"},{"link_name":"\"desert fridge\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot-in-pot_refrigerator"},{"link_name":"icebox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icebox"},{"link_name":"fridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridge"},{"link_name":"freezer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezer"},{"link_name":"travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel"},{"link_name":"sailing boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_boat"},{"link_name":"plane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airplane"},{"link_name":"wicker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicker"},{"link_name":"Tote bag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tote_bag"},{"link_name":"plastic bag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_bag"},{"link_name":"Swedish lighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighter#Permanent_match"},{"link_name":"lighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighter"},{"link_name":"matches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matches"},{"link_name":"hand drill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill#Hand_drill"},{"link_name":"electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill#Corded"},{"link_name":"sunlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight"},{"link_name":"candles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candle"},{"link_name":"Hemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp"},{"link_name":"plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant"},{"link_name":"drip irrigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drip_irrigation"},{"link_name":"Paper sheets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_sheet"},{"link_name":"note-taking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Note-taking"},{"link_name":"broom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broom"},{"link_name":"vacuum cleaner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_cleaner"},{"link_name":"way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map#Orientation_of_maps"},{"link_name":"map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Map"},{"link_name":"compass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass"},{"link_name":"GPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clothes_line.JPG"},{"link_name":"clothesline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothesline"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banaue_Philippines_Handmade-brooms-01.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Domestic or consumer","text":"Candlelight used in electricity rationing in Oslo in 1948Zero waste as a way of low-tech living(Non exhaustive) list of low-tech in a westerner's everyday life:Getting around by bike, and repairing it with second-hand materials\nUsing a cargo bike to carry loads (rather than a gasoline vehicle)\nDrying clothes on a clothesline or on a drying rack\nWashing clothes by hand, or in a human-powered washing machine\nCooling one's home with a fan or an air expander (rather than electrical appliances such as air conditioners)\nUsing a bell as door bell\nA cellar, \"desert fridge\", or icebox (rather than a fridge or freezer)\nLong-distance travel by sailing boat (rather than by plane)\nA wicker bag or a Tote bag (rather than a plastic bag) to carry things\nSwedish lighter (rather than disposable lighter or matches)\nA hand drill, instead of an electric one\nLighting with sunlight or candles\nHemp textiles\nTo water plants with drip irrigation\nPaper sheets for note-taking\nTo clean with a broom (rather than a vacuum cleaner)\nTo find one's way with map & compass (rather than by GPS)Rotary clotheslineHandmade broom","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacques Ellul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Ellul"},{"link_name":"The Technological Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Technological_Society"},{"link_name":"Lewis Mumford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Mumford"},{"link_name":"E. F. Schumacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._F._Schumacher"},{"link_name":"The Myth of the Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Machine"},{"link_name":"Lewis Mumford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Mumford"},{"link_name":"Small is beautiful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_is_beautiful"},{"link_name":"Schumacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._F._Schumacher"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schumacher-4"},{"link_name":"Intermediate Technology Development Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_Technology_Development_Group"}],"text":"Among the thinkers opposed to modern technologies, Jacques Ellul (The Technological Society, 1954; The technological bluff, 1988), Lewis Mumford and E. F. Schumacher. In the second volume of his book The Myth of the Machine (1970), Lewis Mumford develops the notion of \"biotechnology\", to designate \"bioviable\" techniques that would be considered as ecologically responsible, i.e. which establish a homeostatic relationship between resources and needs. In his famous Small is beautiful (1973), Schumacher uses the concept of \"intermediate technology\",[4] which corresponds fairly precisely to what \"low tech\" means. He has also created the \"Intermediate Technology Development Group”.","title":"Philosophy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Differences between green-tech and low-tech"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Debate on the 'real' low-techs, and difference(s) with high tech"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Handicraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handicraft"},{"link_name":"Organic food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_food"},{"link_name":"Natural foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_foods"},{"link_name":"foodstuffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodstuff"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"See also: Handicraft, Organic food, and Natural foodsBy federal law in the United States, only those articles produced with little or no use of machinery or tools with complex mechanisms may be stamped with the designation \"hand-wrought\" or \"hand-made\". Lengthy court-battles are currently underway over the precise definition of the terms \"organic\" and \"natural\" as applied to foodstuffs.[citation needed]","title":"Legal status of low-technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lancaster_County_Amish_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arts and Crafts Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_Movement"},{"link_name":"Gustav Stickley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Stickley"},{"link_name":"Bauhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus"},{"link_name":"Do-It-Yourself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do-It-Yourself"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Back-to-the-land movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-to-the-land_movement"},{"link_name":"Luddites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luddites"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"open-air museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-air_museum"},{"link_name":"Simple living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_living"},{"link_name":"Amish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amish"},{"link_name":"Mennonites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mennonites"},{"link_name":"Survivalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivalists"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"robust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/robust"},{"link_name":"high-technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-technology"}],"text":"Horse and cart in 2004Arts and Crafts Movement, popularized by Gustav Stickley in America around 1900.\nBauhaus movement of Germany around the same time.\nDo-It-Yourself phenomenon arising in America following World War II.\nBack-to-the-land movement beginning in America during the 1960s.\nLuddites, whose activities date to the very beginning of the Industrial Revolution.\nLiving history and open-air museums around the world, which strives to recreate bygone societies.\nSimple living adherents, such as the Amish and to a lesser extent some sects of the Mennonites, who specifically refuse some newer technologies to avoid undesirable effects on themselves or their societies.\nSurvivalists are often proponents,[citation needed] since low-technology is inherently more robust than its high-technology counterpart.","title":"Groups associated with low-technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"High tech, low tech, no tech: recent industrial and occupational change in the South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=hJPV8kFKSZgC&q=%22low+tech%22&pg=PR9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780887067297","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780887067297"},{"link_name":"Low-tech magazine (tome 1 and 2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//solar.lowtechmagazine.com/2019/12/the-printed-website-is-complete.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781794711525","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781794711525"},{"link_name":"Lo—TEK. Design by Radical Indigenism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.taschen.com/pages/en/catalogue/architecture/all/04698/facts.julia_watson_lotek_design_by_radical_indigenism.htm"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3836578189","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3836578189"},{"link_name":"Slow Tech: The Perfect Antidote to Today's Digital World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=5JXuwgEACAAJ&q=Slow+Tech"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781785216169","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785216169"}],"text":"Falk, William W.; Lyson, Thomas A. (1988). High tech, low tech, no tech: recent industrial and occupational change in the South. SUNY Press. ISBN 9780887067297.De Decker, Kris (2012). Low-tech magazine (tome 1 and 2). Low-tech Magazine. ISBN 9781794711525.Watson, Julia (2020). Lo—TEK. Design by Radical Indigenism. Taschen. ISBN 978-3836578189.Peter Ginn (2019). Slow Tech: The Perfect Antidote to Today's Digital World. Haynes UK. ISBN 9781785216169.","title":"Sources"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Infographic « Low-techs: Sustainably securing the essentials for all » gathering the criteria for any low-tech innovation approach","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Low-tech_innovation.jpg/500px-Low-tech_innovation.jpg"},{"image_text":"A controlled open fire using wood, invented 1.7-2 million years ago, being used for cooking in 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Viking_festival_in_Trelleborg_1.JPG/220px-Viking_festival_in_Trelleborg_1.JPG"},{"image_text":"Skateboarding as a way of Low-tech mobility, in Mexico City","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Skateboarding_at_Mexico_City_-_Grind_-_029.JPG/220px-Skateboarding_at_Mexico_City_-_Grind_-_029.JPG"},{"image_text":"Traditional ploughing: a farmer works the land with horses and plough.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/04-09-12-Schaupfl%C3%BCgen-Fahrenwalde-RalfR-IMG_1232.jpg/220px-04-09-12-Schaupfl%C3%BCgen-Fahrenwalde-RalfR-IMG_1232.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cargo bike as a way of low-tech transportation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/White_cargo.jpg/220px-White_cargo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Candlelight used in electricity rationing in Oslo in 1948","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Electricity_rationing_in_Oslo_in_1948.jpg/220px-Electricity_rationing_in_Oslo_in_1948.jpg"},{"image_text":"Zero waste as a way of low-tech living","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Zero_waste.jpg/220px-Zero_waste.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rotary clothesline","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Clothes_line.JPG/220px-Clothes_line.JPG"},{"image_text":"Handmade broom","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Banaue_Philippines_Handmade-brooms-01.jpg/220px-Banaue_Philippines_Handmade-brooms-01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Horse and cart in 2004","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lancaster_County_Amish_03.jpg/220px-Lancaster_County_Amish_03.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Obsolescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsolescence"},{"title":"Do it yourself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_it_yourself"},{"title":"Anti-consumerism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-consumerism"},{"title":"Degrowth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrowth"},{"title":"Simple living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_living"},{"title":"Embodied energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embodied_energy"},{"title":"Intermediate technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_technology"},{"title":"Pre-industrial society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-industrial_society"}]
|
[{"reference":"Falk, William W.; Lyson, Thomas A. (1988). High tech, low tech, no tech: recent industrial and occupational change in the South. SUNY Press. ISBN 9780887067297.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hJPV8kFKSZgC&q=%22low+tech%22&pg=PR9","url_text":"High tech, low tech, no tech: recent industrial and occupational change in the South"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780887067297","url_text":"9780887067297"}]},{"reference":"De Decker, Kris (2012). Low-tech magazine (tome 1 and 2). Low-tech Magazine. ISBN 9781794711525.","urls":[{"url":"https://solar.lowtechmagazine.com/2019/12/the-printed-website-is-complete.html","url_text":"Low-tech magazine (tome 1 and 2)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781794711525","url_text":"9781794711525"}]},{"reference":"Watson, Julia (2020). Lo—TEK. Design by Radical Indigenism. Taschen. ISBN 978-3836578189.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.taschen.com/pages/en/catalogue/architecture/all/04698/facts.julia_watson_lotek_design_by_radical_indigenism.htm","url_text":"Lo—TEK. Design by Radical Indigenism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3836578189","url_text":"978-3836578189"}]},{"reference":"Peter Ginn (2019). Slow Tech: The Perfect Antidote to Today's Digital World. Haynes UK. ISBN 9781785216169.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5JXuwgEACAAJ&q=Slow+Tech","url_text":"Slow Tech: The Perfect Antidote to Today's Digital World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785216169","url_text":"9781785216169"}]},{"reference":"Alexis Bernigaud. \"Low-Tech is the new High-Tech\". climateforesight.eu. Retrieved 2020-04-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.climateforesight.eu/energy/low-tech-is-the-new-high-tech/","url_text":"\"Low-Tech is the new High-Tech\""}]},{"reference":"Kostakis, Vasilis; Pazaitis, Alex; Liarokapis, Minas (2023-06-20). \"Beyond high-tech versus low-tech: A tentative framework for sustainable urban data governance\". BigData&Society. 10. doi:10.1177/20539517231180583. ISSN 2053-9517.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F20539517231180583","url_text":"\"Beyond high-tech versus low-tech: A tentative framework for sustainable urban data governance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F20539517231180583","url_text":"10.1177/20539517231180583"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2053-9517","url_text":"2053-9517"}]},{"reference":"Falk, William W.; Lyson, Thomas A. (1988). High tech, low tech, no tech: recent industrial and occupational change in the South. SUNY Press. ISBN 9780887067297.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hJPV8kFKSZgC&q=%22low+tech%22&pg=PR9","url_text":"High tech, low tech, no tech: recent industrial and occupational change in the South"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780887067297","url_text":"9780887067297"}]},{"reference":"Ernst Friedrich Schumacher (2010). Small is beautiful : economics as if people mattered. HarperPerennia. p. 324. ISBN 978-0-06-199776-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IKo3ALhVFKcC&q=Small+is+beautiful","url_text":"Small is beautiful : economics as if people mattered"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-199776-1","url_text":"978-0-06-199776-1"}]},{"reference":"Murray Bookchin (1971). Post-Scarcity Anarchism (PDF). Ramparts Press. p. 288.","urls":[{"url":"https://libcom.org/files/Post-Scarcity%20Anarchism%20-%20Murray%20Bookchin.pdf","url_text":"Post-Scarcity Anarchism"}]},{"reference":"Winner, Langdon (2016). \"Mythinformation in the high-tech era\". Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society. 4 (6): 582–596. doi:10.1177/027046768400400609. ISSN 0270-4676. S2CID 151175845.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F027046768400400609","url_text":"10.1177/027046768400400609"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0270-4676","url_text":"0270-4676"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151175845","url_text":"151175845"}]},{"reference":"Hirsch-Kreinsen, Hartmut (2008). \"\"Low-Tech\" Innovations\". Industry and Innovation. 15 (1): 19–43. doi:10.1080/13662710701850691. ISSN 1366-2716. S2CID 154429255.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13662710701850691","url_text":"10.1080/13662710701850691"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1366-2716","url_text":"1366-2716"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154429255","url_text":"154429255"}]},{"reference":"Gordon, Uri (2009). \"Anarchism and the Politics of Technology\". WorkingUSA. 12 (3): 489–503. doi:10.1111/j.1743-4580.2009.00250.x. ISSN 1089-7011. S2CID 145449806.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1743-4580.2009.00250.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1743-4580.2009.00250.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1089-7011","url_text":"1089-7011"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145449806","url_text":"145449806"}]},{"reference":"Richard Heinberg (2007). Peak Everything - Waking Up in the Century of Decline. Ramparts Press. ISBN 978-0-86571-598-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4uHXSxynE0sC&q=Peak+Everything+-+Waking+Up+in+the+Century+of+Decline","url_text":"Peak Everything - Waking Up in the Century of Decline"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86571-598-1","url_text":"978-0-86571-598-1"}]},{"reference":"Kris de Decker. \"Low-Tech Magazine\". lowtechmagazine.com. Retrieved 2020-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://solar.lowtechmagazine.com/","url_text":"\"Low-Tech Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"Philippe Bihouix (2014). L'âge des low tech (in French). Editions du Seuil. p. 330. ISBN 978-2-02-116072-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seuil.com/ouvrage/l-age-des-low-tech-philippe-bihouix/9782021160727","url_text":"L'âge des low tech"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-02-116072-7","url_text":"978-2-02-116072-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Retrotech and Lowtech - How forgotten patents can shake the future\". paleo-energetique.org. Retrieved 2020-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://paleo-energetique.org/retrotech-and-lowtech/","url_text":"\"Retrotech and Lowtech - How forgotten patents can shake the future\""}]},{"reference":"Grimaud, Emmanuel; Tastevin, Yann Philippe; Vidal, Denis (2017). \"Low-tech ? Wild-Tech !\". Techniques & Culture (in French) (67). doi:10.4000/tc.8260. ISSN 0248-6016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Vidal","url_text":"Vidal, Denis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4000%2Ftc.8260","url_text":"10.4000/tc.8260"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0248-6016","url_text":"0248-6016"}]},{"reference":"\"Passerelle #21 - Low tech : face au tout-numérique, se réapproprier les technologies\" (PDF) (in French). 2020. Retrieved 2020-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.coredem.info/IMG/pdf/passerelle21-online-final.pdf","url_text":"\"Passerelle #21 - Low tech : face au tout-numérique, se réapproprier les technologies\""}]},{"reference":"\"SlowTech - It is about finding the OFF switch\". Retrieved 2020-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://slowtech.org/about/","url_text":"\"SlowTech - It is about finding the OFF switch\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Slow Tech Movement\". 6 May 2014. Retrieved 2020-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-slow-tech-movement_b_5267326","url_text":"\"The Slow Tech Movement\""}]},{"reference":"Peter Ginn (2019). Slow Tech: The Perfect Antidote to Today's Digital World. Haynes UK. ISBN 9781785216169.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5JXuwgEACAAJ&q=Slow+Tech","url_text":"Slow Tech: The Perfect Antidote to Today's Digital World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785216169","url_text":"9781785216169"}]},{"reference":"Corentin de Chatelperron (2018). Nomade des mers : le tour du monde des innovations (in French). E/P/A. p. 240. ISBN 978-2-37671-022-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zXHKvAEACAAJ&q=Nomade+des+mers+:+le+tour+du+monde+des+innovations","url_text":"Nomade des mers : le tour du monde des innovations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-37671-022-6","url_text":"978-2-37671-022-6"}]},{"reference":"\"No tech reader #7\". Retrieved 2020-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.notechmagazine.com/2016/07/no-tech-reader-7.html","url_text":"\"No tech reader #7\""}]},{"reference":"Watson, Julia (2020). Lo—TEK. Design by Radical Indigenism. Taschen. ISBN 978-3836578189.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.taschen.com/pages/en/catalogue/architecture/all/04698/facts.julia_watson_lotek_design_by_radical_indigenism.htm","url_text":"Lo—TEK. Design by Radical Indigenism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3836578189","url_text":"978-3836578189"}]},{"reference":"\"Low tech definition\". Cambridge International Dictionnary. Retrieved 2018-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://dictionary.cambridge.org/fr/dictionnaire/anglais/low-tech","url_text":"\"Low tech definition\""}]}]
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Design by Radical Indigenism"},{"Link":"https://dictionary.cambridge.org/fr/dictionnaire/anglais/low-tech","external_links_name":"\"Low tech definition\""},{"Link":"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/low-tech","external_links_name":"Merriam webster dictionary"},{"Link":"https://www.lowtechmagazine.com/","external_links_name":"Low-Tech Magazine – Doubts on progress and technology"},{"Link":"https://lowtechlab.org/en","external_links_name":"Low-tech lab (english version)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fark
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Fark
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["1 History","2 Administration","3 Features","3.1 Tags","3.2 TotalFark","3.3 Farkisms and clichés","3.4 Photoshop contests","3.5 Fark Parties","4 Traffic and users","5 Publicity","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Website launched in 1999
This article is about the website. For other uses, see FARK.
FarkThe Fark homepage on June 1, 2011Type of siteNews AggregatorAvailable inEnglishFoundedSeptember 1997OwnerDrew CurtisURLwww.fark.com CommercialYesRegistrationRequired to post (free)Launched1999; 25 years ago (1999)Current statusactive
Fark is a community website created by Drew Curtis that allows members to comment on a daily batch of news articles and other items from various websites. The site receives many story submissions per day and approximately 100 of them are publicly displayed on the site, spread out over the main page as well as topical tabs that are organized as entertainment, sports, geek, politics and business). Curtis says the stories are selected without intentional political bias, but that he tries to run both far-left and far-right articles.
Links are submitted by Fark members (collectively referred to as "Farkers"), whom admins can approve ("greenlight") to post on either the main page or one of the subsidiary tab pages. Other than sponsored content, links have associated threads where users can comment. Greenlit links can generate upwards of 300,000 page views in one month for the recipient. This can generate such an enormous amount of traffic in such a short time that smaller websites thus linked are often rendered inoperable due to congestion or simple server failure. This is colloquially referred to as the website being "farked" by the community.
History
Fark was created in 1999 by Drew Curtis of Lexington, Kentucky. Curtis states that the word "fark" originated either from a chat room euphemism for the word fuck, or from a drunken misspelling, although he tells people it is the former because it is a "better story that way". He registered Fark.com in September 1997, when a friend mentioned that all of the four letter domain names were disappearing. Originally, Fark contained no content except for an image of a squirrel with large testicles. This photograph is that of a Cape Ground Squirrel in Etosha National Park, Namibia, taken by photographer Kevin Shafer, who at the time worked for the Corbis Corporation, c. 1993. The squirrel image is no longer used in the production area of the site, but it can still be found as the server's 404 error for pages that do not exist.
Since 1993, Curtis had frequently read morning news stories and exchanged them with friends. Although this would later become the inspiration for Fark, Curtis toyed with the idea of starting an online curry recipe database. In 1999, eighteen months after registering the domain name, he launched Fark as a way to share interesting news postings with his friends rather than sending them numerous emails. The first story posted was an article about a fighter pilot who crashed while attempting to moon another fighter pilot.
During Fark's first year, the site received over 50,000 page views and one million the year after. Features such as link submission and forums were added as popularity and participation grew. By January 2008, according to Curtis, the site was averaging an estimated 52 million page views per month from 4 million unique visitors. Fark was officially incorporated in the state of Delaware, as Fark, Inc., on January 31, 2008.
While most of the story links on the main page are submitted by users and selected for placement based on merit, there was an incident in August 2004 in which Fark was accused of selling preferential placement of story links on the main page. The accusation stemmed from an exchange between Mahalo.com CEO Jason Calacanis and third party sales employee Gogi Gupta, where Gupta claimed Calacanis could buy an editorial on Fark for $300 to $400. Curtis dismissed the incident as the result of an overenthusiastic salesperson, and subsequently fired Gupta. Gupta worked for a company called Gupta Media and did not have the authority to speak for Fark, according to Curtis.
Curtis launched Foobies.com in 2006 as a NSFW (not safe for work) offshoot of Fark, primarily because advertisers complained about links to female breasts on the main site. Customers could purchase NSFW links through Foobies at the price of $400 per link.
Fark launched Fark TV on January 17, 2007. The first video was a spoof ad for a mock product called "Meth Coffee." In May 2008, Turner Broadcasting announced that it would be folding SuperDeluxe, Fark TV's host site, into the Adult Swim brand, and laying off most of the staff, effectively canceling Fark TV.
Screenshot depicting the design of the website from 2007 to 2011
A new design for the website was launched on April 25, 2007, with the comment, "Fark site redesign is now live. Hope nothing breaks, we're all out drinking." The new design was initially received with some controversy by many users, mostly due to the change in layout and a seemingly indifferent attitude by site moderators to user impact or feedback. In response, Drew Curtis noted the following reasons for the redesign: "Websites have to evolve over time. Otherwise you end up with a layout anachronism like the Drudge Report. The old design was put into place years ago, over time changes were nailed on to the design like loose shingles on a leaky roof. It was time to reformat and remove a bunch of the clutter while trying to keep the core design intact."
Curtis published the book, It's Not News, It's Fark: How Mass Media Tries to Pass off Crap as News in May 2007. The book critically explores the mass media industry and the go-to stories used when there is a lack of hard news to report. It sold 25,000 copies in its first 12 weeks on the market.
On November 24, 2009, Fark launched a new partnership with USA Today, as they became the exclusive host and sponsor of Fark's Geek Page, a collection of technology-related links. This represents the site's first content partnership with a major media brand. Previously, Curtis had signed a sales only deal with Maxim Online. The page shows aggregated technology news headlines from other news sources with USA Today's Tech section branding. Its right column displays technology content from USA Today with video clips and a headline widget of USAToday.com's Tech Live and Game Hunters stories.
In January 2011, Fark was sued in Los Angeles Federal Court by Gooseberry Natural Resources, LLC, for allegedly violating US Patent No. 6,370,535, titled, "System and method for structured news release generation and distribution." This patent, awarded in 2002, involves typing text into an administration system, storing it on a server, and publishing it on the Internet. Other defendants sued in the case include Reddit, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Digg, Geeknet (owner of Slashdot), TechCrunch, Newsvine, and Yahoo. Drew Curtis argued that Fark does not produce "news releases" or "press releases", as the lawsuit stated, and instead provides a forum for humorous links to stories on other websites. The case was settled in August 2011, for the sum of $0. Curtis later described the entire ordeal as, "a nightmare", saying, "Imagine someone breaking into your home, then being forced to sit on the couch while their lawyers file motions over how much stuff they can take." At the 2012 TED Conference in Long Beach, California, he referred to patent trolls as "terrorists", comparing them to the Abu Sayyaf terror group in the Philippines, which kidnapped people for ransom, collected small sums of money, expanded with more personnel and equipment, and then kidnapped more people for higher ransoms.
Screenshot depicting the design of the Fark iPhone app (2012)
Fark tweaked its site design a little more on June 1, 2011, with the comment, "Fark's redesign will go live at 5PM EST. Heads-up for those of you who missed the other warning threads and need a place to completely lose your mind." Having learned from the controversy caused by the 2007 redesign, Curtis introduced the new site as a preview one week (two weeks for TotalFark users) prior to June 1, to allow users to comment on the changes and provide feedback on where things were broken. The primary reason for the redesigned site is to make it easier to use and more intuitive. The site's tagline was changed from "It's not news, it's FARK" to "We don't make news. We mock it." The music tab was also dropped, due to low usage – content was rolled into the Showbiz or Video tab, where most of the content was already cross-posted anyway. An overhaul to the Fark Mobile Web site was not done at this time, but Curtis did say that small changes would be implemented over time to make the mobile site more consistent with the overall design of the new site.
An official iPhone app, "HEY! on Fark", was released on June 11, 2012, for the iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch. The app enables users to receive notifications on various stories appearing on Fark by topic or keyword, as well as allows users to comment on stories. It also lets users set a "snooze" option, or a period of time when notifications will not be sent (e.g. for sleeping or work). An app for Android phones is also planned. Other iOS apps are also available allowing users to browse the site, including, "Mobile Reader for FARK®" and, "Fark® Not News", although these are not official apps.
Administration
Compared to other popular websites, such as Daily Kos and del.icio.us, Fark is a relatively small operation, run more or less singlehandedly by founder Drew Curtis from his home near Lexington, Kentucky. The site earns revenue from advertising and membership in its TotalFark program. Although Curtis won't release official revenue figures, he estimated that, in 2006, the site earned just under $600,000 per year. Its classifieds section alone generates as much as $40,000 per year. Technology writer Mathew Ingram described Fark as "staggeringly successful" and noted the disparity between Fark's revenue and the amount of press given to sites like Digg. Fark has also spoken about its steady, above average CPMs.
Drew takes a yearly salary of just $60,000. The rest of the money goes to the site's legal "war chest" as well as to pay other expenses such as hosting, website design, and forum moderation.
Curtis has used public relations to drive traffic, including interviews every Friday on TechTV for one to one and a half years (c. 2002–2003) about the three weirdest tech-oriented stories of the week.
Features
Tags
Submitters can give stories several different tags, such as stupid, interesting, obvious, or dumbass. Tags that say photoshop, audioedit or videoedit are used for threads where digital content is edited for a humorous or artistic effect. In addition, the newsflash tag is used for news which is a matter of important breaking news, and an email is sent to the administrators notifying them that someone has submitted a newsflash.
Due to the large amount of headlines submitted to the site from the state of Florida, and because "so many stupid things happen in Florida, it deserved its own Fark tag," the Florida tag was created at the suggestion of users. Similarly, articles discussing Wil Wheaton – a Fark user himself – are given the Wheaton tag and articles discussing Christopher Walken are occasionally given the Walken tag, though Walken has never participated on Fark.
On August 19, 2008, a new fail tag was introduced, to be used for submitted articles where the subject does something ignorant or when a major gaffe occurs. A new Caturday tag was introduced to in recognition of the caturday meme on December 21, 2009.
TotalFark
In February 2002, Curtis introduced TotalFark as a subscription service, charging $5 per month ( As of Sep 2020 the Totalfark monthly prices seems to now be $10). By May 2007 there were an estimated 2,000 subscribers, generating $120,000 per year. Subscribers, known collectively as TotalFarkers or TFers, at one time had the privilege of seeing and commenting on all links submitted to the site, as opposed to only those approved for inclusion on the main page. However, as of 2010 an estimated 40% of links submitted to TotalFark are deleted within one minute of being submitted. In a typical 24-hour period, TotalFark's main page includes 1,200 to 1,800 links with associated comment threads, whereas Fark's main page includes only 60 to 80 links from that total.
Subscribers who purchase a 6- or 12-month subscription are also eligible to receive an @ultrafark.com email address. The UltraFark email service is provided through Google's Gmail service.
Farkisms and clichés
"TotalFARK UFIA" Adopt a Highway sign
See also: Internet meme and List of Internet phenomena
Fark's comment threads are often littered with various Farkisms or clichés. These are essentially in-jokes which either originated on Fark or on other sites (such as 4chan or Something Awful) that have become an integral part of the community culture and used in myriad discussions in the forums, regardless of whether they apply to the topic at hand. Several groups of people seem to take a bit more abuse than others on the site, including PETA, Catholic priests, the French, and Duke University, according to Curtis. The site has also become somewhat well known for including "NSFW" (Not Safe For Work) in the headlines of links that contain images or videos of a sensitive nature, and in 2007, attempted to file a trademark of the phrase. Fark was also involved in organizing the Rickrolling of the New York Mets in April 2008, when they encouraged readers to vote for Rick Astley's Never Gonna Give You Up as the song to be played during every home game of the 2008 season.
One particularly notable Farkism involves the acronym UFIA (Unsolicited Finger In Anus), which became a cliché after an article making the main page misquoted a judge using the line. UFIA was prominently used again in February 2005, when Drew Curtis purchased the naming rights to the Fleet Center (now TD Garden) in Boston, Massachusetts for the single day of February 28, 2005. The consensus choice of Fark's readers was that it should be re-dubbed the "Fark.com UFIA Center". In the end, however, Boston Garden was chosen as the name due to obscenity concerns. In April 2006, a Fark member convinced the Tennessee Department of Transportation to erect an Adopt a Highway sign in the name of UFIA on the two miles of State Route 63 west of the intersection of SR 63 and U.S. Route 25E. The department required a definition of UFIA, which was explained as, "Uniting Friends in America." The sign remained up for a few days, but was ultimately removed once authorities were informed of the origins of the acronym.
Another popular Farkism involves KABC-TV Consumer Specialist Ric Romero, which began on October 19, 2005, when he wrote a news story on the "new" Internet phenomenon of blogging. The story was then picked up by Fark, where he was ridiculed for posting a story about something that many people did not consider "news" and was actually quite obvious. Over the course of the next several years, he became somewhat of a meme on the site, as Farkers would post links to his stories, along with his photo, and a brief caption stating something obvious that everyone already knew. On December 7, 2009, Drew Curtis discovered his Facebook fan page, which led Romero to ask the Farkers that joined his new Facebook page to donate to the Spark of Love Toy Drive, which subsequently resulted in 582 online donations totaling $13,659.20 by December 16, 2009. Romero thanked the Fark community on the news for their donations, and recognized his status as a Farkism, also reporting the "breaking news" that "Water is Wet."
Photoshop contests
The site features regular Photoshop contests, in which users use a graphical editing program (such as Adobe Photoshop, from which the contest draws its name) to manipulate an image provided by the creator of the contest. A similar site, Something Awful, sponsors Photoshop Phriday contests. The image is usually manipulated for humorous effect, but can also be edited to create an aesthetically pleasing image or to showcase a poster's image manipulation skill, which is then voted on by others in the forum.
Fark Parties
At periodic intervals throughout the year, Fark Parties are organized, usually in conjunction with the travels of Curtis. The practice began in 1999, when Curtis was doing some database consulting in Spartanburg, South Carolina. Staying in a hotel with nothing to do, he posted a note on the site asking anybody who lived in the area to email him if they wanted to join him for a beer.
Traffic and users
As of June 2009, the site received approximately three to four million unique visitors per month, and garnered 60 million page views and 75 million outbound links. This put it in the top 100 of English language websites. Fark's Alexa rating was 2,310, with the average user spending 5.8 minutes per day on the site and 5,337 sites linking in. 67.2% of users originate from the United States. The site receives approximately 2,000 story submissions per day from users, and approximately 50 of them are displayed on the main page of the site, or "green-lighted". Subscribers to the subscription TotalFark service, are able to view all 2,000 submissions per day for a $5 per month fee. There are around 500,000 user accounts on the site (including both TotalFark as well as unpaid accounts), although only about 5% actually read comments, and only 1% actually post in the forums. Greenlit links can generate upwards of 300,000 page views in one month for the recipient, which is such an enormous amount of traffic that smaller websites are often "farked", meaning that their servers have crashed.
Normally, in the absence of serious news, comments in the forums on the site tend to be of a more sophomoric nature. However, during major events such as the September 11 attacks or the Hurricane Katrina aftermath, usage spikes and the site can actually be seen as a more serious outlet for news. Some users can also contribute greatly to reporting actual events; for instance, the citizen journalism of the events during the 2009 Iranian election protests was recognized by several major media outlets. In response to this coverage, Drew Curtis placed a green band on the letter "K" in the site's logo at the top of the page, to show support for Mir-Hossein Mousavi.
In a June 2009 interview, Curtis said that almost all traffic coming from the People's Republic of China and India was from spammers, so he blocked both countries from the site.
Publicity
As the site's popularity grew, Fark appeared many times in popular media outlets. In 2006, Curtis and Fark were featured on the cover of Business 2.0 magazine as part of the feature story about successful websites. In 2007 and 2009, Fark was referenced on the game show Jeopardy!, with a category entitled "Fark.com Headlines." The site is also frequently used as a humorous source for news by many radio stations, as well as late night comedy shows. However, much to Drew Curtis' dismay, it is very rarely cited as a source for many of these stories.
Several celebrities have also stated that they either checked the website regularly or participated in its discussion forums using an account. Some of these celebrities include Alan Colmes of Fox News, MythBusters co-host Adam Savage, science fiction author John Scalzi, and actor Wil Wheaton.
See also
Cracked.com
Something Awful
Worth1000
References
^ a b Marcotte, John (December 14, 2003). "Interview: Fark's Drew Curtis". badmouth.net. Archived from the original on February 19, 2009. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
^ Scott Baradell. "Media Orchard Interviews Drew Curtis of Fark.com". Ideagrove.com. Archived from the original on 2015-03-31. Retrieved 2015-05-14.
^ a b Curtis, Drew. "Fark Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ): About Fark". Fark.com. Archived from the original on July 4, 2009. Retrieved July 5, 2009.
^ a b c Kawasaki, Guy (February 22, 2007). "Panel of Web Community Founders: Utter Defiance of the "Venture Capital" Model". blog.guykawasaki.com/. Archived from the original on May 25, 2009. Retrieved July 5, 2009.
^ Shafer, Kevin (c. 1993). "Cape Ground Squirrel with Large Testicles". Corbis. Archived from the original on December 9, 2019. Retrieved January 24, 2019.
^ Curtis, Drew. "Four Oh Four". Fark.com. Retrieved June 1, 2011.
^ a b Sloan, Paul (October 2, 2006). "Blogging for Dollars". CNN. Archived from the original on June 5, 2008. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
^ a b c Takahashi, Dean (January 1, 2008). "Takahashi: Three who had the right idea at the right time". San Jose Mercury News. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
^ a b c Curtis, Drew (2007). It's Not News, It's Fark: How Mass Media Tries to Pass Off Crap as News. Gotham Books. ISBN 978-1592403660.
^ "Fark, Inc. (File Number: 4490837)". State of Delaware. January 31, 2008. Archived from the original on January 6, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
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^ a b Terdiman, Daniel (August 6, 2004). "Fark Sells Out. France Surrenders". Wired. Retrieved July 4, 2009.
^ Bye, Adrian. "SPOTLIGHT ON: Drew Curtis of Fark.com". domconfidential.com. Archived from the original on May 10, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2010.
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^ "If you're running out of space to keep dozens of cats in your tiny apartment, don't overlook the storage capacity of your freezer". Fark.com. December 21, 2009. Archived from the original on December 24, 2009. Retrieved December 21, 2009.
^ Curtis, Drew. "Fark Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ): TotalFark Only Questions". Fark.com. Archived from the original on June 9, 2009. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
^ Curtis, Drew. "Fark Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ): UltraFark Email Questions". Fark.com. Archived from the original on June 18, 2009. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
^ Curtis, Drew. "Fark Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ): Farkisms". Fark.com. Archived from the original on August 10, 2010. Retrieved July 5, 2009.
^ Why, Joel (December 1, 2003). "Interview with Drew Curtis, FARKin' Genius". newmoanyeah.com. Archived from the original on August 14, 2010. Retrieved July 5, 2009.
^ Bangeman, Eric (December 9, 2007). "Fark.com trying to get trademark on "Not Safe For Work"". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on February 21, 2010. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
^ Mostrous, Alexi (April 11, 2008). "New York Mets Get 'Rickrolled' in Musical Prank". Fox News. Archived from the original on June 13, 2013. Retrieved February 26, 2010.
^ "Judge determines unsolicited finger in anus is crude, but not criminal". Fark.com. March 12, 2004. Archived from the original on June 19, 2010. Retrieved July 5, 2009.
^ Wallace, Kelly (February 18, 2005). "Georgia Lawmakers Weigh in on Childhood Obesity; Fancy Freebies; Boston's FleetCenter Auctioned Single-Day Naming Rights on eBay". CNN. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved July 5, 2009.
^ "It's official. A two-mile stretch of Tennessee highway has been adopted by "Drew Curtis' TotalFark UFIA." Link goes to a photo of the sign". Fark.com. April 3, 2006. Archived from the original on June 19, 2010. Retrieved July 5, 2009.
^ Romero, Ric (October 18, 2005). "Your Opinions Online". KABC-TV. Archived from the original on February 17, 2007. Retrieved December 22, 2009.
^ "Reporter discovers latest crazes: "Blogging" and "The Charleston"". Fark.com. October 19, 2005. Retrieved December 22, 2009.
^ Curtis, Drew (December 7, 2009). "Hey Rick you didn't seem to have enough fans so I suggested you to every Farker I know on FB. You rock man. Your biggest fan..." Facebook. Archived from the original on January 15, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2009.
^ Romero, Ric (December 16, 2009). "Donate Toys in Los Angeles – 17th Annual 'Spark of Love' Toy Drive". Facebook. Retrieved December 22, 2009.
^ Romero, Ric (December 11, 2009). "Ric Romero thanks FARK.com for Donations". KABC-TV. Archived from the original on December 14, 2009. Retrieved February 24, 2010.
^ Gardner, Susannah (2009). Buzz marketing with blogs for dummies. Indianapolis, Indiana: Wiley Publishing, Inc. p. 264. ISBN 978-0-7645-8457-2.
^ "Photoshop Phriday". Something Awful. Archived from the original on July 1, 2009. Retrieved July 4, 2009.
^ a b c d McBride, Kelly (June 22, 2009). "Archived Chat: Frat House Meets Debate Club When It's News and It's Fark". The Poynter Institute for Media Studies. Archived from the original on July 2, 2009. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
^ Wasserman, Todd (July 13, 2012). "Undaunted by Digg, Fark Plans Redesign – Maybe". Mashable. Archived from the original on July 14, 2012. Retrieved July 13, 2012.
^ Silcoff, Mireille. "LYPA Rising Stars". Lexington Weekly. Archived from the original on November 13, 2010. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
^ "Alexa information for Fark.com". Alexa Internet. Archived from the original on April 16, 2009. Retrieved February 4, 2010.
^ "TotalFark Signup". Fark. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
^ Allsopp, Glen (June 16, 2008). "Definitive Guide to Fark and Getting Mass Traffic". pluginhq.com. Archived from the original on March 2, 2009. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
^ "Farker Tatsuma gets props from journalists for his work on covering the brouhaha in Iran". Fark.com. June 20, 2009. Archived from the original on June 23, 2009. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
^ Francisco, Bambi (June 20, 2009). "With Iran on razor's edge, Fark takes sides". Vator. Archived from the original on August 26, 2009. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
^ "Interview with the Genius Behind Fark, Drew Curtis". carnaghan.com. June 29, 2009. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
^ Sloan, Paul; Kaihla, Paul (August 22, 2006). "Blogging for Big Bucks". CNN. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved June 26, 2009.
^ Gross, James (August 23, 2006). "Business 2.0 Cover Story". jamesgross.com. Archived from the original on October 12, 2008. Retrieved 2009-06-26.
^ "Show #5331 – Monday, November 12, 2007". Jeopardy Archive. November 12, 2007. Archived from the original on June 9, 2009. Retrieved June 26, 2009.
^ "Show #5605 – Friday, January 9, 2009". Jeopardy Archive. January 9, 2009. Archived from the original on February 21, 2009. Retrieved June 26, 2009.
^ a b Cullen, Lynn (March 15, 2007). "Interview with Drew Curtis on the Lynn Cullen Show". AM1360: Lynn Cullen Show.
^ "Alan's Favorite Web Links". Fox News. April 2, 2007. Archived from the original on September 14, 2009. Retrieved June 26, 2009.
^ "MythBusters Top Ten List: 10 Sites Adam Visits Daily". Discovery Channel. Archived from the original on August 27, 2009. Retrieved June 26, 2009.
^ Scalzi, John (June 12, 2008). "FARK Heatsink Entry". scalzi.com. Archived from the original on January 30, 2011. Retrieved June 26, 2009.
External links
Official website
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#pending"},{"link_name":"FARK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FARK_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_community"},{"link_name":"Drew Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Curtis"},{"link_name":"far-left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-left_politics"},{"link_name":"far-right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-right_politics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-badmouth-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"admins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_administrator"},{"link_name":"page views","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_views"},{"link_name":"enormous amount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_overload"},{"link_name":"traffic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_traffic"},{"link_name":"server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_server"},{"link_name":"farked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slashdot_effect"}],"text":"Website launched in 1999This article is about the website. For other uses, see FARK.Fark is a community website created by Drew Curtis that allows members to comment on a daily batch of news articles and other items from various websites. The site receives many story submissions per day and approximately 100 of them are publicly displayed on the site, spread out over the main page as well as topical tabs that are organized as entertainment, sports, geek, politics and business). Curtis says the stories are selected without intentional political bias, but that he tries to run both far-left and far-right articles.[1][2]Links are submitted by Fark members (collectively referred to as \"Farkers\"), whom admins can approve (\"greenlight\") to post on either the main page or one of the subsidiary tab pages. Other than sponsored content, links have associated threads where users can comment. Greenlit links can generate upwards of 300,000 page views in one month for the recipient. This can generate such an enormous amount of traffic in such a short time that smaller websites thus linked are often rendered inoperable due to congestion or simple server failure. This is colloquially referred to as the website being \"farked\" by the community.","title":"Fark"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Drew Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Lexington, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"euphemism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fark_FAQ-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kawasaki-4"},{"link_name":"squirrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel"},{"link_name":"testicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testicles"},{"link_name":"Cape Ground Squirrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Ground_Squirrel"},{"link_name":"Etosha National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etosha_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"Corbis Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branded_Entertainment_Network"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-squirrel_cite-5"},{"link_name":"404 error","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_404"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-404_not_found-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biz20-7"},{"link_name":"curry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry"},{"link_name":"database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kawasaki-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-takahashi-8"},{"link_name":"fighter pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_pilot"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kawasaki-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-farkbook-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-takahashi-8"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delaware_Fark-10"},{"link_name":"Mahalo.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalo.com"},{"link_name":"CEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEO"},{"link_name":"Jason Calacanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Calacanis"},{"link_name":"$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Dollar"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calacanis-11"},{"link_name":"salesperson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sales"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wired-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wired-12"},{"link_name":"NSFW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSFW"},{"link_name":"female breasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-origin_of_foobies-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calacanis-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foobies-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FarkTV-15"},{"link_name":"spoof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parody"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FarkTV-15"},{"link_name":"Turner Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"SuperDeluxe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SuperDeluxe"},{"link_name":"Adult Swim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Swim"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fark.com_screenshot2.png"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fark_redesign-17"},{"link_name":"Drudge Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drudge_Report"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-curtis_redesign-18"},{"link_name":"It's Not News, It's Fark: How Mass Media Tries to Pass off Crap as News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Not_News,_It%27s_FARK"},{"link_name":"mass media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-farkbook-9"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meetinnovators-19"},{"link_name":"USA Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fark_geek_page-20"},{"link_name":"Maxim Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"USA Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"},{"link_name":"USA Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"},{"link_name":"USAToday.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fark_geek_page_news-21"},{"link_name":"Reddit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reddit"},{"link_name":"The Atlanta Journal-Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution"},{"link_name":"Digg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digg"},{"link_name":"Geeknet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geeknet"},{"link_name":"Slashdot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slashdot"},{"link_name":"TechCrunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechCrunch"},{"link_name":"Newsvine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsvine"},{"link_name":"Yahoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_lawsuit-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FoxNews_lawsuit-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FoxNews_lawsuit-23"},{"link_name":"2012 TED Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TED_(conference)"},{"link_name":"Long Beach, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"Abu Sayyaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-patent_troll_terrorists-24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fark_iPhone_App.jpg"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_redesign-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_redesign_notes-26"},{"link_name":"iPhone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone"},{"link_name":"iPad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPad"},{"link_name":"iPod Touch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Touch"},{"link_name":"Android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iOS_app-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mobile_reader-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-not_news_reader-29"}],"text":"Fark was created in 1999 by Drew Curtis of Lexington, Kentucky. Curtis states that the word \"fark\" originated either from a chat room euphemism for the word fuck, or from a drunken misspelling, although he tells people it is the former because it is a \"better story that way\".[3] He registered Fark.com in September 1997, when a friend mentioned that all of the four letter domain names were disappearing.[4] Originally, Fark contained no content except for an image of a squirrel with large testicles. This photograph is that of a Cape Ground Squirrel in Etosha National Park, Namibia, taken by photographer Kevin Shafer, who at the time worked for the Corbis Corporation, c. 1993.[5] The squirrel image is no longer used in the production area of the site, but it can still be found as the server's 404 error for pages that do not exist.[6]Since 1993, Curtis had frequently read morning news stories and exchanged them with friends.[7] Although this would later become the inspiration for Fark, Curtis toyed with the idea of starting an online curry recipe database.[4] In 1999, eighteen months after registering the domain name, he launched Fark as a way to share interesting news postings with his friends rather than sending them numerous emails.[8] The first story posted was an article about a fighter pilot who crashed while attempting to moon another fighter pilot.[4]During Fark's first year, the site received over 50,000 page views and one million the year after.[9] Features such as link submission and forums were added as popularity and participation grew. By January 2008, according to Curtis, the site was averaging an estimated 52 million page views per month from 4 million unique visitors.[8] Fark was officially incorporated in the state of Delaware, as Fark, Inc., on January 31, 2008.[10]While most of the story links on the main page are submitted by users and selected for placement based on merit, there was an incident in August 2004 in which Fark was accused of selling preferential placement of story links on the main page. The accusation stemmed from an exchange between Mahalo.com CEO Jason Calacanis and third party sales employee Gogi Gupta, where Gupta claimed Calacanis could buy an editorial on Fark for $300 to $400.[11] Curtis dismissed the incident as the result of an overenthusiastic salesperson, and subsequently fired Gupta.[12] Gupta worked for a company called Gupta Media and did not have the authority to speak for Fark, according to Curtis.[12]Curtis launched Foobies.com in 2006 as a NSFW (not safe for work) offshoot of Fark, primarily because advertisers complained about links to female breasts on the main site.[13] Customers could purchase NSFW links through Foobies at the price of $400 per link.[11][14]Fark launched Fark TV on January 17, 2007.[15] The first video was a spoof ad for a mock product called \"Meth Coffee.\"[15] In May 2008, Turner Broadcasting announced that it would be folding SuperDeluxe, Fark TV's host site, into the Adult Swim brand, and laying off most of the staff, effectively canceling Fark TV.[16]Screenshot depicting the design of the website from 2007 to 2011A new design for the website was launched on April 25, 2007, with the comment, \"Fark site redesign is now live. Hope nothing breaks, we're all out drinking.\"[17] The new design was initially received with some controversy by many users, mostly due to the change in layout and a seemingly indifferent attitude by site moderators to user impact or feedback. In response, Drew Curtis noted the following reasons for the redesign: \"Websites have to evolve over time. Otherwise you end up with a layout anachronism like the Drudge Report. The old design was put into place years ago, over time changes were nailed on to the design like loose shingles on a leaky roof. It was time to reformat and remove a bunch of the clutter while trying to keep the core design intact.\"[18]Curtis published the book, It's Not News, It's Fark: How Mass Media Tries to Pass off Crap as News in May 2007. The book critically explores the mass media industry and the go-to stories used when there is a lack of hard news to report.[9] It sold 25,000 copies in its first 12 weeks on the market.[19]On November 24, 2009, Fark launched a new partnership with USA Today, as they became the exclusive host and sponsor of Fark's Geek Page,[20] a collection of technology-related links. This represents the site's first content partnership with a major media brand. Previously, Curtis had signed a sales only deal with Maxim Online. The page shows aggregated technology news headlines from other news sources with USA Today's Tech section branding. Its right column displays technology content from USA Today with video clips and a headline widget of USAToday.com's Tech Live and Game Hunters stories.[21]In January 2011, Fark was sued in Los Angeles Federal Court by Gooseberry Natural Resources, LLC, for allegedly violating US Patent No. 6,370,535, titled, \"System and method for structured news release generation and distribution.\" This patent, awarded in 2002, involves typing text into an administration system, storing it on a server, and publishing it on the Internet. Other defendants sued in the case include Reddit, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Digg, Geeknet (owner of Slashdot), TechCrunch, Newsvine, and Yahoo.[22] Drew Curtis argued that Fark does not produce \"news releases\" or \"press releases\", as the lawsuit stated, and instead provides a forum for humorous links to stories on other websites. The case was settled in August 2011, for the sum of $0.[23] Curtis later described the entire ordeal as, \"a nightmare\", saying, \"Imagine someone breaking into your home, then being forced to sit on the couch while their lawyers file motions over how much stuff they can take.\"[23] At the 2012 TED Conference in Long Beach, California, he referred to patent trolls as \"terrorists\", comparing them to the Abu Sayyaf terror group in the Philippines, which kidnapped people for ransom, collected small sums of money, expanded with more personnel and equipment, and then kidnapped more people for higher ransoms.[24]Screenshot depicting the design of the Fark iPhone app (2012)Fark tweaked its site design a little more on June 1, 2011, with the comment, \"Fark's redesign will go live at 5PM EST. Heads-up for those of you who missed the other warning threads and need a place to completely lose your mind.\"[25] Having learned from the controversy caused by the 2007 redesign, Curtis introduced the new site as a preview one week (two weeks for TotalFark users) prior to June 1, to allow users to comment on the changes and provide feedback on where things were broken. The primary reason for the redesigned site is to make it easier to use and more intuitive. The site's tagline was changed from \"It's not news, it's FARK\" to \"We don't make news. We mock it.\" The music tab was also dropped, due to low usage – content was rolled into the Showbiz or Video tab, where most of the content was already cross-posted anyway. An overhaul to the Fark Mobile Web site was not done at this time, but Curtis did say that small changes would be implemented over time to make the mobile site more consistent with the overall design of the new site.[26]An official iPhone app, \"HEY! on Fark\", was released on June 11, 2012, for the iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch. The app enables users to receive notifications on various stories appearing on Fark by topic or keyword, as well as allows users to comment on stories. It also lets users set a \"snooze\" option, or a period of time when notifications will not be sent (e.g. for sleeping or work). An app for Android phones is also planned.[27] Other iOS apps are also available allowing users to browse the site, including, \"Mobile Reader for FARK®\" and, \"Fark® Not News\", although these are not official apps.[28][29]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daily Kos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Kos"},{"link_name":"del.icio.us","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delicious_(website)"},{"link_name":"Drew Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Lexington, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox_Scott-30"},{"link_name":"advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_marketing"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npr-31"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biz20-7"},{"link_name":"classifieds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classifieds"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npr-31"},{"link_name":"Digg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digg"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ingram-32"},{"link_name":"CPMs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_per_impression"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npr-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npr-31"},{"link_name":"TechTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechTV"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meetinnovators-19"}],"text":"Compared to other popular websites, such as Daily Kos and del.icio.us, Fark is a relatively small operation, run more or less singlehandedly by founder Drew Curtis from his home near Lexington, Kentucky.[30] The site earns revenue from advertising and membership in its TotalFark program.[31] Although Curtis won't release official revenue figures, he estimated that, in 2006, the site earned just under $600,000 per year.[7] Its classifieds section alone generates as much as $40,000 per year.[31] Technology writer Mathew Ingram described Fark as \"staggeringly successful\" and noted the disparity between Fark's revenue and the amount of press given to sites like Digg.[32] Fark has also spoken about its steady, above average CPMs.Drew takes a yearly salary of just $60,000.[31] The rest of the money goes to the site's legal \"war chest\" as well as to pay other expenses such as hosting, website design, and forum moderation.[31]Curtis has used public relations to drive traffic, including interviews every Friday on TechTV for one to one and a half years (c. 2002–2003) about the three weirdest tech-oriented stories of the week.[19]","title":"Administration"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tag_(metadata)"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FL_tag-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stpetetimes-34"},{"link_name":"Wil Wheaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wil_Wheaton"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wheaton-35"},{"link_name":"Christopher Walken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Walken"},{"link_name":"fail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail_(Internet_meme)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-failtag-36"},{"link_name":"caturday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolcat"},{"link_name":"meme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_meme"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-caturdaytag-37"}],"sub_title":"Tags","text":"Submitters can give stories several different tags, such as stupid, interesting, obvious, or dumbass. Tags that say photoshop, audioedit or videoedit are used for threads where digital content is edited for a humorous or artistic effect. In addition, the newsflash tag is used for news which is a matter of important breaking news, and an email is sent to the administrators notifying them that someone has submitted a newsflash.Due to the large amount of headlines submitted to the site from the state of Florida, and because \"so many stupid things happen in Florida, it deserved its own Fark tag,\" the Florida tag was created at the suggestion of users.[33][34] Similarly, articles discussing Wil Wheaton – a Fark user himself[35] – are given the Wheaton tag and articles discussing Christopher Walken are occasionally given the Walken tag, though Walken has never participated on Fark.On August 19, 2008, a new fail tag was introduced, to be used for submitted articles where the subject does something ignorant or when a major gaffe occurs.[36] A new Caturday tag was introduced to in recognition of the caturday meme on December 21, 2009.[37]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subscription service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscription_business_model"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-totalfark_farq-38"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npr-31"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fark_FAQ-3"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"Gmail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmail"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ultrafark-39"}],"sub_title":"TotalFark","text":"In February 2002, Curtis introduced TotalFark as a subscription service, charging $5 per month ( As of Sep 2020 the Totalfark monthly prices seems to now be $10).[38] By May 2007 there were an estimated 2,000 subscribers, generating $120,000 per year.[31] Subscribers, known collectively as TotalFarkers or TFers, at one time had the privilege of seeing and commenting on all links submitted to the site, as opposed to only those approved for inclusion on the main page. However, as of 2010 an estimated 40% of links submitted to TotalFark are deleted within one minute of being submitted. In a typical 24-hour period, TotalFark's main page includes 1,200 to 1,800 links with associated comment threads, whereas Fark's main page includes only 60 to 80 links from that total.[3]Subscribers who purchase a 6- or 12-month subscription are also eligible to receive an @ultrafark.com email address. The UltraFark email service is provided through Google's Gmail service.[39]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UFIA_highway_sign.jpg"},{"link_name":"Adopt a Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adopt_a_Highway"},{"link_name":"Internet meme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_meme"},{"link_name":"List of Internet phenomena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena"},{"link_name":"in-jokes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-joke"},{"link_name":"4chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4chan"},{"link_name":"Something Awful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_Awful"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-farkisms-40"},{"link_name":"PETA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals"},{"link_name":"Catholic priests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Orders"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_people"},{"link_name":"Duke University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-top4groups-41"},{"link_name":"NSFW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_safe_for_work"},{"link_name":"trademark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSFW_trademark-42"},{"link_name":"Rickrolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickrolling"},{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets"},{"link_name":"Rick Astley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Astley"},{"link_name":"Never Gonna Give You Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_Gonna_Give_You_Up"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mets_rickroll-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ufia-44"},{"link_name":"TD Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD_Garden"},{"link_name":"Boston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Boston Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Garden"},{"link_name":"obscenity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obscenity"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UFIA_CNN-45"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Adopt a Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adopt_a_Highway"},{"link_name":"State Route 63","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tennessee_state_highways#State_Routes_1_through_100"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 25E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_25E"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uniting_friends_in_america-46"},{"link_name":"KABC-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KABC-TV"},{"link_name":"Ric Romero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ric_Romero"},{"link_name":"blogging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-romero_blogging_story-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-romero_blogging_fark_thread-48"},{"link_name":"meme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_meme"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-romero_curtis_facebook-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-romero_facebook_toys-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-romero_toy_drive-51"}],"sub_title":"Farkisms and clichés","text":"\"TotalFARK UFIA\" Adopt a Highway signSee also: Internet meme and List of Internet phenomenaFark's comment threads are often littered with various Farkisms or clichés. These are essentially in-jokes which either originated on Fark or on other sites (such as 4chan or Something Awful) that have become an integral part of the community culture and used in myriad discussions in the forums, regardless of whether they apply to the topic at hand.[40] Several groups of people seem to take a bit more abuse than others on the site, including PETA, Catholic priests, the French, and Duke University, according to Curtis.[41] The site has also become somewhat well known for including \"NSFW\" (Not Safe For Work) in the headlines of links that contain images or videos of a sensitive nature, and in 2007, attempted to file a trademark of the phrase.[42] Fark was also involved in organizing the Rickrolling of the New York Mets in April 2008, when they encouraged readers to vote for Rick Astley's Never Gonna Give You Up as the song to be played during every home game of the 2008 season.[43]One particularly notable Farkism involves the acronym UFIA (Unsolicited Finger In Anus), which became a cliché after an article making the main page misquoted a judge using the line.[44] UFIA was prominently used again in February 2005, when Drew Curtis purchased the naming rights to the Fleet Center (now TD Garden) in Boston, Massachusetts for the single day of February 28, 2005. The consensus choice of Fark's readers was that it should be re-dubbed the \"Fark.com UFIA Center\". In the end, however, Boston Garden was chosen as the name due to obscenity concerns.[45] In April 2006, a Fark member convinced the Tennessee Department of Transportation to erect an Adopt a Highway sign in the name of UFIA on the two miles of State Route 63 west of the intersection of SR 63 and U.S. Route 25E. The department required a definition of UFIA, which was explained as, \"Uniting Friends in America.\" The sign remained up for a few days, but was ultimately removed once authorities were informed of the origins of the acronym.[46]Another popular Farkism involves KABC-TV Consumer Specialist Ric Romero, which began on October 19, 2005, when he wrote a news story on the \"new\" Internet phenomenon of blogging.[47] The story was then picked up by Fark, where he was ridiculed for posting a story about something that many people did not consider \"news\" and was actually quite obvious.[48] Over the course of the next several years, he became somewhat of a meme on the site, as Farkers would post links to his stories, along with his photo, and a brief caption stating something obvious that everyone already knew. On December 7, 2009, Drew Curtis discovered his Facebook fan page,[49] which led Romero to ask the Farkers that joined his new Facebook page to donate to the Spark of Love Toy Drive, which subsequently resulted in 582 online donations totaling $13,659.20 by December 16, 2009.[50] Romero thanked the Fark community on the news for their donations, and recognized his status as a Farkism, also reporting the \"breaking news\" that \"Water is Wet.\"[51]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Photoshop contests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoshop_contest"},{"link_name":"Adobe Photoshop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gardner_Susannah-52"},{"link_name":"Something Awful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_Awful"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-photoshop_phriday-53"}],"sub_title":"Photoshop contests","text":"The site features regular Photoshop contests, in which users use a graphical editing program (such as Adobe Photoshop, from which the contest draws its name) to manipulate an image provided by the creator of the contest.[52] A similar site, Something Awful, sponsors Photoshop Phriday contests.[53] The image is usually manipulated for humorous effect, but can also be edited to create an aesthetically pleasing image or to showcase a poster's image manipulation skill, which is then voted on by others in the forum.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spartanburg, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartanburg,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stpetetimes-34"}],"sub_title":"Fark Parties","text":"At periodic intervals throughout the year, Fark Parties are organized, usually in conjunction with the travels of Curtis. The practice began in 1999, when Curtis was doing some database consulting in Spartanburg, South Carolina. Staying in a hotel with nothing to do, he posted a note on the site asking anybody who lived in the area to email him if they wanted to join him for a beer.[34]","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poynter-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wasserman_Todd-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lex-56"},{"link_name":"Alexa rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Internet"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alexa-57"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-badmouth-1"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poynter-54"},{"link_name":"page views","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_views"},{"link_name":"traffic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_traffic"},{"link_name":"farked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slashdot_effect"},{"link_name":"servers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_server"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pluginhq-59"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"Hurricane Katrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poynter-54"},{"link_name":"citizen journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_journalism"},{"link_name":"2009 Iranian election protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Iranian_election_protests"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poynter-54"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fark_tatsuma-60"},{"link_name":"Mir-Hossein Mousavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-Hossein_Mousavi"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iran_fark_green_band-61"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-china-india-blocked-62"}],"text":"As of June 2009, the site received approximately three to four million unique visitors per month,[54] and garnered 60 million page views and 75 million outbound links.[55] This put it in the top 100 of English language websites.[56] Fark's Alexa rating was 2,310, with the average user spending 5.8 minutes per day on the site and 5,337 sites linking in. 67.2% of users originate from the United States.[57] The site receives approximately 2,000 story submissions per day from users, and approximately 50 of them are displayed on the main page of the site, or \"green-lighted\".[1] Subscribers to the subscription TotalFark service, are able to view all 2,000 submissions per day for a $5 per month fee.[58] There are around 500,000 user accounts on the site (including both TotalFark as well as unpaid accounts), although only about 5% actually read comments, and only 1% actually post in the forums.[54] Greenlit links can generate upwards of 300,000 page views in one month for the recipient, which is such an enormous amount of traffic that smaller websites are often \"farked\", meaning that their servers have crashed.[59]Normally, in the absence of serious news, comments in the forums on the site tend to be of a more sophomoric nature. However, during major events such as the September 11 attacks or the Hurricane Katrina aftermath, usage spikes and the site can actually be seen as a more serious outlet for news.[54] Some users can also contribute greatly to reporting actual events; for instance, the citizen journalism of the events during the 2009 Iranian election protests was recognized by several major media outlets.[54][60] In response to this coverage, Drew Curtis placed a green band on the letter \"K\" in the site's logo at the top of the page, to show support for Mir-Hossein Mousavi.[61]In a June 2009 interview, Curtis said that almost all traffic coming from the People's Republic of China and India was from spammers, so he blocked both countries from the site.[62]","title":"Traffic and users"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Business 2.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_2.0"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Jeopardy!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeopardy!"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jeopardy1-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jeopardy2-66"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-takahashi-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-farkbook-9"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lynncullen-67"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lynncullen-67"},{"link_name":"Alan Colmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Colmes"},{"link_name":"Fox News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-colmes-68"},{"link_name":"MythBusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MythBusters"},{"link_name":"Adam Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Savage"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mythbusters-69"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"John Scalzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Scalzi"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scalzi-70"},{"link_name":"Wil Wheaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wil_Wheaton"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wheaton-35"}],"text":"As the site's popularity grew, Fark appeared many times in popular media outlets. In 2006, Curtis and Fark were featured on the cover of Business 2.0 magazine as part of the feature story about successful websites.[63][64] In 2007 and 2009, Fark was referenced on the game show Jeopardy!, with a category entitled \"Fark.com Headlines.\"[65][66] The site is also frequently used as a humorous source for news by many radio stations, as well as late night comedy shows.[8][9][67] However, much to Drew Curtis' dismay, it is very rarely cited as a source for many of these stories.[67]Several celebrities have also stated that they either checked the website regularly or participated in its discussion forums using an account. Some of these celebrities include Alan Colmes of Fox News,[68] MythBusters co-host Adam Savage,[69] science fiction author John Scalzi,[70] and actor Wil Wheaton.[35]","title":"Publicity"}]
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[{"image_text":"Screenshot depicting the design of the website from 2007 to 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d0/Fark.com_screenshot2.png/220px-Fark.com_screenshot2.png"},{"image_text":"Screenshot depicting the design of the Fark iPhone app (2012)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/83/Fark_iPhone_App.jpg/170px-Fark_iPhone_App.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"TotalFARK UFIA\" Adopt a Highway sign","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/UFIA_highway_sign.jpg/220px-UFIA_highway_sign.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Cracked.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cracked.com"},{"title":"Something Awful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_Awful"},{"title":"Worth1000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worth1000"}]
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[{"reference":"Marcotte, John (December 14, 2003). \"Interview: Fark's Drew Curtis\". badmouth.net. Archived from the original on February 19, 2009. Retrieved June 27, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.badmouth.net/interview-farks-drew-curtis/","url_text":"\"Interview: Fark's Drew Curtis\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090219193340/http://www.badmouth.net/interview-farks-drew-curtis/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Scott Baradell. \"Media Orchard Interviews Drew Curtis of Fark.com\". Ideagrove.com. Archived from the original on 2015-03-31. Retrieved 2015-05-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ideagrove.com/blog/2006/07/media-orchard-interviews-drew-curtis-of-farkcom.html/","url_text":"\"Media Orchard Interviews Drew Curtis of Fark.com\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150331005945/http://www.ideagrove.com/blog/2006/07/media-orchard-interviews-drew-curtis-of-farkcom.html/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Curtis, Drew. \"Fark Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ): About Fark\". Fark.com. Archived from the original on July 4, 2009. Retrieved July 5, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fark.com/farq/about.shtml","url_text":"\"Fark Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ): About Fark\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090704000300/http://www.fark.com/farq/about.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kawasaki, Guy (February 22, 2007). \"Panel of Web Community Founders: Utter Defiance of the \"Venture Capital\" Model\". blog.guykawasaki.com/. Archived from the original on May 25, 2009. Retrieved July 5, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090525034439/http://blog.guykawasaki.com/2007/02/panel_of_web_co.html","url_text":"\"Panel of Web Community Founders: Utter Defiance of the \"Venture Capital\" Model\""},{"url":"http://blog.guykawasaki.com/2007/02/panel_of_web_co.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shafer, Kevin (c. 1993). \"Cape Ground Squirrel with Large Testicles\". Corbis. Archived from the original on December 9, 2019. Retrieved January 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/528032290","url_text":"\"Cape Ground Squirrel with Large Testicles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branded_Entertainment_Network","url_text":"Corbis"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191209215251/https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/528032290","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Curtis, Drew. \"Four Oh Four\". Fark.com. Retrieved June 1, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fark.com/404squirrel","url_text":"\"Four Oh Four\""}]},{"reference":"Sloan, Paul (October 2, 2006). \"Blogging for Dollars\". CNN. Archived from the original on June 5, 2008. Retrieved June 6, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2006/09/01/8384325/","url_text":"\"Blogging for Dollars\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080605224301/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2006/09/01/8384325/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Takahashi, Dean (January 1, 2008). \"Takahashi: Three who had the right idea at the right time\". San Jose Mercury News. Archived from the original on May 15, 2011. Retrieved June 27, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://bizsnacks.blogspot.com/2008/06/takahashi-three-who-had-right-idea-at.html","url_text":"\"Takahashi: Three who had the right idea at the right time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose_Mercury_News","url_text":"San Jose Mercury News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110515143116/http://bizsnacks.blogspot.com/2008/06/takahashi-three-who-had-right-idea-at.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Curtis, Drew (2007). It's Not News, It's Fark: How Mass Media Tries to Pass Off Crap as News. Gotham Books. ISBN 978-1592403660.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1592403660","url_text":"978-1592403660"}]},{"reference":"\"Fark, Inc. (File Number: 4490837)\". State of Delaware. January 31, 2008. Archived from the original on January 6, 2010. Retrieved February 22, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100106214416/https://delecorp.delaware.gov/tin/GINameSearch.jsp","url_text":"\"Fark, Inc. (File Number: 4490837)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Delaware","url_text":"State of Delaware"},{"url":"https://delecorp.delaware.gov/tin/GINameSearch.jsp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Calacanis, Jason (August 2, 2004). \"Fark.com sells their editorial, and the loyalty of their users\". calacanis.com. Archived from the original on August 13, 2011. 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Retrieved February 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110510013618/http://www.dmconfidential.com/blogs/column/Spotlight_On.../969/","url_text":"\"SPOTLIGHT ON: Drew Curtis of Fark.com\""},{"url":"http://www.dmconfidential.com/blogs/column/Spotlight_On.../969/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Curtis, Drew. \"Fark Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ): About Fark (What is Foobies?)\". Fark.com. Archived from the original on July 4, 2009. Retrieved July 4, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fark.com/farq/about.shtml#What_is_Foobies.3F","url_text":"\"Fark Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ): About Fark (What is Foobies?)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090704000300/http://www.fark.com/farq/about.shtml#What_is_Foobies.3F","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jardin, Xeni (January 17, 2007). \"Fark TV debuts. Meth, asscracks, anthills, good times\". Boing Boing. Archived from the original on January 21, 2015. 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A two-mile stretch of Tennessee highway has been adopted by \"Drew Curtis' TotalFark UFIA.\" Link goes to a photo of the sign\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100619142511/http://www.fark.com/cgi/comments.pl?IDLink=1993763","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Romero, Ric (October 18, 2005). \"Your Opinions Online\". KABC-TV. Archived from the original on February 17, 2007. Retrieved December 22, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070217134725/http://abclocal.go.com/kabc/story?section=consumer&id=3549166","url_text":"\"Your Opinions Online\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KABC-TV","url_text":"KABC-TV"},{"url":"http://abclocal.go.com/kabc/story?section=consumer&id=3549166","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Reporter discovers latest crazes: \"Blogging\" and \"The Charleston\"\". Fark.com. October 19, 2005. 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Your biggest fan...\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160115142121/https://www.facebook.com/ConsumerNews?v=feed&story_fbid=190923928283","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Romero, Ric (December 16, 2009). \"Donate Toys in Los Angeles – 17th Annual 'Spark of Love' Toy Drive\". Facebook. Retrieved December 22, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/posted.php?id=136128638283&share_id=206097532011&comments=1#s206097532011","url_text":"\"Donate Toys in Los Angeles – 17th Annual 'Spark of Love' Toy Drive\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook","url_text":"Facebook"}]},{"reference":"Romero, Ric (December 11, 2009). \"Ric Romero thanks FARK.com for Donations\". KABC-TV. Archived from the original on December 14, 2009. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tazir
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Tazir
|
["1 Overview","2 Scripture","3 Examples of Tazir offenses","4 Tazir punishments","5 See also","6 Further reading","7 References"]
|
Category of offense in Islamic law
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Islamic studiesvte
In Islamic Law, tazir (ta'zeer or ta'zir, Arabic: تعزير) refers to punishment for offenses at the discretion of the judge (Qadi) or ruler of the state. It is one of three major types of punishments or sanctions under Sharia Islamic law — hadd, qisas and ta'zir. The punishments for the Hadd offenses are fixed by the Qur'an or Hadith (i.e. "defined by God"), qisas allow equal retaliation in cases of intentional bodily harm, while ta'zir refers to punishments applied to the other offenses for which no punishment is specified in the Qur'an or the Hadith or is not punishable under either qisas or hudud.
Overview
The classical Islamic legal tradition did not have a separate category for criminal law as does modern law. The classical Islamic jurisprudence typically divided the subject matter of law into four "quarters", that is rituals, sales, marriage, and injuries. In modern usage, Islamic criminal law has been extracted and collated from that classical Islamic jurisprudence literature into three categories of rules:
Hadd (literally "limit") under Sharia, are rules stated in the Quran and the Hadiths, and whose violation is deemed in Islam as a crime against God, and requires a fixed punishment. Hadd crimes include theft, illicit sexual relations or rape, making unproven accusations of illicit sex, drinking intoxicants like alcohol, apostasy, and highway robbery.
Qisas, (literally "retaliation in kind") and diya, (دية) ("blood money"), in Islamic jurisprudence, are the second category of crimes, where Sharia specifies equal retaliation (qisas) or monetary compensation (diya), as a possible punishment. Included in this category is homicide, for example, which Islamic law treats as a civil dispute between believers. Qisas principle is available against the accused, to the victim or victim's heirs, when a Muslim is murdered, suffers bodily injury or suffers property damage. In the case of murder, qisas means the right of a murder victim's nearest relative or wali (ولي) (legal guardian) to, if the court approves, take the life of the killer or do it in his behalf.
Tazir (literally "to punish", sometimes spelled as taazir, ti'zar, tazar, ta'azar) is the third category, and refers to offense mentioned in the Quran or the Hadiths, but where neither the Quran nor the Hadiths specify a punishment. In Tazir cases, the punishment is at the discretion of the state, the ruler, or a qadi (kadi), or court acting on behalf of the ruler. Tazir punishment is for actions which are considered sinful in Islam, undermine the Muslim community, or threaten public order during Islamic rule, but those that are not punishable as hadd or qisas crimes. The legal restrictions on the exercise of that power are not specified in the Quran or the Hadiths, and vary. The judge enjoys considerable leeway in deciding an appropriate form of punishment, and the punishment does not have to be consistent across the accused persons or over time. The ruler or qadi also has the discretion to forgive tazir offenses.
Scripture
The word tazir is not used in the Quran or the Hadith, in the sense that modern Islamic criminal law uses it. However, in several verses of the Quran, crimes are identified, punishment of the accused indicated, but no specific punishment is described. These instances led early Islamic scholars to interpret the Quran as requiring discretionary punishment of certain offenses, namely Tazir. Example specific verses from the Quran that support taazir are,
And as for the two who are guilty of indecency from among you, give them both a punishment; then if they repent and amend, turn aside from them; surely Allah is Oft-returning (to mercy), the Merciful.— Quran 4:16
And (as for) those who dispute about Allah after that obedience has been rendered to Him, their plea is null with their Lord, and upon them is wrath, and for them is severe punishment.— Quran 42:16
Examples of Tazir offenses
Tazir offenses are broadly grouped into two sub-categories in Islamic literature. The first are those offenses that have the same nature but do not exactly meet the complete requirements of hudud crimes. Examples of such Tazir offenses include thefts among relatives, or attempted but unsuccessful robbery, fornication that does not include penetration, and homosexual contacts such as kissing that does not result in fornication. The second sub-category of Tazir offenses relate to offenses committed by an individual that violate the behavior demanded in the Quran and the Hadiths. Examples of the second sub-category include false testimony, loaning money or any property to another person for interest in addition to principal, any acts that threaten or damage the public order or Muslim community or Islam.
The fourteenth century Islamic jurist Ibn Taymiyyah included any form of disobedience as a Tazir offense, although his views were not accepted widely and listed several examples where there is no legal penalty in Sharia:
the man who kisses a boy or a woman unrelated to him by marriage or a very near kinship;
the man who flirts without fornication;
the man who eats a forbidden thing like blood, or dead animal which suffers natural death, or meat that is slaughtered in an unlawful manner;
the man who steals a thing lying in open or one whose value is unclear;
the man who debases the commodities such as foodstuffs and clothes, or who gives short measure of capacity or weight;
the man who bears false witness or encourages others to bear false witness;
the judge who judges contrary to what Allah has enjoined;
the non-Muslim or Muslim engaged in espionage;
the man who questions Qadi's opinion or challenges the views of other Muslims;
Numerous other offenses are included in Tazir category.
Tazir punishments
Tazir punishments were common in Sharia courts. Punishments vary with the nature of crime and include a prison term, flogging, a fine, banishment, and seizure of property. The sixteenth-century Egyptian jurist Ibn Nujaym said that taʿzīr could consist of lashing, slapping, rubbing the ears, a stern telling-off, disparagement short of slander, or an angry look from the judge. Execution is allowed in cases such as practices which split the Muslim community, espionage on behalf of an enemy of the Muslim state. All four schools of fiqh (Madhhab), namely Hanafi, Maliki, Shafii and Hanbali, permit the death penalty at the discretion of the state or Qadi, for certain Tazir offenses if it is proven by at two least witnesses or a self confession.
Contemporary application
Brunei introduced Tazir into its Syariah Penal Code Order effective 2014. Tazir crimes in Brunei now include offenses such as failing to perform Friday prayers by anyone above 15 years old, any Muslim disrespecting the month of Ramadan, and khalwat (dating or any form of close proximity between unrelated members of opposite sex).
Iran introduced Tazir into its legal code after the 1979 Revolution, naming the section as Qanon-e Tazir. These Tazir laws allow prosecution of offenses such as illicit kissing, failing to wear proper head dress such as hejab, and making critical statements against judges and members of the Council of Guardians.
See also
Hudud
Qisas
Sharia
Further reading
Wael Hallaq (2009), An introduction to Islamic law. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521678735.
References
^ a b Tazir Oxford Islamic Studies, Oxford University Press
^ a b c d e f Mark Cammack (2012), Islamic Law and Crime in Contemporary Courts, BERKELEY J. OF MIDDLE EASTERN & ISLAMIC LAW, Vol. 4, No.1, pp. 1-7
^ "Hadd" Oxford Islamic Studies
^ a b Wasti, Tahir (2009). The application of Islamic criminal law in Pakistan Sharia in practice. Brill Academic. p. xix, 72–73. ISBN 978-90-04-17225-8.
^ a b c d e Mohamed S. El-Awa (1993). Punishment In Islamic Law. American Trust Publications. pp. 1–68. ISBN 978-0892591428.
^ a b Wael Hallaq (2009), SHARI’A: THEORY, PRACTICE, TRANSFORMATIONS, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521678742, pp. 309, 551-558
^ a b Smith, Sidonie (Editor) (1998). Women, Autobiography, Theory : a Reader. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-299-15844-6. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ "Hadd" Oxford Islamic Studies, Oxford University Press
^ Silvia Tellenbach (2015). The Oxford Handbook of Criminal Law (Ed: Markus D. Dubber and Tatjana Hornle). Oxford University Press. pp. 251–253. ISBN 978-0199673599.
^ Mohamed S. El-Awa (1993), Punishment In Islamic Law, American Trust Publications, ISBN 978-0892591428
^ Christie S. Warren, Islamic Criminal Law, Oxford University Press, Qisas
^ Wasti, Tahir (2009). The application of Islamic criminal law in Pakistan Sharia in practice. Brill Academic. pp. 283–288. ISBN 978-90-04-17225-8.
^ Tahir Wasti (2009), The Application of Islamic Criminal Law in Pakistan: Sharia in Practice, Brill Academic, ISBN 978-9004172258, pp. 12-13
^ Encyclopædia Britannica, Qisas (2012)
^ Wasti, Tahir (2009). The application of Islamic criminal law in Pakistan Sharia in practice. Brill Academic. p. xix. ISBN 978-90-04-17225-8.
^ "Qadi" Encyclopædia Britannica
^ Burns, Jonathan (2013). Introduction to Islamic law : principles of civil, criminal, and international law under the Shari'a. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-9845182-5-8.
^ a b c d e Hakeem, Farrukh (2012). Policing Muslim communities comparative international context. New York: Springer. pp. 16–20. ISBN 978-1-4614-3551-8.
^ a b c Criminal Law in Islam, The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World, Oxford Islamic Studies, Oxford University Press (2013)
^ a b Bassiouni, M (1982). The Islamic criminal justice system (Ta'azir Crimes chapter). London New York: Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-20749-1.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Omar A. Farrukh (1969). Ibn Taimiyya on Public and Private Law in Islam or Public Policy in Islamic Jurisprudence. pp. 92–97. OCLC 55624054.
^ Boğaç Ergene (2009). Judicial practice : institutions and agents in the Islamic world. Leiden: Brill Academic. pp. 266–267. ISBN 978-90-04-17934-9.
^ Ibn Nujaym, Zayn al-Dīn Ibrāhīm (1997). al-Baḥr al-rāʾiq sharḥ Kanz al-daqāʾiq. Dar al-kutub al-ʿilmiyya. pp. V: 68.
^ James E. Baldwin (2012), Prostitution, Islamic Law and Ottoman Societies, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 55, pp. 117-52
^ Terrill, Richard (2013). World criminal justice systems : a comparative survey. Anderson Pub. pp. 562–563. ISBN 978-1-4557-2589-2.
^ Gerald E. Lampe (1997). Justice and human rights in Islamic law. Washington, D.C: International Law Institute. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-03-532984-0.
^ Basuni, Izzuddin (2014-05-17). "Ta'zir offences explained". The Brunei Times. Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2015-05-09.
^ Cronin, Stephanie (2004). Reformers and revolutionaries in modern Iran : new perspectives on the Iranian left. Routledge. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-415-57344-3.
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Hadd crimes include[8] theft, illicit sexual relations or rape, making unproven accusations of illicit sex, drinking intoxicants like alcohol, apostasy, and highway robbery.[5][9]\nQisas, (literally \"retaliation in kind\"[10]) and diya, (دية) (\"blood money\"), in Islamic jurisprudence, are the second category of crimes, where Sharia specifies equal retaliation (qisas) or monetary compensation (diya[11]), as a possible punishment. 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These instances led early Islamic scholars to interpret the Quran as requiring discretionary punishment of certain offenses, namely Tazir.[18] Example specific verses from the Quran that support taazir are,[18]And as for the two who are guilty of indecency from among you, give them both a punishment; then if they repent and amend, turn aside from them; surely Allah is Oft-returning (to mercy), the Merciful.— Quran 4:16And (as for) those who dispute about Allah after that obedience has been rendered to Him, their plea is null with their Lord, and upon them is wrath, and for them is severe punishment.— Quran 42:16","title":"Scripture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oiscl-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oiscl-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mbicjs-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oiscl-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mbicjs-20"},{"link_name":"Ibn Taymiyyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oafp92-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oafp92-21"},{"link_name":"need quotation to verify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oafp92-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oafp92-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oafp92-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oafp92-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oafp92-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oafp92-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oafp92-21"},{"link_name":"Qadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadi"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oafp92-21"},{"link_name":"need quotation to verify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mc13-2"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-be266-22"}],"text":"Tazir offenses are broadly grouped into two sub-categories in Islamic literature.[19] The first are those offenses that have the same nature but do not exactly meet the complete requirements of hudud crimes. Examples of such Tazir offenses include thefts among relatives, or attempted but unsuccessful robbery, fornication that does not include penetration, and homosexual contacts such as kissing that does not result in fornication.[19][20] The second sub-category of Tazir offenses relate to offenses committed by an individual that violate the behavior demanded in the Quran and the Hadiths. Examples of the second sub-category include false testimony, loaning money or any property to another person for interest in addition to principal, any acts that threaten or damage the public order or Muslim community or Islam.[19][20]The fourteenth century Islamic jurist Ibn Taymiyyah included any form of disobedience as a Tazir offense, although his views were not accepted widely and listed several examples where there is no legal penalty in Sharia:[21]the man who kisses a boy or a woman unrelated to him by marriage or a very near kinship;[21][need quotation to verify]\nthe man who flirts without fornication;[21]\nthe man who eats a forbidden thing like blood, or dead animal which suffers natural death, or meat that is slaughtered in an unlawful manner;[21]\nthe man who steals a thing lying in open or one whose value is unclear;[21]\nthe man who debases the commodities such as foodstuffs and clothes, or who gives short measure of capacity or weight;[21]\nthe man who bears false witness or encourages others to bear false witness;[21]\nthe judge who judges contrary to what Allah has enjoined;[21]\nthe non-Muslim or Muslim engaged in espionage;[21]\nthe man who questions Qadi's opinion or challenges the views of other Muslims;[21][need quotation to verify]Numerous other offenses are included in Tazir category.[2][22]","title":"Examples of Tazir offenses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fh16-18"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fh16-18"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"fiqh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh"},{"link_name":"Madhhab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhhab"},{"link_name":"Hanafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanafi"},{"link_name":"Maliki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maliki"},{"link_name":"Shafii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafii"},{"link_name":"Hanbali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanbali"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"1979 Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Tazir punishments were common in Sharia courts.[18] Punishments vary with the nature of crime and include a prison term, flogging, a fine, banishment, and seizure of property. The sixteenth-century Egyptian jurist Ibn Nujaym said that taʿzīr could consist of lashing, slapping, rubbing the ears, a stern telling-off, disparagement short of slander, or an angry look from the judge.[23][24] Execution is allowed in cases such as practices which split the Muslim community, espionage on behalf of an enemy of the Muslim state.[18][25][26] All four schools of fiqh (Madhhab), namely Hanafi, Maliki, Shafii and Hanbali, permit the death penalty at the discretion of the state or Qadi, for certain Tazir offenses if it is proven by at two least witnesses or a self confession.Contemporary applicationBrunei introduced Tazir into its Syariah Penal Code Order effective 2014. Tazir crimes in Brunei now include offenses such as failing to perform Friday prayers by anyone above 15 years old, any Muslim disrespecting the month of Ramadan, and khalwat (dating or any form of close proximity between unrelated members of opposite sex).[27]Iran introduced Tazir into its legal code after the 1979 Revolution, naming the section as Qanon-e Tazir. These Tazir laws allow prosecution of offenses such as illicit kissing, failing to wear proper head dress such as hejab, and making critical statements against judges and members of the Council of Guardians.[28]","title":"Tazir punishments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wael Hallaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wael_Hallaq"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780521678735","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521678735"}],"text":"Wael Hallaq (2009), An introduction to Islamic law. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521678735.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"Hudud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudud"},{"title":"Qisas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qisas"},{"title":"Sharia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia"}]
|
[{"reference":"Wasti, Tahir (2009). The application of Islamic criminal law in Pakistan Sharia in practice. Brill Academic. p. xix, 72–73. ISBN 978-90-04-17225-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17225-8","url_text":"978-90-04-17225-8"}]},{"reference":"Mohamed S. El-Awa (1993). Punishment In Islamic Law. American Trust Publications. pp. 1–68. ISBN 978-0892591428.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0892591428","url_text":"978-0892591428"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Sidonie (Editor) (1998). Women, Autobiography, Theory : a Reader. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-299-15844-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-15844-6","url_text":"978-0-299-15844-6"}]},{"reference":"Silvia Tellenbach (2015). The Oxford Handbook of Criminal Law (Ed: Markus D. Dubber and Tatjana Hornle). Oxford University Press. pp. 251–253. ISBN 978-0199673599.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199673599","url_text":"978-0199673599"}]},{"reference":"Wasti, Tahir (2009). The application of Islamic criminal law in Pakistan Sharia in practice. Brill Academic. pp. 283–288. ISBN 978-90-04-17225-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17225-8","url_text":"978-90-04-17225-8"}]},{"reference":"Wasti, Tahir (2009). The application of Islamic criminal law in Pakistan Sharia in practice. Brill Academic. p. xix. ISBN 978-90-04-17225-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17225-8","url_text":"978-90-04-17225-8"}]},{"reference":"Burns, Jonathan (2013). Introduction to Islamic law : principles of civil, criminal, and international law under the Shari'a. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-9845182-5-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9845182-5-8","url_text":"978-0-9845182-5-8"}]},{"reference":"Hakeem, Farrukh (2012). Policing Muslim communities comparative international context. New York: Springer. pp. 16–20. ISBN 978-1-4614-3551-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-3551-8","url_text":"978-1-4614-3551-8"}]},{"reference":"Bassiouni, M (1982). The Islamic criminal justice system (Ta'azir Crimes chapter). London New York: Oceana Publications. ISBN 978-0-379-20749-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-379-20749-1","url_text":"978-0-379-20749-1"}]},{"reference":"Omar A. Farrukh (1969). Ibn Taimiyya on Public and Private Law in Islam or Public Policy in Islamic Jurisprudence. pp. 92–97. OCLC 55624054.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55624054","url_text":"55624054"}]},{"reference":"Boğaç Ergene (2009). Judicial practice : institutions and agents in the Islamic world. Leiden: Brill Academic. pp. 266–267. ISBN 978-90-04-17934-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17934-9","url_text":"978-90-04-17934-9"}]},{"reference":"Ibn Nujaym, Zayn al-Dīn Ibrāhīm (1997). al-Baḥr al-rāʾiq sharḥ Kanz al-daqāʾiq. Dar al-kutub al-ʿilmiyya. pp. V: 68.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Terrill, Richard (2013). World criminal justice systems : a comparative survey. Anderson Pub. pp. 562–563. ISBN 978-1-4557-2589-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4557-2589-2","url_text":"978-1-4557-2589-2"}]},{"reference":"Gerald E. Lampe (1997). Justice and human rights in Islamic law. Washington, D.C: International Law Institute. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-03-532984-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-532984-0","url_text":"978-0-03-532984-0"}]},{"reference":"Basuni, Izzuddin (2014-05-17). \"Ta'zir offences explained\". The Brunei Times. Archived from the original on 2015-05-18. Retrieved 2015-05-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150518092652/http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2014/05/17/ta%E2%80%99zir-offences-explained","url_text":"\"Ta'zir offences explained\""},{"url":"http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2014/05/17/ta%E2%80%99zir-offences-explained","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cronin, Stephanie (2004). Reformers and revolutionaries in modern Iran : new perspectives on the Iranian left. Routledge. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-415-57344-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/reformersrevolut00cron","url_text":"Reformers and revolutionaries in modern Iran : new perspectives on the Iranian left"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/reformersrevolut00cron/page/n285","url_text":"273"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-57344-3","url_text":"978-0-415-57344-3"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics
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Paraguay at the 1972 Summer Olympics
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["1 Athletics","2 Shooting","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Sporting event delegationParaguay at the1972 Summer OlympicsIOC codePARNOCComité Olímpico ParaguayoWebsitewww.cop.org.py (in Spanish)in MunichCompetitors3 (3 men and 0 women) in 2 sportsFlag bearer Arnulfo BeckerMedals
Gold
0
Silver
0
Bronze
0
Total
0
Summer Olympics appearances (overview)196819721976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024
Paraguay competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany. Three competitors, all men, took part in three events in two sports.
Athletics
Main article: Athletics at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Key
Note–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
Q = Qualified for the next round
q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
NR = National record
N/A = Round not applicable for the event
Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round
Men
Track & road events
Athlete
Event
Heat
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Final
Result
Rank
Result
Rank
Result
Rank
Result
Rank
Angel Guerreros
100 m
11.12
7
did not advance
Francisco Rojas Soto
400 m
47.46
6
did not advance
Shooting
Main article: Shooting at the 1972 Summer Olympics
One male shooter represented Paraguay in 1972.
Athlete
Event
Final
Points
Rank
Reinaldo Ramírez
300 m free rifle, three positions
1030
33
See also
Paraguay at the 1971 Pan American Games
References
^ "Flagbearers for Paraguay". olympedia.org. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
^ "Paraguay at the 1972 Munich Summer Games". Sports Reference. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
External links
Official Olympic Reports
vte National Olympic Committees at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West GermanyAfrica
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This article about sports in Paraguay is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This 1972 Summer Olympics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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|
[]
|
[{"title":"Paraguay at the 1971 Pan American Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay_at_the_1971_Pan_American_Games"}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anand_Raj_Anand
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Anand Raaj Anand
|
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Discography","3.1 Films","3.2 Albums","4 References","5 External links"]
|
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Anand Raaj Anand" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Anand Raaj AnandAnand Raaj Anand (right) with Akon in 2014Background informationBorn (1961-11-08) 8 November 1961 (age 62)Delhi, IndiaOriginDelhiGenresFilm scoreOccupation(s)Lyricist, film score composer, singerYears active1995–presentMusical artist
Anand Raaj Anand is an Indian composer, lyricist and playback singer in the Hindi film industry. He was nominated for the Best Music Director Filmfare Award for Kaante (2003).
Early life
Anand Raj was born on 8 November 1961 in Delhi in a family of Jewellers. In 1995, he left his family business and went to Mumbai to pursue musical career.
Career
In 1995, his first private album came "Babu Tiptop" in Time music. "Jhanjharia aise chhanak gayi", of this album later was used in the film Krishna by Time Audio (also known as Time Magnetics). He started his work in 1996 when he wrote, composed and sang the songs for the film Masoom in 1996 where the song Chhota Bachcha Jaan Ke along with Kale Libaas Mein and Tukur Tukur Dekhte Ho Kya. Since then, he has been the music director and composer of over 90 films, the lyricist of over 40 soundtracks, and he did playback singing for over 45 films.
Some of his most famous work includes Masoom, Pardesi Babu, Hadh Kar Di Aapne, Bichhoo, Jis Desh Mein Ganga Rehta Hai, Kaante, Kismat, Musafir, Welcome, Shootout at Lokhandwala, Double Dhamaal, Singh Saab The Great and recently released Shootout at Wadala.
He specializes in creating legendary item song like Ishq Samundar, Mere Yaar, Unke Nashe Mein, Hoth Rasiley, Billo Rani, Jalebi Bai, Laila and many others.
He has also made the Anthem for Commonwealth Games 2010 and performed in the opening ceremony.
Apart from giving hit music in films, he has composed for some Private Indian Pop Albums. Some of them are Kamaal Khan's "Suno To Deewana Dil", Suneeta Rao's "Ab Ke Baras", Vibha Sharma's "Mehandi", and Hans Raj Hans's "Chorni" and "Sab Ton Sohni".
Discography
Films
Year
Film
Role
Notes
2003
Masti
Playback singer
Sang "Dil De Diya"
2019
Officer Arjun Singh IPS Batch 2000
Composer, playback singer
2017
Shaadi Mein Zaroor Aana
Composer, Playback Singer
2016
Dil Toh Deewana Hai
Composer, playback singer
Mastizaade
music director
2013
Super Nani
music director
Shootout at Wadala
music director
Singh Sahab the Great
Composer
Grand Masti
Composer
Toofan
Composer
Telugu film
Zanjeer
Composer
Deewana Main Deewana
Composer and lyricist
Mumbai Mirror
Composer
2012
Matinee
Composer
Malayalam film
Chakradhaar
Composer, Playback singer
Agneepath
Playback singer
2011
Double Dhamaal
Composer, lyricist, playback singer
Bin Bulaye Baraati
Composer, lyricist, playback singer
Violin
Composer
Malayalam film
Chalo Dilli
Composer, lyricist
The Lion of Punjab
Composer, playback singer
Punjabi Film
2010
No Problem
Composer, lyricist, playback singer
Benny and Babloo
Composer
Ek Second... Jo Zindagi Badal De...
Composer
2009
Baabarr
Composer, lyricist
Shadow
Composer, Lyricist
Chal Chala Chal
Composer
2008
C Kkompany
Composer
Lakh Pardesi Hoiye
Composer
Haal–e–dil
Composer
Jimmy
Composer, playback singer
Mithya
Composer
2007
Welcome
Composer, playback singer
Dus Kahaniyaan
Composer, Playback Singer
Dhan Dhana Dhan Goal
Playback singer
Chhodon Naa Yaar
Composer, Playback singer
Shootout at Lokhandwala
Composer
Sirf Romance: Love by Chance
Composer
Nehlle Pe Dehlla
Composer
Co-Composer: Himesh Reshammiya
Big Brother
Composer, playback singer
Deha
Composer
2006
Aryan: Unbreakable
Composer
Sarhad Paar
Composer
Vidhyaarthi: The Power of Students
Composer
Love Ke Chakkar Mein
Composer
Humko Tumse Pyaar Hai
Composer, playback singer
My Bollywood Bride
Composer
2005
Jo Bole So Nihaal
Composer
Kaal
Composer 1 song nassa nassa
Tango Charlie
Composer
Chaahat Ek Nasha...
Composer
Oray Pandu
Composer
Telugu film
Jurm
Composer
Bullet: Ek Dhamaka
Composer
Padmashree Laloo Prasad Yadav
Composer
Viruddh... Family Comes First
Composer
2004
Musafir
Composer
Wajahh: A Reason to Kill
Composer
Rakht
Composer
Ek Se Badhkar Ek
Composer
Shikaar
Composer
Ella Enchanted
Composer
Masti
Composer, playback singer
WOH
Composer
Kismat
Composer, playback singer
Plan
Composer, playback singer
2003
Sandhya
Composer
Out of Control
Composer
Jodi Kya Banayi Wah Wah Ramji
Composer
Mumbai Matinee
Composer
Janasheen
Composer
Jaal: The Trap
Composer, playback singer
Calcutta Mail
Composer
Bhoot
Composer
Ek Hindustani
Composer, playback singer
Pyaar Kiya Nahin Jaata..
Composer
2002
Kaante
Composer, playback singer
Nominated: Filmfare Award for Best Music Director
Maseeha
Composer
Annarth
Composer
Hathyar: Face to Face with Reality
Composer
Gunaah
Composer
Zindagi Khoobsoorat Hai
Composer, playback singer
Jaani Dushman: Ek Anokhi Kahani
Composer
23rd March 1931: Shaheed
Composer, playback singer
Yeh Mohabbat Hai
Composer
2001
Dishayen
Composer
TV series
Ehsaas: The Feeling
Composer, playback singer
Tera Mera Saath Rahen
Composer
Indian
Composer
Kyo Kii... Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta
Composer
Jodi No.1
Composer
2000
Champion
Composer, playback singer
Jis Desh Mein Ganga Rehta Hain
Composer
Bichhoo
Composer
Hadh Kar Di Aapne
Composer, playback singer
1999
Heera Lal Panna Lal
Composer
Hote Hote Pyar Ho Gaya
Composer
Lo Main Aa Gaya
Composer
1998
Pardesi Babu
Composer, playback singer
Bandhan
Composer
Major Saab
Composer, lyricist, playback singer
Qila
Composer
Aakrosh: Cyclone of Anger
Composer
2001: Do Hazaar Ek
Composer
Gunda
Composer
Tirchhi Topiwale
Composer
1997
Koi Kisi Se Kum Nahin
Composer
Ghunghat
Composer
Kaalia
Composer
1996
Masoom
Composer
Albums
Year
Album
Role
Singer(s)
Notes
1995
Babu Tiptop
Composer, Playback Singer
Anand Raj Anand
1998
Maiyya Rani
Composer, Playback Singer
Anuradha Paudwal, Udit Narayan, Suresh Wadkar, Sukhwinder Singh, Babla Mehta, Anand Raj Anand
1999
Jaikara Album
Composer, Playback Singer
Anand Raj Anand
2000
Chorni
Composer
Hans Raj Hans
Suno To Deewana Dil
Composer
Kamaal Khan
Ab Ke Baras
Composer
Suneeta Rao
2001
Sab Ton Sohni
Composer
Hans Raj Hans
References
^ Rajiv Vijayakar (20 August 2004). "HIT Machine". Screen Weekly. Retrieved 27 March 2009.
External links
Anand Raaj Anand at IMDb
Singer files case against Anand Raaj Anand
Lion of Punjab Film/Music Release Date Archived 7 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Israel
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
This article about an Indian singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Best Music Director Filmfare Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Music_Director"},{"link_name":"Kaante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaante"}],"text":"Musical artistAnand Raaj Anand is an Indian composer, lyricist and playback singer in the Hindi film industry. He was nominated for the Best Music Director Filmfare Award for Kaante (2003).","title":"Anand Raaj Anand"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"}],"text":"Anand Raj was born on 8 November 1961 in Delhi in a family of Jewellers.[1] In 1995, he left his family business and went to Mumbai to pursue musical career.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Masoom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoom_(1996_film)"},{"link_name":"Pardesi Babu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardesi_Babu"},{"link_name":"Hadh Kar Di Aapne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadh_Kar_Di_Aapne"},{"link_name":"Bichhoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bichhoo"},{"link_name":"Jis Desh Mein Ganga Rehta Hai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jis_Desh_Mein_Ganga_Rehta_Hai"},{"link_name":"Kaante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaante"},{"link_name":"Kismat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kismat_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"Musafir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musafir_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"Welcome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_(2007_film)"},{"link_name":"Shootout at Lokhandwala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shootout_at_Lokhandwala"},{"link_name":"Double Dhamaal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Dhamaal"},{"link_name":"Singh Saab The Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singh_Saab_The_Great"},{"link_name":"Shootout at Wadala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shootout_at_Wadala"},{"link_name":"Jalebi Bai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalebi_Bai"},{"link_name":"Suneeta Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suneeta_Rao"},{"link_name":"Vibha Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibha_Sharma"},{"link_name":"Hans Raj Hans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Raj_Hans"},{"link_name":"Chorni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorni_(album)"},{"link_name":"Sab Ton Sohni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sab_Ton_Sohni"}],"text":"In 1995, his first private album came \"Babu Tiptop\" in Time music. \"Jhanjharia aise chhanak gayi\", of this album later was used in the film Krishna by Time Audio (also known as Time Magnetics). He started his work in 1996 when he wrote, composed and sang the songs for the film Masoom in 1996 where the song Chhota Bachcha Jaan Ke along with Kale Libaas Mein and Tukur Tukur Dekhte Ho Kya. Since then, he has been the music director and composer of over 90 films, the lyricist of over 40 soundtracks, and he did playback singing for over 45 films.Some of his most famous work includes Masoom, Pardesi Babu, Hadh Kar Di Aapne, Bichhoo, Jis Desh Mein Ganga Rehta Hai, Kaante, Kismat, Musafir, Welcome, Shootout at Lokhandwala, Double Dhamaal, Singh Saab The Great and recently released Shootout at Wadala.\nHe specializes in creating legendary item song like Ishq Samundar, Mere Yaar, Unke Nashe Mein, Hoth Rasiley, Billo Rani, Jalebi Bai, Laila and many others.He has also made the Anthem for Commonwealth Games 2010 and performed in the opening ceremony.Apart from giving hit music in films, he has composed for some Private Indian Pop Albums. Some of them are Kamaal Khan's \"Suno To Deewana Dil\", Suneeta Rao's \"Ab Ke Baras\", Vibha Sharma's \"Mehandi\", and Hans Raj Hans's \"Chorni\" and \"Sab Ton Sohni\".","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Films","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","title":"Discography"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford_County_High_School_for_Girls
|
Chelmsford County High School for Girls
|
["1 History","2 Achievements","2.1 Specialisms","2.2 Awards","3 Notable former pupils","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 51°44′35″N 0°28′03″E / 51.743°N 0.4675°E / 51.743; 0.4675
Grammar academy in Chelmsford, Essex, EnglandChelmsford County High School for GirlsAddressBroomfield RoadChelmsford, Essex, CM1 1RWEnglandCoordinates51°44′35″N 0°28′03″E / 51.743°N 0.4675°E / 51.743; 0.4675InformationTypeGrammar AcademyMottoVitai Lampada Ferimus(We carry the torch of life)Established1906Department for Education URN136412 TablesOfstedReportsHeadteacherStephen LawlorAge11 to 18Enrolment1260HousesCurie (green), Grey-Thompson (blue), Hepburn (red), Stewart (yellow), Frank (purple), Angelou (navy)Websitehttp://www.cchs.co.uk/
Chelmsford County High School main building
Chelmsford County High School for Girls or "CCHS", is a selective grammar school for girls aged 11–18 located in Chelmsford, Essex, England. Entrance to the school is by an academic selection test. CCHS is traditionally rated among the most consistently high achieving and academically successful secondary schools in the United Kingdom, regularly scoring top marks for both GCSE and A-level results.
History
The official history of Chelmsford County High School between 1906 and 1982 is chronicled in "A History of Chelmsford County High School" by Mary Kenyon.
The school was built in 1906, and officially opened in May 1907, with its first Headmistress Mabel Vernon-Harcourt. It had 76 pupils on the school roll. Miss Edith Bancroft became the second Headmistress until she retired in 1935. A new school science building, known as Bancroft Wing, was named in her honour when it was finished in 1950. Bancroft Wing subsequently became a languages building. Miss Bancroft retired as Headmistress in 1935 and was succeeded by the school's third Headmistress, Miss Geraldine Cadbury until 1961. A science block, the Cadbury Science Building, was named after her when it opened in 1995. In 1979, Miss Phyllis Pattison retired, having been headmistress since 1961, and was replaced by Miss Anne Brooks in 1980. Miss Brooks retired in 1989 and was replaced in 1990 by Bernice McCabe, who served for seven years until 1997. In 1997, Bernice McCabe left to take up the post of Headmistress in the North London Collegiate School for Girls. She was replaced by Monica Curtis, who retired in April 2006. Mrs Glynis Howland, Deputy Head, became Acting Headteacher until the appointment of Mrs Nicole Chapman, the school´s eighth Headmistress, who took over her new post in April 2007. Mrs Chapman retired in 2019, with Mr Stephen Lawlor succeeding her as Headteacher, the first male headteacher in the history of the school.
In 1908 the school only had one male teacher – Art master, Alfred Bamford. In January 1910 the School Hostel opened in rented premises under the care of a Mrs Smylie to allow students with long journeys between home and school to stay in Chelmsford during the week. The school remained open throughout World War I, with forms being assigned "shelter" in a place away from windows or an outer wall. It also took in refugee students from Belgium and educated them. In June 1916 Winifred Picking became the School's first University success when she gained a First Class degree in the Natural Science Tripos at Girton College, Cambridge. The school's motto "Vitai lampada ferimus" or " We carry the torch of life" was chosen in 1923, which is part of the school crest. In 1936 the School Hostel shut down due to lack of viability, due to improved transport around Chelmsford. A year later, in 1937, the electric bell system was first installed. It was removed in 1999. The school remained open during World War II, though this time the school was damaged several times in air raids. Fortunately the worst raid, when nearly every window in the school was broken, occurred during a school holiday. Maintaining examination conditions during air raids was also a problem: eventually exam candidates were given their own separate shelter. Extensive building work was initiated in the 1950s and continued throughout the 1960s – in that time, the current caretaker's house, swimming pool, hall, canteen, art rooms, and library were built. In February 1962, HRH Queen Elizabeth, The Queen Mother arrived on the School grounds by helicopter to be guest of honour at the Senior Speech Day, which was held at Chelmsford Cathedral. The introduction of Technology, particularly IT, began in the 1980s. In 1992, CCHS became a Grant Maintained school with control over its own funds, and a School Bursar was employed. Margaret Thatcher, along with the local MP Simon Burns, paid a brief visit to the school on 30 March 1992. Building work continued with the development of the new school Astroturf pitch in 2004, the extension of the sixth form common room in 2005, and new music centre in 2007, which has been built in the shape of an orchestra, including a fully equipped recording studio. The building was opened in January 2008 by Dame Evelyn Glennie. In 2007 the School celebrated its Centenary, with HRH Sophie, Countess of Wessex. The school converted to academy status on 1 January 2011. In 2013 the new Languages Centre was completed, which has brought language learning into the 21st century. In 2015 and in 2020 the governors of the School voted unanimously to expand CCHS by 30 each time, increasing the intake to 180, the decision was taken in response to the ever-increasing demand for places at the School and a desire to offer the opportunity to be educated in a grammar school to even more girls.
The Old Girls’ Society was formed in 1908 by the first girls to leave the School at the end of their education, and the first Magazine was published in December 1909, and both traditions have still continued, the society has been renamed to The CCHS Alumnae. In 1925 the School House system was first set up, with each House named after a Governor of the School: Chancellor, Hulton, Pennefather, and Tancock. This was changed in 1986 to three houses, C, H, and S; in 1996 a fourth house, G, was added. In September 2015, a fifth House, F, was established, and in 2020 a sixth House was added, A. The Houses are named after influential women.
Achievements
CCHS is noted for its high academic achievements. It is one of the most consistently highly performing schools in the country, and regularly appears in the top 10 of the Times School Supplement for GCSE, A Level and now IB results. The school also has an extremely high rate of attendance in comparison with other schools.
Specialisms
CCHS gained Technology College status in 2000, although it only provides computer science as a technical subject Music College status (with English) in 2005 and Language College status in 2006. The school converted to an academy in 2011, but continues with the specialisms.
Awards
CCHS held Beacon School status from 2001 to the award's discontinuation in 2005, as an example of successful practice with a view to sharing the practice with others.
An Achievement Award was awarded in all three years (1999/2000 to 2001/2002) that the scheme ran. The Award was made for achieving better results than most schools in similar circumstances.
In July 2002, CCHS was awarded with the Sportsmark Gold from Sport England for its out of hours sports provision and a broad and balanced PE curriculum. There are two levels of award: Sportsmark and Sportsmark Gold.
In 2015, CCHS was award The Prince's Teaching Institute (PTI) Leadership Award.
Notable former pupils
See also: Category:People educated at Chelmsford County High School for Girls
Dame Margaret Anstee – UN Under-Secretary General 1987–93
Karen Buck – MP for Regent's Park and Kensington North
Rachel Elnaugh – entrepreneur and panellist on Dragons' Den
Sarah Perry (née Butler) – writer
Catharni Stern – sculptor
Sarah Tyacke (née Jeacock) – former Keeper of Public Records and Chief executive of The National Archives, and cartographic historian
Rosemary Vercoe (1917–2013), British costume designer
References
^ "BBC News, School league tables 2004, Chelmsford County High School for Girls". BBC News. 2 November 2004. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
^ School search
^ Four S / Home Archived 22 December 2004 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Karen Buck". Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
^ "Dragon back in her den". The Observer. London. 11 December 2005. Retrieved 5 January 2008.
^ Baker, Anne Pimlott (1 January 2017). "Vercoe, Rosemary Joyce (1917–2013), costume designer". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/109235. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
External links
The official CCHS website
School Memoirs including CCHS History
The last Ofsted Report for CCHS
Arctic Expedition
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chelmsford_County_High_School_main_building.jpg"},{"link_name":"grammar school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_school"},{"link_name":"Chelmsford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford"},{"link_name":"GCSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCSE"},{"link_name":"A-level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-level"}],"text":"Grammar academy in Chelmsford, Essex, EnglandChelmsford County High School main buildingChelmsford County High School for Girls or \"CCHS\", is a selective grammar school for girls aged 11–18 located in Chelmsford, Essex, England. Entrance to the school is by an academic selection test. CCHS is traditionally rated among the most consistently high achieving and academically successful secondary schools in the United Kingdom, regularly scoring top marks for both GCSE and A-level results.","title":"Chelmsford County High School for Girls"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North London Collegiate School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_London_Collegiate_School"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Girton College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girton_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Margaret Thatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"Simon Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Burns"}],"text":"The official history of Chelmsford County High School between 1906 and 1982 is chronicled in \"A History of Chelmsford County High School\" by Mary Kenyon.The school was built in 1906, and officially opened in May 1907, with its first Headmistress Mabel Vernon-Harcourt. It had 76 pupils on the school roll. Miss Edith Bancroft became the second Headmistress until she retired in 1935. A new school science building, known as Bancroft Wing, was named in her honour when it was finished in 1950. Bancroft Wing subsequently became a languages building. Miss Bancroft retired as Headmistress in 1935 and was succeeded by the school's third Headmistress, Miss Geraldine Cadbury until 1961. A science block, the Cadbury Science Building, was named after her when it opened in 1995. In 1979, Miss Phyllis Pattison retired, having been headmistress since 1961, and was replaced by Miss Anne Brooks in 1980. Miss Brooks retired in 1989 and was replaced in 1990 by Bernice McCabe, who served for seven years until 1997. In 1997, Bernice McCabe left to take up the post of Headmistress in the North London Collegiate School for Girls. She was replaced by Monica Curtis, who retired in April 2006. Mrs Glynis Howland, Deputy Head, became Acting Headteacher until the appointment of Mrs Nicole Chapman, the school´s eighth Headmistress, who took over her new post in April 2007. Mrs Chapman retired in 2019, with Mr Stephen Lawlor succeeding her as Headteacher, the first male headteacher in the history of the school.In 1908 the school only had one male teacher – Art master, Alfred Bamford. In January 1910 the School Hostel opened in rented premises under the care of a Mrs Smylie to allow students with long journeys between home and school to stay in Chelmsford during the week. The school remained open throughout World War I, with forms being assigned \"shelter\" in a place away from windows or an outer wall. It also took in refugee students from Belgium and educated them. In June 1916 Winifred Picking became the School's first University success when she gained a First Class degree in the Natural Science Tripos at Girton College, Cambridge. The school's motto \"Vitai lampada ferimus\" or \" We carry the torch of life\" was chosen in 1923, which is part of the school crest. In 1936 the School Hostel shut down due to lack of viability, due to improved transport around Chelmsford. A year later, in 1937, the electric bell system was first installed. It was removed in 1999. The school remained open during World War II, though this time the school was damaged several times in air raids. Fortunately the worst raid, when nearly every window in the school was broken, occurred during a school holiday. Maintaining examination conditions during air raids was also a problem: eventually exam candidates were given their own separate shelter. Extensive building work was initiated in the 1950s and continued throughout the 1960s – in that time, the current caretaker's house, swimming pool, hall, canteen, art rooms, and library were built. In February 1962, HRH Queen Elizabeth, The Queen Mother arrived on the School grounds by helicopter to be guest of honour at the Senior Speech Day, which was held at Chelmsford Cathedral. The introduction of Technology, particularly IT, began in the 1980s. In 1992, CCHS became a Grant Maintained school with control over its own funds, and a School Bursar was employed. Margaret Thatcher, along with the local MP Simon Burns, paid a brief visit to the school on 30 March 1992. Building work continued with the development of the new school Astroturf pitch in 2004, the extension of the sixth form common room in 2005, and new music centre in 2007, which has been built in the shape of an orchestra, including a fully equipped recording studio. The building was opened in January 2008 by Dame Evelyn Glennie. In 2007 the School celebrated its Centenary, with HRH Sophie, Countess of Wessex. The school converted to academy status on 1 January 2011. In 2013 the new Languages Centre was completed, which has brought language learning into the 21st century. In 2015 and in 2020 the governors of the School voted unanimously to expand CCHS by 30 each time, increasing the intake to 180, the decision was taken in response to the ever-increasing demand for places at the School and a desire to offer the opportunity to be educated in a grammar school to even more girls.The Old Girls’ Society was formed in 1908 by the first girls to leave the School at the end of their education, and the first Magazine was published in December 1909, and both traditions have still continued, the society has been renamed to The CCHS Alumnae. In 1925 the School House system was first set up, with each House named after a Governor of the School: Chancellor, Hulton, Pennefather, and Tancock. This was changed in 1986 to three houses, C, H, and S; in 1996 a fourth house, G, was added. In September 2015, a fifth House, F, was established, and in 2020 a sixth House was added, A. The Houses are named after influential women.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"CCHS is noted for its high academic achievements. It is one of the most consistently highly performing schools in the country, and regularly appears in the top 10 of the Times School Supplement for GCSE, A Level and now IB results. The school also has an extremely high rate of attendance in comparison with other schools.[1]","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Technology College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Music College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_College"},{"link_name":"Language College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_College"}],"sub_title":"Specialisms","text":"CCHS gained Technology College status in 2000, although it only provides computer science as a technical subject[2] Music College status (with English) in 2005 and Language College status in 2006. The school converted to an academy in 2011, but continues with the specialisms.","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Awards","text":"CCHS held Beacon School status from 2001 to the award's discontinuation in 2005, as an example of successful practice with a view to sharing the practice with others.\nAn Achievement Award was awarded in all three years (1999/2000 to 2001/2002) that the scheme ran. The Award was made for achieving better results than most schools in similar circumstances.\nIn July 2002, CCHS was awarded with the Sportsmark Gold[3] from Sport England for its out of hours sports provision and a broad and balanced PE curriculum. There are two levels of award: Sportsmark and Sportsmark Gold.\nIn 2015, CCHS was award The Prince's Teaching Institute (PTI) Leadership Award.","title":"Achievements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:People educated at Chelmsford County High School for Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Chelmsford_County_High_School_for_Girls"},{"link_name":"Margaret Anstee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Anstee"},{"link_name":"UN Under-Secretary General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undersecretary-General_of_the_United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Karen Buck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Buck"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Regent's Park and Kensington North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent%27s_Park_and_Kensington_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Rachel Elnaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Elnaugh"},{"link_name":"Dragons' Den","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragons%27_Den"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sarah Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Perry"},{"link_name":"Catharni Stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharni_Stern"},{"link_name":"Sarah Tyacke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Tyacke"},{"link_name":"The National Archives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Rosemary Vercoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Vercoe"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"See also: Category:People educated at Chelmsford County High School for GirlsDame Margaret Anstee – UN Under-Secretary General 1987–93\nKaren Buck – MP for Regent's Park and Kensington North[4]\nRachel Elnaugh – entrepreneur and panellist on Dragons' Den[5]\nSarah Perry (née Butler) – writer\nCatharni Stern – sculptor\nSarah Tyacke (née Jeacock) – former Keeper of Public Records and Chief executive of The National Archives, and cartographic historian\nRosemary Vercoe (1917–2013), British costume designer[6]","title":"Notable former pupils"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Chelmsford County High School main building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Chelmsford_County_High_School_main_building.jpg/300px-Chelmsford_County_High_School_main_building.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"BBC News, School league tables 2004, Chelmsford County High School for Girls\". BBC News. 2 November 2004. Retrieved 28 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/education/04/school_tables/secondary_schools/html/881_5410.stm","url_text":"\"BBC News, School league tables 2004, Chelmsford County High School for Girls\""}]},{"reference":"\"Karen Buck\". Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200229050144/https://www.politics.co.uk/reference/karen-patricia-buck","url_text":"\"Karen Buck\""},{"url":"https://www.politics.co.uk/reference/karen-patricia-buck","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dragon back in her den\". The Observer. London. 11 December 2005. Retrieved 5 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://observer.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,6903,1664407,00.html","url_text":"\"Dragon back in her den\""}]},{"reference":"Baker, Anne Pimlott (1 January 2017). \"Vercoe, Rosemary Joyce (1917–2013), costume designer\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/109235.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/109235","url_text":"\"Vercoe, Rosemary Joyce (1917–2013), costume designer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F109235","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/109235"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chelmsford_County_High_School_for_Girls¶ms=51.743_N_0.4675_E_type:edu_region:GB_dim:100","external_links_name":"51°44′35″N 0°28′03″E / 51.743°N 0.4675°E / 51.743; 0.4675"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chelmsford_County_High_School_for_Girls¶ms=51.743_N_0.4675_E_type:edu_region:GB_dim:100","external_links_name":"51°44′35″N 0°28′03″E / 51.743°N 0.4675°E / 51.743; 0.4675"},{"Link":"https://get-information-schools.service.gov.uk/Establishments/Establishment/Details/136412","external_links_name":"136412"},{"Link":"https://www.compare-school-performance.service.gov.uk/school/136412","external_links_name":"Tables"},{"Link":"https://reports.ofsted.gov.uk/inspection-reports/find-inspection-report/provider/ELS/136412","external_links_name":"Reports"},{"Link":"http://www.cchs.co.uk/","external_links_name":"http://www.cchs.co.uk/"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/education/04/school_tables/secondary_schools/html/881_5410.stm","external_links_name":"\"BBC News, School league tables 2004, Chelmsford County High School for Girls\""},{"Link":"http://www.ssatrust.org.uk/schools/search/default.aspa?id=8815410","external_links_name":"School search"},{"Link":"http://www.fours.co.uk/default.asp?V_DOC_ID=957","external_links_name":"Four S / Home"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041222200606/http://www.fours.co.uk/default.asp?V_DOC_ID=957","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200229050144/https://www.politics.co.uk/reference/karen-patricia-buck","external_links_name":"\"Karen Buck\""},{"Link":"https://www.politics.co.uk/reference/karen-patricia-buck","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://observer.guardian.co.uk/business/story/0,6903,1664407,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Dragon back in her den\""},{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/109235","external_links_name":"\"Vercoe, Rosemary Joyce (1917–2013), costume designer\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F109235","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/109235"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"http://www.cchs.co.uk/","external_links_name":"The official CCHS website"},{"Link":"http://messybeast.com/uvx7swebpage/school-memoirs.htm","external_links_name":"School Memoirs including CCHS History"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060423011622/http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/reports/115/115326.pdf","external_links_name":"The last Ofsted Report for CCHS"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100304174750/http://arctic2010.webs.com/","external_links_name":"Arctic Expedition"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000040453814X","external_links_name":"ISNI"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakan_Lidbo
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Håkan Lidbo
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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Swedish music producer
Lidbo in 2013.
Håkan Lidbo (born 20 July 1965) is a Swedish music producer, primarily active in electronica, but also other genres. He has published over 350 records on a variety of record labels, is the editor of the radio show Power and operates Volt Festival in Uppsala.
He is also behind the music project Pay TV that participated in the Swedish Eurovision Song Contest twice.
Lidbo was born in Malmö, Sweden.
References
^ "Håkan Lidbo", TEDx Stockholm. Accessed 9 December 2017.
^ "Håkan Lidbo remixes Beethoven". Dagens Nyheter.
External links
Official website
Håkan Lidbo discography at Discogs
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Sweden
Czech Republic
Artists
MusicBrainz
This Swedish musical biography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hakan_Lidbo,_2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"electronica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronica"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest"},{"link_name":"Malmö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"}],"text":"Lidbo in 2013.Håkan Lidbo (born 20 July 1965) is a Swedish music producer, primarily active in electronica, but also other genres. He has published over 350 records on a variety of record labels,[1] is the editor of the radio show Power and operates Volt Festival in Uppsala.[2]\nHe is also behind the music project Pay TV that participated in the Swedish Eurovision Song Contest twice.Lidbo was born in Malmö, Sweden.","title":"Håkan Lidbo"}]
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[{"image_text":"Lidbo in 2013.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Hakan_Lidbo%2C_2013.jpg/200px-Hakan_Lidbo%2C_2013.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Håkan Lidbo remixes Beethoven\". Dagens Nyheter.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dn.se/kultur-noje/musik/hakan-lidbo-later-beethoven-mota-electrohousen/","url_text":"\"Håkan Lidbo remixes Beethoven\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://event.tedxstockholm.com/speakers/hakan-lidbo/","external_links_name":"Håkan Lidbo"},{"Link":"http://www.dn.se/kultur-noje/musik/hakan-lidbo-later-beethoven-mota-electrohousen/","external_links_name":"\"Håkan Lidbo remixes Beethoven\""},{"Link":"http://hakanlidbo.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/96-H%C3%A5kan-Lidbo","external_links_name":"Håkan Lidbo"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000131112599","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/250498040","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/tr58gdwc4r86bcn","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20060315018&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/d2b109c1-5fbc-4d49-b825-e2d40ec28e47","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A5kan_Lidbo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenry_railway_station
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Athenry railway station
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["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 53°18′3″N 8°44′59″W / 53.30083°N 8.74972°W / 53.30083; -8.74972Station in County Galway, Ireland
AthenryBaile Átha an RíPlatform at AthenryGeneral informationLocationChurch StreetAthenry, County GalwayIrelandCoordinates53°18′3″N 8°44′59″W / 53.30083°N 8.74972°W / 53.30083; -8.74972Elevation42 metres (138 ft)Owned byIarnród ÉireannOperated byIarnród ÉireannLine(s)
Dublin-Westport/Galway
Limerick-Galway
Platforms2Tracks2ConstructionStructure typeAt-gradeParkingYesBicycle facilitiesyesOther informationStation codeATHRYFare zoneNHistoryOpened1 August 1851 (172 years ago) (1851-08-01)Services
Preceding station
Iarnród Éireann
Following station
Attymon
InterCity Dublin–Westport/Galway railway line
Oranmore
Craughwell
InterCity Western Rail Corridor
Oranmore
Terminus
Commuter Galway Suburban Rail
Oranmore
Future
Craughwell
InterCityLimerick-Tuam
Ballyglunin
Location
vteDublin toGalway/Westport
Legend
Yearclosed
Phoenix Park Tunnelto Dublin Connolly
Luas Red Lineto Dublin Connolly & The Point
Dublin Heuston
Luas Red Lineto Tallaght & Saggart
Inchicore Works
Park West andCherry Orchard
Clondalkin/Fonthill
Kishoge
Adamstown
Hazelhatch and Celbridge
Straffan
1947
Sallins and Naas
Newbridge
Kildare
Dublin–Waterford line
Monasterevin
Portarlington
Dublin to Cork line
Tullamore
Horseleap Branchto Mullingar
1964
Clara
Athlone
Ballinasloe
Woodlawn
Attymon
Western Railway Corridorto Limerick
Athenry
Oranmore
Galway
Roscommon
Castlerea
Ballyhaunis
Claremorris
to Collooney
Manulla Junction Exchangeonly
Foxford
Ballina
Castlebar
Westport
to Achill
1937
Westport Quay
1978
vteLimerick–Galway
Legend
Dublin–Galway Line
to Claremorris
Athenry
Oranmore
Galway
Craughwell
Ardrahan
Gort
Ennis
Sixmilebridge
Limerick Colbert
Athenry railway station serves the town of Athenry in County Galway.
The station lies on the Dublin to Galway intercity service and Galway to Limerick and Galway to Athenry commuter services.
Passengers for Westport and Ballina travel to Athlone and change trains.
It was once connected to Tuam and Claremorris in the north. This service may be resumed (see Western Rail Corridor).
History
The station was opened on 1 August 1851, by the Midland Great Western Railway. In November 2016, it was announced the station could lose its connection to Ennis again by 2018 with the closure of the Ennis to Athenry line to save money.
Athenry with a train heading to Galway
A steam hauled railtour in 1988
Athenry rail connections in the 1900s
See also
List of railway stations in Ireland
References
^ "Timetables". Irish Rail. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
External links
Irish Rail: Athenry Station
This Ireland railway station-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Athenry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenry"},{"link_name":"County Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Galway"},{"link_name":"Dublin to Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin%E2%80%93Westport/Galway_railway_line"},{"link_name":"Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Westport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westport_railway_station,_Mayo"},{"link_name":"Ballina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballina_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Athlone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlone_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Tuam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuam_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Claremorris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claremorris_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Western Rail Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Rail_Corridor"}],"text":"Station in County Galway, IrelandAthenry railway station serves the town of Athenry in County Galway.The station lies on the Dublin to Galway intercity service and Galway to Limerick and Galway to Athenry commuter services.Passengers for Westport and Ballina travel to Athlone and change trains.[1]It was once connected to Tuam and Claremorris in the north. This service may be resumed (see Western Rail Corridor).","title":"Athenry railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Midland Great Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Great_Western_Railway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Athenry_station_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1259237.jpg"},{"link_name":"Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steam_train_leaving_Athenry_(geograph_3747238).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Athenry_rail_connecctions_from_RJD_128.jpg"}],"text":"The station was opened on 1 August 1851, by the Midland Great Western Railway. In November 2016, it was announced the station could lose its connection to Ennis again by 2018 with the closure of the Ennis to Athenry line to save money.Athenry with a train heading to Galway\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA steam hauled railtour in 1988\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAthenry rail connections in the 1900s","title":"History"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of railway stations in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Ireland"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Timetables\". Irish Rail. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 14 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190402042758/http://www.irishrail.ie/train-timetables/timetables-by-route","url_text":"\"Timetables\""},{"url":"http://www.irishrail.ie/index.jsp?p=119&n=147","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Athenry_railway_station¶ms=53_18_3_N_8_44_59_W_type:railwaystation_region:","external_links_name":"53°18′3″N 8°44′59″W / 53.30083°N 8.74972°W / 53.30083; -8.74972"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Athenry_railway_station¶ms=53_18_3_N_8_44_59_W_type:railwaystation_region:","external_links_name":"53°18′3″N 8°44′59″W / 53.30083°N 8.74972°W / 53.30083; -8.74972"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190402042758/http://www.irishrail.ie/train-timetables/timetables-by-route","external_links_name":"\"Timetables\""},{"Link":"http://www.irishrail.ie/index.jsp?p=119&n=147","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.irishrail.ie/Athenry","external_links_name":"Irish Rail: Athenry Station"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Athenry_railway_station&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouf_Al_Anzi
|
Nouf Al Anzi
|
["1 References"]
|
Emirati footballer (born 1996)
This article may contain an excessive number of citations. Please help remove low-quality or irrelevant citations. (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Nouf Faleh Al Anzi (Arabic: نوف العنزي; born 1996) is an Emirati footballer who plays as a midfielder for Spanish club Leganés. She debuted for the United Arab Emirates women's national team at age 17.
References
^ "From Abu Dhabi to Leganés, this is the story of Nouf Al-Anzi". marca.com. 13 December 2022.
^ "نوف العنزي: انطلقت من أبوظبي بطموح «العالمية»". aletihad.ae.
^ "نوف العنزي.. لاعبة ومدربة وحكم ومهندسة أمن معلومات". maratalyoum.com. 17 April 2020.
^ "نوف العنزي: كرة القدم حرمتني من الحلويات والشوكولاتة". emarataalyoum.com. March 2018.
^ "نوف العنزي لـ«الرؤية»: زيدان معجب بتطور كرة السيدات في الإمارات". alroeya.com.
^ "«العنزي» و«الطاهري» و«الدرعي».. رائدات إماراتيات في كرة القدم للسيدات". alroeya.com.
^ "نوف العنزي.. لاعبة كرة بمرتبة الشرف". albayan.ae. 16 October 2019.
^ "نوف العنزي.. أول لاعبة إماراتية تحترف في الخارج". albayan.ae. 22 August 2017.
^ "العنود ونوف العنزي.. رسالة في حب الإمارات". albayan.ae. 30 July 2022.
^ "نوف العنزي.. من "الوحدة" إلى العالمية". cnn.com. 11 August 2023.
^ "نوف العنزي: كرة القدم عززت ثقتي بنفسي". zahratalkhaleej.ae.
^ "نوف العنزي: نصيحة من زيدان وراء تحقيق حلمي.. وأحضّر لـ «الماجستير»". emaratalyoum.com. 13 March 2023.
^ "نوف العنزي: حان وقت الإنجازات لمنتخب الإمارات للسيدات". alwahdanews.ae.
^ "Nouf Al Anzi a source of inspiration in women's game". thenationalnews.com. 10 April 2022.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midfielder"},{"link_name":"Leganés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_Legan%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates women's national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Nouf Faleh Al Anzi (Arabic: نوف العنزي; born 1996) is an Emirati footballer who plays as a midfielder for Spanish club Leganés.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] She debuted for the United Arab Emirates women's national team at age 17.[14]","title":"Nouf Al Anzi"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaie-ji_temple_ruins
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Kaie-ji temple ruins
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["1 Overview","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Hakuhō period Buddhist temple ruins
Kaeji temple ruins海会寺跡Kaeji temple ruins, foundations of cloister and pagodaKaeji temple ruinsShow map of Osaka PrefectureKaie-ji temple ruins (Japan)Show map of JapanLocationSennan, Osaka, JapanRegionKansai regionCoordinates34°22′31.7″N 135°17′25.6″E / 34.375472°N 135.290444°E / 34.375472; 135.290444Typetemple ruinsHistoryFounded7th century ADPeriodsHakuhō periodSite notesPublic accessYes (archaeological park, museum)Important Cultural Property National Historic Site of Japan
The Kaieji temple ruins (海会寺跡, Kaeji ato), is an archaeological site with the ruins of a Hakuhō period Buddhist temple located in the Shindachionoshiro neighborhood of the city of Sennan, Osaka, Japan. The temple no longer exists, but the temple grounds were designated as a National Historic Site in 1987.
Overview
Kaeji temple ruins are located near the coast of Osaka Bay, on a stepped hill with an elevation of about 20 meters at the southernmost tip of the Sennan region, and mostly within the precincts of a Shinto Shrine named Ichioka Jinja (一岡神社). The site first came to academic interest in 1936, when a preliminary archaeological excavation found the foundations of a temple with a layout patterned after Hōryū-ji in Ikaruga, Nara, and the site of large residence belonging to a powerful local clan leader. The design of the roof tiles indicated that the temple was built in the Asuka period, or the latter half of the 7th century. The foundations of the Kondō in the east and a Pagoda in the west, surrounded by a cloister, as well as the foundations of the Lecture Hall were confirmed in subsequent excavations from 1981 through 1986. The temple appears to have survived into the Muromachi period; however, there is no documentary record of the temple. The name "Kaie-ji" is a modern local geographic name, and may or may not correspond to the name of this temple.
Of the excavated items, 302 pieces were collectively designated as National Important Cultural Properties in 1995 and are stored and exhibited in the adjacent Ancient History Museum (古代史博物館, Kodaishi Hakubutsukan). These include many varieties of roof tiles, fragments of statuary and metal decorations from the ruined pagoda, as well as ceramic shards. Portions of the site have been preserved as an archaeological park.It is located a 25-minute walk from Okadaura Station on the Nankai Main Line.
Gallery
Foundation of the Pagoda
Foundation of the Lecture Hall, and Ichioka Jinja which is located on the site of the Kondō
Foundations of the South Gate
Ancient History Museum
See also
List of Historic Sites of Japan (Osaka)
References
^ "海会寺跡" (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
^ a b Isomura, Yukio; Sakai, Hideya (2012). (国指定史跡事典) National Historic Site Encyclopedia. 学生社. ISBN 4311750404.(in Japanese)
^ "大阪府海会寺跡出土品" (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
External links
Media related to Kaieji at Wikimedia Commons
Sennan city home page (in Japanese)
Sennan Tourist Information (in Japanese)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"archaeological site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_site"},{"link_name":"Hakuhō period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakuh%C5%8D_period"},{"link_name":"Buddhist temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Sennan, Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennan,_Osaka"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"National Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Sites_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bunka1-1"}],"text":"The Kaieji temple ruins (海会寺跡, Kaeji ato), is an archaeological site with the ruins of a Hakuhō period Buddhist temple located in the Shindachionoshiro neighborhood of the city of Sennan, Osaka, Japan. The temple no longer exists, but the temple grounds were designated as a National Historic Site in 1987.[1]","title":"Kaie-ji temple ruins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Osaka Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_Bay"},{"link_name":"Sennan region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen%27nan_District,_Osaka"},{"link_name":"Shinto Shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto_Shrine"},{"link_name":"archaeological excavation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_excavation"},{"link_name":"Hōryū-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dry%C5%AB-ji"},{"link_name":"Ikaruga, Nara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikaruga,_Nara"},{"link_name":"roof tiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roof_tile"},{"link_name":"Asuka period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asuka_period"},{"link_name":"Kondō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Hall_(Japanese_Buddhism)"},{"link_name":"Pagoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_pagoda"},{"link_name":"cloister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kair%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Muromachi period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muromachi_period"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shiseki-2"},{"link_name":"Important Cultural Properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Important_Cultural_Property_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bunka2-3"},{"link_name":"archaeological park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_park"},{"link_name":"Okadaura Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okadaura_Station"},{"link_name":"Nankai Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nankai_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shiseki-2"}],"text":"Kaeji temple ruins are located near the coast of Osaka Bay, on a stepped hill with an elevation of about 20 meters at the southernmost tip of the Sennan region, and mostly within the precincts of a Shinto Shrine named Ichioka Jinja (一岡神社). The site first came to academic interest in 1936, when a preliminary archaeological excavation found the foundations of a temple with a layout patterned after Hōryū-ji in Ikaruga, Nara, and the site of large residence belonging to a powerful local clan leader. The design of the roof tiles indicated that the temple was built in the Asuka period, or the latter half of the 7th century. The foundations of the Kondō in the east and a Pagoda in the west, surrounded by a cloister, as well as the foundations of the Lecture Hall were confirmed in subsequent excavations from 1981 through 1986. The temple appears to have survived into the Muromachi period; however, there is no documentary record of the temple. The name \"Kaie-ji\" is a modern local geographic name, and may or may not correspond to the name of this temple.[2]Of the excavated items, 302 pieces were collectively designated as National Important Cultural Properties in 1995 and are stored and exhibited in the adjacent Ancient History Museum (古代史博物館, Kodaishi Hakubutsukan).[3] These include many varieties of roof tiles, fragments of statuary and metal decorations from the ruined pagoda, as well as ceramic shards. Portions of the site have been preserved as an archaeological park.It is located a 25-minute walk from Okadaura Station on the Nankai Main Line.[2]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaieji_(Sennan),_tou-1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaieji_(Sennan),_koudou-2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaieji_(Sennan),_nanmon.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ancient_historical_museum01s2040.jpg"}],"text":"Foundation of the Pagoda\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFoundation of the Lecture Hall, and Ichioka Jinja which is located on the site of the Kondō\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFoundations of the South Gate\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAncient History Museum","title":"Gallery"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of Historic Sites of Japan (Osaka)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(Osaka)"}]
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[{"reference":"\"海会寺跡\" (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved August 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://bunka.nii.ac.jp/heritages/detail/205873","url_text":"\"海会寺跡\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs","url_text":"Agency for Cultural Affairs"}]},{"reference":"Isomura, Yukio; Sakai, Hideya (2012). (国指定史跡事典) National Historic Site Encyclopedia. 学生社. ISBN 4311750404.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4311750404","url_text":"4311750404"}]},{"reference":"\"大阪府海会寺跡出土品\" (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved August 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://bunka.nii.ac.jp/heritages/detail/202273","url_text":"\"大阪府海会寺跡出土品\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs","url_text":"Agency for Cultural Affairs"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kaie-ji_temple_ruins¶ms=34_22_31.7_N_135_17_25.6_E_region:JP-27_type:landmark","external_links_name":"34°22′31.7″N 135°17′25.6″E / 34.375472°N 135.290444°E / 34.375472; 135.290444"},{"Link":"https://bunka.nii.ac.jp/heritages/detail/205873","external_links_name":"\"海会寺跡\""},{"Link":"https://bunka.nii.ac.jp/heritages/detail/202273","external_links_name":"\"大阪府海会寺跡出土品\""},{"Link":"http://www.city.sennan.lg.jp/i/kakuka/kyouiku/shogaigakushu/bunkazaihogo/maibunn/kaiejiato/1455020441724.html","external_links_name":"Sennan city home page"},{"Link":"https://welcome-sennan.com/tourist-spots/kaieji","external_links_name":"Sennan Tourist Information"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_of_settlement
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Pale of Settlement
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["1 Etymology","2 History","3 Jewish life in the Pale","4 Territories of the Pale","4.1 1791","4.2 1794","4.3 1795","4.4 1805–1835","4.5 After 1836","4.6 Final demographics","5 In popular culture","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]
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Region of the Russian Empire where Jewish residents were allowed to reside
This article is about the Pale in Imperial Russia. For other places referred to as "pale", see Pale (disambiguation).
Pale of SettlementЧерта осѣдлости1791–1915Pale of Settlement map, showing the percentage of the Jewish population in 1884Historical era124 years: From the late 18th to early 20th centuries• Established 1791• Disestablished 1915
Today part of7 countries: Belarus, Lithuania, Moldova, Ukraine, Poland, Latvia and Russia
The Pale of Settlement was a western region of the Russian Empire with varying borders that existed from 1791 to 1917 (de facto until 1915) in which permanent residency by Jews was allowed and beyond which Jewish residency, permanent or temporary, was mostly forbidden. Most Jews were still excluded from residency in a number of cities within the Pale as well. A few Jews were allowed to live outside the area, including those with university education, the ennobled, members of the most affluent of the merchant guilds and particular artisans, some military personnel and some services associated with them, including their families, and sometimes their servants. The archaic English term pale is derived from the Latin word palus, a stake, extended to mean the area enclosed by a fence or boundary.
The Pale of Settlement included all of modern-day Belarus and Moldova, much of Lithuania, Ukraine and east-central Poland, and relatively small parts of Latvia and what is now the western Russian Federation. It extended from the eastern pale, or demarcation line inside the country, westwards to the Imperial Russian border with the Kingdom of Prussia (later the German Empire) and Austria-Hungary. Furthermore, it comprised about 20% of the territory of European Russia and largely corresponded to historical lands of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Cossack Hetmanate, the Ottoman Empire (with Yedisan), Crimean Khanate, and eastern Principality of Moldavia (Bessarabia).
Life in the Pale for many was economically bleak. Most people relied on small service or artisan work that could not support the number of inhabitants, which resulted in emigration, especially in the late 19th century. Even so, Jewish culture, especially in Yiddish, developed in the shtetls (small towns), and intellectual culture developed in the yeshivot (religious schools) and was also carried abroad.
The Russian Empire during the existence of the Pale was predominantly Orthodox Christian, in contrast to the area included in the Pale with its large minorities of Jewish, Roman Catholic and until mid-19th century Eastern Catholic population (although much of modern Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova are predominantly Eastern Orthodox). While the religious nature of the edicts creating the Pale is clear (conversion to Russian Orthodoxy, the state religion, released individuals from the strictures), historians argue that the motivations for its creation and maintenance were primarily economic and nationalist in nature.
The end of the enforcement and formal demarcation of the Pale coincided with the beginning of World War I in 1914, when large numbers of Jews fled into the Russian interior to escape the invading German army, and then ultimately in 1917 with the end of the Russian Empire as a result of the February Revolution.
Etymology
See 'pale', English: Etymology 2.6. on Wiktionary.
History
For more information about life in the Pale, see History of the Jews in Poland and History of the Jews in Russia.
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The territory that would become the Pale first began to enter Imperial Russian hands in 1772, with the First Partition of Poland. At the time, most Jews (and in fact most imperial subjects) were restricted in their movements. The Pale came into being under the rule of Catherine the Great in 1791, initially as a measure to speed colonization of territory on the Black Sea recently acquired from the Ottoman Empire. Jews were allowed to expand the territory available to them, but in exchange Jewish merchants could no longer do business in non-Pale Russia.
The institution of the Pale became more significant following the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, since, until then, the empire's (former Muscovy's) Jewish population had been rather limited. The dramatic westward expansion of the Russian Empire through the annexation of Polish–Lithuanian territory substantially increased the Jewish population. At its height, the Pale had a Jewish population of over five million, and represented the largest component (40 percent) of the world's Jewish population at that time. The freedom of movement of non-Jewish imperial subjects was greatly increased, but the freedom of movement of Jews was greatly restricted and officially kept within the boundaries of the pale.
The name "Pale of Settlement" first arose under the rule of Tsar Nicholas I. Under his rule (1825 to 1855), the Pale gradually shrank and became more restrictive. In 1827, Jews living in Kyiv were severely restricted by imperial decree. In 1835 the provinces of Astrakhan and the North Caucasus were removed from the Pale. Nicholas tried to remove all Jews from within 50 miles of the Austrian Empire's border in 1843. In practice, this was very difficult to enforce, and the restrictions were lessened in 1858.
Tsar Alexander II, who ruled 1855 to 1881, expanded the rights of rich and educated Jews to leave and live beyond the Pale, which led many Jews to believe that the Pale might soon be abolished. These hopes vanished when Alexander II was assassinated in 1881. Rumors spread that he had been assassinated by Jews, and in the aftermath anti-Jewish sentiment skyrocketed. Anti-Jewish pogroms rocked the country from 1881 through 1884. The reactionary Temporary regulations regarding the Jews of 1881 prohibited any new Jewish settlement outside of the Pale. The laws also granted peasants the right to demand the expulsion of Jews in their towns. The laws were anything but temporary, and would be in full effect until at least 1903. In 1910, Jewish members of the State Duma proposed the abolition of the Pale, but the power dynamic of Duma meant that the bill never had a realistic chance to pass. Far-right political elements in the Duma responded by proposing that all Jews be expelled from the Russian Empire.
At times, by imperial decree Jews were forbidden to live in agricultural communities, or certain cities, (as in Kyiv, Sevastopol and Yalta), and were forced to move to small provincial towns, thus fostering the rise of the shtetls. Jewish merchants of the First Guild (купцы первой гильдии, the wealthiest sosloviye of merchants in the Russian Empire), people with higher or special education, university students, artisans, army tailors, ennobled Jews, soldiers (drafted in accordance with the Recruit Charter of 1810), and their families had the right to live outside the Pale of Settlement. In some periods, special dispensations were given for Jews to live in the major imperial cities, but these were tenuous, and several thousand Jews were expelled to the Pale from Moscow as late as 1891. The extremely restrictive decrees and recurrent pogroms led to much emigration from the Pale, mainly to the United States and Western Europe. However, emigration could not keep up with birth rates and expulsion of Jews from other parts of the Russian Empire, and thus the Jewish population of the Pale continued to grow.
During World War I, the Pale lost its rigid hold on the Jewish population when large numbers of Jews fled into the Russian interior to escape the invading German army. The Pale of Settlement de facto ceased to exist on August 19, 1915, when the administrator of the Ministry of Internal Affairs allowed, in view of the emergency circumstances of wartime, the residence of Jews in urban settlements outside the Pale of Settlement, with the exception of capitals and localities under the jurisdiction of the ministers of the imperial court and the military (that is, palace suburbs of Petrograd and the frontline). The Pale formally came to an end soon after the abdication of Nicholas II, and as revolution gripped Russia. On March 20 (April 2 N.S.), 1917, the Pale was abolished by the Russian Provisional Government decree, On the abolition of religious and national restrictions. The Second Polish Republic was reconstituted from much of the former territory of the Pale in the aftermath of World War I. Subsequently, most of the Jewish population of the area would perish in the Holocaust one generation later.
Jewish life in the Pale
Geographic distribution of Jewish languages (such as Yiddish) in the Russian Empire according to 1897 census. The Pale of Settlement can be seen in the west, top left.
A melamed (Jewish teacher) in 19th century Podolia
Jewish life in the shtetls (Yiddish: שטעטלעך shtetlekh "little towns") of the Pale of Settlement was hard and poverty-stricken. Following the Jewish religious tradition of tzedakah (charity), a sophisticated system of volunteer Jewish social welfare organizations developed to meet the needs of the population. Various organizations supplied clothes to poor students, provided kosher food to Jewish soldiers conscripted into the Imperial Russian Army, dispensed free medical treatment for the poor, offered dowries and household gifts to destitute brides, and arranged for technical education for orphans. According to historian Martin Gilbert's Atlas of Jewish History, no province in the Pale had less than 14% of Jews on relief; Lithuanian and Ukrainian Jews supported as much as 22% of their poor populations.
The concentration of Jews in the Pale, coupled with Tsar Alexander III's "fierce hatred of the Jews", and the rumors that Jews had been involved in the assassination of his father Tsar Alexander II, made them easy targets for pogroms and anti-Jewish riots by the majority population. These, along with the repressive May Laws, often devastated whole communities. Though attacks occurred throughout the existence of the Pale, particularly devastating Russian pogroms occurred from 1881 to 1883 and from 1903 to 1906, targeting hundreds of communities, assaulting thousands of Jews, and causing considerable property damage.
Most Jews could not engage in agriculture due to the nature of the Pale, and were thus predominantly merchants, artisans, and shopkeepers. This made poverty a serious issue among the Jews. However, a robust Jewish community welfare system arose; by the end of the 19th century nearly 1 in 3 Jews in the Pale were being supported by Jewish welfare organizations. This Jewish support system included, but was not limited to, providing free medicine to the poor, giving dowries to poor brides, kosher food to Jewish soldiers, and education to orphans.
One outgrowth of the concentration of Jews in a circumscribed area was the development of the modern yeshiva system. Prior to the Pale, schools to study the Talmud were a luxury. This began to change when the rabbi Chaim of Volozhin began a sort of national-level yeshiva. In 1803, he founded the Volozhin Yeshiva and began to attract large number of students from around the Pale. The Tsarist authorities were not pleased with the school and sought to make it more secular, eventually closing it in 1879. The authorities re-opened it in 1881, but required all teachers to have diplomas from Russian institutions and to teach Russian language and culture. This requirement was not only untenable to the Jews, but essentially impossible, and the school closed for the last time in 1892. Regardless, the school had great impact: its students went on to form many new yeshivas in the Pale, and reignited the study of the Talmud in Russia.
After 1886, the Jewish quota was applied to education, with the percentage of Jewish students limited to no more than 10% within the Pale, 5% outside the Pale and 3% in the capitals of Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Kyiv. The quotas in the capitals, however, were increased slightly in 1908 and 1915.
Amid the difficult conditions in which the Jewish population lived and worked, the courts of Hasidic dynasties flourished in the Pale. Thousands of followers of rebbes such as the Gerrer Rebbe Yehudah Aryeh Leib Alter (known as the Sfas Emes), the Chernobyler Rebbe, and the Vizhnitzer Rebbe flocked to their towns for the Jewish holidays and followed their rebbes' minhagim (Hebrew: מנהגים, Jewish practices) in their own homes.
The tribulations of Jewish life in the Pale of Settlement were immortalized in the writings of Yiddish authors such as humorist Sholem Aleichem, whose novel Tevye der Milkhiger (Yiddish: טבֿיה דער מילכיקער, Tevye the Milkman, in the form of the narration of Tevye from a fictional shtetl of Anatevka to the author) forms the basis of the theatrical (and subsequent film) production Fiddler on the Roof. Because of the harsh conditions of day-to-day life in the Pale, some two million Jews emigrated from there between 1881 and 1914, mainly to the United States.
Territories of the Pale
The Pale of Settlement included the following areas.
1791
The ukase of Catherine the Great of December 23, 1791 limited the Pale to:
Western Krai:
Mogilev Governorate
Polotsk Governorate (later reorganized into Vitebsk Governorate)
Little Russia (Ukraine):
Kiev Governorate
Chernigov Governorate
Novgorod-Seversky Viceroyalty (later became Poltava Governorate)
Novorossiya Governorate
Yekaterinoslav Viceroyalty
Taurida Oblast (Crimea)
1794
After the Second Partition of Poland, the ukase of June 23, 1794, the following areas were added:
Minsk Governorate
Mogilev Governorate
Polotsk Governorate
Kiev Governorate
Volhynian Governorate
Podolia Governorate
1795
After the Third Partition of Poland, the following areas were added:
Vilna Governorate
Grodno Governorate
1805–1835
After 1805 the Pale gradually shrank, and became limited to the following areas:
Lithuanian governorates
Southwestern Krai
Belarus without rural areas
Malorossiya (Little Russia or Ukraine) without rural areas
Chernigov Governorate
Novorossiya without Nikolaev and Sevastopol
Kiev Governorate without Kiev
Baltic governorates closed for arriving Jews
Rural areas for 50 versts (53 km) from the western border were closed for new settlement of the Jews.
After 1836
Chernigov Governorate, Poltava Governorate, Taurida Governorate (Crimea), Kherson Governorate, Bessarabia Governorate, Velizh Governorate.
Northwest Territories (Lithuania and Belarus): Vilnius, Kaunas, Grodno, Minsk, Mogilev, Vitebsk governorates.
Southwestern Krai (Ukraine): Kiev, Volhynian Governorates.
Kingdom of Poland: Warsaw, Lublin, Płock, Kalisz, Piotrków, Kielce, Radom, Siedlce, Augustów gubernias (divided into Suwałki and Łomża in 1867).
In 1917 Congress Poland did not belong to the Pale of Settlement but Jews were allowed to settle there.
Final demographics
The Pale of Settlement and Congress Poland, with the percentages of Jewish population c. 1905
According to the 1897 census, the governates or guberniyas had the following percentages of Jews:
Region
%
Northwestern Krai (whole Lithuania, Belarus)
Vilna
12.86%
Kovno
13.77%
Grodno
17.49%
Minsk
16.06%
Mogilyov
12.09%
Vitebsk
11.79%
Southwestern Krai (North & Central Ukraine)
Kiev
12.19%
Volhynia
13.24%
Podolia
12.28%
Congress Poland
Warsaw
18.22%
Lublin
13.46%
Płock
9.29%
Kalisz
8.52%
Piotrków
15.85%
Kielce
10.92%
Radom
13.78%
Siedlce
15.69%
Suwałki
10.16%
Łomża
15.77%
Others
Chernigov
4.98%
Poltava
3.99%
Taurida (Crimea)
4.20% + Karaite 0.43%
Kherson
12.43%
Bessarabia
11.81%
Yekaterinoslav
4.78%
In 1882 it was forbidden for Jews to settle in rural areas.
The following cities within the Pale were excluded from it:
Kiev
Nikolaev
Sevastopol
Yalta
In popular culture
Fiddler on the Roof, which was later adapted into a film, was located in the Pale of 1905 in the fictional town of Anatevka, Ukraine.
Yentl, also adapted into a film, was located in the Pale of 1873 Poland.
Some novels of Isaac Bashevis Singer take place in the Pale.
See also
The Pale (English Pale) around Dublin, Ireland
Pale of Calais, English territory in France from 1360 to 1558
Jewish Autonomous Oblast, eastern Russian territory for Jews
Antisemitism in the Russian Empire
Antisemitism in Ukraine
History of the Jews in Belarus
History of the Jews in Lithuania
History of the Jews in Poland
History of the Jews in Russia
History of the Jews in Ukraine
Eastern European Jewry
Notes
^ Russian: Черта оседлости, romanized: cherta osedlosti (pre-1918 spelling: Черта осѣдлости); Yiddish: דער תּחום-המושבֿ, romanized: der tkhum hamóyshev; Hebrew: תְּחוּם הַמּוֹשָב, romanized: t'ẖum hammosháv
References
^ Черта оседлости. (tr. "Settlement line") KEE, volume 9, col. 1188–1198 eleven.co.il
^ "pale, n.1." OED Online. Oxford University Press, September 2016. Retrieved October 24, 2016. The Pale was the part of medieval Ireland controlled by the English government.
^ Сборник важнейших законоположений и распоряжений, действующих с 1 июля 1914 по 1 января 1916 года, вызванных обстоятельствами военного времени. Пг. 1916. p. 73. ISBN 978-5-4460-6984-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Аронсон Г. Я. В борьбе за гражданские и национальные права: Общественные течения в русском еврействе // КРЕ-1. — С. 232.
^ a b c Spiro, Rabbi Ken (9 May 2009). "History Crash Course #56: Pale of Settlement". aish.com. Retrieved 2019-08-23.
^ a b c d e f g h i "The Pale of Settlement". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2019-08-23.
^ Kotkin, Stephen (2014). Stalin. USA: Penguin Books. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-59420-379-4.
^ Kotkin, Stephen (2014). Stalin. New York: Penguin. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-59420-379-4.
^ "Anniversary of the pale settlement decree".
^ a b Wallace, Donald Mackenzie (1911). "Alexander II. (tsar)" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 01 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 559–561.
^ Jewish Chronicle, May 6, 1881, cited in Benjamin Blech, Eyewitness to Jewish History
^ Sankt-Peterburgskie Vedomosti newspaper No.65, March 8 (20), 1881
^ a b Jankowski, Tomasz (May 3, 2014). "Who could live outside the Pale of Settlement?" (blogpost). JewishFamilySearch.com. Retrieved September 29, 2016. Presents 14 groups of Jews to whom permission might be granted to live outside of the Pale, indicating additional conditions, and presenting three reasons for temporary permissions to leave, for the 13 governates of the Russian Empire; the blogpost is by an academic historian, and states: 'These rules was regulated by the Law on Social Estates and the Law on Passports printed in vol. 9 and 14 of Свод законов Российской империи.'
^ Сборник важнейших законоположений и распоряжений, действующих с 1 июля 1914 по 1 января 1916 года, вызванных обстоятельствами военного времени. Пг. 1916. p. 73. ISBN 978-5-4460-6984-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Аронсон Г. Я. В борьбе за гражданские и национальные права: Общественные течения в русском еврействе // КРЕ-1. — С. 232.
^ ""Об отмене вероисповедных и национальных ограничений". Постановление 20 марта 1917 г." . 2004-11-30. Archived from the original on 2004-11-30. Retrieved 2019-08-23.
^ "Poland - Interwar Poland". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 2019-08-23.
^ "Shtetl". Encyclopaedia Judaica. Jewish Virtual Library, The Gale Group.
^ Rabbi Ken Spiro (9 May 2009). "History Crash Course #56: Pale of Settlement". aish.com. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
^ Montefiore, Simon Sebag. The Romanovs -- 1613 to 1918. pp. 463–464.
^ "Modern Jewish History: Pogroms". Encyclopaedia Judaica. Jewish Virtual Library, The Gale Group. 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
^ "Beyond the Pale: Life in the Pale of Settlement". www.friends-partners.org. Archived from the original on 2010-11-24. Retrieved 2019-08-23.
^ Ronnie S. Landau (1992) The Nazi Holocaust. IB Tauris, London and New York: 57
^ Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г.: Распределение населения по вероисповеданиям и регионам . Демоскоп Weekly (in Russian). Retrieved 30 September 2013.
Further reading
Abramson, Henry (1991). "Jewish Representation in the Independent Ukrainian Governments of 1917-1920". Slavic Review. 50 (3): 542–550. doi:10.2307/2499851. JSTOR 2499851. S2CID 181641495.
Geraci, Robert (December 2019). "Pragmatism and Prejudice: Revisiting the Origin of the Pale of Jewish Settlement and Its Historiography". The Journal of Modern History. 91 (4): 776–814. doi:10.1086/706046. S2CID 210482001.
Pipes, Richard (January 1975). "Catherine II and the Jews: The origins of the pale of settlement". Soviet Jewish Affairs. 5 (2): 3–20. doi:10.1080/13501677508577216. S2CID 161658287.
Rowland, Richard H. (1986). "Geographical Patterns of the Jewish Population in the Pale of Settlement of Late Nineteenth Century Russia". Jewish Social Studies. 48 (3/4): 207–234. JSTOR 4467338.
Deutsch, Nathaniel; An-Ski, S. (2011). The Jewish Dark Continent: Life and Death in the Russian Pale of Settlement. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674062641. ISBN 978-0-674-06264-1.
Nathans, Benjamin (2002). Beyond the Pale: The Jewish Encounter with Late Imperial Russia. doi:10.1525/california/9780520208308.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-520-20830-8.
External links
The Pale of Settlement (with a map) at Jewish Virtual Library
The Pale of Settlement (with map and additional documents) at The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
Jewish Communities in the Pale of Settlement (with a map)
Life in the Pale of Settlement (with photos)
Map of the Pale in 1825
"Pale of Settlement" at Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pale (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"artisans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisan"},{"link_name":"pale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisade"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"palus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/palus#Latin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Russian Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Cossack Hetmanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Yedisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yedisan"},{"link_name":"Crimean Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Principality of Moldavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Moldavia"},{"link_name":"Bessarabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessarabia"},{"link_name":"Jewish culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_culture"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish"},{"link_name":"shtetls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtetls"},{"link_name":"yeshivot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiva"},{"link_name":"Orthodox Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Eastern Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Russian Orthodoxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"February Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"This article is about the Pale in Imperial Russia. For other places referred to as \"pale\", see Pale (disambiguation).The Pale of Settlement[a] was a western region of the Russian Empire with varying borders that existed from 1791 to 1917 (de facto until 1915) in which permanent residency by Jews was allowed and beyond which Jewish residency, permanent or temporary,[1] was mostly forbidden. Most Jews were still excluded from residency in a number of cities within the Pale as well. A few Jews were allowed to live outside the area, including those with university education, the ennobled, members of the most affluent of the merchant guilds and particular artisans, some military personnel and some services associated with them, including their families, and sometimes their servants. The archaic English term pale is derived from the Latin word palus, a stake, extended to mean the area enclosed by a fence or boundary.[2]The Pale of Settlement included all of modern-day Belarus and Moldova, much of Lithuania, Ukraine and east-central Poland, and relatively small parts of Latvia and what is now the western Russian Federation. It extended from the eastern pale, or demarcation line inside the country, westwards to the Imperial Russian border with the Kingdom of Prussia (later the German Empire) and Austria-Hungary. Furthermore, it comprised about 20% of the territory of European Russia and largely corresponded to historical lands of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Cossack Hetmanate, the Ottoman Empire (with Yedisan), Crimean Khanate, and eastern Principality of Moldavia (Bessarabia).Life in the Pale for many was economically bleak. Most people relied on small service or artisan work that could not support the number of inhabitants, which resulted in emigration, especially in the late 19th century. Even so, Jewish culture, especially in Yiddish, developed in the shtetls (small towns), and intellectual culture developed in the yeshivot (religious schools) and was also carried abroad.The Russian Empire during the existence of the Pale was predominantly Orthodox Christian, in contrast to the area included in the Pale with its large minorities of Jewish, Roman Catholic and until mid-19th century Eastern Catholic population (although much of modern Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova are predominantly Eastern Orthodox). While the religious nature of the edicts creating the Pale is clear (conversion to Russian Orthodoxy, the state religion, released individuals from the strictures), historians argue that the motivations for its creation and maintenance were primarily economic and nationalist in nature.The end of the enforcement and formal demarcation of the Pale coincided with the beginning of World War I in 1914, when large numbers of Jews fled into the Russian interior to escape the invading German army, and then ultimately in 1917 with the end of the Russian Empire as a result of the February Revolution.[3][4]","title":"Pale of Settlement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"'pale'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pale#English"},{"link_name":"Wiktionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary"}],"text":"See 'pale', English: Etymology 2.6. on Wiktionary.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of the Jews in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"History of the Jews in Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"First Partition of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Catherine the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"recently acquired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_wars"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Second Partition of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Tsar Nicholas I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"link_name":"Astrakhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan_Oblast"},{"link_name":"North Caucasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Caucasus"},{"link_name":"Austrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Tsar Alexander II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"assassinated in 1881","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Alexander_II_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"pogroms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom"},{"link_name":"1881 through 1884","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire#1881%E2%80%9384"},{"link_name":"Temporary regulations regarding the Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Laws"},{"link_name":"State Duma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Duma"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"link_name":"Sevastopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevastopol"},{"link_name":"Yalta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalta"},{"link_name":"shtetls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtetl"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"sosloviye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosloviye"},{"link_name":"artisans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jewishfamilysearch.com-14"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"abdication of Nicholas II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia#Abdication_(1917)"},{"link_name":"revolution gripped Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_Revolution"},{"link_name":"N.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar#Adoption_in_Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Russian Provisional Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Second Polish Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"the Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"}],"text":"For more information about life in the Pale, see History of the Jews in Poland and History of the Jews in Russia.The territory that would become the Pale first began to enter Imperial Russian hands in 1772, with the First Partition of Poland. At the time, most Jews (and in fact most imperial subjects) were restricted in their movements. The Pale came into being under the rule of Catherine the Great in 1791,[5] initially as a measure to speed colonization of territory on the Black Sea recently acquired from the Ottoman Empire. Jews were allowed to expand the territory available to them, but in exchange Jewish merchants could no longer do business in non-Pale Russia.[6]The institution of the Pale became more significant following the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, since, until then, the empire's (former Muscovy's) Jewish population had been rather limited.[7] The dramatic westward expansion of the Russian Empire through the annexation of Polish–Lithuanian territory substantially increased the Jewish population.[8] At its height, the Pale had a Jewish population of over five million, and represented the largest component (40 percent) of the world's Jewish population at that time.[9] The freedom of movement of non-Jewish imperial subjects was greatly increased, but the freedom of movement of Jews was greatly restricted and officially kept within the boundaries of the pale.[6]The name \"Pale of Settlement\" first arose under the rule of Tsar Nicholas I. Under his rule (1825 to 1855), the Pale gradually shrank and became more restrictive. In 1827, Jews living in Kyiv were severely restricted by imperial decree. In 1835 the provinces of Astrakhan and the North Caucasus were removed from the Pale. Nicholas tried to remove all Jews from within 50 miles of the Austrian Empire's border in 1843. In practice, this was very difficult to enforce, and the restrictions were lessened in 1858.[6]Tsar Alexander II, who ruled 1855 to 1881,[10] expanded the rights of rich and educated Jews to leave and live beyond the Pale, which led many Jews to believe that the Pale might soon be abolished.[6] These hopes vanished when Alexander II was assassinated in 1881.[10] Rumors spread that he had been assassinated by Jews,[11][12] and in the aftermath anti-Jewish sentiment skyrocketed. Anti-Jewish pogroms rocked the country from 1881 through 1884. The reactionary Temporary regulations regarding the Jews of 1881 prohibited any new Jewish settlement outside of the Pale. The laws also granted peasants the right to demand the expulsion of Jews in their towns. The laws were anything but temporary, and would be in full effect until at least 1903. In 1910, Jewish members of the State Duma proposed the abolition of the Pale, but the power dynamic of Duma meant that the bill never had a realistic chance to pass. Far-right political elements in the Duma responded by proposing that all Jews be expelled from the Russian Empire.[6]At times, by imperial decree Jews were forbidden to live in agricultural communities, or certain cities, (as in Kyiv, Sevastopol and Yalta), and were forced to move to small provincial towns, thus fostering the rise of the shtetls.[citation needed] Jewish merchants of the First Guild (купцы первой гильдии, the wealthiest sosloviye of merchants in the Russian Empire), people with higher or special education, university students, artisans, army tailors, ennobled Jews, soldiers (drafted in accordance with the Recruit Charter of 1810), and their families had the right to live outside the Pale of Settlement.[13][better source needed] In some periods, special dispensations were given for Jews to live in the major imperial cities, but these were tenuous, and several thousand Jews were expelled to the Pale from Moscow as late as 1891. The extremely restrictive decrees and recurrent pogroms led to much emigration from the Pale, mainly to the United States and Western Europe. However, emigration could not keep up with birth rates and expulsion of Jews from other parts of the Russian Empire, and thus the Jewish population of the Pale continued to grow.[6]During World War I, the Pale lost its rigid hold on the Jewish population when large numbers of Jews fled into the Russian interior to escape the invading German army. The Pale of Settlement de facto ceased to exist on August 19, 1915, when the administrator of the Ministry of Internal Affairs allowed, in view of the emergency circumstances of wartime, the residence of Jews in urban settlements outside the Pale of Settlement, with the exception of capitals and localities under the jurisdiction of the ministers of the imperial court and the military (that is, palace suburbs of Petrograd and the frontline).[14][15] The Pale formally came to an end soon after the abdication of Nicholas II, and as revolution gripped Russia. On March 20 (April 2 N.S.), 1917, the Pale was abolished by the Russian Provisional Government decree, On the abolition of religious and national restrictions.[16][6] The Second Polish Republic was reconstituted from much of the former territory of the Pale in the aftermath of World War I.[17] Subsequently, most of the Jewish population of the area would perish in the Holocaust one generation later.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jewish_languages_in_the_Russian_Empire_(1897).svg"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pale_teacher.jpg"},{"link_name":"melamed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melamed"},{"link_name":"Podolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podolia"},{"link_name":"shtetls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtetl"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_language"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"tzedakah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzedakah"},{"link_name":"social welfare organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare"},{"link_name":"kosher food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashrut"},{"link_name":"Imperial Russian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Tsar Alexander III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"pogroms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"May Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Laws"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Russian pogroms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"vague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"dowries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowry"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"yeshiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeshiva"},{"link_name":"Talmud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud"},{"link_name":"Chaim of Volozhin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaim_of_Volozhin"},{"link_name":"Volozhin Yeshiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volozhin_Yeshiva"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-6"},{"link_name":"Jewish quota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_quota"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hasidic dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_dynasties"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"rebbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebbe"},{"link_name":"Yehudah Aryeh Leib Alter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehudah_Aryeh_Leib_Alter"},{"link_name":"Chernobyler Rebbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_(Hasidic_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Vizhnitzer Rebbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizhnitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)"},{"link_name":"Jewish holidays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_holidays"},{"link_name":"minhagim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minhag"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish"},{"link_name":"Sholem Aleichem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sholem_Aleichem"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_language"},{"link_name":"Tevye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tevye"},{"link_name":"Fiddler on the Roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddler_on_the_Roof"},{"link_name":"mainly to the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Geographic distribution of Jewish languages (such as Yiddish) in the Russian Empire according to 1897 census. The Pale of Settlement can be seen in the west, top left.A melamed (Jewish teacher) in 19th century PodoliaJewish life in the shtetls (Yiddish: שטעטלעך shtetlekh \"little towns\") of the Pale of Settlement was hard and poverty-stricken.[18] Following the Jewish religious tradition of tzedakah (charity), a sophisticated system of volunteer Jewish social welfare organizations developed to meet the needs of the population. Various organizations supplied clothes to poor students, provided kosher food to Jewish soldiers conscripted into the Imperial Russian Army, dispensed free medical treatment for the poor, offered dowries and household gifts to destitute brides, and arranged for technical education for orphans. According to historian Martin Gilbert's Atlas of Jewish History, no province in the Pale had less than 14% of Jews on relief; Lithuanian and Ukrainian Jews supported as much as 22% of their poor populations.[19]The concentration of Jews in the Pale, coupled with Tsar Alexander III's \"fierce hatred of the Jews\", and the rumors that Jews had been involved in the assassination of his father Tsar Alexander II, made them easy targets for pogroms and anti-Jewish riots by the majority population.[20] These, along with the repressive May Laws, often devastated whole communities.[citation needed] Though attacks occurred throughout the existence of the Pale, particularly devastating Russian pogroms occurred from 1881 to 1883 and from 1903 to 1906,[21] targeting hundreds of communities, assaulting thousands of Jews, and causing considerable property damage.[citation needed]Most Jews could not engage in agriculture due to the nature of the Pale[vague], and were thus predominantly merchants, artisans, and shopkeepers. This made poverty a serious issue among the Jews. However, a robust Jewish community welfare system arose; by the end of the 19th century nearly 1 in 3 Jews in the Pale were being supported by Jewish welfare organizations.[22][6] This Jewish support system included, but was not limited to, providing free medicine to the poor, giving dowries to poor brides, kosher food to Jewish soldiers, and education to orphans.[5]One outgrowth of the concentration of Jews in a circumscribed area was the development of the modern yeshiva system. Prior to the Pale, schools to study the Talmud were a luxury. This began to change when the rabbi Chaim of Volozhin began a sort of national-level yeshiva. In 1803, he founded the Volozhin Yeshiva and began to attract large number of students from around the Pale. The Tsarist authorities were not pleased with the school and sought to make it more secular, eventually closing it in 1879. The authorities re-opened it in 1881, but required all teachers to have diplomas from Russian institutions and to teach Russian language and culture. This requirement was not only untenable to the Jews, but essentially impossible, and the school closed for the last time in 1892. Regardless, the school had great impact: its students went on to form many new yeshivas in the Pale, and reignited the study of the Talmud in Russia.[5]After 1886, the Jewish quota was applied to education, with the percentage of Jewish students limited to no more than 10% within the Pale, 5% outside the Pale and 3% in the capitals of Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Kyiv.[citation needed] The quotas in the capitals, however, were increased slightly in 1908 and 1915.[citation needed]Amid the difficult conditions in which the Jewish population lived and worked, the courts of Hasidic dynasties flourished in the Pale.[citation needed] Thousands of followers of rebbes such as the Gerrer Rebbe Yehudah Aryeh Leib Alter (known as the Sfas Emes), the Chernobyler Rebbe, and the Vizhnitzer Rebbe flocked to their towns for the Jewish holidays and followed their rebbes' minhagim (Hebrew: מנהגים, Jewish practices) in their own homes.[citation needed]The tribulations of Jewish life in the Pale of Settlement were immortalized in the writings of Yiddish authors such as humorist Sholem Aleichem, whose novel Tevye der Milkhiger (Yiddish: טבֿיה דער מילכיקער, Tevye the Milkman, in the form of the narration of Tevye from a fictional shtetl of Anatevka to the author) forms the basis of the theatrical (and subsequent film) production Fiddler on the Roof. Because of the harsh conditions of day-to-day life in the Pale, some two million Jews emigrated from there between 1881 and 1914, mainly to the United States.[23]","title":"Jewish life in the Pale"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Pale of Settlement included the following areas.","title":"Territories of the Pale"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ukase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukase"},{"link_name":"Catherine the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Western Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Krai"},{"link_name":"Mogilev Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogilev_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Polotsk Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polotsk_Governorate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vitebsk Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitebsk_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Little Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Russia"},{"link_name":"Kiev Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Chernigov Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernigov_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Novgorod-Seversky Viceroyalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorod-Seversky_Viceroyalty"},{"link_name":"Poltava Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poltava_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Novorossiya Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novorossiya_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Yekaterinoslav Viceroyalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekaterinoslav_Viceroyalty"},{"link_name":"Taurida Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurida_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimea"}],"sub_title":"1791","text":"The ukase of Catherine the Great of December 23, 1791 limited the Pale to:Western Krai:\nMogilev Governorate\nPolotsk Governorate (later reorganized into Vitebsk Governorate)\nLittle Russia (Ukraine):\nKiev Governorate\nChernigov Governorate\nNovgorod-Seversky Viceroyalty (later became Poltava Governorate)\nNovorossiya Governorate\nYekaterinoslav Viceroyalty\nTaurida Oblast (Crimea)","title":"Territories of the Pale"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second Partition of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Minsk Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Mogilev Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogilev_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Polotsk Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polotsk_Governorate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kiev Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Volhynian Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volhynian_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Podolia Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podolia_Governorate"}],"sub_title":"1794","text":"After the Second Partition of Poland, the ukase of June 23, 1794, the following areas were added:Minsk Governorate\nMogilev Governorate\nPolotsk Governorate\nKiev Governorate\nVolhynian Governorate\nPodolia Governorate","title":"Territories of the Pale"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Third Partition of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Vilna Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilna_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Grodno Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno_Governorate"}],"sub_title":"1795","text":"After the Third Partition of Poland, the following areas were added:Vilna Governorate\nGrodno Governorate","title":"Territories of the Pale"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Southwestern Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_Krai"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Malorossiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malorossiya"},{"link_name":"Chernigov Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernigov_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Novorossiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novorossiya"},{"link_name":"Nikolaev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykolaiv"},{"link_name":"Sevastopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevastopol"},{"link_name":"Kiev Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev"},{"link_name":"versts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verst"}],"sub_title":"1805–1835","text":"After 1805 the Pale gradually shrank, and became limited to the following areas:Lithuanian governorates\nSouthwestern Krai\nBelarus without rural areas\nMalorossiya (Little Russia or Ukraine) without rural areas\nChernigov Governorate\nNovorossiya without Nikolaev and Sevastopol\nKiev Governorate without Kiev\nBaltic governorates closed for arriving JewsRural areas for 50 versts (53 km) from the western border were closed for new settlement of the Jews.","title":"Territories of the Pale"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chernigov Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernigov_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Poltava Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poltava_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Taurida Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurida_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Kherson Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kherson_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Bessarabia Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessarabia_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Velizh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velizh"},{"link_name":"Northwest Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Krai"},{"link_name":"Southwestern Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_Krai"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_Poland"},{"link_name":"Congress Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_Poland"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jewishfamilysearch.com-14"}],"sub_title":"After 1836","text":"Chernigov Governorate, Poltava Governorate, Taurida Governorate (Crimea), Kherson Governorate, Bessarabia Governorate, Velizh Governorate.\nNorthwest Territories (Lithuania and Belarus): Vilnius, Kaunas, Grodno, Minsk, Mogilev, Vitebsk governorates.\nSouthwestern Krai (Ukraine): Kiev, Volhynian Governorates.\nKingdom of Poland: Warsaw, Lublin, Płock, Kalisz, Piotrków, Kielce, Radom, Siedlce, Augustów gubernias (divided into Suwałki and Łomża in 1867).In 1917 Congress Poland did not belong to the Pale of Settlement but Jews were allowed to settle there.[13]","title":"Territories of the Pale"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_showing_percentage_of_Jews_in_the_Pale_of_Settlement_and_Congress_Poland,_c._1905.png"},{"link_name":"Congress Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_Poland"},{"link_name":"guberniyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governorate_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev"},{"link_name":"Nikolaev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykolaiv"},{"link_name":"Sevastopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevastopol"},{"link_name":"Yalta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalta"}],"sub_title":"Final demographics","text":"The Pale of Settlement and Congress Poland, with the percentages of Jewish population c. 1905According to the 1897 census, the governates or guberniyas had the following percentages of Jews:[24]In 1882 it was forbidden for Jews to settle in rural areas.The following cities within the Pale were excluded from it:Kiev\nNikolaev\nSevastopol\nYalta","title":"Territories of the Pale"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fiddler on the Roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddler_on_the_Roof"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddler_on_the_Roof_(film)"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Yentl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yentl_(play)"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yentl_(film)"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Isaac Bashevis Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer"}],"text":"Fiddler on the Roof, which was later adapted into a film, was located in the Pale of 1905 in the fictional town of Anatevka, Ukraine.\nYentl, also adapted into a film, was located in the Pale of 1873 Poland.\nSome novels of Isaac Bashevis Singer take place in the Pale.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"pre-1918 spelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforms_of_Russian_orthography"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Yiddish"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew"}],"text":"^ Russian: Черта оседлости, romanized: cherta osedlosti (pre-1918 spelling: Черта осѣдлости); Yiddish: דער תּחום-המושבֿ, romanized: der tkhum hamóyshev; Hebrew: תְּחוּם הַמּוֹשָב, romanized: t'ẖum hammosháv","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/2499851","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F2499851"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2499851","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/2499851"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"181641495","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:181641495"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/706046","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F706046"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"210482001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210482001"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/13501677508577216","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F13501677508577216"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"161658287","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161658287"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4467338","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/4467338"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.4159/harvard.9780674062641","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4159%2Fharvard.9780674062641"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-674-06264-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06264-1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1525/california/9780520208308.001.0001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1525%2Fcalifornia%2F9780520208308.001.0001"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-520-20830-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20830-8"}],"text":"Abramson, Henry (1991). \"Jewish Representation in the Independent Ukrainian Governments of 1917-1920\". Slavic Review. 50 (3): 542–550. doi:10.2307/2499851. JSTOR 2499851. S2CID 181641495.\nGeraci, Robert (December 2019). \"Pragmatism and Prejudice: Revisiting the Origin of the Pale of Jewish Settlement and Its Historiography\". The Journal of Modern History. 91 (4): 776–814. doi:10.1086/706046. S2CID 210482001.\nPipes, Richard (January 1975). \"Catherine II and the Jews: The origins of the pale of settlement\". Soviet Jewish Affairs. 5 (2): 3–20. doi:10.1080/13501677508577216. S2CID 161658287.\nRowland, Richard H. (1986). \"Geographical Patterns of the Jewish Population in the Pale of Settlement of Late Nineteenth Century Russia\". Jewish Social Studies. 48 (3/4): 207–234. JSTOR 4467338.\nDeutsch, Nathaniel; An-Ski, S. (2011). The Jewish Dark Continent: Life and Death in the Russian Pale of Settlement. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674062641. ISBN 978-0-674-06264-1.\nNathans, Benjamin (2002). Beyond the Pale: The Jewish Encounter with Late Imperial Russia. doi:10.1525/california/9780520208308.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-520-20830-8.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Geographic distribution of Jewish languages (such as Yiddish) in the Russian Empire according to 1897 census. The Pale of Settlement can be seen in the west, top left.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Jewish_languages_in_the_Russian_Empire_%281897%29.svg/220px-Jewish_languages_in_the_Russian_Empire_%281897%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A melamed (Jewish teacher) in 19th century Podolia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Pale_teacher.jpg/220px-Pale_teacher.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Pale of Settlement and Congress Poland, with the percentages of Jewish population c. 1905","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Map_showing_percentage_of_Jews_in_the_Pale_of_Settlement_and_Congress_Poland%2C_c._1905.png/220px-Map_showing_percentage_of_Jews_in_the_Pale_of_Settlement_and_Congress_Poland%2C_c._1905.png"}]
|
[{"title":"The Pale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pale"},{"title":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"title":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"title":"Pale of Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_of_Calais"},{"title":"Jewish Autonomous Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Autonomous_Oblast"},{"title":"Antisemitism in the Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Russian_Empire"},{"title":"Antisemitism in Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Ukraine"},{"title":"History of the Jews in Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus"},{"title":"History of the Jews in Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania"},{"title":"History of the Jews in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland"},{"title":"History of the Jews in Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia"},{"title":"History of the Jews in Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine"},{"title":"Eastern European Jewry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_European_Jewry"}]
|
[{"reference":"Сборник важнейших законоположений и распоряжений, действующих с 1 июля 1914 по 1 января 1916 года, вызванных обстоятельствами военного времени. Пг. 1916. p. 73. ISBN 978-5-4460-6984-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bu_3BQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Сборник важнейших законоположений и распоряжений, действующих с 1 июля 1914 по 1 января 1916 года, вызванных обстоятельствами военного времени"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-4460-6984-2","url_text":"978-5-4460-6984-2"}]},{"reference":"Spiro, Rabbi Ken (9 May 2009). \"History Crash Course #56: Pale of Settlement\". aish.com. Retrieved 2019-08-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aish.com/jl/h/cc/48956361.html","url_text":"\"History Crash Course #56: Pale of Settlement\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Pale of Settlement\". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2019-08-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-pale-of-settlement","url_text":"\"The Pale of Settlement\""}]},{"reference":"Kotkin, Stephen (2014). Stalin. USA: Penguin Books. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-59420-379-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-379-4","url_text":"978-1-59420-379-4"}]},{"reference":"Kotkin, Stephen (2014). Stalin. New York: Penguin. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-59420-379-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-379-4","url_text":"978-1-59420-379-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Anniversary of the pale settlement decree\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jhi.pl/en/articles/anniversary-of-the-pale-settlement-decree,243","url_text":"\"Anniversary of the pale settlement decree\""}]},{"reference":"Wallace, Donald Mackenzie (1911). \"Alexander II. (tsar)\" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 01 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 559–561.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Mackenzie_Wallace","url_text":"Wallace, Donald Mackenzie"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Alexander_II._(tsar)","url_text":"\"Alexander II. (tsar)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Jankowski, Tomasz [attr.] (May 3, 2014). \"Who could live outside the Pale of Settlement?\" (blogpost). JewishFamilySearch.com. Retrieved September 29, 2016. Presents 14 groups of Jews to whom permission might be granted to live outside of the Pale, indicating additional conditions, and presenting three reasons for temporary permissions to leave, for the 13 governates of the Russian Empire; the blogpost is by an academic historian, and states: 'These rules was regulated by the Law on Social Estates and the Law on Passports printed in vol. 9 and 14 of Свод законов Российской империи.'","urls":[{"url":"http://jewishfamilysearch.com/pale-of-settlement/","url_text":"\"Who could live outside the Pale of Settlement?\""}]},{"reference":"Сборник важнейших законоположений и распоряжений, действующих с 1 июля 1914 по 1 января 1916 года, вызванных обстоятельствами военного времени. Пг. 1916. p. 73. ISBN 978-5-4460-6984-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bu_3BQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Сборник важнейших законоположений и распоряжений, действующих с 1 июля 1914 по 1 января 1916 года, вызванных обстоятельствами военного времени"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-4460-6984-2","url_text":"978-5-4460-6984-2"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Об отмене вероисповедных и национальных ограничений\". Постановление 20 марта 1917 г.\" [\"On the abolition of religious and national restrictions.\" Decree 20 March 1917]. 2004-11-30. Archived from the original on 2004-11-30. Retrieved 2019-08-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041130033655/http://humanities.edu.ru/db/msg/41430","url_text":"\"\"Об отмене вероисповедных и национальных ограничений\". Постановление 20 марта 1917 г.\""},{"url":"http://humanities.edu.ru/db/msg/41430","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Poland - Interwar Poland\". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 2019-08-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://countrystudies.us/poland/14.htm","url_text":"\"Poland - Interwar Poland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shtetl\". Encyclopaedia Judaica. Jewish Virtual Library, The Gale Group.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0018_0_18416.html","url_text":"\"Shtetl\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Judaica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library","url_text":"Jewish Virtual Library"}]},{"reference":"Rabbi Ken Spiro (9 May 2009). \"History Crash Course #56: Pale of Settlement\". aish.com. Retrieved 19 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aish.com/jl/h/48956361.html","url_text":"\"History Crash Course #56: Pale of Settlement\""}]},{"reference":"Montefiore, Simon Sebag. The Romanovs -- 1613 to 1918. pp. 463–464.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Modern Jewish History: Pogroms\". Encyclopaedia Judaica. Jewish Virtual Library, The Gale Group. 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/pogroms.html","url_text":"\"Modern Jewish History: Pogroms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica","url_text":"Encyclopaedia Judaica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library","url_text":"Jewish Virtual Library"}]},{"reference":"\"Beyond the Pale: Life in the Pale of Settlement\". www.friends-partners.org. Archived from the original on 2010-11-24. 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Slavic Review. 50 (3): 542–550. doi:10.2307/2499851. JSTOR 2499851. S2CID 181641495.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2499851","url_text":"10.2307/2499851"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2499851","url_text":"2499851"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:181641495","url_text":"181641495"}]},{"reference":"Geraci, Robert (December 2019). \"Pragmatism and Prejudice: Revisiting the Origin of the Pale of Jewish Settlement and Its Historiography\". The Journal of Modern History. 91 (4): 776–814. doi:10.1086/706046. S2CID 210482001.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F706046","url_text":"10.1086/706046"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210482001","url_text":"210482001"}]},{"reference":"Pipes, Richard (January 1975). \"Catherine II and the Jews: The origins of the pale of settlement\". Soviet Jewish Affairs. 5 (2): 3–20. doi:10.1080/13501677508577216. S2CID 161658287.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13501677508577216","url_text":"10.1080/13501677508577216"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161658287","url_text":"161658287"}]},{"reference":"Rowland, Richard H. (1986). \"Geographical Patterns of the Jewish Population in the Pale of Settlement of Late Nineteenth Century Russia\". Jewish Social Studies. 48 (3/4): 207–234. JSTOR 4467338.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4467338","url_text":"4467338"}]},{"reference":"Deutsch, Nathaniel; An-Ski, S. (2011). The Jewish Dark Continent: Life and Death in the Russian Pale of Settlement. doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674062641. ISBN 978-0-674-06264-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4159%2Fharvard.9780674062641","url_text":"10.4159/harvard.9780674062641"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06264-1","url_text":"978-0-674-06264-1"}]},{"reference":"Nathans, Benjamin (2002). Beyond the Pale: The Jewish Encounter with Late Imperial Russia. doi:10.1525/california/9780520208308.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-520-20830-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fcalifornia%2F9780520208308.001.0001","url_text":"10.1525/california/9780520208308.001.0001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20830-8","url_text":"978-0-520-20830-8"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Yudin
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Pavel Yudin
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["1 Biography","1.1 Conflict with Gorky","1.2 Role in the Purges","1.3 Post War Career","1.4 Diplomatic career","2 In Literature","3 Works","4 References","5 External links"]
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Soviet philosopher and party official
Pavel Yudin standing to the left of Mao Zedong and Nikolai Bulganin
Pavel Fyodorovich Yudin (Russian: Павел Фёдорович Юдин; 6 September 1899 – 10 April 1968) was a Soviet philosopher and Communist Party official specialising in the fields of culture and sociology, and later a diplomat.
Biography
Born in to a family of poor Russian peasants, Yudin worked as a lathe operator in a railway workshop in 1917–19. He joined the Russian Communist Party (b) in 1918, served in the Red Army 1919–21, and graduated from the Zinoviev University (later renamed the Stalin University) in Leningrad in 1924, after which he began a post graduate course at the Institute of Red Professors, where he was one of the minority of students who supported Joseph Stalin against the Right Opposition led by Nikolai Bukharin, who opposed the forced collectivisation of agriculture.
Yudin was one of three signatories of an article, published in Pravda on 7 June 1930, denouncing Abram Deborin, who was the leading soviet communist philosopher of the 1920s. Deborin regarded the late Georgi Plekhanov as the most authoritative Russian Marxist philosopher. Yudin and his co-signatories - who included his long time colleague M. B. Mitin - upheld Vladimir Lenin as the greater philosopher. Unable to dislodge Deborin from his commanding position in the Institute of Red Professors, or his control over the scientific magazine Под Знаменем Марксисма (Pod Znamenem Marxisma - Under the Banner of Marxism, they made a direct appeal to Stalin in December 1930 to intervene. Stalin met the leaders of the party organisation within the Institute of Red Professors to tell them that Deborin was guilty of 'Menshevik idealism'. Yudin went on to claim that “the works of Comrade Stalin continue the best traditions of the founders of Marxism.”.
In January 1931, Yudin was co-opted onto the editorial board of Under the Banner of Marxism. In 1932–1938, he was Director of the Institute of Red Professors. From May 1933, until 1937, he was chief editor of the magazine Литературни Критик (Literaturni Kritic - Literary Critic). In 1934–37, he was deputy head of the Culture department of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (b).
Conflict with Gorky
In April 1932, Yudin signed one of the first attacks on RAPP, and its leader Leopold Averbakh, on the day when Stalin ordered RAPP to disband and be incorporated in the new Union of Soviet Writers. Yudin was one of the original members of the organising committee of the Writers Union, but very soon earned the contempt of its chairman, the writer Maxim Gorky, who wrote Stalin a long letter on 2 August 1934 accusing Yudin of promoting "intellectually feeble men." He added:
My attitude to Yudin is becoming more and more negative. I'm offended by his peasant cunning, his lack of principle, his duplicity, and the cowardice of someone who, while aware of his own personal impotence, attempts to surround himself with people even more insignificant and to hide among them.
Role in the Purges
During the Great Purge, according to the Yugoslav communist leader, Josip Broz Tito "in the Soviet Union there was a joke about Yudin, that he was 'the best philosopher among the NKVD-men and the best NKVD-man among the philosophers."
In April 1937, he sent Stalin and Lazar Kaganovich a lengthy memo denouncing the playwright and poet Vladimir Kirshon as an associate of Averbakh and of the ousted former NKVD chief Genrikh Yagoda, both recently arrested, saying that Kirshon and Averbakh had "held discussions of a Trotskyite nature", and that Kirshon had undergone a "repugnant Political and personal disintegration." He also accused Gorky's long-serving former secretary Pyotr Kryuchkov of having 'poisoned' Gorky's relations with the writers union. Those four were all executed, but the historian Isaak Mints survived despite being denounced by Yudin, in the same letter as "a two-faced Janus, the toady of Yagoda and Kryuchkov."
Post War Career
In 1937–1946, Yudin was director of OGIZ (the Association of State Books and Magazines), the state publishing house. In 1939-1944 he was also Director of the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1940–42, Yudin and Mitin edited the three volume История философий (Istoriya filosofi - History of Philosophy), which won the 1942 Stalin Prize, reputedly the first book on philosophy to achieve that award. But in May 1944, the third volume was attacked in an editorial in the magazine Bolshevik for allegedly failing to recognise that the philosopher Georg Hegel was a German nationalist and racist. The Stalin Prize committee revised its previous decision, saying that the prize was for the first two volumes of the History of Philosophy, and Yudin and Mitin were sacked from the positions they held in the Institute of Philosophy and on the board of Under the Banner of Marxism. Yudin suffered another humiliation in October 1946, when he was accused of having mismanaged OGIZ, and was sacked.
These setback in Yudin's were obviously connected to the rise of Andrei Zhdanov, who emerged around 1946 as the Soviet Communist Party's chief ideologist and Stalin's successor-in-waiting. That Yudin was frightened of Zhdanov is evident from the eyewitness account by the Serbian communist Koca Popovic:
At the end of 1947 I paid a visit to Zhdanov about some problems relating to Albania. While we were discussing the matter, the telephone rang and Zhdanov told me that Yudin was coming with an issue of the Cominform journal, published in Belgrade. A few minutes later the door opened and Yudin came in, bowing towards Zhdanov while he was approaching him. He left the newspaper on the table and retreated, bowing all the time. He covered in that way more than six or seven yards, because the room was rather large, and in bowing himself out he backed into the door, while nervously trying to find the doorknob with his hand.
Diplomatic career
When Cominform was founded, in October 1947, Yudin was appointed editor of the Cominform journal, For a Lasting Peace, for a People's Democracy!, based in Belgrade, which was then the capital of Yugoslavia. There he played a major role in the split between the USSR and Yugoslavia, which culminated in the Yugoslav communist party's expulsion from Cominform, and a failed attempt by Moscow to destroy the Tito regime. In March 1948, Yudin suppressed an article written for the journal by the Yugoslav communists Vladimir Dedijer and Radovan Zogović, which had expressed solidarity with liberation movements in Asia. In that instance, he was almost certainly following orders, because he was allowed almost no initiative while running this magazine, every issue of which had to be sent to Moscow for approval before it could be published. - but according to the future Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev, he used his position to sow trouble between Tito and Stalin, by sending Stalin a report alleging that the Yugoslavs had made insulting remarks about the military and technical advisers sent to them from the Soviet Union. The report was circulated to members of the Soviet Politburo Soon afterwards, the Soviet Union withdrew its advisers. On 27 March 1948, the Soviet leadership sent a letter Tito setting out various complaints, including an allegation that Yudin was under surveillance in Belgrade. Tito later alleged: "Yudin's work in Belgrade was not restricted to the paper. He took an active part in preparing the final reckoning with Yugoslavia. He tried hard to poison relations between Yugoslavia and her neighbours, especially Bulgaria and Albania."
In 1950, when Stalin was concerned that China might be the next communist country to refuse to recognise him as leader of the communist bloc, Yudin was dispatched to Beijing, to assist in arranging publication of the works of Mao Zedong. According to Khrushchev, this was at Mao's request, because "Mao wanted an educated man to help him put his works into proper shape and catch any mistakes in Marxist philosophy before Mao's works were published."
He was back in Moscow in October 1952, for the 19th Congress of the Soviet Communist Party, at which he was made a member of the Central Committee and a candidate member of the Praesidium of the Central Committee. After the Congress, he was sent to Berlin as political advisor to the Soviet Control Commission in East Germany. In 1953, he was promoted to the post of Deputy High Commissioner of the USSR in East Germany.
Yudin was Soviet Ambassador to China from 3 December 1953 to 15 October 1959. He was re-elected to the Central Committee at the 20th Party Congress in 1956 (the one during which Khrushchev delivered the Secret Speech exposing Stalin's crimes.) Having delivered a speech to the Central Committee plenum afterwards, Yudin reputedly exclaimed, purely out of habit "Long live Comrade Stalin!" - which produced an embarrassed silence, followed by an apology from the speaker. He was recalled from China after the split between the USSR and China, which followed Khrushchev's meeting with President Eisenhower in Camp David. On his return, he blamed Khrushchev, rather than Mao, for the split, to which Khrushchev retorted: "I might remark with some justification that we were sure to have discord with any country where Yudin was sent as ambassador. Yudin was sent to Yugoslavia and we had a falling out with Tito. Yudin went to China, and we had a falling out with Mao. This is no coincidence."
In 1960–68, Yudin worked at the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
In Literature
Yudin is mentioned by name in Vasili Grossman's classic novel, Life and Fate, when a soldier named Vavilov tells his comrades: "Once, I had to drive a lecturer from Moscow to the front - Pavel Fyodorovich Yudin. The member of the Military Soviet had said that it would be the end of me if I lost so much as a hair off his head. Now that was really hard work. We had to dive straight into the ditch if a plane came anywhere near. But Comrade Yudin certainly knew how to take care of himself - I'll say that for him."
Works
A Dictionary of Philosophy, written with Mark Rosenthal (Progress Publishers, 1967)
References
^ Ogurtsov, Alexander. "Подавлени Философии".
^ Katerina Clark, and Evgeny Dobrenko (2007). Soviet Culture and Power, A History in Documents, 1917-1953. New Haven: Yale U.P. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-300-10646-6.
^ Dedijer, Vladimir (1954). Tito Speaks, His Self Portrait and Struggle with Stalin. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 306.
^ Clark, and Dobrenko. Soviet Culture. pp. 311–12.
^ Hahn, Werner G. (1982). Postwar Soviet Politics, The Fall of Zhdanov and the Defeat of Moderation 1946-53. Ithaca: Cornell U.P. pp. 71-73. ISBN 0-8014-1410-5.
^ Dedijer. Tito Speaks. p. 307.
^ Ra'anan, Gavriel D. (1983). International Policy Formation in the USSR, Factional "Debates" during the Zhdanovshchina. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon. p. 114. ISBN 0-208-01976-6.
^ Dedijer. Tito Speaks. p. 308.
^ Khrushchev, Nikita (1971). Khrushchev Remembers. London: Sphere. p. 341.
^ Hahn. Postwar Soviet Politics. p. 99.
^ Dedijer. Tito Speaks. p. 308.
^ Khrushchev Remembers. pp. 427–28.
^ Vergasov, Fateh. "Павел Фёдорович Юдин". Псевология (Pseudology). Retrieved 19 January 2019.
^ Khrushchev Remembers. p. 427.
External links
Pavel Yudin archive at Marxists.org
vte19th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1952–1956)Full members
Vasily Andrianov
Averky Aristov
Lavrentiy Beria
Nikolai Bulganin
Kliment Voroshilov
Semyon Ignatyev
Lazar Kaganovich
Demyan Korotchenko
Vasili Kuznetsov
Otto Kuusinen
Georgy Malenkov
Vyacheslav Malyshev
Leonid Melnikov
Anastas Mikoyan
Nikolai Mikhailov
Vyacheslav Molotov
Mikhail Pervukhin
Panteleimon Ponomarenko
Maksim Saburov
Joseph Stalin
Mikhail Suslov
Nikita Khrushchev
Dmitry Chesnokov
Nikolai Shvernik
Matvei Shkiryatov
Alexei Kirichenko
Candidate members
Leonid Brezhnev
Andrey Vyshinsky
Arseny Zverev
Nikolai Ignatov
Ivan Kabanov
Alexei Kosygin
Nikolai Patolichev
Nikolai Pegov
Alexander Puzanov
Ivan Tevosian
Pavel Yudin
Mir Jafar Baghirov
Leonid Melnikov
Panteleimon Ponomarenko
Nikolai Shvernik
Alexei Kirichenko
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B. Mitin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Borisovich_Mitin"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin"},{"link_name":"Under the Banner of Marxism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Banner_of_Marxism"},{"link_name":"Menshevik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensheviks"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (b)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"}],"text":"Born in to a family of poor Russian peasants, Yudin worked as a lathe operator in a railway workshop in 1917–19. He joined the Russian Communist Party (b) in 1918, served in the Red Army 1919–21, and graduated from the Zinoviev University (later renamed the Stalin University) in Leningrad in 1924, after which he began a post graduate course at the Institute of Red Professors, where he was one of the minority of students who supported Joseph Stalin against the Right Opposition led by Nikolai Bukharin, who opposed the forced collectivisation of agriculture.Yudin was one of three signatories of an article, published in Pravda on 7 June 1930, denouncing Abram Deborin, who was the leading soviet communist philosopher of the 1920s.[citation needed] Deborin regarded the late Georgi Plekhanov as the most authoritative Russian Marxist philosopher. Yudin and his co-signatories - who included his long time colleague M. B. Mitin - upheld Vladimir Lenin as the greater philosopher. Unable to dislodge Deborin from his commanding position in the Institute of Red Professors, or his control over the scientific magazine Под Знаменем Марксисма (Pod Znamenem Marxisma - Under the Banner of Marxism, they made a direct appeal to Stalin in December 1930 to intervene. Stalin met the leaders of the party organisation within the Institute of Red Professors to tell them that Deborin was guilty of 'Menshevik idealism'. Yudin went on to claim that “the works of Comrade Stalin continue the best traditions of the founders of Marxism.”.[1]In January 1931, Yudin was co-opted onto the editorial board of Under the Banner of Marxism. In 1932–1938, he was Director of the Institute of Red Professors. From May 1933, until 1937, he was chief editor of the magazine Литературни Критик (Literaturni Kritic - Literary Critic). In 1934–37, he was deputy head of the Culture department of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (b).","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RAPP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Association_of_Proletarian_Writers"},{"link_name":"Leopold Averbakh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Averbakh"},{"link_name":"Union of Soviet Writers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Writers"},{"link_name":"Maxim Gorky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_Gorky"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Conflict with Gorky","text":"In April 1932, Yudin signed one of the first attacks on RAPP, and its leader Leopold Averbakh, on the day when Stalin ordered RAPP to disband and be incorporated in the new Union of Soviet Writers. Yudin was one of the original members of the organising committee of the Writers Union, but very soon earned the contempt of its chairman, the writer Maxim Gorky, who wrote Stalin a long letter on 2 August 1934 accusing Yudin of promoting \"intellectually feeble men.\" He added:My attitude to Yudin is becoming more and more negative. I'm offended by his peasant cunning, his lack of principle, his duplicity, and the cowardice of someone who, while aware of his own personal impotence, attempts to surround himself with people even more insignificant and to hide among them.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Purge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Purge"},{"link_name":"Josip Broz Tito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito"},{"link_name":"NKVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Lazar Kaganovich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Kirshon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Kirshon"},{"link_name":"Genrikh Yagoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genrikh_Yagoda"},{"link_name":"Pyotr Kryuchkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Kryuchkov"},{"link_name":"Isaak Mints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaak_Mints"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Role in the Purges","text":"During the Great Purge, according to the Yugoslav communist leader, Josip Broz Tito \"in the Soviet Union there was a joke about Yudin, that he was 'the best philosopher among the NKVD-men and the best NKVD-man among the philosophers.\"[3]\nIn April 1937, he sent Stalin and Lazar Kaganovich a lengthy memo denouncing the playwright and poet Vladimir Kirshon as an associate of Averbakh and of the ousted former NKVD chief Genrikh Yagoda, both recently arrested, saying that Kirshon and Averbakh had \"held discussions of a Trotskyite nature\", and that Kirshon had undergone a \"repugnant Political and personal disintegration.\" He also accused Gorky's long-serving former secretary Pyotr Kryuchkov of having 'poisoned' Gorky's relations with the writers union. Those four were all executed, but the historian Isaak Mints survived despite being denounced by Yudin, in the same letter as \"a two-faced Janus, the toady of Yagoda and Kryuchkov.\"[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Association of State Books and Magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Association_of_State_Books_and_Magazines&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Institute of Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Philosophy,_Russian_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"USSR Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Bolshevik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunist"},{"link_name":"Georg Hegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel"},{"link_name":"Under the Banner of Marxism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Banner_of_Marxism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Andrei Zhdanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Zhdanov"},{"link_name":"Koca Popovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koca_popovic"},{"link_name":"Cominform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cominform"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Post War Career","text":"In 1937–1946, Yudin was director of OGIZ (the Association of State Books and Magazines), the state publishing house. In 1939-1944 he was also Director of the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1940–42, Yudin and Mitin edited the three volume История философий (Istoriya filosofi - History of Philosophy), which won the 1942 Stalin Prize, reputedly the first book on philosophy to achieve that award. But in May 1944, the third volume was attacked in an editorial in the magazine Bolshevik for allegedly failing to recognise that the philosopher Georg Hegel was a German nationalist and racist. The Stalin Prize committee revised its previous decision, saying that the prize was for the first two volumes of the History of Philosophy, and Yudin and Mitin were sacked from the positions they held in the Institute of Philosophy and on the board of Under the Banner of Marxism. Yudin suffered another humiliation in October 1946, when he was accused of having mismanaged OGIZ, and was sacked.[5]These setback in Yudin's were obviously connected to the rise of Andrei Zhdanov, who emerged around 1946 as the Soviet Communist Party's chief ideologist and Stalin's successor-in-waiting. That Yudin was frightened of Zhdanov is evident from the eyewitness account by the Serbian communist Koca Popovic:At the end of 1947 I paid a visit to Zhdanov about some problems relating to Albania. While we were discussing the matter, the telephone rang and Zhdanov told me that Yudin was coming with an issue of the Cominform journal, published in Belgrade. A few minutes later the door opened and Yudin came in, bowing towards Zhdanov while he was approaching him. He left the newspaper on the table and retreated, bowing all the time. He covered in that way more than six or seven yards, because the room was rather large, and in bowing himself out he backed into the door, while nervously trying to find the doorknob with his hand.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"For a Lasting Peace, for a People's Democracy!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_a_Lasting_Peace,_for_a_People%27s_Democracy!"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Dedijer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Dedijer"},{"link_name":"Radovan Zogović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radovan_Zogovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Nikita Khrushchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev"},{"link_name":"Politburo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Mao Zedong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"19th Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Soviet Ambassador to China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Russia_to_China"},{"link_name":"Secret Speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"President Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"Camp David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_David"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Diplomatic career","text":"When Cominform was founded, in October 1947, Yudin was appointed editor of the Cominform journal, For a Lasting Peace, for a People's Democracy!, based in Belgrade, which was then the capital of Yugoslavia. There he played a major role in the split between the USSR and Yugoslavia, which culminated in the Yugoslav communist party's expulsion from Cominform, and a failed attempt by Moscow to destroy the Tito regime. In March 1948, Yudin suppressed an article written for the journal by the Yugoslav communists Vladimir Dedijer and Radovan Zogović, which had expressed solidarity with liberation movements in Asia.[7] In that instance, he was almost certainly following orders, because he was allowed almost no initiative while running this magazine, every issue of which had to be sent to Moscow for approval before it could be published.[8] - but according to the future Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev, he used his position to sow trouble between Tito and Stalin, by sending Stalin a report alleging that the Yugoslavs had made insulting remarks about the military and technical advisers sent to them from the Soviet Union. The report was circulated to members of the Soviet Politburo[9] Soon afterwards, the Soviet Union withdrew its advisers. On 27 March 1948, the Soviet leadership sent a letter Tito setting out various complaints, including an allegation that Yudin was under surveillance in Belgrade.[10] Tito later alleged: \"Yudin's work in Belgrade was not restricted to the paper. He took an active part in preparing the final reckoning with Yugoslavia. He tried hard to poison relations between Yugoslavia and her neighbours, especially Bulgaria and Albania.\"[11]In 1950, when Stalin was concerned that China might be the next communist country to refuse to recognise him as leader of the communist bloc, Yudin was dispatched to Beijing, to assist in arranging publication of the works of Mao Zedong. According to Khrushchev, this was at Mao's request, because \"Mao wanted an educated man to help him put his works into proper shape and catch any mistakes in Marxist philosophy before Mao's works were published.\"[12]He was back in Moscow in October 1952, for the 19th Congress of the Soviet Communist Party, at which he was made a member of the Central Committee and a candidate member of the Praesidium of the Central Committee. After the Congress, he was sent to Berlin as political advisor to the Soviet Control Commission in East Germany. In 1953, he was promoted to the post of Deputy High Commissioner of the USSR in East Germany.[13]Yudin was Soviet Ambassador to China from 3 December 1953 to 15 October 1959. He was re-elected to the Central Committee at the 20th Party Congress in 1956 (the one during which Khrushchev delivered the Secret Speech exposing Stalin's crimes.) Having delivered a speech to the Central Committee plenum afterwards, Yudin reputedly exclaimed, purely out of habit \"Long live Comrade Stalin!\" - which produced an embarrassed silence, followed by an apology from the speaker.[citation needed] He was recalled from China after the split between the USSR and China, which followed Khrushchev's meeting with President Eisenhower in Camp David. On his return, he blamed Khrushchev, rather than Mao, for the split, to which Khrushchev retorted: \"I might remark with some justification that we were sure to have discord with any country where Yudin was sent as ambassador. Yudin was sent to Yugoslavia and we had a falling out with Tito. Yudin went to China, and we had a falling out with Mao. This is no coincidence.\"[14]In 1960–68, Yudin worked at the Institute of Philosophy of the USSR Academy of Sciences.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vasili Grossman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Grossman"},{"link_name":"Life and Fate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_and_Fate"}],"text":"Yudin is mentioned by name in Vasili Grossman's classic novel, Life and Fate, when a soldier named Vavilov tells his comrades: \"Once, I had to drive a lecturer from Moscow to the front - Pavel Fyodorovich Yudin. The member of the Military Soviet had said that it would be the end of me if I lost so much as a hair off his head. Now that was really hard work. We had to dive straight into the ditch if a plane came anywhere near. But Comrade Yudin certainly knew how to take care of himself - I'll say that for him.\"","title":"In Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Dictionary of Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/dictionaryphilosophy1967"},{"link_name":"Mark Rosenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Moisevich_Rosenthal"},{"link_name":"Progress Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_Publishers"}],"text":"A Dictionary of Philosophy, written with Mark Rosenthal (Progress Publishers, 1967)","title":"Works"}]
|
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[{"reference":"Ogurtsov, Alexander. \"Подавлени Философии\".","urls":[{"url":"http://old.ihst.ru/projects/sohist/ogur89.htm","url_text":"\"Подавлени Философии\""}]},{"reference":"Katerina Clark, and Evgeny Dobrenko (2007). Soviet Culture and Power, A History in Documents, 1917-1953. New Haven: Yale U.P. p. 188. ISBN 978-0-300-10646-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10646-6","url_text":"978-0-300-10646-6"}]},{"reference":"Dedijer, Vladimir (1954). Tito Speaks, His Self Portrait and Struggle with Stalin. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 306.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Clark, and Dobrenko. Soviet Culture. pp. 311–12.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hahn, Werner G. (1982). Postwar Soviet Politics, The Fall of Zhdanov and the Defeat of Moderation 1946-53. Ithaca: Cornell U.P. pp. 71-73. ISBN 0-8014-1410-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/postwarsovietpol00hahn/page/71","url_text":"Postwar Soviet Politics, The Fall of Zhdanov and the Defeat of Moderation 1946-53"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/postwarsovietpol00hahn/page/71","url_text":"71-73"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-1410-5","url_text":"0-8014-1410-5"}]},{"reference":"Dedijer. Tito Speaks. p. 307.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ra'anan, Gavriel D. (1983). International Policy Formation in the USSR, Factional \"Debates\" during the Zhdanovshchina. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon. p. 114. ISBN 0-208-01976-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-208-01976-6","url_text":"0-208-01976-6"}]},{"reference":"Dedijer. Tito Speaks. p. 308.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Khrushchev, Nikita (1971). Khrushchev Remembers. London: Sphere. p. 341.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hahn. Postwar Soviet Politics. p. 99.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dedijer. Tito Speaks. p. 308.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Khrushchev Remembers. pp. 427–28.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Vergasov, Fateh. \"Павел Фёдорович Юдин\". Псевология (Pseudology). Retrieved 19 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pseudology.org/mid/Yudin_PF.htm","url_text":"\"Павел Фёдорович Юдин\""}]},{"reference":"Khrushchev Remembers. p. 427.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tate
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Mount Tate
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["1 Name","2 Geology","3 Geography","3.1 Location","3.2 Nearby mountains","3.3 Rivers","4 Scenery of Tateyama","5 References","6 External links","7 See also"]
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Coordinates: 36°34′33″N 137°37′11″E / 36.57583°N 137.61972°E / 36.57583; 137.61972Mountain in the country of Japan
For the peak in the Australian Alps, see Mount Tate (New South Wales).
Mount TateTateyama, 立山Mount Tate (Mount Fuji-no-Oritate, Mount Oonanji, Mount O) and Mikuri PondHighest pointElevation3,015 m (9,892 ft)ListingList of mountains in Japan100 Famous Japanese MountainsCoordinates36°34′33″N 137°37′11″E / 36.57583°N 137.61972°E / 36.57583; 137.61972NamingEnglish translationStanding MountainLanguage of nameJapaneseGeographyMount TateLocation in Japan
LocationToyama Prefecture, JapanParent rangeHida MountainsTopo mapGeospatial Information Authority 25000:1 剱岳50000:1 立山ClimbingFirst ascentSaeki no Ariyori c. 8th century AD
Mount Tate (立山, Tate-yama, IPA: ), also known as Tateyama, is a mountain located in the southeastern area of Toyama Prefecture, Japan. It is one of the tallest mountains in the Hida Mountains at 3,015 m (9,892 ft) and one of Japan's Three Holy Mountains (三霊山, Sanreizan) along with Mount Fuji and Mount Haku. Tateyama consists of three peaks: Ōnanjiyama (大汝山, 3,015 m), Oyama (雄山, 3,003 m), and Fuji-no-Oritate, (富士ノ折立, 2,999m) which form a ridge line. Tateyama is the tallest mountain in the Tateyama Mountain Range (立山連峰, Tateyama-renpō).
The Oyama Shrine is located on Oyama Peak.
Mount Tate was first climbed by Saeki no Ariyori, during Japan's Asuka period. The area was incorporated into the Chūbu-Sangaku National Park on 4 December 1934.
Name
The kanji name for the mountain is 立山, Tateyama in Japanese, which means "standing (立) or outstanding (顕)" and "mountain (山)," respectively. The Toyama Prefectural Government uses the name Mount Tateyama as an official translation of the Japanese mountain.
Geology
The mountain is primarily composed of granite and gneiss. However, located along the ridge and plateau, about 2 km (1.2 mi) west of the summit, there is a small andesite-dacite stratovolcano. This volcano has an elevation of 2,621 m (8,599 ft) and has minor eruptions, the latest occurring in 1961.
Geography
Location
Tateyama is located in southeastern Toyama Prefecture. At the base of the mountain is the town of Tateyama which is accessible by train from the prefecture's capital city, Toyama. Public transportation takes climbers and tourists as far as the Murodo Plateau Station at an elevation of 2,450 m (8,038 ft), where individuals may climb to the peak on foot. This location allows for the formation of snow and its accumulation, forming glaciers. These are the only glaciers identified in Japan so far.
Nearby mountains
Mount Tate, Mount Bessan and Mount Tsurugi seen from Mount Kashimayari at sunset
Image
Mountain
Elevation
Distance anddirectionfrom the Top
Note
Mount Tsurugi剱岳
2,999 m (9,839 ft)
5.3 km (3.3 mi)North
100 Japanese Mountains
Mount Bessan別山
2,880 m (9,449 ft)
2.4 km (1.5 mi)North
Mount Tate立山
3,015 m (9,892 ft)
0 km (0.0 mi)
100 Famous Japanese Mountainsthe tallest mountain in Toyama Prefecture
Mount Ryūō龍王岳
2,872 m (9,423 ft)
1.7 km (1.1 mi)Southwest
Mount Harinoki針ノ木岳
2,820.60 m (9,254 ft)
7.2 km (4.5 mi)Southeast
200 Japanese Mountains
Mount Akaushi赤牛岳
2,864.23 m (9,397 ft)
12.8 km (8.0 mi)South
200 Japanese Mountains
Mount Yakushi薬師岳
2,926.01 m (9,600 ft)
13.7 km (8.5 mi)Southwest
100 Japanese Mountains
Rivers
Mount Tate is the source of two rivers, both flowing to the Sea of Japan.
Hayatsuki River
Tsurugi Sawa, tributaries of the Kurobe River
Scenery of Tateyama
Tateyama from Higashi-Ichinokoshi
Tateyama from Mount Bessan
Tateyama and Mount Tsurugi from Mount Jii
Tateyama and Mount Tsurugi from Mount Asahi
References
^ a b c "Map inspection service" (in Japanese). Geospatial Information Authority of Japan. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
^ Baker, Hagino (August 13, 2018). "Hiking the spiritual Mount Tateyama". InsideJapan Tours. Retrieved April 22, 2022.
^ "地理院地図｜国土地理院".
^ Fay, Tom; Lang, Wes (2019-03-27). Hiking and Trekking in the Japan Alps and Mount Fuji: Northern, Central and Southern Alps. Cicerone Press Limited. ISBN 978-1-78362-714-1.
^ "Chūbu-Sangaku National Park". Ministry of the Environment (Japan). Archived from the original on February 27, 2012. Retrieved January 28, 2011.
^ "日本の主な山岳標高".
^ "Midagahara". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
^ "Active volcanoes and eruptions in Japan". Worlddata.info. Retrieved 2022-10-22.
^ "3 snow patches in central Japan certified as glaciers". Asahi Shimbun. February 7, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
^ Mountain and plateau map of Mount Tsurugi and Tateyama (in Japanese). Shobunsha Publications. 2010. ISBN 978-4-398-75716-6.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mount Tate.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Mount Tate.
Tateyama Kurobe Alpine Route official website
See also
Chūbu-Sangaku National Park
Japanese Alps
List of mountains and hills of Japan by height
List of three-thousanders in Japan
Tateyama Kurobe Alpine Route
Tateyama Sabō Erosion Control Works Service Train
Tateyama, Toyama
Tateyama Station (Toyama)
Murodō Station
Kurobe Dam
Midagahara
Murodō
Tourism in Japan
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mount Tate.
vteThree-thousanders (in Japan)Independent peak
Mount Fuji
Mount Ontake
Hida Mountains (Northern Alps)
Mount Okuhotaka
Mount Yari
Mount Karasawa
Mount Kitahotaka
Mount Ōbami
Mount Maehotaka
Mount Naka
Mount Minami
Mount Norikura
Mount Tate
Akaishi Mountains (Southern Alps)
Mount Kita
Mount Aino
Mount Warusawa
Mount Akaishi
Mount Arakawa
Mount Nōtori
Mount Shiomi
Mount Senjō
Mount Hijiri
100 Famous Japanese Mountains
List of mountains in Japan
vte100 Famous Japanese MountainsHokkaidō
Mt. Rishiri
Mt. Rausu
Mt. Shari
Mt. Akan
Mt. Taisetsu
Mt. Tomuraushi
Mt. Tokachi
Mt. Poroshiri
Mt. Yōtei
Tōhoku region Jōshinetsu region
Mt. Iwaki
Hakkōda
Hachimantai
Mt. Iwate
Mt. Hayachine
Mt. Chokai
Mt. Gassan
Mt. Asahi
Mt. Zaō
Mt. Iide
Mt. Azuma
Mt. Adatara
Mt. Bandai
Mt. Aizu-Koma
Mt. Echigo (Uonuma-Koma)
Mt. Hiragatake
Mt. Makihata
Mt. Hiuchigatake
Mt. Shibutsu
Mt. Tanigawa
Mt. Naeba
Mt. Myōkō
Hiuchiyama
Mt. Amakazari
Mt. Takatsuma
Kantō region
Mt. Nantai
Mt. Oku-Shirane
Mt. Nasu
Mt. Sukai
Mt. Hotaka
Mt. Akagi
Mt. Kusatsu-Shirane
Mt. Azumaya
Mt. Asama
Mt. Tsukuba
Mt. Tanzawa
Mt. Ryōkami
Mt. Kumotori
Mt. Kobushi
Mt. Kinpu
Mt. Mizugaki
Mt. Daibosatsu
Mt. Fuji
Mt. Amagi
Chūbu regionHida Mountains (Northern Alps)
Mt. Shirouma
Mt. Goryu
Mt. Kashimayari
Mt. Tsurugi
Mt. Tate
Mt. Yakushi
Mt. Kurobegorō
Mt. Kuro (Suishō)
Mt. Washiba
Mt. Yari
Mt. Hotaka
Mt. Jōnen
Mt. Kasa
Mt. Yake
Mt. Norikura
Kiso Mountains (Central Alps)
Mt. Kisokoma
Mt. Utsugi
Mt. Ena
Akaishi Mountains (Southern Alps)
Mt. Kaikoma
Mt. Senjō
Mt. Hōō
Mt. Kita
Mt. Aino
Mt. Shiomi
Mt. Warusawa
Mt. Akaishi
Mt. Hijiri
Mt. Tekari
Others
Mt. Fuji
Mt. Ontake
Utsukushigahara
Mt. Kirigamine
Mt. Tateshina
Yatsugatake
Mt. Haku
Mt. Arashima
Mt. Azumaya
Western Japan
Mt. Ibuki
Mt. Ōdaigahara
Mt. Ōmine
Daisen
Mt. Tsurugi
Mt. Ishizuchi
Mt. Kujū (Kokonoe)
Mt. Sobo
Mt. Aso
Mt. Kirishima
Mt. Kaimon
Mt. Miyanoura
Kyūya Fukada
List of mountains in Japan
Three-thousanders (in Japan)
Media related to 100 Famous Japanese Mountains at Wikimedia Commons
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Japan
Czech Republic
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Tate (New South Wales)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tate_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"[tateꜜjama]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese"},{"link_name":"mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain"},{"link_name":"Toyama Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyama_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Hida Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hida_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Three Holy Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Holy_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Mount Fuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Fuji"},{"link_name":"Mount Haku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Haku"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridge"},{"link_name":"Oyama Shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyama_Shrine_(Tateyama)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Asuka period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asuka_period"},{"link_name":"Chūbu-Sangaku National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%ABbu-Sangaku_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-npark-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Mountain in the country of JapanFor the peak in the Australian Alps, see Mount Tate (New South Wales).Mount Tate (立山, Tate-yama, IPA: [tateꜜjama]), also known as Tateyama, is a mountain located in the southeastern area of Toyama Prefecture, Japan. It is one of the tallest mountains in the Hida Mountains at 3,015 m (9,892 ft) and one of Japan's Three Holy Mountains (三霊山, Sanreizan) along with Mount Fuji and Mount Haku.[2] Tateyama consists of three peaks: Ōnanjiyama (大汝山, 3,015 m), Oyama (雄山, 3,003 m), and Fuji-no-Oritate, (富士ノ折立, 2,999m)[3] which form a ridge line. Tateyama is the tallest mountain in the Tateyama Mountain Range (立山連峰, Tateyama-renpō).The Oyama Shrine is located on Oyama Peak.[4]Mount Tate was first climbed by Saeki no Ariyori, during Japan's Asuka period. The area was incorporated into the Chūbu-Sangaku National Park on 4 December 1934.[5][6]","title":"Mount Tate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kanji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanji"},{"link_name":"Toyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyama_Prefecture"}],"text":"The kanji name for the mountain is 立山, Tateyama in Japanese, which means \"standing (立) or outstanding (顕)\" and \"mountain (山),\" respectively. The Toyama Prefectural Government uses the name Mount Tateyama as an official translation of the Japanese mountain.","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"granite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite"},{"link_name":"gneiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gneiss"},{"link_name":"plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau"},{"link_name":"andesite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andesite"},{"link_name":"dacite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacite"},{"link_name":"stratovolcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovolcano"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"eruptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eruption"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The mountain is primarily composed of granite and gneiss. However, located along the ridge and plateau, about 2 km (1.2 mi) west of the summit, there is a small andesite-dacite stratovolcano.[7] This volcano has an elevation of 2,621 m (8,599 ft) and has minor eruptions, the latest occurring in 1961.[8]","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyama_(city)"},{"link_name":"Tateyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tateyama,_Toyama"},{"link_name":"Toyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyama,_Toyama"},{"link_name":"Public transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transportation"},{"link_name":"Murodo Plateau Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murod%C5%8D_Station"},{"link_name":"peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Peak"},{"link_name":"glaciers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glacier"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Location","text":"Tateyama is located in southeastern Toyama Prefecture. At the base of the mountain is the town of Tateyama which is accessible by train from the prefecture's capital city, Toyama. Public transportation takes climbers and tourists as far as the Murodo Plateau Station at an elevation of 2,450 m (8,038 ft), where individuals may climb to the peak on foot. This location allows for the formation of snow and its accumulation, forming glaciers. These are the only glaciers identified in Japan so far.[9]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Tate_and_Mount_Tsurugi_from_Mount_Kashimayari_2003-11-01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mount Kashimayari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kashimayari"}],"sub_title":"Nearby mountains","text":"Mount Tate, Mount Bessan and Mount Tsurugi seen from Mount Kashimayari at sunset","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River"},{"link_name":"Sea of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tizu-10"},{"link_name":"tributaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary"},{"link_name":"Kurobe River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurobe_River"}],"sub_title":"Rivers","text":"Mount Tate is the source of two rivers, both flowing to the Sea of Japan.[10]Hayatsuki River\nTsurugi Sawa, tributaries of the Kurobe River","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Tate_from_Higashi_Ichinokoshi_1995-08-20.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Tate_from_Mount_Betsu_1995-08-20.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mount Bessan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Bessan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tateyama_from_jiigatake_20_2001_11_20.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mount Tsurugi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tsurugi_(Toyama)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mount_Tate_and_Mount_Tsurugi_from_Mount_Asahi_2000-07-30.jpg"}],"text":"Tateyama from Higashi-Ichinokoshi\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTateyama from Mount Bessan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTateyama and Mount Tsurugi from Mount Jii\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTateyama and Mount Tsurugi from Mount Asahi","title":"Scenery of Tateyama"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Mount Tate, Mount Bessan and Mount Tsurugi seen from Mount Kashimayari at sunset","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mount_Tate_and_Mount_Tsurugi_from_Mount_Kashimayari_2003-11-01.jpg/220px-Mount_Tate_and_Mount_Tsurugi_from_Mount_Kashimayari_2003-11-01.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Chūbu-Sangaku National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%ABbu-Sangaku_National_Park"},{"title":"Japanese Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Alps"},{"title":"List of mountains and hills of Japan by height","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_and_hills_of_Japan_by_height"},{"title":"List of three-thousanders in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_three-thousanders_in_Japan"},{"title":"Tateyama Kurobe Alpine Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tateyama_Kurobe_Alpine_Route"},{"title":"Tateyama Sabō Erosion Control Works Service Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tateyama_Sab%C5%8D_Erosion_Control_Works_Service_Train"},{"title":"Tateyama, Toyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tateyama,_Toyama"},{"title":"Tateyama Station (Toyama)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tateyama_Station_(Toyama)"},{"title":"Murodō Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murod%C5%8D_Station"},{"title":"Kurobe Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurobe_Dam"},{"title":"Midagahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midagahara"},{"title":"Murodō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murod%C5%8D"},{"title":"Tourism in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Japan"},{"title":"Mount Tate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mount_Tate"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Three-thousander_(in_Japan)"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Three-thousander_(in_Japan)"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Three-thousander_(in_Japan)"},{"title":"Three-thousanders (in Japan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_three-thousanders_in_Japan"},{"title":"Mount Fuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Fuji"},{"title":"Mount Ontake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ontake"},{"title":"Hida Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hida_Mountains"},{"title":"Mount Okuhotaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hotaka_(Nagano,_Gifu)"},{"title":"Mount Yari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Yari"},{"title":"Mount Karasawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hotaka_(Nagano,_Gifu)"},{"title":"Mount Kitahotaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hotaka_(Nagano,_Gifu)"},{"title":"Mount Ōbami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_%C5%8Cbami"},{"title":"Mount Maehotaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hotaka_(Nagano,_Gifu)"},{"title":"Mount Naka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Naka"},{"title":"Mount Norikura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Norikura"},{"title":"Mount Tate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Akaishi Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akaishi_Mountains"},{"title":"Mount Kita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kita"},{"title":"Mount Aino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Aino"},{"title":"Mount Warusawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Warusawa"},{"title":"Mount Akaishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Akaishi"},{"title":"Mount Arakawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Arakawa"},{"title":"Mount Nōtori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_N%C5%8Dtori"},{"title":"Mount Shiomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Shiomi"},{"title":"Mount Senjō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Senj%C5%8D_(Akaishi)"},{"title":"Mount Hijiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hijiri"},{"title":"100 Famous Japanese Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_Famous_Japanese_Mountains"},{"title":"List of mountains in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_and_hills_of_Japan_by_height"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:100_Famous_Japanese_Mountains"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:100_Famous_Japanese_Mountains"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:100_Famous_Japanese_Mountains"},{"title":"100 Famous Japanese Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_Famous_Japanese_Mountains"},{"title":"Hokkaidō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido"},{"title":"Mt. Rishiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rishiri"},{"title":"Mt. Rausu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Rausu"},{"title":"Mt. Shari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Shari"},{"title":"Mt. Akan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akan_Volcanic_Complex"},{"title":"Mt. Taisetsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisetsuzan_Volcanic_Group"},{"title":"Mt. Tomuraushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tomuraushi_(Daisetsuzan)"},{"title":"Mt. Tokachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tokachi_(Daisetsuzan)"},{"title":"Mt. Poroshiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Poroshiri"},{"title":"Mt. Yōtei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Y%C5%8Dtei"},{"title":"Tōhoku region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_region"},{"title":"Jōshinetsu region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%8Dshinetsu_region"},{"title":"Mt. Iwaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Iwaki"},{"title":"Hakkōda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakk%C5%8Dda_Mountains"},{"title":"Hachimantai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hachimantai"},{"title":"Mt. Iwate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Iwate"},{"title":"Mt. Hayachine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hayachine"},{"title":"Mt. Chokai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ch%C5%8Dkai"},{"title":"Mt. Gassan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Gassan"},{"title":"Mt. Asahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Asahi_(Yamagata)"},{"title":"Mt. Zaō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Za%C5%8D"},{"title":"Mt. Iide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Iide"},{"title":"Mt. Azuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Azuma"},{"title":"Mt. Adatara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Adatara"},{"title":"Mt. Bandai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Bandai"},{"title":"Mt. Aizu-Koma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Aizu-Komagatake"},{"title":"Mt. Echigo (Uonuma-Koma)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Echigo-Komagatake"},{"title":"Mt. Hiragatake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hiragatake"},{"title":"Mt. Makihata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Makihata"},{"title":"Mt. Hiuchigatake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiuchigatake"},{"title":"Mt. Shibutsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozegahara"},{"title":"Mt. Tanigawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tanigawa"},{"title":"Mt. Naeba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Naeba"},{"title":"Mt. Myōkō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_My%C5%8Dk%C5%8D"},{"title":"Hiuchiyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hiuchi"},{"title":"Mt. Amakazari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Amakazari"},{"title":"Mt. Takatsuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Takatsuma"},{"title":"Kantō region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_region"},{"title":"Mt. Nantai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nantai"},{"title":"Mt. Oku-Shirane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nikk%C5%8D-Shirane"},{"title":"Mt. Nasu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nasu"},{"title":"Mt. Sukai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sukai"},{"title":"Mt. Hotaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hotaka_(Gunma)"},{"title":"Mt. Akagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Akagi"},{"title":"Mt. Kusatsu-Shirane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kusatsu-Shirane"},{"title":"Mt. Azumaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Azumaya"},{"title":"Mt. Asama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Asama"},{"title":"Mt. Tsukuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tsukuba"},{"title":"Mt. Tanzawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tanzawa"},{"title":"Mt. Ryōkami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ry%C5%8Dkami"},{"title":"Mt. Kumotori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kumotori"},{"title":"Mt. Kobushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kobushi"},{"title":"Mt. Kinpu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kinpu"},{"title":"Mt. Mizugaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Mizugaki"},{"title":"Mt. Daibosatsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Daibosatsu"},{"title":"Mt. Fuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Fuji"},{"title":"Mt. Amagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Amagi"},{"title":"Chūbu region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%ABbu_region"},{"title":"Hida Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hida_Mountains"},{"title":"Mt. Shirouma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Shirouma"},{"title":"Mt. Goryu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Goryu"},{"title":"Mt. Kashimayari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kashimayari"},{"title":"Mt. Tsurugi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tsurugi_(Toyama)"},{"title":"Mt. Tate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"title":"Mt. Yakushi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Yakushi"},{"title":"Mt. Kurobegorō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kurobegor%C5%8D"},{"title":"Mt. Kuro (Suishō)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Suisho"},{"title":"Mt. Washiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Washiba"},{"title":"Mt. Yari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Yari"},{"title":"Mt. Hotaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hotaka_(Nagano,_Gifu)"},{"title":"Mt. Jōnen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_J%C5%8Dnen"},{"title":"Mt. Kasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kasa"},{"title":"Mt. Yake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Yake"},{"title":"Mt. Norikura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Norikura"},{"title":"Kiso Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiso_Mountains"},{"title":"Mt. Kisokoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kisokoma"},{"title":"Mt. Utsugi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Utsugi"},{"title":"Mt. Ena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ena"},{"title":"Akaishi Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akaishi_Mountains"},{"title":"Mt. Kaikoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kaikoma"},{"title":"Mt. Senjō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Senj%C5%8D_(Akaishi)"},{"title":"Mt. Hōō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_H%C5%8D%C5%8D"},{"title":"Mt. Kita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kita"},{"title":"Mt. Aino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Aino"},{"title":"Mt. Shiomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Shiomi"},{"title":"Mt. Warusawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Warusawa"},{"title":"Mt. Akaishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Akaishi"},{"title":"Mt. Hijiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hijiri"},{"title":"Mt. Tekari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tekari"},{"title":"Mt. Fuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Fuji"},{"title":"Mt. Ontake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ontake"},{"title":"Utsukushigahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utsukushigahara_Highland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E3%83%B6%E5%8E%9F"},{"title":"Mt. Kirigamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kirigamine"},{"title":"Mt. Tateshina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tateshina"},{"title":"Yatsugatake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Yatsugatake_Volcanic_Group"},{"title":"Mt. Haku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Haku"},{"title":"Mt. Arashima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Arashima"},{"title":"Mt. Azumaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Azumaya"},{"title":"Mt. Ibuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ibuki"},{"title":"Mt. Ōdaigahara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_%C5%8Cdaigahara"},{"title":"Mt. Ōmine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_%C5%8Cmine"},{"title":"Daisen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisen_(mountain)"},{"title":"Mt. Tsurugi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tsurugi_(Tokushima)"},{"title":"Mt. Ishizuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ishizuchi"},{"title":"Mt. Kujū (Kokonoe)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kuj%C5%AB"},{"title":"Mt. Sobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sobo"},{"title":"Mt. Aso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Aso"},{"title":"Mt. Kirishima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kirishima"},{"title":"Mt. Kaimon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaimondake_volcano"},{"title":"Mt. Miyanoura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Miyanoura"},{"title":"Kyūya Fukada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%ABya_Fukada"},{"title":"List of mountains in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_and_hills_of_Japan_by_height"},{"title":"Three-thousanders (in Japan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-thousanders_(in_Japan)"},{"title":"100 Famous Japanese Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:100_Famous_Japanese_Mountains"},{"title":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2977103#identifiers"},{"title":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/251209452"},{"title":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00647791"},{"title":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge953821&CON_LNG=ENG"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Estr%C3%A9es-class_cruiser
|
D'Estrées-class cruiser
|
["1 Design","1.1 Characteristics and machinery","1.2 Armament and armor","2 Construction","3 Service history","4 Notes","5 References"]
|
Protected cruiser class of the French Navy
Infernet
Class overview
NameDestrées
Operators French Navy
Preceded byChâteaurenault
Succeeded byJurien de la Gravière
In commission1899–1922
Completed2
Lost1
Retired1
General characteristics
TypeProtected cruiser
Displacement2,428 long tons (2,467 t)
Length95 m (311 ft 8 in) loa
Beam12 m (39 ft 4 in)
Draft5.39 m (17 ft 8 in)
Installed power
8 × water-tube boilers
8,500 ihp (6,300 kW)
Propulsion
2 × triple-expansion steam engines
2 × screw propellers
Speed20 to 20.5 knots (37.0 to 38.0 km/h; 23.0 to 23.6 mph)
Range6,000 nmi (11,000 km; 6,900 mi) at 10 kn (19 km/h; 12 mph)
Complement235
Armament
2 × 138 mm (5.4 in) guns
4 × 100 mm (3.9 in) guns
8 × 47 mm (1.9 in) guns
2 × 37 mm (1.5 in) guns
ArmorDeck: 38 to 43 mm (1.5 to 1.7 in)
The D'Estrées class comprised two protected cruisers of the French Navy built in the late 1890s. The two ships were D'Estrées and Infernet, though a third was projected but was canceled before work began. They were ordered during a period of intense debate in the French fleet between officers who favored large armored cruisers and those who preferred smaller vessels more suited to long-distance cruising abroad. The D'Estrées-class cruisers were intended to operate in the French colonial empire. The ships were armed with a main battery of two 138 mm (5.4 in) guns supported by four 100 mm (3.9 in) guns and they had a top speed of 20 to 20.5 knots (37.0 to 38.0 km/h; 23.0 to 23.6 mph).
D'Estrées and Infernet initially served in the Northern Squadron after entering service in the late 1890s, though they were quickly transferred elsewhere. D'Estrées went to the Atlantic station in 1902, while Infernet had been sent to French Madagascar by 1901. The latter ship then served a stint in the East Indies from 1903 to 1905, thereafter returning to France, where she was sold for demolition in 1910. D'Estrées was assigned to the 2nd Light Division at the start of World War I in August 1914 before being moved to the Syrian Division, where she took part in operations against Ottoman forces ashore. She patrolled the Red Sea and Indian Ocean from 1916 to the end of the war in 1918. D'Estrées was then sent to East Asia, where she served until being discarded in 1922.
Design
In the 1880s and 1890s, factions in the French Navy's officer corps argued over the types of cruiser that best served France's interests. Some argued for a fleet of small but fast protected cruisers for commerce raiding, another sought larger and more powerful armored cruisers that were useful for patrolling the country's colonial possessions, while another preferred vessels more suited to operations with the home fleet of battleships. In 1896, the Conseil supérieur de la Marine (Superior Naval Council) ordered the two cruisers of the D'Estrées class for the construction program that was to begin that year at the behest of the colonialists for use in the French overseas empire. A third member of the class, provisionally designated "K3", was authorized in 1897 but was not built; by that time, the French naval command had decided to build larger armored cruisers for all cruiser tasks, including colonial patrol duties.
Characteristics and machinery
Profile and plan drawing of D'Estrées from the 1901 edition of The Naval Annual
The two ships of the D'Estrées class were 95 m (311 ft 8 in) long overall, with a beam of 12 m (39 ft 4 in) and a draft of 5.39 m (17 ft 8 in). They displaced 2,428 long tons (2,467 t). Their crew numbered 235 officers and enlisted men.
The ships' hulls included a ram bow and an overhanging stern, but unlike other French cruisers of the period, they lacked a double bottom or a longitudinal bulkhead. Below the waterline, they were covered with a layer of wood and copper sheathing to protect them from biofouling on extended voyages overseas, where they would not have reliable access to shipyard facilities. The ships had a flush deck and a minimal superstructure, consisting primarily of a small conning tower. They had three pole masts, though one was later removed from each vessel.
The ships' propulsion system consisted of a pair of vertical triple-expansion steam engines driving two screw propellers. Each engine was placed in its own engine room, divided by a watertight bulkhead to prevent flooding from disabling both engines. Steam was provided by eight coal-burning Normand-type water-tube boilers that were ducted into two widely-spaced funnels. The boilers were divided into pairs in four boiler rooms.
Their machinery was rated to produce 8,500 indicated horsepower (6,300 kW) for a top speed of 20 to 20.5 knots (37.0 to 38.0 km/h; 23.0 to 23.6 mph). They carried 340 long tons (345 t) of coal for the boilers, and up to 470 long tons (480 t) at full load, which gave the ships a cruising radius of up to 8,000 nautical miles (15,000 km; 9,200 mi) at a speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph), according to the contemporary Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. Warship International, citing the 1905 Marine Almanac, credits the class with a cruising radius of just 4,500 nmi (8,300 km; 5,200 mi) at 10 knots.
Armament and armor
A 100 mm (3.9 in) Model 1891 gun in a pivot mount
The ships were armed with a main battery of two 138 mm (5.4 in) Modèle 1893 45-caliber guns. They were placed in individual pivot mounts with gun shields, one forward and aft on the centerline. They were supplied with a variety of shells, including solid, 30 kg (66 lb) cast iron projectiles, and 35 kg (77 lb) explosive armor-piercing (AP) and semi-armor-piercing (SAP) shells, firing with a muzzle velocity of 730 to 770 m/s (2,400 to 2,500 ft/s).
The main battery was supported by a secondary battery of four 100 mm (3.9 in) Modèle 1891 guns, which were carried in sponsons in the hull. One pair was placed abreast the conning tower, and the other set of guns was located on either side of the rear funnel. The guns fired 14 kg (31 lb) cast iron and 16 kg (35 lb) AP shells with a muzzle velocity of 710 to 740 m/s (2,300 to 2,400 ft/s).
For close-range defense against torpedo boats, the vessels carried eight 47 mm (1.9 in) 3-pounder Hotchkiss guns and two 37 mm (1.5 in) 1-pounder guns. These were mounted in individual pivot mountings that were distributed along the length of the ship, some atop the upper deck and others firing through gun ports in the upper deck. The ships were also equipped with fourteen naval mines.
Armor protection consisted of a curved armor deck that was 38 to 43 mm (1.5 to 1.7 in) thick in the central portion of the ships, where it protected the propulsion machinery spaces and the ammunition magazines. The deck was reduced in thickness toward the bow and stern, falling to 20 mm (0.79 in). Above the deck at the sides, a cofferdam filled with cellulose was intended to contain flooding from damage below the waterline.
Construction
Construction data
Name
Laid down
Launched
Completed
Shipyard
D'Estrées
March 1897
27 October 1897
1899
Arsenal de Rochefort, Rochefort
Infernet
December 1896
7 September 1899
1900
Forges et Chantiers de la Gironde, Lormont
K3
—
—
—
—
Service history
D'Estrées in Shanghai in around 1920, seen from astern
D'Estrées served in the Northern Squadron after her completion in 1899, where she was joined by Infernet by early 1901. The latter vessel was transferred to French Madagascar later in 1901, and in 1902, D'Estrées was reassigned to the Atlantic Training Division. She remained there for the next several years, though the unit went through a series of name changes and reorganizations. Infernet was moved again in 1903, this time to the East Indies to protect French interests in the region. She returned to France in 1905. In 1908, D'Estrées was sent to patrol the West Indies, and by that time, the Atlantic Division had been merged into the Northern Squadron. Infernet's career was cut short when she was stricken on 9 March 1910, and subsequently sold for demolition; she was stranded off Les Sables-d'Olonne on 16 November 1910 on delivery to the scrapyard in Germany and broken up in situ.
At the start of World War I in August 1914, D'Estrées was initially assigned to the 2nd Light Squadron, which was based in the English Channel, but was quickly transferred to reinforce the Syrian Division for operations against the Ottoman Empire. D'Estrées bombarded Ottoman positions along the Syrian coast and helped to enforce a blockade there. She also assisted in the evacuation of some 4,000 Armenians from Antakya on 12 and 13 September, along with several other French cruisers. She was moved to the Red Sea in 1916, where she patrolled for the German commerce raider SMS Wolf, which was known to be operating in the Indian Ocean. She remained in the region for the rest of the war, though she saw no further action. After the war, she was sent to French Indochina, where she spent the remainder of her career. D'Estrées was struck from the naval register in 1922 and broken up.
Notes
^ Ropp, pp. 284, 286.
^ Fisher, pp. 238–239.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Campbell, p. 313.
^ Ships, pp. 1007–1008.
^ a b c Fisher, p. 239.
^ Garbett 1904, p. 563.
^ Friedman, p. 224.
^ Friedman, p. 225.
^ Ships, p. 1008.
^ a b c Smigielski, p. 193.
^ Leyland 1900, p. 64.
^ Jordan & Caresse 2017, p. 218.
^ Leyland 1901, p. 76.
^ Jordan & Caresse 2019, p. 74.
^ Brassey 1903, pp. 58–60.
^ Garbett 1903, p. 944.
^ Brassey 1908, pp. 49, 51–52.
^ Garbett 1908, p. 100.
^ a b Roche.
^ "Maritime Intelligence". Shipping & Mercantile Gazette and Lloyd's List. 18 November 1910. p. 8.
^ "Maritime Intelligence". Shipping & Mercantile Gazette and Lloyd's List. 22 November 1910. p. 11.
^ Meirat, p. 22.
^ Corbett, p. 369.
^ Jordan & Caresse 2019, p. 235.
^ Reynolds, Churchill, & Trevelyan, p. 505.
^ Jordan & Caresse 2019, pp. 235–236, 240, 247.
^ Smigielski, p. 194.
^ Guilliatt & Hohnen, p. 192.
References
Brassey, Thomas A. (1903). "Chapter III: Relative Strength". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 57–68. OCLC 496786828.
Brassey, Thomas A. (1908). "Chapter III: Comparative Strength". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 48–57. OCLC 496786828.
Campbell, N. J. M. (1979). "France". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 283–333. ISBN 978-0-85177-133-5.
Corbett, Julian Stafford (1921). Naval Operations: From the Battle of the Falklands to the Entry of Italy Into the War in May 1915. Vol. II. London: Longmans, Green & Co. OCLC 924170059.
Fisher, Edward C., ed. (1969). "157/67 French Protected Cruiser Isly". Warship International. VI (3). Toledo: International Naval Research Organization: 238. ISSN 0043-0374.
Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One: Guns, Torpedoes, Mines and ASW Weapons of All Nations; An Illustrated Directory. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7.
Garbett, H., ed. (August 1903). "Naval Notes: France". Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. XLVII (306). London: J. J. Keliher & Co.: 941–946. OCLC 1077860366.
Garbett, H., ed. (May 1904). "Naval Notes: France". Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. XLVIII (315). London: J. J. Keliher & Co.: 560–566. OCLC 1077860366.
Garbett, H., ed. (January 1908). "Naval Notes: France". Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. LLI (359). London: J. J. Keliher & Co.: 100–103. OCLC 1077860366.
Guilliatt, Richard; Hohnen, Peter (2010). The Wolf: How One German Raider Terrorized the Allies in the Most Epic Voyage of WWI. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-1416573173.
Jordan, John & Caresse, Philippe (2017). French Battleships of World War One. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-639-1.
Jordan, John & Caresse, Philippe (2019). French Armoured Cruisers 1887–1932. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5267-4118-9.
Leyland, John (1900). Brassey, Thomas A. (ed.). "Chapter III: Comparative Strength". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 63–70. OCLC 496786828.
Leyland, John (1901). "Chapter II: The Progress of Foreign Navies". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 33–70. OCLC 496786828.
Meirat, Jean (1975). "Details and Operational History of the Third-Class Cruiser Lavoisier". F. P. D. S. Newsletter. III (3). Akron: F. P. D. S.: 20–23. OCLC 41554533.
Reynolds, Francis J.; Churchill, Allen L.; Miller, Francis Trevelyan, eds. (1916). The Story of the Great War: History of the European War from Official Sources. Vol. III. New York: P.F. Collier & Son. OCLC 633621894.
Roberts, Stephen (2021). French Warships in the Age of Steam 1859–1914. Barnsley: Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-5267-4533-0.
Roche, Jean-Michel. Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours (in French). Vol. II, 1870–2006 (2013 ed.). Millau: Rezotel-Maury. ISBN 978-2-9525917-3-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
Ropp, Theodore (1987). Roberts, Stephen S. (ed.). The Development of a Modern Navy: French Naval Policy, 1871–1904. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-141-6.
"Ships". Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers. XI (4). Washington D.C.: R. Beresford: 1081–1116. November 1899.
Smigielski, Adam (1985). "France". In Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. pp. 190–220. ISBN 978-0-87021-907-8.
vteD'Estrées-class cruisers
D'Estrées
Infernet
Preceded by: Châteaurenault
Followed by: Jurien de la Gravière
List of protected cruisers of France
vteProtected cruisers of France1st class cruisers
Sfax
Tage
Amiral Cécille
Jean Bart class
Alger
D'Entrecasteaux
Guichen
Châteaurenault
Jurien de la Gravière
2nd class cruisers
Davout
Suchet
Friant class
Descartes class
D'Assas class
Catinat class
3rd class cruisers
Forbin class
Troude class
Linois class
D'Estrées class
vteFrench naval ship classes of World War IDreadnought battleships
Courbet
Bretagne
NormandieX
LyonX
Pre-dreadnought battleships
JauréguiberryS
BouvetS
Charlemagne
SuffrenS
République
Liberté
Danton
Coast defense ships
Henri IVS
Armoured cruisers
Dupuy de LômeS
Amiral Charner
PothuauS
Jeanne d'ArcS
Gueydon
Dupleix
Gloire
Léon Gambetta
Jules MicheletS
Ernest RenanS
Edgar Quinet
Protected cruisers
Amiral CécilleS
Forbin
Troude
Friant
Linois
Descartes
D'Assas
D'EntrecasteauxS
GuichenS
ChâteaurenaultS
D'Estrées
Jurien de la GravièreS
Light cruisers
La Motte-PicquetX
Destroyers
Durandal
Framée
Pertuisane
Arquebuse
Claymore
Branlebas
Spahi
Voltigeur
Chasseur
Bouclier
Bisson
Enseigne Roux
Enseigne GaboldeSC
M89X
Aventurier
Arabe
Submarines
Sirène
Aigrette
ArgonauteS
Émeraude
Circé
Pluviôse
Brumaire
ArchimèdeS
MariotteS
Amiral BourgoisS
Charles BrunS
Clorinde
Gustave Zédé
Amphitrite
Bellone
Dupuy de Lôme
Diane
Joessel
Lagrange
Armide
O'Byrne
Seaplane carriers
FoudreS
S
Single ship of class
C
Completed after the war
X
Cancelled
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protected cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_cruiser"},{"link_name":"French Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Navy"},{"link_name":"D'Estrées","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_D%27Estr%C3%A9es"},{"link_name":"Infernet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_cruiser_Infernet"},{"link_name":"armored cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_cruiser"},{"link_name":"French colonial empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonial_empire"},{"link_name":"main battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_battery"},{"link_name":"knots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"French Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Madagascar"},{"link_name":"East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Indies"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Red Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea"}],"text":"Protected cruiser class of the French NavyThe D'Estrées class comprised two protected cruisers of the French Navy built in the late 1890s. The two ships were D'Estrées and Infernet, though a third was projected but was canceled before work began. They were ordered during a period of intense debate in the French fleet between officers who favored large armored cruisers and those who preferred smaller vessels more suited to long-distance cruising abroad. The D'Estrées-class cruisers were intended to operate in the French colonial empire. The ships were armed with a main battery of two 138 mm (5.4 in) guns supported by four 100 mm (3.9 in) guns and they had a top speed of 20 to 20.5 knots (37.0 to 38.0 km/h; 23.0 to 23.6 mph).D'Estrées and Infernet initially served in the Northern Squadron after entering service in the late 1890s, though they were quickly transferred elsewhere. D'Estrées went to the Atlantic station in 1902, while Infernet had been sent to French Madagascar by 1901. The latter ship then served a stint in the East Indies from 1903 to 1905, thereafter returning to France, where she was sold for demolition in 1910. D'Estrées was assigned to the 2nd Light Division at the start of World War I in August 1914 before being moved to the Syrian Division, where she took part in operations against Ottoman forces ashore. She patrolled the Red Sea and Indian Ocean from 1916 to the end of the war in 1918. D'Estrées was then sent to East Asia, where she served until being discarded in 1922.","title":"D'Estrées-class cruiser"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Navy"},{"link_name":"cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser"},{"link_name":"protected cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_cruiser"},{"link_name":"commerce raiding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce_raiding"},{"link_name":"armored cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_cruiser"},{"link_name":"battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship"},{"link_name":"Conseil supérieur de la Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conseil_sup%C3%A9rieur_de_la_Marine"},{"link_name":"French overseas empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_overseas_empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERopp284,_286-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher238%E2%80%93239-2"}],"text":"In the 1880s and 1890s, factions in the French Navy's officer corps argued over the types of cruiser that best served France's interests. Some argued for a fleet of small but fast protected cruisers for commerce raiding, another sought larger and more powerful armored cruisers that were useful for patrolling the country's colonial possessions, while another preferred vessels more suited to operations with the home fleet of battleships. In 1896, the Conseil supérieur de la Marine (Superior Naval Council) ordered the two cruisers of the D'Estrées class for the construction program that was to begin that year at the behest of the colonialists for use in the French overseas empire.[1] A third member of the class, provisionally designated \"K3\", was authorized in 1897 but was not built; by that time, the French naval command had decided to build larger armored cruisers for all cruiser tasks, including colonial patrol duties.[2]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D%27Estrees-class_drawing.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Naval Annual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Naval_Annual"},{"link_name":"long overall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_overall"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_(hull)"},{"link_name":"displaced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(ship)"},{"link_name":"long tons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell313-3"},{"link_name":"hulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)"},{"link_name":"ram bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_ram"},{"link_name":"stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern"},{"link_name":"double bottom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bottom"},{"link_name":"bulkhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulkhead_(partition)"},{"link_name":"waterline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterline"},{"link_name":"copper sheathing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_sheathing"},{"link_name":"biofouling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofouling"},{"link_name":"flush deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flush_deck"},{"link_name":"superstructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstructure"},{"link_name":"conning tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conning_tower"},{"link_name":"masts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mast_(sailing)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell313-3"},{"link_name":"triple-expansion steam engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-expansion_steam_engine"},{"link_name":"screw propellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_propeller"},{"link_name":"engine room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_room"},{"link_name":"watertight bulkhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watertight_compartment"},{"link_name":"Normand-type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normand_boiler"},{"link_name":"water-tube boilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water-tube_boiler"},{"link_name":"funnels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funnel_(ship)"},{"link_name":"boiler rooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_room"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell313-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShips1007%E2%80%931008-4"},{"link_name":"indicated horsepower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower#Indicated_horsepower"},{"link_name":"kW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatt"},{"link_name":"knots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher239-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell313-3"},{"link_name":"nautical miles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarbett_1904563-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher239-5"}],"sub_title":"Characteristics and machinery","text":"Profile and plan drawing of D'Estrées from the 1901 edition of The Naval AnnualThe two ships of the D'Estrées class were 95 m (311 ft 8 in) long overall, with a beam of 12 m (39 ft 4 in) and a draft of 5.39 m (17 ft 8 in). They displaced 2,428 long tons (2,467 t). Their crew numbered 235 officers and enlisted men.[3]The ships' hulls included a ram bow and an overhanging stern, but unlike other French cruisers of the period, they lacked a double bottom or a longitudinal bulkhead. Below the waterline, they were covered with a layer of wood and copper sheathing to protect them from biofouling on extended voyages overseas, where they would not have reliable access to shipyard facilities. The ships had a flush deck and a minimal superstructure, consisting primarily of a small conning tower. They had three pole masts, though one was later removed from each vessel.[3]The ships' propulsion system consisted of a pair of vertical triple-expansion steam engines driving two screw propellers. Each engine was placed in its own engine room, divided by a watertight bulkhead to prevent flooding from disabling both engines. Steam was provided by eight coal-burning Normand-type water-tube boilers that were ducted into two widely-spaced funnels. The boilers were divided into pairs in four boiler rooms.[3][4]Their machinery was rated to produce 8,500 indicated horsepower (6,300 kW) for a top speed of 20 to 20.5 knots (37.0 to 38.0 km/h; 23.0 to 23.6 mph). They carried 340 long tons (345 t) of coal for the boilers, and up to 470 long tons (480 t) at full load,[5][3] which gave the ships a cruising radius of up to 8,000 nautical miles (15,000 km; 9,200 mi) at a speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph), according to the contemporary Journal of the Royal United Service Institution.[6] Warship International, citing the 1905 Marine Almanac, credits the class with a cruising radius of just 4,500 nmi (8,300 km; 5,200 mi) at 10 knots.[5]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Idelsbade_(Saint-Idesbalde)._Pi%C3%A8ce_de_100_de_marine_-_Fonds_Berthel%C3%A9_-_49Fi1270_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"main battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_battery"},{"link_name":"138 mm (5.4 in) Modèle 1893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_de_138_mm_Mod%C3%A8le_1893_naval_gun"},{"link_name":"caliber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliber_(artillery)"},{"link_name":"pivot mounts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivot_mount"},{"link_name":"gun shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_shield"},{"link_name":"centerline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centerline_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell313-3"},{"link_name":"cast iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_iron"},{"link_name":"armor-piercing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armor-piercing_shell"},{"link_name":"muzzle velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzzle_velocity"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman224-7"},{"link_name":"secondary battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_armament"},{"link_name":"100 mm (3.9 in) Modèle 1891 guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_de_100_mm_Mod%C3%A8le_1891"},{"link_name":"sponsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell313-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman225-8"},{"link_name":"torpedo boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_boat"},{"link_name":"47 mm (1.9 in) 3-pounder Hotchkiss guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_3-pounder_Hotchkiss"},{"link_name":"37 mm (1.5 in) 1-pounder guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QF_1-pounder_pom-pom"},{"link_name":"gun ports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_port"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell313-3"},{"link_name":"naval mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShips1008-9"},{"link_name":"magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine_(artillery)"},{"link_name":"cofferdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofferdam"},{"link_name":"cellulose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell313-3"}],"sub_title":"Armament and armor","text":"A 100 mm (3.9 in) Model 1891 gun in a pivot mountThe ships were armed with a main battery of two 138 mm (5.4 in) Modèle 1893 45-caliber guns. They were placed in individual pivot mounts with gun shields, one forward and aft on the centerline.[3] They were supplied with a variety of shells, including solid, 30 kg (66 lb) cast iron projectiles, and 35 kg (77 lb) explosive armor-piercing (AP) and semi-armor-piercing (SAP) shells, firing with a muzzle velocity of 730 to 770 m/s (2,400 to 2,500 ft/s).[7]The main battery was supported by a secondary battery of four 100 mm (3.9 in) Modèle 1891 guns, which were carried in sponsons in the hull. One pair was placed abreast the conning tower, and the other set of guns was located on either side of the rear funnel.[3] The guns fired 14 kg (31 lb) cast iron and 16 kg (35 lb) AP shells with a muzzle velocity of 710 to 740 m/s (2,300 to 2,400 ft/s).[8]For close-range defense against torpedo boats, the vessels carried eight 47 mm (1.9 in) 3-pounder Hotchkiss guns and two 37 mm (1.5 in) 1-pounder guns. These were mounted in individual pivot mountings that were distributed along the length of the ship, some atop the upper deck and others firing through gun ports in the upper deck.[3] The ships were also equipped with fourteen naval mines.[9]Armor protection consisted of a curved armor deck that was 38 to 43 mm (1.5 to 1.7 in) thick in the central portion of the ships, where it protected the propulsion machinery spaces and the ammunition magazines. The deck was reduced in thickness toward the bow and stern, falling to 20 mm (0.79 in). Above the deck at the sides, a cofferdam filled with cellulose was intended to contain flooding from damage below the waterline.[3]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:French_cruiser_D%27Estrees_NH_83051.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeyland_190064-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse_2017218-12"},{"link_name":"French Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Madagascar"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeyland_190176-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse_201974-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrassey_190358%E2%80%9360-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarbett_1903944-16"},{"link_name":"East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Indies"},{"link_name":"West Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indies"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrassey_190849,_51%E2%80%9352-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarbett_1908100-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoche-19"},{"link_name":"Les Sables-d'Olonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Sables-d%27Olonne"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoche-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmigielski193-10"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"English Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeirat22-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbett369-23"},{"link_name":"blockade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blockade"},{"link_name":"Antakya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antakya"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse_2019235-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds,_Churchill,_&_Trevelyan505-25"},{"link_name":"Red Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea"},{"link_name":"commerce raider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commerce_raider"},{"link_name":"SMS Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Wolf_(1913)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse_2019235%E2%80%93236,_240,_247-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmigielski194-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuilliatt_&_Hohnen192-28"},{"link_name":"French Indochina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Indochina"},{"link_name":"naval register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_register"},{"link_name":"broken up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_breaking"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmigielski193-10"}],"text":"D'Estrées in Shanghai in around 1920, seen from asternD'Estrées served in the Northern Squadron after her completion in 1899,[11] where she was joined by Infernet by early 1901.[12] The latter vessel was transferred to French Madagascar later in 1901,[13] and in 1902, D'Estrées was reassigned to the Atlantic Training Division.[14] She remained there for the next several years, though the unit went through a series of name changes and reorganizations.[15][16] Infernet was moved again in 1903, this time to the East Indies to protect French interests in the region. She returned to France in 1905. In 1908, D'Estrées was sent to patrol the West Indies, and by that time, the Atlantic Division had been merged into the Northern Squadron.[17][18] Infernet's career was cut short when she was stricken on 9 March 1910,[19] and subsequently sold for demolition; she was stranded off Les Sables-d'Olonne on 16 November 1910 on delivery to the scrapyard in Germany and broken up in situ.[19][20][21][10]At the start of World War I in August 1914, D'Estrées was initially assigned to the 2nd Light Squadron, which was based in the English Channel, but was quickly transferred to reinforce the Syrian Division for operations against the Ottoman Empire.[22][23] D'Estrées bombarded Ottoman positions along the Syrian coast and helped to enforce a blockade there. She also assisted in the evacuation of some 4,000 Armenians from Antakya on 12 and 13 September, along with several other French cruisers.[24][25] She was moved to the Red Sea in 1916, where she patrolled for the German commerce raider SMS Wolf, which was known to be operating in the Indian Ocean. She remained in the region for the rest of the war, though she saw no further action.[26][27][28] After the war, she was sent to French Indochina, where she spent the remainder of her career. D'Estrées was struck from the naval register in 1922 and broken up.[10]","title":"Service history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERopp284,_286_1-0"},{"link_name":"Ropp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRopp"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher238%E2%80%93239_2-0"},{"link_name":"Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFisher"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell313_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell313_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell313_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell313_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell313_3-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell313_3-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell313_3-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell313_3-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell313_3-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell313_3-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell313_3-10"},{"link_name":"Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCampbell"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShips1007%E2%80%931008_4-0"},{"link_name":"Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFShips"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher239_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher239_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher239_5-2"},{"link_name":"Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFisher"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarbett_1904563_6-0"},{"link_name":"Garbett 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1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLeyland_1900"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse_2017218_12-0"},{"link_name":"Jordan & Caresse 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJordan_&_Caresse_2017"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeyland_190176_13-0"},{"link_name":"Leyland 1901","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLeyland_1901"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse_201974_14-0"},{"link_name":"Jordan & Caresse 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJordan_&_Caresse_2019"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrassey_190358%E2%80%9360_15-0"},{"link_name":"Brassey 1903","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBrassey_1903"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarbett_1903944_16-0"},{"link_name":"Garbett 1903","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGarbett_1903"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrassey_190849,_51%E2%80%9352_17-0"},{"link_name":"Brassey 1908","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBrassey_1908"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarbett_1908100_18-0"},{"link_name":"Garbett 1908","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGarbett_1908"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoche_19-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoche_19-1"},{"link_name":"Roche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRoche"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Maritime Intelligence\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001941/19101118/159/0008"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"Maritime Intelligence\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0001941/19101122/146/0011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeirat22_22-0"},{"link_name":"Meirat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMeirat"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorbett369_23-0"},{"link_name":"Corbett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCorbett"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse_2019235_24-0"},{"link_name":"Jordan & Caresse 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJordan_&_Caresse_2019"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds,_Churchill,_&_Trevelyan505_25-0"},{"link_name":"Reynolds, Churchill, & Trevelyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFReynolds,_Churchill,_&_Trevelyan"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordan_&_Caresse_2019235%E2%80%93236,_240,_247_26-0"},{"link_name":"Jordan & Caresse 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJordan_&_Caresse_2019"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmigielski194_27-0"},{"link_name":"Smigielski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSmigielski"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuilliatt_&_Hohnen192_28-0"},{"link_name":"Guilliatt & Hohnen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGuilliatt_&_Hohnen"}],"text":"^ Ropp, pp. 284, 286.\n\n^ Fisher, pp. 238–239.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k Campbell, p. 313.\n\n^ Ships, pp. 1007–1008.\n\n^ a b c Fisher, p. 239.\n\n^ Garbett 1904, p. 563.\n\n^ Friedman, p. 224.\n\n^ Friedman, p. 225.\n\n^ Ships, p. 1008.\n\n^ a b c Smigielski, p. 193.\n\n^ Leyland 1900, p. 64.\n\n^ Jordan & Caresse 2017, p. 218.\n\n^ Leyland 1901, p. 76.\n\n^ Jordan & Caresse 2019, p. 74.\n\n^ Brassey 1903, pp. 58–60.\n\n^ Garbett 1903, p. 944.\n\n^ Brassey 1908, pp. 49, 51–52.\n\n^ Garbett 1908, p. 100.\n\n^ a b Roche.\n\n^ \"Maritime Intelligence\". Shipping & Mercantile Gazette and Lloyd's List. 18 November 1910. p. 8.\n\n^ \"Maritime Intelligence\". Shipping & Mercantile Gazette and Lloyd's List. 22 November 1910. p. 11.\n\n^ Meirat, p. 22.\n\n^ Corbett, p. 369.\n\n^ Jordan & Caresse 2019, p. 235.\n\n^ Reynolds, Churchill, & Trevelyan, p. 505.\n\n^ Jordan & Caresse 2019, pp. 235–236, 240, 247.\n\n^ Smigielski, p. 194.\n\n^ Guilliatt & Hohnen, p. 192.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Profile and plan drawing of D'Estrées from the 1901 edition of The Naval Annual","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/D%27Estrees-class_drawing.jpg/220px-D%27Estrees-class_drawing.jpg"},{"image_text":"A 100 mm (3.9 in) Model 1891 gun in a pivot mount","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/St_Idelsbade_%28Saint-Idesbalde%29._Pi%C3%A8ce_de_100_de_marine_-_Fonds_Berthel%C3%A9_-_49Fi1270_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-St_Idelsbade_%28Saint-Idesbalde%29._Pi%C3%A8ce_de_100_de_marine_-_Fonds_Berthel%C3%A9_-_49Fi1270_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"D'Estrées in Shanghai in around 1920, seen from astern","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/64/French_cruiser_D%27Estrees_NH_83051.jpg/220px-French_cruiser_D%27Estrees_NH_83051.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Maritime Intelligence\". Shipping & Mercantile Gazette and Lloyd's List. 18 November 1910. p. 8.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001941/19101118/159/0008","url_text":"\"Maritime Intelligence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maritime Intelligence\". Shipping & Mercantile Gazette and Lloyd's List. 22 November 1910. p. 11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0001941/19101122/146/0011","url_text":"\"Maritime Intelligence\""}]},{"reference":"Brassey, Thomas A. (1903). \"Chapter III: Relative Strength\". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 57–68. OCLC 496786828.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brassey,_2nd_Earl_Brassey","url_text":"Brassey, Thomas A."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9pBIAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"Chapter III: Relative Strength\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/496786828","url_text":"496786828"}]},{"reference":"Brassey, Thomas A. (1908). \"Chapter III: Comparative Strength\". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 48–57. OCLC 496786828.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rJBIAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"Chapter III: Comparative Strength\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/496786828","url_text":"496786828"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, N. J. M. (1979). \"France\". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 283–333. ISBN 978-0-85177-133-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2","url_text":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85177-133-5","url_text":"978-0-85177-133-5"}]},{"reference":"Corbett, Julian Stafford (1921). Naval Operations: From the Battle of the Falklands to the Entry of Italy Into the War in May 1915. Vol. II. London: Longmans, Green & Co. OCLC 924170059.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/924170059","url_text":"924170059"}]},{"reference":"Fisher, Edward C., ed. (1969). \"157/67 French Protected Cruiser Isly\". Warship International. VI (3). Toledo: International Naval Research Organization: 238. ISSN 0043-0374.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Naval_Research_Organization","url_text":"International Naval Research Organization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374","url_text":"0043-0374"}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One: Guns, Torpedoes, Mines and ASW Weapons of All Nations; An Illustrated Directory. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-84832-100-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Friedman","url_text":"Friedman, Norman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84832-100-7","url_text":"978-1-84832-100-7"}]},{"reference":"Garbett, H., ed. (August 1903). \"Naval Notes: France\". Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. XLVII (306). London: J. J. Keliher & Co.: 941–946. OCLC 1077860366.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkmAQAAIAAJ&dq=cruiser+Jurien&pg=PA944","url_text":"\"Naval Notes: France\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1077860366","url_text":"1077860366"}]},{"reference":"Garbett, H., ed. (May 1904). \"Naval Notes: France\". Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. XLVIII (315). London: J. J. Keliher & Co.: 560–566. OCLC 1077860366.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1077860366","url_text":"1077860366"}]},{"reference":"Garbett, H., ed. (January 1908). \"Naval Notes: France\". Journal of the Royal United Service Institution. LLI (359). London: J. J. Keliher & Co.: 100–103. OCLC 1077860366.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wRhjCSPB348C","url_text":"\"Naval Notes: France\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1077860366","url_text":"1077860366"}]},{"reference":"Guilliatt, Richard; Hohnen, Peter (2010). The Wolf: How One German Raider Terrorized the Allies in the Most Epic Voyage of WWI. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-1416573173.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1416573173","url_text":"978-1416573173"}]},{"reference":"Jordan, John & Caresse, Philippe (2017). French Battleships of World War One. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-639-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-639-1","url_text":"978-1-59114-639-1"}]},{"reference":"Jordan, John & Caresse, Philippe (2019). French Armoured Cruisers 1887–1932. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5267-4118-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-4118-9","url_text":"978-1-5267-4118-9"}]},{"reference":"Leyland, John (1900). Brassey, Thomas A. (ed.). \"Chapter III: Comparative Strength\". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 63–70. OCLC 496786828.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/496786828","url_text":"496786828"}]},{"reference":"Leyland, John (1901). \"Chapter II: The Progress of Foreign Navies\". The Naval Annual. Portsmouth: J. Griffin & Co.: 33–70. OCLC 496786828.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EJFIAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"Chapter II: The Progress of Foreign Navies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/496786828","url_text":"496786828"}]},{"reference":"Meirat, Jean (1975). \"Details and Operational History of the Third-Class Cruiser Lavoisier\". F. P. D. S. Newsletter. III (3). Akron: F. P. D. S.: 20–23. OCLC 41554533.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41554533","url_text":"41554533"}]},{"reference":"Reynolds, Francis J.; Churchill, Allen L.; Miller, Francis Trevelyan, eds. (1916). The Story of the Great War: History of the European War from Official Sources. Vol. III. New York: P.F. Collier & Son. OCLC 633621894.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/633621894","url_text":"633621894"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, Stephen (2021). French Warships in the Age of Steam 1859–1914. Barnsley: Seaforth. ISBN 978-1-5267-4533-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5267-4533-0","url_text":"978-1-5267-4533-0"}]},{"reference":"Roche, Jean-Michel. Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours (in French). Vol. II, 1870–2006 (2013 ed.). Millau: Rezotel-Maury. ISBN 978-2-9525917-3-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9525917-3-7","url_text":"978-2-9525917-3-7"}]},{"reference":"Ropp, Theodore (1987). Roberts, Stephen S. (ed.). The Development of a Modern Navy: French Naval Policy, 1871–1904. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-141-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Ropp","url_text":"Ropp, Theodore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-141-6","url_text":"978-0-87021-141-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Ships\". Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers. XI (4). Washington D.C.: R. Beresford: 1081–1116. November 1899.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Smigielski, Adam (1985). \"France\". In Gardiner, Robert & Gray, Randal (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. pp. 190–220. ISBN 978-0-87021-907-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_z3o0","url_text":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-907-8","url_text":"978-0-87021-907-8"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip_Tide_(novella)
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Rip Tide (novella)
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["1 Plot","2 External links"]
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2003 novella by Louise Cooper
For other uses, see Riptide (disambiguation).
Rip Tide AuthorLouise CooperSeriesDoctor Who book:Telos Doctor Who novellasRelease number6SubjectFeaturing:Eighth DoctorPublisherTelos Publishing Ltd.Publication dateJanuary 2003Pages120ISBN1-903889-12-X (standard)Preceded byForeign Devils Followed byWonderland
Rip Tide is an original novella written by Louise Cooper and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It features the Eighth Doctor. It was released both as a standard edition hardback and a deluxe edition (ISBN 1-903889-13-8) featuring a frontispiece by Fred Gambino. Both editions have a foreword by Stephen Gallagher.
Plot
Strangers and dangers arise at a sleepy Cornish seaside down. The Doctor struggles to find out what is going on as threats to the townsfolk get worse.
External links
The Cloister Library - Rip Tide
vteDoctor Who booksNew AdventuresDoctor Who
Timewyrm: Genesys
Timewyrm: Exodus
Timewyrm: Apocalypse
Timewyrm: Revelation
Cat's Cradle: Time's Crucible
Cat's Cradle: Warhead
Cat's Cradle: Witch Mark
Nightshade
The Highest Science
The Pit
Lucifer Rising
White Darkness
Shadowmind
Birthright
Iceberg
Blood Heat
The Dimension Riders
The Left-Handed Hummingbird
Conundrum
No Future
Tragedy Day
Legacy
Blood Harvest
Strange England
St Anthony's Fire
Falls the Shadow
Parasite
Warlock
Set Piece
Infinite Requiem
Sanctuary
Human Nature
Original Sin
Sky Pirates!
Zamper
Toy Soldiers
Head Games
The Also People
Shakedown
Just War
Warchild
Sleepy
Death and Diplomacy
Happy Endings
Christmas on a Rational Planet
Return of the Living Dad
The Death of Art
Damaged Goods
So Vile a Sin
Bad Therapy
Eternity Weeps
The Room with No Doors
Lungbarrow
The Dying Days
BerniceSummerfield
Oh No It Isn't!
Ship of Fools
Down
Deadfall
Ghost Devices
Mean Streets
Tempest
Walking to Babylon
Oblivion
The Medusa Effect
Dry Pilgrimage
The Sword of Forever
Beige Planet Mars
Where Angels Fear
The Mary-Sue Extrusion
Dead Romance
Tears of the Oracle
Return to the Fractured Planet
The Joy Device
Twilight of the Gods
Missing Adventures
Goth Opera
Evolution
Venusian Lullaby
The Crystal Bucephalus
State of Change
The Romance of Crime
The Ghosts of N-Space
Time of Your Life
Dancing the Code
The Menagerie
System Shock
The Sorcerer's Apprentice
Invasion of the Cat-People
Managra
Millennial Rites
The Empire of Glass
Lords of the Storm
Downtime
The Man in the Velvet Mask
The English Way of Death
The Eye of the Giant
The Sands of Time
Killing Ground
The Scales of Injustice
The Shadow of Weng-Chiang
Twilight of the Gods
Speed of Flight
The Plotters
Cold Fusion
Burning Heart
The Dark Path
The Well-Mannered War
Eighth Doctor Adventures
The Eight Doctors
Vampire Science
The Bodysnatchers
Genocide
War of the Daleks
Kursaal
Option Lock
Longest Day
Legacy of the Daleks
Dreamstone Moon
Seeing I
Placebo Effect
Vanderdeken's Children
The Scarlet Empress
Beltempest
The Face-Eater
The Taint
Demontage
Revolution Man
Dominion
Unnatural History
Autumn Mist
Interference – Book One
Interference – Book Two
The Blue Angel
The Taking of Planet 5
Frontier Worlds
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The Fall of Yquatine
Coldheart
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Endgame
Father Time
Escape Velocity
EarthWorld
Vanishing Point
Eater of Wasps
The Year of Intelligent Tigers
The Slow Empire
The City of the Dead
Grimm Reality
The Adventuress of Henrietta Street
Mad Dogs and Englishmen
Hope
Anachrophobia
Trading Futures
The Book of the Still
The Crooked World
History 101
Camera Obscura
Time Zero
The Infinity Race
The Domino Effect
Reckless Engineering
The Last Resort
Timeless
Emotional Chemistry
Sometime Never...
Halflife
The Tomorrow Windows
The Sleep of Reason
The Deadstone Memorial
To the Slaughter
The Gallifrey Chronicles
Past Doctor Adventures
The Devil Goblins from Neptune
The Murder Game
Matrix
The Roundheads
The Witch Hunters
The Infinity Doctors
Salvation
The Wages of Sin
Deep Blue
Players
Millennium Shock
Storm Harvest
The Final Sanction
City at World's End
Divided Loyalties
Corpse Marker
Last of the Gaderene
Tomb of Valdemar
Verdigris
Grave Matter
Heart of TARDIS
Prime Time
Imperial Moon
Festival of Death
Independence Day
The King of Terror
The Quantum Archangel
Bunker Soldiers
Rags
The Shadow in the Glass
Asylum
Superior Beings
Byzantium!
Bullet Time
Psi-ence Fiction
Dying in the Sun
Instruments of Darkness
Relative Dementias
Palace of the Red Sun
Warmonger
Ten Little Aliens
Combat Rock
The Suns of Caresh
Heritage
Fear of the Dark
Blue Box
Loving the Alien
The Colony of Lies
Wolfsbane
Deadly Reunion
Scream of the Shalka
The Eleventh Tiger
Synthespians™
The Algebra of Ice
The Indestructible Man
Match of the Day
Island of Death
Spiral Scratch
Fear Itself
World Game
The Time Travellers
Atom Bomb Blues
Novellas
Time and Relative
Citadel of Dreams
Nightdreamers
Ghost Ship
Foreign Devils
Rip Tide
Wonderland
Shell Shock
The Cabinet of Light
Fallen Gods
Frayed
The Eye of the Tyger
Companion Piece
Blood and Hope
The Dalek Factor
New Series AdventuresNovels
Winner Takes All
The Deviant Strain
Only Human
The Stealers of Dreams
The Feast of the Drowned
The Resurrection Casket
The Nightmare of Black Island
The Art of Destruction
The Price of Paradise
Sting of the Zygons
The Last Dodo
Wooden Heart
Forever Autumn
Sick Building
Wetworld
The Pirate Loop
Peacemaker
Martha in the Mirror
Snowglobe 7
The Many Hands
Ghosts of India
The Doctor Trap
Shining Darkness
The Story of Martha
Beautiful Chaos
The Eyeless
Judgement of the Judoon
The Slitheen Excursion
Prisoner of the Daleks
The Taking of Chelsea 426
Autonomy
The Krillitane Storm
The Darksmith Legacy
Apollo 23
Night of the Humans
The Forgotten Army
Nuclear Time
The King's Dragon
The Glamour Chase
The Coming of the Terraphiles
Dead of Winter
The Way Through The Woods
Hunter's Moon
Touched by an Angel
Paradox Lost
The Silent Stars Go By
The Dalek Generation
Engines of War
The Blood Cell
Silhouette
The Crawling Terror
Royal Blood
Big Bang Generation
Deep Time
Novellas
I Am a Dalek
Made of Steel
Revenge of the Judoon
The Sontaran Games
Code of the Krillitanes
Decide Your Destiny
The Spaceship Graveyard
The Time Crocodile
The Crystal Snare
War of the Robots
The Haunted Wagon Train
Second Skin
The Dragon King
The Horror of Howling Hill
Audiobooks
Pest Control
The Forever Trap
The Nemonite Invasion
The Rising Night
The Day of the Troll
The Last Voyage
Dead Air
The Runaway Train
The Hounds of Artemis
OtherRelated
Decalog
Faction Paradox
Files
The Angel's Kiss: A Melody Malone Mystery
The Essential Book of K9
See also
Novelisations
Audiobooks
BBC Short Trips
Big Finish Short Trips
Torchwood
The Sarah Jane Adventures Collection
vteDoctor Who: Eighth Doctor storiesTelevisionTV film
Doctor Who
Minor appearances
"The Name of the Doctor"
"The Day of the Doctor"
"The Power of the Doctor"
See also
"The Night of the Doctor"
AudioThe Monthly Adventures
Storm Warning
Sword of Orion
The Stones of Venice
Minuet in Hell
Invaders from Mars
The Chimes of Midnight
Seasons of Fear
Embrace the Darkness
The Time of the Daleks
Neverland
Zagreus
Scherzo
Shada
The Creed of the Kromon
The Twilight Kingdom
Terror Firma
The Witch from the Well
Army of Death
The Eighth Doctor Adventures
Immortal Beloved
Phobos
Other
Earth and Beyond
An Earthly Child
The Four Doctors
Solitaire
Enemy Aliens
The Light at the End
The Rulers of the Universe
Classic Doctors, New Monsters
Till Death Us Do Part
BooksNew Adventures
The Dying Days
Eighth Doctor Adventures
The Eight Doctors
Vampire Science
The Bodysnatchers
Genocide
War of the Daleks
Kursaal
Option Lock
Longest Day
Legacy of the Daleks
Dreamstone Moon
Seeing I
Placebo Effect
Vanderdeken's Children
The Scarlet Empress
Beltempest
The Face-Eater
The Taint
Demontage
Revolution Man
Dominion
Unnatural History
Autumn Mist
Interference – Book One
Interference – Book Two
The Blue Angel
The Taking of Planet 5
Frontier Worlds
Parallel 59
The Shadows of Avalon
The Fall of Yquatine
Coldheart
The Space Age
The Banquo Legacy
The Ancestor Cell
The Burning
Casualties of War
The Turing Test
Endgame
Father Time
Escape Velocity
EarthWorld
Vanishing Point
Eater of Wasps
The Year of Intelligent Tigers
The Slow Empire
The City of the Dead
Grimm Reality
The Adventuress of Henrietta Street
Mad Dogs and Englishmen
Hope
Anachrophobia
Trading Futures
The Book of the Still
The Crooked World
History 101
Camera Obscura
Time Zero
The Infinity Race
The Domino Effect
Reckless Engineering
The Last Resort
Timeless
Emotional Chemistry
Sometime Never...
Halflife
The Tomorrow Windows
The Sleep of Reason
The Deadstone Memorial
To the Slaughter
The Gallifrey Chronicles
Past Doctor Adventures
The Infinity Doctors
Wolfsbane
Fear Itself
Novellas
Rip Tide
Fallen Gods
The Eye of the Tyger
Video games
Legacy
Lego Dimensions
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Riptide (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riptide_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Louise Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Cooper"},{"link_name":"science fiction television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"Eighth Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Doctor"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-903889-13-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903889-13-8"},{"link_name":"Stephen Gallagher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Gallagher"}],"text":"For other uses, see Riptide (disambiguation).Rip Tide is an original novella written by Louise Cooper and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It features the Eighth Doctor. It was released both as a standard edition hardback and a deluxe edition (ISBN 1-903889-13-8) featuring a frontispiece by Fred Gambino. Both editions have a foreword by Stephen Gallagher.","title":"Rip Tide (novella)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Strangers and dangers arise at a sleepy Cornish seaside down. The Doctor struggles to find out what is going on as threats to the townsfolk get worse.","title":"Plot"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"http://www.magnetopia.org/cloisterlibrary/riptide.htm","external_links_name":"The Cloister Library - Rip Tide"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagrat_Magistros
|
Bagrat I of Tao
|
["1 References"]
|
Prince of Tao
Bagrat Iბაგრატ IPrince of TaoReign941 – 945PredecessorGurgen IISuccessorAdarnase VDynastyBagrationiFatherAdarnase IV of IberiaReligionEastern Orthodox Church
Bagrat I (Georgian: ბაგრატ I) (died March 945) was a Georgian prince of the Bagratid dynasty of Tao-Klarjeti and hereditary ruler of Upper Tao with the Byzantine title of magistros. He also held lands in Javakheti, Shavsheti, Kola, Artaani and Phasiane.
Bagrat was a son of the Georgian king Adarnase IV and acquired the duchy of Upper Tao after the death, in 941, of his relative Gurgen II with whom the first house of Tao became extinct. Bagrat was, thus, the founder of the second house of Tao whose ascendancy would last until 1000/1001. According to the 18th-century historian Vakhushti, Bagrat also held the Byzantine title of curopalates, but this is not attested by earlier sources. Bagrat was survived by a son, Adarnase. A church inscription from Ishkhani (now in Turkey) calls Bagrat "magistros and king".
References
^ Toumanoff, Cyril (1967). Studies in Christian Caucasian History, pp. 496. Georgetown University Press.
^ (in French) Toumanoff, Cyrille (1976), Manuel de Généalogie et de Chronologie pour le Caucase chrétien (Arménie, Géorgie, Albanie), p. 117.
^ Toumanoff, Cyril (1961), "The Bagaratides of Iberia from the Eighth to the Eleventh Century". Le Muséon 74:
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_language"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgians"},{"link_name":"Bagratid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagrationi_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Tao-Klarjeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagratid_Iberia"},{"link_name":"Upper Tao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_(historical_region)"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_bureaucracy_and_aristocracy"},{"link_name":"magistros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magister_officiorum"},{"link_name":"Javakheti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javakheti"},{"link_name":"Shavsheti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavsheti"},{"link_name":"Kola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6le"},{"link_name":"Artaani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardahan_Province"},{"link_name":"Phasiane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasiane_(historical_region)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toumanoff-1"},{"link_name":"Adarnase IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adarnase_IV_of_Iberia"},{"link_name":"Gurgen II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurgen_II_of_Tao"},{"link_name":"Vakhushti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakhushti"},{"link_name":"curopalates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curopalates"},{"link_name":"Adarnase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adarnase_V_of_Tao"},{"link_name":"Ishkhani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishkhani"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Bagrat I (Georgian: ბაგრატ I) (died March 945) was a Georgian prince of the Bagratid dynasty of Tao-Klarjeti and hereditary ruler of Upper Tao with the Byzantine title of magistros. He also held lands in Javakheti, Shavsheti, Kola, Artaani and Phasiane.[1]Bagrat was a son of the Georgian king Adarnase IV and acquired the duchy of Upper Tao after the death, in 941, of his relative Gurgen II with whom the first house of Tao became extinct. Bagrat was, thus, the founder of the second house of Tao whose ascendancy would last until 1000/1001. According to the 18th-century historian Vakhushti, Bagrat also held the Byzantine title of curopalates, but this is not attested by earlier sources. Bagrat was survived by a son, Adarnase. A church inscription from Ishkhani (now in Turkey) calls Bagrat \"magistros and king\".[2][3]","title":"Bagrat I of Tao"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_to_Momoland
|
Welcome to Momoland
|
["1 Background and release","2 Promotion","2.1 Singles","3 Commercial performance","4 Track listing","5 Charts","6 Credits and personnel","7 Release history","8 References"]
|
Extended play by Momoland
Welcome to MomolandEP by MomolandReleasedNovember 10, 2016 (2016-11-10)Recorded2016GenreK-popLanguageKoreanLabelDuble Kick EntertainmentKakao MProducerJake KTenzo & TascoYokanFull8loomMomoland chronology
Welcome to Momoland(2016)
Wonderful Love(2017)
Singles from Welcome to Momoland
"Jjan! Koong! Kwang!"Released: November 10, 2016
Welcome to Momoland is the debut extended play by South Korean girl group Momoland. It was released by Duble Kick Entertainment and distributed by Kakao M on November 10, 2016. For the extended play, Momoland worked with a variety of producers including Duble Sidekick, Tenzo & Tasco, Jake K, Yokan and Full8loom. Welcome to Momoland consists of six tracks including the group's debut single "Jjan! Koong! Kwang!" and its instrumental and four other new tracks. The album was crowdfunded to cover the cost for producing the physical format.
To promote the extended play, the group performed on several South Korean music show programs, such as M Countdown and Inkigayo. Commercially, the album peaked at number twenty-eight on South Korea's Gaon Album Chart.
Background and release
Momoland was formed in Mnet's survival reality show Finding Momoland which premiered in June 2016. Created by Duble Kick Entertainment, which a group of seven members were selected from ten trainees. According to Duble Sidekick in September 2016, the debut single of the group was delayed due to lack of spectators and the group failed to gather the amount they needed. The group's debut was later successfully crowdfunded, raising about 10 million won.
Momoland held their debut showcase on November 9, 2016. Welcome to Momoland was released on November 10, 2016 by Duble Kick Entertainment and distributed by Kakao M as the group's debut extended play.
Promotion
Momoland made their debut performance of their single "Jjan! Koong! Kwang!" on November 10, 2016 through music television program M Countdown. The group also promoted "Jjan! Koong! Kwang!" on several music programs in South Korea including Inkigayo, Music Bank, Show Champion, Show! Music Core and Simply K-Pop. "Welcome to Momoland" and "Jjan! Koong! Kwang!" were also performed on The Show.
Singles
On October 20, 2016, the group's debut single was officially announced. Duble Sidekick was also reported to have worked on the single. Prior to the release, a teaser of "Jjan! Koong! Kwang!" and its music video were released online on November 3, 2016. The single was released on November 10, 2016 by Duble Kick Entertainment and distributed by Kakao M as the group's debut single. It served as the lead single for their first extended play, Welcome to Momoland. The accompanying music video for the song was uploaded onto 1theK's YouTube channel simultaneously with the single's release. Bae Yoon Jung of Yama & Hot Chicks served as the choreographer of the video. A dance version of the music video was released on November 14, 2016. The dance practice video was uploaded on November 16, 2016.
Commercial performance
In South Korea, Welcome to Momoland debuted and peaked at number twenty-eight on the Gaon Album Chart for the week of November 12, 2016. It was the fifty-third best-selling album for the month November 2016 with 1,915 physical copies sold.
Track listing
Standard editionNo.TitleLyricsMusicArrangementLength1."Welcome to Momoland"Duble SidekickYongheeJake KAndreas ObergSkylar MonesJake K3:262."Jjan! Koong! Kwang!" (짠쿵쾅)Duble SidekickTenzo & TascoTenzo & TascoSeionTenzo & Tasco3:193."Love Sick" (상사병)Duble SidekickYokanDuble SidekickYokanJake KYokanJake K3:564."Oh-Gi-Yeo-Cha" (어기여차)Duble SidekickYokanTaewoonDuble SidekickYokanTaewoonFull8loom3:335."Jjan! Koong! Kwang!" (짠쿵쾅 Instrumental) Tenzo & TascoSeionTenzo & Tasco3:196."Oh-Gi-Yeo-Cha" (어기여차 Instrumental) Duble SidekickYokanTaewoonFull8loom3:33
Charts
Chart performance for Welcome to Momoland
Chart (2016)
Peakposition
South Korea (Gaon Album Chart)
28
Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from Melon.
Momoland – vocals (1, 2, 3, 4)
Duble Sidekick – lyricist (1, 2, 3), composer (3, 4, 6)
Full8loom – arrangement (4, 6)
Jake K – composer (1, 3), arrangement (1, 3)
Skylar Mones – composer (1)
Andreas Oberg – composer (1)
Seion – composer (2, 5)
Taewoon – composer (4, 6), lyricist (4)
Tenzo & Tasco – lyricist (2), composer (2, 5), arrangement (2, 5)
Yokan – composer (3, 4, 6), lyricist (3, 4), arrangement (3)
Yonghee – lyricist (1)
Release history
Release dates and formats for Welcome to Momoland
Region
Date
Format
Label
South Korea
November 10, 2016
CDdigital downloadstreaming
Dublekick EntertainmentKakao M
Various
Digital downloadstreaming
References
^ "Mnet's Survival Program "Finding Momoland" debut delayed for Final Mission Failure" (in Korean). September 17, 2016. Archived from the original on November 12, 2019. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
^ "'모모랜드' 측 "7인 멤버, 최종미션 실패로 데뷔 불발"". September 16, 2016. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
^ "MOMOLAND Debut Album Project". Retrieved March 18, 2021.
^ "Momoland to debut with crowdfunded album". October 20, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2021.
^ a b "Welcome to MOMOLAND - EP by MOMOLAND on Apple Music". Retrieved March 13, 2021.
^ "Momoland to debut in M! Countdown's 500th episode". Asian Economy (in Korean). November 11, 2016. Archived from the original on December 23, 2019. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
^ "Mặc fan chửi nhau, Black Pink và TWICE vẫn thân thiết cực dễ thương trên sân khấu". November 13, 2016. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
^ "Watch: SEVENTEEN, B1A4, UP10TION, And More Perform On "Music Core"". December 17, 2016. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
^ "Watch: SEVENTEEN Gets Their First "Music Bank" Win With "BOOMBOOM," Performances By B1A4, UP10TION, ASTRO, And More". December 16, 2016. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
^ "The Debut Stage MOMOLAND, Welcome to MOMOLAND + JJan! Koong! Kwang!". YouTube. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
^ ""모모랜드 꼭 데뷔하자" 크라우드 펀딩 초과달성 쾌거". October 20, 2016. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
^ " 모모랜드, 드디어 꿈 이뤘다..11월10일 데뷔 확정". October 20, 2016. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
^ "Watch: MOMOLAND Teases Whimsical MV For Debut Title Track". November 3, 2016. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
^ "Watch: MOMOLAND Debuts With Whimsical "JJan! Koong! Kwang!" MV". November 9, 2016. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
^ "Momoland Takes You To Another World". November 5, 2016. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
^ "MOMOLAND(모모랜드) - "짠쿵쾅 (JJan! Koong! Kwang!)" M/V (Dance ver.)". Retrieved March 26, 2021.
^ "MOMOLAND(모모랜드) - "짠쿵쾅 (JJan! Koong! Kwang!)" M/V (Dance ver.)". YouTube. Retrieved March 26, 2021.
^ "MOMOLAND(모모랜드) - "짠쿵쾅 (JJan! Koong! Kwang!)" Dance Practice". Retrieved March 19, 2021 – via YouTube.
^ a b "Gaon chart". November 12, 2016.
^ "2016년 11월 Album Chart". Gaon (in Korean). Korea Music Content Association. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
^ a b "Melon Momoland Welcome to Momoland". Retrieved March 21, 2021.
^ a b "Melon Momoland 짠쿵쾅". Retrieved March 21, 2021.
^ a b "Melon Momoland 상사병". Retrieved March 21, 2021.
^ a b "Melon Momoland 어기여차". Retrieved March 21, 2021.
^ a b "Melon Momoland 짠쿵쾅 (Inst.)". Retrieved March 21, 2021.
^ a b "Melon Momoland 어기여차 (Inst.)". Retrieved March 21, 2021.
^ "Melon". Retrieved March 13, 2021.
vteMomoland
Ahin
Hyebin
Jane
JooE
Nancy
Nayun
Taeha
Daisy
Yeonwoo
Studio albums
Chiri Chiri
Compilation albums
Momoland The Best ~Korean Ver.~
Extended plays
Welcome to Momoland
Freeze!
Great!
Fun to the World
Show Me
Starry Night
Singles
"Wonderful Love"
"Freeze"
"Bboom Bboom"
"Baam"
"I'm So Hot"
"Thumbs Up"
"Starry Night"
"Ready or Not"
Related topics
Duble Sidekick
MLD Entertainment
Category
Commons
Discography
Recorded songs
Awards and nominations
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"girl group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_group"},{"link_name":"Momoland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momoland"},{"link_name":"Duble Kick Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duble_Kick_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Kakao M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakao_M"},{"link_name":"Duble Sidekick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duble_Sidekick"},{"link_name":"M Countdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_Countdown"},{"link_name":"Inkigayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkigayo"}],"text":"Welcome to Momoland is the debut extended play by South Korean girl group Momoland. It was released by Duble Kick Entertainment and distributed by Kakao M on November 10, 2016. For the extended play, Momoland worked with a variety of producers including Duble Sidekick, Tenzo & Tasco, Jake K, Yokan and Full8loom. Welcome to Momoland consists of six tracks including the group's debut single \"Jjan! Koong! Kwang!\" and its instrumental and four other new tracks. The album was crowdfunded to cover the cost for producing the physical format.To promote the extended play, the group performed on several South Korean music show programs, such as M Countdown and Inkigayo. Commercially, the album peaked at number twenty-eight on South Korea's Gaon Album Chart.","title":"Welcome to Momoland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnet_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Duble Kick Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duble_Sidekick"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kakao M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakao_M"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Apple-5"}],"text":"Momoland was formed in Mnet's survival reality show Finding Momoland which premiered in June 2016. Created by Duble Kick Entertainment, which a group of seven members were selected from ten trainees.[1] According to Duble Sidekick in September 2016, the debut single of the group was delayed due to lack of spectators and the group failed to gather the amount they needed.[2] The group's debut was later successfully crowdfunded, raising about 10 million won.[3][4]Momoland held their debut showcase on November 9, 2016. Welcome to Momoland was released on November 10, 2016 by Duble Kick Entertainment and distributed by Kakao M as the group's debut extended play.[5]","title":"Background and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M Countdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_Countdown"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Inkigayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkigayo"},{"link_name":"Music Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Bank_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Show Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show_Champion"},{"link_name":"Show! Music Core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Show!_Music_Core"},{"link_name":"Simply K-Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simply_K-Pop"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Show_(South_Korean_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Momoland made their debut performance of their single \"Jjan! Koong! Kwang!\" on November 10, 2016 through music television program M Countdown.[6] The group also promoted \"Jjan! Koong! Kwang!\" on several music programs in South Korea including Inkigayo, Music Bank, Show Champion, Show! Music Core and Simply K-Pop.[7][8][9] \"Welcome to Momoland\" and \"Jjan! Koong! Kwang!\" were also performed on The Show.[10]","title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Kakao M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakao_M"},{"link_name":"1theK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1theK"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MV-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"On October 20, 2016, the group's debut single was officially announced.[11] Duble Sidekick was also reported to have worked on the single.[12] Prior to the release, a teaser of \"Jjan! Koong! Kwang!\" and its music video were released online on November 3, 2016.[13] The single was released on November 10, 2016 by Duble Kick Entertainment and distributed by Kakao M as the group's debut single. It served as the lead single for their first extended play, Welcome to Momoland. The accompanying music video for the song was uploaded onto 1theK's YouTube channel simultaneously with the single's release.[14] Bae Yoon Jung of Yama & Hot Chicks served as the choreographer of the video.[15] A dance version of the music video was released on November 14, 2016.[16][17] The dance practice video was uploaded on November 16, 2016.[18]","title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaon Album Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Album_Chart"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gaon-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"In South Korea, Welcome to Momoland debuted and peaked at number twenty-eight on the Gaon Album Chart for the week of November 12, 2016.[19] It was the fifty-third best-selling album for the month November 2016 with 1,915 physical copies sold.[20]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Apple-5"},{"link_name":"Duble Sidekick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duble_Sidekick"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WTM-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jjan-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Love-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OhG-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inst1-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inst2-26"}],"text":"Standard edition[5]No.TitleLyricsMusicArrangementLength1.\"Welcome to Momoland\"Duble SidekickYongheeJake KAndreas ObergSkylar MonesJake K[21]3:262.\"Jjan! Koong! Kwang!\" (짠쿵쾅)Duble SidekickTenzo & TascoTenzo & TascoSeionTenzo & Tasco[22]3:193.\"Love Sick\" (상사병)Duble SidekickYokanDuble SidekickYokanJake KYokanJake K[23]3:564.\"Oh-Gi-Yeo-Cha\" (어기여차)Duble SidekickYokanTaewoonDuble SidekickYokanTaewoonFull8loom[24]3:335.\"Jjan! Koong! Kwang!\" (짠쿵쾅 Instrumental) Tenzo & TascoSeionTenzo & Tasco[25]3:196.\"Oh-Gi-Yeo-Cha\" (어기여차 Instrumental) Duble SidekickYokanTaewoonFull8loom[26]3:33","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melon_(online_music_service)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WTM-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jjan-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Love-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OhG-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inst1-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inst2-26"}],"text":"Credits adapted from Melon.[21][22][23][24][25][26]Momoland – vocals (1, 2, 3, 4)\nDuble Sidekick – lyricist (1, 2, 3), composer (3, 4, 6)\nFull8loom – arrangement (4, 6)\nJake K – composer (1, 3), arrangement (1, 3)\nSkylar Mones – composer (1)\nAndreas Oberg – composer (1)\nSeion – composer (2, 5)\nTaewoon – composer (4, 6), lyricist (4)\nTenzo & Tasco – lyricist (2), composer (2, 5), arrangement (2, 5)\nYokan – composer (3, 4, 6), lyricist (3, 4), arrangement (3)\nYonghee – lyricist (1)","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Mnet's Survival Program \"Finding Momoland\" debut delayed for Final Mission Failure\" (in Korean). September 17, 2016. Archived from the original on November 12, 2019. Retrieved March 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=144&aid=0000451695","url_text":"\"Mnet's Survival Program \"Finding Momoland\" debut delayed for Final Mission Failure\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191112120021/https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=144&aid=0000451695","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'모모랜드' 측 \"7인 멤버, 최종미션 실패로 데뷔 불발\"[공식입장]\". September 16, 2016. Retrieved March 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/ranking/article/109/0003395788","url_text":"\"'모모랜드' 측 \"7인 멤버, 최종미션 실패로 데뷔 불발\"[공식입장]\""}]},{"reference":"\"MOMOLAND Debut Album Project\". Retrieved March 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.makestar.co/projects/singer_momoland?locale=en","url_text":"\"MOMOLAND Debut Album Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"Momoland to debut with crowdfunded album\". October 20, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://m.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20161020000390","url_text":"\"Momoland to debut with crowdfunded album\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to MOMOLAND - EP by MOMOLAND on Apple Music\". Retrieved March 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.apple.com/us/album/welcome-to-momoland-ep/1174682071","url_text":"\"Welcome to MOMOLAND - EP by MOMOLAND on Apple Music\""}]},{"reference":"\"Momoland to debut in M! Countdown's 500th episode\". Asian Economy (in Korean). November 11, 2016. Archived from the original on December 23, 2019. Retrieved March 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://view.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2016111020175434751","url_text":"\"Momoland to debut in M! Countdown's 500th episode\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191223211702/http://view.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2016111020175434751","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mặc fan chửi nhau, Black Pink và TWICE vẫn thân thiết cực dễ thương trên sân khấu\". November 13, 2016. Retrieved March 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.kenh14.vn/mac-fan-chui-nhau-black-pink-va-twice-van-than-thiet-cuc-de-thuong-tren-san-khau-20161113144723606.chn","url_text":"\"Mặc fan chửi nhau, Black Pink và TWICE vẫn thân thiết cực dễ thương trên sân khấu\""}]},{"reference":"\"Watch: SEVENTEEN, B1A4, UP10TION, And More Perform On \"Music Core\"\". December 17, 2016. Retrieved March 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soompi.com/article/926011wpp/watch-seventeen-b1a4-up10tion-perform-music-core","url_text":"\"Watch: SEVENTEEN, B1A4, UP10TION, And More Perform On \"Music Core\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Watch: SEVENTEEN Gets Their First \"Music Bank\" Win With \"BOOMBOOM,\" Performances By B1A4, UP10TION, ASTRO, And More\". December 16, 2016. Retrieved March 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soompi.com/article/925701wpp/watch-seventeen-gets-first-music-bank-win-boomboom","url_text":"\"Watch: SEVENTEEN Gets Their First \"Music Bank\" Win With \"BOOMBOOM,\" Performances By B1A4, UP10TION, ASTRO, And More\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Debut Stage MOMOLAND, Welcome to MOMOLAND + JJan! Koong! Kwang!\". YouTube. Retrieved March 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X27L2iYUJTo","url_text":"\"The Debut Stage MOMOLAND, Welcome to MOMOLAND + JJan! Koong! Kwang!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"\"모모랜드 꼭 데뷔하자\" 크라우드 펀딩 초과달성 쾌거\". October 20, 2016. Retrieved March 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=201610200927080410&r=1","url_text":"\"\"모모랜드 꼭 데뷔하자\" 크라우드 펀딩 초과달성 쾌거\""}]},{"reference":"\"[단독] 모모랜드, 드디어 꿈 이뤘다..11월10일 데뷔 확정\". October 20, 2016. Retrieved March 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://n.news.naver.com/entertain/article/109/0003416347","url_text":"\"[단독] 모모랜드, 드디어 꿈 이뤘다..11월10일 데뷔 확정\""}]},{"reference":"\"Watch: MOMOLAND Teases Whimsical MV For Debut Title Track\". November 3, 2016. Retrieved March 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soompi.com/article/912857wpp/watch-momoland-teases-whimsical-mv-debut-title-track","url_text":"\"Watch: MOMOLAND Teases Whimsical MV For Debut Title Track\""}]},{"reference":"\"Watch: MOMOLAND Debuts With Whimsical \"JJan! Koong! Kwang!\" MV\". November 9, 2016. Retrieved March 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soompi.com/article/914517wpp/watch-momoland-debuts-whimsical-jjan-koong-kwang-mv","url_text":"\"Watch: MOMOLAND Debuts With Whimsical \"JJan! Koong! Kwang!\" MV\""}]},{"reference":"\"Momoland Takes You To Another World\". November 5, 2016. Retrieved March 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://sg.style.yahoo.com/momoland-takes-you-to-another-world-165621319.html","url_text":"\"Momoland Takes You To Another World\""}]},{"reference":"\"MOMOLAND(모모랜드) - \"짠쿵쾅 (JJan! Koong! Kwang!)\" M/V (Dance ver.)\". Retrieved March 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.vlive.tv/video/17024","url_text":"\"MOMOLAND(모모랜드) - \"짠쿵쾅 (JJan! Koong! Kwang!)\" M/V (Dance ver.)\""}]},{"reference":"\"MOMOLAND(모모랜드) - \"짠쿵쾅 (JJan! Koong! Kwang!)\" M/V (Dance ver.)\". YouTube. Retrieved March 26, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4FKtc_GZJls","url_text":"\"MOMOLAND(모모랜드) - \"짠쿵쾅 (JJan! Koong! Kwang!)\" M/V (Dance ver.)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"MOMOLAND(모모랜드) - \"짠쿵쾅 (JJan! Koong! Kwang!)\" Dance Practice\". Retrieved March 19, 2021 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4sFoDHcyG8s","url_text":"\"MOMOLAND(모모랜드) - \"짠쿵쾅 (JJan! Koong! Kwang!)\" Dance Practice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Gaon chart\". November 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=&targetTime=46&hitYear=2016&termGbn=week","url_text":"\"Gaon chart\""}]},{"reference":"\"2016년 11월 Album Chart\". Gaon (in Korean). Korea Music Content Association. Retrieved March 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?nationGbn=T&serviceGbn=&targetTime=11&hitYear=2016&termGbn=month","url_text":"\"2016년 11월 Album Chart\""}]},{"reference":"\"Melon Momoland Welcome to Momoland\". Retrieved March 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://m2.melon.com/song/detail.htm?songId=30087564","url_text":"\"Melon Momoland Welcome to Momoland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Melon Momoland 짠쿵쾅\". Retrieved March 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://m2.melon.com/song/detail.htm?songId=30087565","url_text":"\"Melon Momoland 짠쿵쾅\""}]},{"reference":"\"Melon Momoland 상사병\". Retrieved March 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://m2.melon.com/song/detail.htm?songId=30087566","url_text":"\"Melon Momoland 상사병\""}]},{"reference":"\"Melon Momoland 어기여차\". Retrieved March 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://m2.melon.com/song/detail.htm?songId=30087567","url_text":"\"Melon Momoland 어기여차\""}]},{"reference":"\"Melon Momoland 짠쿵쾅 (Inst.)\". Retrieved March 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://m2.melon.com/song/detail.htm?songId=30087568","url_text":"\"Melon Momoland 짠쿵쾅 (Inst.)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Melon Momoland 어기여차 (Inst.)\". Retrieved March 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://m2.melon.com/song/detail.htm?songId=30087569","url_text":"\"Melon Momoland 어기여차 (Inst.)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Melon\". Retrieved March 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://m2.melon.com/album/music.htm?albumId=10014101","url_text":"\"Melon\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves-Fran%C3%A7ois_Blanchet
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Yves-François Blanchet
|
["1 Life and career","1.1 Bloc Québécois (2019–present)","2 Personal life","3 Electoral record","3.1 Federal results","3.2 Provincial results","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Canadian politician
Yves-François BlanchetMPBlanchet in 2023Leader of the Bloc QuébécoisIncumbentAssumed office January 17, 2019PresidentYves PerronPreceded byMario Beaulieu (interim)Minister of Sustainable Development, Environment, Wildlife and Parks of QuebecIn officeDecember 4, 2012 – April 23, 2014PremierPauline MaroisPreceded byDaniel BretonSucceeded byDavid HeurtelMember of Parliamentfor Beloeil—ChamblyIncumbentAssumed office October 21, 2019Preceded byMatthew DubéMember of the National Assembly of Quebec for Johnson(Drummond; 2008–2012)In officeDecember 8, 2008 – April 7, 2014Preceded bySébastien SchneebergerSucceeded byAndré Lamontagne
Personal detailsBorn (1965-04-16) April 16, 1965 (age 59)Drummondville, Quebec, CanadaPolitical partyBloc Québécois (federal)Other politicalaffiliationsParti Québécois (provincial)SpouseNancy DézielResidence(s)Shawinigan, Quebec, CanadaAlma materUniversité de Montréal (BA)
Yves-François Blanchet MP (French: ; born April 16, 1965) is a Canadian politician and the leader of the Bloc Québécois (BQ) since 2019. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Beloeil—Chambly since the 2019 election.
Before federal politics, Blanchet was in provincial politics, serving as a Member of the National Assembly (MNA) for the Parti Québécois (PQ) from 2008 until his defeat in the 2014 election. He was Quebec's Minister of Sustainable Development, Environment, Wildlife and Parks from December 2012 to April 2014 under Premier Pauline Marois. Prior to his political career, Blanchet ran an artist management firm and was the president of ADISQ from 2003 to 2006.
Life and career
Blanchet was born April 16, 1965, in Drummondville, Quebec, to Pierrette Bédard, a nurse, and Raymond Blanchet, a technician and lineman. He is a graduate from the Université de Montréal where he obtained a bachelor's degree in history and anthropology in 1987. He later worked as a teacher and was a founder of an artist, disc and concert management firm, YFB Inc. while being the president of the ADISQ from 2003 to 2006. He was named the local business personality of the year by the Drummondville Chamber of Commerce, while he and associated artists received 10 Félix Awards.
Blanchet in 2009
Blanchet was elected to represent the riding of Drummond in the National Assembly of Quebec in the 2008 provincial election. In the 2012 election, he was reelected, this time in Johnson electoral district. A member of the Parti Québécois (PQ), Blanchet was Minister of Sustainable Development, Environment, Wildlife and Parks from 2012 until 2014. He was also a member of the Youth National Committee of the Parti Québécois in 1988 as well as a regional director of the PQ. He was defeated by Coalition Avenir Québec candidate André Lamontagne in the 2014 Quebec election.
Prior to becoming leader of the Bloc Québécois (BQ), he was a columnist with Le Nouvelliste and the program Les Ex, on ICI RDI.
Bloc Québécois (2019–present)
On November 26, 2018, Blanchet announced his candidacy for the leadership of the Bloc Québécois. As no other candidate had entered the race by the time nominations closed on January 15, 2019, Blanchet was officially acclaimed leader on January 17, 2019.
In the 2019 federal election, the Bloc polling number rose to his alignment towards the popular Francois Legault's CAQ government. He won his seat of Beloeil—Chambly. Under Blanchet's leadership, the BQ increased its number of seats from 10 in 2015, to 32 seats in 2019, both overtaking the NDP to become the third largest party in Canada and regaining official party status.
In the 2021 Canadian federal election, the Bloc Québécois led by Blanchet won 32 seats, unchanged from the prior election.
The Bloc Québécois held a leadership confidence vote in May 2023. Blanchet won 97% of the vote.
Personal life
Blanchet married and is now separated from Nancy Déziel.
In September 2020, Blanchet tested positive for COVID-19 shortly after his wife had tested positive earlier in the month, requiring him to self-isolate at his residence in Shawinigan during the COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec.
Electoral record
Federal results
vte2021 Canadian federal election: Beloeil—Chambly
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Expenditures
Bloc Québécois
Yves-François Blanchet
34,678
53.1
+2.5
$44,405.09
Liberal
Marie-Chantal Hamel
15,460
23.7
-0.1
$20,410.86
Conservative
Stéphane Robichaud
5,622
8.6
+2.8
$1,228.76
New Democratic
Marie-Josée Béliveau
5,525
8.5
-6.5
$1,187.30
People's
Danila Ejov
1,344
2.1
+1.5
$5.00
Green
Fabrice Gélinas Larrain
1,294
2.0
-2.7
$1,848.81
Free
Mario Grimard
845
1.3
–
$1,113.55
Marijuana
Benjamin Vachon
191
0.3
–
$0.00
Rhinoceros
Thomas Thibault-Vincent
185
0.3
–
$0.00
Indépendance du Québec
Michel Blondin
163
0.2
–
$0.00
Total valid votes/expense limit
65,324
98.3
–
$124,082.82
Total rejected ballots
1,109
1.7
Turnout
66,433
68.7
Eligible voters
96,633
Bloc Québécois hold
Swing
+1.3
Source: Elections Canada
vte2019 Canadian federal election: Beloeil—Chambly
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Expenditures
Bloc Québécois
Yves-François Blanchet
35,068
50.5
+22.82
$36,540.34
Liberal
Marie-Chantal Hamel
16,059
23.1
-6.24
$62,823.63
New Democratic
Matthew Dubé
10,086
14.5
-16.57
$20,636.78
Conservative
Véronique Laprise
4,305
6.2
-3.09
$0.00
Green
Pierre Carrier
3,255
4.7
+2.45
$18,235.50
People's
Chloé Bernard
512
0.7
–
$5,931.38
Indépendence du Québec
Michel Blondin
205
0.3
–
$768.82
Total valid votes/expense limit
69,490
100.0
Total rejected ballots
1,064
Turnout
70,554
73.7
Eligible voters
95,723
Bloc Québécois gain from New Democratic
Swing
+19.79
Source: Elections Canada
Provincial results
2014 Quebec general election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Coalition Avenir Québec
André Lamontagne
13,621
36.06
Parti Québécois
Yves-François Blanchet
11,768
31.16
Liberal
Brigitte Mercier
8,946
23.69
Québec solidaire
François Desrochers
2,365
6.26
Parti nul
Sébastien Gauthier
502
1.33
Option nationale
Magali Doucet
304
0.80
Conservative
Benoit Lussier
262
0.69
Total valid votes
37,768
98.04
Total rejected ballots
755
1.96
Turnout
38,523
67.44
Electors on the lists
57,123
–
2012 Quebec general election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Parti Québécois
Yves-François Blanchet
15,007
36.16
+1.34
Coalition Avenir Québec
Stéphane Legault
14,804
35.67
+5.16
Liberal
Nancy Boyce
8,434
20.32
-9.55
Québec solidaire
Julie Dionne
1,887
4.55
+1.57
Option nationale
Steve Lemay
889
2.14
Conservative
Benoit Lussier
479
1.15
2008 Quebec general election
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Parti Québécois
Yves-François Blanchet
11,480
34.40
Liberal
Jacques Sigouin
10,860
32.54
Action démocratique
Sébastien Schneeberger
9,757
29.23
Québec solidaire
Luce Daneau
1,279
3.83
References
^ "Official Voting Results". Elections Canada. Archived from the original on April 24, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
^ "Yves-François Blanchet - National Assembly of Québec". www.assnat.qc.ca. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
^ "The Minister- Biography". Archived from the original on August 24, 2013. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
^ "Shame! Shame! Shame!". Le Nouvelliste (in French). November 9, 2018. Archived from the original on May 23, 2023. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
^ "Le grand vent se fait attendre". Le Nouvelliste (in French). December 23, 2017. Archived from the original on May 23, 2023. Retrieved June 18, 2022.
^ "Yves-François Blanchet becomes Bloc Québécois leader". CBC News. January 17, 2019. Archived from the original on November 14, 2019. Retrieved January 17, 2019.
^ "Surge in Bloc Quebecois popularity 'a little bit surprising,' says Maxime Bernier". Global News. Archived from the original on December 25, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2019.
^ Montpetit ·, Jonathan (October 22, 2019). "Big gains for the Bloc Québécois, but what did it sacrifice in the process? Social Sharing". CBC News. Archived from the original on November 6, 2019. Retrieved November 30, 2019.
^ Connolly, Amanda (September 20, 2021). "Liberals projected to form minority government". Global News. Archived from the original on December 29, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2021.
^ Tasker, John Paul (September 20, 2021). "Canadians have re-elected a Liberal minority government". CBC. Archived from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved September 21, 2021.
^ Morris, Erika (May 20, 2023). "Blanchet maintains 97% support of Bloc Québécois members in vote of confidence". CBC News. Archived from the original on July 2, 2023. Retrieved July 2, 2023.
^ a b "Bloc Québécois Leader Yves-François Blanchet tests positive for COVID-19". CBC News. September 18, 2020. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
^ Breen, Kerri (September 18, 2020). "Bloc Québécois leader tests positive for coronavirus". Global News. Archived from the original on October 17, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
^ "Bloc Quebecois Leader Yves-Francois Blanchet tests positive for COVID-19". The Globe and Mail. September 18, 2020. Archived from the original on October 17, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.
^ "List of confirmed candidates – September 20, 2021 Federal Election". Elections Canada. Retrieved September 2, 2021.
^ "List of confirmed candidates". Elections Canada. Retrieved October 3, 2019.
^ "Election night results". Elections Canada. Retrieved October 22, 2019.
External links
Media related to Yves-François Blanchet at Wikimedia Commons
"Biography". Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours (in French). National Assembly of Quebec.
Parti Quebecois biopage (in French)
Yves-François Blanchet – Parliament of Canada biography
vteLeaders of the Bloc Québécois
Bouchard
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Gauthier
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Paillé
Beaulieu
Duceppe
Fortin (Interim)
Ouellet
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Blanchet
vteCabinet of Premier of Quebec Pauline Marois (2012–2014)Pauline Marois
Stéphane Bédard
Stéphane Bergeron
Pascal Bérubé
Yves-François Blanchet
Daniel Breton
Alexandre Cloutier
Diane De Courcy
Bernard Drainville
Pierre Duchesne
Marjolain Dufour
Sylvain Gaudreault
François Gendron
Réjean Hébert
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Maka Kotto
Élizabeth Larouche
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Thompson
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Vandal
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Weiler
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Yip
Zahid
ZuberiOfficial OppositionvteConservative PartyPoilievre
Aboultaif
Aitchison
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Allison
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Généreux
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Lawrence
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Leslie
C. Lewis
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Liepert
Lloyd
Lobb
Maguire
Majumdar
Martel
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Melillo
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ZimmerRecognized partiesvteBloc QuébécoisBlanchet
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Green
Hughes
Idlout
Johns
Julian
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MacGregor
Masse
Mathyssen
McPherson
ZarrilloOther parties/groupsvteGreen PartyE. May
MorricevteIndependent
Dong
Rayes
Vuong
44th Canadian Parliament
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"[iv fʁɑ̃swa blɑ̃ʃɛt]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Bloc Québécois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_leadership_election"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Beloeil—Chambly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beloeil%E2%80%94Chambly"},{"link_name":"2019 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Member","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_National_Assembly_(Quebec)"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Parti Québécois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Quebec_general_election"},{"link_name":"2014 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Quebec_general_election"},{"link_name":"Quebec's Minister of Sustainable Development, Environment, Wildlife and Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Sustainable_Development,_Environment,_and_Fight_Against_Climate_Change"},{"link_name":"Pauline Marois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Marois"},{"link_name":"ADISQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADISQ"}],"text":"Yves-François Blanchet MP (French: [iv fʁɑ̃swa blɑ̃ʃɛt]; born April 16, 1965) is a Canadian politician and the leader of the Bloc Québécois (BQ) since 2019. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Beloeil—Chambly since the 2019 election.Before federal politics, Blanchet was in provincial politics, serving as a Member of the National Assembly (MNA) for the Parti Québécois (PQ) from 2008 until his defeat in the 2014 election. He was Quebec's Minister of Sustainable Development, Environment, Wildlife and Parks from December 2012 to April 2014 under Premier Pauline Marois. Prior to his political career, Blanchet ran an artist management firm and was the president of ADISQ from 2003 to 2006.","title":"Yves-François Blanchet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Drummondville, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drummondville,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Université de Montréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"ADISQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADISQ"},{"link_name":"Drummondville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drummondville"},{"link_name":"Félix Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Award"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yves-Fran%C3%A7ois_Blanchet_(2009-10-16)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Drummond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drummond_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"National Assembly of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"2008 provincial election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Quebec_general_election"},{"link_name":"2012 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Quebec_general_election"},{"link_name":"Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Parti Québécois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois"},{"link_name":"Minister of Sustainable Development, Environment, Wildlife and Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Sustainable_Development,_Environment,_and_Fight_Against_Climate_Change"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Coalition Avenir Québec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_Avenir_Qu%C3%A9bec"},{"link_name":"André Lamontagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lamontagne"},{"link_name":"2014 Quebec election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Quebec_general_election"},{"link_name":"Bloc Québécois (BQ)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_(BQ)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"ICI RDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ici_RDI"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Blanchet was born April 16, 1965, in Drummondville, Quebec, to Pierrette Bédard, a nurse, and Raymond Blanchet, a technician and lineman.[2] He is a graduate from the Université de Montréal where he obtained a bachelor's degree in history and anthropology in 1987. He later worked as a teacher and was a founder of an artist, disc and concert management firm, YFB Inc. while being the president of the ADISQ from 2003 to 2006. He was named the local business personality of the year by the Drummondville Chamber of Commerce, while he and associated artists received 10 Félix Awards.Blanchet in 2009Blanchet was elected to represent the riding of Drummond in the National Assembly of Quebec in the 2008 provincial election. In the 2012 election, he was reelected, this time in Johnson electoral district. A member of the Parti Québécois (PQ), Blanchet was Minister of Sustainable Development, Environment, Wildlife and Parks from 2012 until 2014.[3] He was also a member of the Youth National Committee of the Parti Québécois in 1988 as well as a regional director of the PQ. He was defeated by Coalition Avenir Québec candidate André Lamontagne in the 2014 Quebec election.Prior to becoming leader of the Bloc Québécois (BQ), he was a columnist with Le Nouvelliste[4] and the program Les Ex, on ICI RDI.[5]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"acclaimed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois_leadership_election"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BlanchetWins-6"},{"link_name":"2019 federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Francois Legault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Legault"},{"link_name":"CAQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_Avenir_Qu%C3%A9bec"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Beloeil—Chambly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beloeil%E2%80%94Chambly"},{"link_name":"NDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"official party status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_party_status"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"2021 Canadian federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Bloc Québécois (2019–present)","text":"On November 26, 2018, Blanchet announced his candidacy for the leadership of the Bloc Québécois. As no other candidate had entered the race by the time nominations closed on January 15, 2019, Blanchet was officially acclaimed leader on January 17, 2019.[6]In the 2019 federal election, the Bloc polling number rose to his alignment towards the popular Francois Legault's CAQ government.[7] He won his seat of Beloeil—Chambly. Under Blanchet's leadership, the BQ increased its number of seats from 10 in 2015, to 32 seats in 2019, both overtaking the NDP to become the third largest party in Canada and regaining official party status.[8]In the 2021 Canadian federal election, the Bloc Québécois led by Blanchet won 32 seats, unchanged from the prior election.[9][10]The Bloc Québécois held a leadership confidence vote in May 2023. Blanchet won 97% of the vote.[11]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus_disease_2019"},{"link_name":"Shawinigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawinigan"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Quebec"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"}],"text":"Blanchet married and is now separated from Nancy Déziel.[12]In September 2020, Blanchet tested positive for COVID-19 shortly after his wife had tested positive earlier in the month, requiring him to self-isolate at his residence in Shawinigan during the COVID-19 pandemic in Quebec.[13][14][12]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Electoral record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Federal results","title":"Electoral record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Provincial results","title":"Electoral record"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Blanchet in 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Yves-Fran%C3%A7ois_Blanchet_%282009-10-16%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Yves-Fran%C3%A7ois_Blanchet_%282009-10-16%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Official Voting Results\". Elections Canada. Archived from the original on April 24, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elections.ca/res/rep/off/ovr2019app/51/table12E.html","url_text":"\"Official Voting Results\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200424102941/https://www.elections.ca/res/rep/off/ovr2019app/51/table12E.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Yves-François Blanchet - National Assembly of Québec\". www.assnat.qc.ca. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.assnat.qc.ca/en/deputes/blanchet-yves-francois-1123/biographie.html","url_text":"\"Yves-François Blanchet - National Assembly of Québec\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200202230124/http://www.assnat.qc.ca/en/deputes/blanchet-yves-francois-1123/biographie.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Minister- Biography\". Archived from the original on August 24, 2013. Retrieved August 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130824143936/http://www.mddefp.gouv.qc.ca/ministre/inter_en.htm","url_text":"\"The Minister- Biography\""},{"url":"http://www.mddefp.gouv.qc.ca/ministre/inter_en.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Shame! Shame! Shame!\". Le Nouvelliste (in French). November 9, 2018. Archived from the original on May 23, 2023. Retrieved June 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lesoleil.com/2018/11/10/shame-shame-shame-7cc18580eb86c7f19fef1f082e797c97","url_text":"\"Shame! Shame! Shame!\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230523231117/https://www.lesoleil.com/2018/11/10/shame-shame-shame-7cc18580eb86c7f19fef1f082e797c97/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Le grand vent se fait attendre\". Le Nouvelliste (in French). December 23, 2017. Archived from the original on May 23, 2023. Retrieved June 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lenouvelliste.ca/2017/12/23/le-grand-vent-se-fait-attendre-e6598a07c1c4b8f12fcbaa86b5d826c4","url_text":"\"Le grand vent se fait attendre\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230523231117/https://www.lenouvelliste.ca/2017/12/23/le-grand-vent-se-fait-attendre-e6598a07c1c4b8f12fcbaa86b5d826c4/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Yves-François Blanchet becomes Bloc Québécois leader\". CBC News. January 17, 2019. Archived from the original on November 14, 2019. Retrieved January 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/yves-fran-ois-blanchet-new-bloc-leader-1.4981556","url_text":"\"Yves-François Blanchet becomes Bloc Québécois leader\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191114025331/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/yves-fran-ois-blanchet-new-bloc-leader-1.4981556","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Surge in Bloc Quebecois popularity 'a little bit surprising,' says Maxime Bernier\". Global News. Archived from the original on December 25, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://globalnews.ca/news/6052964/bloc-quebecois-popularity-maxime-bernier/","url_text":"\"Surge in Bloc Quebecois popularity 'a little bit surprising,' says Maxime Bernier\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191225144143/https://globalnews.ca/news/6052964/bloc-quebecois-popularity-maxime-bernier/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Montpetit ·, Jonathan (October 22, 2019). \"Big gains for the Bloc Québécois, but what did it sacrifice in the process? Social Sharing\". CBC News. Archived from the original on November 6, 2019. Retrieved November 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/big-gains-for-the-bloc-qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois-but-what-did-it-sacrifice-in-the-process-1.5330056","url_text":"\"Big gains for the Bloc Québécois, but what did it sacrifice in the process? Social Sharing\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191106164018/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/big-gains-for-the-bloc-qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois-but-what-did-it-sacrifice-in-the-process-1.5330056","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Connolly, Amanda (September 20, 2021). \"Liberals projected to form minority government\". Global News. Archived from the original on December 29, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://globalnews.ca/news/8206478/canada-election-results-2021/","url_text":"\"Liberals projected to form minority government\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211229212410/https://globalnews.ca/news/8206478/canada-election-result","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tasker, John Paul (September 20, 2021). \"Canadians have re-elected a Liberal minority government\". CBC. Archived from the original on January 20, 2022. Retrieved September 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/federal-general-election-results-2021-1.6182364","url_text":"\"Canadians have re-elected a Liberal minority government\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220120075227/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/federal-general-election-results-2021-1.6182364","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Erika (May 20, 2023). \"Blanchet maintains 97% support of Bloc Québécois members in vote of confidence\". CBC News. Archived from the original on July 2, 2023. Retrieved July 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/bloc-quebecois-blanchet-vote-of-confidence-1.6850721","url_text":"\"Blanchet maintains 97% support of Bloc Québécois members in vote of confidence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_News","url_text":"CBC News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230702110346/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/bloc-quebecois-blanchet-vote-of-confidence-1.6850721","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bloc Québécois Leader Yves-François Blanchet tests positive for COVID-19\". CBC News. September 18, 2020. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved September 18, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/blanchet-covid19-positive-bloc-quebecois-1.5729630?__vfz=medium%3Dsharebar","url_text":"\"Bloc Québécois Leader Yves-François Blanchet tests positive for COVID-19\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_News","url_text":"CBC News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201021224119/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/blanchet-covid19-positive-bloc-quebecois-1.5729630?__vfz=medium%3Dsharebar","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Breen, Kerri (September 18, 2020). \"Bloc Québécois leader tests positive for coronavirus\". Global News. Archived from the original on October 17, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://globalnews.ca/news/7343830/bloc-quebecois-blanchet-coronavirus-covid-19/","url_text":"\"Bloc Québécois leader tests positive for coronavirus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_News","url_text":"Global News"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231017043646/https://globalnews.ca/news/7343830/bloc-quebecois-blanchet-coronavirus-covid-19/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bloc Quebecois Leader Yves-Francois Blanchet tests positive for COVID-19\". The Globe and Mail. September 18, 2020. Archived from the original on October 17, 2023. Retrieved October 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-bloc-quebecois-leader-yves-francois-blanchet-tests-positive-for-covid/","url_text":"\"Bloc Quebecois Leader Yves-Francois Blanchet tests positive for COVID-19\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail","url_text":"The Globe and Mail"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231017043646/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-bloc-quebecois-leader-yves-francois-blanchet-tests-positive-for-covid/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"List of confirmed candidates – September 20, 2021 Federal Election\". Elections Canada. Retrieved September 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elections.ca/content2.aspx?section=can&dir=cand/lst&document=index&lang=e","url_text":"\"List of confirmed candidates – September 20, 2021 Federal Election\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_Canada","url_text":"Elections Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"List of confirmed candidates\". Elections Canada. Retrieved October 3, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elections.ca/content2.aspx?section=can&dir=cand/lst&document=index&lang=e","url_text":"\"List of confirmed candidates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election night results\". Elections Canada. Retrieved October 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://enr.elections.ca/ElectoralDistricts.aspx?lang=e","url_text":"\"Election night results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biography\". Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours (in French). National Assembly of Quebec.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.assnat.qc.ca/en/deputes/blanchet-yves-francois-1123/biographie.html","url_text":"\"Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec","url_text":"National Assembly of Quebec"}]}]
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Shame! Shame!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230523231117/https://www.lesoleil.com/2018/11/10/shame-shame-shame-7cc18580eb86c7f19fef1f082e797c97/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.lenouvelliste.ca/2017/12/23/le-grand-vent-se-fait-attendre-e6598a07c1c4b8f12fcbaa86b5d826c4","external_links_name":"\"Le grand vent se fait attendre\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230523231117/https://www.lenouvelliste.ca/2017/12/23/le-grand-vent-se-fait-attendre-e6598a07c1c4b8f12fcbaa86b5d826c4/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/yves-fran-ois-blanchet-new-bloc-leader-1.4981556","external_links_name":"\"Yves-François Blanchet becomes Bloc Québécois leader\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191114025331/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/yves-fran-ois-blanchet-new-bloc-leader-1.4981556","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://globalnews.ca/news/6052964/bloc-quebecois-popularity-maxime-bernier/","external_links_name":"\"Surge in Bloc Quebecois popularity 'a little bit surprising,' says Maxime Bernier\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191225144143/https://globalnews.ca/news/6052964/bloc-quebecois-popularity-maxime-bernier/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/big-gains-for-the-bloc-qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois-but-what-did-it-sacrifice-in-the-process-1.5330056","external_links_name":"\"Big gains for the Bloc Québécois, but what did it sacrifice in the process? Social Sharing\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191106164018/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/big-gains-for-the-bloc-qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois-but-what-did-it-sacrifice-in-the-process-1.5330056","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://globalnews.ca/news/8206478/canada-election-results-2021/","external_links_name":"\"Liberals projected to form minority government\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211229212410/https://globalnews.ca/news/8206478/canada-election-result","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/federal-general-election-results-2021-1.6182364","external_links_name":"\"Canadians have re-elected a Liberal minority government\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220120075227/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/federal-general-election-results-2021-1.6182364","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/bloc-quebecois-blanchet-vote-of-confidence-1.6850721","external_links_name":"\"Blanchet maintains 97% support of Bloc Québécois members in vote of confidence\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230702110346/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/bloc-quebecois-blanchet-vote-of-confidence-1.6850721","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/blanchet-covid19-positive-bloc-quebecois-1.5729630?__vfz=medium%3Dsharebar","external_links_name":"\"Bloc Québécois Leader Yves-François Blanchet tests positive for COVID-19\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201021224119/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/blanchet-covid19-positive-bloc-quebecois-1.5729630?__vfz=medium%3Dsharebar","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://globalnews.ca/news/7343830/bloc-quebecois-blanchet-coronavirus-covid-19/","external_links_name":"\"Bloc Québécois leader tests positive for coronavirus\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231017043646/https://globalnews.ca/news/7343830/bloc-quebecois-blanchet-coronavirus-covid-19/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-bloc-quebecois-leader-yves-francois-blanchet-tests-positive-for-covid/","external_links_name":"\"Bloc Quebecois Leader Yves-Francois Blanchet tests positive for COVID-19\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231017043646/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-bloc-quebecois-leader-yves-francois-blanchet-tests-positive-for-covid/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.elections.ca/content2.aspx?section=can&dir=cand/lst&document=index&lang=e","external_links_name":"\"List of confirmed candidates – September 20, 2021 Federal Election\""},{"Link":"https://www.elections.ca/content2.aspx?section=can&dir=cand/lst&document=index&lang=e","external_links_name":"\"List of confirmed candidates\""},{"Link":"https://enr.elections.ca/ElectoralDistricts.aspx?lang=e","external_links_name":"\"Election night results\""},{"Link":"http://www.assnat.qc.ca/en/deputes/blanchet-yves-francois-1123/biographie.html","external_links_name":"\"Biography\""},{"Link":"http://www.pq.org/les-candidats/yves-francois-blanchet/","external_links_name":"Parti Quebecois biopage"},{"Link":"https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Profile?personId=20087","external_links_name":"Yves-François Blanchet – Parliament of Canada biography"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wedderburn_(judge)
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James Wedderburn (judge)
|
["1 Life","2 Family","3 Artistic recognition","4 References"]
|
Scottish judge
Portrait of the Hon. James Wedderburn (Studio of Sir Henry Raeburn)
Isabella Clerk - Mrs. James Wedderburn, by Sir Henry Raeburn
31 Heriot Row, Edinburgh (right)
The Honourable James Wedderburn FRSE (12 November 1782 – 7 November 1822) was a 19th-century Scottish judge who served as Solicitor General for Scotland from 1816, dying in office aged 39. He is sometimes called James Wedderburn-Colville.
Life
His birthplace, Inveresk Lodge
He was born in Inveresk House on 12 November 1782, the fourth son of Isabella Blackburn and James Wedderburn-Colville of Ochiltree House in Ayrshire. John Wedderburn of Ballindean, 6th Baronet of Blackness (1729–1803) was his father's elder brother. Both brothers spent decades buying and managing sugar plantations in the Caribbean, re-establishing the family fortune following the execution and attainder of their father the 5th baronet after the Jacobite uprising of 1745.
James was educated at the grammar school in Musselburgh. His father died in 1802 and, not yet of age, he became wealthy. The following year he was admitted as an advocate at the Scottish bar. In 1804 he undertook further study at Lincoln's Inn in London the aim at the English bar.
In 1810 Allan Maconochie, Lord Meadowbank appointed him Advocate Depute to Scotland. However he resigned in 1811 to take on the role of Sheriff of Peebles. In 1814 he was living with his family at 126 George Street in Edinburgh's New Town.
In July 1816 he was appointed Solicitor General for Scotland. In 1821 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposer was Sir William Arbuthnot.
He lived his final years at 31 Heriot Row in Edinburgh. He died on 7 November 1822, aged 39, during a visit to his sister Lady Selkirk at St Mary's Isle in Kirkcudbrightshire. He is buried there.
Family
He was brother to Andrew Colville.
In December 1813 he married Isabella Clerk (1789–1865), sister of Sir George Clerk, 6th Baronet of Penicuik and John Clerk Maxwell of Middlebie (father of James Clerk Maxwell). They had three daughters and four sons:
James Wedderburn (1814–1863)
Janet Isabella (1815–1852) married James Hay Mackenzie WS
George Wedderburn (1817–1865)
Jean (1818–1897) married Peter Blackburn of Killearn
John Wedderburn (1820–1879)
Andrew Wedderburn (1821–1896)
Jemima (1823-1909), a noted artist, married Prof Hugh Blackburn, Peter's brother
Artistic recognition
His wife Isabella was portrayed by Sir Henry Raeburn around the time of their marriage.
References
^ DeBrett's Peerage
^ "Ochiltree House". Scottish Castles Association. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
^ "Isabella Wedderburn (Blackburn) (1756 - 1821) - Genealogy". geni.com. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
^ The Wdderburn Book p.313
^ Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1814
^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 978-0-902198-84-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
^ Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1822
^ The Wedderburn Book
^ The Book of the Old Edinburgh Club vol 31
^ The Wedderburn Book p.314
Authority control databases
VIAF
|
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James Wedderburn (Studio of Sir Henry Raeburn)Isabella Clerk - Mrs. James Wedderburn, by Sir Henry Raeburn31 Heriot Row, Edinburgh (right)The Honourable James Wedderburn FRSE (12 November 1782 – 7 November 1822) was a 19th-century Scottish judge who served as Solicitor General for Scotland from 1816, dying in office aged 39. He is sometimes called James Wedderburn-Colville.[1]","title":"James Wedderburn (judge)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inveresk_Lodge_and_Garden_-_geograph.org.uk_-_911983.jpg"},{"link_name":"Inveresk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inveresk"},{"link_name":"James Wedderburn-Colville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wedderburn-Colville"},{"link_name":"Ochiltree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ochiltree"},{"link_name":"Ayrshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrshire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scottishcastlesassociation-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geni-3"},{"link_name":"John Wedderburn of Ballindean, 6th Baronet of Blackness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wedderburn_of_Ballindean"},{"link_name":"sugar plantations in the Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_plantations_in_the_Caribbean"},{"link_name":"attainder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attainder"},{"link_name":"the 5th baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Wedderburn,_5th_Baronet_of_Blackness"},{"link_name":"Jacobite uprising of 1745","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745"},{"link_name":"Musselburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musselburgh"},{"link_name":"Lincoln's Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Allan Maconochie, Lord Meadowbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Maconochie,_Lord_Meadowbank"},{"link_name":"Peebles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peebles"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh's New Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Town,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Solicitor General for Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor_General_for_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Sir William Arbuthnot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Arbuthnot,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Lady Selkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Douglas,_5th_Earl_of_Selkirk"},{"link_name":"St Mary's Isle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Isle_Priory"},{"link_name":"Kirkcudbrightshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkcudbrightshire"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"His birthplace, Inveresk LodgeHe was born in Inveresk House on 12 November 1782, the fourth son of Isabella Blackburn and James Wedderburn-Colville of Ochiltree House in Ayrshire.[2][3] John Wedderburn of Ballindean, 6th Baronet of Blackness (1729–1803) was his father's elder brother. Both brothers spent decades buying and managing sugar plantations in the Caribbean, re-establishing the family fortune following the execution and attainder of their father the 5th baronet after the Jacobite uprising of 1745.James was educated at the grammar school in Musselburgh. His father died in 1802 and, not yet of age, he became wealthy. The following year he was admitted as an advocate at the Scottish bar. In 1804 he undertook further study at Lincoln's Inn in London the aim at the English bar.[4]In 1810 Allan Maconochie, Lord Meadowbank appointed him Advocate Depute to Scotland. However he resigned in 1811 to take on the role of Sheriff of Peebles. In 1814 he was living with his family at 126 George Street in Edinburgh's New Town.[5]In July 1816 he was appointed Solicitor General for Scotland. In 1821 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposer was Sir William Arbuthnot.[6]He lived his final years at 31 Heriot Row in Edinburgh.[7] He died on 7 November 1822, aged 39, during a visit to his sister Lady Selkirk at St Mary's Isle in Kirkcudbrightshire. He is buried there.[8]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrew Colville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Colville"},{"link_name":"Sir George Clerk, 6th Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Clerk,_6th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Penicuik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicuik"},{"link_name":"John Clerk Maxwell of Middlebie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Clerk_Maxwell_of_Middlebie"},{"link_name":"James Clerk Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Killearn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killearn"},{"link_name":"Jemima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemima_Blackburn"},{"link_name":"Hugh Blackburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Blackburn"}],"text":"He was brother to Andrew Colville.In December 1813 he married Isabella Clerk (1789–1865), sister of Sir George Clerk, 6th Baronet of Penicuik and John Clerk Maxwell of Middlebie (father of James Clerk Maxwell).[9] They had three daughters and four sons:[10]James Wedderburn (1814–1863)\nJanet Isabella (1815–1852) married James Hay Mackenzie WS\nGeorge Wedderburn (1817–1865)\nJean (1818–1897) married Peter Blackburn of Killearn\nJohn Wedderburn (1820–1879)\nAndrew Wedderburn (1821–1896)\nJemima (1823-1909), a noted artist, married Prof Hugh Blackburn, Peter's brother","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Henry Raeburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Henry_Raeburn"}],"text":"His wife Isabella was portrayed by Sir Henry Raeburn around the time of their marriage.","title":"Artistic recognition"}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Hymer
|
Saint-Hymer
|
["1 Population","2 See also","3 References"]
|
Coordinates: 49°15′15″N 0°10′27″E / 49.2542°N 0.1742°E / 49.2542; 0.1742
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Commune in Normandy, FranceSaint-HymerCommuneThe church in Saint-HymerLocation of Saint-Hymer
Saint-HymerShow map of FranceSaint-HymerShow map of NormandyCoordinates: 49°15′15″N 0°10′27″E / 49.2542°N 0.1742°E / 49.2542; 0.1742CountryFranceRegionNormandyDepartmentCalvadosArrondissementLisieuxCantonPont-l'ÉvêqueGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Joël LebrunArea112.32 km2 (4.76 sq mi)Population (2021)680 • Density55/km2 (140/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code14593 /14130Elevation20–144 m (66–472 ft) (avg. 75 m or 246 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Saint-Hymer (French pronunciation: ⓘ) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.
Population
Historical populationYearPop.±%
1962438—
1968459+4.8%
1975458−0.2%
1982502+9.6%
1990582+15.9%
1999663+13.9%
2008692+4.4%
See also
Communes of the Calvados department
References
^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 9 August 2021.
^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint-Hymer.
vte Communes of the Calvados department
Ablon
Agy
Amayé-sur-Orne
Amayé-sur-Seulles
Amfreville
Angerville
Anisy
Annebault
Arganchy
Argences
Arromanches-les-Bains
Asnelles
Asnières-en-Bessin
Auberville
Aubigny
Audrieu
Aure sur Mer
Aurseulles
Authie
Les Authieux-sur-Calonne
Auvillars
Avenay
Balleroy-sur-Drôme
Banneville-la-Campagne
Banville
Barbery
Barbeville
Barneville-la-Bertran
Baron-sur-Odon
Barou-en-Auge
Basly
Basseneville
Bavent
Bayeuxsubpr
Bazenville
La Bazoque
Beaufour-Druval
Beaumais
Beaumesnil
Beaumont-en-Auge
Bellengreville
Belle Vie en Auge
Benerville-sur-Mer
Bénouville
Bény-sur-Mer
Bernesq
Bernières-d'Ailly
Bernières-sur-Mer
Beuvillers
Beuvron-en-Auge
Biéville-Beuville
Blainville-sur-Orne
Blangy-le-Château
Blay
Blonville-sur-Mer
Le Bô
La Boissière
Bonnebosq
Bonnemaison
Bonneville-la-Louvet
Bonneville-sur-Touques
Bonnœil
Bons-Tassilly
Bougy
Boulon
Bourgeauville
Bourguébus
Branville
Brémoy
Bretteville-le-Rabet
Bretteville-sur-Laize
Bretteville-sur-Odon
Le Breuil-en-Auge
Le Breuil-en-Bessin
Le Brévedent
Bréville-les-Monts
Bricqueville
Brucourt
Bucéels
Le Bû-sur-Rouvres
Cabourg
Caenpref
Cagny
Cahagnes
Cahagnolles
La Caine
Cairon
La Cambe
Cambes-en-Plaine
Cambremer
Campagnolles
Campigny
Canapville
Canchy
Canteloup
Carcagny
Cardonville
Carpiquet
Cartigny-l'Épinay
Le Castelet
Castillon
Castillon-en-Auge
Castine-en-Plaine
Caumont-sur-Aure
Cauvicourt
Cauville
Cernay
Cesny-aux-Vignes
Cesny-les-Sources
Chouain
Cintheaux
Clarbec
Clécy
Cléville
Colleville-Montgomery
Colleville-sur-Mer
Colombelles
Colombières
Colombiers-sur-Seulles
Colomby-Anguerny
Combray
Commes
Condé-en-Normandie
Condé-sur-Ifs
Condé-sur-Seulles
Coquainvilliers
Cordebugle
Cordey
Cormelles-le-Royal
Cormolain
Cossesseville
Cottun
Courcy
Courseulles-sur-Mer
Courtonne-la-Meurdrac
Courtonne-les-Deux-Églises
Courvaudon
Crépon
Cresserons
Cresseveuille
Creully sur Seulles
Cricquebœuf
Cricqueville-en-Auge
Cricqueville-en-Bessin
Cristot
Crocy
Croisilles
Crouay
Culey-le-Patry
Cussy
Cuverville
Damblainville
Danestal
Deauville
Démouville
Le Détroit
Deux-Jumeaux
Dialan sur Chaîne
Dives-sur-Mer
Donnay
Douville-en-Auge
Douvres-la-Délivrande
Dozulé
Drubec
Ducy-Sainte-Marguerite
Ellon
Émiéville
Englesqueville-en-Auge
Englesqueville-la-Percée
Épaney
Épinay-sur-Odon
Épron
Équemauville
Eraines
Ernes
Escoville
Espins
Esquay-Notre-Dame
Esquay-sur-Seulles
Esson
Estrées-la-Campagne
Éterville
Étréham
Évrecy
Falaise
Fauguernon
Le Faulq
Feuguerolles-Bully
Fierville-les-Parcs
Firfol
Fleury-sur-Orne
La Folie
La Folletière-Abenon
Fontaine-Étoupefour
Fontaine-Henry
Fontaine-le-Pin
Fontenay-le-Marmion
Fontenay-le-Pesnel
Formentin
Formigny La Bataille
Foulognes
Fourches
Fourneaux-le-Val
Le Fournet
Fourneville
Frénouville
Le Fresne-Camilly
Fresné-la-Mère
Fresney-le-Puceux
Fresney-le-Vieux
Fumichon
Gavrus
Géfosse-Fontenay
Genneville
Gerrots
Giberville
Glanville
Glos
Gonneville-en-Auge
Gonneville-sur-Honfleur
Gonneville-sur-Mer
Goustranville
Gouvix
Grainville-Langannerie
Grainville-sur-Odon
Grandcamp-Maisy
Grangues
Graye-sur-Mer
Grentheville
Grimbosq
Guéron
Hermanville-sur-Mer
Hermival-les-Vaux
Hérouville-Saint-Clair
Hérouvillette
Heuland
La Hoguette
Honfleur
L'Hôtellerie
Hotot-en-Auge
Hottot-les-Bagues
La Houblonnière
Houlgate
Ifs
Isigny-sur-Mer
Les Isles-Bardel
Janville
Jort
Juaye-Mondaye
Juvigny-sur-Seulles
Laize-Clinchamps
Landelles-et-Coupigny
Landes-sur-Ajon
Langrune-sur-Mer
Léaupartie
Leffard
Lessard-et-le-Chêne
Lingèvres
Lion-sur-Mer
Lisieuxsubpr
Lison
Lisores
Litteau
Livarot-Pays-d'Auge
Les Loges
Les Loges-Saulces
Longues-sur-Mer
Longueville
Longvillers
Loucelles
Louvagny
Louvigny
Luc-sur-Mer
Magny-en-Bessin
Maisoncelles-Pelvey
Maisoncelles-sur-Ajon
Maisons
Maizet
Maizières
Malherbe-sur-Ajon
Maltot
Mandeville-en-Bessin
Manerbe
Manneville-la-Pipard
Le Manoir
Manvieux
Le Marais-la-Chapelle
Marolles
Martainville
Martigny-sur-l'Ante
Mathieu
May-sur-Orne
Merville-Franceville-Plage
Méry-Bissières-en-Auge
Meslay
Le Mesnil-au-Grain
Le Mesnil-Eudes
Le Mesnil-Guillaume
Le Mesnil-Robert
Le Mesnil-Simon
Le Mesnil-sur-Blangy
Le Mesnil-Villement
Meuvaines
Mézidon Vallée d'Auge
Le Molay-Littry
Les Monceaux
Monceaux-en-Bessin
Mondeville
Mondrainville
Monfréville
Montfiquet
Montigny
Montillières-sur-Orne
Montreuil-en-Auge
Monts-en-Bessin
Les Monts d'Aunay
Morteaux-Coulibœuf
Mosles
Mouen
Moulines
Moulins en Bessin
Moult-Chicheboville
Les Moutiers-en-Auge
Les Moutiers-en-Cinglais
Moyaux
Mutrécy
Nonant
Norolles
Noron-l'Abbaye
Noron-la-Poterie
Norrey-en-Auge
Notre-Dame-de-Livaye
Notre-Dame-d'Estrées-Corbon
Noues de Sienne
Olendon
Orbec
Osmanville
Ouézy
Ouffières
Ouilly-du-Houley
Ouilly-le-Tesson
Ouilly-le-Vicomte
Ouistreham
Parfouru-sur-Odon
Pennedepie
Périers-en-Auge
Périers-sur-le-Dan
Périgny
Perrières
Pertheville-Ners
Petiville
Pierrefitte-en-Auge
Pierrefitte-en-Cinglais
Pierrepont
Le Pin
Planquery
Plumetot
La Pommeraye
Pont-Bellanger
Pont-d'Ouilly
Pontécoulant
Pont-Farcy
Pont-l'Évêque
Port-en-Bessin-Huppain
Ponts sur Seulles
Potigny
Préaux-Bocage
Le Pré-d'Auge
Prêtreville
Putot-en-Auge
Quetteville
Ranchy
Ranville
Rapilly
Repentigny
Reux
Reviers
La Rivière-Saint-Sauveur
La Roque-Baignard
Rocques
Rosel
Rots
Rouvres
Rubercy
Rumesnil
Ryes
Saint-André-d'Hébertot
Saint-André-sur-Orne
Saint-Arnoult
Saint-Aubin-d'Arquenay
Saint-Aubin-des-Bois
Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer
Saint-Benoît-d'Hébertot
Saint-Côme-de-Fresné
Saint-Contest
Saint-Denis-de-Mailloc
Saint-Denis-de-Méré
Saint-Désir
Sainte-Croix-sur-Mer
Sainte-Honorine-de-Ducy
Sainte-Honorine-du-Fay
Sainte-Marguerite-d'Elle
Sainte-Marie-Outre-l'Eau
Saint-Étienne-la-Thillaye
Saint-Gatien-des-Bois
Saint-Germain-de-Livet
Saint-Germain-du-Pert
Saint-Germain-la-Blanche-Herbe
Saint-Germain-Langot
Saint-Germain-le-Vasson
Saint-Hymer
Saint-Jean-de-Livet
Saint-Jouin
Saint-Julien-sur-Calonne
Saint-Lambert
Saint-Laurent-de-Condel
Saint-Laurent-sur-Mer
Saint-Léger-Dubosq
Saint-Louet-sur-Seulles
Saint-Loup-Hors
Saint-Manvieu-Norrey
Saint-Marcouf
Saint-Martin-aux-Chartrains
Saint-Martin-de-Bienfaite-la-Cressonnière
Saint-Martin-de-Blagny
Saint-Martin-de-Fontenay
Saint-Martin-de-la-Lieue
Saint-Martin-de-Mailloc
Saint-Martin-de-Mieux
Saint-Martin-des-Entrées
Saint-Omer
Saint-Ouen-du-Mesnil-Oger
Saint-Ouen-le-Pin
Saint-Pair
Saint-Paul-du-Vernay
Saint-Philbert-des-Champs
Saint-Pierre-Azif
Saint-Pierre-Canivet
Saint-Pierre-des-Ifs
Saint-Pierre-du-Bû
Saint-Pierre-du-Fresne
Saint-Pierre-du-Jonquet
Saint-Pierre-du-Mont
Saint-Pierre-en-Auge
Saint-Rémy
Saint-Samson
Saint-Sylvain
Saint-Vaast-en-Auge
Saint-Vaast-sur-Seulles
Saint-Vigor-le-Grand
Sallen
Sallenelles
Sannerville
Saon
Saonnet
Sassy
Seulline
Soignolles
Soliers
Sommervieu
Soulangy
Souleuvre en Bocage
Soumont-Saint-Quentin
Subles
Sully
Surrain
Surville
Terres de Druance
Tessel
Thaon
Le Theil-en-Auge
Thue et Mue
Thury-Harcourt-le-Hom
Tilly-sur-Seulles
Le Torquesne
Touffréville
Touques
Tour-en-Bessin
Tourgéville
Tournières
Tourville-en-Auge
Tourville-sur-Odon
Tracy-Bocage
Tracy-sur-Mer
Tréprel
Trévières
Troarn
Le Tronquay
Trouville-sur-Mer
Trungy
Urville
Ussy
Vacognes-Neuilly
Valambray
Valdallière
Val d'Arry
Val de Drôme
Val-de-Vie
Valorbiquet
Valsemé
Varaville
Vaucelles
Vauville
Vaux-sur-Aure
Vaux-sur-Seulles
Vendes
Vendeuvre
Versainville
Verson
Ver-sur-Mer
La Vespière-Friardel
Le Vey
Vicques
Victot-Pontfol
Vienne-en-Bessin
Vierville-sur-Mer
Vieux
Vieux-Bourg
Vignats
Villers-Bocage
Villers-Canivet
Villers-sur-Mer
Villerville
La Villette
Villons-les-Buissons
Villy-Bocage
Villy-lez-Falaise
Vimont
Vire Normandiesubpr
pref: prefecture
subpr: subprefecture
Authority control databases National
France
BnF data
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
This Calvados geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[sɛ̃.t‿imɛʁ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/Fr-Paris--Saint-Hymer.ogg/Fr-Paris--Saint-Hymer.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fr-Paris--Saint-Hymer.ogg"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Calvados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvados_(department)"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_(administrative_region)"},{"link_name":"region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Commune in Normandy, FranceSaint-Hymer (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃.t‿imɛʁ] ⓘ) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.","title":"Saint-Hymer"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Communes of the Calvados department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Calvados_department"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 9 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/en/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-14593","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint-Hymer¶ms=49.2542_N_0.1742_E_type:city(680)_region:FR-NOR","external_links_name":"49°15′15″N 0°10′27″E / 49.2542°N 0.1742°E / 49.2542; 0.1742"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSaint-Hymer&sl=fr&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint-Hymer¶ms=49.2542_N_0.1742_E_type:city(680)_region:FR-NOR","external_links_name":"49°15′15″N 0°10′27″E / 49.2542°N 0.1742°E / 49.2542; 0.1742"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-14593","external_links_name":"14593"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/en/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-14593","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152480030","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152480030","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/00ab457c-caf3-450c-9998-2765929bb1e1","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Hymer&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_typefaces_included_with_macOS
|
List of typefaces included with macOS
|
["1 System fonts up to Mac OS X 10.7","2 New fonts added with OS X 10.10 Yosemite","3 New fonts added with OS X 10.11 El Capitan","4 New fonts added with macOS 10.12 Sierra","5 New fonts added with macOS 10.13 High Sierra","6 macOS 10.14 Mojave","7 Font appearances","8 Hidden fonts","9 See also","10 Notes","11 References","12 External links"]
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This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2021)
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
This list of fonts contains every font shipped with Mac OS X 10.0 through macOS 10.14, including any that shipped with language-specific updates from Apple (primarily Korean and Chinese fonts). For fonts shipped only with Mac OS X 10.5,
please see Apple's documentation.
System fonts up to Mac OS X 10.7
Family Name
Subtype
Styles Available
Target script and other notes
Al Bayan
non-Latin
Regular, Bold
Arabic
American Typewriter
serif, book
Condensed Light, Condensed, Condensed Bold, Light, Regular, Bold
Andalé Mono
sans-serif, mono, book
Regular, Bold
Apple Casual
display
Regular
Hidden, see below
Apple Chancery
script
Regular
Apple Garamond
serif, book
Light, Light Italic, Book, Book Italic, Bold, Bold Italic
Hidden, see below
Apple Gothic
Regular
Korean
Apple LiGothic
non-Latin
Medium
Traditional Chinese
Apple LiSung
non-Latin
Light
Traditional Chinese
Apple Myungjo
non-Latin
Regular
Korean
Apple Symbols
picture
Regular
AquaKana
Regular
Japanese, Not depicted below
Arial
sans-serif, book
Condensed Light, Narrow, Narrow Italic, Narrow Bold, Narrow Bold Italic, Regular, Italic, Bold, Rounded Bold, Bold Italic, Black
Bundled with Microsoft Windows
Arial Hebrew
non-Latin
Regular, Bold
Hebrew
Ayuthaya
non-Latin
Regular
Thai; not depicted below
Baghdad
non-Latin
Regular
Arabic
Baskerville
serif, book
Regular, Italic, Semi-bold, Semi-bold Italic, Bold, Bold Italic
Beijing
non-Latin
Regular
Simplified Chinese; bitmap only
BiauKai
non-Latin
Regular
Traditional Chinese; missing in Yosemite and El Capitan until Sierra.
Big Caslon
serif, book
Medium
Browallia New
non-Latin
Regular, Italic, Bold, Bold Italic
Thai, Bundled with Microsoft Windows
BrowalliaUPC
non-Latin
Regular, Italic, Bold, Bold Italic
Thai, Bundled with Microsoft Windows
Brush Script
script
Italic
Candara
sans-serif, book
Regular, Italic, Bold, Bold Italic
Bundled with Microsoft Windows
Chalkboard
semi-bold
Regular, Bold
Bold added in 10.4; Bold not depicted below
Chalkduster
bold
Regular
added in 10.6; not depicted below
Charcoal
Regular
Classic only
Charcoal CY
non-Latin
Regular
Cyrillic
Chicago
sans, book
Regular
Classic only, see Krungthep below
Cochin
serif, book
Regular, Italic, Bold, Bold Italic
Comic Sans
casual
Regular, Bold
Bundled with Microsoft Windows
Consolas
sans-serif, mono
Regular, Italic, Bold, Italic
Bundled with Microsoft Windows
Cooper
extra-bold
Black
Copperplate
serif, title, small caps
Light, Regular, Bold
Corsiva Hebrew
non-Latin
Regular
Hebrew
Courier
serif mono, book
Regular, Oblique, Bold, Bold Oblique
Courier New
serif mono, book
Regular, Italic, Bold, Bold Italic
Bundled with Microsoft Windows
DecoType Naskh
non-Latin
Regular
Naskh Arabic; not depicted below
Devanagari
non-Latin
Regular, Bold
Devanagari
Didot
serif, book
Regular, Italic, Bold
Euphemia UCAS
sans-serif, book
Regular, Italic, Bold
Canadian Syllabics; not depicted below
Futura
sans-serif, book
Condensed Medium, Condensed Extra Bold, Medium, Medium Italic
Gadget
sans-serif, title
Regular
Classic only
Geeza Pro
non-Latin
Regular, Bold
Arabic
Geezah
non-Latin
Regular
Arabic
Geneva
sans-serif, book
Regular, Bold
Geneva CY
non-Latin
Regular
Cyrillic
Georgia
serif, book
Regular, Italic, Bold, Bold Italic
Bundled with Windows
Gill Sans
sans-serif, book
Light, Light Italic, Regular, Italic, Bold, Bold Italic
Gujarati
non-Latin
Regular, Bold
Gujarati
Gung Seoche
non-Latin
Regular
Korean, named "#GungSeo" in font list
Gurmukhi
non-Latin
Regular
Gurmukhi
Hangangche
non-Latin
Regular
Korean
HeadlineA
non-Latin
Regular
Korean, named "#HeadLineA" in font list
Hei
non-Latin
Regular
Simplified Chinese
Helvetica
sans, book
Regular, Oblique, Bold, Bold Oblique
System Font for Small Text
Helvetica CY
non-Latin, sans, book
Regular, Oblique, Bold, Bold Oblique
Cyrillic; Face is condensed compared to Helvetica, Helvetica Neue
Helvetica Neue
sans, book
Condensed Bold, Condensed Black, Ultra-light, Ultra-light Italic, Light, Light Italic, Regular, Italic, Bold, Bold Italic
Herculanum
display, deco, upper case
Regular
Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro
non-Latin
W3, W6
Japanese
Hiragino Kaku Gothic ProN
non-Latin
W3, W6
Japanese based on JIS X 0213
Hiragino Kaku Gothic Std
non-Latin
W8
Japanese
Hiragino Kaku Gothic StdN
non-Latin
W8
Japanese based on JIS X 0213
Hiragino Maru Gothic Pro
non-Latin
W4
Japanese
Hiragino Maru Gothic ProN
non-Latin
W4
Japanese based on JIS X 0213
Hiragino Mincho Pro
non-Latin
W3, W6
Japanese
Hiragino Mincho ProN
non-Latin
W3, W6
Japanese based on JIS X 0213
Hoefler Text
serif, book
Regular, Italic, Black, Black Italic, Ornaments
Re‐added in 10.3, but present in System 7.5 also
Inai Mathi
non-Latin
Regular
Tamil; added in 10.4; not depicted below
Impact
sans, title
Regular
Bundled with Compacting Fonts
Jung Gothic
non-Latin
Medium
Korean
Kai
non-Latin
Regular
Simplified Chinese
Keyboard
Regular
Krungthep
non-Latin
Regular
Thai; Latin characters identical to Chicago; not depicted below
KufiStandard GK
non-Latin
Regular
Arabic; not depicted below
Kuenstler Script
script
Regular, Black
LastResort
Regular
Keyboard
LiHei Pro
non-Latin
Medium
Traditional Chinese
LiSong Pro
non-Latin
Light
Traditional Chinese
Lucida Sans
sans, book
Regular, Bold, Italic, Bold Italic
Included from MacOS
Marker Felt
casual
Thin, Wide
Menlo
sans-serif, mono
Regular, Bold, Italic, Bold Italic
Monaco
sans-serif, mono
Regular
Monaco CY
non-Latin
Regular
Cyrillic
Mshtakan
non-Latin
Regular, Oblique, Bold, Bold Oblique
Armenian; added in 10.3; not depicted below
Nadeem
non-Latin
Regular
Arabic
New Peninim
sans-serif, book
Regular, Inclined, Bold, Bold Inclined
Hebrew
New York
serif, book
Regular, Bold, Italic, Bold Italic
Classic only
NISC GB18030
non-Latin
Regular
Chinese; bitmap only; not depicted below; named "GB18030 Bitmap" in font lists
Optima
sans-serif, book
Regular, Italic, Bold, Bold Italic, Extra Black
Osaka
non-Latin mono
Regular, Monospace
Japanese
Palatino
serif, book
Regular, Italic, Bold, Bold Italic
Classic or iLife
Papyrus
casual, normal
Regular, Condensed
PC Myungjo
non-Latin
Regular
Korean, named "#PCMyungjo" in font list
Pilgiche
non-Latin
Regular
Korean, named "#PilGi" in font list
Plantagenet Cherokee
serif, book
Regular
Cherokee
Raanana
non-Latin
Regular, Bold
Hebrew
Sand
bold italic
Regular
Classic only
Sathu
non-Latin
Regular
Thai; not depicted below
Seoul
non-Latin
Regular
Korean
Shin Myungjo Neue
non-Latin
Regular
Korean
Silom
non-Latin
Regular
Thai; not depicted below
Skia
sans-serif, book
Light, Light Condensed, Light Extended, Regular, Condensed, Extended, Bold, Black, Black Condensed, Black Extended
Snell Roundhand
script
Regular
ST FangSong
non-Latin
Regular
Simplified Chinese
ST FangSong 2
non-Latin
Regular
Simplified Chinese
ST Heiti
non-Latin
Light, Regular
Simplified Chinese
ST Kaiti
non-Latin
Regular
Simplified Chinese
ST Song
non-Latin
Regular
Simplified Chinese
Symbol
symbol
Regular
Bundled with Microsoft Windows
Tae Graphic
non-Latin
Regular
Korean
Tahoma
sans, book
Light, Regular, Bold
Bundled with Windows
Taipei
non-Latin
Regular
Traditional Chinese; bitmap only; not depicted below
Techno
sans, title
Regular
Classic only
Textile
bold italic
Regular
Classic (and iDVD)
Thonburi
non-Latin
Regular
Suspended by Geneva
Times
serif, book
Regular, Italic, Bold, Bold Italic
Times CY
non-Latin, serif
Regular, Italic, Bold, Bold Italic
Cyrillic; removed from 10.4
Times New Roman
serif, book
Regular, Italic, Bold, Bold Italic
Bundled with Microsoft Windows
Trebuchet MS
sans, book
Regular, Italic, Bold, Bold Italic
Bundled with Microsoft Windows
Verdana
sans, book
Regular, Italic, Bold, Bold Italic
Bundled with Microsoft Windows
Zapf Chancery
script
Medium Italic
Classic only
Zapf Dingbats
picture
Regular
Zapfino
script, deco
Regular
New fonts added with OS X 10.10 Yosemite
The following system fonts have been added with Yosemite:
ITC Bodoni 72: Book, Italic, Bold (these three in separate fonts with lining and text figures), Small Caps, Ornaments (Sumner Stone)
ITF Devanagari
Kohinoor Devanagari (Satya Rajpurohit)
Luminari (Philip Bouwsma)
Phosphate: Inline and Solid (Steve Jackaman & Ashley Muir)
Shree Devanagari 714 (Modular Infotech)
SignPainter (House Industries)
Skia: Light, Light Condensed, Light Extended, Condensed, Extended, Bold, Black, Black Condensed, Black Extended (Matthew Carter; system previously only included regular)
Sukhumvit Set: Thin, Light, Text, Medium, SemiBold, Bold (Anuthin Wongsunkakon; previously used as a system font for iOS 7.0)
Bitstream Symbols
Trattatello (James Grieshaber)
New fonts added with OS X 10.11 El Capitan
At least the following system fonts have been added with El Capitan:
PingFang SC / PingFang TC / PingFang HK, a new set of Chinese UI Fonts produced by DynaComware in lieu of deprecated STHeiti Family.
San Francisco UI / Display / Text.
New fonts added with macOS 10.12 Sierra
At least the following system fonts have been added with Sierra:
Toppan Bunkyu Mincho Pr6N Regular
Toppan Bunkyu Midashi Mincho StdN ExtraBold
Toppan Bunkyu Gothic Pr6N Regular / Demibold
Toppan Bunkyu Midashi Gothic StdN Extrabold
Monotype LingWai Medium (SC / TC)
Songti (SC / TC)
Yu Kyokasho N (Medium / Bold) (Vertical Version / Horizontal Version)
San Francisco Mono
New fonts added with macOS 10.13 High Sierra
High Sierra added several system fonts or additional weights of existing system fonts:
Charter (Roman, Italic, Bold, Bold Italic, Black, Black Italic)
DIN (Alternate Bold, Condensed Bold)
Hiragino Kaku Gothic StdN W8
InaiMathi (Bold)
Kai (Regular)
Kaiti SC (Regular, Bold, Black)
Myriad Arabic (Semibold)
Noto Nastaliq Urdu
Rockwell (Regular, Italic, Bold, Bold Italic)
STIX Two Math
STIX Two Text (Regular, Italic, Bold, Bold Italic)
Sukothai (Regular, Bold)
macOS 10.14 Mojave
No new fonts were provided with Mojave.
Font appearances
These images compare Roman fonts only, in most styles:
The fonts in the following list were included as "extras" with AppleWorks 6, which was bundled with new iMacs until 2006.
Hidden fonts
A number of fonts have also been provided with iMovie, iLife, iDVD and other Apple applications in hidden folders, for the sole use of these applications. The reason why these fonts are hidden is unknown, with licensing issues suggested as the cause. However, one may easily install them for use by all applications by copying them out of their Library directories and installing them as with any third-party font, although one should always check that the license for the fonts allows them to be used outside the given software.
Notable hidden fonts on macOS include Bank Gothic, Bodoni, Century Gothic, Century Schoolbook, Garamond, several cuts of Lucida, Superclarendon and Monotype Twentieth Century.
See also
List of typefaces
Unicode typefaces
List of typefaces included with Microsoft Windows
Fonts on the Mac
Notes
^ Sakawee, Saiyai (December 16, 2013). "Apple could be bringing back the old Thai font in iOS 7.1 update". www.techinasia.com. Retrieved December 26, 2020.
^ Elferdink, Jim & David Reynolds, AppleWorks 6: The Missing Manual, p. 422
^ Williams, Warren & Cathleen Merritt, AppleWorks Journal, March 2006, p. 7
^ Tomalty, Fletcher. "Hidden fonts on Mac OS X". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
References
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Apple's font list for 10.3 (names only, no images)
Apple's font list for 10.4 (names only, no images)
Apple's font list for 10.5 (names only, no images)
Apple's font list for 10.6 (names only, no images)
Apple's font list for 10.7 (names only, no images)
Apple's font list for 10.8 (names only, no images)
Apple's font list for 10.9 (names only, no images)
Apple's font list for 10.12 (names only, no images)
Apple's font list for 10.13 (names only, no images)
Apple's font list for 10.14 (names only, no images)
Apple's font list for 11 (names only, no images)
Advanced Typography with Mac OS X Tiger (Appendix B contains representations of Latin fonts included with Mac OS 10.4 Tiger)
Microsoft's list of Mac OS X installed fonts
Alan Wood's list of common Mac OS X fonts
Code Style's survey of Mac OS fonts (includes OS 8/9 users)
Szántó Tibor: A betű (The type) (Hungarian; Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 1982, ISBN 963 05 0327 1), Chapter XVI.
External links
Revised (cross-platform) font stack (for the web)
vtemacOS typefacesLatin, Greek, CyrillicSerif
Academy Engraved
American Typewriter
Athelas
Baskerville MT
Big Caslon
Bodoni 72
Canela
Cochin
Charter
Didot
Domaine
Georgia
Hoefler Text
Iowan Old Style
Marion
New York
Produkt
Publico
STIX Fonts
Superclarendon
Palatino
PT Serif
Rockwell
Times, Times New Roman
Sans-serif
Adelle Sans
Arial, Arial Rounded, Arial Unicode MS
Avenir, Avenir Next
DIN
Druk
Euphemia UCAS
Founders Grotesk
Futura
Geneva
Gill Sans
Graphik
Helvetica, Helvetica Neue
Impact
Lucida Grande
Microsoft Sans Serif
Myriad Arabic
Noto Sans
October
PT Sans
Optima
Phosphate
Proxima Nova
San Francisco
Seravek
Skia
Tahoma
Trebuchet MS
Verdana
Monospaced
Andalé Mono
Apple Braille
Courier, Courier New
Menlo
Monaco
PT Mono
SF Mono
Spot Mono
Script / Display
Apple Chancery
Bradley Hand Bold
Brush Script MT
Chalkboard
Chalkduster
Comic Sans
Copperplate
Herculanum
Luminari
Marker Felt
Noteworthy
Pilgiche
Papyrus
Quotes
Sauber Script
Savoye LET
SignPainter
Snell Roundhand
Trattatello
Zapfino
Non-alphabetic
Apple Color Emoji
Apple Symbols
Symbol
Webdings
Wingdings
Zapf Dingbats
List of typefaces included with macOS
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dynamic list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists"},{"link_name":"adding missing items","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/List_of_typefaces_included_with_macOS"},{"link_name":"reliable sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"Mac OS X 10.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.0"},{"link_name":"macOS 10.14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS_Mojave"},{"link_name":"Mac OS X 10.5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard"},{"link_name":"Apple's documentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//support.apple.com/kb/HT1642"}],"text":"This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.This list of fonts contains every font shipped with Mac OS X 10.0 through macOS 10.14, including any that shipped with language-specific updates from Apple (primarily Korean and Chinese fonts). For fonts shipped only with Mac OS X 10.5, \nplease see Apple's documentation.","title":"List of typefaces included with macOS"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"System fonts up to Mac OS X 10.7"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yosemite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_X_Yosemite"},{"link_name":"ITC Bodoni 72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodoni"},{"link_name":"text figures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_figures"},{"link_name":"Ornaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typeface#Ornamental_typefaces"},{"link_name":"Sumner Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumner_Stone"},{"link_name":"Devanagari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari"},{"link_name":"Phosphate: Inline and Solid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbar_(typeface)"},{"link_name":"Skia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skia_(typeface)"},{"link_name":"Matthew Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Carter"},{"link_name":"Anuthin Wongsunkakon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuthin_Wongsunkakon"},{"link_name":"iOS 7.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The following system fonts have been added with Yosemite:ITC Bodoni 72: Book, Italic, Bold (these three in separate fonts with lining and text figures), Small Caps, Ornaments (Sumner Stone)\nITF Devanagari\nKohinoor Devanagari (Satya Rajpurohit)\nLuminari (Philip Bouwsma)\nPhosphate: Inline and Solid (Steve Jackaman & Ashley Muir)\nShree Devanagari 714 (Modular Infotech)\nSignPainter (House Industries)\nSkia: Light, Light Condensed, Light Extended, Condensed, Extended, Bold, Black, Black Condensed, Black Extended (Matthew Carter; system previously only included regular)\nSukhumvit Set: Thin, Light, Text, Medium, SemiBold, Bold (Anuthin Wongsunkakon; previously used as a system font for iOS 7.0[1])\nBitstream Symbols\nTrattatello (James Grieshaber)","title":"New fonts added with OS X 10.10 Yosemite"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"El Capitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS_X_El_Capitan"},{"link_name":"PingFang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PingFang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"San Francisco UI / Display / Text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_(sans-serif_typeface)"}],"text":"At least the following system fonts have been added with El Capitan:PingFang SC / PingFang TC / PingFang HK, a new set of Chinese UI Fonts produced by DynaComware in lieu of deprecated STHeiti Family.\nSan Francisco UI / Display / Text.","title":"New fonts added with OS X 10.11 El Capitan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS_Sierra"}],"text":"At least the following system fonts have been added with Sierra:Toppan Bunkyu Mincho Pr6N Regular\nToppan Bunkyu Midashi Mincho StdN ExtraBold\nToppan Bunkyu Gothic Pr6N Regular / Demibold\nToppan Bunkyu Midashi Gothic StdN Extrabold\nMonotype LingWai Medium (SC / TC)\nSongti (SC / TC)\nYu Kyokasho N (Medium / Bold) (Vertical Version / Horizontal Version)\nSan Francisco Mono","title":"New fonts added with macOS 10.12 Sierra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"High Sierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS_High_Sierra"},{"link_name":"DIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIN_1451"},{"link_name":"Rockwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwell_(typeface)"}],"text":"High Sierra added several system fonts or additional weights of existing system fonts:Charter (Roman, Italic, Bold, Bold Italic, Black, Black Italic)\nDIN (Alternate Bold, Condensed Bold)\nHiragino Kaku Gothic StdN W8\nInaiMathi (Bold)\nKai (Regular)\nKaiti SC (Regular, Bold, Black)\nMyriad Arabic (Semibold)\nNoto Nastaliq Urdu\nRockwell (Regular, Italic, Bold, Bold Italic)\nSTIX Two Math\nSTIX Two Text (Regular, Italic, Bold, Bold Italic)\nSukothai (Regular, Bold)","title":"New fonts added with macOS 10.13 High Sierra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mojave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS_Mojave"}],"text":"No new fonts were provided with Mojave.","title":"macOS 10.14 Mojave"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macosx-allfonts.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fonts-x.png"},{"link_name":"AppleWorks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AppleWorks"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"iMacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMac"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fonts-x2.png"}],"text":"These images compare Roman fonts only, in most styles:The fonts in the following list were included as \"extras\" with AppleWorks 6,[2] which was bundled with new iMacs until 2006.[3]","title":"Font appearances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bank Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Gothic"},{"link_name":"Bodoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodoni"},{"link_name":"Century Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_Gothic"},{"link_name":"Century Schoolbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_Schoolbook"},{"link_name":"Garamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garamond"},{"link_name":"Lucida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucida"},{"link_name":"Monotype Twentieth Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentieth_Century_(typeface)"}],"text":"A number of fonts have also been provided with iMovie, iLife, iDVD and other Apple applications in hidden folders, for the sole use of these applications. The reason why these fonts are hidden is unknown, with licensing issues suggested as the cause. However, one may easily install them for use by all applications by copying them out of their Library directories and installing them as with any third-party font, although one should always check that the license for the fonts allows them to be used outside the given software.[4]Notable hidden fonts on macOS include Bank Gothic, Bodoni, Century Gothic, Century Schoolbook, Garamond, several cuts of Lucida, Superclarendon and Monotype Twentieth Century.","title":"Hidden fonts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Apple could be bringing back the old Thai font in iOS 7.1 update\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.techinasia.com/apple-bringing-thai-font-ios-71-update"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Hidden fonts on Mac OS X\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141006105950/http://fletcher.tomalty.com/posts/2010/hidden_fonts_on_Mac_OS_X/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//fletcher.tomalty.com/posts/2010/hidden_fonts_on_Mac_OS_X/"}],"text":"^ Sakawee, Saiyai (December 16, 2013). \"Apple could be bringing back the old Thai font in iOS 7.1 update\". www.techinasia.com. Retrieved December 26, 2020.\n\n^ Elferdink, Jim & David Reynolds, AppleWorks 6: The Missing Manual, p. 422\n\n^ Williams, Warren & Cathleen Merritt, AppleWorks Journal, March 2006, p. 7\n\n^ Tomalty, Fletcher. \"Hidden fonts on Mac OS X\". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2014.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
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[{"Link":"http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1642","external_links_name":"Apple's documentation"},{"Link":"https://www.techinasia.com/apple-bringing-thai-font-ios-71-update","external_links_name":"\"Apple could be bringing back the old Thai font in iOS 7.1 update\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141006105950/http://fletcher.tomalty.com/posts/2010/hidden_fonts_on_Mac_OS_X/","external_links_name":"\"Hidden fonts on Mac OS X\""},{"Link":"http://fletcher.tomalty.com/posts/2010/hidden_fonts_on_Mac_OS_X/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT2444","external_links_name":"Apple's font list for 10.3"},{"Link":"https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT1538","external_links_name":"Apple's font list for 10.4"},{"Link":"https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT1642","external_links_name":"Apple's font list for 10.5"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190408213908/https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT202408","external_links_name":"Apple's font list for 10.6"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190408212704/https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201331","external_links_name":"Apple's font list for 10.7"},{"Link":"https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201344","external_links_name":"Apple's font list for 10.8"},{"Link":"https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT201375","external_links_name":"Apple's font list for 10.9"},{"Link":"https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT206872","external_links_name":"Apple's font list for 10.12"},{"Link":"https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT207962","external_links_name":"Apple's font list for 10.13"},{"Link":"https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT208968","external_links_name":"Apple's font list for 10.14"},{"Link":"https://support.apple.com/en-in/HT211240","external_links_name":"Apple's font list for 11"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927010853/http://images.apple.com/pro/pdf/L311277A_FontTT_v4.pdf","external_links_name":"Advanced Typography with Mac OS X Tiger"},{"Link":"http://www.microsoft.com/typography/fonts/mac.htm","external_links_name":"Microsoft's list of Mac OS X installed fonts"},{"Link":"http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/fonts_macosx.html","external_links_name":"Alan Wood's list of common Mac OS X fonts"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130112220820/www.codestyle.org/css/font-family/sampler-MacResults.shtml","external_links_name":"Code Style's survey of Mac OS fonts"},{"Link":"http://www.awayback.com/index.php/2010/02/03/revised-font-stack/","external_links_name":"Revised (cross-platform) font stack (for the web)"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwinn_Aircar
|
Gwinn Aircar
|
["1 Design","2 Development","3 Operational history","4 Convair 111","5 Specifications (Niagara II engine)","6 References","6.1 Notes","6.2 Bibliography","7 External links"]
|
Aircar
Gwinn Aircar on a test flight
Role
Two-seat light aircraftType of aircraft
National origin
U.S.
Manufacturer
Gwinn Aircar Company, Inc.
Designer
Joseph M. Gwinn, Jr.
First flight
early 1937
Number built
2
The Gwinn Aircar was a single-engined biplane with a cabin for two, designed in the US as a safe and simple private aircraft. Lacking a rudder, it had several unusual control features as well as an early tricycle undercarriage. Development was abandoned after a crash in 1938.
Gwinn Aircar on ground
Design
The Gwinn Aircar was the only product of the aircraft manufacturing company set up by Joseph M. Gwinn Jr, who also designed it. He had previously worked with Consolidated Aircraft. The Aircar was intended as a safe, easy to fly aircraft that would neither stall nor spin. It used a simplified control system without a rudder. A fuselage which deepened rapidly behind a small radial engine and ended with a fin integrated into it, together with a tricycle undercarriage with a tall and faired front leg, gave the Aircar an unusual appearance.
The Aircar was a single bay biplane with parallel chord, unswept wings with strong stagger. The wings were built around two wooden spars, with metal ribs and edges but fabric covered; they were fixed to the upper and lower fuselage. The interplane struts were N-shaped, linking upper and lower spars, aided by one diagonal strut on each side running from the upper rear spar to the lower forward spar. Full span ailerons were fitted to both upper and lower wings.
The Aircar was initially fitted with a 95 hp (71 kW) Pobjoy Niagara II engine, a small diameter radial. The driveshaft of the two-bladed propeller was offset above the engine center by spur reduction gearing. An exhaust pipe led back over the cabin and the upper wing. The cabin windscreen was ahead of the wing leading edge but the glazing extended aft to beyond the trailing edge, pilot and passenger sitting side by side under it. Entry was by a pair of forward hinged, car type doors, one on either side. The all-metal, stressed skinned fuselage bulged rapidly behind the engine and was roughly circular in cross section between the wings. Seen from the side, the fuselage depth decreased only gently, but in plan it narrowed rapidly, ending in a vertical knife edge. The tailplane, mounted on the centerline, had a curved leading edge and carried elevators. The deflection range of these was limited to an overall 8.5°. The original fin had near straight leading edges both above and below the fuselage, terminating in a vertical, rudderless trailing edge carrying only a trim tab below the centerline.
The tricycle undercarriage, unusual at the time, had short main legs made possible by the combination of lower fuselage depth and hence lower wing position, together with the offset propeller. These legs were joined to the front wing spar close to the fuselage, cross braced and splayed outwards to increase the track. The front leg, mounted just behind the engine, was much longer; all three legs were faired and carried wheels enclosed in spats.
Control of the Aircar was also unusual. A column-mounted wheel moved the ailerons and fore and aft motion of the column operated the elevators as normal. Turns were made by banking. The trim tab on the fin compensated for propeller torque and was directly linked to the throttle. Instead of a rudder bar, a pedal operated the flaps used for takeoff and landing. The wheel brakes were also foot operated and the nosewheel was steered with the control column wheel. At takeoff, the flaps were initially retracted and the aircraft accelerated; at the appropriate speed the flaps were lowered and the Aircar left the ground. With elevators up this "zoom" was rapid but ended in level flight, whilst with them down the zoom was gentler and turned into a steady climb. Landings were made from a low speed approach with flaps extended; throttled back, the Aircar adopted a horizontal attitude, the elevator only controlling the sink rate.
Development
Frank Hawks with Gwinn Aircar
The first flight of the Aircar was in early 1937 and a second was built soon afterwards. Tests led to changes in the engine cowling, to experiments with a four-bladed propeller produced by mounting a pair of two-bladed ones at right angles on the same shaft, and to a serious revision of the fin. Its previously angular leading edge was replaced with a more curved and snub shape above the fuselage, though mostly retaining the vertical trailing edge. The line of lower fuselage was straightened so that the lower part of the fin was integrated into it.
These trials showed that with the 95 hp (71 kW) Niagara II engine the Aircar was underpowered, so the second aircraft was re-engined with the more powerful, but similar diameter, 130 hp (97 kW) Niagara V.
Operational history
A sales tour followed: by 1938 the well known pilot Frank Hawks had been appointed Vice-President and Sales Manager of Gwinn Aircar Company Inc. and he and Nancy Love (née Harkness) flew the Aircar at a variety of meetings including the U.S. national Air Races at Cleveland in September 1937.
Here it was reported as handling well both in the air and on the ground. In August 1938, Hawks and his passenger died on colliding with power cables shortly after takeoff. The surviving Aircar was donated to Consolidated Aircraft, Gwinn's old employers, where development continued.
Convair 111
The Convair 111
After receipt of the Gwinn Aircar, Convair began development of the Model 111 Aircar in 1945, which closely resembled the Gwinn Aircar but had cantilever monoplane wings in place of the biplane layout of the Aircar and a pusher propeller driven by a mid-fuselage mounted 65 hp (48 kW) Continental A-65. Given the nickname "Pregnant Guppy", ground and wind-tunnel testing revealed low rudder control authority and poor directional stability, as well as problems with engine cooling. Convair persevered with the Aircar until it was deemed uneconomic to continue supplying engines and driveshafts to replace those damaged in testing. Once testing was halted the Aircar slipped into obscurity and was unceremoniously scrapped.
Specifications (Niagara II engine)
Gwinn AirCar 3-view drawing from L'Aerophile October 1937
Data from General characteristics
Capacity: 2
Length: 16 ft 3 in (4.95 m)
Wingspan: 24 ft 0 in (7.32 m)
Wing area: 169 sq ft (51.51 m2)
Empty weight: 1,099 lb (498.5 kg)
Max takeoff weight: 3,377.48 lb (1,532 kg)
Powerplant: 1 × Pobjoy Niagara II 7-cylinder air-cooled geared radial piston engine, 95 hp (71 kW) (original engine)
Propellers: 2-bladed
Performance
Maximum speed: 118 mph (189.9 km/h, 103 kn)
Cruise speed: 103 mph (165.76 km/h, 90 kn)
Range: 495 mi (796.62 km, 430 nmi)
References
Notes
^ a b c d e f g h i Grey 1938, pp. 271c–272c.
^ a b "3-view of Aircar." Fiddlersgreen.com Retrieved: October 13, 2012.
^ a b c d "Gwinn Aircar." Aerofiles. Retrieved: October 13, 2012.
^ "Gwinn Aircar." Smithsonian. Retrieved: October 13, 2012.
^ "US National Air Races." Flight Magazine, October 7, 1937.
^ "Frank Hawks and the Gwinn Aircar." Check-Six.com, March 31, 2012.
Bibliography
Grey, C.G. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1938. London: David & Charles, 1938. ISBN 0-7153-5734-4.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gwinn Aircar.
"Safety Plane For Amateurs Runs Like A Car",Popular Science Monthly, November 1937
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gwinn_Aircar_on_ground.jpg"}],"text":"Gwinn Aircar on ground","title":"Gwinn Aircar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Consolidated Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"stall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stall_(flight)"},{"link_name":"spin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(flight)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JAWA-1"},{"link_name":"stagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagger_(aeronautics)"},{"link_name":"interplane struts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interplane_struts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JAWA-1"},{"link_name":"Pobjoy Niagara II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobjoy_Niagara"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JAWA-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3-view-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aerofiles-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JAWA-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3-view-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JAWA-1"}],"text":"The Gwinn Aircar was the only product of the aircraft manufacturing company set up by Joseph M. Gwinn Jr, who also designed it. He had previously worked with Consolidated Aircraft. The Aircar was intended as a safe, easy to fly aircraft that would neither stall nor spin. It used a simplified control system without a rudder. A fuselage which deepened rapidly behind a small radial engine and ended with a fin integrated into it, together with a tricycle undercarriage with a tall and faired front leg, gave the Aircar an unusual appearance.[1]The Aircar was a single bay biplane with parallel chord, unswept wings with strong stagger. The wings were built around two wooden spars, with metal ribs and edges but fabric covered; they were fixed to the upper and lower fuselage. The interplane struts were N-shaped, linking upper and lower spars, aided by one diagonal strut on each side running from the upper rear spar to the lower forward spar.[1] Full span ailerons were fitted to both upper and lower wings.The Aircar was initially fitted with a 95 hp (71 kW) Pobjoy Niagara II engine, a small diameter radial. The driveshaft of the two-bladed propeller was offset above the engine center by spur reduction gearing. An exhaust pipe led back over the cabin and the upper wing. The cabin windscreen was ahead of the wing leading edge but the glazing extended aft to beyond the trailing edge, pilot and passenger sitting side by side under it. Entry was by a pair of forward hinged, car type doors, one on either side. The all-metal, stressed skinned fuselage bulged rapidly behind the engine and was roughly circular in cross section between the wings. Seen from the side, the fuselage depth decreased only gently, but in plan it narrowed rapidly, ending in a vertical knife edge. The tailplane, mounted on the centerline, had a curved leading edge and carried elevators. The deflection range of these was limited to an overall 8.5°. The original fin had near straight leading edges both above and below the fuselage, terminating in a vertical, rudderless trailing edge carrying only a trim tab below the centerline.[1][2][3]The tricycle undercarriage, unusual at the time, had short main legs made possible by the combination of lower fuselage depth and hence lower wing position, together with the offset propeller. These legs were joined to the front wing spar close to the fuselage, cross braced and splayed outwards to increase the track. The front leg, mounted just behind the engine, was much longer; all three legs were faired and carried wheels enclosed in spats.[1][2]Control of the Aircar was also unusual. A column-mounted wheel moved the ailerons and fore and aft motion of the column operated the elevators as normal. Turns were made by banking. The trim tab on the fin compensated for propeller torque and was directly linked to the throttle. Instead of a rudder bar, a pedal operated the flaps used for takeoff and landing. The wheel brakes were also foot operated and the nosewheel was steered with the control column wheel. At takeoff, the flaps were initially retracted and the aircraft accelerated; at the appropriate speed the flaps were lowered and the Aircar left the ground. With elevators up this \"zoom\" was rapid but ended in level flight, whilst with them down the zoom was gentler and turned into a steady climb. Landings were made from a low speed approach with flaps extended; throttled back, the Aircar adopted a horizontal attitude, the elevator only controlling the sink rate.[1]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frank_Hawks_and_Gwinn_Aircrar.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smithsonian-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JAWA-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aerofiles-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JAWA-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aerofiles-3"}],"text":"Frank Hawks with Gwinn AircarThe first flight of the Aircar was in early 1937[4] and a second was built soon afterwards. Tests led to changes in the engine cowling, to experiments with a four-bladed propeller produced by mounting a pair of two-bladed ones at right angles on the same shaft, and to a serious revision of the fin. Its previously angular leading edge was replaced with a more curved and snub shape above the fuselage, though mostly retaining the vertical trailing edge. The line of lower fuselage was straightened so that the lower part of the fin was integrated into it.[1][3]These trials showed that with the 95 hp (71 kW) Niagara II engine the Aircar was underpowered, so the second aircraft was re-engined with the more powerful, but similar diameter, 130 hp (97 kW) Niagara V.[1][3]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Hawks"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JAWA-1"},{"link_name":"Nancy Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Love"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flight-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acc-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aerofiles-3"}],"text":"A sales tour followed: by 1938 the well known pilot Frank Hawks had been appointed Vice-President and Sales Manager of Gwinn Aircar Company Inc.[1] and he and Nancy Love (née Harkness) flew the Aircar at a variety of meetings including the U.S. national Air Races at Cleveland in September 1937.\n[5] Here it was reported as handling well both in the air and on the ground. In August 1938, Hawks and his passenger died on colliding with power cables shortly after takeoff.[6] The surviving Aircar was donated to Consolidated Aircraft, Gwinn's old employers, where development continued.[3]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Convair_Model_111_RFQ_view.jpg"},{"link_name":"Convair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair"},{"link_name":"Continental A-65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_A-65"}],"text":"The Convair 111After receipt of the Gwinn Aircar, Convair began development of the Model 111 Aircar in 1945, which closely resembled the Gwinn Aircar but had cantilever monoplane wings in place of the biplane layout of the Aircar and a pusher propeller driven by a mid-fuselage mounted 65 hp (48 kW) Continental A-65. Given the nickname \"Pregnant Guppy\", ground and wind-tunnel testing revealed low rudder control authority and poor directional stability, as well as problems with engine cooling. Convair persevered with the Aircar until it was deemed uneconomic to continue supplying engines and driveshafts to replace those damaged in testing. Once testing was halted the Aircar slipped into obscurity and was unceremoniously scrapped.","title":"Convair 111"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gwinn_AirCar_3-view_L%27Aerophile_October_1937.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JAWA-1"},{"link_name":"Pobjoy Niagara II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobjoy_Niagara"}],"text":"Gwinn AirCar 3-view drawing from L'Aerophile October 1937Data from [1]General characteristicsCapacity: 2\nLength: 16 ft 3 in (4.95 m)\nWingspan: 24 ft 0 in (7.32 m)\nWing area: 169 sq ft (51.51 m2)\nEmpty weight: 1,099 lb (498.5 kg)\nMax takeoff weight: 3,377.48 lb (1,532 kg)\nPowerplant: 1 × Pobjoy Niagara II 7-cylinder air-cooled geared radial piston engine, 95 hp (71 kW) (original engine)\nPropellers: 2-bladedPerformanceMaximum speed: 118 mph (189.9 km/h, 103 kn)\nCruise speed: 103 mph (165.76 km/h, 90 kn)\nRange: 495 mi (796.62 km, 430 nmi)","title":"Specifications (Niagara II engine)"}]
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[{"image_text":"Gwinn Aircar on ground","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gwinn_Aircar_on_ground.jpg/220px-Gwinn_Aircar_on_ground.jpg"},{"image_text":"Frank Hawks with Gwinn Aircar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Frank_Hawks_and_Gwinn_Aircrar.jpg/220px-Frank_Hawks_and_Gwinn_Aircrar.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Convair 111","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Convair_Model_111_RFQ_view.jpg/220px-Convair_Model_111_RFQ_view.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gwinn AirCar 3-view drawing from L'Aerophile October 1937","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Gwinn_AirCar_3-view_L%27Aerophile_October_1937.jpg/220px-Gwinn_AirCar_3-view_L%27Aerophile_October_1937.jpg"}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.fiddlersgreen.net/models/aircraft/Gwinn-Aircar.html","external_links_name":"\"3-view of Aircar.\""},{"Link":"http://www.aerofiles.com/_gr.html","external_links_name":"\"Gwinn Aircar.\""},{"Link":"http://siris-archives.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?uri=full=3100001~!227755!0","external_links_name":"\"Gwinn Aircar.\""},{"Link":"http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1937/1937%20-%202782.html","external_links_name":"\"US National Air Races.\""},{"Link":"http://www.check-six.com/Crash_Sites/Gwinn_Aircar-Hawks.htm","external_links_name":"\"Frank Hawks and the Gwinn Aircar.\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yiUDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Popular+Science+1932+plane&pg=PA47","external_links_name":"\"Safety Plane For Amateurs Runs Like A Car\",Popular Science Monthly, November 1937"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPI-anchored_protein
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Lipid-anchored protein
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["1 Prenylated proteins","1.1 Roles and function","2 Fatty acylated proteins","2.1 N-myristoylation","2.2 S-palmitoylation","3 GPI proteins","3.1 Roles and function","4 References","5 External links"]
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Membrane protein
Lipid membrane with various proteins
Lipid-anchored proteins (also known as lipid-linked proteins) are proteins located on the surface of the cell membrane that are covalently attached to lipids embedded within the cell membrane. These proteins insert and assume a place in the bilayer structure of the membrane alongside the similar fatty acid tails. The lipid-anchored protein can be located on either side of the cell membrane. Thus, the lipid serves to anchor the protein to the cell membrane. They are a type of proteolipids.
The lipid groups play a role in protein interaction and can contribute to the function of the protein to which it is attached. Furthermore, the lipid serves as a mediator of membrane associations or as a determinant for specific protein-protein interactions. For example, lipid groups can play an important role in increasing molecular hydrophobicity. This allows for the interaction of proteins with cellular membranes and protein domains. In a dynamic role, lipidation can sequester a protein away from its substrate to inactivate the protein and then activate it by substrate presentation.
Overall, there are three main types of lipid-anchored proteins which include prenylated proteins, fatty acylated proteins and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked proteins (GPI). A protein can have multiple lipid groups covalently attached to it, but the site where the lipids bind to the protein depends both on the lipid group and protein.
Prenylated proteins
Isoprene unit
Prenylated proteins are proteins with covalently attached hydrophobic isoprene polymers (i.e. branched five-carbon hydrocarbon) at cysteine residues of the protein. More specifically, these isoprenoid groups, usually farnesyl (15-carbon) and geranylgeranyl (20-carbon) are attached to the protein via thioether linkages at cysteine residues near the C terminal of the protein. This prenylation of lipid chains to proteins facilitate their interaction with the cell membrane.
Caax Box
The prenylation motif “CaaX box” is the most common prenylation site in proteins, that is, the site where farnesyl or geranylgeranyl covalently attach. In the CaaX box sequence, the C represents the cysteine that is prenylated, the A represents any aliphatic amino acid and the X determines the type of prenylation that will occur. If the X is an Ala, Met, Ser or Gln the protein will be farnesylated via the farnesyltransferase enzyme and if the X is a Leu then the protein will be geranylgeranylated via the geranylgeranyltransferase I enzyme. Both of these enzymes are similar with each containing two subunits.
Roles and function
Prenylation chains (e.g. geranyl pyrophosphate)
Prenylated proteins are particularly important for eukaryotic cell growth, differentiation and morphology. Furthermore, protein prenylation is a reversible post-translational modification to the cell membrane. This dynamic interaction of prenylated proteins with the cell membrane is important for their signalling functions and is often deregulated in disease processes such as cancer. More specifically, Ras is the protein that undergoes prenylation via farnesyltransferase and when it is switched on it can turn on genes involved in cell growth and differentiation. Thus overactiving Ras signalling can lead to cancer. An understanding of these prenylated proteins and their mechanisms have been important for the drug development efforts in combating cancer. Other prenylated proteins include members of the Rab and Rho families as well as lamins.
Some important prenylation chains that are involved in the HMG-CoA reductase metabolic pathway are geranylgeraniol, farnesol and dolichol. These isoprene polymers (e.g. geranyl pyrophosphate and farnesyl pyrophosphate) are involved in the condensations via enzymes such as prenyltransferase that eventually cyclizes to form cholesterol.
Fatty acylated proteins
Fatty acylated proteins are proteins that have been post-translationally modified to include the covalent attachment of fatty acids at certain amino acid residues. The most common fatty acids that are covalently attached to the protein are the saturated myristic (14-carbon) acid and palmitic acid (16-carbon). Proteins can be modified to contain either one or both of these fatty acids.Myristoylation
N-myristoylation
N-myristoylation (i.e. attachment of myristic acid) is generally an irreversible protein modification that typically occurs during protein synthesis in which the myrisitc acid is attached to the α-amino group of an N-terminal glycine residue through an amide linkage. This reaction is facilitated by N-myristoyltransferase . These proteins usually begin with a Met-Gly sequence and with either a serine or threonine at position 5. Proteins that have been myristoylated are involved in signal transduction cascade, protein-protein interactions and in mechanisms that regulate protein targeting and function. An example in which the myristoylation of a protein is important is in apoptosis, programmed cell death. After the protein BH3 interacting-domain death agonist (Bid) has been myristoylated, it targets the protein to move to the mitochondrial membrane to release cytochrome c, which then ultimately leads to cell death. Other proteins that are myristoylated and involved in the regulation of apoptosis are actin and gelsolin.
S-palmitoylation
Palmitoylation
S-palmitoylation (i.e. attachment of palmitic acid) is a reversible protein modification in which a palmitic acid is attached to a specific cysteine residue via thioester linkage. The term S-acylation can also be used when other medium and long fatty acids chains are also attached to palmitoylated proteins. No consensus sequence for protein palmitoylation has been identified. Palmitoylated proteins are mainly found on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane where they play a role in transmembrane signaling. The palmitoyl group can be removed by palmitoyl thioesterases. It is believed that this reverse palmitoylation may regulate the interaction of the protein with the membrane and thus have a role in signaling processes. Furthermore, this allows for the regulation of protein subcellular localization, stability and trafficking. An example in which palmitoylation of a protein plays a role in cell signaling pathways is in the clustering of proteins in the synapse. When the postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) is palmitoylated, it is restricted to the membrane and allows it to bind to and cluster ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane. Thus, palmitoylation can play a role in the regulation of neurotransmitter release.
Palmitoylation mediates the affinity of a protein for lipid rafts and facilitates the clustering of proteins. The clustering can increase the proximity of two molecules. Alternatively, clustering can sequester a protein away from a substrate. For example, palmitoylation of phospholipase D (PLD) sequesters the enzyme away from its substrate phosphatidylcholine. When cholesterol levels decrease or PIP2 levels increase the palmitate mediated localization is disrupted, the enzyme trafficks to PIP2 where it encounters its substrate and is active by substrate presentation.
GPI proteins
Structure of the glycophosphatidylinositol anchor in the plasma membrane of a eukaryotic cell
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-anchored proteins) are attached to a GPI complex molecular group via an amide linkage to the protein's C-terminal carboxyl group. This GPI complex consists of several main components that are all interconnected: a phosphoethanolamine, a linear tetrasaccharide (composed of three mannose and a glucosaminyl) and a phosphatidylinositol. The phosphatidylinositol group is glycosidically linked to the non-N-acetylated glucosamine of the tetrasaccharide. A phosphodiester bond is then formed between the mannose at the nonreducing end (of the tetrasaccaride) and the phosphoethanolamine. The phosphoethanolamine is then amide linked to the C-terminal of the carboxyl group of the respective protein. The GPI attachment occurs through the action of GPI-transamidase complex. The fatty acid chains of the phosphatidylinositol are inserted into the membrane and thus are what anchor the protein to the membrane. These proteins are only located on the exterior surface of the plasma membrane.
Roles and function
The sugar residues in the tetrasaccaride and the fatty acid residues in the phosphatidylinositol group vary depending on the protein. This great diversity is what allows the GPI proteins to have a wide range of functions including acting as hydrolytic enzymes, adhesion molecule, receptors, protease inhibitor and complement regulatory proteins. Furthermore, GPI proteins play an important in embryogenesis, development, neurogenesis, the immune system and fertilization. More specifically, the GPI protein IZUMO1R (also named JUNO after the Roman goddess of fertility) on the egg plasma has an essential role in sperm-egg fusion. Releasing the IZUMO1R (JUNO) GPI protein from the egg plasma membrane does not allow for sperm to fuse with the egg and it is suggested that this mechanism may contribute to the polyspermy block at the plasma membrane in eggs. Other roles that GPI modification allows for is in the association with membrane microdomains, transient homodimerization or in apical sorting in polarized cells.
References
^ a b c Gerald Karp (2009). Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 128–. ISBN 978-0-470-48337-4. Retrieved 13 November 2010.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Voet D, Voet JG, Pratt CW (2013). Fundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the Molecular Level (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 263. ISBN 978-0470-54784-7.
^ a b c d e Casey PJ, Seabra MC (March 1996). "Protein prenyltransferases". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (10): 5289–92. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.10.5289. PMID 8621375.
^ a b c Novelli G, D'Apice MR (September 2012). "Protein farnesylation and disease". Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 35 (5): 917–26. doi:10.1007/s10545-011-9445-y. PMID 22307208. S2CID 11555502.
^ Ferguson MA (August 1991). "Lipid anchors on membrane proteins". Current Opinion in Structural Biology. 1 (4): 522–9. doi:10.1016/s0959-440x(05)80072-7.
^ isoprene (2003). "Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Ed". Retrieved 28 November 2015.
^ a b c Lane KT, Beese LS (April 2006). "Thematic review series: lipid posttranslational modifications. Structural biology of protein farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase type I". Journal of Lipid Research. 47 (4): 681–99. doi:10.1194/jlr.R600002-JLR200. PMID 16477080.
^ Stein V, Kubala MH, Steen J, Grimmond SM, Alexandrov K (2015-01-01). "Towards the systematic mapping and engineering of the protein prenylation machinery in Saccharomyces cerevisiae". PLOS ONE. 10 (3): e0120716. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1020716S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120716. PMC 4358939. PMID 25768003.
^ Goodsell DS (1999-01-01). "The molecular perspective: the ras oncogene". The Oncologist. 4 (3): 263–4. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.4-3-263. PMID 10394594.
^ Reuter CW, Morgan MA, Bergmann L (September 2000). "Targeting the Ras signaling pathway: a rational, mechanism-based treatment for hematologic malignancies?". Blood. 96 (5): 1655–69. doi:10.1182/blood.V96.5.1655. PMID 10961860.
^ a b c d e f Resh MD (November 2006). "Trafficking and signaling by fatty-acylated and prenylated proteins". Nature Chemical Biology. 2 (11): 584–90. doi:10.1038/nchembio834. PMID 17051234. S2CID 9734759.
^ a b Wilson JP, Raghavan AS, Yang YY, Charron G, Hang HC (March 2011). "Proteomic analysis of fatty-acylated proteins in mammalian cells with chemical reporters reveals S-acylation of histone H3 variants". Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. 10 (3): M110.001198. doi:10.1074/mcp.M110.001198. PMC 3047146. PMID 21076176.
^ a b Farazi TA, Waksman G, Gordon JI (October 2001). "The biology and enzymology of protein N-myristoylation". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (43): 39501–4. doi:10.1074/jbc.R100042200. PMID 11527981.
^ Martin DD, Beauchamp E, Berthiaume LG (January 2011). "Post-translational myristoylation: Fat matters in cellular life and death". Biochimie. Bioactive Lipids, Nutrition and Health. 93 (1): 18–31. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2010.10.018. PMID 21056615.
^ Aicart-Ramos C, Valero RA, Rodriguez-Crespo I (December 2011). "Protein palmitoylation and subcellular trafficking". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes. 1808 (12): 2981–94. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.07.009. PMID 21819967.
^ Dityatev, Alexander (2006). El-Husseini, Alaa (ed.). Molecular Mechanisms of Synaptogenesis. New York: Springer. pp. 72–75.
^ Levental, I.; Lingwood, D.; Grzybek, M.; Coskun, U.; Simons, K. (3 December 2010). "Palmitoylation regulates raft affinity for the majority of integral raft proteins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (51): 22050–22054. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10722050L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1016184107. PMC 3009825. PMID 21131568.
^ Petersen, EN; Chung, HW; Nayebosadri, A; Hansen, SB (15 December 2016). "Kinetic disruption of lipid rafts is a mechanosensor for phospholipase D." Nature Communications. 7: 13873. Bibcode:2016NatCo...713873P. doi:10.1038/ncomms13873. PMC 5171650. PMID 27976674.
^ Robinson, CV; Rohacs, T; Hansen, SB (September 2019). "Tools for Understanding Nanoscale Lipid Regulation of Ion Channels". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 44 (9): 795–806. doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2019.04.001. PMC 6729126. PMID 31060927.
^ Petersen, EN; Pavel, MA; Wang, H; Hansen, SB (28 October 2019). "Disruption of palmitate-mediated localization; a shared pathway of force and anesthetic activation of TREK-1 channels". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes. 1862 (1): 183091. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183091. PMC 6907892. PMID 31672538.
^ a b c Kinoshita T, Fujita M (January 2016). "Biosynthesis of GPI-anchored proteins: special emphasis on GPI lipid remodeling". Journal of Lipid Research. 57 (1): 6–24. doi:10.1194/jlr.R063313. PMC 4689344. PMID 26563290.
^ a b Ikezawa, Hiroh (2002-01-01). "Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-Anchored Proteins". Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 25 (4): 409–417. doi:10.1248/bpb.25.409. PMID 11995915.
^ Kinoshita T, Fujita M (January 2016). "Biosynthesis of GPI-anchored proteins: special emphasis on GPI lipid remodeling". Journal of Lipid Research. 57 (1): 6–24. doi:10.1194/jlr.R063313. PMC 4689344. PMID 26563290.
^ Kinoshita T (2014). "Biosynthesis and deficiencies of glycosylphosphatidylinositol". Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences. 90 (4): 130–43. Bibcode:2014PJAB...90..130K. doi:10.2183/pjab.90.130. PMC 4055706. PMID 24727937.
^ Coonrod SA, Naaby-Hansen S, Shetty J, Shibahara H, Chen M, White JM, Herr JC (March 1999). "Treatment of mouse oocytes with PI-PLC releases 70-kDa (pI 5) and 35- to 45-kDa (pI 5.5) protein clusters from the egg surface and inhibits sperm-oolemma binding and fusion". Developmental Biology. 207 (2): 334–49. doi:10.1006/dbio.1998.9161. PMID 10068467.
External links
Media related to Lipid-anchored protein at Wikimedia Commons
vteStructures of the cell membraneMembrane lipids
Lipid bilayer
Phospholipids
Lipoproteins
Sphingolipids
Sterols
Membrane proteins
Membrane glycoproteins
Integral membrane proteins/transmembrane protein
Peripheral membrane protein/Lipid-anchored protein
Other
Caveolae/Coated pits
Cell junctions
Glycocalyx
Lipid raft/microdomains
Membrane contact sites
Membrane nanotubes
Myelin sheath
Nodes of Ranvier
Nuclear envelope
Phycobilisomes
Porosomes
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:0303_Lipid_Bilayer_With_Various_Components.jpg"},{"link_name":"proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"cell membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane"},{"link_name":"of what?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Clarity"},{"link_name":"covalently","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond"},{"link_name":"lipids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid"},{"link_name":"fatty acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Karp2009-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"proteolipids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteolipid"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"hydrophobicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrophobe"},{"link_name":"protein domains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_domain"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"substrate presentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_presentation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Lipid membrane with various proteinsLipid-anchored proteins (also known as lipid-linked proteins) are proteins located on the surface of the cell membrane [of what?] that are covalently attached to lipids embedded within the cell membrane. These proteins insert and assume a place in the bilayer structure of the membrane alongside the similar fatty acid tails. The lipid-anchored protein can be located on either side of the cell membrane. Thus, the lipid serves to anchor the protein to the cell membrane.[1][2] They are a type of proteolipids.The lipid groups play a role in protein interaction and can contribute to the function of the protein to which it is attached.[2] Furthermore, the lipid serves as a mediator of membrane associations or as a determinant for specific protein-protein interactions.[3] For example, lipid groups can play an important role in increasing molecular hydrophobicity. This allows for the interaction of proteins with cellular membranes and protein domains.[4] In a dynamic role[clarification needed], lipidation can sequester a protein away from its substrate to inactivate the protein and then activate it by substrate presentation.Overall, there are three main types of lipid-anchored proteins which include prenylated proteins, fatty acylated proteins and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked proteins (GPI).[2][5] A protein can have multiple lipid groups covalently attached to it, but[clarification needed] the site where the lipids bind to the protein depends both on the lipid group and protein.[2]","title":"Lipid-anchored protein"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isoprene.svg"},{"link_name":"Prenylated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenylation"},{"link_name":"isoprene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoprene"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"farnesyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnesylation"},{"link_name":"geranylgeranyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geranylgeranylation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Karp2009-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caaxbox.JPG"},{"link_name":"prenylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenylation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"aliphatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliphatic_compound"},{"link_name":"farnesyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnesyltransferase"},{"link_name":"geranylgeranyltransferase I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geranylgeranyltransferase_type_1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-7"}],"text":"Isoprene unitPrenylated proteins are proteins with covalently attached hydrophobic isoprene polymers (i.e. branched five-carbon hydrocarbon[6]) at cysteine residues of the protein.[2][3] More specifically, these isoprenoid groups, usually farnesyl (15-carbon) and geranylgeranyl (20-carbon) are attached to the protein via thioether linkages at cysteine residues near the C terminal of the protein.[3][4] This prenylation of lipid chains to proteins facilitate their interaction with the cell membrane.[1]Caax BoxThe prenylation motif “CaaX box” is the most common prenylation site in proteins, that is, the site where farnesyl or geranylgeranyl covalently attach.[2][3] In the CaaX box sequence, the C represents the cysteine that is prenylated, the A represents any aliphatic amino acid and the X determines the type of prenylation that will occur. If the X is an Ala, Met, Ser or Gln the protein will be farnesylated via the farnesyltransferase enzyme and if the X is a Leu then the protein will be geranylgeranylated via the geranylgeranyltransferase I enzyme.[3][4] Both of these enzymes are similar with each containing two subunits.[7]","title":"Prenylated proteins"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Synthesis_of_geranyl_pyrophosphate.png"},{"link_name":"geranyl pyrophosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geranyl_pyrophosphate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_subfamily"},{"link_name":"farnesyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnesyltransferase"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Rab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rab_(G-protein)"},{"link_name":"lamins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-7"},{"link_name":"HMG-CoA reductase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMG-CoA_reductase"},{"link_name":"metabolic pathway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_pathway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Karp2009-1"},{"link_name":"geranylgeraniol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geranylgeraniol"},{"link_name":"farnesol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnesol"},{"link_name":"dolichol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolichol"},{"link_name":"geranyl pyrophosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geranyl_pyrophosphate"},{"link_name":"farnesyl pyrophosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnesyl_pyrophosphate"},{"link_name":"prenyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenyltransferase"},{"link_name":"cholesterol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterol"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"sub_title":"Roles and function","text":"Prenylation chains (e.g. geranyl pyrophosphate)Prenylated proteins are particularly important for eukaryotic cell growth, differentiation and morphology.[7] Furthermore, protein prenylation is a reversible post-translational modification to the cell membrane. This dynamic interaction of prenylated proteins with the cell membrane is important for their signalling functions and is often deregulated in disease processes such as cancer.[8] More specifically, Ras is the protein that undergoes prenylation via farnesyltransferase and when it is switched on it can turn on genes involved in cell growth and differentiation. Thus overactiving Ras signalling can lead to cancer.[9] An understanding of these prenylated proteins and their mechanisms have been important for the drug development efforts in combating cancer.[10] Other prenylated proteins include members of the Rab and Rho families as well as lamins.[7]Some important prenylation chains that are involved in the HMG-CoA reductase metabolic pathway[1] are geranylgeraniol, farnesol and dolichol. These isoprene polymers (e.g. geranyl pyrophosphate and farnesyl pyrophosphate) are involved in the condensations via enzymes such as prenyltransferase that eventually cyclizes to form cholesterol.[2]","title":"Prenylated proteins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"acylated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acylation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-12"},{"link_name":"myristic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myristic_acid"},{"link_name":"palmitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmitic_acid"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Myristoylation.pdf"}],"text":"Fatty acylated proteins are proteins that have been post-translationally modified to include the covalent attachment of fatty acids at certain amino acid residues.[11][12] The most common fatty acids that are covalently attached to the protein are the saturated myristic (14-carbon) acid and palmitic acid (16-carbon). Proteins can be modified to contain either one or both of these fatty acids.[11]Myristoylation","title":"Fatty acylated proteins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-13"},{"link_name":"N-terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-terminal"},{"link_name":"amide linkage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amide_linkage"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-12"},{"link_name":"N-myristoyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-myristoyltransferase_1"},{"link_name":"threonine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threonine"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-11"},{"link_name":"signal transduction cascade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transduction_cascade"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-13"},{"link_name":"apoptosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis"},{"link_name":"BH3 interacting-domain death agonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BH3_interacting-domain_death_agonist"},{"link_name":"cytochrome c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_c"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"actin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actin"},{"link_name":"gelsolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelsolin"}],"sub_title":"N-myristoylation","text":"N-myristoylation (i.e. attachment of myristic acid) is generally an irreversible protein modification that typically occurs during protein synthesis[11][13] in which the myrisitc acid is attached to the α-amino group of an N-terminal glycine residue through an amide linkage.[2][12] This reaction is facilitated by N-myristoyltransferase . These proteins usually begin with a Met-Gly sequence and with either a serine or threonine at position 5.[11] Proteins that have been myristoylated are involved in signal transduction cascade, protein-protein interactions and in mechanisms that regulate protein targeting and function.[13] An example in which the myristoylation of a protein is important is in apoptosis, programmed cell death. After the protein BH3 interacting-domain death agonist (Bid) has been myristoylated, it targets the protein to move to the mitochondrial membrane to release cytochrome c, which then ultimately leads to cell death.[14] Other proteins that are myristoylated and involved in the regulation of apoptosis are actin and gelsolin.","title":"Fatty acylated proteins"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palmitoylation.png"},{"link_name":"thioester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thioester"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-11"},{"link_name":"S-acylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-acylation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"synapse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapse"},{"link_name":"postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSD-95"},{"link_name":"postsynaptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postsynaptic"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"lipid rafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_rafts"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"palmitate mediated localization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmitate_mediated_localization"},{"link_name":"substrate presentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_presentation"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"S-palmitoylation","text":"PalmitoylationS-palmitoylation (i.e. attachment of palmitic acid) is a reversible protein modification in which a palmitic acid is attached to a specific cysteine residue via thioester linkage.[2][11] The term S-acylation can also be used when other medium and long fatty acids chains are also attached to palmitoylated proteins. No consensus sequence for protein palmitoylation has been identified.[11] Palmitoylated proteins are mainly found on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane where they play a role in transmembrane signaling. The palmitoyl group can be removed by palmitoyl thioesterases. It is believed that this reverse palmitoylation may regulate the interaction of the protein with the membrane and thus have a role in signaling processes.[2] Furthermore, this allows for the regulation of protein subcellular localization, stability and trafficking.[15] An example in which palmitoylation of a protein plays a role in cell signaling pathways is in the clustering of proteins in the synapse. When the postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) is palmitoylated, it is restricted to the membrane and allows it to bind to and cluster ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane. Thus, palmitoylation can play a role in the regulation of neurotransmitter release.[16]Palmitoylation mediates the affinity of a protein for lipid rafts and facilitates the clustering of proteins.[17] The clustering can increase the proximity of two molecules. Alternatively, clustering can sequester a protein away from a substrate. For example, palmitoylation of phospholipase D (PLD) sequesters the enzyme away from its substrate phosphatidylcholine. When cholesterol levels decrease or PIP2 levels increase the palmitate mediated localization is disrupted, the enzyme trafficks to PIP2 where it encounters its substrate and is active by substrate presentation.[18][19][20]","title":"Fatty acylated proteins"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glycophosphatidylinositol_anchor.tif"},{"link_name":"amide linkage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amide_linkage"},{"link_name":"C-terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-terminus"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-21"},{"link_name":"phosphoethanolamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoethanolamine"},{"link_name":"tetrasaccharide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrasaccharide"},{"link_name":"mannose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannose"},{"link_name":"phosphatidylinositol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-22"},{"link_name":"phosphatidylinositol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol"},{"link_name":"glycosidically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosidic_bond"},{"link_name":"phosphodiester bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphodiester_bond"},{"link_name":"nonreducing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonreducing_sugar"},{"link_name":"phosphoethanolamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoethanolamine"},{"link_name":"carboxyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acid"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Structure of the glycophosphatidylinositol anchor in the plasma membrane of a eukaryotic cellGlycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-anchored proteins) are attached to a GPI complex molecular group via an amide linkage to the protein's C-terminal carboxyl group.[21] This GPI complex consists of several main components that are all interconnected: a phosphoethanolamine, a linear tetrasaccharide (composed of three mannose and a glucosaminyl) and a phosphatidylinositol.[22] The phosphatidylinositol group is glycosidically linked to the non-N-acetylated glucosamine of the tetrasaccharide. A phosphodiester bond is then formed between the mannose at the nonreducing end (of the tetrasaccaride) and the phosphoethanolamine. The phosphoethanolamine is then amide linked to the C-terminal of the carboxyl group of the respective protein.[2] The GPI attachment occurs through the action of GPI-transamidase complex.[22] The fatty acid chains of the phosphatidylinositol are inserted into the membrane and thus are what anchor the protein to the membrane.[23] These proteins are only located on the exterior surface of the plasma membrane.[2]","title":"GPI proteins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"phosphatidylinositol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"hydrolytic enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolytic_enzyme"},{"link_name":"adhesion molecule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesion_molecule"},{"link_name":"protease inhibitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protease_inhibitor_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-21"},{"link_name":"IZUMO1R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IZUMO1R"},{"link_name":"Roman goddess of fertility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"sperm-egg fusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilisation"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"homodimerization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homodimerization"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-21"}],"sub_title":"Roles and function","text":"The sugar residues in the tetrasaccaride and the fatty acid residues in the phosphatidylinositol group vary depending on the protein.[2] This great diversity is what allows the GPI proteins to have a wide range of functions including acting as hydrolytic enzymes, adhesion molecule, receptors, protease inhibitor and complement regulatory proteins.[24] Furthermore, GPI proteins play an important in embryogenesis, development, neurogenesis, the immune system and fertilization.[21] More specifically, the GPI protein IZUMO1R (also named JUNO after the Roman goddess of fertility) on the egg plasma has an essential role in sperm-egg fusion. Releasing the IZUMO1R (JUNO) GPI protein from the egg plasma membrane does not allow for sperm to fuse with the egg and it is suggested that this mechanism may contribute to the polyspermy block at the plasma membrane in eggs.[25] Other roles that GPI modification allows for is in the association with membrane microdomains, transient homodimerization or in apical sorting in polarized cells.[21]","title":"GPI proteins"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Lipid membrane with various proteins","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/0303_Lipid_Bilayer_With_Various_Components.jpg/525px-0303_Lipid_Bilayer_With_Various_Components.jpg"},{"image_text":"Isoprene unit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Isoprene.svg/143px-Isoprene.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Caax Box","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Caaxbox.JPG/240px-Caaxbox.JPG"},{"image_text":"Prenylation chains (e.g. geranyl pyrophosphate)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Synthesis_of_geranyl_pyrophosphate.png/220px-Synthesis_of_geranyl_pyrophosphate.png"},{"image_text":"Myristoylation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Myristoylation.pdf/page1-219px-Myristoylation.pdf.jpg"},{"image_text":"Palmitoylation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Palmitoylation.png/292px-Palmitoylation.png"},{"image_text":"Structure of the glycophosphatidylinositol anchor in the plasma membrane of a eukaryotic cell","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Glycophosphatidylinositol_anchor.tif/lossless-page1-490px-Glycophosphatidylinositol_anchor.tif.png"}]
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[{"reference":"Gerald Karp (2009). Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 128–. ISBN 978-0-470-48337-4. Retrieved 13 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=arRGYE0GxRQC&pg=PA128","url_text":"Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-48337-4","url_text":"978-0-470-48337-4"}]},{"reference":"Voet D, Voet JG, Pratt CW (2013). Fundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the Molecular Level (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 263. ISBN 978-0470-54784-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470-54784-7","url_text":"978-0470-54784-7"}]},{"reference":"Casey PJ, Seabra MC (March 1996). \"Protein prenyltransferases\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (10): 5289–92. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.10.5289. PMID 8621375.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.10.5289","url_text":"\"Protein prenyltransferases\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.10.5289","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.271.10.5289"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8621375","url_text":"8621375"}]},{"reference":"Novelli G, D'Apice MR (September 2012). \"Protein farnesylation and disease\". Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 35 (5): 917–26. doi:10.1007/s10545-011-9445-y. PMID 22307208. S2CID 11555502.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10545-011-9445-y","url_text":"10.1007/s10545-011-9445-y"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22307208","url_text":"22307208"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11555502","url_text":"11555502"}]},{"reference":"Ferguson MA (August 1991). \"Lipid anchors on membrane proteins\". Current Opinion in Structural Biology. 1 (4): 522–9. doi:10.1016/s0959-440x(05)80072-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0959-440x%2805%2980072-7","url_text":"10.1016/s0959-440x(05)80072-7"}]},{"reference":"isoprene (2003). \"Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Ed\". Retrieved 28 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/isoprene","url_text":"\"Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Ed\""}]},{"reference":"Lane KT, Beese LS (April 2006). \"Thematic review series: lipid posttranslational modifications. Structural biology of protein farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase type I\". Journal of Lipid Research. 47 (4): 681–99. doi:10.1194/jlr.R600002-JLR200. PMID 16477080.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1194%2Fjlr.R600002-JLR200","url_text":"\"Thematic review series: lipid posttranslational modifications. Structural biology of protein farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase type I\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1194%2Fjlr.R600002-JLR200","url_text":"10.1194/jlr.R600002-JLR200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16477080","url_text":"16477080"}]},{"reference":"Stein V, Kubala MH, Steen J, Grimmond SM, Alexandrov K (2015-01-01). \"Towards the systematic mapping and engineering of the protein prenylation machinery in Saccharomyces cerevisiae\". PLOS ONE. 10 (3): e0120716. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1020716S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120716. PMC 4358939. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmania_University%27s_College_of_Technology
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Osmania University
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["1 History","1.1 Post-Independence (1947-present)","2 Seal","3 Campus","4 Organisation and administration","4.1 Constituent colleges","4.2 Other Autonomous Centers","4.3 Affiliated engineering colleges","5 Academics","5.1 Admissions","5.2 Library","5.3 Rankings","6 Research","7 Notable alumni and faculty","8 References","9 External links"]
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Coordinates: 17°24′40″N 78°31′44″E / 17.411°N 78.529°E / 17.411; 78.529Public state university in Hyderabad, Telangana
"Osmania" redirects here. For other uses, see Osmania (disambiguation).
Osmania Universityఉస్మానియా విశ్వవిద్యాలయముMotto in EnglishLead us from Darkness to LightTypePublicEstablished1918 (106 years ago) (1918)FounderMir Osman Ali KhanAccreditationNAACNBAAcademic affiliationsUGCAIUAICTEBCIChancellorC. P. Radhakrishnan (Governor of Telangana)Vice-ChancellorM. Dana Kishore, IASAcademic staff445Students10,280Undergraduates1,989Postgraduates5,091Doctoral students3,200AddressOsmania University Main road, Amberpet, Tarnaka, Secunderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India17°24′40″N 78°31′44″E / 17.411°N 78.529°E / 17.411; 78.529CampusUrbanWebsitewww.osmania.ac.inLocation in Osmania UniversityShow map of HyderabadLocation in TelanganaShow map of TelanganaLocation in IndiaShow map of IndiaLocation in AsiaShow map of AsiaLocation in EarthShow map of Earth
Osmania University is a collegiate public state university located in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. Mir Osman Ali Khan, the 7th Nizam of Hyderabad, issued a firman calling for its creation on 29 August 1917. It is the third oldest university in southern India, and the first to be established in the erstwhile Kingdom of Hyderabad. It was the first Indian university to use Urdu as a language of instruction, although with English as a compulsory subject. As of 2012, the university hosts 3,700 international students from more than 80 nations.
Osmania is one of the largest university systems in the world with over 300,000 students on its campuses and affiliated colleges. The Osmania Medical College was once a part of the Osmania University System. However, it is now under the supervision of Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences.
History
Students dressed in sherwani at the University College of Arts, c. 1939–1945.
B. E. Vijayam addresses students with the arts college in the background, c. 1973.
In 1917, Sir Akbar Hydari, in a memorandum to the Education Minister, emphasized the need to establish a university in Hyderabad with Urdu as the medium of instruction, "as it is the language of the widest currency in India". On 26 April 1917, the Nizam of Hyderabad Mir Osman Ali Khan issued a firman to establish the Osmania University.
The university began functioning in 1918 in a building adjacent to the Nizam College at Basheerbagh. Arts and theology were the only two faculties offered, and the first batch consisted of 225 students and 25 faculty members.
The government invited Patrick Geddes and Edwin Jasper to set up a permanent campus of the university. Geddes surveyed prospective locations and presented his report in 1923. Jasper drew up the building plans and the Nizam laid the foundation stone for the campus on July 5, 1934. After Jasper left Hyderabad, the state architect Zain Yar Jung supervised the construction of the campus.
Post-Independence (1947-present)
After independence and the accession of Hyderabad State in 1948, the university fell under the purview of the state government. After the election of the first state government, the central government announced plans to convert Osmania University into a central university with Hindi as the medium of instructions. However, this led to protests and with pressure from the Mulki agitation, the plan was dropped. Eventually, English replaced Urdu as the medium of instruction, and the Nizam's crown was also removed from the university seal.
University and college rankingsGeneral – IndiaNIRF (Universities) (2022)22
The Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan at the inauguration of "Osmania University Arts College", c. 1937.
In 2022 the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranked Osmania University 22nd among Indian universities.
Seal
The original seal featured the Nizam's crown as the crest, along with the phrase Noorun Ala Noor. It also contained the hadith, "I am the city of knowledge and Ali is its gate".
The present emblem contains inscriptions in Telugu and Sanskrit. The new logo has the Urdu letter Ain in between.The university postage stamp released by the government of India on 15 March 1969
Campus
The University College of Arts and Social Sciences has an architectural heritage structure similar to College of Sultan Hassan in Cairo, Egypt.
The Main campus is a chief intellectual centre in Hyderabad, and its alumni and faculty members include many distinguished individuals, including former Prime Minister of India P. V. Narasimha Rao. Admission to Main campus departments of Genetics, Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Chemistry, Engineering, Management, and Law is highly competitive. The state government has appointed Prof S.Ramachandram as vice chancellor of the university. The university is accredited by the NAAC with an 'A+' Grade and conferred with the status of 'University with Potential for Excellence' by the UGC, New Delhi.
The University Colleges are located in begumpet university. There are ten such colleges: the University College of Arts and Social Sciences, University College of Commerce & Business Management, University College of Technology, University College of Engineering, University College of Law, University College of Science, Institute of Advance Study in Education, and PG College of Physical Education. The university offers courses in Humanities, Arts, Sciences, Social Sciences, Law, Engineering, Medicine, Technology, Commerce and Business Management, Information Technology and Oriental Languages. In 2001, Osmania was awarded five-star status by the National Accreditation and Assessment Council (NAAC) of the University Grants Commission, part of the Government of India.
The university has a campus of nearly 1600 acres (6 km2) with 300,000 students (counting all the campuses, constituent affiliated colleges and district centres) making it one of the largest higher education systems in India. Nearly 5000 faculty and staff are employed at Osmania. It attracts students from across the nation as well as from other countries.
Organisation and administration
The College of Engineering was one of the top 15 engineering schools in the country in 2012
Constituent colleges
Osmania University is a confederation of university colleges, constituent colleges, and affiliated colleges. The constituent colleges of the university include:
Nizam College
Post Graduate College of Law, Basheerbhagh
University College for Women, Koti
University College of Science, Saifabad
University Post Graduate College, Secunderabad
Other Autonomous Centers
Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers, Hyderabad
Indian Council of Social Science Research, Hyderabad
Center For Plant Molecular Biology
Center For Indian Ocean Studies
Japal-Rangapur Observatory
Research and Training Unit in Navigational Electronics
Regional Center For Urban and Environmental Studies
National Institute of Nutrition
City College Hyderabad
Center For Stem Cell Science, Hyderabad
Anwar Ul Uloom College, Hyderabad
PGRR center for distance education
Affiliated engineering colleges
The affiliated engineering colleges of the university are mostly scattered throughout the GHMC area and offer various undergraduate and post-graduate engineering courses.
The affiliated engineering colleges include (in no particular order):
Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology
Vasavi College of Engineering
Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology
Deccan College of Engineering and Technology
Maturi Venkata Subba Rao Engineering College
Matrusri Engineering College
Methodist College of Engineering and Technology
Stanley College of Engineering and Technology for Women
Islamia Engineering College
Neil Gogte Institute of Technology
Keshav Memorial Engineering College
Gokaraju Lailavati Engineering College for Women
Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology is affiliated to the Osmania University
The College of Law is one of the top 15 law schools in the country
Academics
Admissions
Osmania is a non-profit university which is funded and managed by the government. Admissions into the Bachelor of Engineering, Masters and Doctoral programs in main campus is on a merit basis, evaluated by national entrance examinations (EAMCET, GATE, BCFSBTGMES-N&D, TSLAWCET, O.U. PhD Entrance Exam, DOST etc.) for each of the courses offered.
Further information: Osmania University Common Entrance Test
Library
The University Library
The University Library is the main library of the university and it was founded in 1918 along with the university. It has close to 500,000 books and more than 6000 manuscripts, which includes rare palm leave manuscripts. It also has various journals, government documents, etc. The main library coordinates a library system, which connects the libraries in the entire campus and other constituent college libraries.
Rankings
University rankingsGeneral – internationalQS (World) (2023)1201-1400QS (Asia) (2023)401–450Times (World) (2023)1201–1500Times (Asia) (2022)301–350Times (Emerging) (2022)301–350General – IndiaNIRF (Overall) (2023)64NIRF (Universities) (2023)36QS (India) (2020)32
Osmania University has ranked 1201–1400 in the world by the QS World University Rankings of 2023, 401–450 among universities in Asia category by the QS Asia Ranking 2023 and ranked on 32 in QS India Ranking in 2020.
The Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked it 1201–1500 globally in the 2023 ranking 301–350 in Asia in 2022 and 301–350 among Emerging Economies University Rankings 2021.
The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranked it 36 among universities in 2023 and 64th overall.
Research
The research activities are funded by various autonomous agencies of the government of India. Foreign students are also admitted to the university via UFRO (University Foreign Relations Office) that allots admissions with minimum criteria. Indian students living overseas Non-resident Indian are also admitted through UFRO that are usually ineligible to get admissions via the entrance exams quota.
Notable alumni and faculty
Main article: List of Osmania University people
Notable alumni of Osmania University include 9th Prime Minister of India P. V. Narasimha Rao, Jaipal Reddy, cabinet minister, 16th and last Chief Minister of united Andhra Pradesh with Telangana Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy, CEO Adobe systems Shantanu Narayen and senior advocate Subodh Markandeya.
Other alumni include spiritual guide and founder of Shrimad Rajchandra Mission Dharampur, Pujya Gurudevshri Rakeshji, pro chancellor of khaja bandanawaz university Syed Muhammad Ali Al Hussaini, former Indian Cricket team captain Mohammed Azharuddin, cricket commentator Harsha Bhogle, novelist Venkatesh Kulkarni, author and poet Sneha Narayanan, PDSU founder George Reddy, former Union Home Minister Shivraj Patil, former governor of the Reserve Bank of India Yaga Venugopal Reddy, chemist Garikapati Narahari Sastry, Metallurgist and former Vice Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University Patcha Ramachandra Rao and physicist Raziuddin Siddiqui. Rakesh Sharma, cosmonaut and the first Indian to travel in space, was a graduate of Osmania. Karan Bilimoria, founder of Cobra Beer, Member of the House of Lords, and the seventh Chancellor of the University of Birmingham earned his Bachelor of Commerce degree from Osmania in 1981. Rafi Ahmed, a well-known virologist and immunologist graduated from Osmania University in 1968.
Notable former faculty members of the university include Bhadriraju Krishnamurti, Dravidianist and linguist, and founder of linguistics department at the university, physicist Suri Bhagavantam, and linguist Masud Husain Khan.
References
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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Osmania University.
Hyderabad portal
Official website
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Mosques
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Churches
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Museums andlibraries
Salar Jung Museum
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Education
List of institutions
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Higher educationUniversities
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İslâm Ansiklopedisi
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Osmania (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmania_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"collegiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_university"},{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_university"},{"link_name":"state university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_university_(India)"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"Telangana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telangana"},{"link_name":"Mir Osman Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Osman_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"Nizam of Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"firman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firman"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R.L.Geiger-2"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad_State"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-R.L.Geiger-2"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"largest university systems in the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_universities_and_university_networks_by_enrollment"},{"link_name":"Osmania Medical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmania_Medical_College"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaloji_Narayana_Rao_University_of_Health_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Public state university in Hyderabad, Telangana\"Osmania\" redirects here. For other uses, see Osmania (disambiguation).Osmania University is a collegiate public state university located in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. Mir Osman Ali Khan, the 7th Nizam of Hyderabad, issued a firman calling for its creation on 29 August 1917.[2] It is the third oldest university in southern India, and the first to be established in the erstwhile Kingdom of Hyderabad.[3][4][5] It was the first Indian university to use Urdu as a language of instruction,[2] although with English as a compulsory subject.[6] As of 2012, the university hosts 3,700 international students from more than 80 nations.[7]Osmania is one of the largest university systems in the world with over 300,000 students on its campuses and affiliated colleges. The Osmania Medical College was once a part of the Osmania University System.[8] However, it is now under the supervision of Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences.[9][10][11]","title":"Osmania University"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hyderabad_City_IB1142.jpg"},{"link_name":"sherwani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dr._Vijayam,_professor_at_Osmania_University,_Hyderabad,_India,_1973_(16444420594).jpg"},{"link_name":"B. E. Vijayam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._E._Vijayam"},{"link_name":"Sir Akbar Hydari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_Hydari"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Nizam of Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"Mir Osman Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Osman_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"firman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firman"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"Basheerbagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basheerbagh"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Patrick Geddes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Geddes"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"Zain Yar Jung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zain_Yar_Jung"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Students dressed in sherwani at the University College of Arts, c. 1939–1945.B. E. Vijayam addresses students with the arts college in the background, c. 1973.In 1917, Sir Akbar Hydari, in a memorandum to the Education Minister, emphasized the need to establish a university in Hyderabad with Urdu as the medium of instruction, \"as it is the language of the widest currency in India\".[12] On 26 April 1917, the Nizam of Hyderabad Mir Osman Ali Khan issued a firman to establish the Osmania University.[13]The university began functioning in 1918 in a building adjacent to the Nizam College at Basheerbagh.[14] Arts and theology were the only two faculties offered, and the first batch consisted of 225 students and 25 faculty members.[15]The government invited Patrick Geddes and Edwin Jasper to set up a permanent campus of the university.[16] Geddes surveyed prospective locations and presented his report in 1923.[13] Jasper drew up the building plans and the Nizam laid the foundation stone for the campus on July 5, 1934.[13] After Jasper left Hyderabad, the state architect Zain Yar Jung supervised the construction of the campus.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"accession of Hyderabad State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_annexation_of_Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"central university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_university_(India)"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Mulki agitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Mulkhi_Agitation_(Telangana)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hydari_ViceChancellor_InaugurationArtsCollege-OsmaniaUni_1937.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Mir Osman Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_Osman_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"National Institutional Ranking Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutional_Ranking_Framework"}],"sub_title":"Post-Independence (1947-present)","text":"After independence and the accession of Hyderabad State in 1948, the university fell under the purview of the state government. After the election of the first state government, the central government announced plans to convert Osmania University into a central university with Hindi as the medium of instructions. However, this led to protests and with pressure from the Mulki agitation, the plan was dropped.[18] Eventually, English replaced Urdu as the medium of instruction, and the Nizam's crown was also removed from the university seal.The Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan at the inauguration of \"Osmania University Arts College\", c. 1937.In 2022 the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranked Osmania University 22nd among Indian universities.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hadith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OsmaniaUniv_PostalStamp.jpg"}],"text":"The original seal featured the Nizam's crown as the crest, along with the phrase Noorun Ala Noor. It also contained the hadith, \"I am the city of knowledge and Ali is its gate\".[20]The present emblem contains inscriptions in Telugu and Sanskrit. The new logo has the Urdu letter Ain in between.The university postage stamp released by the government of India on 15 March 1969","title":"Seal"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OsmaniaUnivArtsCollege.JPG"},{"link_name":"College of Sultan Hassan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque-Madrassa_of_Sultan_Hassan"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"alumni and faculty members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Osmania_University_people"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India"},{"link_name":"P. V. Narasimha Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PV_Narasimha_Rao-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ranking_of_OU-23"},{"link_name":"University College of Commerce & Business Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_of_Commerce_%26_Business_Management"},{"link_name":"University College of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_of_Engineering,_Osmania_University"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"The University College of Arts and Social Sciences has an architectural heritage structure similar to College of Sultan Hassan in Cairo, Egypt.[21]The Main campus is a chief intellectual centre in Hyderabad, and its alumni and faculty members include many distinguished individuals, including former Prime Minister of India P. V. Narasimha Rao. Admission to Main campus departments of Genetics, Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Chemistry, Engineering, Management, and Law is highly competitive.[22] The state government has appointed Prof S.Ramachandram as vice chancellor of the university. The university is accredited by the NAAC with an 'A+' Grade and conferred with the status of 'University with Potential for Excellence' by the UGC, New Delhi.[23]The University Colleges are located in begumpet university. There are ten such colleges: the University College of Arts and Social Sciences, University College of Commerce & Business Management, University College of Technology, University College of Engineering, University College of Law, University College of Science, Institute of Advance Study in Education, and PG College of Physical Education. The university offers courses in Humanities, Arts, Sciences, Social Sciences, Law, Engineering, Medicine, Technology, Commerce and Business Management, Information Technology and Oriental Languages. In 2001, Osmania was awarded five-star status by the National Accreditation and Assessment Council (NAAC) of the University Grants Commission, part of the Government of India.[24]The university has a campus of nearly 1600 acres (6 km2) with 300,000 students (counting all the campuses, constituent affiliated colleges and district centres) making it one of the largest higher education systems in India. Nearly 5000 faculty and staff are employed at Osmania.[25] It attracts students from across the nation as well as from other countries.[26]","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Engineering_college_at_Osmania_University.jpg"},{"link_name":"College of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_of_Engineering,_Osmania_University"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"The College of Engineering was one of the top 15 engineering schools in the country in 2012[27][28]","title":"Organisation and administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Nizam College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_College"},{"link_name":"University College for Women, Koti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_for_Women,_Koti"}],"sub_title":"Constituent colleges","text":"Osmania University is a confederation of university colleges, constituent colleges, and affiliated colleges. The constituent colleges of the university include:[29]Nizam College\nPost Graduate College of Law, Basheerbhagh\nUniversity College for Women, Koti\nUniversity College of Science, Saifabad\nUniversity Post Graduate College, Secunderabad","title":"Organisation and administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution_of_Electronics_and_Telecommunication_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Indian Council of Social Science Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Social_Science_Research"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Nutrition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Nutrition"},{"link_name":"City College Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_College_Hyderabad"}],"sub_title":"Other Autonomous Centers","text":"Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers, Hyderabad\nIndian Council of Social Science Research, Hyderabad\nCenter For Plant Molecular Biology\nCenter For Indian Ocean Studies\nJapal-Rangapur Observatory\nResearch and Training Unit in Navigational Electronics\nRegional Center For Urban and Environmental Studies\nNational Institute of Nutrition\nCity College Hyderabad\nCenter For Stem Cell Science, Hyderabad\nAnwar Ul Uloom College, Hyderabad\nPGRR center for distance education","title":"Organisation and administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GHMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GHMC"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitanya_Bharathi_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Vasavi College of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasavi_College_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muffakham_Jah_College_of_Engineering_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"Deccan College of Engineering and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_College_of_Engineering_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"Islamia Engineering College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISL_Engineering_College"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Main_Entrance_CBIT.png"},{"link_name":"Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaitanya_Bharathi_Institute_of_Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OsmaniaUniv_LawCollege.jpg"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Affiliated engineering colleges","text":"The affiliated engineering colleges of the university are mostly scattered throughout the GHMC area and offer various undergraduate and post-graduate engineering courses.[30]\nThe affiliated engineering colleges include (in no particular order):Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology\nVasavi College of Engineering\nMuffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology\nDeccan College of Engineering and Technology\nMaturi Venkata Subba Rao Engineering College\nMatrusri Engineering College\nMethodist College of Engineering and Technology\nStanley College of Engineering and Technology for Women\nIslamia Engineering College\nNeil Gogte Institute of Technology\nKeshav Memorial Engineering College\nGokaraju Lailavati Engineering College for WomenChaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology is affiliated to the Osmania UniversityThe College of Law is one of the top 15 law schools in the country[31]","title":"Organisation and administration"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EAMCET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_Agricultural_and_Medical_Common_Entrance_Test"},{"link_name":"GATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_Aptitude_Test_in_Engineering"},{"link_name":"DOST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_Online_Services_Telangana"},{"link_name":"Osmania University Common Entrance Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmania_University_Common_Entrance_Test"}],"sub_title":"Admissions","text":"Osmania is a non-profit university which is funded and managed by the government. Admissions into the Bachelor of Engineering, Masters and Doctoral programs in main campus is on a merit basis, evaluated by national entrance examinations (EAMCET, GATE, BCFSBTGMES-N&D, TSLAWCET, O.U. PhD Entrance Exam, DOST etc.) for each of the courses offered.Further information: Osmania University Common Entrance Test","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OsmaniaUniv_Library.jpg"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parasa-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ramu-34"}],"sub_title":"Library","text":"The University LibraryThe University Library is the main library of the university and it was founded in 1918 along with the university. It has close to 500,000 books and more than 6000 manuscripts, which includes rare palm leave manuscripts. It also has various journals, government documents, etc. The main library coordinates a library system, which connects the libraries in the entire campus and other constituent college libraries.[32][33][34]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"QS World University Rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rankings_QS_W_2023-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rankings_QS_A_2023-36"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rankings_QS_INDIA_2020-42"},{"link_name":"Times Higher Education World University Rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rankings_THE_W_2023-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rankings_THES_A_2022-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rankings_THES_E_2022-39"},{"link_name":"National Institutional Ranking Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutional_Ranking_Framework"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rankings_NIRF_U_2023-41"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rankings_NIRF_O_2023-40"}],"sub_title":"Rankings","text":"Osmania University has ranked 1201–1400 in the world by the QS World University Rankings of 2023,[35] 401–450 among universities in Asia category by the QS Asia Ranking 2023[36] and ranked on 32 in QS India Ranking in 2020.[42]The Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked it 1201–1500 globally in the 2023 ranking[37] 301–350 in Asia in 2022[38] and 301–350 among Emerging Economies University Rankings 2021.[39]The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranked it 36 among universities in 2023[41] and 64th overall.[40]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Non-resident Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-resident_Indian"}],"text":"The research activities are funded by various autonomous agencies of the government of India. Foreign students are also admitted to the university via UFRO (University Foreign Relations Office) that allots admissions with minimum criteria. Indian students living overseas Non-resident Indian are also admitted through UFRO that are usually ineligible to get admissions via the entrance exams quota.","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prime Minister of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India"},{"link_name":"P. V. Narasimha Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PV_Narasimha_Rao-22"},{"link_name":"Jaipal Reddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipal_Reddy"},{"link_name":"Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Telangana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telangana"},{"link_name":"Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nallari_Kiran_Kumar_Reddy"},{"link_name":"Shantanu Narayen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shantanu_Narayen"},{"link_name":"Subodh Markandeya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subodh_Markandeya"},{"link_name":"Shrimad Rajchandra Mission Dharampur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.srmd.org"},{"link_name":"Pujya Gurudevshri Rakeshji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakesh_Jhaveri"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Azharuddin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Azharuddin"},{"link_name":"Harsha Bhogle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsha_Bhogle"},{"link_name":"Venkatesh Kulkarni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venkatesh_Kulkarni"},{"link_name":"Sneha Narayanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sneha_Narayanan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"George Reddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Reddy"},{"link_name":"Shivraj Patil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivraj_Patil"},{"link_name":"Reserve Bank of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India"},{"link_name":"Yaga Venugopal Reddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaga_Venugopal_Reddy"},{"link_name":"Garikapati Narahari Sastry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garikapati_Narahari_Sastry"},{"link_name":"Patcha Ramachandra Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patcha_Ramachandra_Rao"},{"link_name":"Raziuddin Siddiqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raziuddin_Siddiqui"},{"link_name":"Rakesh Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakesh_Sharma"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Karan Bilimoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karan_Bilimoria,_Baron_Bilimoria"},{"link_name":"Cobra Beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra_Beer"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"University of Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Commerce"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Rafi Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed"},{"link_name":"Bhadriraju Krishnamurti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhadriraju_Krishnamurti"},{"link_name":"Suri Bhagavantam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suri_Bhagavantam"},{"link_name":"Masud Husain Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masud_Husain_Khan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Notable alumni of Osmania University include 9th Prime Minister of India P. V. Narasimha Rao,[22] Jaipal Reddy, cabinet minister, 16th and last Chief Minister of united Andhra Pradesh with Telangana Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy, CEO Adobe systems Shantanu Narayen and senior advocate Subodh Markandeya.Other alumni include spiritual guide and founder of Shrimad Rajchandra Mission Dharampur, Pujya Gurudevshri Rakeshji,[43] pro chancellor of khaja bandanawaz university Syed Muhammad Ali Al Hussaini, former Indian Cricket team captain Mohammed Azharuddin, cricket commentator Harsha Bhogle, novelist Venkatesh Kulkarni, author and poet Sneha Narayanan, PDSU founder George Reddy, former Union Home Minister Shivraj Patil, former governor of the Reserve Bank of India Yaga Venugopal Reddy, chemist Garikapati Narahari Sastry, Metallurgist and former Vice Chancellor of Banaras Hindu University Patcha Ramachandra Rao and physicist Raziuddin Siddiqui. Rakesh Sharma, cosmonaut and the first Indian to travel in space, was a graduate of Osmania.[44] Karan Bilimoria, founder of Cobra Beer, Member of the House of Lords, and the seventh Chancellor of the University of Birmingham earned his Bachelor of Commerce degree from Osmania in 1981.[45] Rafi Ahmed, a well-known virologist and immunologist graduated from Osmania University in 1968.Notable former faculty members of the university include Bhadriraju Krishnamurti, Dravidianist and linguist, and founder of linguistics department at the university, physicist Suri Bhagavantam, and linguist Masud Husain Khan.[citation needed]","title":"Notable alumni and faculty"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Students dressed in sherwani at the University College of Arts, c. 1939–1945.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hyderabad_City_IB1142.jpg/220px-Hyderabad_City_IB1142.jpg"},{"image_text":"B. E. Vijayam addresses students with the arts college in the background, c. 1973.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Dr._Vijayam%2C_professor_at_Osmania_University%2C_Hyderabad%2C_India%2C_1973_%2816444420594%29.jpg/220px-Dr._Vijayam%2C_professor_at_Osmania_University%2C_Hyderabad%2C_India%2C_1973_%2816444420594%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan at the inauguration of \"Osmania University Arts College\", c. 1937.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Hydari_ViceChancellor_InaugurationArtsCollege-OsmaniaUni_1937.jpeg/220px-Hydari_ViceChancellor_InaugurationArtsCollege-OsmaniaUni_1937.jpeg"},{"image_text":"The university postage stamp released by the government of India on 15 March 1969","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/OsmaniaUniv_PostalStamp.jpg/220px-OsmaniaUniv_PostalStamp.jpg"},{"image_text":"The University College of Arts and Social Sciences has an architectural heritage structure similar to College of Sultan Hassan in Cairo, Egypt.[21]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/OsmaniaUnivArtsCollege.JPG/220px-OsmaniaUnivArtsCollege.JPG"},{"image_text":"The College of Engineering was one of the top 15 engineering schools in the country in 2012[27][28]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Engineering_college_at_Osmania_University.jpg/220px-Engineering_college_at_Osmania_University.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology is affiliated to the Osmania University","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Main_Entrance_CBIT.png/220px-Main_Entrance_CBIT.png"},{"image_text":"The College of Law is one of the top 15 law schools in the country[31]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/OsmaniaUniv_LawCollege.jpg/220px-OsmaniaUniv_LawCollege.jpg"},{"image_text":"The University Library","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/OsmaniaUniv_Library.jpg/220px-OsmaniaUniv_Library.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"NIRF 2022\" (PDF). Osmania University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 July 2022. Retrieved 10 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.osmania.ac.in/statisticalcell/pdf/OU%2020220302-NIRF2022-OVERALL.pdf","url_text":"\"NIRF 2022\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220710054706/https://www.osmania.ac.in/statisticalcell/pdf/OU%2020220302-NIRF2022-OVERALL.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Roger L. Geiger (2009). Curriculum, accreditation, and coming of age of higher education. Transaction Publishers. pp. 154–155. ISBN 978-1-4128-1031-9. Archived from the original on 22 August 2022. 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Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://insaindia.org/detail.php?id=n93-1132","url_text":"\"INSA\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140221202709/http://insaindia.org/detail.php?id=n93-1132","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Osmania University first to teach in blend of Urdu & English\". Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/osmania-university-first-to-teach-in-blend-of-urdu-amp-english/articleshow/57366802.cms","url_text":"\"Osmania University first to teach in blend of Urdu & English\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180717015530/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/osmania-university-first-to-teach-in-blend-of-urdu-amp-english/articleshow/57366802.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hyderabad: Osmania University tells foreign students to keep off drugs\". ibnlive.in.com. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katoucha_Niane
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Katoucha Niane
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["1 Early life and career","2 Activist","3 Death","4 References","5 External links"]
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Guinean model, activist and author
Katoucha NianeBorn(1960-10-23)October 23, 1960Conakry, GuineaDiedFebruary 2, 2008(2008-02-02) (aged 47)Paris, France
The cover of Katoucha Niane's 2007 book, "Dans ma chair".
Katoucha Niane (23 October 1960 – 2 February 2008) was a Guinean model, activist and author. Nicknamed "The Peul Princess" (in reference to her ethnic Fula background), she worked, and later wrote, under the single name "Katoucha". She was known as the muse of Yves Saint Laurent during the 1980s.
Early life and career
When she was a child, Katoucha and her family was forced into exile after her father, the author, playwright and historian Djibril Tamsir Niane, came into conflict with Guinean President, Sekou Toure. Living with an uncle in Mali, she rejoined her family in Dakar at the age of 12. There she lived with the family of her paternal uncle, whose wife was private secretary to the President of Senegal, Léopold Sédar Senghor. After marrying her husband at the age of 17 and giving birth to her first child, they emigrated to France.
It was there in the 1980s that she began modeling; first for Thierry Mugler, then for Paco Rabanne and Christian Lacroix, and became known as Yves Saint Laurent's "muse". She remained one of the best-known models in France, and an icon in Guinea. In 2005, she worked as host of the French-language television program France's Next Top Model.
She was the star of the film Ramata (2007), directed by Léandre-Alain Baker, in which she played the title role.
It tells of a Senegalese woman who, aged 50, discovers the pleasures of the flesh in the arms of a man 25 years younger.
Ramata was released in France in 2011.
Activist
Niane stopped modeling in 1994 to focus on activism. She had been an outspoken activist against female circumcision, a rite performed in some African nations. Following her success as a model, she started the organization KPLCE - Katoucha pour la lutte contre l’excision (English: Katoucha for the battle against female circumcision). Niane herself was circumcised at the age of nine. In 2007, she published a book about her personal circumcision experience, Dans ma chair (Eng: In My Flesh), in France.
Death
Katoucha lived in a houseboat on the Seine, near the Alexander III bridge in Paris. On 1 February 2008, she returned to her houseboat from a party. This was the last time she was reportedly seen alive. On 4 February 2008, police opened a missing persons case for her. Her purse was found untouched outside the door to her boat. Police believed that no foul play was involved, and that she was likely intoxicated and fell into the Seine.
Her body was found in the Seine River on 28 February 2008. The 47-year-old model is believed to have died from an accidental drowning. Fox News Channel reported the family suspected Niane may have been the victim of foul play.
References
^ Pierrette Fofana. Katoucha, la mode et l'excision vues par elle même : Dans ma chair, Paris 2007 (Review). 11 February 2008.
^ Allen, Peter (29 February 2008). "Supermodel Katoucha Niane found dead". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 4 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-29.
^ "Léandre Alain Baker". CineObs. Archived from the original on 2013-01-04. Retrieved 2012-03-23.
^ Adam Sage (2008-02-11). "Supermodel Campaigner Missing After Party". Times Online. London. Retrieved 2008-02-28.
External links
(in French) Official website
(in French) KPLCE blog
(in French) Review of "Dans ma chair"
(in French) Interview sur cyberpresse.ca
(in French) Annonce disparition Le Figaro
(in French) L'Observateur: "Katoucha retrouvée morte dans la Seine" (cette annonce de découverte est démentie par la police )
(in French) Mémorial Katoucha Naine
(in French) "Confirmation du décès de Katoucha Niane: le corps du mannequin guinéen a été identifié". Alpha Issa Thiam, Guineenews.org, 29 February 2008.
Katoucha Niane at IMDb
Katoucha Niane at Fashion Model Directory
Katoucha Niane: obituary. The Times (London), 1 March 2008
"Top model's body found in river", BBC, Friday, 29 February 2008
Dans ma chair
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
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United States
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IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Katoucha.jpg"},{"link_name":"Guinean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinean"},{"link_name":"model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_(person)"},{"link_name":"Peul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peul"},{"link_name":"Fula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_people"},{"link_name":"Yves Saint Laurent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)"}],"text":"The cover of Katoucha Niane's 2007 book, \"Dans ma chair\".Katoucha Niane (23 October 1960 – 2 February 2008) was a Guinean model, activist and author. Nicknamed \"The Peul Princess\" (in reference to her ethnic Fula background), she worked, and later wrote, under the single name \"Katoucha\". She was known as the muse of Yves Saint Laurent during the 1980s.","title":"Katoucha Niane"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"author","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author"},{"link_name":"playwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playwright"},{"link_name":"historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian"},{"link_name":"Djibril Tamsir Niane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibril_Tamsir_Niane"},{"link_name":"Sekou Toure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekou_Toure"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"Dakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Léopold Sédar Senghor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Thierry Mugler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Mugler"},{"link_name":"Paco Rabanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paco_Rabanne"},{"link_name":"Christian Lacroix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Lacroix"},{"link_name":"Yves Saint Laurent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Saint-Laurent_(designer)"},{"link_name":"muse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muse"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"France's Next Top Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France%27s_Next_Top_Model"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ramata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramata_(film)"},{"link_name":"Léandre-Alain Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9andre-Alain_Baker"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"When she was a child, Katoucha and her family was forced into exile after her father, the author, playwright and historian Djibril Tamsir Niane, came into conflict with Guinean President, Sekou Toure. Living with an uncle in Mali, she rejoined her family in Dakar at the age of 12. There she lived with the family of her paternal uncle, whose wife was private secretary to the President of Senegal, Léopold Sédar Senghor.[1] After marrying her husband at the age of 17 and giving birth to her first child, they emigrated to France.It was there in the 1980s that she began modeling; first for Thierry Mugler, then for Paco Rabanne and Christian Lacroix, and became known as Yves Saint Laurent's \"muse\".[2] She remained one of the best-known models in France, and an icon in Guinea. In 2005, she worked as host of the French-language television program France's Next Top Model.[citation needed]\nShe was the star of the film Ramata (2007), directed by Léandre-Alain Baker, in which she played the title role.\nIt tells of a Senegalese woman who, aged 50, discovers the pleasures of the flesh in the arms of a man 25 years younger.\nRamata was released in France in 2011.[3]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"female circumcision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_genital_cutting"}],"text":"Niane stopped modeling in 1994 to focus on activism. She had been an outspoken activist against female circumcision, a rite performed in some African nations. Following her success as a model, she started the organization KPLCE - Katoucha pour la lutte contre l’excision (English: Katoucha for the battle against female circumcision). Niane herself was circumcised at the age of nine. In 2007, she published a book about her personal circumcision experience, Dans ma chair (Eng: In My Flesh), in France.","title":"Activist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"houseboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houseboat"},{"link_name":"Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine"},{"link_name":"Alexander III bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_Alexandre_III"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"foul play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homicide"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spm-4"},{"link_name":"Seine River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine_River"},{"link_name":"Fox News Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News_Channel"}],"text":"Katoucha lived in a houseboat on the Seine, near the Alexander III bridge in Paris. On 1 February 2008, she returned to her houseboat from a party. This was the last time she was reportedly seen alive. On 4 February 2008, police opened a missing persons case for her. Her purse was found untouched outside the door to her boat. Police believed that no foul play was involved, and that she was likely intoxicated and fell into the Seine.[4]Her body was found in the Seine River on 28 February 2008. The 47-year-old model is believed to have died from an accidental drowning. Fox News Channel reported the family suspected Niane may have been the victim of foul play.","title":"Death"}]
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[{"image_text":"The cover of Katoucha Niane's 2007 book, \"Dans ma chair\".","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Katoucha.jpg/220px-Katoucha.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Allen, Peter (29 February 2008). \"Supermodel Katoucha Niane found dead\". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 4 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-02-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080304031047/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/02/29/wmodel129.xml","url_text":"\"Supermodel Katoucha Niane found dead\""},{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/02/29/wmodel129.xml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Léandre Alain Baker\". CineObs. Archived from the original on 2013-01-04. Retrieved 2012-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130104111029/http://cinema.nouvelobs.com/personnalites/18833-leandre-alain-baker/biographie","url_text":"\"Léandre Alain Baker\""},{"url":"http://cinema.nouvelobs.com/personnalites/18833-leandre-alain-baker/biographie","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Adam Sage (2008-02-11). \"Supermodel Campaigner Missing After Party\". Times Online. London. Retrieved 2008-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article3345987.ece","url_text":"\"Supermodel Campaigner Missing After Party\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://grioo.com/ar,katoucha_la_mode_et_l_excision_vues_par_elle_meme_dans_ma_chair_paris_2007,12938.html","external_links_name":"Katoucha, la mode et l'excision vues par elle même : Dans ma chair, Paris 2007 (Review)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080304031047/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/02/29/wmodel129.xml","external_links_name":"\"Supermodel Katoucha Niane found dead\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/02/29/wmodel129.xml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130104111029/http://cinema.nouvelobs.com/personnalites/18833-leandre-alain-baker/biographie","external_links_name":"\"Léandre Alain Baker\""},{"Link":"http://cinema.nouvelobs.com/personnalites/18833-leandre-alain-baker/biographie","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article3345987.ece","external_links_name":"\"Supermodel Campaigner Missing After Party\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080302093705/http://www.katoucha-niane.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://kplce.over-blog.com/","external_links_name":"KPLCE blog"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080305052117/http://sudonline.sn/spip.php?article8981","external_links_name":"Review of \"Dans ma chair\""},{"Link":"http://www.cyberpresse.ca/article/20071010/CPACTUEL/710100581/-1/CPACTUEL","external_links_name":"Interview sur cyberpresse.ca"},{"Link":"http://www.lefigaro.fr/actualites/2008/02/06/01001-20080206ARTFIG00466-l-ancien-top-modele-katoucha-a-disparu.php","external_links_name":"Annonce disparition Le Figaro"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080312012641/http://www.lobservateur.sn/articles/showit.php?id=16351&cat=culture","external_links_name":"L'Observateur: \"Katoucha retrouvée morte dans la Seine\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080210184011/http://fr.news.yahoo.com/purepeople/20080207/ten-katoucha-la-police-nationale-lance-u-0111c6b_1.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.respectance.com/KatouchaNaine/","external_links_name":"Mémorial Katoucha Naine"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080304024753/http://www.guineenews.org/articles/article.asp?num=200822963511","external_links_name":"\"Confirmation du décès de Katoucha Niane: le corps du mannequin guinéen a été identifié\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0441454/","external_links_name":"Katoucha Niane"},{"Link":"https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/katoucha_niane/","external_links_name":"Katoucha Niane"},{"Link":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article3460071.ece","external_links_name":"Katoucha Niane: obituary"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7271011.stm","external_links_name":"\"Top model's body found in river\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080605083802/http://www.michel-lafon.fr/livres-temoignage/titre-496,dans-ma-chair.html","external_links_name":"Dans ma chair"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1691602/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000110380439","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/10166309","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvmG8dkVDq4VvhtQrPWjC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15583171w","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15583171w","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/134058933","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2007150378","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01160121","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA17327683?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/121422720","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceregal_consort_of_New_Zealand
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Spouse of the governor-general of New Zealand
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["1 List of spouses of the governor-general of New Zealand","2 See also","3 References"]
|
The spouse of the governor-general of New Zealand generally assists the office-holder in welcoming ambassadors and their spouses, and in performing their other official duties. The governor-general's spouse traditionally participates in celebratory occasions, attends functions and, as a patron of various voluntary associations, works to promote the activities of those associations. None of the activities have any official status. The spouse of the administrator of the Government fulfills the role when the administrator (chief justice) performs the function of the governor-general.
The current spouse (since 21 October 2021) is Richard Davies, husband of Cindy Kiro.
Both the governor-general and their spouse are entitled to the style "His/Her Excellency" during the governor-general's term of office, but not thereafter. The governor-general is entitled to the style "The Right Honourable" for life; this does not extend to the spouse.
Most of the spouses of governors-general have been content to be background figures providing the office-holder with support. Some have been all but unknown to the general New Zealand public. However, a few have been notable in their own right, and details are shown in the following table.
List of spouses of the governor-general of New Zealand
#
Governor-General
Term start
Term end
Spouse
Born
Died
Notes
1
Arthur Foljambe, 2nd Earl of Liverpool
28 June 1917
8 July 1920
Annette Monck, Countess of Liverpool GBE
23 May 1875
25 May 1948
Annette Monck was the daughter of Henry Monck, 5th Viscount Monck.
2
John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe
27 September 1920
12 December 1924
Florence Gwendoline Cayzer, Lady Jellicoe
20 July 1877
12 May 1964
Florence Gwendoline Cayzer was the daughter of the shipping magnate Sir Charles Cayzer.
3
Sir Charles Fergusson, 7th Baronet
13 December 1924
8 February 1930
Alice Mary Boyle, Lady Alice Fergusson
18 December 1877
1 January 1958
Lady Alice Mary Boyle was the daughter of David Boyle, 7th Earl of Glasgow.
4
Charles Bathurst, 1st Viscount Bledisloe
19 March 1930
15 March 1935
Hon Bertha Susan, Lady Bledisloe
c. 1869
1926
Hon Bertha Susan was the daughter of Henry Charles Lopes, 1st Baron Ludlow.
5
George Monckton-Arundell, 8th Viscount Galway
12 April 1935
3 February 1941
Lucia Margaret White, Lady Galway
3 December 1890
1983
Lucia Margaret White was the daughter of the Luke White, 3rd Baron Annaly.
6
Cyril Newall, 1st Baron Newall
22 February 1941
19 April 1946
Olive Foster, Lady Newall
?
c. 1988
7
Bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg
17 June 1946
15 August 1952
Barbara Jekyll, Lady Freyberg
14 June 1887
24 September 1973
Lady Freyberg was daughter of Sir Herbert Jekyll and Dame Agnes Jekyll.
8
Willoughby Norrie, 1st Baron Norrie
2 December 1952
25 July 1957
Patricia Merryweather Bainbridge, Lady Norrie
March 1907
January 2001
Lady Norrie was the daughter of Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge and Norah Mossum (née Merryweather).
9
Charles Lyttelton, 10th Viscount Cobham
5 September 1957
13 September 1962
Elizabeth Alison Makeig-Jones, Lady Cobham
?
1986
10
Bernard Fergusson, Baron Ballantrae
9 November 1962
20 October 1967
Laura Margaret Grenfell, Lady Ballantrae
14 April 1920
17 December 1979
11
Sir Arthur Porritt, Baron Porritt
1 December 1967
7 September 1972
Kathleen Mary Peck, Lady Porritt
25 October 1913
13 July 1998
12
Sir Denis Blundell
27 September 1972
5 October 1977
June Daphne Blundell, Lady Blundell
19 June 1922
31 October 2012
13
Sir Keith Holyoake
26 October 1977
25 October 1980
Dame Norma Holyoake DCMG
7 March 1909
18 December 1984
14
Sir David Beattie
6 November 1980
10 November 1985
Norma Margaret Sarah Macdonald, Lady Beattie
26 September 1925
9 May 2018
15
Sir Paul Reeves
20 November 1985
29 November 1990
Beverley Watkins, Lady Reeves
1934
living
16
Dame Catherine Tizard
13 December 1990
21 March 1996
Vacant
Catherine Tizard married Bob Tizard in 1951. They divorced in 1980. Bob Tizard was Deputy Prime Minister from 1974 to 1975.
17
Sir Michael Hardie Boys
21 March 1996
21 March 2001
Mary Zohrab, Lady Hardie Boys
?
living
18
Dame Silvia Cartwright
4 April 2001
4 August 2006
Peter Cartwright CNZM
3 May 1940
17 April 2019
19
Sir Anand Satyanand
23 August 2006
23 August 2011
Susan Sharpe, Lady Satyanand
1947
living
20
Sir Jerry Mateparae
31 August 2011
31 August 2016
Janine Grenside, Lady Mateparae
1965
living
21
Dame Patsy Reddy
28 September 2016
28 September 2021
Sir David Gascoigne KNZM CBE
15 January 1941
living
22
Dame Cindy Kiro
21 October 2021
Incumbent
Richard Davies
1959
living
See also
King consort
Queen consort
Spouse of the prime minister of New Zealand
References
^ "Galway, Lucia Emily Margaret, Viscountess, 1890-1983". Galway, Lucia Emily Margaret, Viscoun... | Items | National Library of New Zealand. 1 January 1890.
^ "Norrie, Patricia Merryweather (Lady), 1907-2001". Norrie, Patricia Merryweather (Lady),... | Items | National Library of New Zealand. 1 January 1907.
^ "Patricia Merryweather BAINBRIDGE 1906-2001 - Ancestry®". Ancestry.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2019.
^ "Elizabeth Alison (née Makeig-Jones), Viscountess Cobham - National Portrait Gallery". www.npg.org.uk.
^ "Cobham, Elizabeth Alison (Lady), -1986". Cobham, Elizabeth Alison (Lady), -1986 | Items | National Library of New Zealand. 1 January 1986.
^ Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. "Porritt, Arthur Espie". teara.govt.nz.
^ "Norma Beattie death notice". New Zealand Herald. 11 May 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
^ "Lady Norma Beattie embodied a sense of public service". Stuff. 29 June 2018.
^ Reeves, Beverley Gwendolen (Lady) (1 March 2000). "Interview with Lady Beverley Reeves". Interview with Lady Beverley Reeves | Items | National Library of New Zealand.
^ NZ Governor General's website Archived 14 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Davies_(doctor)"},{"link_name":"Cindy Kiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cindy_Kiro"}],"text":"The current spouse (since 21 October 2021) is Richard Davies, husband of Cindy Kiro.Both the governor-general and their spouse are entitled to the style \"His/Her Excellency\" during the governor-general's term of office, but not thereafter. The governor-general is entitled to the style \"The Right Honourable\" for life; this does not extend to the spouse.Most of the spouses of governors-general have been content to be background figures providing the office-holder with support. Some have been all but unknown to the general New Zealand public. However, a few have been notable in their own right, and details are shown in the following table.","title":"Spouse of the governor-general of New Zealand"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of spouses of the governor-general of New Zealand"}]
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[]
|
[{"title":"King consort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_consort"},{"title":"Queen consort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_consort"},{"title":"Spouse of the prime minister of New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spouse_of_the_prime_minister_of_New_Zealand"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Galway, Lucia Emily Margaret, Viscountess, 1890-1983\". Galway, Lucia Emily Margaret, Viscoun... | Items | National Library of New Zealand. 1 January 1890.","urls":[{"url":"https://natlib.govt.nz/records/22363889","url_text":"\"Galway, Lucia Emily Margaret, Viscountess, 1890-1983\""}]},{"reference":"\"Norrie, Patricia Merryweather (Lady), 1907-2001\". Norrie, Patricia Merryweather (Lady),... | Items | National Library of New Zealand. 1 January 1907.","urls":[{"url":"https://natlib.govt.nz/records/22403875","url_text":"\"Norrie, Patricia Merryweather (Lady), 1907-2001\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patricia Merryweather BAINBRIDGE 1906-2001 - Ancestry®\". Ancestry.com. Archived from the original on 22 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191022000133/https://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/patricia-merryweather-bainbridge-24-dxgdc","url_text":"\"Patricia Merryweather BAINBRIDGE 1906-2001 - Ancestry®\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry.com","url_text":"Ancestry.com"},{"url":"https://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/patricia-merryweather-bainbridge-24-dxgdc","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Elizabeth Alison (née Makeig-Jones), Viscountess Cobham - National Portrait Gallery\". www.npg.org.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp145165/elizabeth-alison-nee-makeig-jones-viscountess-cobham","url_text":"\"Elizabeth Alison (née Makeig-Jones), Viscountess Cobham - National Portrait Gallery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cobham, Elizabeth Alison (Lady), -1986\". Cobham, Elizabeth Alison (Lady), -1986 | Items | National Library of New Zealand. 1 January 1986.","urls":[{"url":"https://natlib.govt.nz/records/22532484","url_text":"\"Cobham, Elizabeth Alison (Lady), -1986\""}]},{"reference":"Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. \"Porritt, Arthur Espie\". teara.govt.nz.","urls":[{"url":"https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/5p34/porritt-arthur-espie","url_text":"\"Porritt, Arthur Espie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Norma Beattie death notice\". New Zealand Herald. 11 May 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://notices.nzherald.co.nz/obituaries/nzherald-nz/obituary.aspx?n=norma-margaret-sarah-lady-qso-beattie&pid=188972691","url_text":"\"Norma Beattie death notice\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lady Norma Beattie embodied a sense of public service\". Stuff. 29 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/104934212/lady-norma-beattie-embodied-a-sense-of-public-service","url_text":"\"Lady Norma Beattie embodied a sense of public service\""}]},{"reference":"Reeves, Beverley Gwendolen (Lady) (1 March 2000). \"Interview with Lady Beverley Reeves\". Interview with Lady Beverley Reeves | Items | National Library of New Zealand.","urls":[{"url":"https://natlib.govt.nz/records/35847046","url_text":"\"Interview with Lady Beverley Reeves\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://natlib.govt.nz/records/22363889","external_links_name":"\"Galway, Lucia Emily Margaret, Viscountess, 1890-1983\""},{"Link":"https://natlib.govt.nz/records/22403875","external_links_name":"\"Norrie, Patricia Merryweather (Lady), 1907-2001\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191022000133/https://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/patricia-merryweather-bainbridge-24-dxgdc","external_links_name":"\"Patricia Merryweather BAINBRIDGE 1906-2001 - Ancestry®\""},{"Link":"https://www.ancestry.com/genealogy/records/patricia-merryweather-bainbridge-24-dxgdc","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp145165/elizabeth-alison-nee-makeig-jones-viscountess-cobham","external_links_name":"\"Elizabeth Alison (née Makeig-Jones), Viscountess Cobham - National Portrait Gallery\""},{"Link":"https://natlib.govt.nz/records/22532484","external_links_name":"\"Cobham, Elizabeth Alison (Lady), -1986\""},{"Link":"https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/5p34/porritt-arthur-espie","external_links_name":"\"Porritt, Arthur Espie\""},{"Link":"http://notices.nzherald.co.nz/obituaries/nzherald-nz/obituary.aspx?n=norma-margaret-sarah-lady-qso-beattie&pid=188972691","external_links_name":"\"Norma Beattie death notice\""},{"Link":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/104934212/lady-norma-beattie-embodied-a-sense-of-public-service","external_links_name":"\"Lady Norma Beattie embodied a sense of public service\""},{"Link":"https://natlib.govt.nz/records/35847046","external_links_name":"\"Interview with Lady Beverley Reeves\""},{"Link":"http://www.gov-gen.govt.nz/gg/biosusansatyanand.htm","external_links_name":"NZ Governor General's website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081014053633/http://www.gov-gen.govt.nz/gg/biosusansatyanand.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simona_Tabasco
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Simona Tabasco
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["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Filmography","3.1 Film","3.2 Television","3.3 Music videos","4 Awards and nominations","5 References","6 External links"]
|
Italian actress (born 1994)
Simona TabascoTabasco in 2022Born (1994-04-05) 5 April 1994 (age 30)Naples, ItalyAlma materCentro Sperimentale di CinematografiaOccupationActressYears active2013–present
Simona Tabasco (born 5 April 1994) is an Italian actress. Tabasco is best known for her role as Lucia Greco on season two of the HBO black comedy-drama series The White Lotus (2021), which earned her a Primetime Emmy Award nomination. She also gained recognition for her supporting role in the Italian neo-noir film Perez. (2014) and as Elisa Russo in the Rai 1 medical drama Doc – Nelle tue mani (2020–present).
Early life
Simona Tabasco was born in Naples on 5 April 1994. Tabasco is the daughter of an advertising graphic designer and an office worker. She has a twin brother named Marco.
Career
In 2013, after shooting two short films at the Giffoni Film Festival, Tabasco was cast in the second season of the Italian teen drama series Fuoriclasse. Broadcast on Rai 1 in March 2014, Tabasco portrayed Aida Merlissi, a Muslim girl. Filming for Fuoriclasse interrupted her studies at the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia in Rome, ultimately leading to her expulsion due to repeated absences.
In 2014, she made her film debut in Edoardo De Angelis's Perez., which received critical acclaim. For her role as Tea, daughter of the protagonist Demetrio (portrayed by Luca Zingaretti), Tabasco was awarded the Premio Guglielmo Biraghi at the 2015 Nastro d'Argento awards.
Since 2020, Tabasco has starred in the Italian medical drama Doc – Nelle tue mani, playing Elisa Russo, a resident in internal medicine.
In 2022, Tabasco made her international debut in the second season of the HBO anthology series The White Lotus. Her performance as Lucia, a sex worker in Sicily, received praise. CNN's Brian Lowry wrote that it "feels like a breakout role". Nylon magazine deemed her the "lifeblood" of the show, writing, "Lucia's energy is so infectious, thanks to the frenzied, effortless performance from Tabasco". Tabasco won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series along with the cast of The White Lotus. She also received an Emmy nomination in 2023 for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for her portrayal.
In February 2023, Tabasco was cast opposite Sydney Sweeney in the psychological horror film Immaculate.
In March 2023, Tabasco was included in Forbes magazine's annual 30 Under 30 list, which recognises the 30 most influential people in Europe under the age of 30.
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2014
Perez.
Tea Perez
2016
I babysitter
Sonia
2018
Bob & Marys
Ursula
2020
The Ties
Delivery girl
2024
Immaculate
Sister Mary
2024
Ma chi ti conosce
Silvia
Filming
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2014–2015
Fuoriclasse
Aida Merlissi
16 episodes
2015–2018
È arrivata la felicità
Nunzia
48 episodes
2017–2023
The Bastards of Pizzofalcone
Alex Di Nardo
20 episodes
2019
1994
Gabriella
Episode: Season 3, Episode 8
2020–2024
Doc – Nelle tue mani
Elisa Russo
33 episodes (Regular in season 1 and 2, plus a cameo in episode 3x06)
2021
Luna Park
Nora
6 episodes
2022
The White Lotus
Lucia Greco
7 episodes
Music videos
Year
Title
Artist
Notes
Ref.
2019
"Rose viola"
Ghemon
"Scusate se non piango"
Daniele Silvestri
"Vento del Sud"
Tiromancino
2023
"Furore"
Paola & Chiara
Awards and nominations
Accolades received by Simona Tabasco
Year
Award
Category
Work
Result
Ref.
2014
Galà del Cinema e della Fiction in Campania
Best Cinema Actress
Perez.
Won
2015
Nastro d'Argento
Premio Guglielmo Biraghi
Won
Premio Wella per l'immagine
Won
Venice Film Festival
Premio L'Oréal Paris per il cinema
Nominated
2023
Screen Actors Guild Awards
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series (shared with the ensemble cast)
The White Lotus
Won
MTV Movie & TV Awards
Best Duo (shared with Beatrice Grannò)
Nominated
Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series
Nominated
References
^ Carloni, Alessandra (March–April 2015). "Simona Tabasco: Io e Tea" (PDF). I'M Magazine (in Italian). Naples. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ a b c d Cecchi, Roberta (19 November 2020). "Simona Tabasco, chi è l'attrice che interpreta Elisa nella fiction Doc - Nelle Tue Mani". Cosmopolitan (Italy) (in Italian). Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
^ "Fuoriclasse". la Repubblica (in Italian). Archived from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
^ Mazzitelli, Isabella (11 November 2015). "Simona Tabasco: "Mai con l'uomo di un'altra"". Vanity Fair Italia (in Italian). Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
^ MYmovies.it. "Perez". MYmovies.it (in Italian). Archived from the original on 31 August 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
^ a b c "Tutti i premiati dei Nastri 2015". Taxidrivers.it (in Italian). 27 June 2015. Archived from the original on 4 October 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
^ McHenry, Jackson (6 November 2022). "Simona Tabasco Is 'Threatening the Equilibrium' of The White Lotus". Vulture. Archived from the original on 7 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ Sanchez, Chelsey (21 November 2022). "The White Lotus's Simona Tabasco Is Peeling Away Lucia's Armor". Harper's Bazaar. Archived from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ Losgar, Maxwell (21 November 2022). "Simona Tabasco Pushed Through COVID to Study Her 'White Lotus' Character Lucia, and It Paid Off Big Time". Cosmopolitan. Archived from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ Wally, Maxine (21 November 2022). "Simona Tabasco and Beatrice Grannò on Playing The White Lotus's Fieriest Duo". W. Archived from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
^ Lawson, Richard (24 October 2022). "The White Lotus Season 2 Puts Sex at the Center". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
^ Lloyd, Robert (28 October 2022). "'The White Lotus' returns for Season 2, slowed down and sexed up". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 28 October 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
^ Lowry, Brian (28 October 2022). "'The White Lotus' relocates to Sicily and delivers another five-star experience". CNN. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
^ June, Sophia (1 December 2022). "Simona Tabasco Is the Lifeblood of The White Lotus". Nylon. Archived from the original on 2 December 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
^ McPherson, Christopher (27 February 2023). "'Everything Everywhere All at Once' Breaks Records at 29th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards". Collider. Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
^ France, Lisa Respers (12 July 2023). "'Succession' and 'The Last of Us' lead Emmy nominations". CNN. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
^ Cordero, Rosy (17 February 2023). "Simona Tabasco Joins Sydney Sweeney In Psychological Horror Film 'Immaculate'". Deadline. Archived from the original on 26 February 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
^ "Forbes 30 Under 30 Europe List 2023". Forbes. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
^ "La Rocca sforzesca diventa il set per il film "Ma chi ti conosce"" (in Italian). Comune di Imola. 19 October 2023. Archived from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
^ Aricò, Giacomo (9 February 2023). "Paola & Chiara nel video di Furore scelgono come guest star Simona Tabasco di The White Lotus". Vogue Italia (in Italian). Archived from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
^ "I vincitori del Galà del Cinema e della Fiction Campania - CinemaItaliano.info" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
^ "Venezia 2015, Premio L'Oréal Paris per il cinema: chi vincerà? - Io Donna". IO Donna (in Italian). 26 August 2015. Archived from the original on 28 August 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
^ Pedersen, Erik (26 February 2023). "SAG Awards: 'Everything Everywhere All At Once' Wins Top Film Prize; Michelle Yeoh & Brendan Fraser Take Lead Acting Honors; 'White Lotus' A Double Winner – Full List". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
^ "Winners for 2023 MTV Movie & TV Awards". MTV. 2023. Archived from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
^ Moreau, Jordan; Schneider, Michael (12 July 2023). "Emmys 2023: The Complete Nominations List". Variety. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
External links
Simona Tabasco at IMDb
Portals: Biography Film Italy Television
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Italy
United States
|
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Tabasco is best known for her role as Lucia Greco on season two of the HBO black comedy-drama series The White Lotus (2021), which earned her a Primetime Emmy Award nomination. She also gained recognition for her supporting role in the Italian neo-noir film Perez. (2014) and as Elisa Russo in the Rai 1 medical drama Doc – Nelle tue mani (2020–present).","title":"Simona Tabasco"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cecchi-2"}],"text":"Simona Tabasco was born in Naples on 5 April 1994.[1] Tabasco is the daughter of an advertising graphic designer and an office worker. She has a twin brother named Marco.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giffoni Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giffoni_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"teen drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_drama"},{"link_name":"Fuoriclasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuoriclasse"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cecchi-2"},{"link_name":"Rai 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai_1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cecchi-2"},{"link_name":"Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_Sperimentale_di_Cinematografia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Edoardo De 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Lotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_Lotus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Nylon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama 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of the Italian teen drama series Fuoriclasse.[2] Broadcast on Rai 1 in March 2014,[3] Tabasco portrayed Aida Merlissi, a Muslim girl.[2] Filming for Fuoriclasse interrupted her studies at the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia in Rome, ultimately leading to her expulsion due to repeated absences.[4]In 2014, she made her film debut in Edoardo De Angelis's Perez., which received critical acclaim.[5] For her role as Tea, daughter of the protagonist Demetrio (portrayed by Luca Zingaretti), Tabasco was awarded the Premio Guglielmo Biraghi at the 2015 Nastro d'Argento awards.[6]Since 2020, Tabasco has starred in the Italian medical drama Doc – Nelle tue mani, playing Elisa Russo, a resident in internal medicine.[2]In 2022, Tabasco made her international debut in the second season of the HBO anthology series The White Lotus.[7][8][9][10] Her performance as Lucia, a sex worker in Sicily,[11] received praise.[12] CNN's Brian Lowry wrote that it \"feels like a breakout role\".[13] Nylon magazine deemed her the \"lifeblood\" of the show, writing, \"Lucia's energy is so infectious, thanks to the frenzied, effortless performance from Tabasco\".[14] Tabasco won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series along with the cast of The White Lotus.[15] She also received an Emmy nomination in 2023 for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for her portrayal.[16]In February 2023, Tabasco was cast opposite Sydney Sweeney in the psychological horror film Immaculate.[17]In March 2023, Tabasco was included in Forbes magazine's annual 30 Under 30 list, which recognises the 30 most influential people in Europe under the age of 30.[18]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music videos","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}]
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[]
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Retrieved 1 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cosmopolitan.com/it/star/a34583706/simona-tabasco-chi-e-doc-nelle-tue-mani/","url_text":"\"Simona Tabasco, chi è l'attrice che interpreta Elisa nella fiction Doc - Nelle Tue Mani\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)","url_text":"Cosmopolitan"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201128203941/https://www.cosmopolitan.com/it/star/a34583706/simona-tabasco-chi-e-doc-nelle-tue-mani/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fuoriclasse\". la Repubblica (in Italian). Archived from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.repubblica.it/serietv/schede/fuoriclasse/514/","url_text":"\"Fuoriclasse\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Repubblica","url_text":"la Repubblica"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221204032218/https://www.repubblica.it/serietv/schede/fuoriclasse/514/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mazzitelli, Isabella (11 November 2015). \"Simona Tabasco: \"Mai con l'uomo di un'altra\"\". Vanity Fair Italia (in Italian). Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vanityfair.it/people/italia/15/11/11/simona-tabasco-intervista-stories-foto-gossip/","url_text":"\"Simona Tabasco: \"Mai con l'uomo di un'altra\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_Italia","url_text":"Vanity Fair Italia"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220525063948/https://www.vanityfair.it/people/italia/15/11/11/simona-tabasco-intervista-stories-foto-gossip/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"MYmovies.it. \"Perez\". MYmovies.it (in Italian). Archived from the original on 31 August 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mymovies.it/film/2014/perez/","url_text":"\"Perez\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140831152313/https://www.mymovies.it/film/2014/perez/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tutti i premiati dei Nastri 2015\". Taxidrivers.it (in Italian). 27 June 2015. Archived from the original on 4 October 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taxidrivers.it/65411/news/tutti-i-premiati-dei-nastri-2015.html/","url_text":"\"Tutti i premiati dei Nastri 2015\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151004005355/http://www.taxidrivers.it/65411/news/tutti-i-premiati-dei-nastri-2015.html/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McHenry, Jackson (6 November 2022). \"Simona Tabasco Is 'Threatening the Equilibrium' of The White Lotus\". Vulture. Archived from the original on 7 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vulture.com/article/simona-tabasco-white-lotus-lucia-interview.html","url_text":"\"Simona Tabasco Is 'Threatening the Equilibrium' of The White Lotus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture_(website)","url_text":"Vulture"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221107050220/https://www.vulture.com/article/simona-tabasco-white-lotus-lucia-interview.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sanchez, Chelsey (21 November 2022). \"The White Lotus's Simona Tabasco Is Peeling Away Lucia's Armor\". Harper's Bazaar. Archived from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/film-tv/a41957218/simona-tabasco-the-white-lotus-interview/","url_text":"\"The White Lotus's Simona Tabasco Is Peeling Away Lucia's Armor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar","url_text":"Harper's Bazaar"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221121181109/https://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/film-tv/a41957218/simona-tabasco-the-white-lotus-interview/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Losgar, Maxwell (21 November 2022). \"Simona Tabasco Pushed Through COVID to Study Her 'White Lotus' Character Lucia, and It Paid Off Big Time\". Cosmopolitan. Archived from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/tv/a41979172/simona-tabasco-white-lotus-lucia-interview/","url_text":"\"Simona Tabasco Pushed Through COVID to Study Her 'White Lotus' Character Lucia, and It Paid Off Big Time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmopolitan_(magazine)","url_text":"Cosmopolitan"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221121180109/https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/tv/a41979172/simona-tabasco-white-lotus-lucia-interview/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wally, Maxine (21 November 2022). \"Simona Tabasco and Beatrice Grannò on Playing The White Lotus's Fieriest Duo\". W. Archived from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wmagazine.com/culture/white-lotus-season-2-simona-tabasco-beatrice-granno-lucia-mia","url_text":"\"Simona Tabasco and Beatrice Grannò on Playing The White Lotus's Fieriest Duo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_(magazine)","url_text":"W"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221121170523/https://www.wmagazine.com/culture/white-lotus-season-2-simona-tabasco-beatrice-granno-lucia-mia","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lawson, Richard (24 October 2022). \"The White Lotus Season 2 Puts Sex at the Center\". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Lawson_(writer)","url_text":"Lawson, Richard"},{"url":"https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2022/10/the-white-lotus-season-2-puts-sex-at-the-center","url_text":"\"The White Lotus Season 2 Puts Sex at the Center\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)","url_text":"Vanity Fair"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221026013915/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2022/10/the-white-lotus-season-2-puts-sex-at-the-center","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lloyd, Robert (28 October 2022). \"'The White Lotus' returns for Season 2, slowed down and sexed up\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 28 October 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2022-10-28/the-white-lotus-hbo-season-2-review","url_text":"\"'The White Lotus' returns for Season 2, slowed down and sexed up\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221028142723/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2022-10-28/the-white-lotus-hbo-season-2-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lowry, Brian (28 October 2022). \"'The White Lotus' relocates to Sicily and delivers another five-star experience\". CNN. Archived from the original on 30 October 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/28/entertainment/the-white-lotus-season-2-review/index.html","url_text":"\"'The White Lotus' relocates to Sicily and delivers another five-star experience\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221030090545/https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/28/entertainment/the-white-lotus-season-2-review/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"June, Sophia (1 December 2022). \"Simona Tabasco Is the Lifeblood of The White Lotus\". Nylon. Archived from the original on 2 December 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nylon.com/life/simona-tabasco-the-white-lotus-lucia-season-2","url_text":"\"Simona Tabasco Is the Lifeblood of The White Lotus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon_(magazine)","url_text":"Nylon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221202051215/https://www.nylon.com/life/simona-tabasco-the-white-lotus-lucia-season-2","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McPherson, Christopher (27 February 2023). \"'Everything Everywhere All at Once' Breaks Records at 29th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards\". Collider. Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://collider.com/sag-award-winners-2023-full-list/","url_text":"\"'Everything Everywhere All at Once' Breaks Records at 29th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collider_(website)","url_text":"Collider"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230228074305/https://collider.com/sag-award-winners-2023-full-list/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"France, Lisa Respers (12 July 2023). \"'Succession' and 'The Last of Us' lead Emmy nominations\". CNN. Archived from the original on 13 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/12/entertainment/emmy-awards-2023-nominations/index.html","url_text":"\"'Succession' and 'The Last of Us' lead Emmy nominations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230913022727/https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/12/entertainment/emmy-awards-2023-nominations/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cordero, Rosy (17 February 2023). \"Simona Tabasco Joins Sydney Sweeney In Psychological Horror Film 'Immaculate'\". Deadline. Archived from the original on 26 February 2023. Retrieved 26 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2023/02/simona-tabasco-cast-psychological-horror-film-immaculate-1235263849/","url_text":"\"Simona Tabasco Joins Sydney Sweeney In Psychological Horror Film 'Immaculate'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20230226214113/https://deadline.com/2023/02/simona-tabasco-cast-psychological-horror-film-immaculate-1235263849/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Forbes 30 Under 30 Europe List 2023\". Forbes. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. 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Retrieved 15 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vogue.it/news/article/paola-e-chiara-furore-video-simona-tabasco","url_text":"\"Paola & Chiara nel video di Furore scelgono come guest star Simona Tabasco di The White Lotus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_Italia","url_text":"Vogue Italia"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230209212547/https://www.vogue.it/news/article/paola-e-chiara-furore-video-simona-tabasco","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"I vincitori del Galà del Cinema e della Fiction Campania - CinemaItaliano.info\" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cinemaitaliano.info/news/26197/i-vincitori-del-gala-del-cinema-e-della-fiction.html%7Ctitolo=","url_text":"\"I vincitori del Galà del Cinema e della Fiction Campania - CinemaItaliano.info\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221201044943/http://www.cinemaitaliano.info/news/26197/i-vincitori-del-gala-del-cinema-e-della-fiction.html%7Ctitolo=","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Venezia 2015, Premio L'Oréal Paris per il cinema: chi vincerà? - Io Donna\". IO Donna (in Italian). 26 August 2015. Archived from the original on 28 August 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iodonna.it/bellezza/viso-e-corpo/2015/08/26/venezia-2015-premio-loreal-paris-per-il-cinema-chi-vincera/","url_text":"\"Venezia 2015, Premio L'Oréal Paris per il cinema: chi vincerà? - Io Donna\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IO_Donna","url_text":"IO Donna"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150828020635/http://www.iodonna.it/bellezza/viso-e-corpo/2015/08/26/venezia-2015-premio-loreal-paris-per-il-cinema-chi-vincera/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pedersen, Erik (26 February 2023). \"SAG Awards: 'Everything Everywhere All At Once' Wins Top Film Prize; Michelle Yeoh & Brendan Fraser Take Lead Acting Honors; 'White Lotus' A Double Winner – Full List\". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2023/02/sag-awards-2023-winners-list-1235272180/","url_text":"\"SAG Awards: 'Everything Everywhere All At Once' Wins Top Film Prize; Michelle Yeoh & Brendan Fraser Take Lead Acting Honors; 'White Lotus' A Double Winner – Full List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230228050651/https://deadline.com/2023/02/sag-awards-2023-winners-list-1235272180/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Winners for 2023 MTV Movie & TV Awards\". MTV. 2023. Archived from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mtv.com/movie-and-tv-awards/vote/","url_text":"\"Winners for 2023 MTV Movie & TV Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV","url_text":"MTV"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230628214738/https://www.mtv.com/movie-and-tv-awards/vote/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Moreau, Jordan; Schneider, Michael (12 July 2023). \"Emmys 2023: The Complete Nominations List\". Variety. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/2023-emmy-nominations-list-1235666521/","url_text":"\"Emmys 2023: The Complete Nominations List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230712231248/https://variety.com/2023/tv/news/2023-emmy-nominations-list-1235666521/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_pollution
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Pollution
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["1 Definitions and types","2 Natural causes","3 Human generation","3.1 Greenhouse gas emissions","4 Effects","4.1 Human health","4.1.1 Socio economic impacts","4.2 Environment","5 Regulation and monitoring","6 Control","6.1 Practices","6.2 Devices","7 Cost","8 Dirtiest industries","8.1 Textile industry","8.2 Fossil fuel related industries","9 Socially optimal level","10 History","10.1 Prior to 19th century","10.2 19th century","10.3 20th and 21st century","11 See also","12 References","13 External links"]
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Introduction of contaminants that cause adverse change
For other uses, see Pollution (disambiguation).
"Environmental pollution" redirects here. For the journal, see Environmental Pollution (journal).
Litter on the coast of Guyana
Part of a series onPollutionAir pollution from a factory
Air
Air quality index
Atmospheric dispersion modeling
Chlorofluorocarbon
Combustion
Exhaust gas
Haze
Global dimming
Global distillation
Indoor air quality
Ozone depletion
Particulates
Persistent organic pollutant
Smog
Soot
Volatile organic compound
Waste
Biological
Biological hazard
Genetic
Introduced species
Invasive species
Digital
Information
Electromagnetic
Light
Ecological
Overillumination
Radio spectrum
Natural
Ozone
Radium and radon in the environment
Volcanic ash
Wildfire
Noise
Transportation
Health effects from noise
Marine mammals and sonar
Noise barrier
Noise control
Soundproofing
Radiation
Actinides
Bioremediation
Depleted uranium
Nuclear fission
Nuclear fallout
Plutonium
Poisoning
Radioactivity
Uranium
Radioactive waste
Soil
Agricultural
Land degradation
Bioremediation
Defecation
Electrical resistance heating
Soil guideline values
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Solid waste
Advertising mail
Biodegradable waste
Brown waste
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Food waste
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Nanomaterials
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Post-consumer waste
Waste management
Space
Space debris
Thermal
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Visual
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Overhead power lines
Traffic signs
Vandalism
War
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War and environmental law
Water
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Water quality
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Topics
History
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Lists
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Law by country
Most polluted cities
Least polluted cities by PM2.5
Treaties
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By country
Environment portal
Ecology portalvte
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change. Pollution can take the form of any substance (solid, liquid, or gas) or energy (such as radioactivity, heat, sound, or light). Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants.
Although environmental pollution can be caused by natural events, the word pollution generally implies that the contaminants have an anthropogenic source – that is, a source created by human activities, such as manufacturing, extractive industries, poor waste management, transportation or agriculture. Pollution is often classed as point source (coming from a highly concentrated specific site, such as a factory, mine, construction site), or nonpoint source pollution (coming from a widespread distributed sources, such as microplastics or agricultural runoff).
Many sources of pollution were unregulated parts of industrialization during the 19th and 20th centuries until the emergence of environmental regulation and pollution policy in the later half of the 20th century. Sites where historically polluting industries released persistent pollutants may have legacy pollution long after the source of the pollution is stopped. Major forms of pollution include air pollution, water pollution, litter, noise pollution, plastic pollution, soil contamination, radioactive contamination, thermal pollution, light pollution, and visual pollution.
Pollution has widespread consequences on human and environmental health, having systematic impact on social and economic systems. In 2019, pollution killed nine million people worldwide (one in six deaths), a number unchanged since 2015. Air pollution accounted for 3⁄4 of these earlier deaths. A 2022 literature review found that levels of anthropogenic chemical pollution have exceeded planetary boundaries and now threaten entire ecosystems around the world. Pollutants frequently have outsized impacts on vulnerable populations, such as children and the elderly, and marginalized communities, because polluting industries and toxic waste sites tend to be collocated with populations with less economic and political power. This outsized impact is a core reason for the formation of the environmental justice movement, and continues to be a core element of environmental conflicts, particularly in the Global South.
Because of the impacts of these chemicals, local, country and international policy have increasingly sought to regulate pollutants, resulting in increasing air and water quality standards, alongside regulation of specific waste streams. Regional and national policy is typically supervised by environmental agencies or ministries, while international efforts are coordinated by the UN Environmental Program and other treaty bodies. Pollution mitigation is an important part of all of the Sustainable Development Goals.
Definitions and types
Various definitions of pollution exist, which may or may not recognize certain types, such as noise pollution or greenhouse gases. The United States Environmental Protection Administration defines pollution as "Any substances in water, soil, or air that degrade the natural quality of the environment, offend the senses of sight, taste, or smell, or cause a health hazard. The usefulness of the natural resource is usually impaired by the presence of pollutants and contaminants." In contrast, the United Nations considers pollution to be the "presence of substances and heat in environmental media (air, water, land) whose nature, location, or quantity produces undesirable environmental effects."Smog in the center of Moscow, Russia in August 2010
The major forms of pollution are listed below along with the particular contaminants relevant to each of them:
Air pollution: the release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere. Common gaseous pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles. Photochemical ozone and smog are created as nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons react to sunlight. Particulate matter, or fine dust is characterized by their micrometre size PM10 to PM2.5.
Electromagnetic pollution: the overabundance of electromagnetic radiation in their non-ionizing form, such as radio and television transmissions, Wi-fi etc. Although there is no demonstrable effect on humans there can be interference with radio-astronomy and effects on safety systems of aircraft and cars.
Light pollution: includes light trespass, over-illumination and astronomical interference.
Littering: the criminal throwing of inappropriate man-made objects, unremoved, onto public and private properties.
Noise pollution: which encompasses roadway noise, aircraft noise, industrial noise as well as high-intensity sonar.
Plastic pollution: involves the accumulation of plastic products and microplastics in the environment that adversely affects wildlife, wildlife habitat, or humans.
Soil contamination occurs when chemicals are released by spill or underground leakage. Among the most significant soil contaminants are hydrocarbons, heavy metals, MTBE, herbicides, pesticides and chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Radioactive contamination, resulting from 20th century activities in atomic physics, such as nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons research, manufacture and deployment. (See alpha emitters and actinides in the environment.)
Thermal pollution, is a temperature change in natural water bodies caused by human influence, such as use of water as coolant in a power plant.
Visual pollution, which can refer to the presence of overhead power lines, motorway billboards, scarred landforms (as from strip mining), open storage of trash, municipal solid waste or space debris.
Water pollution, caused by the discharge of industrial wastewater from commercial and industrial waste (intentionally or through spills) into surface waters; discharges of untreated sewage and chemical contaminants, such as chlorine, from treated sewage; and releases of waste and contaminants into surface runoff flowing to surface waters (including urban runoff and agricultural runoff, which may contain chemical fertilizers and pesticides, as well as human feces from open defecation).
Natural causes
Air pollution produced by ships may alter clouds, affecting global temperatures.
One of the most significant natural sources of pollution are volcanoes, which during eruptions release large quantities of harmful gases into the atmosphere. Volcanic gases include carbon dioxide, which can be fatal in large concentrations and contributes to climate change, hydrogen halides which can cause acid rain, sulfur dioxides, which are harmful to animals and damage the ozone layer, and hydrogen sulfides, which are capable of killing humans at concentrations of less than 1 part per thousand. Volcanic emissions also include fine and ultrafine particles which may contain toxic chemicals and substances such as arsenic, lead, and mercury.
Wildfires, which can be caused naturally by lightning strikes, are also a significant source of air pollution. Wildfire smoke contains significant quantities of both carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, which can cause suffocation. Large quantities of fine particulates are found within wildfire smoke as well, which pose a health risk to animals.
Human generation
Deaths caused as a result of fossil fuel use (areas of rectangles in chart) greatly exceed those resulting from production of renewable energy (rectangles barely visible in chart).
Motor vehicle emissions are one of the leading causes of air pollution. China, United States, Russia, India Mexico, and Japan are the world leaders in air pollution emissions. Principal stationary pollution sources include chemical plants, coal-fired power plants, oil refineries, petrochemical plants, nuclear waste disposal activity, incinerators, large livestock farms (dairy cows, pigs, poultry, etc.), PVC factories, metals production factories, plastics factories, and other heavy industry. Agricultural air pollution comes from contemporary practices which include clear felling and burning of natural vegetation as well as spraying of pesticides and herbicides.
About 400 million metric tons of hazardous wastes are generated each year. The United States alone produces about 250 million metric tons. Americans constitute less than 5% of the world's population, but produce roughly 25% of the world's CO2, and generate approximately 30% of world's waste. In 2007, China overtook the United States as the world's biggest producer of CO2, while still far behind based on per capita pollution (ranked 78th among the world's nations).
An industrial area, with a power plant, south of Yangzhou's downtown, China
Chlorinated hydrocarbons (CFH), heavy metals (such as chromium, cadmium – found in rechargeable batteries, and lead – found in lead paint, aviation fuel, and even in certain countries, gasoline), MTBE, zinc, arsenic, and benzene are some of the most frequent soil contaminants. A series of press reports published in 2001, culminating in the publication of the book Fateful Harvest, revealed a widespread practise of recycling industrial leftovers into fertilizer, resulting in metal poisoning of the soil. Ordinary municipal landfills are the source of many chemical substances entering the soil environment (and often groundwater), emanating from the wide variety of refuse accepted, especially substances illegally discarded there, or from pre-1970 landfills that may have been subject to little control in the U.S. or EU. There have also been some unusual releases of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, commonly called dioxins for simplicity, such as TCDD.
Pollution can also occur as a result of natural disasters. Hurricanes, for example, frequently result in sewage contamination and petrochemical spills from burst boats or automobiles. When coastal oil rigs or refineries are involved, larger-scale and environmental damage is not unusual. When accidents occur, some pollution sources, such as nuclear power stations or oil ships, can create extensive and potentially catastrophic emissions.
Plastic pollution is choking our oceans by making plastic gyres, entangling marine animals, poisoning our food and water supply, and ultimately inflicting havoc on the health and well-being of humans and wildlife globally. With the exception of a small amount that has been incinerating, virtually every piece of plastic that was ever made in the past still exists in one form or another. And since most of the plastics do not biodegrade in any meaningful sense, all that plastic waste could exist for hundreds or even thousands of years. If plastic production is not circumscribed, plastic pollution will be disastrous and will eventually outweigh fish in oceans.
Greenhouse gas emissions
Main article: Greenhouse gas emissions
Historical and projected CO2 emissions by country (as of 2005). Source: Energy Information Administration.
Carbon dioxide, while vital for photosynthesis, is sometimes referred to as pollution, because raised levels of the gas in the atmosphere are affecting the Earth's climate. Disruption of the environment can also highlight the connection between areas of pollution that would normally be classified separately, such as those of water and air. Recent studies have investigated the potential for long-term rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide to cause slight but critical increases in the acidity of ocean waters, and the possible effects of this on marine ecosystems.
In February 2007, a report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), representing the work of 2,500 scientists, economists, and policymakers from more than 120 countries, confirmed that humans have been the primary cause of global warming since 1950. Humans have ways to cut greenhouse gas emissions and avoid the consequences of global warming, a major climate report concluded. But to change the climate, the transition from fossil fuels like coal and oil needs to occur within decades, according to the final report this year from the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
Effects
Human health
Further information: Soil pollution § Health effects, Toxic hotspots, List of pollution-related diseases, and Air pollution § Health effects
Overview of main health effects on humans from some common types of pollution
Pollution affects humans in every part of the world. An October 2017 study by the Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health found that global pollution, specifically toxic air, water, soil and workplaces, kills nine million people annually, which is triple the number of deaths caused by AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria combined, and 15 times higher than deaths caused by wars and other forms of human violence. The study concluded that "pollution is one of the great existential challenges of the Anthropocene era. Pollution endangers the stability of the Earth's support systems and threatens the continuing survival of human societies."
Adverse air quality can kill many organisms, including humans. Ozone pollution can cause respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, throat inflammation, chest pain, and congestion. A 2010 analysis estimated that 1.2 million people died prematurely each year in China alone because of air pollution. China's high smog levels can damage the human body and cause various diseases. In 2019, air pollution caused 1.67 million deaths in India (17.8% of total deaths nationally). Studies have estimated that the number of people killed annually in the United States could be over 50,000. A study published in 2022 in GeoHealth concluded that energy-related fossil fuel emissions in the United States cause 46,900–59,400 premature deaths each year and PM2.5-related illness and death costs the nation $537–$678 billion annually. In the US, deaths caused by coal pollution were highest in 1999, but decreased sharply after 2007. The number dropped by about 95% by 2020, as coal plants have been closed or have scrubbers installed.
In 2019, water pollution caused 1.4 million premature deaths. Contamination of drinking water by untreated sewage in developing countries is an issue, for example, over 732 million Indians (56% of the population) and over 92 million Ethiopians (92.9% of the population) do not have access to basic sanitation. In 2013 over 10 million people in India fell ill with waterborne illnesses in 2013, and 1,535 people died, most of them children. As of 2007, nearly 500 million Chinese lack access to safe drinking water.
Acute exposure to certain pollutants can have short and long term effects. Oil spills can cause skin irritations and rashes. Noise pollution induces hearing loss, high blood pressure, stress, and sleep disturbance. Mercury has been linked to developmental deficits in children and neurologic symptoms. Older people are significantly exposed to diseases induced by air pollution. Those with heart or lung disorders are at additional risk. Children and infants are also at serious risk. Lead and other heavy metals have been shown to cause neurological problems, intellectual disabilities and behavioural problems. Chemical and radioactive substances can cause cancer and birth defects.
Socio economic impacts
The health impacts of pollution have both direct and lasting social consequences. A 2021 study found that exposure to pollution causes an increase in violent crime. A 2019 paper linked pollution to adverse school outcomes for children. A number of studies show that pollution has an adverse effect on the productivity of both indoor and outdoor workers.
Environment
Great Pacific garbage patch
Pollution has been found to be present widely in the natural environment. A 2022 study published in Environmental Science & Technology found that levels of anthropogenic chemical pollution have exceeded planetary boundaries and now threaten entire ecosystems around the world.
There are a number of effects of this:
Biomagnification describes situations where toxins (such as heavy metals) may pass through trophic levels, becoming exponentially more concentrated in the process.Global carbon dioxide emissions by jurisdiction (as of 2015)
Carbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO2 becomes dissolved.
The emission of greenhouse gases leads to global warming which affects ecosystems in many ways.
Invasive species can outcompete native species and reduce biodiversity. Invasive plants can contribute debris and biomolecules (allelopathy) that can alter soil and chemical compositions of an environment, often reducing native species competitiveness.
Nitrogen oxides are removed from the air by rain and fertilise land which can change the species composition of ecosystems.
Smog and haze can reduce the amount of sunlight received by plants to carry out photosynthesis and leads to the production of tropospheric ozone which damages plants.
Soil can become infertile and unsuitable for plants. This will affect other organisms in the food web.
Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can cause acid rain which lowers the pH value of soil.
Organic pollution of watercourses can deplete oxygen levels and reduce species diversity.
Regulation and monitoring
This section is an excerpt from Regulation and monitoring of pollution.
To protect the environment from the adverse effects of pollution, many nations worldwide have enacted legislation to regulate various types of pollution as well as to mitigate the adverse effects of pollution. At the local level, regulation usually is supervised by environmental agencies or the broader public health system. Different jurisdictions often have different levels regulation and policy choices about pollution. Historically, polluters will lobby governments in less economically developed areas or countries to maintain lax regulation in order to protect industrialisation at the cost of human and environmental health.
The modern environmental regulatory environment has its origins in the United States with the beginning of industrial regulations around Air and Water pollution connected to industry and mining during the 1960s and 1970s.
Because many of pollutants have trans-boundary impacts, the UN and other treaty bodies have been used to regulate pollutants that circulate as air pollution, water pollution or trade in wastes. Early international agreements were successful at addressing Global Environmental issues, such as Montreal Protocol, which banned Ozone depleting chemicals in 1987, with more recent agreements focusing on broader, more widely dispersed chemicals such as persistent organic pollutants in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants created in 2001, such as PCBs, and the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 which initiated collaboration on addressing greenhouse gases to mitigate climate change. Governments, NPOs, research groups, and citizen scientists monitor pollution with an expanding list of low-cost pollution monitoring tools.
Control
A litter trap catches floating waste in the Yarra River, east-central Victoria, Australia.
Air pollution control system, known as a thermal oxidizer, decomposes hazard gases from industrial air streams at a factory in the United States.
A dust collector in Pristina, KosovoPollution control is a term used in environmental management. It refers to the control of emissions and effluents into air, water or soil. Without pollution control, the waste products from overconsumption, heating, agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation and other human activities, whether they accumulate or disperse, will degrade the environment. In the hierarchy of controls, pollution prevention and waste minimization are more desirable than pollution control. In the field of land development, low impact development is a similar technique for the prevention of urban runoff.
Policy, law and monitoring/transparency/life-cycle assessment-attached economics could be developed and enforced to control pollution. A review concluded that there is a lack of attention and action such as work on a globally supported "formal science–policy interface", e.g. to "inform intervention, influence research, and guide funding".
In September 2023 a Global Framework on Chemicals aiming to reduce pollution was agreed during an international conference in Bonn, Germany. The framework includes 28 targets, for example, to “end the use of hazardous pesticides in agriculture where the risks have not been managed” by 2035.
Practices
Recycling
Reusing
Waste minimisation
Mitigating
Pollution prevention
Compost
Devices
Air pollution control
Green wall
Smog Tower
Thermal oxidizer
Bioremediation
Dust collection systems
Baghouses
Cyclones
Electrostatic precipitators
Scrubbers
Baffle spray scrubber
Cyclonic spray scrubber
Ejector venturi scrubber
Mechanically aided scrubber
Spray tower
Wet scrubber
Sewage treatment
Sedimentation (Primary treatment)
Activated sludge biotreaters (Secondary treatment; also used for industrial wastewater)
Aerated lagoons
Constructed wetlands (also used for urban runoff)
Industrial wastewater treatment
API oil-water separators
Biofilters
Dissolved air flotation (DAF)
Powdered activated carbon treatment
Ultrafiltration
Vapor recovery systems
Phytoremediation
Cost
Pollution has a cost. Manufacturing activities that cause air pollution impose health and clean-up costs on the whole of society. A manufacturing activity that causes air pollution is an example of a negative externality in production. A negative externality in production occurs "when a firm's production reduces the well-being of others who are not compensated by the firm." For example, if a laundry firm exists near a polluting steel manufacturing firm, there will be increased costs for the laundry firm because of the dirt and smoke produced by the steel manufacturing firm. If external costs exist, such as those created by pollution, the manufacturer will choose to produce more of the product than would be produced if the manufacturer were required to pay all associated environmental costs. Because responsibility or consequence for self-directed action lies partly outside the self, an element of externalization is involved. If there are external benefits, such as in public safety, less of the good may be produced than would be the case if the producer were to receive payment for the external benefits to others. Goods and services that involve negative externalities in production, such as those that produce pollution, tend to be overproduced and underpriced since the externality is not being priced into the market.
Pollution can also create costs for the firms producing the pollution. Sometimes firms choose, or are forced by regulation, to reduce the amount of pollution that they are producing. The associated costs of doing this are called abatement costs, or marginal abatement costs if measured by each additional unit. In 2005 pollution abatement capital expenditures and operating costs in the US amounted to nearly $27 billion.
Dirtiest industries
The Pure Earth, an international non-for-profit organization dedicated to eliminating life-threatening pollution in the developing world, issues an annual list of some of the world's most polluting industries. Below is the list for 2016:
Lead–acid battery recycling
Mining and extractive metallurgy
Lead smelting
Tanning
Artisanal mining
Landfills
Industrial parks
Chemical industry
Manufacturing
Dyeing
A 2018 report by the Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy and GRAIN says that the meat and dairy industries are poised to surpass the oil industry as the world's worst polluters.
Textile industry
This section is an excerpt from Chemical waste § Textile industry.
Indigo color water pollution in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 2005
The textile industry is one of the largest polluters in the globalized world of mostly free market dominated socioeconomic systems. Chemically polluted textile wastewater degrades the quality of the soil and water. The pollution comes from the type of conduct of chemical treatments used e.g., in pretreatment, dyeing, printing, and finishing operations that many or most market-driven companies use despite "eco-friendly alternatives". Textile industry wastewater is considered to be one the largest polluters of water and soil ecosystems, causing "carcinogenic, mutagenic, genotoxic, cytotoxic and allergenic threats to living organisms". The textile industry uses over 8000 chemicals in its supply chain, also polluting the environment with large amounts of microplastics and has been identified in one review as the industry sector producing the largest amount of pollution.
A campaign of big clothing brands like Nike, Adidas and Puma to voluntarily reform their manufacturing supply chains to commit to achieving zero discharges of hazardous chemicals by 2020 (global goal) appears to have failed.
The textile industry also creates a lot of pollution that leads to externalities which can cause large economic problems. The problem usually occurs when there is no division of ownership rights. This means that the problem of pollution is largely caused because of incomplete information about which company pollutes and at what scale the damage was caused by the pollution.
Fossil fuel related industries
Outdoor air pollution attributable to fossil fuel use alone causes ~3.61 million deaths annually, making it one of the top contributors to human death, beyond being a major driver of climate change whereby greenhouse gases are considered per se as a form of pollution (see above).
Socially optimal level
See also: Right to a healthy environment
Society derives some indirect utility from pollution; otherwise, there would be no incentive to pollute. This utility may come from the consumption of goods and services that inherently create pollution (albeit the level can vary) or lower prices or lower required efforts (or inconvenience) to abandon or substitute these goods and services. Therefore, it is important that policymakers attempt to balance these indirect benefits with the costs of pollution in order to achieve an efficient outcome.
A visual comparison of the free market and socially optimal outcomes
It is possible to use environmental economics to determine which level of pollution is deemed the social optimum. For economists, pollution is an "external cost and occurs only when one or more individuals suffer a loss of welfare". There is a socially optimal level of pollution at which welfare is maximized. This is because consumers derive utility from the good or service manufactured, which will outweigh the social cost of pollution until a certain point. At this point the damage of one extra unit of pollution to society, the marginal cost of pollution, is exactly equal to the marginal benefit of consuming one more unit of the good or service.
Moreover, the feasibility of pollution reduction rates could also be a factor of calculating optimal levels. While a study puts the global mean loss of life expectancy (LLE; similar to YPLL) from air pollution in 2015 at 2.9 years (substantially more than, for example, 0.3 years from all forms of direct violence), it also indicated that a significant fraction of the LLE is unavoidable in terms of current economical-technological feasibility such as aeolian dust and wildfire emission control.
In markets with pollution, or other negative externalities in production, the free market equilibrium will not account for the costs of pollution on society. If the social costs of pollution are higher than the private costs incurred by the firm, then the true supply curve will be higher. The point at which the social marginal cost and market demand intersect gives the socially optimal level of pollution. At this point, the quantity will be lower and the price will be higher in comparison to the free market equilibrium. Therefore, the free market outcome could be considered a market failure because it "does not maximize efficiency".
This model can be used as a basis to evaluate different methods of internalizing the externality. Some examples include tariffs, a carbon tax and cap and trade systems.
History
Further information: History of environmental pollution and Legacy pollution
Prior to 19th century
Air pollution has always accompanied civilizations. Pollution started from prehistoric times, when man created the first fires. According to a 1983 article in the journal Science, "soot" found on ceilings of prehistoric caves provides ample evidence of the high levels of pollution that was associated with inadequate ventilation of open fires."
Metal forging appears to be a key turning point in the creation of significant air pollution levels outside the home. Core samples of glaciers in Greenland indicate increases in pollution associated with Greek, Roman, and Chinese metal production.Air pollution in the US, 1973
The burning of coal and wood, and the presence of many horses in concentrated areas made the cities the primary sources of pollution. King Edward I of England banned the burning of sea-coal by proclamation in London in 1272, after its smoke became a problem; the fuel was so common in England that this earliest of names for it was acquired because it could be carted away from some shores by the wheelbarrow.
19th century
It was the Industrial Revolution that gave birth to environmental pollution as we know it today. London also recorded one of the earlier extreme cases of water quality problems with the Great Stink on the Thames of 1858, which led to construction of the London sewerage system soon afterward. Pollution issues escalated as population growth far exceeded viability of neighborhoods to handle their waste problem. Reformers began to demand sewer systems and clean water.
In 1870, the sanitary conditions in Berlin were among the worst in Europe. August Bebel recalled conditions before a modern sewer system was built in the late 1870s:
Waste-water from the houses collected in the gutters running alongside the curbs and emitted a truly fearsome smell. There were no public toilets in the streets or squares. Visitors, especially women, often became desperate when nature called. In the public buildings the sanitary facilities were unbelievably primitive....As a metropolis, Berlin did not emerge from a state of barbarism into civilization until after 1870.
20th and 21st century
The primitive conditions were intolerable for a world national capital, and the Imperial German government brought in its scientists, engineers, and urban planners to not only solve the deficiencies, but to forge Berlin as the world's model city. A British expert in 1906 concluded that Berlin represented "the most complete application of science, order and method of public life," adding "it is a marvel of civic administration, the most modern and most perfectly organized city that there is."
The emergence of great factories and consumption of immense quantities of coal gave rise to unprecedented air pollution and the large volume of industrial chemical discharges added to the growing load of untreated human waste. Chicago and Cincinnati were the first two American cities to enact laws ensuring cleaner air in 1881. Pollution became a major issue in the United States in the early twentieth century, as progressive reformers took issue with air pollution caused by coal burning, water pollution caused by bad sanitation, and street pollution caused by the three million horses who worked in American cities in 1900, generating large quantities of urine and manure. As historian Martin Melosi notes, the generation that first saw automobiles replacing the horses saw cars as "miracles of cleanliness". By the 1940s, automobile-caused smog was a major issue in Los Angeles.
Other cities followed around the country until early in the 20th century, when the short lived Office of Air Pollution was created under the Department of the Interior. Extreme smog events were experienced by the cities of Los Angeles and Donora, Pennsylvania, in the late 1940s, serving as another public reminder.
Air pollution would continue to be a problem in England, especially later during the industrial revolution, and extending into the recent past with the Great Smog of 1952. Awareness of atmospheric pollution spread widely after World War II, with fears triggered by reports of radioactive fallout from atomic warfare and testing. Then a non-nuclear event – the Great Smog of 1952 in London – killed at least 4000 people. This prompted some of the first major modern environmental legislation: the Clean Air Act of 1956.
Pollution began to draw major public attention in the United States between the mid-1950s and early 1970s, when Congress passed the Noise Control Act, the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and the National Environmental Policy Act. Smog pollution in Taiwan
Severe incidents of pollution helped increase consciousness. PCB dumping in the Hudson River resulted in a ban by the EPA on consumption of its fish in 1974. National news stories in the late 1970s – especially the long-term dioxin contamination at Love Canal starting in 1947 and uncontrolled dumping in Valley of the Drums – led to the Superfund legislation of 1980. The pollution of industrial land gave rise to the name brownfield, a term now common in city planning.
The development of nuclear science introduced radioactive contamination, which can remain lethally radioactive for hundreds of thousands of years. Lake Karachay – named by the Worldwatch Institute as the "most polluted spot" on earth – served as a disposal site for the Soviet Union throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Chelyabinsk, Russia, is considered the "Most polluted place on the planet".
Nuclear weapons continued to be tested in the Cold War, especially in the earlier stages of their development. The toll on the worst-affected populations and the growth since then in understanding about the critical threat to human health posed by radioactivity has also been a prohibitive complication associated with nuclear power. Though extreme care is practiced in that industry, the potential for disaster suggested by incidents such as those at Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima pose a lingering specter of public mistrust. Worldwide publicity has been intense on those disasters. Widespread support for test ban treaties has ended almost all nuclear testing in the atmosphere.
International catastrophes such as the wreck of the Amoco Cadiz oil tanker off the coast of Brittany in 1978 and the Bhopal disaster in 1984 have demonstrated the universality of such events and the scale on which efforts to address them needed to engage. The borderless nature of atmosphere and oceans inevitably resulted in the implication of pollution on a planetary level with the issue of global warming. Most recently the term persistent organic pollutant (POP) has come to describe a group of chemicals such as PBDEs and PFCs among others. Though their effects remain somewhat less well understood owing to a lack of experimental data, they have been detected in various ecological habitats far removed from industrial activity such as the Arctic, demonstrating diffusion and bioaccumulation after only a relatively brief period of widespread use.
The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is a concentration of plastics in the North Pacific Gyre. It and other garbage patches contain debris that can trsonport invasive species and that can entangle and be ingested by wildlife. Organizations such as 5 Gyres and the Algalita Marine Research Foundation have researched the Great Pacific Garbage Patch and found microplastics in the water.
Pollution introduced by light at night is becoming a global problem, more severe in urban centres, but nonetheless contaminating also large territories, far away from towns.
Growing evidence of local and global pollution and an increasingly informed public over time have given rise to environmentalism and the environmental movement, which generally seek to limit human impact on the environment.
See also
Biological contamination
Chemical contamination
Environmental health
Environmental racism
Hazardous Substances Data Bank
Overpopulation
Neuroplastic effects of pollution
Pollutant release and transfer register
Polluter pays principle
Pollution haven hypothesis
Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act
Pollution is Colonialism
Sacrifice zone
Air pollution
Air dispersion modeling
Arden Pope
Atmospheric chemistry observational databases – links to freely available data.
Emission standard
Greenhouse gas
List of least polluted cities by particulate matter concentration
Soil contamination
Environmental soil science
List of solid waste treatment technologies
List of waste management companies
List of waste management topics
Water pollution
Cruise ship pollution
Marine debris
Marine pollution
Ship pollution
Stormwater
Municipal wastewater
Industrial wastewater
Wastewater quality indicators
Other
Alkaline precipitation
Citizen science
Climate change
Contamination control
Earth Day
Electromagnetic radiation and health
Externality
Genetic pollution
Heat pollution
Light pollution
List of environmental issues
Noise health effects
Space debris
Radioactivity
Effects of Climate Change
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pollution (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Environmental Pollution (journal)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Pollution_(journal)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Litter.JPG"},{"link_name":"Litter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litter"},{"link_name":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"},{"link_name":"contaminants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Pollutants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutant"},{"link_name":"have an anthropogenic source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment"},{"link_name":"manufacturing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing"},{"link_name":"extractive industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extractivism"},{"link_name":"waste management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management"},{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_pollution"},{"link_name":"point source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_source_pollution"},{"link_name":"factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory"},{"link_name":"mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining"},{"link_name":"construction site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_site"},{"link_name":"nonpoint source pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution"},{"link_name":"microplastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microplastics"},{"link_name":"agricultural runoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_runoff"},{"link_name":"industrialization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialisation"},{"link_name":"legacy pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_pollution"},{"link_name":"air pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution"},{"link_name":"water pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution"},{"link_name":"litter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litter"},{"link_name":"noise pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pollution"},{"link_name":"plastic pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_pollution"},{"link_name":"soil contamination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_contamination"},{"link_name":"radioactive contamination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_contamination"},{"link_name":"thermal pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_pollution"},{"link_name":"light pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_pollution"},{"link_name":"visual pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_pollution"},{"link_name":"environmental health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_health"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carrington-4"},{"link_name":"Air pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0-6"},{"link_name":"planetary boundaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_boundaries"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"environmental justice movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_justice_movement"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schlosberg-11"},{"link_name":"environmental conflicts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_conflict"},{"link_name":"Global South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_South"},{"link_name":"environmental agencies or ministries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_agency"},{"link_name":"UN Environmental Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme"},{"link_name":"treaty bodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_body"},{"link_name":"Sustainable Development Goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Introduction of contaminants that cause adverse changeFor other uses, see Pollution (disambiguation).\"Environmental pollution\" redirects here. For the journal, see Environmental Pollution (journal).Litter on the coast of GuyanaPollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.[1] Pollution can take the form of any substance (solid, liquid, or gas) or energy (such as radioactivity, heat, sound, or light). Pollutants, the components of pollution, can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants.Although environmental pollution can be caused by natural events, the word pollution generally implies that the contaminants have an anthropogenic source – that is, a source created by human activities, such as manufacturing, extractive industries, poor waste management, transportation or agriculture. Pollution is often classed as point source (coming from a highly concentrated specific site, such as a factory, mine, construction site), or nonpoint source pollution (coming from a widespread distributed sources, such as microplastics or agricultural runoff).Many sources of pollution were unregulated parts of industrialization during the 19th and 20th centuries until the emergence of environmental regulation and pollution policy in the later half of the 20th century. Sites where historically polluting industries released persistent pollutants may have legacy pollution long after the source of the pollution is stopped. Major forms of pollution include air pollution, water pollution, litter, noise pollution, plastic pollution, soil contamination, radioactive contamination, thermal pollution, light pollution, and visual pollution.Pollution has widespread consequences on human and environmental health, having systematic impact on social and economic systems. In 2019, pollution killed nine million people worldwide (one in six deaths), a number unchanged since 2015.[2][3][4] Air pollution accounted for 3⁄4 of these earlier deaths.[5][6] A 2022 literature review found that levels of anthropogenic chemical pollution have exceeded planetary boundaries and now threaten entire ecosystems around the world.[7][8] Pollutants frequently have outsized impacts on vulnerable populations, such as children and the elderly, and marginalized communities, because polluting industries and toxic waste sites tend to be collocated with populations with less economic and political power.[9] This outsized impact is a core reason for the formation of the environmental justice movement,[10][11] and continues to be a core element of environmental conflicts, particularly in the Global South.Because of the impacts of these chemicals, local, country and international policy have increasingly sought to regulate pollutants, resulting in increasing air and water quality standards, alongside regulation of specific waste streams. Regional and national policy is typically supervised by environmental agencies or ministries, while international efforts are coordinated by the UN Environmental Program and other treaty bodies. Pollution mitigation is an important part of all of the Sustainable Development Goals.[12]","title":"Pollution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"noise pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pollution"},{"link_name":"greenhouse gases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas"},{"link_name":"Environmental Protection Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Administration"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smog_in_the_centre_of_Moscow,_06.08.2010.JPG"},{"link_name":"Smog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog"},{"link_name":"Moscow, Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow,_Russia"},{"link_name":"contaminants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminants"},{"link_name":"Air pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution"},{"link_name":"particulates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulates"},{"link_name":"carbon monoxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_monoxide"},{"link_name":"sulfur dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide"},{"link_name":"chlorofluorocarbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon"},{"link_name":"nitrogen oxides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide"},{"link_name":"industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_sector"},{"link_name":"ozone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone"},{"link_name":"smog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog"},{"link_name":"hydrocarbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon"},{"link_name":"Particulate matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_particulate_matter"},{"link_name":"micrometre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometre"},{"link_name":"Electromagnetic pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_pollution"},{"link_name":"electromagnetic radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation"},{"link_name":"non-ionizing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-ionizing"},{"link_name":"Light pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_pollution"},{"link_name":"over-illumination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over-illumination"},{"link_name":"astronomical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical"},{"link_name":"Littering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littering"},{"link_name":"Noise pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_pollution"},{"link_name":"roadway noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadway_noise"},{"link_name":"aircraft noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_noise"},{"link_name":"industrial noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_noise"},{"link_name":"sonar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar"},{"link_name":"Plastic pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_pollution"},{"link_name":"microplastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microplastics"},{"link_name":"Soil contamination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_contamination"},{"link_name":"soil contaminants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_contaminant"},{"link_name":"hydrocarbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon"},{"link_name":"heavy metals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals"},{"link_name":"MTBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_tert-butyl_ether"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"herbicides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbicides"},{"link_name":"pesticides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticides"},{"link_name":"chlorinated hydrocarbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinated_hydrocarbons"},{"link_name":"Radioactive contamination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_contamination"},{"link_name":"atomic physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_physics"},{"link_name":"alpha emitters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_emitter"},{"link_name":"actinides in the environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinides_in_the_environment"},{"link_name":"Thermal pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_pollution"},{"link_name":"temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature"},{"link_name":"Visual pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_pollution"},{"link_name":"power lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmission"},{"link_name":"billboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(advertising)"},{"link_name":"landforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landform"},{"link_name":"strip mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip_mining"},{"link_name":"municipal solid waste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste"},{"link_name":"space debris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_debris"},{"link_name":"surface runoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoff"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Various definitions of pollution exist, which may or may not recognize certain types, such as noise pollution or greenhouse gases. The United States Environmental Protection Administration defines pollution as \"Any substances in water, soil, or air that degrade the natural quality of the environment, offend the senses of sight, taste, or smell, or cause a health hazard. The usefulness of the natural resource is usually impaired by the presence of pollutants and contaminants.\"[13] In contrast, the United Nations considers pollution to be the \"presence of substances and heat in environmental media (air, water, land) whose nature, location, or quantity produces undesirable environmental effects.\"[14]Smog in the center of Moscow, Russia in August 2010The major forms of pollution are listed below along with the particular contaminants relevant to each of them:Air pollution: the release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere. Common gaseous pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles. Photochemical ozone and smog are created as nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons react to sunlight. Particulate matter, or fine dust is characterized by their micrometre size PM10 to PM2.5.\nElectromagnetic pollution: the overabundance of electromagnetic radiation in their non-ionizing form, such as radio and television transmissions, Wi-fi etc. Although there is no demonstrable effect on humans there can be interference with radio-astronomy and effects on safety systems of aircraft and cars.\nLight pollution: includes light trespass, over-illumination and astronomical interference.\nLittering: the criminal throwing of inappropriate man-made objects, unremoved, onto public and private properties.\nNoise pollution: which encompasses roadway noise, aircraft noise, industrial noise as well as high-intensity sonar.\nPlastic pollution: involves the accumulation of plastic products and microplastics in the environment that adversely affects wildlife, wildlife habitat, or humans.\nSoil contamination occurs when chemicals are released by spill or underground leakage. Among the most significant soil contaminants are hydrocarbons, heavy metals, MTBE,[15] herbicides, pesticides and chlorinated hydrocarbons.\nRadioactive contamination, resulting from 20th century activities in atomic physics, such as nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons research, manufacture and deployment. (See alpha emitters and actinides in the environment.)\nThermal pollution, is a temperature change in natural water bodies caused by human influence, such as use of water as coolant in a power plant.\nVisual pollution, which can refer to the presence of overhead power lines, motorway billboards, scarred landforms (as from strip mining), open storage of trash, municipal solid waste or space debris.\nWater pollution, caused by the discharge of industrial wastewater from commercial and industrial waste (intentionally or through spills) into surface waters; discharges of untreated sewage and chemical contaminants, such as chlorine, from treated sewage; and releases of waste and contaminants into surface runoff flowing to surface waters (including urban runoff and agricultural runoff, which may contain chemical fertilizers and pesticides, as well as human feces from open defecation).[16][17][18]","title":"Definitions and types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"volcanoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"acid rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rain"},{"link_name":"ozone layer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_layer"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"arsenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic"},{"link_name":"lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead"},{"link_name":"mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Wildfires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildfire"},{"link_name":"lightning strikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning_strike"},{"link_name":"suffocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffocation"},{"link_name":"fine particulates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particulates"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Air pollution produced by ships may alter clouds, affecting global temperatures.One of the most significant natural sources of pollution are volcanoes, which during eruptions release large quantities of harmful gases into the atmosphere. Volcanic gases include carbon dioxide, which can be fatal in large concentrations and contributes to climate change, hydrogen halides which can cause acid rain, sulfur dioxides, which are harmful to animals and damage the ozone layer, and hydrogen sulfides, which are capable of killing humans at concentrations of less than 1 part per thousand.[19] Volcanic emissions also include fine and ultrafine particles which may contain toxic chemicals and substances such as arsenic, lead, and mercury.[20]Wildfires, which can be caused naturally by lightning strikes, are also a significant source of air pollution. Wildfire smoke contains significant quantities of both carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, which can cause suffocation. Large quantities of fine particulates are found within wildfire smoke as well, which pose a health risk to animals.[21]","title":"Natural causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2021_Death_rates,_by_energy_source.svg"},{"link_name":"fossil fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel"},{"link_name":"renewable energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OWID_SafestEnergy_2021-22"},{"link_name":"Motor vehicle emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_vehicle_emissions"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution_in_China"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution_in_India"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"chemical plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_plant"},{"link_name":"power plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_plants"},{"link_name":"oil refineries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refinery"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aqueous-27"},{"link_name":"petrochemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrochemical"},{"link_name":"nuclear waste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_waste"},{"link_name":"livestock farms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_meat_production"},{"link_name":"PVC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride"},{"link_name":"heavy industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_industry"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"hazardous wastes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardous_waste"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"world's population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_population"},{"link_name":"CO2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"world's waste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yangzhou_-_industrial_area_west_of_Wenfeng_Temple_-_P1130239.JPG"},{"link_name":"Yangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangzhou"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"landfills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill"},{"link_name":"polychlorinated dibenzodioxins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins"},{"link_name":"TCDD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"plastic waste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_waste"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"Deaths caused as a result of fossil fuel use (areas of rectangles in chart) greatly exceed those resulting from production of renewable energy (rectangles barely visible in chart).[22]Motor vehicle emissions are one of the leading causes of air pollution.[23][24][25] China, United States, Russia, India[26] Mexico, and Japan are the world leaders in air pollution emissions. Principal stationary pollution sources include chemical plants, coal-fired power plants, oil refineries,[27] petrochemical plants, nuclear waste disposal activity, incinerators, large livestock farms (dairy cows, pigs, poultry, etc.), PVC factories, metals production factories, plastics factories, and other heavy industry. Agricultural air pollution comes from contemporary practices which include clear felling and burning of natural vegetation as well as spraying of pesticides and herbicides.[28]About 400 million metric tons of hazardous wastes are generated each year.[29] The United States alone produces about 250 million metric tons.[30] Americans constitute less than 5% of the world's population, but produce roughly 25% of the world's CO2,[31] and generate approximately 30% of world's waste.[32][33] In 2007, China overtook the United States as the world's biggest producer of CO2,[34] while still far behind based on per capita pollution (ranked 78th among the world's nations).[35]An industrial area, with a power plant, south of Yangzhou's downtown, ChinaChlorinated hydrocarbons (CFH), heavy metals (such as chromium, cadmium – found in rechargeable batteries, and lead – found in lead paint, aviation fuel, and even in certain countries, gasoline), MTBE, zinc, arsenic, and benzene are some of the most frequent soil contaminants. A series of press reports published in 2001, culminating in the publication of the book Fateful Harvest, revealed a widespread practise of recycling industrial leftovers into fertilizer, resulting in metal poisoning of the soil.[36] Ordinary municipal landfills are the source of many chemical substances entering the soil environment (and often groundwater), emanating from the wide variety of refuse accepted, especially substances illegally discarded there, or from pre-1970 landfills that may have been subject to little control in the U.S. or EU. There have also been some unusual releases of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, commonly called dioxins for simplicity, such as TCDD.[37]Pollution can also occur as a result of natural disasters. Hurricanes, for example, frequently result in sewage contamination and petrochemical spills from burst boats or automobiles. When coastal oil rigs or refineries are involved, larger-scale and environmental damage is not unusual. When accidents occur, some pollution sources, such as nuclear power stations or oil ships, can create extensive and potentially catastrophic emissions.[38]Plastic pollution is choking our oceans by making plastic gyres, entangling marine animals, poisoning our food and water supply, and ultimately inflicting havoc on the health and well-being of humans and wildlife globally. With the exception of a small amount that has been incinerating, virtually every piece of plastic that was ever made in the past still exists in one form or another. And since most of the plastics do not biodegrade in any meaningful sense, all that plastic waste could exist for hundreds or even thousands of years. If plastic production is not circumscribed, plastic pollution will be disastrous and will eventually outweigh fish in oceans.[39]","title":"Human generation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CO2-by-country--1990-2025.png"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"photosynthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis"},{"link_name":"increases in the acidity of ocean waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_acidification"},{"link_name":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change"},{"link_name":"fossil fuels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuels"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Greenhouse gas emissions","text":"Historical and projected CO2 emissions by country (as of 2005). Source: Energy Information Administration.[40][41]Carbon dioxide, while vital for photosynthesis, is sometimes referred to as pollution, because raised levels of the gas in the atmosphere are affecting the Earth's climate. Disruption of the environment can also highlight the connection between areas of pollution that would normally be classified separately, such as those of water and air. Recent studies have investigated the potential for long-term rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide to cause slight but critical increases in the acidity of ocean waters, and the possible effects of this on marine ecosystems.In February 2007, a report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), representing the work of 2,500 scientists, economists, and policymakers from more than 120 countries, confirmed that humans have been the primary cause of global warming since 1950. Humans have ways to cut greenhouse gas emissions and avoid the consequences of global warming, a major climate report concluded. But to change the climate, the transition from fossil fuels like coal and oil needs to occur within decades, according to the final report this year from the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).[42]","title":"Human generation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soil pollution § Health effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_pollution#Health_effects"},{"link_name":"Toxic hotspots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_hotspots"},{"link_name":"List of pollution-related diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pollution-related_diseases"},{"link_name":"Air pollution § Health effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution#Health_effects"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Health_effects_of_pollution.png"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Anthropocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropocene"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carrington-4"},{"link_name":"air quality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality"},{"link_name":"respiratory disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_disease"},{"link_name":"cardiovascular disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease"},{"link_name":"throat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throat"},{"link_name":"congestion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_congestion"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"GeoHealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union#Publications"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GeoHealth_20220516-51"},{"link_name":"scrubbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrubbers"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News_2023_i191-52"},{"link_name":"water pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Contamination of drinking water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution"},{"link_name":"sewage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage"},{"link_name":"developing countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countries"},{"link_name":"sanitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitation"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pollution&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"skin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skin"},{"link_name":"rashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rash"},{"link_name":"hearing loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearing_loss"},{"link_name":"high blood pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_blood_pressure"},{"link_name":"stress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"sleep disturbance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_disturbance"},{"link_name":"Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_poisoning"},{"link_name":"developmental deficits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_disorder"},{"link_name":"neurologic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurology"},{"link_name":"diseases induced by air pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_effects_of_air_pollution"},{"link_name":"Lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_poisoning"},{"link_name":"heavy metals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_metal"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"radioactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive"},{"link_name":"cause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogen"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"birth defects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_defect"}],"sub_title":"Human health","text":"Further information: Soil pollution § Health effects, Toxic hotspots, List of pollution-related diseases, and Air pollution § Health effectsOverview of main health effects on humans from some common types of pollution[43][44][45]Pollution affects humans in every part of the world. An October 2017 study by the Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health found that global pollution, specifically toxic air, water, soil and workplaces, kills nine million people annually, which is triple the number of deaths caused by AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria combined, and 15 times higher than deaths caused by wars and other forms of human violence.[46] The study concluded that \"pollution is one of the great existential challenges of the Anthropocene era. Pollution endangers the stability of the Earth's support systems and threatens the continuing survival of human societies.\"[4]Adverse air quality can kill many organisms, including humans. Ozone pollution can cause respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, throat inflammation, chest pain, and congestion. A 2010 analysis estimated that 1.2 million people died prematurely each year in China alone because of air pollution.[47] China's high smog levels can damage the human body and cause various diseases.[48] In 2019, air pollution caused 1.67 million deaths in India (17.8% of total deaths nationally).[49] Studies have estimated that the number of people killed annually in the United States could be over 50,000.[50] A study published in 2022 in GeoHealth concluded that energy-related fossil fuel emissions in the United States cause 46,900–59,400 premature deaths each year and PM2.5-related illness and death costs the nation $537–$678 billion annually.[51] In the US, deaths caused by coal pollution were highest in 1999, but decreased sharply after 2007. The number dropped by about 95% by 2020, as coal plants have been closed or have scrubbers installed.[52]In 2019, water pollution caused 1.4 million premature deaths.[53] Contamination of drinking water by untreated sewage in developing countries is an issue, for example, over 732 million Indians (56% of the population) and over 92 million Ethiopians (92.9% of the population) do not have access to basic sanitation.[54] In 2013 over 10 million people in India fell ill with waterborne illnesses in 2013, and 1,535 people died, most of them children.[55] As of 2007[update], nearly 500 million Chinese lack access to safe drinking water.[56]Acute exposure to certain pollutants can have short and long term effects. Oil spills can cause skin irritations and rashes. Noise pollution induces hearing loss, high blood pressure, stress, and sleep disturbance. Mercury has been linked to developmental deficits in children and neurologic symptoms. Older people are significantly exposed to diseases induced by air pollution. Those with heart or lung disorders are at additional risk. Children and infants are also at serious risk. Lead and other heavy metals have been shown to cause neurological problems, intellectual disabilities and behavioural problems.[57] Chemical and radioactive substances can cause cancer and birth defects.","title":"Effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Human health - Socio economic impacts","text":"The health impacts of pollution have both direct and lasting social consequences. A 2021 study found that exposure to pollution causes an increase in violent crime.[58] A 2019 paper linked pollution to adverse school outcomes for children.[59] A number of studies show that pollution has an adverse effect on the productivity of both indoor and outdoor workers.[60][61][62][63]","title":"Effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pacific-garbage-patch-map_2010_noaamdp.jpg"},{"link_name":"Great Pacific garbage patch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pacific_garbage_patch"},{"link_name":"environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)"},{"link_name":"Environmental Science & Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Science_%26_Technology"},{"link_name":"planetary boundaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_boundaries"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"Biomagnification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomagnification"},{"link_name":"heavy metals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals"},{"link_name":"trophic levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophic_level"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CO2_emission_pie_chart.svg"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions"},{"link_name":"Carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"ocean acidification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_acidification"},{"link_name":"greenhouse gases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas"},{"link_name":"global warming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming"},{"link_name":"Invasive species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species"},{"link_name":"biodiversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity"},{"link_name":"allelopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allelopathy"},{"link_name":"competitiveness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competition_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Nitrogen oxides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide"},{"link_name":"fertilise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertiliser"},{"link_name":"Smog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog"},{"link_name":"photosynthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis"},{"link_name":"tropospheric ozone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropospheric_ozone"},{"link_name":"organisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organism"},{"link_name":"food web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_web"},{"link_name":"Sulfur dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide"},{"link_name":"nitrogen oxides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide"},{"link_name":"acid rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rain"},{"link_name":"pH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"}],"sub_title":"Environment","text":"Great Pacific garbage patchPollution has been found to be present widely in the natural environment. A 2022 study published in Environmental Science & Technology found that levels of anthropogenic chemical pollution have exceeded planetary boundaries and now threaten entire ecosystems around the world.[7][8]There are a number of effects of this:Biomagnification describes situations where toxins (such as heavy metals) may pass through trophic levels, becoming exponentially more concentrated in the process.Global carbon dioxide emissions by jurisdiction (as of 2015)\nCarbon dioxide emissions cause ocean acidification, the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans as CO2 becomes dissolved.\nThe emission of greenhouse gases leads to global warming which affects ecosystems in many ways.\nInvasive species can outcompete native species and reduce biodiversity. Invasive plants can contribute debris and biomolecules (allelopathy) that can alter soil and chemical compositions of an environment, often reducing native species competitiveness.\nNitrogen oxides are removed from the air by rain and fertilise land which can change the species composition of ecosystems.\nSmog and haze can reduce the amount of sunlight received by plants to carry out photosynthesis and leads to the production of tropospheric ozone which damages plants.\nSoil can become infertile and unsuitable for plants. This will affect other organisms in the food web.\nSulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides can cause acid rain which lowers the pH value of soil.\nOrganic pollution of watercourses can deplete oxygen levels and reduce species diversity.","title":"Effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Regulation and monitoring of pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_and_monitoring_of_pollution"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regulation_and_monitoring_of_pollution&action=edit"},{"link_name":"environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)"},{"link_name":"environmental agencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_agency"},{"link_name":"public health system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health_system"},{"link_name":"regulation and policy choices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_law"},{"link_name":"industrialisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialisation"},{"link_name":"environmental health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_health"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"air pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution"},{"link_name":"water pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution"},{"link_name":"trade in wastes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_waste_trade"},{"link_name":"Montreal Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Protocol"},{"link_name":"persistent organic pollutants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant"},{"link_name":"Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_Convention_on_Persistent_Organic_Pollutants"},{"link_name":"PCBs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCBs"},{"link_name":"Kyoto Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol"},{"link_name":"mitigate climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitigate_climate_change"},{"link_name":"NPOs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonprofit_organization"},{"link_name":"citizen scientists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_science"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"text":"This section is an excerpt from Regulation and monitoring of pollution.[edit]\nTo protect the environment from the adverse effects of pollution, many nations worldwide have enacted legislation to regulate various types of pollution as well as to mitigate the adverse effects of pollution. At the local level, regulation usually is supervised by environmental agencies or the broader public health system. Different jurisdictions often have different levels regulation and policy choices about pollution. Historically, polluters will lobby governments in less economically developed areas or countries to maintain lax regulation in order to protect industrialisation at the cost of human and environmental health.[citation needed]\nThe modern environmental regulatory environment has its origins in the United States with the beginning of industrial regulations around Air and Water pollution connected to industry and mining during the 1960s and 1970s.[64]\n\nBecause many of pollutants have trans-boundary impacts, the UN and other treaty bodies have been used to regulate pollutants that circulate as air pollution, water pollution or trade in wastes. Early international agreements were successful at addressing Global Environmental issues, such as Montreal Protocol, which banned Ozone depleting chemicals in 1987, with more recent agreements focusing on broader, more widely dispersed chemicals such as persistent organic pollutants in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants created in 2001, such as PCBs, and the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 which initiated collaboration on addressing greenhouse gases to mitigate climate change. Governments, NPOs, research groups, and citizen scientists monitor pollution with an expanding list of low-cost pollution monitoring tools.[65][66]","title":"Regulation and monitoring"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Litter_trap.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yarra River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarra_River"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thermal-oxidizer-rto.jpg"},{"link_name":"thermal oxidizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_oxidiser"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dust_collector_kosovo.jpg"},{"link_name":"dust collector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_collector"},{"link_name":"Pristina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pristina"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"environmental management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_management"},{"link_name":"emissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_standard"},{"link_name":"effluents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effluents"},{"link_name":"waste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste"},{"link_name":"overconsumption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overconsumption"},{"link_name":"environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)"},{"link_name":"waste minimization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_minimization"},{"link_name":"land development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_development"},{"link_name":"low impact development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-impact_development_(Canada/US)"},{"link_name":"urban runoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_runoff"},{"link_name":"Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy"},{"link_name":"law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law"},{"link_name":"life-cycle assessment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment"},{"link_name":"economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChangPires2015-67"},{"link_name":"globally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance"},{"link_name":"science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_science"},{"link_name":"policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy"},{"link_name":"inform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_decision-making"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00090-0-6"},{"link_name":"Global Framework on Chemicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_Framework_on_Chemicals&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bonn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonn"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"text":"A litter trap catches floating waste in the Yarra River, east-central Victoria, Australia.Air pollution control system, known as a thermal oxidizer, decomposes hazard gases from industrial air streams at a factory in the United States.A dust collector in Pristina, KosovoPollution control is a term used in environmental management. It refers to the control of emissions and effluents into air, water or soil. Without pollution control, the waste products from overconsumption, heating, agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation and other human activities, whether they accumulate or disperse, will degrade the environment. In the hierarchy of controls, pollution prevention and waste minimization are more desirable than pollution control. In the field of land development, low impact development is a similar technique for the prevention of urban runoff.Policy, law and monitoring/transparency/life-cycle assessment-attached economics could be developed and enforced to control pollution.[67] A review concluded that there is a lack of attention and action such as work on a globally supported \"formal science–policy interface\", e.g. to \"inform intervention, influence research, and guide funding\".[6]In September 2023 a Global Framework on Chemicals aiming to reduce pollution was agreed during an international conference in Bonn, Germany. The framework includes 28 targets, for example, to “end the use of hazardous pesticides in agriculture where the risks have not been managed” by 2035.[68]","title":"Control"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Recycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling"},{"link_name":"Reusing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuse"},{"link_name":"Waste minimisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_minimisation"},{"link_name":"Mitigating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_mitigation"},{"link_name":"Compost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compost"}],"sub_title":"Practices","text":"Recycling\nReusing\nWaste minimisation\nMitigating\nPollution prevention\nCompost","title":"Control"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air pollution control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution"},{"link_name":"Green wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_wall"},{"link_name":"Smog Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog_tower"},{"link_name":"Thermal oxidizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_oxidiser"},{"link_name":"Bioremediation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediation"},{"link_name":"Dust collection systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_collector"},{"link_name":"Baghouses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_collector#Types_of_baghouses"},{"link_name":"Cyclones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclonic_separation"},{"link_name":"Electrostatic precipitators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator"},{"link_name":"Scrubbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrubber"},{"link_name":"Baffle spray scrubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baffle_spray_scrubber"},{"link_name":"Cyclonic spray scrubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclonic_spray_scrubber"},{"link_name":"Ejector venturi scrubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejector_venturi_scrubber"},{"link_name":"Mechanically aided scrubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanically_aided_scrubber"},{"link_name":"Spray tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_tower"},{"link_name":"Wet scrubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_scrubber"},{"link_name":"Sewage treatment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment"},{"link_name":"Sedimentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentation_(water_treatment)"},{"link_name":"Activated sludge biotreaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activated_sludge"},{"link_name":"Aerated lagoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerated_lagoon"},{"link_name":"Constructed wetlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructed_wetlands"},{"link_name":"Industrial wastewater treatment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment"},{"link_name":"API oil-water separators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API_oil-water_separator"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aqueous-27"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Biofilters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilter"},{"link_name":"Dissolved air flotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolved_air_flotation"},{"link_name":"Powdered activated carbon treatment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powdered_activated_carbon_treatment"},{"link_name":"Ultrafiltration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrafiltration"},{"link_name":"Vapor recovery systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_recovery"},{"link_name":"Phytoremediation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoremediation"}],"sub_title":"Devices","text":"Air pollution control\nGreen wall\nSmog Tower\nThermal oxidizer\nBioremediation\nDust collection systems\nBaghouses\nCyclones\nElectrostatic precipitators\nScrubbers\nBaffle spray scrubber\nCyclonic spray scrubber\nEjector venturi scrubber\nMechanically aided scrubber\nSpray tower\nWet scrubber\nSewage treatment\nSedimentation (Primary treatment)\nActivated sludge biotreaters (Secondary treatment; also used for industrial wastewater)\nAerated lagoons\nConstructed wetlands (also used for urban runoff)\nIndustrial wastewater treatment\nAPI oil-water separators[27][69]\nBiofilters\nDissolved air flotation (DAF)\nPowdered activated carbon treatment\nUltrafiltration\nVapor recovery systems\nPhytoremediation","title":"Control"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"air pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution"},{"link_name":"externality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Externality"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"externalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_externalization"},{"link_name":"public safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_safety"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-73"},{"link_name":"marginal abatement costs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_abatement_cost"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"text":"Pollution has a cost.[70][71][72] Manufacturing activities that cause air pollution impose health and clean-up costs on the whole of society. A manufacturing activity that causes air pollution is an example of a negative externality in production. A negative externality in production occurs \"when a firm's production reduces the well-being of others who are not compensated by the firm.\"[73] For example, if a laundry firm exists near a polluting steel manufacturing firm, there will be increased costs for the laundry firm because of the dirt and smoke produced by the steel manufacturing firm.[74] If external costs exist, such as those created by pollution, the manufacturer will choose to produce more of the product than would be produced if the manufacturer were required to pay all associated environmental costs. Because responsibility or consequence for self-directed action lies partly outside the self, an element of externalization is involved. If there are external benefits, such as in public safety, less of the good may be produced than would be the case if the producer were to receive payment for the external benefits to others. Goods and services that involve negative externalities in production, such as those that produce pollution, tend to be overproduced and underpriced since the externality is not being priced into the market.[73]Pollution can also create costs for the firms producing the pollution. Sometimes firms choose, or are forced by regulation, to reduce the amount of pollution that they are producing. The associated costs of doing this are called abatement costs, or marginal abatement costs if measured by each additional unit.[75] In 2005 pollution abatement capital expenditures and operating costs in the US amounted to nearly $27 billion.[76]","title":"Cost"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pure Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksmith_Institute"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Lead–acid battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93acid_battery"},{"link_name":"Mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining"},{"link_name":"extractive metallurgy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extractive_metallurgy"},{"link_name":"Lead smelting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_smelting"},{"link_name":"Tanning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanning_(leather)"},{"link_name":"Artisanal mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisanal_mining"},{"link_name":"Landfills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfill"},{"link_name":"Industrial parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_park"},{"link_name":"Chemical industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_industry"},{"link_name":"Manufacturing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing"},{"link_name":"Dyeing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyeing"},{"link_name":"Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Agriculture_and_Trade_Policy"},{"link_name":"GRAIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRAIN"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"text":"The Pure Earth, an international non-for-profit organization dedicated to eliminating life-threatening pollution in the developing world, issues an annual list of some of the world's most polluting industries. Below is the list for 2016:[77]Lead–acid battery recycling\nMining and extractive metallurgy\nLead smelting\nTanning\nArtisanal mining\nLandfills\nIndustrial parks\nChemical industry\nManufacturing\nDyeingA 2018 report by the Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy and GRAIN says that the meat and dairy industries are poised to surpass the oil industry as the world's worst polluters.[78]","title":"Dirtiest industries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chemical waste § Textile industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_waste#Textile_industry"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_waste&action=edit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indigo_pollutionjpg.jpg"},{"link_name":"textile industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry"},{"link_name":"globalized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_globalization"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"soil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_conservation"},{"link_name":"water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"in pretreatment, dyeing, printing, and finishing operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacturing"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"ecosystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"microplastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microplastics"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"their manufacturing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacturing"},{"link_name":"supply chains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain_management"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chemical_waste_destin-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"externalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Externality"}],"sub_title":"Textile industry","text":"This section is an excerpt from Chemical waste § Textile industry.[edit]\nIndigo color water pollution in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 2005\nThe textile industry is one of the largest polluters in the globalized world of mostly free market dominated socioeconomic systems.[79] Chemically polluted textile wastewater degrades the quality of the soil and water.[80] The pollution comes from the type of conduct of chemical treatments used e.g., in pretreatment, dyeing, printing, and finishing operations[81] that many or most market-driven companies use despite \"eco-friendly alternatives\". Textile industry wastewater is considered to be one the largest polluters of water and soil ecosystems, causing \"carcinogenic, mutagenic, genotoxic, cytotoxic and allergenic threats to living organisms\".[82][83] The textile industry uses over 8000 chemicals in its supply chain,[84] also polluting the environment with large amounts of microplastics[85] and has been identified in one review as the industry sector producing the largest amount of pollution.[86]\nA campaign of big clothing brands like Nike, Adidas and Puma to voluntarily reform their manufacturing supply chains to commit to achieving zero discharges of hazardous chemicals by 2020 (global goal)[87][88] appears to have failed.\n\nThe textile industry also creates a lot of pollution that leads to externalities which can cause large economic problems. The problem usually occurs when there is no division of ownership rights. This means that the problem of pollution is largely caused because of incomplete information about which company pollutes and at what scale the damage was caused by the pollution.","title":"Dirtiest industries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"of the top contributors to human death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_causes_of_death_by_rate"},{"link_name":"above","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Greenhouse_gas_emissions"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PNAS2019-89"}],"sub_title":"Fossil fuel related industries","text":"Outdoor air pollution attributable to fossil fuel use alone causes ~3.61 million deaths annually, making it one of the top contributors to human death, beyond being a major driver of climate change whereby greenhouse gases are considered per se as a form of pollution (see above).[89]","title":"Dirtiest industries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Right to a healthy environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_a_healthy_environment"},{"link_name":"utility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"additional citation(s) needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pollution-_A_Negative_Externality_in_Production.png"},{"link_name":"environmental economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_economics"},{"link_name":"welfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"social cost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_cost"},{"link_name":"marginal cost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_cost"},{"link_name":"marginal benefit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_benefit"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-92"},{"link_name":"YPLL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Years_of_potential_life_lost"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10.1093/cvr/cvaa025-93"},{"link_name":"free market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_market"},{"link_name":"demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-92"},{"link_name":"market failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_failure"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-73"},{"link_name":"tariffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff"},{"link_name":"carbon tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_tax"},{"link_name":"cap and trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_trading"}],"text":"See also: Right to a healthy environmentSociety derives some indirect utility from pollution; otherwise, there would be no incentive to pollute. This utility may come from the consumption of goods and services that inherently create pollution (albeit the level can vary) or lower prices or lower required efforts (or inconvenience) to abandon or substitute these goods and services. Therefore, it is important that policymakers attempt to balance these indirect benefits with the costs of pollution in order to achieve an efficient outcome.[90][additional citation(s) needed]A visual comparison of the free market and socially optimal outcomesIt is possible to use environmental economics to determine which level of pollution is deemed the social optimum. For economists, pollution is an \"external cost and occurs only when one or more individuals suffer a loss of welfare\". There is a socially optimal level of pollution at which welfare is maximized.[91] This is because consumers derive utility from the good or service manufactured, which will outweigh the social cost of pollution until a certain point. At this point the damage of one extra unit of pollution to society, the marginal cost of pollution, is exactly equal to the marginal benefit of consuming one more unit of the good or service.[92]Moreover, the feasibility of pollution reduction rates could also be a factor of calculating optimal levels. While a study puts the global mean loss of life expectancy (LLE; similar to YPLL) from air pollution in 2015 at 2.9 years (substantially more than, for example, 0.3 years from all forms of direct violence), it also indicated that a significant fraction of the LLE is unavoidable in terms of current economical-technological feasibility such as aeolian dust and wildfire emission control.[93]In markets with pollution, or other negative externalities in production, the free market equilibrium will not account for the costs of pollution on society. If the social costs of pollution are higher than the private costs incurred by the firm, then the true supply curve will be higher. The point at which the social marginal cost and market demand intersect gives the socially optimal level of pollution. At this point, the quantity will be lower and the price will be higher in comparison to the free market equilibrium.[92] Therefore, the free market outcome could be considered a market failure because it \"does not maximize efficiency\".[73]This model can be used as a basis to evaluate different methods of internalizing the externality. Some examples include tariffs, a carbon tax and cap and trade systems.","title":"Socially optimal level"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of environmental pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_environmental_pollution"},{"link_name":"Legacy pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy_pollution"}],"text":"Further information: History of environmental pollution and Legacy pollution","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution"},{"link_name":"prehistoric times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistoric_times"},{"link_name":"fires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire"},{"link_name":"soot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soot"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"forging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forging"},{"link_name":"glaciers in Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Greenland"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DARK_CLOUDS_OF_FACTORY_SMOKE_OBSCURE_CLARK_AVENUE_BRIDGE_-_NARA_-_550179.jpg"},{"link_name":"King Edward I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"sea-coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/seacoal"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pea-souper-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Deadly-97"},{"link_name":"wheelbarrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow"}],"sub_title":"Prior to 19th century","text":"Air pollution has always accompanied civilizations. Pollution started from prehistoric times, when man created the first fires. According to a 1983 article in the journal Science, \"soot\" found on ceilings of prehistoric caves provides ample evidence of the high levels of pollution that was associated with inadequate ventilation of open fires.\"[94]Metal forging appears to be a key turning point in the creation of significant air pollution levels outside the home. Core samples of glaciers in Greenland indicate increases in pollution associated with Greek, Roman, and Chinese metal production.[95]Air pollution in the US, 1973The burning of coal and wood, and the presence of many horses in concentrated areas made the cities the primary sources of pollution. King Edward I of England banned the burning of sea-coal by proclamation in London in 1272, after its smoke became a problem;[96][97] the fuel was so common in England that this earliest of names for it was acquired because it could be carted away from some shores by the wheelbarrow.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"water quality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_quality"},{"link_name":"Great Stink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Stink"},{"link_name":"Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames"},{"link_name":"London sewerage system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_sewerage_system"},{"link_name":"population growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_growth"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"August Bebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Bebel"},{"link_name":"sewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewerage"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"}],"sub_title":"19th century","text":"It was the Industrial Revolution that gave birth to environmental pollution as we know it today. London also recorded one of the earlier extreme cases of water quality problems with the Great Stink on the Thames of 1858, which led to construction of the London sewerage system soon afterward. Pollution issues escalated as population growth far exceeded viability of neighborhoods to handle their waste problem. Reformers began to demand sewer systems and clean water.[98]In 1870, the sanitary conditions in Berlin were among the worst in Europe. August Bebel recalled conditions before a modern sewer system was built in the late 1870s:Waste-water from the houses collected in the gutters running alongside the curbs and emitted a truly fearsome smell. There were no public toilets in the streets or squares. Visitors, especially women, often became desperate when nature called. In the public buildings the sanitary facilities were unbelievably primitive....As a metropolis, Berlin did not emerge from a state of barbarism into civilization until after 1870.[99]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imperial German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Germany"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"air pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"progressive reformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Era"},{"link_name":"manure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manure"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"smog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smog"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Department of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior"},{"link_name":"Donora, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donora,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donora-103"},{"link_name":"Great Smog of 1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Smog_of_1952"},{"link_name":"radioactive fallout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_fallout"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Clean Air Act of 1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_1956"},{"link_name":"Noise Control Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_Control_Act"},{"link_name":"Clean Air Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Clean Water Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Water_Act"},{"link_name":"National Environmental Policy Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-issues-106"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Air-pollution-taiwan.JPG"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"PCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl"},{"link_name":"Hudson River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River"},{"link_name":"EPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"dioxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins"},{"link_name":"Love Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Canal"},{"link_name":"dumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_disposal"},{"link_name":"Valley of the Drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_the_Drums"},{"link_name":"Superfund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfund_(environmental_law)"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"brownfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownfield"},{"link_name":"city planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_planning"},{"link_name":"radioactive contamination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_contamination"},{"link_name":"Lake Karachay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Karachay"},{"link_name":"Worldwatch Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldwatch_Institute"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Chelyabinsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozyorsk,_Chelyabinsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lenssen-108"},{"link_name":"Nuclear weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"radioactivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivity"},{"link_name":"nuclear power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_power"},{"link_name":"Three Mile Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident"},{"link_name":"Chernobyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster"},{"link_name":"Fukushima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"test ban treaties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Amoco Cadiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoco_Cadiz"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"Bhopal disaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopal_disaster"},{"link_name":"global warming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming"},{"link_name":"persistent organic pollutant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant"},{"link_name":"PBDEs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBDE"},{"link_name":"PFCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorocarbon"},{"link_name":"bioaccumulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioaccumulation"},{"link_name":"Great Pacific Garbage Patch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch"},{"link_name":"North Pacific Gyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pacific_Gyre"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"5 Gyres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_Gyres"},{"link_name":"microplastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microplastics"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"environmentalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism"},{"link_name":"environmental movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_movement"},{"link_name":"human impact on the environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment"}],"sub_title":"20th and 21st century","text":"The primitive conditions were intolerable for a world national capital, and the Imperial German government brought in its scientists, engineers, and urban planners to not only solve the deficiencies, but to forge Berlin as the world's model city. A British expert in 1906 concluded that Berlin represented \"the most complete application of science, order and method of public life,\" adding \"it is a marvel of civic administration, the most modern and most perfectly organized city that there is.\"[100]The emergence of great factories and consumption of immense quantities of coal gave rise to unprecedented air pollution and the large volume of industrial chemical discharges added to the growing load of untreated human waste. Chicago and Cincinnati were the first two American cities to enact laws ensuring cleaner air in 1881. Pollution became a major issue in the United States in the early twentieth century, as progressive reformers took issue with air pollution caused by coal burning, water pollution caused by bad sanitation, and street pollution caused by the three million horses who worked in American cities in 1900, generating large quantities of urine and manure. As historian Martin Melosi notes, the generation that first saw automobiles replacing the horses saw cars as \"miracles of cleanliness\".[101] By the 1940s, automobile-caused smog was a major issue in Los Angeles.[102]Other cities followed around the country until early in the 20th century, when the short lived Office of Air Pollution was created under the Department of the Interior. Extreme smog events were experienced by the cities of Los Angeles and Donora, Pennsylvania, in the late 1940s, serving as another public reminder.[103]Air pollution would continue to be a problem in England, especially later during the industrial revolution, and extending into the recent past with the Great Smog of 1952. Awareness of atmospheric pollution spread widely after World War II, with fears triggered by reports of radioactive fallout from atomic warfare and testing.[104] Then a non-nuclear event – the Great Smog of 1952 in London – killed at least 4000 people.[105] This prompted some of the first major modern environmental legislation: the Clean Air Act of 1956.Pollution began to draw major public attention in the United States between the mid-1950s and early 1970s, when Congress passed the Noise Control Act, the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and the National Environmental Policy Act.[106]Smog pollution in TaiwanSevere incidents of pollution helped increase consciousness. PCB dumping in the Hudson River resulted in a ban by the EPA on consumption of its fish in 1974. National news stories in the late 1970s – especially the long-term dioxin contamination at Love Canal starting in 1947 and uncontrolled dumping in Valley of the Drums – led to the Superfund legislation of 1980.[107] The pollution of industrial land gave rise to the name brownfield, a term now common in city planning.The development of nuclear science introduced radioactive contamination, which can remain lethally radioactive for hundreds of thousands of years. Lake Karachay – named by the Worldwatch Institute as the \"most polluted spot\" on earth – served as a disposal site for the Soviet Union throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Chelyabinsk, Russia, is considered the \"Most polluted place on the planet\".[108]Nuclear weapons continued to be tested in the Cold War, especially in the earlier stages of their development. The toll on the worst-affected populations and the growth since then in understanding about the critical threat to human health posed by radioactivity has also been a prohibitive complication associated with nuclear power. Though extreme care is practiced in that industry, the potential for disaster suggested by incidents such as those at Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima pose a lingering specter of public mistrust. Worldwide publicity has been intense on those disasters.[109] Widespread support for test ban treaties has ended almost all nuclear testing in the atmosphere.[110]International catastrophes such as the wreck of the Amoco Cadiz oil tanker off the coast of Brittany in 1978 and the Bhopal disaster in 1984 have demonstrated the universality of such events and the scale on which efforts to address them needed to engage. The borderless nature of atmosphere and oceans inevitably resulted in the implication of pollution on a planetary level with the issue of global warming. Most recently the term persistent organic pollutant (POP) has come to describe a group of chemicals such as PBDEs and PFCs among others. Though their effects remain somewhat less well understood owing to a lack of experimental data, they have been detected in various ecological habitats far removed from industrial activity such as the Arctic, demonstrating diffusion and bioaccumulation after only a relatively brief period of widespread use.The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is a concentration of plastics in the North Pacific Gyre. It and other garbage patches contain debris that can trsonport invasive species and that can entangle and be ingested by wildlife.[111] Organizations such as 5 Gyres and the Algalita Marine Research Foundation have researched the Great Pacific Garbage Patch and found microplastics in the water.[112]Pollution introduced by light at night is becoming a global problem, more severe in urban centres, but nonetheless contaminating also large territories, far away from towns.[113]Growing evidence of local and global pollution and an increasingly informed public over time have given rise to environmentalism and the environmental movement, which generally seek to limit human impact on the environment.","title":"History"}]
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[{"image_text":"Litter on the coast of Guyana","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Litter.JPG/300px-Litter.JPG"},{"image_text":"Smog in the center of Moscow, Russia in August 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Smog_in_the_centre_of_Moscow%2C_06.08.2010.JPG/220px-Smog_in_the_centre_of_Moscow%2C_06.08.2010.JPG"},{"image_text":"Air pollution produced by ships may alter clouds, affecting global temperatures."},{"image_text":"Deaths caused as a result of fossil fuel use (areas of rectangles in chart) greatly exceed those resulting from production of renewable energy (rectangles barely visible in chart).[22]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg/220px-2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg.png"},{"image_text":"An industrial area, with a power plant, south of Yangzhou's downtown, China","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Yangzhou_-_industrial_area_west_of_Wenfeng_Temple_-_P1130239.JPG/220px-Yangzhou_-_industrial_area_west_of_Wenfeng_Temple_-_P1130239.JPG"},{"image_text":"Historical and projected CO2 emissions by country (as of 2005). Source: Energy Information Administration.[40][41]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/CO2-by-country--1990-2025.png/300px-CO2-by-country--1990-2025.png"},{"image_text":"Overview of main health effects on humans from some common types of pollution[43][44][45]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Health_effects_of_pollution.png/350px-Health_effects_of_pollution.png"},{"image_text":"Great Pacific garbage patch","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Pacific-garbage-patch-map_2010_noaamdp.jpg/220px-Pacific-garbage-patch-map_2010_noaamdp.jpg"},{"image_text":"Global carbon dioxide emissions by jurisdiction (as of 2015)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/CO2_emission_pie_chart.svg/190px-CO2_emission_pie_chart.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A litter trap catches floating waste in the Yarra River, east-central Victoria, Australia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Litter_trap.jpg/220px-Litter_trap.jpg"},{"image_text":"Air pollution control system, known as a thermal oxidizer, decomposes hazard gases from industrial air streams at a factory in the United States.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Thermal-oxidizer-rto.jpg/220px-Thermal-oxidizer-rto.jpg"},{"image_text":"A dust collector in Pristina, Kosovo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dust_collector_kosovo.jpg/220px-Dust_collector_kosovo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Indigo color water pollution in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Indigo_pollutionjpg.jpg/220px-Indigo_pollutionjpg.jpg"},{"image_text":"A visual comparison of the free market and socially optimal outcomes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Pollution-_A_Negative_Externality_in_Production.png/400px-Pollution-_A_Negative_Externality_in_Production.png"},{"image_text":"Air pollution in the US, 1973","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DARK_CLOUDS_OF_FACTORY_SMOKE_OBSCURE_CLARK_AVENUE_BRIDGE_-_NARA_-_550179.jpg/220px-DARK_CLOUDS_OF_FACTORY_SMOKE_OBSCURE_CLARK_AVENUE_BRIDGE_-_NARA_-_550179.jpg"},{"image_text":"Smog pollution in Taiwan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Air-pollution-taiwan.JPG/220px-Air-pollution-taiwan.JPG"}]
|
[{"title":"Biological contamination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_contamination"},{"title":"Chemical contamination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_hazards"},{"title":"Environmental health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_health"},{"title":"Environmental racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_racism"},{"title":"Hazardous Substances Data Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardous_Substances_Data_Bank"},{"title":"Overpopulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_overpopulation"},{"title":"Neuroplastic effects of pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroplastic_effects_of_pollution"},{"title":"Pollutant release and transfer register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutant_release_and_transfer_register"},{"title":"Polluter pays principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polluter_pays_principle"},{"title":"Pollution haven hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution_haven_hypothesis"},{"title":"Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_greenhouse_gases_under_the_Clean_Air_Act"},{"title":"Pollution is Colonialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Liboiron"},{"title":"Sacrifice zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrifice_zone"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Pollution – Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary\". Merriam-Webster. 13 August 2010. Retrieved 26 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pollution","url_text":"\"Pollution – Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster","url_text":"Merriam-Webster"}]},{"reference":"Fuller, Richard; Landrigan, Philip J; Balakrishnan, Kalpana; Bathan, Glynda; Bose-O'Reilly, Stephan; Brauer, Michael; Caravanos, Jack; Chiles, Tom; Cohen, Aaron; Corra, Lilian; Cropper, Maureen; Ferraro, Greg; Hanna, Jill; Hanrahan, David; Hu, Howard (17 May 2022). \"Pollution and health: a progress update\". The Lancet Planetary Health. 6 (6): e535–e547. doi:10.1016/s2542-5196(22)00090-0. ISSN 2542-5196. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtick_Heads
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Shtick Heads
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["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","2.1 The Midnight Beast","2.2 Additional Personnel","3 Charts","4 References","5 External links"]
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2014 studio album by The Midnight BeastShtick HeadsStudio album by The Midnight BeastReleased2 June 2014GenreComedyLabelSounds Like GoodProducerThe Midnight BeastThe Midnight Beast chronology
Love Bites EP(2013)
Shtick Heads(2014)
Shtick Heads is the second album released by British comedy band The Midnight Beast. The album and its artwork were announced in January 2014 on the band's website, followed by the track listing the next day. The album was released via CD and digital download.
Track listing
No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Beast Song Ever"Abingdon/Horne/Wakely1:432."Sweet Sixteen"Abingdon/Gluck/Gold/Gottlieb/Horne/Wakely/Wiener3:223."Pointless Skit 1"Abingdon/Horne/Wakely0:574."The Main One"Abingdon/Horne/Wakely3:035."When I'm Older"Abingdon/Horne/Wakely2:586."Friends for Never"Abingdon/Horne/Wakely3:337."Pointless Skit 2"Abingdon/Horne/Wakely1:178."Plenty More Fish"Abingdon/Horne/Wakely2:159."#Holiday"Abingdon/Bennett/Horne/Wakely/Welch3:0910."Balls so Hard"Abingdon/Horne/Wakely2:1911."Bass Face"Abingdon/Horne/Wakely2:3712."Pointless Skit 3"Abingdon/Horne/Wakely1:0413."Five a Day Flex"Abingdon/Horne/Wakely2:0714."Sextape"Abingdon/Horne/Wakely2:5815."Love Bites"Abingdon/Horne/Wakely2:3416."ÜBERCVRRNT (SWAGGERLICIOUSYOLOHELLADOPENESS)" (Hidden Bonus Track)Abingdon/Horne/Wakely11:37
Personnel
The Midnight Beast
Stefan James Donald John Abingdon — vocals, guitar, keyboards, songwriting
Ashley Neil Horne — vocals, bass, guitar, songwriting
Andrew Francis Wakely — vocals, drums, songwriting
Additional Personnel
Derek "Sway" Safo — additional vocals on "Sweet Sixteen"
Melanie Martinez — additional vocals on "Sweet Sixteen"
Nova Rockafeller — additional vocals on "#Holiday"
Harry "Cliff Richard" Webb — additional vocals on "#Holiday"
Reginald "Reggie" Watts — additional vocals on "Bass Face"
Sexual P — additional vocals on "Five a Day Flex"
The Hell — additional vocals on "ÜBERCVRRNT (SWAGGERLICIOUSYOLOHELLADOPENESS)"
Charts
Chart (2014)
Peakposition
UK Albums Top 100
74
References
^ Album Cover release The Midnight Beast.com Retrieved 16 September 2014
^ Shtick Heads track listing release The Midnight Beast.com Retrieved 16 September 2014
^ The Midnight Beats - Shtick Heads Charting Official Charts Company. Retrieved 16 September 2014
External links
iTunes - Shtick Heads by The Midnight Beast
vteThe Midnight Beast
Discography
Studio albums
The Midnight Beast
Shtick Heads
Soundtrack albums
All Killer
Extended plays
Booty Call
Love Bites
TV series
The Midnight Beast
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
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[]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"http://site.themidnightbeast.com/post/73853329781/album-2-shtick-heads-the-cover-youve-been","external_links_name":"Album Cover release"},{"Link":"http://site.themidnightbeast.com/post/74186409603/official-tracklist-from-the-midnight-beast-shtick","external_links_name":"Shtick Heads track listing release"},{"Link":"http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/midnight%20beast/","external_links_name":"The Midnight Beats - Shtick Heads Charting"},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/shtick-heads/id804978129","external_links_name":"iTunes - Shtick Heads by The Midnight Beast"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/e7263a6d-3e11-4072-9334-7965f4597e06","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langebaan_Lagoon
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Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area
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["1 History","2 Purpose","3 Extent","3.1 Boundaries","3.2 Zonation","3.2.1 Restricted areas","3.2.2 Controlled areas","4 Management","5 Use","6 Geography","6.1 Climate","6.2 Seasonal variations in sea conditions","7 Ecology","7.1 Marine species diversity","7.1.1 Animals","7.1.2 Seaweeds","7.1.3 Endemism","7.1.4 Alien invasive species","8 Threats","9 Slipways and harbours in the MPA","10 See also","11 References"]
|
Coordinates: 33°08′S 18°03′E / 33.133°S 18.050°E / -33.133; 18.050Marine conservation area in the Langebaan lagoon in the Western Cape province of South Africa
Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected AreaIUCN category IV (habitat/species management area)Langebaan Lagoon MPA locationLocationLangebaan Lagoon, Western Cape province, South AfricaNearest cityLangebaanCoordinates33°08′S 18°03′E / 33.133°S 18.050°E / -33.133; 18.050Area280 km2Established1985Governing bodySANParksLangebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area (South Africa)
Ramsar WetlandDesignated25 April 1988Reference no.398
The Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area is an inshore conservation region in the territorial waters of South Africa
History
The Langebaan Lagoon was originally proclaimed as a marine reserve in terms of the Sea Fisheries Act in 1973. In 1985 it became part of the Langebaan National Park, which was later renamed the West Coast National Park. On 25 April 1988 the Langebaan Ramsar site was declared. The MPA was proclaimed by the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Mohammed Valli Moosa, in Government Gazette No. 21948 of 29 December 2000 in terms of section 43 of the Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998.
Purpose
See also: Marine protected areas of South Africa and Marine protected area
A marine protected area is defined by the IUCN as "A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values".
The saltmarshes of Langebaan are unique in South Africa in that no river feeds into the lagoon. They constitute roughly 32% of the entire saltmarsh habitat in the country. The salinity is relatively stable and the region supports dense populations of molluscs and crustaceans and a large variety of seaweeds. The lagoon is a nursery for juvenile fish, and supports about 55 000 water birds in summer, including 23 species of waders.
Extent
Approximately 65 km of coastline and 280 km2 of sea are protected by this MPA.
Boundaries
The MPA is bounded by the high-water mark in the Langebaan lagoon south of the northern boundary, which is a line from Leentjiesklip No.2, at S33°03.707′, E018°2.462', towards Salamander Point at S33°04.323′, E017°59.795′, until it meets the seaward boundary of the South African National Defence Force area, as demarcated by buoys shown on SAN Chart SC2, and then along this boundary to the yellow buoy east of Meeu Island at S33°05.166, E018°00.809′, and then to Perlemoen Point at S33°05.590′, E048°00,211' on the western shore of the lagoon.
Zonation
There are three zones in the lagoon. A controlled zone to the north where recreational fishing and power boating is allowed, a restricted zone, where no fishing is allowed and only non-powered vessels are permitted, and a sanctuary zone to the south where no access is allowed.
Restricted areas
Controlled areas
Management
The marine protected areas of South Africa are the responsibility of the national government, which has management agreements with a variety of MPA management authorities, in this case, SANParks , which manages the MPA with funding from the SA Government through the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA).
The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries is responsible for issuing permits, quotas and law enforcement.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2019)
Use
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (February 2019)
Geography
Climate
See also: Climate of South Africa
The climate of the South-western Cape is markedly different from the rest of South Africa, which is a summer rainfall region, receiving most of its rainfall during the summer months of December to February. The South-western Cape has a Mediterranean type climate, with most of its rainfall during the winter months from June to September.
During the summer the dominant factor determining the weather in the region is a high pressure zone, known as the South Atlantic High, located over the South Atlantic ocean to the west of the Cape coast. Winds circulating in an anticlockwise direction from such a system reach the Cape from the south-east, producing periods of up to several days of high winds and mostly clear skies. These winds keep the region relatively cool. Because of its south facing aspect Betty's Bay is exposed to these winds.
Winter in the South-western Cape is characterised by disturbances in the circumpolar westerly winds, resulting in a series of eastward moving depressions. These bring cool cloudy weather and rain from the north west. The south westerly winds over the South Atlantic -->
Seasonal variations in sea conditions
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (February 2019)
Ecology
Marine ecoregions of the South African Exclusive Economic Zone: Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area is in the Benguela ecoregion
(describe position, biodiversity and endemism of the region)
The MPA is in the warm temperate Benguela ecoregion to the west of Cape Point which extends northwards to the Orange River. There are a fairly large proportion of species endemic to South Africa along this coastline.
Four major habitats exist in the sea in this region, distinguished by the nature of the substrate. The substrate, or base material, is important in that it provides a base to which an organism can anchor itself, which is vitally important for those organisms which need to stay in one particular kind of place. Rocky shores and reefs provide a firm fixed substrate for the attachment of plants and animals. Some of these may have Kelp forests, which reduce the effect of waves and provide food and shelter for an extended range of organisms. Sandy beaches and bottoms are a relatively unstable substrate and cannot anchor kelp or many of the other benthic organisms. Finally there is open water, above the substrate and clear of the kelp forest, where the organisms must drift or swim. Mixed habitats are also frequently found, which are a combination of those mentioned above.
Rocky shores and reefs
There are rocky reefs and mixed rocky and sandy bottoms. For many marine organisms the substrate is another type of marine organism, and it is common for several layers to co-exist. Examples of this are red bait pods, which are usually encrusted with sponges, ascidians, bryozoans, anemones, and gastropods, and abalone, which are usually covered by similar seaweeds to those found on the surrounding rocks, usually with a variety of other organisms living on the seaweeds.: Ch.2
The type of rock of the reef is of some importance, as it influences the range of possibilities for the local topography, which in turn influences the range of habitats provided, and therefore the diversity of inhabitants. Sandstone and other sedimentary rocks erode and weather very differently, and depending on the direction of dip and strike, and steepness of the dip, may produce reefs which are relatively flat to very high profile and full of small crevices. These features may be at varying angles to the shoreline and wave fronts. There are fewer large holes, tunnels and crevices in sandstone reefs, but often many deep but low near-horizontal crevices.
Kelp forests
Kelp forests are a variation of rocky reefs, as the kelp requires a fairly strong and stable substrate which can withstand the loads of repeated waves dragging on the kelp plants. The Sea bamboo Ecklonia maxima grows in water which is shallow enough to allow it to reach to the surface with its gas-filled stipes, so that the fronds form a dense layer at or just below the surface, depending on the tide. The shorter Split-fan kelp Laminaria pallida grows mostly on deeper reefs, where there is not so much competition from the sea bamboo. Both these kelp species provide food and shelter for a variety of other organisms, particularly the Sea bamboo, which is a base for a wide range of epiphytes, which in turn provide food and shelter for more organisms.: Ch.4
Saltmarshes of Langebaan
Sandy beaches and bottoms (including shelly, pebble and gravel bottoms)
Sandy bottoms at first glance appear to be fairly barren areas, as they lack the stability to support many of the spectacular reef based species, and the variety of large organisms is relatively low. The sand is continually being moved around by wave action, to a greater or lesser degree depending on weather conditions and exposure of the area. This means that sessile organisms must be specifically adapted to areas of relatively loose substrate to thrive in them, and the variety of species found on a sandy or gravel bottom will depend on all these factors. Sandy bottoms have one important compensation for their instability, animals can burrow into the sand and move up and down within its layers, which can provide feeding opportunities and protection from predation. Other species can dig themselves holes in which to shelter, or may feed by filtering water drawn through the tunnel, or by extending body parts adapted to this function into the water above the sand.: Ch.3
The open sea
The pelagic water column is the major part of the living space at sea. This is the water between the surface and the top of the benthic zone, where living organisms swim, float or drift, and the food chain starts with phytoplankton, the mostly microscopic photosynthetic organisms that convert the energy of sunlight into organic material which feeds nearly everything else, directly or indirectly. In temperate seas there are distinct seasonal cycles of phytoplankton growth, based on the available nutrients and the available sunlight. Either can be a limiting factor. Phytoplankton tend to thrive where there is plenty of light, and they themselves are a major factor in restricting light penetration to greater depths, so the photosynthetic zone tends to be shallower in areas of high productivity.: Ch.6 Zooplankton feed on the phytoplankton, and are in turn eaten by larger animals. The larger pelagic animals are generally faster moving and more mobile, giving them the option of changing depth to feed or to avoid predation, and to move to other places in search of a better food supply.
Marine species diversity
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (February 2019)
Animals
23 species of wading birds.
29 species of bony fish
12 shark and ray species
sandshark Rhinobatos annulatus
Geelbek
Cape Stumpnose
Snoek
Yellowtail
More than 400 species of marine invertebrates
Siphonaria
Assiminea globulus
Seaweeds
71 species of marine algae
Endemism
The MPA is in the warm temperate Benguela ecoregion to the west of Cape Point which extends northwards to the Orange River. There are a fairly large proportion of species endemic to South Africa along this coastline.
Alien invasive species
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (January 2019)
Threats
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (January 2019)
Slipways and harbours in the MPA
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (January 2019)
See also
Marine protected areas of South Africa
List of protected areas of South Africa – Areas protected for conservation in South Africa
Marine protected areas of South Africa – Protected areas of coastline or ocean in the EEZ of South Africa
References
^ "Langebaan". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
^ a b c d e "Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area". www.mpatlas.org. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
^ "West Coast National Park: Park Management Plan for the period 2013-2023" (PDF).
^ a b "Marine Protected Areas". World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
^ Declaration of areas as Marine Protected Areas: Government Notice R1429 in Government Gazette 21948 (PDF). 29 December 2000. Retrieved 19 January 2019 – via Centre for Environmental Rights.
^ a b c d e f g h "Marine Protected Areas of the West Coast National Park". www.photodestination.co.za. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
^ "Marine Protected Area". Retrieved 26 May 2018.
^ a b Sink, K.; Harris, J.; Lombard, A. (October 2004). Appendix 1. South African marine bioregions (PDF). South African National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment 2004: Technical Report Vol. 4 Marine Component DRAFT (Report). pp. 97–109.
^ a b c d e Branch, G.M.; Branch, M.L. (1985). The Living Shores of Southern Africa (3rd impression ed.). Cape Town: C. Struik. ISBN 0 86977 115 9.
^ "MPA Declarations" (PDF). Regulation Gazette No. 42478. 647 (10177). Pretoria: Government Printer. 23 May 2019.
^ "Protected Areas Register". dffeportal.environment.gov.za. Retrieved 10 July 2022.
vteBiodiversity of South Africa
Afrotropical realm
Marine biodiversity of South Africa
Temperate Southern Africa
Western Indo-Pacific
Wildlife of South Africa
National taxon checklistsPlants
Conifers
Cycads
Hornworts
Liverworts
Lycophytes
Mosses
Pteridophytes
Floweringplants
Acorales
Alismatales
Apiales
Apiaceae
Aquifoliales
Arecales
Asparagales
Asphodelaceae
Hyacinthaceae
Iridaceae
Orchidaceae
Asterales
Asteraceae
Boraginales
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Bruniales
Buxales
Canellales
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Aizoaceae
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Ceratophyllales
Commelinales
Cornales
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Dioscoreales
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Ericales
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Fabales
Fagales
Gentianales
Apocynaceae
Rubiaceae
Geraniales
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Huerteales
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Animals
Ascidians
Bryozoans
Comb jellies
Echinoderms
Nematodes
Polychaetes
Marine cnidarians
Marine flatworms
Sponges
Tardigrades
Arthropods
Marine crustaceans
Sea spiders
Centipedes
Millipedes
Entognatha
Arachnids
Harvestmen
Microwhip scorpions
Pseudoscorpions
Scorpions
Shorttailed whipscorpions
Solifugae
Araneae
Ixodida
Whip spiders and tailless whip scorpions
Insects
Alderflies, dobsonflies and fishflies
Beetles
Booklice, barklice and barkflies
Butterflies and moths
Caddisflies
Cockroaches and termites
Dragonflies and damselflies
Earwigs
Fleas
Flies
Jumping bristletails
Lice
Mantises
Mayflies
Net-winged insects
Notoptera
Orthoptera
Sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants
Scorpionflies
Silverfish and firebrats
Stick and leaf insects
Stoneflies
Strepsiptera
Termites
Thrips
True bugs
Webspinners
Molluscs
Non-marine molluscs
Marine molluscs
Marine gastropods
Marine heterobranch gastropods
Vertebrates
Amphibians
Birds
Freshwater fishes
Marine fishes
Marine bony fishes
Marine spiny-finned fishes
Marine Perciform fishes
Mammals
Reptiles
Seaweeds
Green seaweeds
Brown seaweeds
Red seaweeds
Fungi
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Related
List of bacteria of South Africa
List of invasive species in South Africa
List of invasive plant species in South Africa
List of Oomycetes of South Africa
List of slime moulds of South Africa
List of Southern African indigenous trees and woody lianes
List of botanists by author abbreviation
Regional taxon checklists and other minor lists
List of marine invertebrates of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
List of marine vertebrates of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
List of green seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
List of brown seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
List of red seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
Related:
Timber trees of Gauteng
Biodiversity hotspots and Centres of diversity
Cape Floristic Region
Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany Hotspot
Succulent Karoo
Succulent Karoo
Cape Floristic Region
Griqualand West Centre
Albany Centre
Drakensberg Alpine Centre
Soutpansberg Centre
Wolkberg Centre
Sekhukhuneland Centre
Barberton Centre
Maputaland-Pondoland Region
Ecoregions
List of ecoregions in South Africa
Tropical and subtropicalmoist broadleaf forests
Knysna–Amatole montane forests
KwaZulu–Cape coastal forest mosaic
Maputaland coastal forest mosaic
Tropical and subtropical grasslands,savannas, and shrublands
Kalahari Acacia-Baikiaea woodlands
Southern Africa bushveld
Zambezian and mopane woodlands
Montane grasslandsand shrublands
Drakensberg alti-montane grasslands and woodlands
Drakensberg montane grasslands, woodlands and forests
Highveld grasslands
Maputaland–Pondoland bushland and thickets
Mediterranean forests,woodlands, and scrub
Albany thickets
Lowland fynbos and renosterveld
Montane fynbos and renosterveld
Deserts and xeric shrublands
Kalahari xeric savanna
Nama Karoo
Succulent Karoo
Tundra
Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra
Mangroves
Southern Africa mangroves
Marine ecoregions
Agulhas ecoregion
Benguela ecoregion
Delagoa ecoregion
Natal ecoregion
Southeast Atlantic ecoregion
Southwest Indian ecoregion
Biomes and Vegetation classification
List of vegetation types of South Africa
Savanna
Andesite Mountain Bushveld
Aoub Duneveld
Barberton Serpentine Sourveld
Bhisho Thornveld
Cathedral Mopane Bushveld
Central Sandy Bushveld
Delagoa Lowveld
Dwaalboom Thornveld
Dwarsberg-Swartruggens Mountain Bushveld
Eastern Valley Bushveld
Gabbro Grassy Bushveld
Gauteng Shale Mountain Bushveld
Ghaap Plateau Vaalbosveld
Gold Reef Mountain Bushveld
Gordonia Duneveld
Gordonia Kameeldoring Bushveld
Gordonia Plains Shrubland
Granite Lowveld
Gravelotte Rocky Bushveld
Kaalrug Mountain Bushveld
Kathu Bushveld
Kimberley Thornveld
Koranna-Langeberg Mountain Bushveld
Kuruman Mountain Bushveld
Kuruman Thornveld
Kuruman Vaalbosveld
KwaZulu-Natal Hinterland Thornveld
KwaZulu-Natal Sandstone Sourveld
Lebombo Summit Sourveld
Legogote Sour Bushveld
Limpopo Ridge Bushveld
Limpopo Sweet Bushveld
Loskop Mountain Bushveld
Loskop Thornveld
Lowveld Rugged Mopaneveld
Madikwe Dolomite Bushveld
Mafikeng Bushveld
Makatini Clay Thicket
Makhado Sweet Bushveld
Makuleke Sandy Bushveld
Malelane Mountain Bushveld
Mamabolo Mountain Bushveld
Marikana Thornveld
Molopo Bushveld
Moot Plains Bushveld
Mopane Basalt Shrubland
Mopane Gabbro Shrubland
Musina Mopane Bushveld
Ngongoni Veld
Norite Koppies Bushveld
Northern Lebombo Bushveld
Northern Zululand Sourveld
Nossob Bushveld
Nwambyia-Pumbe Sandy Bushveld
Ohrigstad Mountain Bushveld
Olifantshoek Plains Thornveld
Phalaborwa-Timbavati Mopaneveld
Pilanesberg Mountain Bushveld
Polokwane Plateau Bushveld
Postmasburg Thornveld
Poung Dolomite Mountain Bushveld
Pretoriuskop Sour Bushveld
Roodeberg Bushveld
Schmidtsdrif Thornveld
Schweizer-Reneke Bushveld
Sekhukhune Mountain Bushveld
Sekhukhune Plains Bushveld
South Eastern Coastal Thornveld
Southern Lebombo Bushveld
Soutpansberg Mountain Bushveld
Springbokvlakte Thornveld
Stella Bushveld
Swaziland Sour Bushveld
Tembe Sandy Bushveld
Thukela Thornveld
Thukela Valley Bushveld
Tsende Mopaneveld
Tshokwane-Hlane Basalt Lowveld
Tzaneen Sour Bushveld
Vaalbos Rocky Shrubland
VhaVenda Miombo
Waterberg Mountain Bushveld
Western Maputaland Clay Bushveld
Western Maputaland Sandy Bushveld
Western Sandy Bushveld
Zeerust Thornveld
Zululand Coastal Thornveld
Zululand Lowveld
Grassland
Aliwal North Dry Grassland
Amathole Mistbelt Grassland
Amathole Montane Grassland
Amersfoort Highveld Clay Grassland
Barberton Montane Grassland
Basotho Montane Shrubland
Bedford Dry Grassland
Besemkaree Koppies Shrubland
Bloemfontein Dry Grassland
Bloemfontein Karroid Shrubland
Carletonville Dolomite Grassland
Central Free State Grassland
Drakensberg Afroalpine Heathland
Drakensberg Foothill Moist Grassland
Drakensberg-Amathole Afromontane Fynbos
East Griqualand Grassland
Eastern Free State Clay Grassland
Eastern Free State Sandy Grassland
Eastern Highveld Grassland
Egoli Granite Grassland
Frankfort Highveld Grassland
Income Sandy Grassland
Ithala Quartzite Sourveld
KaNgwane Montane Grassland
Karoo Escarpment Grassland
Klerksdorp Thornveld
KwaZulu-Natal Highland Thornveld
Leolo Summit Sourveld
Lesotho Highland Basalt Grassland
Low Escarpment Moist Grassland
Lydenburg Montane Grassland
Lydenburg Thornveld
Mabela Sandy Grassland
Midlands Mistbelt Grassland
Mooi River Highland Grassland
Mthatha Moist Grassland
Northern Drakensberg Highland Grassland
Northern Escarpment Afromontane Fynbos
Northern Escarpment Dolomite Grassland
Northern Escarpment Quartzite Sourveld
Northern Free State Shrubland
Northern KwaZulu-Natal Moist Grassland
Northern KwaZulu-Natal Shrubland
Northern Zululand Mistbelt Grassland
Paulpietersburg Moist Grassland
Queenstown Thornveld
Rand Highveld Grassland
Sekhukhune Montane Grassland
Senqu Montane Shrubland
Southern Drakensberg Highland Grassland
Southern KwaZulu-Natal Moist Grassland
Soutpansberg Summit Sourveld
Soweto Highveld Grassland
Steenkampsberg Montane Grassland
Stormberg Plateau Grassland
Strydpoort Summit Sourveld
Tarkastad Montane Shrubland
Tsakane Clay Grassland
Tsomo Grassland
uKhahlamba Basalt Grassland
Vaal Reefs Dolomite Sinkhole Woodland
Vaal-Vet Sandy Grassland
Vredefort Dome Granite Grassland
Wakkerstroom Montane Grassland
Waterberg-Magaliesberg Summit Sourveld
Western Free State Clay Grassland
Western Highveld Sandy Grassland
Western Lesotho Basalt Shrubland
Winburg Grassy Shrubland
Wolkberg Dolomite Grassland
Woodbush Granite Grassland
Xhariep Karroid Grassland
Zastron Moist Grassland
Fynbos
Agulhas Limestone Fynbos
Agulhas Sand Fynbos
Albertinia Sand Fynbos
Algoa Sandstone Fynbos
Atlantis Sand Fynbos
Bokkeveld Sandstone Fynbos
Boland Granite Fynbos
Breede Alluvium Fynbos
Breede Quartzite Fynbos
Breede Sand Fynbos
Breede Shale Fynbos
Canca Limestone Fynbos
Cape Flats Sand Fynbos
Cape Winelands Shale Fynbos
Cederberg Sandstone Fynbos
Central Coastal Shale Band Vegetation
Central Inland Shale Band Vegetation
De Hoop Limestone Fynbos
Eastern Coastal Shale Band Vegetation
Eastern Inland Shale Band Vegetation
Elgin Shale Fynbos
Elim Ferricrete Fynbos
Garden Route Granite Fynbos
Garden Route Shale Fynbos
Graafwater Sandstone Fynbos
Greyton Shale Fynbos
Grootrivier Quartzite Fynbos
Hangklip Sand Fynbos
Hawequas Sandstone Fynbos
Hopefield Sand Fynbos
Kamiesberg Granite Fynbos
Kango Conglomerate Fynbos
Knysna Sand Fynbos
Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos
Kouebokkeveld Alluvium Fynbos
Kouebokkeveld Shale Fynbos
Kouga Grassy Sandstone Fynbos
Kouga Sandstone Fynbos
Leipoldtville Sand Fynbos
Loerie Conglomerate Fynbos
Lourensford Alluvium Fynbos
Matjiesfontein Quartzite Fynbos
Matjiesfontein Shale Fynbos
Montagu Shale Fynbos
Namaqualand Sand Fynbos
North Hex Sandstone Fynbos
North Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos
North Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos
North Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos
North Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos
North Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos
North Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos
Northern Inland Shale Band Vegetation
Olifants Sandstone Fynbos
Overberg Sandstone Fynbos
Peninsula Granite Fynbos
Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos
Piketberg Sandstone Fynbos
Potberg Ferricrete Fynbos
Potberg Sandstone Fynbos
Robertson Granite Fynbos
South Hex Sandstone Fynbos
South Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos
South Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos
South Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos
South Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos
South Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos
South Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos
Southern Cape Dune Fynbos
Stinkfonteinberge Quartzite Fynbos
Suurberg Quartzite Fynbos
Suurberg Shale Fynbos
Swartberg Altimontane Sandstone Fynbos
Swartberg Shale Fynbos
Swartland Alluvium Fynbos
Swartruggens Quartzite Fynbos
Swellendam Silcrete Fynbos
Tsitsikamma Sandstone Fynbos
Western Altimontane Sandstone Fynbos
Western Coastal Shale Band Vegetation
Winterhoek Sandstone Fynbos
Renosterveld
Baviaanskloof Shale Renosterveld
Breede Alluvium Renosterveld
Breede Shale Renosterveld
Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld
Central Ruêns Shale Renosterveld
Ceres Shale Renosterveld
Eastern Ruêns Shale Renosterveld
Hantam Plateau Dolerite Renosterveld
Humansdorp Shale Renosterveld
Kango Limestone Renosterveld
Langkloof Shale Renosterveld
Matjiesfontein Shale Renosterveld
Montagu Shale Renosterveld
Mossel Bay Shale Renosterveld
Namaqualand Granite Renosterveld
Nieuwoudtville Shale Renosterveld
Nieuwoudtville-Roggeveld Dolerite Renosterveld
Peninsula Shale Renosterveld
Robertson Granite Renosterveld
Roggeveld Shale Renosterveld
Ruêns Silcrete Renosterveld
Swartberg Shale Renosterveld
Swartland Alluvium Renosterveld
Swartland Granite Renosterveld
Swartland Shale Renosterveld
Swartland Silcrete Renosterveld
Uniondale Shale Renosterveld
Vanrhynsdorp Shale Renosterveld
Western Ruêns Shale Renosterveld
SucculentKaroo
Aggeneys Gravel Vygieveld
Agter-Sederberg Shrubland
Anenous Plateau Shrubland
Bushmanland Inselberg Shrubland
Central Knersvlakte Vygieveld
Central Richtersveld Mountain Shrubland
Citrusdal Vygieveld
Die Plate Succulent Shrubland
Doringrivier Quartzite Karoo
Eastern Little Karoo
Eenriet Plains Succulent Shrubland
Goariep Mountain Succulent Shrubland
Hantam Karoo
Kamiesberg Mountains Shrubland
Klawer Sandy Shrubland
Knersvlakte Dolomite Vygieveld
Knersvlakte Quartz Vygieveld
Knersvlakte Shale Vygieveld
Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo
Kosiesberg Succulent Shrubland
Lekkersing Succulent Shrubland
Little Karoo Quartz Vygieveld
Namaqualand Arid Grassland
Namaqualand Blomveld
Namaqualand Coastal Duneveld
Namaqualand Heuweltjie Strandveld
Namaqualand Heuweltjieveld
Namaqualand Inland Duneveld
Namaqualand Klipkoppe Shrubland
Namaqualand Shale Shrubland
Namaqualand Spinescent Grassland
Namaqualand Strandveld
Northern Knersvlakte Vygieveld
Northern Richtersveld Scorpionstailveld
Northern Richtersveld Yellow Duneveld
Oograbies Plains Sandy Grassland
Piketberg Quartz Succulent Shrubland
Platbakkies Succulent Shrubland
Prince Albert Succulent Karoo
Richtersveld Coastal Duneveld
Richtersveld Red Duneveld
Richtersveld Sandy Coastal Scorpionstailveld
Riethuis-Wallekraal Quartz Vygieveld
Robertson Karoo
Roggeveld Karoo
Rooiberg Quartz Vygieveld
Rosyntjieberg Succulent Shrubland
Southern Namaqualand Quartzite Klipkoppe Shrubland
Southern Richtersveld Inselberg Shrubland
Southern Richtersveld Scorpionstailveld
Southern Richtersveld Yellow Duneveld
Steytlerville Karoo
Stinkfonteinberge Eastern Apron Shrubland
Swartruggens Quartzite Karoo
Tanqua Escarpment Shrubland
Tanqua Karoo
Tatasberg Mountain Succulent Shrubland
Umdaus Mountains Succulent Shrubland
Upper Annisvlakte Succulent Shrubland
Vanrhynsdorp Gannabosveld
Vyftienmyl se Berge Succulent Shrubland
Western Bushmanland Klipveld
Western Gwarrieveld
Western Little Karoo
Willowmore Gwarrieveld
AlbanyThicketandStrandveld
Albany Arid Thicket
Albany Bontveld
Albany Mesic Thicket
Albany Valley Thicket
Baviaans Valley Thicket
Bethelsdorp Bontveld
Blombos Strandveld
Buffels Mesic Thicket
Buffels Valley Thicket
Cape Flats Dune Strandveld
Crossroads Grassland Thicket
Doubledrift Karroid Thicket
Eastern Gwarrieveld
Elands Forest Thicket
Escarpment Arid Thicket
Escarpment Mesic Thicket
Escarpment Valley Thicket
Fish Arid Thicket
Fish Mesic Thicket
Fish Valley Thicket
Gamka Arid Thicket
Gamka Valley Thicket
Geluk Grassland Thicket
Goukamma Dune Thicket
Gouritz Valley Thicket
Grahamstown Grassland Thicket
Grassridge Bontveld
Groot Brak Dune Strandveld
Hamburg Dune Thicket
Hartenbos Dune Thicket
Kasouga Dune Thicket
Koedoeskloof Karroid Thicket
Lambert's Bay Strandveld
Langebaan Dune Strandveld
Mons Ruber Fynbos Thicket
Motherwell Karroid Thicket
Nanaga Savanna Thicket
Oudshoorn Karroid Thicket
Overberg Dune Strandveld
Saldanha Flats Strandveld
Saldanha Granite Strandveld
Saldanha Limestone Strandveld
Saltaire Karroid Thicket
Sardinia Forest Thicket
St Francis Dune Thicket
Subtropical Dune Thicket
Sundays Arid Thicket
Sundays Mesic Thicket
Sundays Valley Thicket
Thorndale Forest Thicket
Umtiza Forest Thicket
Vanstadens Forest Thicket
Western Gwarrieveld
Willowmore Gwarrieveld
NamaKarooanddesert
Albany Broken Veld
Blouputs Karroid Thornveld
Bushmanland Arid Grassland
Bushmanland Basin Shrubland
Bushmanland Sandy Grassland
Eastern Lower Karoo
Eastern Upper Karoo
Gamka Karoo
Kalahari Karroid Shrubland
Lower Gariep Broken Veld
Lower Karoo Gwarrieveld
Northern Upper Karoo
Upper Karoo Hardeveld
Western Upper Karoo
Alexander Bay Coastal Duneveld
Eastern Gariep Plains Desert
Eastern Gariep Rocky Desert
Helskloof Canyon Desert
Kahams Mountain Desert
Kwaggarug Mountain Desert
Namib Lichen Fields
Noms Mountain Desert
Northern Nababiepsberge Mountain Desert
Richtersberg Mountain Desert
Richtersveld Sheet Wash Desert
Southern Nababiepsberge Mountain Desert
Western Gariep Hills Desert
Western Gariep Lowland Desert
Western Gariep Plains Desert
Azonal
Albany Alluvial Vegetation
Albany Dune Strandveld
Algoa Dune Strandveld
Arid Estuarine Salt Marshes
Bushmanland Vloere
Cape Estuarine Salt Marshes
Cape Inland Salt Pans
Cape Lowland Alluvial Vegetation
Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetlands
Cape Seashore Vegetation
Cape Vernal Pools
Drakensberg Wetlands
Eastern Temperate Freshwater Wetlands
Fynbos Riparian Vegetation
Highveld Alluvial Vegetation
Highveld Salt Pans
Lesotho Mires
Lower Gariep Alluvial Vegetation
Muscadel Riviere
Namaqualand Riviere
Namaqualand Salt Pans
Namaqualand Seashore Vegetation
Namib Seashore Vegetation
Southern Kalahari Mekgacha
Southern Kalahari Salt Pans
Southern Karoo Riviere
Subantarctic Kelp Bed Vegetation
Subtropical Alluvial Vegetation
Subtropical Dune Thicket
Subtropical Estuarine Salt Marshes
Subtropical Freshwater Wetlands
Subtropical Salt Pans
Subtropical Seashore Vegetation
Tanqua Wash Riviere
Upper Gariep Alluvial Vegetation
ForestandCoastalbelt
KwaZulu-Natal Coastal Belt
Maputaland Coastal Belt
Maputaland Wooded Grassland
Pondoland-Natal Sandstone Coastal Sourveld
Transkei Coastal Belt
Ironwood Dry Forest
Lowveld Riverine Forest
Mangrove Forest
Northern Afrotemperate Forest
Northern Coastal Forest
Northern Mistbelt Forest
Sand Forest
Scarp Forest
Southern Afrotemperate Forest
Southern Coastal Forest
Southern Mistbelt Forest
Swamp Forest
Subantarcticbiome
Subantarctic Biotic Herbfield and Grassland
Subantarctic Cinder Cone Vegetation
Subantarctic Coastal Vegetation
Subantarctic Drainage Line Vegetation
Subantarctic Fellfield
Subantarctic Fernbrake Vegetation
Subantarctic Mire
Subantarctic Polar Desert
not onVEGMAP
List of forests of South Africa
List of forests of the Eastern Cape
Forests of KwaZulu-Natal
KwaZulu-Natal Dune Forest
KwaZulu-Natal coastal lowland forest
List of forests of the Western Cape
Protected areas of South Africa
Index of protected areas of South Africa
SouthAfricanNationalParks
Addo Elephant National Park
Agulhas National Park
Augrabies Falls National Park
Bontebok National Park
Camdeboo National Park
Garden Route National Park
Tsitsikamma National Park
Wilderness National Park
Golden Gate Highlands National Park
Karoo National Park
Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park
Kruger National Park
Mapungubwe National Park
Marakele National Park
Mokala National Park
Mountain Zebra National Park
Namaqua National Park
Table Mountain National Park
Tankwa Karoo National Park
West Coast National Park
ǀAi-ǀAis/Richtersveld Transfrontier Park
Biospherereserves
Cape Winelands Biosphere Reserve
Gouritz Cluster Biosphere Reserve
Kogelberg Nature Reserve
Kruger to Canyons Biosphere
Magaliesberg Biosphere Reserve
Waterberg Biosphere
Marineprotectedareas ofSouthAfricaCoastal
Addo Elephant National Park Marine Protected Area
Amathole Marine Protected Area
Betty's Bay Marine Protected Area
Bird Island Marine Protected Area
De Hoop Marine Protected Area
Dwesa-Cwebe Marine Protected Area
Goukamma Marine Protected Area
Helderberg Marine Protected Area
Hluleka Marine Protected AreaI
iSimangaliso Marine Protected Area
Jutten Island Marine Protected Area
Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area
Malgas Island Marine Protected Area
Marcus Island Marine Protected Area
Namaqua National Park Marine Protected Area
Pondoland Marine Protected Area
Robben Island Marine Protected Area
Rocherpan Marine Protected Area
Robberg Marine Protected Area
Sardinia Bay Marine Protected Area
Sixteen Mile Beach Marine Protected Area
Stilbaai Marine Protected Area
Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area
Trafalgar Marine Protected Area
Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Area
uThukela Banks Marine Protected Area
Walker Bay Whale Sanctuary
Offshore
Agulhas Bank Complex Marine Protected Area
Agulhas Front Marine Protected Area
Agulhas Muds Marine Protected Area
Aliwal Shoal Marine Protected Area
Amathole Offshore Marine Protected Area
Benguela Bank Marine Protected Area
Benguela Muds Marine Protected Area
Browns Bank Complex Marine Protected Area
Browns Bank Corals Marine Protected Area
Cape Canyon Marine Protected Area
Childs Bank Marine Protected Area
iSimangaliso Offshore Marine Protected Area
Namaqua Fossil Forest Marine Protected Area
Orange Shelf Edge Marine Protected Area
Prince Edward Islands Marine Protected Area
Protea Banks Marine Protected Area
Southeast Atlantic Seamounts Marine Protected Area
Southwest Indian Seamount Marine Protected Area
Port Elizabeth Corals Marine Protected Area
uThukela Banks Marine Protected Area
Managementorganisations
CapeNature
City of Cape Town
Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries
Department of Science and Innovation
Eastern Cape Parks
Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife
iSimangaliso Wetland Park Authority
Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality
South African National Parks
Biodiversity research in SA
Bolus Herbarium
Iziko South African Museum
National Research Foundation
South African National Collection of Fungi
Researchorganisations
Animal Demography Unit
BirdLife South Africa
South African Association for Marine Biological Research
South African Environmental Observation Network
South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity
South African National Biodiversity Institute
Researchprojects
African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme
National Biodiversity Assessment
National Vegetation Map Project
Reef Atlas Project
SeaKeys
Citizen sciencedatabases
iNaturalist
iSpot
Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology Virtual Museum
Botanicalgardens
Durban Botanic Gardens
Free State National Botanical Garden
Garden Route Botanical Garden
Hantam National Botanical Garden
Harold Porter National Botanical Garden
Johannesburg Botanical Garden
Karoo Desert National Botanical Garden
Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden
KwaZulu-Natal National Botanical Garden
Lowveld National Botanical Garden
Makana Botanical Gardens
Manie van der Schijff Botanical Garden
North-West University Botanical Garden
Pretoria National Botanical Garden
Stellenbosch University Botanical Garden
University of KwaZulu-Natal Botanical Garden
Walter Sisulu National Botanical Garden
Taxonomists
List of authors of South African botanical taxa
List of authors of South African animal taxa
Related
Biodiversity
Biosphere
Ecotourism
Encyclopedia of Life
Environmental impact of recreational diving
Low impact diving
International Union for Conservation of Nature
Marine protected area
National park
Nature conservation
Nature reserve
Scuba diving tourism
South African Sustainable Seafood Initiative
World Register of Marine Species
World Wide Fund for Nature
Regional biodiversity
Biodiversity of Cape Town
List of nature reserves in Cape Town
Legislation
Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998
National Environmental Management Act, 1998
National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 10 of 2004
National Environmental Management: Integrated Coastal Management Act, 24 of 2008
National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 57 of 2003
Publications
List of field guides to South African biota
Categories: Biodiversity of South Africa
Index
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"territorial waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_waters"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"}],"text":"Marine conservation area in the Langebaan lagoon in the Western Cape province of South AfricaThe Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area is an inshore conservation region in the territorial waters of South Africa","title":"Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramsar site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_site"},{"link_name":"Environmental Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Environmental_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Living_Resources_Act,_18_of_1998"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPAtlas-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Management_plan-3"}],"text":"The Langebaan Lagoon was originally proclaimed as a marine reserve in terms of the Sea Fisheries Act in 1973. In 1985 it became part of the Langebaan National Park, which was later renamed the West Coast National Park. On 25 April 1988 the Langebaan Ramsar site was declared. The MPA was proclaimed by the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Mohammed Valli Moosa, in Government Gazette No. 21948 of 29 December 2000 in terms of section 43 of the Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998.[2][3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marine protected areas of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_protected_areas_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Marine protected area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_protected_area"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN"},{"link_name":"ecosystem services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_service"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWF-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPAtlas-2"}],"text":"See also: Marine protected areas of South Africa and Marine protected areaA marine protected area is defined by the IUCN as \"A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values\".[4]The saltmarshes of Langebaan are unique in South Africa in that no river feeds into the lagoon. They constitute roughly 32% of the entire saltmarsh habitat in the country. The salinity is relatively stable and the region supports dense populations of molluscs and crustaceans and a large variety of seaweeds. The lagoon is a nursery for juvenile fish, and supports about 55 000 water birds in summer, including 23 species of waders.[2]","title":"Purpose"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Approximately 65 km of coastline and 280 km2 of sea are protected by this MPA.","title":"Extent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Declaration-5"}],"sub_title":"Boundaries","text":"The MPA is bounded by the high-water mark in the Langebaan lagoon south of the northern boundary, which is a line from Leentjiesklip No.2, at S33°03.707′, E018°2.462', towards Salamander Point at S33°04.323′, E017°59.795′, until it meets the seaward boundary of the South African National Defence Force area, as demarcated by buoys shown on SAN Chart SC2, and then along this boundary to the yellow buoy east of Meeu Island at S33°05.166, E018°00.809′, and then to Perlemoen Point at S33°05.590′, E048°00,211' on the western shore of the lagoon.[5]","title":"Extent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPAtlas-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-African_Conservation-6"}],"sub_title":"Zonation","text":"There are three zones in the lagoon.[2] A controlled zone to the north where recreational fishing and power boating is allowed, a restricted zone, where no fishing is allowed and only non-powered vessels are permitted, and a sanctuary zone to the south where no access is allowed.[6]","title":"Extent"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Zonation - Restricted areas","title":"Extent"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Zonation - Controlled areas","title":"Extent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SANParks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SANParks"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWF-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SANParks-7"}],"text":"The marine protected areas of South Africa are the responsibility of the national government, which has management agreements with a variety of MPA management authorities, in this case, SANParks , which manages the MPA with funding from the SA Government through the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA).[4]The Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries is responsible for issuing permits, quotas and law enforcement.[7]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Use"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Climate of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean type climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_climate"},{"link_name":"South Atlantic High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Atlantic_High"},{"link_name":"South Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Atlantic"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"See also: Climate of South AfricaThe climate of the South-western Cape is markedly different from the rest of South Africa, which is a summer rainfall region, receiving most of its rainfall during the summer months of December to February. The South-western Cape has a Mediterranean type climate, with most of its rainfall during the winter months from June to September.During the summer the dominant factor determining the weather in the region is a high pressure zone, known as the South Atlantic High, located over the South Atlantic ocean to the west of the Cape coast. Winds circulating in an anticlockwise direction from such a system reach the Cape from the south-east, producing periods of up to several days of high winds and mostly clear skies. These winds keep the region relatively cool. Because of its south facing aspect Betty's Bay is exposed to these winds.Winter in the South-western Cape is characterised by disturbances in the circumpolar westerly winds, resulting in a series of eastward moving depressions. These bring cool cloudy weather and rain from the north west. The south westerly winds over the South Atlantic -->","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Seasonal variations in sea conditions","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ecoregions_of_SA_EEZ.png"},{"link_name":"Benguela ecoregion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_ecoregions_of_the_South_African_exclusive_economic_zone#Benguela_ecoregion"},{"link_name":"Orange River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_River"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sink_et_al_2004-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Branch_1985-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Branch_1985-9"},{"link_name":"Ecklonia maxima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecklonia_maxima"},{"link_name":"Laminaria pallida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminaria_pallida"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Branch_1985-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:West_Coast_National_Park_(11356224206).jpg"},{"link_name":"Saltmarshes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_marsh"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Branch_1985-9"},{"link_name":"benthic zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benthic_zone"},{"link_name":"phytoplankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoplankton"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Branch_1985-9"},{"link_name":"Zooplankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooplankton"}],"text":"Marine ecoregions of the South African Exclusive Economic Zone: Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area is in the Benguela ecoregion(describe position, biodiversity and endemism of the region)\nThe MPA is in the warm temperate Benguela ecoregion to the west of Cape Point which extends northwards to the Orange River. There are a fairly large proportion of species endemic to South Africa along this coastline.[8]Four major habitats exist in the sea in this region, distinguished by the nature of the substrate. The substrate, or base material, is important in that it provides a base to which an organism can anchor itself, which is vitally important for those organisms which need to stay in one particular kind of place. Rocky shores and reefs provide a firm fixed substrate for the attachment of plants and animals. Some of these may have Kelp forests, which reduce the effect of waves and provide food and shelter for an extended range of organisms. Sandy beaches and bottoms are a relatively unstable substrate and cannot anchor kelp or many of the other benthic organisms. Finally there is open water, above the substrate and clear of the kelp forest, where the organisms must drift or swim. Mixed habitats are also frequently found, which are a combination of those mentioned above.[9]Rocky shores and reefs\nThere are rocky reefs and mixed rocky and sandy bottoms. For many marine organisms the substrate is another type of marine organism, and it is common for several layers to co-exist. Examples of this are red bait pods, which are usually encrusted with sponges, ascidians, bryozoans, anemones, and gastropods, and abalone, which are usually covered by similar seaweeds to those found on the surrounding rocks, usually with a variety of other organisms living on the seaweeds.[9]: Ch.2The type of rock of the reef is of some importance, as it influences the range of possibilities for the local topography, which in turn influences the range of habitats provided, and therefore the diversity of inhabitants. Sandstone and other sedimentary rocks erode and weather very differently, and depending on the direction of dip and strike, and steepness of the dip, may produce reefs which are relatively flat to very high profile and full of small crevices. These features may be at varying angles to the shoreline and wave fronts. There are fewer large holes, tunnels and crevices in sandstone reefs, but often many deep but low near-horizontal crevices.Kelp forests\nKelp forests are a variation of rocky reefs, as the kelp requires a fairly strong and stable substrate which can withstand the loads of repeated waves dragging on the kelp plants. The Sea bamboo Ecklonia maxima grows in water which is shallow enough to allow it to reach to the surface with its gas-filled stipes, so that the fronds form a dense layer at or just below the surface, depending on the tide. The shorter Split-fan kelp Laminaria pallida grows mostly on deeper reefs, where there is not so much competition from the sea bamboo. Both these kelp species provide food and shelter for a variety of other organisms, particularly the Sea bamboo, which is a base for a wide range of epiphytes, which in turn provide food and shelter for more organisms.[9]: Ch.4Saltmarshes of LangebaanSandy beaches and bottoms (including shelly, pebble and gravel bottoms)\nSandy bottoms at first glance appear to be fairly barren areas, as they lack the stability to support many of the spectacular reef based species, and the variety of large organisms is relatively low. The sand is continually being moved around by wave action, to a greater or lesser degree depending on weather conditions and exposure of the area. This means that sessile organisms must be specifically adapted to areas of relatively loose substrate to thrive in them, and the variety of species found on a sandy or gravel bottom will depend on all these factors. Sandy bottoms have one important compensation for their instability, animals can burrow into the sand and move up and down within its layers, which can provide feeding opportunities and protection from predation. Other species can dig themselves holes in which to shelter, or may feed by filtering water drawn through the tunnel, or by extending body parts adapted to this function into the water above the sand.[9]: Ch.3The open sea\nThe pelagic water column is the major part of the living space at sea. This is the water between the surface and the top of the benthic zone, where living organisms swim, float or drift, and the food chain starts with phytoplankton, the mostly microscopic photosynthetic organisms that convert the energy of sunlight into organic material which feeds nearly everything else, directly or indirectly. In temperate seas there are distinct seasonal cycles of phytoplankton growth, based on the available nutrients and the available sunlight. Either can be a limiting factor. Phytoplankton tend to thrive where there is plenty of light, and they themselves are a major factor in restricting light penetration to greater depths, so the photosynthetic zone tends to be shallower in areas of high productivity.[9]: Ch.6 Zooplankton feed on the phytoplankton, and are in turn eaten by larger animals. The larger pelagic animals are generally faster moving and more mobile, giving them the option of changing depth to feed or to avoid predation, and to move to other places in search of a better food supply.","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Marine species diversity","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPAtlas-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-African_Conservation-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-African_Conservation-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-African_Conservation-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-African_Conservation-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-African_Conservation-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-African_Conservation-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-African_Conservation-6"}],"sub_title":"Marine species diversity - Animals","text":"23 species of wading birds.[2]29 species of bony fish[6]\n12 shark and ray species\nsandshark Rhinobatos annulatus[6]\nGeelbek[6]\nCape Stumpnose[6]\nSnoek[6]\nYellowtail[6]More than 400 species of marine invertebrates[6]Siphonaria\nAssiminea globulus","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPAtlas-2"}],"sub_title":"Marine species diversity - Seaweeds","text":"71 species of marine algae[2]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benguela ecoregion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_ecoregions_of_the_South_African_exclusive_economic_zone#Benguela_ecoregion"},{"link_name":"Orange River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_River"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sink_et_al_2004-8"}],"sub_title":"Marine species diversity - Endemism","text":"The MPA is in the warm temperate Benguela ecoregion to the west of Cape Point which extends northwards to the Orange River. There are a fairly large proportion of species endemic to South Africa along this coastline.[8]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Marine species diversity - Alien invasive species","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Threats"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Slipways and harbours in the MPA"}]
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[{"image_text":"Marine ecoregions of the South African Exclusive Economic Zone: Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area is in the Benguela ecoregion","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ecoregions_of_SA_EEZ.png/440px-Ecoregions_of_SA_EEZ.png"},{"image_text":"Saltmarshes of Langebaan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/West_Coast_National_Park_%2811356224206%29.jpg/220px-West_Coast_National_Park_%2811356224206%29.jpg"}]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/4/-31.513/23.621/en"},{"title":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"title":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"title":"List of protected areas of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_South_Africa"},{"title":"Marine protected areas of South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_protected_areas_of_South_Africa"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Langebaan\". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/398","url_text":"\"Langebaan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_Convention","url_text":"Ramsar"}]},{"reference":"\"Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area\". www.mpatlas.org. Retrieved 18 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mpatlas.org/mpa/sites/67704832/","url_text":"\"Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area\""}]},{"reference":"\"West Coast National Park: Park Management Plan for the period 2013-2023\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sanparks.org/assets/docs/conservation/park_man/west_coast_approved_plan.pdf","url_text":"\"West Coast National Park: Park Management Plan for the period 2013-2023\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marine Protected Areas\". World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 24 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://mpaforum.org.za/marine-protected-areas/","url_text":"\"Marine Protected Areas\""}]},{"reference":"Declaration of areas as Marine Protected Areas: Government Notice R1429 in Government Gazette 21948 (PDF). 29 December 2000. Retrieved 19 January 2019 – via Centre for Environmental Rights.","urls":[{"url":"https://cer.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/MPA-various.pdf","url_text":"Declaration of areas as Marine Protected Areas: Government Notice R1429 in Government Gazette 21948"}]},{"reference":"\"Marine Protected Areas of the West Coast National Park\". www.photodestination.co.za. Retrieved 18 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.photodestination.co.za/marine-protected-areas-of-the-west-coast-national-park.html","url_text":"\"Marine Protected Areas of the West Coast National Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marine Protected Area\". Retrieved 26 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sanparks.org/parks/table_mountain/conservation/marine.php","url_text":"\"Marine Protected Area\""}]},{"reference":"Sink, K.; Harris, J.; Lombard, A. (October 2004). Appendix 1. South African marine bioregions (PDF). South African National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment 2004: Technical Report Vol. 4 Marine Component DRAFT (Report). pp. 97–109.","urls":[{"url":"http://sanpcc.org.za/pssa-old/articles/includes/NSBA%20Vol%204%20Marine%20Component%20Oct%2004%20Appendices.pdf","url_text":"Appendix 1. South African marine bioregions"}]},{"reference":"Branch, G.M.; Branch, M.L. (1985). The Living Shores of Southern Africa (3rd impression ed.). Cape Town: C. Struik. ISBN 0 86977 115 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0_86977_115_9","url_text":"0 86977 115 9"}]},{"reference":"\"MPA Declarations\" (PDF). Regulation Gazette No. 42478. 647 (10177). Pretoria: Government Printer. 23 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://cer.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/MPA-declarations.pdf","url_text":"\"MPA Declarations\""}]},{"reference":"\"Protected Areas Register\". dffeportal.environment.gov.za. Retrieved 10 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://dffeportal.environment.gov.za/portal/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=7e27f116dd194c1f9d446dacc76fe483","url_text":"\"Protected Areas Register\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Langebaan_Lagoon_Marine_Protected_Area¶ms=33_08_S_18_03_E_region:ZA_type:landmark","external_links_name":"33°08′S 18°03′E / 33.133°S 18.050°E / -33.133; 18.050"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Langebaan_Lagoon_Marine_Protected_Area¶ms=33_08_S_18_03_E_region:ZA_type:landmark","external_links_name":"33°08′S 18°03′E / 33.133°S 18.050°E / -33.133; 18.050"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Langebaan_Lagoon_Marine_Protected_Area&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Langebaan_Lagoon_Marine_Protected_Area&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Langebaan_Lagoon_Marine_Protected_Area&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Langebaan_Lagoon_Marine_Protected_Area&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Langebaan_Lagoon_Marine_Protected_Area&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Langebaan_Lagoon_Marine_Protected_Area&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Langebaan_Lagoon_Marine_Protected_Area&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/398","external_links_name":"\"Langebaan\""},{"Link":"http://www.mpatlas.org/mpa/sites/67704832/","external_links_name":"\"Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area\""},{"Link":"https://www.sanparks.org/assets/docs/conservation/park_man/west_coast_approved_plan.pdf","external_links_name":"\"West Coast National Park: Park Management Plan for the period 2013-2023\""},{"Link":"http://mpaforum.org.za/marine-protected-areas/","external_links_name":"\"Marine Protected Areas\""},{"Link":"https://cer.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/MPA-various.pdf","external_links_name":"Declaration of areas as Marine Protected Areas: Government Notice R1429 in Government Gazette 21948"},{"Link":"http://www.photodestination.co.za/marine-protected-areas-of-the-west-coast-national-park.html","external_links_name":"\"Marine Protected Areas of the West Coast National Park\""},{"Link":"https://www.sanparks.org/parks/table_mountain/conservation/marine.php","external_links_name":"\"Marine Protected Area\""},{"Link":"http://sanpcc.org.za/pssa-old/articles/includes/NSBA%20Vol%204%20Marine%20Component%20Oct%2004%20Appendices.pdf","external_links_name":"Appendix 1. South African marine bioregions"},{"Link":"https://cer.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/MPA-declarations.pdf","external_links_name":"\"MPA Declarations\""},{"Link":"https://dffeportal.environment.gov.za/portal/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=7e27f116dd194c1f9d446dacc76fe483","external_links_name":"\"Protected Areas Register\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_de_Kock
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Arthur de Kock
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["1 References"]
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Rugby playerArthur de KockBirth nameArthur Nicholas de KockDate of birth(1866-01-11)11 January 1866Place of birthHopetown, Cape ColonyDate of death6 July 1957(1957-07-06) (aged 91)Place of deathSprings, South AfricaSchoolPaul Roos GymnasiumRugby union careerPosition(s)
WingProvincial / State sidesYears
Team
Apps
(Points)
Griqualand West
()
Correct as of 19 July 2010International careerYears
Team
Apps
(Points)1891
South Africa
1
(0)
Correct as of 19 July 2010
Arthur Nicholas "Sas" de Kock (11 January 1866 – 6 July 1957) was a South African international rugby union winger. Born in Hopetown, he attended Paul Roos Gymnasium before playing provincial rugby for Griqualand West. He made his only appearance for South Africa during Great Britain's 1891 tour, South Africa's first as a Test nation. He was selected to play in the 2nd match of the three Test series, Great Britain won the game 3–0. de Kock died in 1957, in Springs, at the age of 91.
References
^ "Arthur de Kock". Springbok Rugby Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 26 June 2010. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
^ "South Africa / Players & Officials / Sas de Kock". Scrum. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"winger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_positions#14._&_11._Wing"},{"link_name":"Hopetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopetown"},{"link_name":"Paul Roos Gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Roos_Gymnasium"},{"link_name":"Griqualand West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griquas_(rugby)"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Great Britain's 1891 tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1891_British_Lions_tour_to_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_match_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springs,_Gauteng"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Rugby playerArthur Nicholas \"Sas\" de Kock (11 January 1866 – 6 July 1957) was a South African international rugby union winger. Born in Hopetown, he attended Paul Roos Gymnasium before playing provincial rugby for Griqualand West. He made his only appearance for South Africa during Great Britain's 1891 tour, South Africa's first as a Test nation. He was selected to play in the 2nd match of the three Test series, Great Britain won the game 3–0.[1] de Kock died in 1957, in Springs, at the age of 91.[2]","title":"Arthur de Kock"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Arthur de Kock\". Springbok Rugby Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 26 June 2010. Retrieved 16 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.genslin.us/bokke/","url_text":"\"Arthur de Kock\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100626035203/http://genslin.us/bokke/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"South Africa / Players & Officials / Sas de Kock\". Scrum. Retrieved 16 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espnscrum.com/southafrica/rugby/player/1004.html","url_text":"\"South Africa / Players & Officials / Sas de Kock\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.genslin.us/bokke/","external_links_name":"\"Arthur de Kock\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100626035203/http://genslin.us/bokke/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.espnscrum.com/southafrica/rugby/player/1004.html","external_links_name":"\"South Africa / Players & Officials / Sas de Kock\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_systems_of_the_human_body
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List of systems of the human body
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["1 Circulatory system/cardiovascular system","2 Digestive system/excretory system","3 Endocrine system","4 Exocrine system","5 Integumentary system","6 Immune system/lymphatic system","7 Muscular system","8 Nervous system","9 Reproductive system","10 Respiratory system","11 Skeletal system","12 Urinary system/renal system","13 See also"]
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List of organ systems in the human body
Part of a series of lists aboutHuman anatomy
General
Features
Regions
Variations
Movements
Systems
Structures
Arteries
Bones
Eponymous
Foramina
Glands
endocrine
exocrine
Lymphatic vessels
Nerves
Organs
Systems
Veins
Muscles
Abductors
Adductors
Depressors
Elevators
Extensors
Flexors
Rotators
external
internal
See also
Glossary of medicine
Epithelia
Anatomical terminology
Index of anatomy articles
Outline of anatomy
Cell types
by origin
vte
This is a list of the main organ systems in the human body.
Clockwise from top left: integumentary systemskeletal systemnervous systemcardiovascular systemendocrine system(missing exocrine system)muscular systemClockwise from top left: lymphatic systemrespiratory systemurinary systemfemale reproductive systemmale reproductive systemdigestive system
Circulatory system/cardiovascular system
Main articles: Circulatory system and Cardiovascular system
Circulates blood around the body via the heart, arteries and veins, delivering oxygen and nutrients to organs and cells and carrying their waste products away, as well as keeping the body's temperature in a safe range.
Digestive system/excretory system
Main articles: Digestive system and Excretory system
System to absorb nutrients and remove waste via the gastrointestinal tract, including the mouth, oesophagus, stomach and intestines.
Endocrine system
Main article: Endocrine system
Influences the function of the body using hormones.
Exocrine system
Main article: Exocrine gland
System that secrete substances through ducts for various functions.
Integumentary system
Main article: Integumentary system
The integumentary system comprises skin and its appendages; hair, nails, sweat glands and
oil glands.
Immune system/lymphatic system
Main articles: Immune system and Lymphatic system
Defends the body against pathogens that may harm the body. The system contains a network of lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid called lymph.
Muscular system
Main article: Muscular system
Enables the body to move using muscles.
Nervous system
Main article: Nervous system
Collects and processes information from the senses via nerves and the brain and tells the muscles to contract to cause physical actions.
Reproductive system
Main article: Human reproductive system
The reproductive organs are required for the production of offspring.
Respiratory system
Main article: Respiratory system
Brings air into and out of the lungs to absorb oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.
Skeletal system
Main article: Human skeleton
Bones maintain the structure of the body and its organs.
Urinary system/renal system
Main article: Urinary system
The urinary system (also known as renal system) filter blood with the help of kidneys to produce urine, and get rid of waste.
See also
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
List of organs of the human body
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